New Vacuum Furnace technology Microwave

Transcription

Ceramic Bulletin
AMERICAN
society
THE WORLD RESOURCE FOR CERAMIC MANUFACTURING AND TECHNOLOGY
New Vacuum Furnace
Technology
Microwave-Assisted Drying
Flexible Drying Meets Quality
Demands
CRADA Develops Pressing
Model, Part 2
FEBRUARY 2001
www.ceramicbulletin.org
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CIRCUIT MATERIALS DIVISION
The
American
Ceramic
Society
Volume 80
Number 2
February 2001
Upcoming Events
Meetings & Exposition Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . 9
u u u u
National Engineers Week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2001 Annual Meeting & Exposition
Preliminary Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Registration Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Hotel Reservation Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Society/Industry News. . . . . . . . . . 17
News & Views
Product Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Corporate
Members
Sustaining
•Aluminum Co. of
America
•Ferro Corp.
•Saint-Gobain Ceramics
& Plastics Inc.
President’s Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Brick Business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Environmental Update. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Refractory Hot Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Technology Briefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Society/Industry News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Business Stats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ACerS Section Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Legislative & Public Affairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
NICE News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ceramics Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Society Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Obituaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Members Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Names in the News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Products & Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
W
Ceramics
Websites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
NE
Business Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Career Opportunities & Classifieds. . . . . . . . . . 117
The Last Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Advertisers Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
www.ceramicbulletin.org • February 2001
TRI Celebrates 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3
Manufacturing/
Engineering Features
Special Section:
TRI Celebrates 50 Years of Service
Kathy Woodard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Revolutionary Vacuum
Furnace Technology
R.D. Webb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Microwave-Assisted Drying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Microwave-Assisted Drying . . . . . . 38
Manufacturing Briefs: Flexible Drying Meets
Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Products & Processes. . . . . . . . .
76
CRADA Develops Model for Powder
Pressing and Die Design: Part Two
K.G. Ewsuk, J.G. Arguello, D.H. Zeuch,
B. Farber, L. Carinci, J. Kaniuk,
J. Keller, C. Cloutier, B. Gold,
R.B. Cass, J.D. French, B. Dinger
and W. Blumenthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Deflocculation of Al2O3-SiC Suspensions
I.R. Oliveira, P. Sepulveda and
V.C. Pandolfelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Precollege Education Program
K. Martin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Preparation of KTN Films on
Single Crystal Quartz Substrates
D. Zhang, X. Wang, P. Hen,
M. Huang, Z. Li, M. Zhang,
D. Xu and Y. Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Product Focus: Thermal Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Society Business
As steelmakers seek improved
life for their ladles and BOF
linings, refractory manufacturers
meet the challenge through the
development of longer-life
products. Cover photo courtesy
of RHI Refractories America,
Pittsburgh.
4
Publications/Editorial Staff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACerS Values–Section Membership. . . . . . . . . Advertising Sales Staff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Book Releases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACerS Membership Recruitment. . . . . . . . . . . . Membership Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moving/Changing Position?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics Correspondence Institute. . . . . . . . . ceramicSOURCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramic Bulletin Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The American Ceramic Society Bulletin
covers news and activities of the Society
and its members, includes items of
interest to the ceramic community, and
provides the most current information
concerning all aspects of ceramic
technology, including research and
development, manufacturing,
engineering and marketing.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN
0002-7812).
©2001 Published monthly, 12 times a year. Printed in the United States of America.
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Editorial and Subscription Offices: P.O. Box
6136, Wester ville, OH 43086-6136.
Subscription included with American
Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember
subscriber rates: North America, 1 year $50, 2
years $95; international (air mail only), 1 year
$100, 2 years $195. Back issues: North
America, $6 per issue plus $3 shipping and
handling for the first issue, $2 each
additional; international, $6 per issue plus $6
shipping and handling for the first issue, $4
each additional.
POSTMASTER: Please send address changes
to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, P.O.
Box 6136, Westerville, OH 43086-6136.
Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio,
and additional mailing offices. Allow six
weeks for address changes.
ACSBA7, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp 1–120
The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No. 2
ACerS
VALUES
T
AMERICAN
THE MAGAZINE FOR TECHNOLOGY • ENGINEERING • MANUFACTURING
EXECUTIVE STAFF
W. Paul Holbrook
Executive Director and Publisher
ACerS Books Program
he American Ceramic Society’s books
program is dedicated to serving the
informational needs of the ceramics
community by publishing the highest
quality books about ceramics. With more
than 200 titles available, ACerS continues to
seek new authors, ideas and innovative
ways to expand its books program and to
introduce these titles into classrooms and
libraries widely. For a complete list of ACerS
titles, visit our web site at www.ceramics.
org. Members receive a reduced rate on all
books published by ACerS.
Ann Baldwin,
Director Student Services,
NYS College of Ceramics
at Alfred University
“ The American Ceramic
Society’s books program has
helped us in our efforts for
recruiting and spreading the
word about ceramic engineering. We have
distributed The Magic of Ceramics to high school
chemistry and physics teachers where we’ve made a
presentation to the classes as well as to those who
have invited us to speak at targeted group meetings.
The book has been well received. Teachers
particularly like the flow of the text and the
combination of pictures and text instead of a text
heavy book. In addition, we have asked teachers to
attempt to develop labs based on some of the
material in the book.”
To find out more about books published by ACerS,
contact our customer service at 614/794-5890,
e-mail at customersrvc@acers.org or visit ACerS web
site at www.ceramics.org.
The American Ceramic Society
P.O. Box 6136
Westerville, OH 43086-6136
614/890-4700 (phone)
614/899-6109 (fax)
www.ceramics.org
01AV02
6
Ceramic Bulletin
SOCIETY
Mark J. Mecklenborg
Senior Director, Publications
(735 Ceramic Place)
P.O. Box 6136
Westerville, OH 43086-6136
Tel. 614-890-4700
Fax 614-899-6109
Internet www.ceramics.org
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION
Patricia A. Janeway
Editor
Jon W. Hines
Senior Editor, Departments
Karla B. Vierthaler
Associate Editor
Cleopatra G. Eddie
Circulation Supervisor
John Wilson
Publication Production Manager
Carl M. Turner
Graphics Production Coordinator
Clark Watson
Prepress Production Specialist
Greg Geiger, B.S. Cer. Eng.
Technical Editor
CERAMIC BULLETIN ADVISORY BOARD
Rutgers University
Denis A. Brosnan
The National Brick Research Center
Charles G. Marvin
Clemson University
Consultant
Rosario Gerhardt
Victor C. Pandolfelli
Georgia Institute of Technology
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Richard Haber
PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
John E. Blendell, chair, NIST; James C. Marra, Westinghouse Savannah River Co.;
John J. Petrovic, Los Alamos National Lab; Richard E. Riman, Rutgers University;
J. Richard Schorr, Orton Ceramic Foundation (ex officio); John R. Hellmann Jr.,
The Pennsylvania State University (ex officio); W. Paul Holbrook, The American
Ceramic Society (ex officio); and Mark J. Mecklenborg, The American Ceramic
Society (ex officio).
NICE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
Thomas D. McGee, chair, Iowa State University; Gary S. Fischman, University of
Chicago; and Diane C. Folz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
© Copyright 2001 by The American Ceramic Society.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin is covered in Current Contents.
The American Ceramic Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and
opinions advanced by the contributors to its publications or by the speakers at
its programs. Registered names and trademarks, etc., used in this publication,
even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected
by the law.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.
Permission is not, however, required to copy abstracts of papers or articles on
the condition that a full reference to the source is given.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use beyond the limits of Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law is granted by The
American Ceramic Society, ISSN No. 0002-7812, provided that the appropriate
fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923 USA; tel. 978-750-8400; Internet www.copyright.com. This
consent does not extend to copying items for general distribution or for
advertising or promotional purposes or to republishing items in whole or in
part in any work in any format. Prior to photocopying items for educational
classroom use, please contact Copyright Clearance Center Inc.
Please direct republication or special copying permission requests to
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923
USA; tel. 978-750-8400; Internet www.copyright.com.
Orders for copies of articles published in this or other ceramic-related publications may be placed through The American Ceramic Society’s Ceramic
Information Center, tel. 614-794-5810, fax 614-794-5812.
Custom reprints, in quantities of 100 or more, may be purchased through
Ceramic Bulletin’s editorial department. Requests for reprint quotes should be
directed to Cleo Eddie, tel. 614-794-5827 or fax 614-794-5842.
Instructions for the preparation of articles to be submitted for possible publication in
this periodical are available from the Editor; tel. 614-794-5826, fax 614-794-5822,
E-mail pjaneway@acers.org, Internet www.ceramicbulletin.org.
President’s Letter
Officers
PRESIDENT
Robert T. Oxnard, Maryland Refractories Co.
February 2001
The Prez Sez ...
PRESIDENT-ELECT
James E. Houseman, Harrop Industries Inc.
Who’s on First?
Abbott & Costello’s comedy skit about who
played which position on a baseball team sometimes reminds me of the leaders of your Society.
It can be hard to keep everybody straight.
You recently elected division and class officers,
as well as three new directors with terms expiring
in 2004. They join an outstanding and talented
group of volunteers who work with your headquarters staff to provide the myriad services and
benefits you expect from your professional
Society. My association with your Board of
Directors is truly the highlight of my professional
career.
TREASURER
J. Richard Schorr, Orton Ceramic Foundation
DIRECTORS
Stephen J. Bennison (2003), E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
Amar S. Bhalla (2002), The Pennsylvania State University
Margaret L. Carney (2001), Alfred University
David E. Clark (2001), Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State
University
Don E. Denison (2002), Denison Engineering Co.
Roger H. French (2002), E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
Dale A. Fronk (2001), Orton Ceramic Foundation
Richard L. Lehman (2001), Rutgers University
Kathryn V. Logan (2003), U.S. Army Research Office
Carlo G. Pantano (2001), The Pennsylvania State University
David W. Richerson (2003), Richerson & Associates
David R. Rossington (2001), Alfred University
Leslie J. Struble (2002), University of Illinois, Urbana
Louis J. Trostel (2002), Princeton, Mass.
SECRETARY
W. Paul Holbrook, The American Ceramic Society
ART DIVISION
Chair—Derek R. Gordon, Columbus Clay Co.
BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION
Chair—James H. Adair, The Pennsylvania State University
CEMENTS DIVISION
Chair—Chiara F. Ferraris, NIST
ELECTRONICS DIVISION
Chair—Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology
ENGINEERING CERAMICS DIVISION
Chair—Ersan Ustundag, California Institute of Technology
GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION
Chair—Denise M. Krol, University of California, Davis-Livermore
NUCLEAR & ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Chair—James C. Marra, Westinghouse Savannah River Co.
REFRACTORY CERAMICS DIVISION
Chair—Nancy E. Bunt, Lafarge Aluminates Inc.
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION
Chair—Edward C. Milliken, Bowerston Shale Co.
WHITEWARES & Materials DIVISION
Chair—William M. Carty, Alfred University
CERAMIC EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL
President—Jennifer A. Lewis, University of Illinois, Urbana
CERAMIC MANUFACTURING COUNCIL
President—Richard Haber, Rutgers University
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CERAMIC ENGINEERS
President—Harrie J. Stevens, Corning Inc.
The American Ceramic Society serves its members
and the worldwide ceramics community by
promoting the development and use of ceramics
through forums for knowledge exchange. The chief
means by which the Society fulfills this mission are
the publication of periodical journals and books and
the sponsorship of meetings. The Society also
provides a number of other technical and support
services for members and the worldwide ceramics
community.
Fan Them and Feed Them Grapes…
Please join me in thanking the board members who complete their terms at this
year’s Annual Meeting. Their genuine concern and desire to provide a bright
future for your Society deserve more than mere words of thanks. If you could
envision me fanning them and feeding them grapes, you would know the
appreciation I feel.
Knowing them, however, I’m sure it will be hard enough to get them to stand
still long enough for a handshake and “thanks, job well done.”
Margaret Carney, Alfred University, is the personification of the Art Division.
She champions the museum and promotional activities of the Society with a je
ne sais quoi that commands respect from all who know her.
David E. Clark, Virginia Tech via the University of Florida, brought his NICE
experience to the board. His background and dedication belay an “E.F. Huttonlike” respect—when David talks, people listen.
Dale Fronk, Orton Foundation, represents the manufacturing community with
a fervor and frankness that will be impossible to replace. I didn’t know Mother
Theresa personally, but I’m going to remind St. Peter that I was a friend of Dale’s.
Rick Lehman, Rutgers University, representing the Whitewares & Materials
Division, brings class to any group. He has a wonderful ability to think “big picture,” often helping us reach consensus.
Carlo Pantano, Penn State, will be remembered as the Glass & Optical Materials
Division’s most ardent supporter. His leadership on the board has been so subtle
and unassuming that I often thought it was my own ideas we were supporting.
David Rossington, Alfred University, offers a studious, thoughtful approach to
problem solving that pays homage to his Ceramic Educational Council perspective. I hope to have Dave’s sage diplomacy someday.
Paul Becher, past president, goes off the board this year as well. The “sheriff”
from Oak Ridge continues to serve admirably in every capacity after filling
nearly every office in the Society. He’s a darned good “doer” and a tough act to
follow.
See You in Indianapolis?
Why not join us at the Annual Meeting? Mark April 22–25 on your calendar now.
This is a great benefit of your membership and one of the best ways to stay
informed. You’ll visit old friends and colleagues, keep abreast of ceramic trends,
and join your fellow movers and shakers. Our meetings committee has done an
exceptional job on the program and symposia. I hope to see you there.
Bob Oxnard, President
Tel. 330-532-9845 (Ohio) or 941-482-8017 (Florida)
Fax 330-532-3224 (Ohio) or 941-482-8274 (Florida)
7
AMERICAN
Ceramic Bulletin
SOCIETY
THE MAGAZINE FOR TECHNOLOGY • ENGINEERING • MANUFACTURING
Internet
ADVERTISING SALES
Advertising Sales Manager
Peter Scott
Tel. 614-794-5844
Fax 614-794-5842
E-mail pscott@acers.org
Advertising Production Coordinator
Wendy Whitescarver
Tel. 614-794-5841
Fax 614-794-5842
E-mail wwhitescarver@acers.org
Western & Southern U.S., Canada
Annette Delagrange
3830 Lakeview Drive
Galena, OH 43021
Tel. 740-965-1753
Fax 740-965-6712
E-mail adelagrange@earthlink.net
New England, Mid-Atlantic & Midwestern U.S.
Bonnie D. Hunt
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215-750-9557
E-mail bonnie@hunt4ads.com
Europe
Celine Beilvert/Crispin Fordham
Alain Charles House,
27 Wilfred Street
London SW1E 6PR England
Tel. 44-(0)-20-7834-7676
Fax 44-(0)-20-7973-0076
E-mail media@alain.demon.co.uk
Italy
Federica Zucchini
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Via Corticella 216/6
40128 Bologna, Italy
Tel. 39-051-325452
Fax 39-051-320309
CUSTOMER SERVICES
Customer Service Representatives
Tel. 614-794-5890
Fax 614-899-6109
E-mail customersrvc@acers.org
Diane Ritchey
Ceramic Information Center
Tel. 614-794-5810
Fax 614-794-5812
E-mail cic@acers.org
Greg Geiger, Ceramic Engineer
8
Meetings & Expositions Calendar
103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition, Indianapolis, April 22–25 (tel. 614794-5880, fax 614-794-5882, E-mail meetings@acers.org, Internet
www.ceramics.org)
104th Annual Meeting & Exposition, St. Louis, April 28–May 1, 2002 (614794-5890, fax 614-899-6109, E-mail customersrvc@acers.org, Internet
www.ceramics.org)
Divisions
PAC RIM IV, Int’l Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Glasses in conjunction with the Basic Science, Electronics and Glass & Optical
Materials Divisions fall meetings, and the 53rd Pacific Coast Regional
Meeting, Outrigger Wailea Resort, Maui, Hawaii, Nov. 4–8 (contact
Christine Schnitzer, tel. 614-794-5819, E-mail cschnitzer@acers.org)
Structural Clay Products, Sheraton Four Points, Canton, Ohio, May 19–22
(contac t Howard Sachs, tel. 513-424-3573, E-mail JHS
@meco-wires.com)
Sections
Southeastern, spring meeting, Manor Inn, Pinehurst, N.C., Feb. 27–March
1 (contact Mitch Treadaway at Atofina Chemicals Inc., tel. 336-7666685, fax 336-766-7455)
Southwest, spring meeting, Ramada Plaza Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas,
June 6–8; fall meeting, Harrah’s Shreveport Hotel, Shreveport, La.,
Nov. 7–9 (contact Richard Tucker, tel. 903-843-2509, E-mail
richardtucker@excelonline.com)
St. Louis, 37th Annual Refractories Symposium, St. Louis Airport
Marriott, St. Louis, March 23 (tel. 573-341-6265, E-mail psmith @umr.
edu)
Other Organizations
4th Industrial Energy Efficiency Symposium and Exposition, Washigton,
Feb. 19–22 (tel. 877-648-7967, Internet www.oitexpo4 .com)
South-Tec Greenville 2001, Advanced Productivity Exposition,
Greenville, S.C., Feb. 20–22 (tel. 800-733-4763, Internet www.sme .org/
greenville)
GlassLat 2001, Int’l Exhibition of the Glass Industry, Monterrey, Mexico,
Feb. 21–23 (tel. 52-8-348-48-48, fax 52-8-348-60-00, E-mail giplaura@
acnet.net)
GMIC Workshop on Glass Melting Technologies of the Future,
Washington, Feb. 22 (contact Michael Greenman, tel. 614-818-9423,
E-mail mgreenman@gmic.org)
Cevisama 2001, 19th Int’l Trade Show for Ceramics, Valencia, Spain, Feb.
27–March 3 (tel. 34-96-386-1100, fax 34-96-363-61-11,
E-mail feriavalencia@feriavalencia.com)
North American Manufacturing Co. Annual Ceramic Seminar, Nashville,
Te n n . , Fe b. 2 8 – M a r c h 2 ( t e l . 6 1 5 - 3 7 1 - 8 4 9 6 , E - m a i l
ceramicseminar@namfg.com)
S PittCon 2001, New Orleans, March 4–9 (tel. 412-825-3220, fax 412-8253224, E-mail pittconinfo@pittcon.org, Internet www.pittcon.org)
ICSHM7, 7th Int’l Conference on the Science of Hard Materials, Ixtapa,
Mexico, March 5–9 (tel. 58-2-908-6843, fax 58-2-908-6916,
E-mail grigorescuc@pdvsa.com, Internet www.upc.es/cmem/ICSHM7)
Inter-Society Color Council Educational Council, Cleveland, March 19–20
(tel. 703-318-0263, fax 703-318-0514, E-mail iscc
@compuserve.com, Internet www.iscc.org)
S CerMA Spring Educational Conference on Drying, Tour of Metropolitan
Ceramics by Ironrock Capital Inc., Holiday Inn-North Canton, Ohio,
March 22–23 (tel. 740-452-4541, fax 740-452-2552,
E-mail cerma.info@offinger.com)
S Denotes new entry in this issue.
S 2001 Ceramic Industry Combustion Seminar, Cleoria, Pa., March 26–27
(contact Paul Palkovic, tel. 717-272-3051)
Workshop on Microwave Ceramics, Adams Mark Hotel, Denver, March
26–27 (E-mail abstracts@imaps.org, Internet www.imaps.org /
abstracts.htm)
Hyalos-Vitrum-Glass: History, Technology and Conservation of
Glass and Vitreous Materials of the Hellenic World, Rhodes,
Greece, April 1–4 (tel. 301-650-3301, fax 301-654-7690,
E-mail gkordas@ims.demokritos.gr)
Annual Ceramics Convention, Cirencester, U.K., April 4–5 (E-mail melanie_boyce@materials.org.uk)
Glassman Europe 2001, 15th Int’l Glass Manufacturing Exhibition, Palais
des Congres, Lyon, France, April 4–5 (tel. 44-0-1737-855301,
E-mail tickets@uk.dmgworldmedia.com)
S Seramiktek 2001, 3rd Int’l Trade Fair for Ceramic and Glass
Technologies, Beylikdüzü, Istanbul, April 19–22 (tel. 0212-251-23-28,
fax 0212-252-98-86, E-mail asdf@rdf.com.tr, Internet www.asdf .com.
tr)
S ASTM Advanced Ceramics Committee Meeting, Indianapolis, April
20–22 (contact Gloria Collins, tel. 610-832-9715, E-mail gcollins@astm.
org)
Process Industries Exposition, George R. Brown Convention Center,
Houston, April 24–26 (tel. 203-221-9232, Internet www
.processexpo.com)
PEI Technical Forum, Nashville Airport Marriott, Nashville, Tenn., May
19–22 (tel. 615-385-5357, fax 615-385-5463, E-mail penamel @aol.
com)
Powder and Bulk Solids Conference/Exhibition, Chicago, May 7–10 (tel.
800-354-4003, Internet powdershow.reedexpo.com)
Fractography of Advanced Ceramics Int’l Conference, Stará Lesná, The
High Tatras, Poprad, The Slovak Republic, May 13–16 (tel. 421-95-6338115, fax 421-95-633-7108, E-mail fac2001@imrnov.saske.sk, Internet
www.imrnov.saske.sk/CONFER /fac2001.htm)
Ceramics China 2001, 15th China Int’l Ceramics Industry Exhibition,
China Foreign Trade Center, Guangzhou, May 14–17 (tel. 86-1068041566-7, fax 86-10-6834698-0, E-mail ccpitbms@public3 .bta.net.
cn)
Sikkim Int’l Nanotribology Symposium, Sikkim, India,
May 16–25 (tel. 91-80-360-0586, fax 91-80-360-0648, E-mail nanosikkim@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in, Internet www.mecheng.iisc .ernet.in/
nanosikkim.html)
Coverings 2001, The Int’l Tile and Stone Exhibition, New Orleans, May
21–23 (tel. 561-776-0600, fax 561-776-7466, E-mail info@coverings .
com, Internet www.coverings.com)
SOFC-VII, 7th Int’l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,
Ts u k u b a I n t ’ l Co n g re s s Ce n t e r, I b a r a k i , J a p a n , J u n e
3–8 (tel. 81-298-61-4542, fax 81-298-61-4540, E-mail sofc7 @nimc.go.
jp, Internet www.nimc.go.jp/sofc7/index-e.html)
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials, Barga,
Italy, June 3–8 (tel. 212-591-7441, fax 212-591-7441, E-mail engfnd@
aol.com, Internet www.engfnd.org/engfnd/1au)
S CIP’ 2001, 13th Int’l Colloquium on Plasma Processes, Antibes-Juanles-Pins, French Riviera, June 10–14 (fax 33-01-42-78-63-20, E-mail
sfv@vide.org, Internet www.vide.org/cip2001.htm)
Glass Processing Days, 7th Int’l Conference on Architectural and
Automotive Glass, Tampere, Finland, June 18–21 (tel. 358-3-372-3111,
fax 358-3-372-3190, Internet www.glassprocessingdays.com)
2nd European Cells & Materials Meeting, Congress Center, Davos,
Switzerland, June 25–28 (tel. 41-81-4142-397, fax 41-81-4142-288,
E-mail geoff.richards@ao-asif.ch, Internet www.ao-asif.ch/ari /
research/interface/index.shtml)
9
S 59th Annual Device Research Conference, Notre Dame, Ind., June
25–27 (contact Beate Helsel, tel. 724-776-9000 ext. 259, fax 724-7763770, E-mail tmsgeneral@tms.org)
S 2001 Society of Women Enginners National Conference, Denver, June
26–30 (tel. 212-509-9577, Internet www.SWE.org)
EMC, 43rd Electronic Materials Conference, University of Notre Dame,
Notre Dame, Ind., June 27–29 (tel. 724-776-9000 ext. 243,
E-mail mtgserv@tms.org, Internet www.tms.org/Meetings/Specialty /
EMC01/ EMC01.html)
Advances in Environmental Materials, Int’l Convention and Exhibition
Centre, Singapore, July 1–6 (tel. 65-794-1509, fax 65-792-1291, E-mail
tjwhite@eti.org.sg, Internet www.mrs.org.sg/icmat2001)
ICGXIX, 19th Int’l Conference on Glass, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 2–6
(contact: Karen Boston, tel. 44-114-263-44555, fax 44-114-263-4411,
E-mail Karen@sgt.org)
CSC’4, 4th Int’l Conference on Electric Charges in Nonconductive
Materials, Tours, France, July 2–6 (tel. 33-1-53-01-90-30, fax 33-1-4278-63-20, E-mail sfv@vide.org, Internet www.vide.org/CSC4.htm)
Fuel Cell 2001, Int’l Conference and Exhibition, Lucerne, Switzerland,
July 2–6 (tel. 41-56-496-7292, fax 41-56-496-4412, E-mail info @efcf.
com, Internet www.efcf.com)
E-MRS 2001, European Materials Research Society, Strasbourg, France,
June 5–8 (tel. 33-3-88-10-65-43, fax 33-3-88-10-63-43, E-mail emrs@
phase.c-strasbourg.fr, Internet www.emrs.c-strasbourg.fr)
23rd Mexican Ceramic Convention, Manzanillo Colima, Mexico, July
8–15 (tel. 528-369-6441, fax 528-369-6443, E-mail soceram@prodigy .
net.mx)
Int’l Conference on Calcium Aluminate Cements, Edinburgh, Scotland,
July 16–19 (E-mail Eleanor_Tipton@materials.org.uk)
S CerMA Annual Golf Classic, Eaglesticks Golf Club, Zanesville, Ohio, Aug.
7 (tel. 740-452-4541, fax 740-452-2552, E-mail cerma.info @offinger.
com)
World Ceramic Exhibition 2001 Korea, Ichon, Yoju and
Kwangju, Korea, Aug. 10–Oct. 28 (tel. 82-331-237-8011, fax
82-331-237-4295, E-mail p1@worldceramic.or.kr, Internet www .
worldceramic.or.kr)
EUROCVD13, 13th European Conference on Chemical Vapor
Deposition, Glyfada, Athens, Greece, Aug. 26–31 (tel.
33-562885670, fax 33-562885600, E-mail eurocvd13@imel.demokritos .gr, Internet www.imel.demokritos.gr/EUROCVD/eurocvd13.
html)
10th Int’l Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 3–7 (tel.
34-91-871-1800, fax 34-91-870-0550, E-mail imf10@etsit.upm.es,
Internet www.imf10.etsit.upm.es)
S CerMA Fall Educational Conference on Firing and Refractories, Batavia,
N.Y., Sept. 12–13 (tel. 740-452-4541, fax 740-452-2552, E-mail cerma.
info@offinger.com)
29th Annual Conference of the North American Thermal Analysis
Society, Adams Mark Hotel, St. Louis, Sept. 24–26 (phone 916-9227032, fax 916-922-7379, Internet www.NATASINFO.org)
S 44th Int’l Colloquium on Refractories 2001, Aachen, Germany, Sept.
26–27 (tel. 49-228-91508-45, fax 49-228-91508-55, E-mail DIFKBONN@t-online.de)
Turning Ideas Into Reality for 50 Years
National Engineers Week®
celebrates golden anniversary
For the last 50 years, National Engineers Week has
inspired students to explore the fields of math and
science and discover how engineering improves their
lives.
And we’re not stopping now!
Help discover the ceramic engineers of the next 50
years by ordering a free planning kit from ACerS
headquarters. Contact Mark Glasper, ACerS director of
communications, by phone at 614/794-5898 or e-mail
at mglasper@acers.org.
National Engineers Week® is supported by
The American Ceramic Society and the
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers.
10
SGCD DECO 2001 Show and Technical Seminar, Arlington, Va., Sept. 30–
Oct. 3 (tel. 202-728-4132, fax 202-728-4133, Internet www.sgcd .org)
High Temperature Ceramic Composite Conference, Munich,
Germany, Oct. 1–3 (tel. 49-69-7917-747, fax 49-69-7917-733,
E-mail info@htcmc.org)
47th Int’l Brick Plant Operators Forum, Clemson, S.C., Oct. 1–3 (tel.
864-656-1094 fax 864-656-1095, E-mail brick@clemson.edu,
Internet www.brickandtile.org)
S Int’l Workshop on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses, Rennes,
France, Oct. 21–25 (tel. 33-2-9928-2685, fax 33-2-9928-1600, E-mail
vincent.keryvin@univ-rennes1.fr, Internet www.larmaur.univ
-rennes1.fr/ffag)
6th Int’l Symposium on Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis,
Haifa, Israel, Oct. 14–18 (Internet www.ism.ac.ru/events /shs2001/
shs2001.html)
S Int’l Workshop on Flow and Fracture of Advanced Glasses, Rennes,
France, Oct. 21–25 (tel. 33-2-9928-2685, fax 33-2-9928-1600, E-mail
vincent.keryvin@univ-rennes1.fr, Internet www.larmaur.univ
-rennes1.fr/ffag)
CICC-2, 2nd China Int’l Conference on High-Performance Ceramics,
Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, Nov. 3–6 (Internet www.chimeb.
edu.cn/meeting_e.htm)
UNITECR 2001 Congress, 7th Biennial Worldwide Conference on
Refractories, Fiesta Americana Coral Beach Hotel, Cancun, Mexico,
November 4–8 (contact Gerardo Cortina, tel. 52-5-872-1005, fax 525-872-2541, E-mail gcortina@possehlmex.com, Internet www .
unitecr-alafar2001.com)
12
59th Electric Furnace Conference, Phoenix, Nov. 11–14 (tel. 724-7761535 ext. 1, fax 724-776-0430, E-mail custserv@iss.org, Internet
www.iss.org)
2002
2nd Int’l Colloquium on Modeling of Glass, Forming and Temping,
Valenciennes, France, Jan. 23–25, 2002 (Internet www.univ
-valenciennes.fr)
IREFCON, 5th India Int’l Refractory Congress, Bhubaneswar, India, Feb.
7–8, 2002 (tel. 91-33-240-8357, fax 91-33-240-8357, E-mail irmandia @
hotmail.com, Internet www.irmaindia.org)
S Qualicer 2002, 7th World Congress on Ceramic Tile Quality, Castellón,
Spain, March 3–6, 2002 (tel. 34-964-35-65-00, fax 34-964-35-65-10,
E-mail qualicer@camaracs.es, Internet www.qualicer.org)
Fuel Cell 2002, Int’l Conference and Exhibition, Lucerne, Switzerland,
July 1–5, 2002 (tel. 41-56-496-7292, fax 41-56-496-4412, E-mail info@
efcf.com, Internet www.efcf.com)
ICOM 2002 The Int’l Congress on Membranes and Memb rane
Processes, Toulouse, France, July 7–12, 2002 (Internet www .ems.
cict.fr)
2nd Trade Show and Symposium for the Ceramic Industry, Monterrey,
N.L., Mexico, July 11–12, 2002 (tel. 528-369-6441, fax 528-369-6443,
E-mail soceram@prodigy.net.mx)
S Tecnargilla 2002, Int’l Exhibition of Technology and Supplies for the
Ceramic and Brick Industries, Rimini Expo Center, Rimini, Italy, Oct 1–5,
2002 (tel. 039-0541-711-711, fax 039-0541-786-686, Internet www.tecnargilla.it)
Brick Business
General Shale’s Kingsport Laboratory
Denis Brosnan, Contributing Editor
Overview of General Shale’s Research Laboratory
General Shale Products LLC (aka
General Shale Brick) maintains one of
the most widely respected laboratories
in the North American brick industry at
Kingsport, Tenn. The impact of the laboratory is seen in standards for brick
products, research affecting reduction
of production costs and research
related to new products.
General Shale takes a unique corporate approach to its research and product development. A corporate research
committee, consisting of the president
and the vice presidents of sales, finance,
and engineering and research, meets
regularly with the director of research
and the ceramic engineer to make key
decisions.
According to Bob O’Quinn, director of
research, the laboratory can cite several
important contributions to the company. One of the foremost is the development of user-friendly coal firing,
which involved the selection of coal
preparation systems, the development
of distribution methods and the engineering of burners to handle solid fuel.
The work resulted in a patent on the
coal feeder and injector system. General
Shale practices coal firing at 12 plants in
a total of 15 tunnel kilns.
Other notable successes have been
the development of coatings, precise
control of colorants and accelerated
quality-control procedures.
One unusual capability in the
Kingsport laboratory is a large-capacity
Year started
Key activities
Key technical personnel
Key capabilities
Building size
Plants served
1954
Continuing durability testing
Plant support
Product (color and texture) development
Analysis of “in-wall” problems
Training
Joe Edwards, vice president of engineering and research
Bob O’Quinn, director of research
John Brown, manager of process research
Farrell Long, manager of material and product testing
Ron Bacon, manager of electronic technicians
Kevin Ham, ceramic engineer
(13 employees total)
All ASTM properties for block and brick
Raw material evaluations/test firing (shuttle kiln)
Freeze-thaw capability for 108 sample sets
Coal testing
Electrical laboratory
5750 ft2 (534 m2)
16 brick plants, four block plants and one lightweight
aggregate plant
freezer used in durability testing. One
hundred and eight 5-brick specimen
sets can be tested simultaneously in the
freezer.
According to O’Quinn, the Kingsport
facility conducts an annual laboratory
school for newly hired production
supervisors. College students frequently serve as interns during the
summer months. O’Quinn urges college students to pay particular attention to raw material and processing
fundamentals. As he sees increasing
a u t o m a t i o n
c o m i n g
into the industry, a good fundamental
background and long hours may be
required to make the automatic systems work in a clay plant.
The expansion of the laboratory since
its beginnings is due, in part, to Joe
Edwards, vice president of engineering
and research, and Farrell Long, manager
of material and product testing. Both
joined the company in 1961, and both
have recently been honored for their
contributions to the brick industry. Joe
Edwards received a doctor of laws
degree from Clemson University in
December 2000, for his contributions to
the industry and his work in establishing
the Bishop Ceramic Lab at Clemson
University. (See also p 12 in the August
2000 issue and p 33 in this issue of
Ceramic Bulletin.)
Edwards also is a long-time leader of
ASTM’s task group on durability. His
article, “Relation Between Physical
Properties and Durability of Commer
cially Marketed Brick” (see pp 1071–75
in the December 1977 issue), remains
the basis for classifying brick durability,
according to the standards.
Farrell Long is the initial recipient of
ASTM’s Gilbert C. Robinson Memorial
Award. Presented in December 2000, the
award recognizes his long-time contributions in standards development. (See
p 34 in this issue.)
It is fair to say that General Shale is a
leader in the brick industry, in part,
because of the Kingsport laboratory. n
Garvey Bright, a 28-year employee, runs a sulfur test in General Shale’s laboratory.
13
Technology Briefs
Greg Geiger, Technical Editor
high temperatures and was strongly
New Process for
resistant to hydrolysis.
High-Tc Tape
When lanthanum, cerium, erbium,
Researchers at the Superconductivity
praseodymium and neodymium
Technology Center at Los Alamos
atoms were added to sions and
National Lab (N.M.) have developed a
sialons, investigators reported that
new process for producing high-persome combinations resulted in
formance superconducting tape. The
exceptionally hard materials. Others
process involves replacing cubic zirformed regular arrays of microtubules
conia with magnesium oxide as the
or clathrate-type (cage) structures.
template material for the high-Tc film.
(Contact: W. Schnick, E-mail wsc@cup.
This change increases the template
uni-muenchen.de)
deposition process by 100 times.
Imaging of
Long lengths of tape were manufactured at a rate of kilometers per day.
Mesoporous Materials
To accelerate commercial developA technique for the direct determiment of these tapes, Los Alamos is
nation of 3-D mesoporous structures
colaborating with American Super
has been developed in a collaboraconductor Corp., 3M Co. and Inter
tive effort by researchers at the
m a gn e t i c s G e n e ra l Co r p. Th e
Tohoku University (Sedai, Japan), the
developm ent could mean an estiUniversity of California (Santa
mated $50-billion commercial marBarbara) and others. The method
ket to produce more efficient
us es hig h- res ol uti on ele c tron
electrical power transmission equipmicroscopy to obtain images that
ment, saving energy and money, labcan be mathematically treated to
oratory officials reported. (Contact:
give a full 3-D structure.
D. Peterson, E-mail dpeterson@lanl.
The images provide information
gov)
about the size and shape of the pores
at the nanoscale level as well as their
Heat-Resistant
connectivity. The technique also can
Piezoceramics
be used to characterize the detailed
structure of a wide range of composWhen conventional piezoceramics are
ite materials. (Contact: O. Terasaki,
heated to temperatures of ≈250°C
E-mail terasaki@msp.phys.tohoku.ac.
(i.e., during the solder reflow process
jp)
in filter production) and then cooled
to room temperature, properties, such
Eco-friendly Process for
as the resonance frequency, often
Silicon-Based Chemicals
become degraded. Matsushita Electric
Industrial Co. (Japan) reports it has
An inexpensive and relatively nonsolved this problem by developing a
toxic method for producing a variety
PZT piezoelectric ceramic composiof silicon-based chemicals from sand
tion with improved thermal stability.
or rice hull ash and ethylene glycol
Possible applications of the new
(antifreeze) has been developed at
ceramic include filters, oscillators,
The University of Michigan (Ann
transducers and sensors. (Contact:
Arbor). According to investigators,
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., 1006
the new technology could enable
Oaza Kadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka
manufacturers to create silicon571-8501, Japan, tel. 81-6-6908-1121)
based compounds without expensive, high-temperature processing
Atom Substitution for
and toxic by-products. Products that
could be made using this process
Better Ceramics
include common silicon-containing
At t h e U n i ve r s i t y o f M u n i c h
chemicals, polymers, plastics and
(Germany), scientists have added varpure silica. The silica could be used,
ious atoms into the crystal structure
among other things, as filler for polyof nitridosilicates, sions (silicon oxynimers, in papermaking and in the protrides), and sialons (silicon aluminum
duction of optical glass. (Contact: R.
oxynitrides) to create materials with
Laine, E-mail talsdad@umich.edu)
unusual properties. When atoms of
strontium, barium or europium were
For further information, contact Greg
added to nitridosilicates, the material
Geiger at the Ceramic Information Center,
was found to have excellent nonlintel. 614-794-5817, 3E-mail ggeiger @acers.
org.
ear optical properties, was stable at
16
Society/
Industry
NEWS
Ferro Buys EMCA-Remex
Ferro Corp., Cleveland, has acquired
EMCA-Remex from National Starch &
Chemical Co., Bridgewater, N.J. Terms
of the agreement were not disclosed.
EMCA-Remex specializes in the production of thick-film pastes for
hybrid microelectronics. These materials are used in applications in the
automotive, telecommunications and
consumer electronics markets. The
business has a technology and distribution agreement for resistor formulations that provides exclusive selling
rights in the United States and
Europe.
“We continue to invest in our electronic materials business to build
greater scale,” said Hector R. Ortino,
chair and CEO of Ferro. “Through a
combination of internal strategic
changes, acquisitions and strong
demand, in a short period of time, we
have built an electronic materials
business that is a much more significant driver of Ferro’s overall performance.”
Ferro’s existing thick-film paste
product line, produced in a new
state-of-the-art facility at Vista, Calif.,
serves market segments that complement EMCA-Remex’s product line.
EMCA-Remex’s only U.S. manufacturing site is at Montgomeryville, Pa. It
also operates a technical service laboratory and production facility at
Linton, U.K.
charge of the bankruptcy chose
Ceric from among a few other candidates to take over Keller, primarily
because the Ceric plan saves 340
jobs out of the ≈500 that existed
prior to the bankruptcy.
The previous management team
has been replaced by a group of
German and French business leaders
who will make sure the Ceric philosophy centered around customer service is understood and followed.
Former Keller customers can be
assured of continuity of after-sales
service, especially where spare parts
are concerned.
Following the acquisition earlier
this year of Rieter, also a German
company, the addition of Keller to
the Ceric Group creates the largest
worldwide consortium for the supply
of manufacturing systems for the
clay products industry.
The Keller and Rieter names will be
kept for the foreseeable future.
However, all companies will operate
in a coordinated manner, and for
ease of business, Ceric Inc. (Golden,
Colo.) will be the focus and sole representative for the Ceric Group of
companies in North America.
MCS Officers Meet at ACerS Headquarters
Keller Acquisition
Ceric S.A., Paris, officially took over
the remaining operations of Keller
GmbH, Laggenbeck, Germany, Dec.
1, 2000.
More than 100 years old, Keller had
fallen into bankruptcy in early Sep
tember last year. The administrator in
Three Mexican Ceramic Society (MCS) officers met with staff at ACerS headquarters Dec.
11–12, 2000, to wrap up discussions regarding the First Trade Show & Conference for the
Ceramics Industry 2000, held jointly in November by MCS and ACerS. They also discussed
future joint efforts between the two organizations. Officers attending the meeting
included (l–r) Angél Hernández R., MCS past president; Paul Holbrook, ACerS executive
director; Constantino Gianacópulos R., MCS president; and Aniceto Arroyo Gómez, MCS
vice president.
17
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Business Stats
HOUSING STARTS*
2000
Nov
Oct
Sep†
Aug†
Privately Owned
Units
Change
(000)
(±6%)
1,562
1%
1,528
-2%
1,537
1%
1,519
-1%
*Seasonally adjusted annual rate
†
Revised
manufactured HOME
SHIPMENTS*
2000
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Units (000)
196
213
231
249
Change (±)
-8%
-1%
-7%
-1%
*Seasonally adjusted annual rate
2000
Oct
Sep
Aug
Steel Mill Shapes
Short Tons (000)
Shipments*
Imports†
9,006
(NA)
8,632
2,321
9,302
2,857
Jul
8,556
2,865
*Source: American Iron & Steel Institute
†
Source: Bureau of Census Report IM 145
261
270
239
Vitreous china
884
876
860
892
1,358 1,288 1,267 1,145
996
932
427
416
372
362
337
* Data is now published on the new North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) basis and, therefore, is not always
comparable to the old Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
code
Seasonally Adjusted
Monthly (US$M)
Nov*
Oct†
Stone, clay, glass products
8,521
8,677
8,741
Blast furnaces, steel mills
5,466
5,678
5,715
Iron, steel
foundries
1,415
1,405
1,408
Electrical transmission/
distribution
equipment, 4,162
industrial
apparatus
4,086
4,159
2000
Sep
Household appliances
2,320
2,320
2,396
Household A/V equipment
1,117
1,125
1,074
Communications equipment
10,286 10,570
10,733
Electronic components
17,968 18,027
18,594
Motor vehicles, parts
30,041 31,444
32,821
Aircraft, missiles,
space vehicles,
parts
11,821 10,529
11,992
Instruments, related products
15,371 15,459
15,574
GLASS CONTAINER
SHIPMENTS
(000 gross)
2000
Dec
Nov
Oct
20,409
Sep
20,141
Aug
22,910
Jul
21,087
Jun
23,154
May
23,037
Apr
20,179
Mar
21,924
Feb
19,614
Jan
19,367
Total
211,822
1999
18,085
20,508
20,265
21,121
22,656
22,244
24,128
22,476
21,806
23,617
19,453
19,260
255,619
Source of Statistics: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census
For additional information, please
contact the
Ceramic Information Center
614-794-5810
18
“Mist” by Sergei Isupov, porcelain, 1998.
Social commentaries by ceramic artists are
the topic of the current exhibit at the
American Craft Museum in New York.
“Confrontational Clay: The Artist as Social
Critic” runs through March 16, 2001. For
more information, call 212-956-3535.
(Photo courtesy of The Ferrin Gallery)
Value of Shipments (US$M)
274
Plastics
1999 1998 1997 1996 1995
Cast iron
289
(enameled)
Fiber-
glass
VALUE OF
MANUFACTURERS
SHIPMENTS
*Preliminary
†
Revised
PLUMBING FIXTURES*
Confrontational Clay
Tosoh Realigns Silica Glass
Material Sales
Nippon Silica Glass USA Inc., Bound
Brook, N.J., has been renamed Tosoh
SGM USA Inc. Tosoh SGM continues
as the sales and distribution channel
of silica glass materials, zirconia powders and advanced ceramic products
and materials for Tosoh Corp. (Tokyo)
in the United States.
This renaming strategically follows
the recent name change of quartz
material producer NSG Yamaguchi
Co. Ltd. to Tosoh SGM Corp., as well as
the transfer of silica glass sales
assignments from Nippon Silica Glass
Co. Ltd. to the Tosoh Quartz Div. All
Tosoh-affiliated quartz fabrication
companies throughout the world
have been unified under the name
Tosoh Quartz.
As part of the quartz group unifica-
SOCIE T Y/
tion process, Tosoh aims to enhance
further its worldwide silica glass
material line of business by bringing
about a more efficient utilization of
resources through the sharing of
information and technology as well
as R&D and marketing efforts.
CoorsTek Expands
Capability in Korea
CoorsTek Inc., Golden, Colo., is
expanding the capacity of its subsidiary, CoorsTek Korea, Kyungbook,
South Korea, to include lasered substrates. These ceramic substrates are
used in the production of electronic
circuits for the telecommunications
and automotive markets.
State-of-the-art laser equipment
using technology developed and
refined by CoorsTek in the United
States and S cotland is being
installed. This expansion enhances
CoorsTek’s position as a leading producer of thick- and thin-film substrates, and extends its offering of
lasered substrates to all key global
markets. CoorsTek Korea is expected
to begin production of the lasered
substrates during the first quarter of
2001.
Expansion Complete at
Horizon Photonics
Horizon Photonics Inc., a wholly
owned subsidiar y of LightPath
Technologies Inc., has completed the
expansion of its automated manufacturing facility at Walnut, Calif. The
930-m2 (10,000-ft2) facility is currently
dedicated to large volume isolator
production and the development of
next-generation optical subassemblies. Horizon’s component packaging capabilities are based on its
recently issued U.S. patent covering
its automated fabrication platform
for micro-optics.
Bob Cullen, president of Horizon
Photonics, commented, “We are truly
pleased with our expansion efforts
since merging with LightPath. We
now have the capacity and automated packaging experience in place to
execute our ramping orders from
both existing and new OEM customers.”
In addition, LightPath has hired
Joseph E. Sauvageau as Horizon’s
chief technology officer. Sauvageau
has a significant background in optoelectronic engineering, packaging
and manufacturing, with a number of
related patents and publications to
his credit. He spent a number of years
at NIST and, most recently, was with
Motorola.
Royal Porcelain Seeks New
Asian Markets
Royal Porcelain Plc, Thailand’s largest
exporter of tableware, plans to
increase sales to $40 million in 2001
by pursuing new markets in Asia.
Sales to Russia and the Middle East
have been growing steadily, but Asia
remains an attractive market yet to be
captured.
19
ACerS Section Notes
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
• Central Ohio. Da Vinci Ristorante in Columbus was
the venue for President’s Night, Nov. 30, 2000. ACerS
President Bob Oxnard presented “A Pop Quiz about
ACerS.”
The Section also organized a group to attend a
hockey game at Nationwide Arena, Dec. 2. The
Columbus Blue Jackets played the Atlanta Thrashers.
• Rocky Mountain. Together with the Materials Dept.
at the Colorado School of Mines, the Section sponsors the Materials Science Lecture Series at the university.
Sheldon M. Wiederhorn of NIST, Gaithersburg, Md.,
was the guest lecturer, Oct. 12, 2000. In his talk, “Hightemperature Creep Behavior of Particulate Ceramic
Composites,” he discussed the causes of degradation
in mechanical behavior at elevated temperatures and
the mechanisms of deformation in the bonding phase.
Zemir Gavra, a professor at Ben-Gurion University,
Israel, delivered the Dec. 7 lecture. He spoke about
“New Trends in Hydrogen Storage Materials.”
• Northwest Indiana. Quentin Robinson (manager of
research, Vesuvius USA) was the dinner speaker when
the Section met Nov. 30, 2000, at the Patio Restaurant
in Merrillville. Approximately 30 members attended.
The topic of his discussion was “Casting Channel
Design (i.e., Tundish Slide Gates) and Its Effect on Steel
Flow and Clogging.” Robinson included slides of the
slide gate water model, showing the flow in a tundish
system.
Various designs and configurations were used to
determine the best flow pattern for a tundish slide
gate. The water model was computer modeled to
check for consistency and reproducibility.
Calculations from the data provided comparable
Quentin Robinson discusses casting channel design at a
meeting of the Northwest Indiana Section.
20
results between the water and computer models. From
this information, the computer model can be used to
determine the effects of variations on the slide gate
system.
• Southwest. The fall meeting went as planned at the
Arlington Hotel, Hot Springs, Ark., Nov. 15–17, 2000.
More brickmakers attended this meeting than in the
recent past. Perhaps the tour of Acme Brick Co.’s
Ouachita plant had something to do with it.
Some of the highlights are reported below:
Barry T. Hughes, president of Halbert Mill Co.,
Jacksonville, Texas, was honored with the Harry E.
Ebright Service Award. He was cited for his outstanding service to the Section through contributions to
the ceramic arts and sciences and for the promotion
of the Southwest Section and, thus, The American
Ceramic Society.
The Carl and Barbara Hogue First Lady Award was
presented to Beckie Schlager who has taken charge
of the ladies program several times and served on the
companions program committee even more frequently.
Robert H. Bruns, Gilmer Potteries Inc., reports that
11 golfers braved the cold at the Hot Springs Country
Club Arlington Course. Bruns, together with Carl
Hogue and Dave Kirkendall, finished first with a score
of 71 (one under par). The fact that they were the only
team with three players may have had something to
do with it.
The team of Richard C. Tucker (Gilmer Potteries Inc.)
and Bryan Byrd (American Restoration Tile) came in
second with a score of 81. Steve Bohannon (Acme
Brick Co.) had the longest drive on hole No. 9; Bruns
was closest to the hole on No. 8; and Dusty McGregor
(Acme Brick Co.) was closest to the hole on No. 17
New officers for 2001 were installed during the business meeting. They are: chair, Richard C. Tucker,
Gilmer Potteries Inc.; chair-elect, Michael E. Shipley,
U.S. Brick Co.; vice chair, Randall Wheeler, Jonesboro,
Ark.; treasurer, Robert H. Bruns, Gilmer Potteries Inc.;
and secretary, Gary Schlager, Process Engineering
Services. Fred C. McMann of North American Mfg. Co.
continues to serve as counselor.
The spring meeting will be held at the Ramada
Plaza Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas, June 6–8, 2001. The fall
2001 meeting is scheduled at Harrah’s Shreveport
Hotel, Shreveport, La., Nov. 7–9. In spring 2002, the
meeting will be at the Holiday Inn Sun Spree Resort,
South Padre Island, Texas, June 26–28. Contact
Richard Tucker, tel. 903-843-2509, E-mail richardtucker
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Last year, exports earned the company $30 million, primarily from the
United States and Europe. Both company brands, Royal Porcelain and
Bone China, were particularly wellknown in Italy and the United
Kingdom.
The company’s two factories in
Saraburi have a combined production capacity of 3.5 million pieces per
month, 80% of which is exported.
them continue their studies in their
selected fields of crystallographic
research.
Alumina Ceramic Tile
ICDD Scholarships
The International Centre for Dif
fraction Data (ICDD), Newtown
Square, Pa., has selected recipients of
its Ludo Frevel Crystallography
Scholarships for 2001.
James Lettieri, The Pennsylvania
State University, is working on
research involving “Ferroelectric
Anisotropy and Integration of
SrBi 2Ta 2O 9.” Jennifer Stone, Oregon
State University, is investigating
“Structural Studies of High-Power
Optical Materials.” Each student
receives a check for $2250 to help
Al u m i n a ce ra m i c o f fe r s s u p e r i o r
protection with minimum weight, features
needed when developing vehicle armor. It
meets the demand for modern vehicles to
have high mobility and maneuverability,
without compromising survivability.
(Photo courtesy of Morgan Advanced
Ceramics Inc., Latrobe, Pa.)
Navitar Coating Labs
Expands Product Line
Navitar Coating Labs Inc. (formerly
GM Vacuum Coating), Rochester, N.Y.,
has expanded its line of solderable
coatings for glass and ceramic substrates to include coatings as thin as
0.30 µm. These micro-thin coatings
find applications in missiles, fiber
optics, aerospace and passive IR
detectors. They also are suited for the
hermetic sealing of optical systems.
The coating is applied using a special low-stress sputtering process so
that it is extremely durable. In fact, its
strength exceeds that of the glass
substrate.
PPG Joint Ventures
PPG Industries Inc., Pittsburgh, is the
technical and training advisor for a
$10-million expansion at the Cristal
Laminado o Templado S.A. de C.V.
(CITSA) automotive glass fabricating
plant at Tepeji del Rio, Mexico, 30
miles north of Mexico City. The oper-
21
Legislative & Public Affairs
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
John Kaniuk, president of Zircoa
Inc., is a member of the LPAC
Executive Committee
22
Update on Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Materials (NORMs)
Naturally occurring radioactive
materials (NORMs) and technology enhanced radioactive materials (TENORMs) continue to be
important topics for the ceramics
industry. Small amounts of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) are present in most raw materials mined
from the earth, and various governmental agencies are deciding
how to regulate these materials
to ensure public safety.
The Nuclear Regulatory Com
mission (NRC) is responsible for
regulating radioactive materials.
NRC currently grants an unrestricted license to those who handle radioactive materials below
500 ppm of U and Th. The states
and EPA, however, want these
materials regulated more closely.
Therefore, NRC is contemplating
a rule that would require persons
who hold NRC specific source
material licenses to notify NRC
before any unimportant quantities of source material (<0.05% U,
Th) are transferred to persons who
are exempt from licensing. The
contemplated rule is written so
that pre -approval would be
required before a transfer takes
place.
The contemplated rulemaking
would have a substantial economic impact on companies that
are materials licensees and manufacture zirconia products <0.05%,
including:
• An overwhelming amount of
reporting if each transfer of unimportant quantities of source material requires pre-approval;
• Delays in processing customer
orders, leading to lost business;
• An uneven playing field where
imported materials would have
an economic advantage over
domestically manufactured materials.
LPAC is communicating to the
various governmental agencies
and public officials that the proposed regulations will have a significant impact on the ceramics
community, and is asking that our
concerns be addressed before
any rule be finalized.
In addition, LPAC is continuing
its cooperative efforts with the
Zirconium Environmental Com
mittee (ZEC). ZEC is a group of
ceramic companies that is tracking all pending regulations and
developing technical information
on the safety of zircon and zirconia.
To date, the combined efforts of
ZEC and LPAC have been successful in effecting modifications to
the regulations that are acceptable to the ceramics community.
However, due to the current proposed NRC regulations, additional
technical information must be
generated and then communicated to the appropriate parties in
supporting the interests of the
ceramics community.
If you would like to join LPAC or
ZEC in these efforts, please contact me by E-mail at john.kaniuk
@RHIrefractories.com or contact
John Flatley of LPAC by E-mail at
jflatley@navista.net.
ACerS Legislative & Public Affairs
Committee, One Thomas Circle
NW, 10th Floor, Washington, DC
20005; tel. 202-289-1361, fax 202-
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
ation is a partnership of PPG and the
Villaseñor family.
The expansion includes addition of
tempering equipment that will allow
CITSA to produce side and back automotive windows, as well as windshield production equipment using
advanced PPG technology to supply
more complicated original-equipment parts. This will allow CITSA to
supply full-car sets of windows to the
growing Mexican automotive industry.
PPG also plans to join Nan Ya
Plastics Corp. of Taiwan in building a
plant at Kunshan, China, to make
fiber-glass yarns, primarily for electronics customers. The project is subject to Taiwan government approval.
PFG Fiber Glass (Kunshan) Co. Ltd.
will produce electronic yarns in a
Kunshan industrial economic development zone west of Shanghai. Nan
Ya is building an adjacent complex
that will include weaving, laminating
and circuit board production facilities. It will be PFG’s principal customer. Startup is scheduled in early 2003.
Illustrated Ceramics
These teapots are included in a onewoman exhibition showcasing the
illustrated ceramic works of Sayoko Becker.
Gallery Alexander, La Jolla, Calif., hosts the
exhibit March 10–April 15, 2001. For
details, call 858-459-9433.
Glass Industry Funded for
Energy Efficiency
The age-old trade of glassmaking will
get a helping hand from 21st century
technology under an $11.8-million
government-industry partnership to
reduce energy use and environmen-
tal impacts in the U.S. glass industry.
The private sector cost share will be a
minimum of 50% of each project.
Facing pressure from foreign competition and alternative materials, the
U.S. glass industry must find ways to
reduce manufacturing costs while
maintaining quality and protecting
the environment. The industry spends
more than $1.3 billion each year just
on energy for manufacturing processes.
It is an important segment of the
U.S. economy. The glass industry
employs more than 150,000 people
and generates more than 21 million
tons of consumer products annually
with an estimated value of $22 billion.
DOE has selected four companies
to participate with Argonne National
Lab in a three-year program of cooperative technology R&D that will
enhance the economic competitiveness of the nation’s glass industry.
The projects and lead organizations
are:
• Measurement and control of glass
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23
NICE News
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Recognition
Ethics, integrity, honor—as an organization, we strongly stress these
concepts each year. We introduce
them in our academic engineering
programs and discuss them as topics at professional meetings. They
have become major issues in our
national elections and buzzwords
in the corporate boardroom. How
do these words affect you, the engineer?
When you practice engineering,
you take on more than a job. You
accept a professional obligation to
guide technology. Fundamentally,
you become a servant of society
and of human progress. You play
an active role in shaping the future
of our society and our world.
You cannot consider simply the
answer to a technological problem—you must consider the
impact of the solution on our quality of life, on the environment and
on future generations. You must
take the responsibility seriously and
give your full attention to the
effects your decisions will have on
those around you.
Order of the Engineer
NICE proudly announces its professional affiliation with the Order of
the Engineer, an organization that
exists “to foster a spirit of pride and
responsibility in the engineering
profession, to bridge the gap
between training and experience,
and to present to the public a visible symbol identifying the engineer.”
The Order of the Engineer conducted its first induction ceremony
at Cleveland State University in
1970, and now has inductees in all
50 states.
The “Obligation” of the Order of
the Engineer is a creed similar to
the oath attributed to Hippocrates
(generally taken by medical gradu-
24
ates) and sets forth an ethical code.
The Obligation, likewise, contains
parts of the canons of ethics of
major engineering societies.
Initiates, as they accept it voluntarily, pledge to uphold the standards
feedback on the scheduling is welcome. We will accommodate as
many as possible of those who
wish to participate.
The one-time cost to join the
Order of the Engineer is $20. This
includes the ring and certificate;
there is no annual fee. Contact the
director of NICE for a copy of the
form. Be sure to provide your ring
size (pinky finger of your working
hand).
We hope that many of you will
recognize the impor tance of
acknowledging our obligation to
society as engineers. We are excited about this new affiliation and
know that many of you will be, too.
AAES Representation
and dignity of the engineering profession and to serve humanity by
making the best use of Earth’s precious wealth.
The Obligation ceremony is similar to the Canadian “Ritual of the
Calling of an Engineer,” which
began in 1926. Initiates recite an
oath acknowledging their obligation as engineers and accept a
stainless steel ring to be worn on
the fifth finger of the working hand.
The entire ceremony lasts approximately one hour, depending on the
number of initiates.
NICE Inductions
NICE will hold its first inductions
into the Order of the Engineer during the upcoming Annual Meeting
in Indianapolis. We will attempt to
schedule a time that does not conflict with any technical sessions so
all who wish to participate can
attend.
Sunday evening looks promising,
however, it is possible that the ceremony will be held during the NICE
business meeting on Monday. Your
Kathryn V. Logan has been elected
to a vice chair position on the AAES
Executive Committee for 2001. This
gives the ceramic engineering profession four members on the AAES
board. The others are Harrie J.
Stevens and Diane C. Folz as voting
governors, and Gary S. Fischman as
voting member on the Engineering
Public Policy Committee.
While Logan is not a voting member, she will have input into AAES
policies and issues prior to board
votes. We are pleased about our
increase in activity on the AAES
committees over the past several
years. This organization allows us
to have input into critical issues of
policy since AAES is the engineering organization with a direct line
into Congress and the White House.
Contact Address
Please note that I am now at
Virginia Tech! Please direct all communications to me there.
Diane C. Folz, NICE Director
c/o Virginia Polytechnic Institute
& State University
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
feeds tocks. Energy Research Co.,
Staten I s l a n d, N . Y. To t a l co s t
$3,031,568.
• Monitoring and control technologies in glass melting furnaces. Gallo
Glass Co., Modesto, Calif. Total cost
$2,100,000.
• Development of process optimization strategies, models and chemical
databases for online coatings of float
glass. PPG Industries, Pittsburgh.
Total cost $3,000,000.
• Development and validation of an
Advanced Multiphase Glass Furnace
Model that can completely characterize the interaction between glass melt
and combustion space. The model
also provides the opportunity to
mimic furnace conditions with software to predict process changes.
Techneglas Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Total
cost $2,728,435.
• In-house recovery and recycling of
glass from glass manufacturing
waste. Argonne National Lab,
Argonne, Ill. Total cost $1,000,000.
In addition to the lead organization
for each project, other industrial firms,
universities and DOE national laboratories will participate as partners in
the R&D effor t. These include
CertainTeed Corp., Fenton Art Glass
Co., Libbey Inc., Oak Ridge National
Lab, Mississippi State University,
Osram Sylvania Inc, Owens Corning
Inc., Purdue University, Sandia
National Labs and Vetrotex America.
American Colloid Opens
New Blending Facility
American Colloid Co. recently
opened a new blending facility at
Butler, Ga., to manufacture Additrol®
preblended molding sand additives
used in the metalcasting process. The
1265-m2 (13,600-ft2) facility features a
high-volume, state-of-the-art continuous blending system with outbound rail and bagging capabilities.
Mike Diermeier has been named
plant manager in Butler. Previously
headquartered at Arlington Heights,
Ill., he served as corporate quality
coordinator.
Including this new facility, American
Colloid operates 13 plants across
North America. The Butler location,
110 miles south of Atlanta, will effectively serve customers in the southeastern United States.
Raymond Operations
Under Alstom Power
The ABB Air Preheater Co., Raymond
Operations, Lisle, Ill., has become part
of Alstom Power Inc. Headquartered
in Belgium, Alstom Power is part of
the French conglomerate Alstom.
The Raymond Operations includes
the Raymond®, Ehrsam® and BartlettSnow™ product lines. The engineering and sales offices for Raymond and
Bartlett-Snow will continue in Lisle;
Ehrsam parts, sales and service are
located at Concordia, Kans.
Consistency and longer mold life have made G-P Gypsum the leader in whitewares. Not to mention
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So find out why G-P is #1 in whitewares, call 1-888-PLASTER, visit www.gp.com/plaster, or fax 404-588-3833.
© 2001 Georgia-Pacific Corporation. All rights reserved.Denscal®, Densite®, and K Series® are registered trademarks of Georgia-Pacific Corporation.
FITZGERALD + CO • 404-504-6900 • JOB #M0GP0057 • trim: 7” X 4.875” • Ceramic Bulletin; Ceramic Industry
25
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Ceramics Online
Many companies and organizations
are establishing a presence on the
Internet. Some of the websites are
profiled below.
Anter Corp.
www.anter.com
Dilatometers, conduc tivity
meters, diffusivity systems and
drop calorimeters for determining
thermophysical properties.
AO Research Institute
www.ao-asif.ch/ari/research
/interface
Studies of interface reactions
between living cells and implant
surfaces.
Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc.
www.centorr.com
Innovative solutions to challenging high-temperature materials processing problems.
Eisenmann Corp.
www.eisenmann.de
Surface finishing systems, material flow automation, environmental technology and ceramics firing
technology.
Hammill & Gillespie Inc.
http://www.hamgil.com
Clays, feldspars, silicas, carbonates and specialty mineral products.
Powder & Bulk
Solids Adds a Day
The Powder & Bulk Solids Conference
(May 7–11) and Exhibition (May 8–10,
2001) will be held at the Donald E.
S te p h e n s Co nve n t i o n Ce n te r,
Rosemont (Chicago), Ill. New features
of the expanded five-day conference
include an in-depth “Focus On” educational program, and new conference tracks on E-business,
environmental issues (including such
issues as hazards, loss protection,
dust control and dust generation)
and professional development.
For more information, call 800-3544003 or 203-840-5650, or visit the
website at powdershow.reedexpo.
com.
10th Year for Linn Elektro
Therm
Linn Elektro Therm GmbH, Bad
Frankenhausen, Germany, recently
celebrated its 10th anniversary. It was
just 10 years ago when Horst Linn of
Linn High Therm GmbH (Eschen
felden) took over the firm, previously
known as VEB Electro.
The company hosted 160 guests in
its new production hall, providing a
buffet and wine tasting. Günther
Köhler (Jena) presented a lecture
about research in the Thuringia
region; and Gerd Walter
(Bergakademie Freiberg) discussed
furnace production. The entertainment was rounded out with a folk
music band and a female dance
troupe.
Glass and the
Speed of Light
The Corning Museum of Glass has
opened a major new permanent
exhibit on optical-fiber technology.
“Glass and the Speed of Light” demonstrates how much information a
single optical fiber can carry.
A single optical fiber runs the
length of the exhibit, encased in a
transparent handrail. This fiber transmits a signal originating from a camera pointing at visitors. This same
fiber occupies different parts of the
exhibit—in one section winding
around a spool for nearly 100 miles
before having its signal amplified and
refreshed. In another section, the
optical fiber has a camera signal
combined with dozens of other information streams.
The fiber snakes its way through the
amount of copper wire needed to
carry the same information—hundreds of cables, weighing thousands
of pounds. The slender fiber swoops
in and around the massive copper
coils, nimbly by-passing their bulk.
The centerpiece of the exhibit is an
interactive video wall illustrating the
New Castle Refractories Co.
www.newcastlerefractories.com
Kiln furniture and special refractory shapes fabricated from silicon carbide, mullite, alumina and
high-temperature fireclays.
Sonic-Mill
www.ceramics.com/sonic
Contract machining services for
technical ceramic and glass materials; supplier of ultrasonic machining equipment.
ceramicSOURCE Online
www.ceramicsource.org
Suppliers of materials, equipment and services used to manufacture ceramics. Register free as a
nonmember subscriber through
May 31, 2001.
26
The Linn Elektro Therm complex in Bad Frankenhausen.
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
far-reaching and world-changing
possibilities that fiber-optic technology offers. Each time visitors push a
button, they see how greater bandwidth takes media a giant step forward—from the telegraph, through
radio and television, into the age of
the Internet. Each step forward represents a more information-intensive
transmission.
The museum celebrates its 50th
anniversary this year. For additional
information, tel. 607-937-5371, fax
607-974-2077, Internet www.cmog .
org.
ATC Offers New Line
American Technical Ceramics Corp.
(ATC), Huntington Station, N.Y., a
manufacturer of RF and microwave
ceramic capacitors, has launched a
new line of high-power resistive
products designed for microwave
and RF applications. The new products, which include resistors, terminations and attenuators, target the
same markets as ATC’s traditional line
of capacitors, complementing the
technologies already offered.
(Source: Xinhua news agency, China)
• United Arab Emirates. Al Khaleej
Ceramics, a Dubai-based floor tile
producer, will double production at
its Jebel Ali plant to 3 million m2 of
tile per month. The factory will be
expanded to a total of 100,000 m2 of
production space and two new
presses will be installed to meet the
company's growing global trade with
Europe, the United States and the Far
East.
• Italy. The new porcelain tile plant in
San Clemente di Rimini, built by
Ceramica del Conca, has a production capacity of 9 million m2 per year.
• Tajikistan. Sirandud, an enamelware
producer, reported a 17.2% drop in
production for the first nine months
of 2000, compared with the same
period in 1999. The drop is due to a
raw materials shortage at the plant.
(Source: Asia-Plus Information
Agency, Tajikistan)
• Vietnam. Viglacera, a ceramics and
glass producer, opened a new fire
brick factory with an annual production capacity of 16,500 tons in the
northern province of Vinh Phuc. The
company also is planning to build a
ceramics factory in the Ukraine.
(Source: Vietnamese News Agency)
• Tibet. Authorities in Tibet are seeking Chinese and foreign investment
for the construction of ceramic production plants. (Source: Xinhua News
Agency, China)
• Turkmenistan. Reconstruction of
kilns at the Balkanabat porcelain
plant was completed by the Turkish
company Asist. The new kilns will
help the plant expand its product
range. (Source: Turkmen Dowlet
Habarlar Gullugy News Agency,
Turkmenistan)
• Bulgaria. Han Omourtag, a tile producer in Shoumen, signed a contract
to export 15,000 m2 of floor and wall
tile to a Dutch customer. (Source:
Bulgarian Telegrapic Agency)
• Tajikistan. The State Statistics
Committee reports a 10.7% drop in
News Briefs
• Premier Mill Corp., Reading, Pa.,
selects Metco Process Solutions, Troy,
Mich., as a representative of its milling, mixing and dispersing line of
equipment for specialty processing
applications.
• Superior Graphite Co., Chicago, was
named No. 1 among small U.S. companies in workforce excellence by the
National Association of Manufac
turers. The award was given for workforce excellence in developing and
producing graphite that makes alkaline batteries last longer.
• Premier Mill Corp., Reading Pa., has
received ISO 9001 registration.
International Briefs
• China. The Council for the Promotion
of International Trade reports that
China will increasingly use foreign
investment in its ceramics industry.
New ceramics industry projects using
foreign investment must meet international environmental protection
standards. For sanitaryware, the focus
will be on improving product quality.
27
“It’s not just
what you
T
he American Ceramic Society
can help you succeed in both
areas.
With more than 10,000 members in 65
countries around the world The
American Ceramic Society represents a
wide variety of interest groups:
Engineers, Scientists, Researchers,
Manufacturers, Plant Personnel,
Educators, Students, Marketing and Sales professionals, and
others in related materials fields.
The American Ceramic Society is the gateway through
which these groups interact, exchange information,
influence legislation, and develop tomor row ’s
technologies.
We provide our members the tools to do business.
Plus, we have made it easy to join.
s
Submit your membership application via our website
www.ceramics.org
s
Complete your application via telephone by calling
Customer Service 614/794-5890;
s
Send an E-mail to customersrvc@acers.org and ask a
representative to contact you.
s
Fax back (614/899-6109) a completed application form. A
form is included in this issue of the Bulletin (see p 31).
Invest in your career.
Join The American
Ceramic Society Today!
01CRAD
28
The American Ceramic Society Bulletin
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Obituaries
Ronald W. Douglas
Ronald W. Douglas, 90, died Nov. 14,
2000, at Devon, U.K.
The emeritus professor headed the
Dept. of Glass Technology at the
University of Sheffield from 1955 until
he retired in 1975. His work was in rheology of glasses, relaxation processes,
liquid-liquid phase separation and
surface reactivity of glass. Douglas
also worked at General Electric Co.,
Wembley, in solid state physics.
He served as president (1963–65)
and was an honorary fellow of the
Society of Glass Technology. Douglas
served as president of the
International Commission on Glass
during 1972–75.
An ACerS Fellow, he was affiliated
with the Glass & Optical Materials
Division.
Open Nominations for ACerS Awards
Society Business
porcelain production for the first nine
months of 2000, compared with the
same period in 1999. (Source: Asia
Plus Information Agency)
• China. The General Administration of
Customs reports that the country
exported 114,912 tons of household
ceramics worth $81.9 million in
August 2000. China also exported
61,065 tons of decorative ceramics
worth $63.6 million in August. (Source:
Xinhua News Agency, China)
• Vietnam. Amstan Sanitaryware Inc., a
joint venture between American
Standard Inc., Piscataway, N.J., and
My Phu Sanitary Co., Binh Dong,
Vietnam, recorded a 30% increase in
sales for the first nine months of 2000,
compared with the same period in
1999. The venture is preparing to raise
production in expectation of a rise in
demand during the winter season.
(Source: Vietnamese News Agency)
• Tajikistan. China delivered ≈$700,000
of production equipment to a ceramic
tile plant in Kulyab. The plant was
constructed with Chinese assistance.
(S ource: Asia-Plus I nformation
Agency, Tajikistan)
• Czech Republic. The Czech Embassy
told companies that if they want to
export their products to Bosnia, they
must be prepared to conduct barter
trade, because Bosnian companies
are unable to pay for goods with cash.
(Source: CTK news agency, Czech
Republic)
Award committees are accepting nominations for awards that
will be presented at the 104th Annual Meeting in St. Louis and
beyond. Information on these and other ACerS Awards can be
obtained at the ACerS website (www.ceramics.org) or by contacting Susan Davis, administrative assistant, tel. 614-794-5891,
E-mail sdavis@acers.org
Robert L. Coble Award for
Young Scholars (2002)
www.ceramics.org/membership
/awards/coble.asp
Deadline for nominations:
Oct. 15, 2001.
Corporate Environmental
Achievement Award (2002)
/awards/corporateenviromental.
asp
Sept. 15, 2001.
Corporate Technical Achievement
Award (2002)
/awards/corporatetechnical.asp
Sept. 15, 2001.
Distinguished Life Member (2002)
/awards/distlife.asp
Aug. 31, 2001.
Fellow Nominations (2002)
/awards/fellows.asp
March 9, 2001.
Richard M. Fulrath
Award (2002)
/awards/fulrath.asp
Oct. 1, 2001.
Honorary Membership (2002)
/awards/honorarymembership.asp
Nov. 1, 2001.
John Jeppson Medal and Award
(2002)
/awards/johnjeppson.asp
June 1, 2001.
W. David Kingery Award (2002)
/awards/davidkingery.asp
June 15, 2001.
Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture
(2002)
/awards/edwardorton.asp
Nov. 1, 2001.
Karl SchwartzwalderPACE (2002)
/awards/pace.asp
Sept. 30, 2001.
Frontiers of Science and Society—
Rustum Roy Lecture (2002)
/awards/rustumroy.asp
29
Members Network
SOCIE T Y/INDUSTRY
Corporate
Members
Sustaining
Aluminum Co. of America
Ferro Corp.
Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc.
TYK America Inc.
Unimin Corp.
Contributing
Accuratus Ceramic Corp.
Alpha Ceramics Inc.
American Piezo Ceramics Inc.
AVX Ceramics Corp.
Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies
E.J. Bognar Inc.
CCPI Inc.
Ceramic Color & Chemical Mfg. Co.
CeramTec North America
Chand Associates Inc.
CoorsTek Inc.
Custom Technical Ceramics Inc.
DMC2 Degussa Metals
Eisenmann Corp.
Electro-Science Labs Inc.
Exolon-ESK Co.
Federal Mogul
Hammill & Gillespie Inc.
Hammond Lead Products Inc.
Harrop Industries Inc.
Kane Magnetics International
Keystone Thermometrics
Kyocera International Inc.
Lenox Inc.
Linn High Therm GmbH
Manufacturing Technology Inc.
MicroCoating Technologies
Micropyretics Heaters International Inc.
Minteq International Inc.
Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Nabaltec GmbH
Nanophase Technologies Corp.
Quallion LLC
Resco Products Inc.
RHI Refractories America
Sandia National Labs
H.C. Spinks Clay Co. Inc.
Superior Graphite Co.
Superior Technical Ceramics Corp.
U.S. Gypsum Co.
R.T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc.
Wacker Engineered Ceramics Inc.
Washington Mills Electro Minerals Corp.
Zircoa Inc.
Zirconia Sales (America) Inc.
Internet links to Corporate Members can be found on the Society’s website at www.ceramics.org/membership/corporatemembers.asp.
ACerS Employment Center
ACerS has sponsored a successful
Employment Center during the
Annual Meeting for many years.
More than 350 jobs were posted
last year.
Once again, the Employment
Center will post job openings,
collect resumes, offer on-site
interview space and schedule
inter views at the potential
employer’s request. This no-fee
service is a great way to gain
immediate face-to-face contact
with potential employers/
employees. Submitted resumes
also will be entered into ACerS’
Online Ceramic Futures Resume
Database.
Employers need not be present
to post job openings. Send us
your job openings, and we’ll collect resumes for you. We also offer
an Annual Meeting special on our
online JobMatch bulletin board.
Postings may be internships or
anything from entry level up to
executive management. Prior to
April 16, submit job descriptions
by E-mail to baldwin@alfred.edu.
Thereafter, please submit on site.
Career Fair
We’re expanding! This year we’re
offering a Career Fair at the
Annual Meeting. Companies and
universities alike are invited to
promote themselves to job candidates and prospective graduate
students.
Tabletop displays are available
for this event. Have your recruiter
contact the ACerS membership
manager for further details. You
need not be a meeting registrant
to display at the Career Fair.
Whether you’re looking for a job
or considering graduate school,
come check out the possibilities.
Networking Reception
Employment Center & Career Fair Hours
Sunday, April 22
Monday, April 23
Tuesday, April 24
Wednesday, April 25
*Networking Reception.
30
12:30–5:00 p.m.
10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m.*
9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
9:00 a.m.–12:00 noon
A Networking Reception will be
held on Monday from 5:00 to 6:30
p.m. at the site of the
Employment Center and Career
Fair. Attendees are invited to
come have a bite to eat, do some
networking and explore career
opportunities. Experienced professionals from throughout the
ceramics industries will be in
attendance to field career questions.
Online JobMatch
The JobMatch bulletin board is
offering employers an Annual
Meeting special through April 30.
Post two job openings for one
month for $50 or post unlimited
job openings for three months for
$100. Contact Chris Shewring at
Brass Ring to take advantage of
this special offer (tel. 614-9230600 ext. 353, E-mail cshewring @
brassring.com). Visit JobMatch on
the Internet at www.ceramics
.org/membership/jobpostings.
asp.
Garry Moon, Membership Manager
Tel. 614-794-5859
Fax 614-794-5882
E-mail gmoon@acers.org
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Continued on back
0130CB
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PRIMARY ceramic business cont’d (check one only)
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n 10. NUCLEAR CERAMICS
3. WHITEWARE
nH. Floor and Wall Tile
n J. Dinnerware
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Names in the News
Edwards
Clark
…General Shale Edwards Honored
Joe Edwards, vice president of engineering and research, General Shale
Products LLC, Kingsport, Tenn.,
received an honorary doctorate of
laws from Clemson University, S.C. A
1956 graduate of Clemson, he was
instrumental in establishing the
National Brick Research Center and
the Bishop Ceramic Lab at the university. His 1997 article, published in the
Ceramic Bulletin, has been the basis
for the durability criteria in the ASTM
standards for facing brick (see p 13 in
this issue and p 12 in the August
2000 issue).
Edwards is an ACerS Fellow and
member of Structural Clay Products
Division. He is a recipient of the 1982
Hewitt Wilson Award of ACerS’
Southeast Section.
Clark, Folz Join VPI
David E. Clark is the new department
head of materials science and engineering at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University (VPI),
Blacksburg. He came from the materials science and engineering department at the University of Florida,
Gainesville, where he was a professor.
Clark holds seven patents, and has
authored and coauthored a number
of books and articles on microwave
processing of materials, glass corrosion, and sol-gel processing.
He is an Acers Fellow and member
of the Engineering Ceramics Division,
for which he served as chair during
1988–89. He was a founding member
of the Florida Section of ACerS, the
1993 James I. Mueller Lecturer and
the 1992–93 president of NICE. Clark
currently serves on the ACerS Board
…VPI
Folz
…VPI
Sardas
of Directors. He is a member of the
NICE Executive Committee and a
reviewer for the Journal of the
American Ceramic Society.
Diane Folz had accepted a research
faculty position at VPI’s material science and engineering department.
Previously, Folz was an engineer for
the materials science and engineering department at the University of
Florida, Gainesville.
She holds two patents, and has coauthored two books and a variety of
articles on the microwave processing
of materials and other subjects in the
field.
Folz is an ACerS Fellow and member of the Engineering Ceramics
Division. An NICE Fellow, Folz has
held a variety of leadership positions
in the organization and currently
serves as its director.
Dal-Tile Extends
Sardas Term
Jacques Sardas’ term as chair and CEO
of Dal-Tile International Inc. was
extended to 2004. He joined the company in 1997 as president and CEO,
and was elected chair of the board in
the same year. In 1998, the company
extended Sardas’ term until 2001.
Hill Advances at MAC
Barry Hill is promoted to global marketing director at Morgan Advanced
Ceramics (MAC), New Bedford, Mass.
He will develop and implement sales
and marketing strategies worldwide
for the company, as well as maintain
responsibility for North American
sales. Hill previously served as North
American sales director, where he
…Dal-Tile
Hill
…Morgan
reorganized the company’s sales
efforts.
Previously, he was vice president
of sales and marketing for Wesgo
Ceramics and Wesgo Metals.
Quest Promotes Three
Jim Banach was elected vice president
of operations for Quest Technologies
Inc., Oconomowoc, Wis. In his 15 years
with the company, he has held the
positions of regional sales manager,
general manager and director of training.
Mark Mazzo will serve as vice president and general manager of the
Quest Technologies Technical Center.
He previously worked as director of
engineering for Metrosonics Inc.,
Rochester, Wis., which was acquired
by Quest in 1999.
Cliff Wolcott was selected as vice
president of marketing. He also is a
former Metrosonics employee, where
he was employed as director of sales
and marketing. Wolcott has more
than 20 years experience in instrumentation
VP Changes at PPG
PPG Industries Inc, Pittsburgh,
announces the retirement of L. Blaine
Boswell as vice president of public
affairs, effective March 31, 2001. A
32-year veteran of the company, he
started in human resources, moving
up to vice president of flat glass, then
to vice president and president of
PPG Industries International, Paris.
To fill Boswell’s position, PPG promotes Benjamin Fisher Jr., director of
corporate marketing, to vice president in charge of corporate marketing and communications.
33
Names in the News
Heidenreich
…Eclipse
Edmondson
Jeffrey Gilbert, vice president of government affairs, will represent the
company in dealings with elected officials and regulators. He also becomes
executive director of the PPG
Industries Foundation.
David Sharick was elected vice
president of corporate development.
With the company since 1985, he has
served as manager, controller and
director for various departments.
Reporting to Sharick, Aziz Giga is
the new vice president of strategic
planning. He joined PPG in 1977 as a
strategic planning analyst, and has
served as a manager, controller and
director in several planning positions.
Long Receives Award
Farrell Long, manager of material and
product testing at General Shale
Products LLC, Kingsport, Tenn., was
given the Gilbert C. Robinson Memo
rial Award by ASTM for his service to
the society. He has been active in
round-robin testing used in standards
development, where his work is the
basis of the “Field IRA” test.
Heidenreich at Eclipse
Thomas Heidenreich of SMA Systems
Inc. Fishers, Ind., has partnered with
Eclipse Inc., Rockford, Ill., to serve as a
sales representative for Indiana. He
has more than 20 years of combustion application experience at SMA.
Edmondson Heads Alfred
Charles Edmondson was installed as
president of Alfred University, N.Y., by
the board of trustees. He comes to
the university from Rollins College,
34
…Alfred
Jiang
… Netzsch
Boccaccini
… Governers’ Lecturer
Winter Park, Fla., where he has served
as vice president for academic affairs
and then provost for the past seven
years. Edmondson began as a professor of history.
He is a member of ACerS.
Jiang Joins Netzsch
Nan Jiang joins Netzsch Inc.’s
Analyzing and Testing Div. as north
central regional sales manager. His
territory includes Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan and Wisconsin. Jiang will
be based in Netzsch’s Chicago office.
He has five years experience as a
regional technical sales manager in
industrial chemical applications.
Boccaccini Becomes
Governors’ Lecturer
Aldo Boccaccini has been appointed
governors’ lecturer at Imperial
College, London. He was formerly at
the Technical University of Ilmenau,
Germany. Boccaccini has authored
more than 100 scientific publications
in the field of glass, ceramics and composite materials, and holds one patent.
He is a member of the ACerS Basic
Science Division.
Two Join W.S. Tyler
W.S. Tyler, Mentor, Ohio, appointed
Maria Giurbino to the new position of
marketing coordinator. She has
worked in the field for two years, and
will handle marketing duties for the
company at headquarters, Salisbury,
N.C., and St. Catharines, Canada.
Wendy Keatley joins the customer
service and sales team. She has four
Green
…Saint-Gobain
years experience in industrial sales
and service.
TCA Selects PR Manager
Shannon Woodmansee joins Tile
Council of America (TCA), Anderson,
S.C., as its new public relations manager. She is responsible for promoting TCA members, and creating
awareness and use of ceramic tile.
Experienced in publicity campaigns, marketing, strategic planning
and member/consumer relations,
Woodmansee has worked in her field
for 18 years.
Changes at Saint-Gobain
Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc.,
Worchester, Mass., announces the
retirement of Kenneth Green, applications engineer, after 17 years of
service. As a result of the retirement,
changes are being made in the
Energy Systems’ organization.
Joseph Ouellet is promoted to
refractory applications specialist,
where his responsibilities will include
sales and installation support to the
waste-to-energy market. He was a
construction manager of refractory
installations.
Robert Jones, refractory sales specialist, Baltimore, and Kevin Paskale,
applications engineer, Glastonbury,
Conn., will both assume partial
account responsibility for the wasteto-energy market. Brenda Jenket, customer service specialist will provide
service for the waste-to-energy market as well as the power and petrochemical markets.
Revolutionary Vacuum
Furnace Technology
V
Elimination of
water cooling
reduces overall
furnace heat
losses.
Richard D. Webb
R.D. Webb Co.
Natick, Mass.
acuum furnaces are commonly
used in sintering, debindering,
reaction bonding, brazing, metallizing and many other ceramic fabrication processes. These furnaces are
typically capable of operating both under
vacuum and with inert or reactive gas protective atmospheres.
For high-temperature vacuum furnaces
operating at temperatures on the order of
2500 K, an inert gas atmosphere is desirable to reduce sublimation of the heating
elements and insulation materials, thereby
prolonging the useful life of these critical
components. Protective atmospheres also
are desired in many cases to reduce sublimation of the materials being thermally
treated in the furnace.
Reactive gases, such as hydrogen or
nitrogen, also are introduced on occasion
to vacuum furnaces to initiate desirable
gas-solid interactions, e.g., reduction of
metal oxides or nitridation of silicon, aluminum or other metals. In most of these
processes, vacuum is used at the beginning of the process to remove ambient air,
ensuring purity of the processing atmospheres. Vacuum is often used during the
initial stages of heating to remove outgassed contaminants.
The term vacuum furnaces, therefore,
refers to both those furnaces whose principal mode of operation is under vacuum
and those furnaces for which vacuum
operation is an auxiliary mode.
The vacuum chamber for these furnaces
normally has at least one door or port
large enough for insertion and removal of
the material requiring thermal treatment.
This door and other ports on the vacuum
vessel are commonly sealed with elastomers that provide a convenient, reusable
seal. The seal isolates the interior of the
chamber from the chamber exterior,
allowing removal of >99.9% of the air from
the vacuum vessel during evacuation.
Readily available, low-cost elastomers
are limited in use to temperatures <700 K.
Long, useful lifetimes are limited to temperatures <600 K. In the typical vacuum
furnace design, sealing surfaces of the
vacuum vessel are maintained at temperatures <400 K through the use of water
cooling.
Water cooling also is used to reduce the
temperature of other portions of the vacuum vessel and the sealing surfaces. When
evacuated, the vacuum vessel is subjected
to high forces created by the pressure differential between the inside and outside
of the vessel.
This pressure differential, 14.7 psi at normal atmospheric pressure, results in tons
of force acting to crush the vessel. When a
common double-wall, water-jacketed
design is employed, this pressure differential can be two or three times higher
because of the added pressure needed to
force water through the cooling jacket.
Vacuum vessels that can withstand these
forces for a relatively cool vessel can be
readily designed. Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, glass and plastic vacuum vessels
are in common use.
However, all of these common engineering materials rapidly decrease in strength
as their temperature increases. Water cooling is used to maintain the vessel wall
material at a safe operating temperature.
35
revolutionary vacuum furnace technology
New Furnace Technology
A high-temperature vacuum furnace
has been built that had an internal
thermal insulation system to reduce
heat losses and an external vacuum
vessel designed to safely dissipate all
heat generated within the furnace to
the surrounding air.
The vacuum vessel wall remains at
a sufficiently low-temperature to
ensure structural integrity and to
protect elastomer seals without the
use of water cooling. (U.S. Pat. No.
5,987,053)
A high-temperature vacuum furnace that does not require water
cooling has many advantages. These
include:
• Operation with low electrical power
inputs;
• Simple construction;
• Quick and easy installation by
unskilled users;
• Reduced operating expenses;
• Long-life vacuum chamber;
• Improved temperature uniformity in
the work zone.
In the case of small laboratory furnaces, other advantages were
obtained. These include:
• Elimination of cooling water;
• Simplification of vacuum vessel
construction;
• Elimination of water manifolds,
water hoses, water flow switches and
water valves.
The result was a high-temperature
vacuum furnace weighing <70 kg
and consuming only 1.5 kW electrical
power at 2500 K. The power control
cabinet for this laboratory furnace
also was simplified, weighing <30 kg,
including the transformer and silicon- controlled rectifier power controller.
Simplified high-temperature vacuum furnaces can be placed on a
bench top or desktop, plugged into a
standard 120- or 240-V wall outlet
and quickly put into operation. This
avoids the extensive and expensive
facility modifications needed for traditional high power, water-cooled
vacuum furnaces.
Water-Free Operation
A water-free, high-temperature
vacuum furnace was built using
efficient design and manufacturing
techniques. The insulation pack
thickness and composition were
selected to minimize thermal flow
through the insulation.
Insulation penetrations for thermal
sensors, work supports and power
feedthroughs also were designed to
reduce heat losses from these
sources.
The vacuum chamber was
designed with adequate surface area
so that it can safely transfer all heat
losses from the furnace to the ambient air surrounding the chamber.
The chamber, itself, remains at a
sufficiently low-temperature to
ensure adequate retention of
mechanical strength and long life for
elastomeric seals.
The furnace can be operated without temperature sensors by monitoring power input to the power
feed-throughs. The more common
Top Door
Vacuum Port
Door Seal
Chamber Sidewall
Sensor Penetration
Graphite Retort
Window Elastomer
Work Zone
Low-Temp Insulation
Sight Window
Assembly
Heating Element
Hermetic Side
Weld
High -Temp Insulation
Hermetic Base Weld
Power Buss Rods
Bottom Plate
Left Feedthrough Port
Insulators
Elastomers
Right Feedthrough Port
Power
Feedthrough
Feedthrough
Elastomers
Feedthrough Insulators
Cross-sectional view of air-cooled vacuum furnace design.
36
approach is to provide an additional
sensor penetration that can be used
for inserting a thermocouple temperature sensor, or for observing the
work zone with an optical or infrared
pyrometer.
In that case, a sight window assembly is sealed with a hermetic side weld
to the chamber sidewall.
The sight window assembly includes
a viton window elastomer so that the
window can easily be removed for
cleaning or replacement. A vacuum
port provides a means for removing
air, introducing process gases and
sampling the internal chamber atmosphere.
Fibrous graphite high-temperature
insulation surrounds the heating element and defines a useable work
zone. A dense graphite retort is used
to support the material being thermally treated and to separate the
work zone from the heating element.
The graphite retort also distributes
heat created by the heating element
and improves work zone temperature
uniformity.
High-temperature graphite insulation is suitable for use to 3000 K and
can be used to insulate the furnace
fully if desired. It can be surrounded
by lower-temperature insulation to
reduce fabrication costs.
The lower-temperature insulation
can be either a readily available
ceramic fiber insulator rated to 1500 K
or low-temperature carbon insulation
with similar temperature capabilities.
The combined thickness of the hightemperature and the low-temperature
insulation should be approximately
the same on the top, bottom and
sides in order to maintain temperature uniformity within the work zone.
Temperature gradients within the
work zone are created by unequal
heat flows through the different sides
of the zone. In the ideal case, there
would be no heat flows through the
insulation, and the work zone would be
isothermal.
In actual furnaces, however, reducing the magnitude of the heat flows
through the insulation, either by
increasing the efficiency of the insulation or by eliminating water cooling,
will result in a decrease in the magnitude of the temperature gradients
within the work zone.
Eliminating chamber water cooling
results in a profound reduction in
heat flow through the insulation
because of the vast difference in heat
transfer coefficient for heat transfer
from the chamber to flowing water
compared to the heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer from the chamber to ambient air.
In operation, air is evacuated from
the vessel through the vacuum port
and electrical currents are passed
through power feedthroughs to the
power buss rods and from there to
the heating element. The heating element is designed to have a higher
total resistance than the power buss
rods so that most of the heat is generated within the work zone.
Af te r t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m i s
reached, all the heat generated by the
heating element passes through the
thermal insulation or through insulation penetrations for accessories, e.g.,
the sight window assembly and
power buss rods. Most of this heat is
eventually transferred to the vacuum
vessel components comprised of the
chamber sidewall, bottom plate and
top door.
These components will rise in temperature until the heat output of the
heating element is matched by the
heat losses of the vacuum vessel components to the outside air. At this
point, the temperature of the vacuum
chamber will stabilize and rise no
more.
The chamber sidewall, bottom plate
and top door transfer heat to the
ambient air in the room by a combination of radiation and convection
losses.
The vacuum furnace will not require
water cooling if the chamber and,
hence, the chamber surface area is
made large enough so that total heat
losses match element heat generation
before the vessel temperature reaches
500–600 K as previously described.
A chamber can be designed for any
size work zone that has enough surface area to dissipate all heat generated before this 500–600 K limit is
reached.
Summary
This high-temperature, air-cooled
vacuum furnace is a significant
improvement over prior designs that
required water cooling of the vacuum
vessel.
Water cooling used in the standard
furnaces was effective in removing
large amounts of heat from the furnace. This, in turn, required greater
heat generation from the heating element to compensate.
The elimination of water cooling
reduces overall furnace heat losses
dramatically, thereby allowing the furnace to reach the desired temperature with far less power consumption.
This yields significant simplification of
virtually all furnace subsystems. n
Heating & Cooling Rates
Hold Power
1500
Heating (argon)
2000
argon
Temp (C)
Power (watts)
vacuum
750
1000
Cooling (helium)
0
0
1000
2000
Temp (C)
Power consumption of highly efficient laboratory size air-cooled
vacuum furnace.
0
0
1
2
3
Time (h)
Heating and cooling rates for laboratory-size, air-cooled vacuum
furnace equipped with 2-kW power supply.
37
Microwave-Assisted
Drying
Ceramic
manufacturers can
assess the advantages
of the latest
microwave-assisted
drying techniques
using a new pilotscale kiln.
38
Test Results
U.K.-based EA, reports that recently
completed tests on brick , molds,
refractories, sanitaryware, etc., have
proved that the addition of either radio
f re q u e n c y ( R F ) o r m i c rowave s to
conventional drying equipment can
reduce cycle times by as much as a factor
of three with no energy cost penalties.
The test results repor tedly show
improved quality in the dried product and
commensurate reduction in scrap,
brought about by the minimization of
thermal gradients in the body of materials.
The kiln can be used for conventional
heating, together with the addition of
either RF or microwave heating, to provide
direct comparisons of the techniques
available. It can operate up to 180ºC and
uses standard thermocouples to monitor
external and internal temperatures
throughout the cycle.
A mass balance is fitted to measure and
Load Temparatures
Gas Only vs MAGF
Temparature (°C)
E
A Technology launched a new
range of laboratory-scale versions
of its microwave-assisted furnaces
at Ce ra m i te c 2 0 0 0 , M u n i c h ,
Germany.
Ceramics manufacturers can now evaluate the benefits of the patented technolo g y, w h i c h c o m b i n e s vo l u m e t r i c
microwave heating with conventional
radiant sources, before choosing to adopt
it for full-scale production.
“We are offering small-scale furnaces
because they will enable producers to
assess the ability of the technology to
meet their specific requirements, without
high investment of risk,” said Mike Bond,
EA Technology’s business manager for
rapid ceramic processing.
“Using lab-scale furnaces, manufacturers
can prove to themselves that microwaveassisted firing will deliver higher product
quality through uniform heating, processing cycle time up to three times faster and
lower processing temperatures.”
The offer is aimed at all industries that
use kilns for firing or drying, with applications including advanced ceramics, electroceramics, heavy clay, sanitaryware,
refractories, pigments, brick, tile, magnets
and metal powder components.
The lab-scale, microwave-assisted furnaces are based on radiant electric elements, but can accurately replicate
conditions in full-sized furnaces, which
conventionally use gas. Thermocouples,
dilatometers and mass balances can be
added to the equipment to provide highly
accurate measurement of performance
during production cycles.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (Hours)
Gas Only
35
40
45
50
MAGF
Mircowave-assisted firing is achieved much
more quickly and with higher quality results
than conventional firing.
record real time weight loss. Energy
inputs from each source also are plotted in the same dryer so that product i o n c o s t s c a n b e c o m p a re d
accurately.
Trials completed by EA in a consortium supported by several UK electricity companies suggest that
maximum benefits are achieved by
combining conventional heating—
typically gas—with relatively low
inputs of RF or microwave energy.
The addition of volumetric heating
is highly effective in providing the
control necessary to maintain and
improve quality in rapidly dried components by reducing thermal gradients, which conventionally induce
stresses and cracking.
Conventional drying techniques
use external heat to evaporate moisture and rely on thermal conduction
to heat the center of the ceramic
body. This is inherently slow because
the center only reaches the dryer's
temperature when the product is
effectively dry.
By contrast, volumetric-assistance
rapidly heats the entire body to
slightly higher than the dryer's ambient temperature. This drives moisture
to the surface where it is evaporated
conventionally.
n
Editors Note: Based at Capenhurst,
near Chester, EA Technology is
noted for the successful
development, exploitation and
application of energy-related
te c h n o l o gi e s a n d s e r v i ce s.
Formerly the research arm of the
electricity industry, it was the
subject of a management and
employee buy-out in October
1 9 9 7 a n d i s n o w e n t i re l y
independent. More details from
www.eatechnology.com.
EA Technology’s new laboratory-scale
microwave-assisted kilns, launched at
Ceramitec 2000, are ideal for testing the
technique on a small scale and with
electroceramic components.
Microwave input
Microwave
generator
Batch gas kiln with microwave unit added
In large-scale furnaces, microwaves can
be retrofitted or built into the original
equipment.
39
M an u fact u r i n g
Flexible Drying Meets
Quality Standards
Modern drying methods are expected to
reduce breakage rates, repeat the drying
process with perfect precision every
time, and document each drying process
to permit the immediate tracing of all
potential disturbances throughout the
entire procedure.
In response to these demands, Julius
Lippert GmbH & Co KG, Pressath,
Germany, has developed a new drying
system to meet what it calls the most
stringent requirements.
In addition to the precise control of
temperature and humidity during the
dr ying process, Lipper t engineers
have added aerodynamics as a third drying parameter. According to Lippert,
whether a two-stage, multistage or infinitely variable process is required, an
aerodynamic drying program permits
significant reductions in drying time,
minimizes breakage rates and decreases
energy costs.
In principle, this method involves the
adaptation of not only the air temperature and relative humidity, but also of the
air velocity, to the specific drying requirements of the various ware. A gentle,
almost laminar air flow during the leatherhard drying phase, combined with a
high level of humidity, allows the ware to
be heated through and relaxed gently
and evenly while avoiding the premature
drying of edge surfaces and thin walls.
This positive effect is particularly evident in delicate china, insulators and
high-quality sanitaryware products.
Once the shrinkage phase of the ware
to be dried is completed, it is imperative
to dry out the products swiftly and
evenly, and to remove any
expelled moisture. By using turbulent air current, the new system ensures that the circulating
air is passed over each single surface of the ware to be dried. With
the circulation of air over all hidden areas and crevices, tensile
stress within the products can be
avoided.
Upon specific adaptation of the
drying programs to the different
types of products to be dried, a
realistic output rate, which can,
for instance, be achieved for sanitaryware, is three drying cycles
per day.
Julius Lippert GmbH & Co. KG
Tel. 49-09-6644-67-0
Fax 49-09-644-81-19
E-mail lippert@lippert.de
Internet www.lippert.de
40
CRADA Develops Model for
Powder Pressing and Die
Design
Part Two
K. G. Ewsuk, J. G. Arguello and
D. H. Zeuch
Sandia National Labs,
Albuquerque, N.M.
B. Farber, L. Carinci and
J Kaniuk
Zircoa Inc., Solon, Ohio
J. Keller
Delphi Energy & Engine
Management Systems,
Flint, Mich.
C. Cloutier and B. Gold
Superior Technical Ceramics,
St. Albans, Vt.
R. B. Cass and J. D. French
Advanced Cerametrics Inc.,
Lambertville, N.J.
B. Dinger
CeramTec North America, Laurens,
S.C.
W. Blumenthal
Los Alamos National Lab,
Los Alamos, N.M.
The general objective of the CRADA was
to create a new paradigm for ceramic
powder pressing that integrates
engineering expertise with fundamental
scientific understanding in a predictive
model for powder compaction.
The five member companies of AACCMCI
supplied powders and powder compacts
to support materials characterization;
made ceramic parts using different powders, compaction methods and forming
dies to help test and validate the compaction model; beta tested the compaction
modeling software package to identify
bugs and potential improvements; and
completed pressing simulations to apply
the compaction modeling technology to
in-house parts/problems.
Part One of this article focused on the
national laboratories’ work on identifying
an appropriate compaction model and
developing the compaction modeling
software package to simulate the powder
pressing process.
Balloon Eyelet Compaction
To characterize density and density
gradients in a more complex geometry
component, balloon eyelets were formed
and modeled. Powder compacts were
formed from the 94-wt% alumina powder
as well as from two proprietary alumina
powders and two proprietary zirconia
powders.
The 94-wt% alumina powder was uniaxially pressed by dual-action pressing in a
D-2 tool steel die using a Dorst press.
During pressing, only the pressure of the
top punch was specifically monitored/controlled.
Essentially, the bottom flange was
pressed to a fixed density, while larger displacements of the upper punch were used
to achieve higher forming pressures in the
head of the part.
Parts were pressed with top punch pressures ranging from 10.3 to 68.9 MPa and
examined for obvious defects. Many parts
stress-relieved themselves upon ejection
from the forming die by popping off the
outer layer of the larger diameter head to
produce a cone-shaped head atop the bottom flange.
The intact powder compacts were fired
to 1566°C and checked with dye penetrant
for density variations, defects and/or
cracks. Parts pressed on the Dorst press
with top punch pressures below 27.6 MPa
had insufficient strength to survive ejection from the forming die.
Parts pressed at pressures of 27.6 and
34.5 MPa were porous throughout, and
there were density gradients in the head of
the part.
Density was seen to decrease radially
from the inner to the outer diameter and
axially from the top of the head to the
transition of diameters at the shank.
Die penetration tests on sintered compacts formed at 48.3 and 68.9 MPa
revealed higher density parts with some
regions of porosity. Parts pressed at 68.9
MPa showed evidence of cracks around
the transition radius between the head
and bottom flange.
Additional balloon eyelets were formed
from all five powders by dual-action pressing in a carbide die with top punch pressures ranging from 12.4 to 117 MPa using
a Gasbarre 178 kN uniaxial press.
Again, only the pressure of the top
punch was specifically monitored/controlled. This resulted in an unbalanced
pressing condition, particularly at high
forming pressures.
A larger pressing pressure was applied to
41
Model for Powder Pressing and Die Design, Part 2
A two-dimensional illustration of a
defective balloon eyelet produced by
stress-relief upon ejection from the
forming die.
the head of the part relative to the
bottom flange. To be able to eject the
part intact from the forming die, it
was determined that a critical minimum pressure was required to compact the powder in the bottom
flange to a density that would provide sufficient green strength for
ejection. The head and bottom
flange would otherwise separate
upon ejection from the forming die.
A qualitative assessment of balloon
e ye l e t c o m p a c t i o n b a s e d o n
observed defects, die penetration
tests and sintering shrinkage showed
similar results for all powders examined.
To complete a more quantitative
analysis of the density gradients in a
balloon eyelet after pressing, a
94-wt% alumina part formed by dualaction pressing at 12.9 MPa was
bisque-fired and subsequently characterized using XRCT. A second
94-wt% alumina part formed at 56.9
MPa was fired and characterized
using microscopy and image analysis.
The lower forming pressure produced a region of high-density in the
bottom flange and in a cone-shaped
region of the head of the part. This
dense region is strikingly similar to
the shape of the defective balloon
eyelet formed by stress-relief upon
ejection from the forming die in the
Dorst press. The density gradients
suggest that the forming pressure
42
Density gradients measured using XRCT
in a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet
formed by dual-action uniaxial pressing
with a top punch pressure of 12.9 MPa.
Density increases with color from blue to
green, yellow, orange and red. Note the
high density in the bottom flange and the
higher density cone that forms in the top,
similar to the defect described in the text.
The blue-green color outlining the part is
an artifact.
was higher in the bottom flange than
in the head of the part.
Results were different for the
94-wt% alumina compact formed at
56.9 MPa. The higher forming pressure produced the highest density
(i.e., lowest measured porosity) in the
head of the part, particularly near the
through-hole. Density decreased axially from the top of the part, and the
bottom flange had the lowest density.
The higher forming pressure produced a higher, more uniform
pressed and sintered density in the
head of the part, indicating that the
forming pressure was higher in the
head than in the bottom flange.
The higher forming pressure also
produced a crack at the transition
radius between the head and bottom
flange, similar to that observed in the
parts formed at high pressure on the
Dorst press.
Generally speaking, forming with
increasingly higher applied pressures
from the top punch moved the highdensity region from the bottom
flange into the head of the part and
produced a more uniform density
powder compact.
In virtually all cases, the density in
the head of the part decreased axially
from the top and radially from the
inner diameter. The lowest density
region in the head was always found
in the outer diameter, lower corner.
A sintered and polished quarter section
of a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet
formed by dual-action uniaxial pressing
with a top punch pressure of 56.9 MPa.
The figure also shows red dye penetration
in regions of open porosity and notes the
measured levels of porosity in different
regions as determined by image analysis.
Density and stress gradients at the
transition radius between the head
and the bottom flange contributed
to cracking, particularly at high forming pressures.
Cracking was more prevalent in
dies designed with a sharper transition radius between the head and
the bottom flange and/or when compacting more difficult to press powders.
Model simulations of balloon eyelet
pressing were completed using the
properties of diatomaceous earth or
those of the 94-wt% alumina powder.
In this exercise, however, specific
compaction ratios were not used.
Systematic changes in the displacements of the top and bottom
punches were used to assess pressing balance and its effect on density
gradients in a balloon eyelet.
Unbalanced pressing from the top
alone produced severe density gradients in the powder compact. Powder
was compacted in the head of the
part, but virtually no compaction
occurred in the bottom flange.
This result was consistent with the
general experimental observation: if
a
b
c
FE model simulation of powder compaction in balloon eyelet pressed uniaxially from the top down, showing a two-dimensional crosssection of the predicted: a) density gradients; b) material displacement; and c) shear stresses. Density increases with color from blue to
green, yellow, orange and red. Note the poor densification and material flow into the bottom flange and the high shear stress gradient
at the transition radius from the head to the bottom flange.
the powder in the bottom flange is
not intentionally compacted, increasing the pressure applied from the top
will not result in sufficient compaction to produce a useable part.
The predicted density in the head
of the part was not uniform and generally decreased axially from the top
of the part and radially from the
inner diameter. Additionally, the
model predicted that the lowest density region in the head was in the
outer diameter lower corner.
Overall, these predictions were
generally in good agreement with
experimental observations.
In addition to predicting density
gradients, the compaction model
also was used to predict material displacement in a powder compact
after pressing. Material displacement
vectors clearly showed limited material flow into the outer diameter bottom corners of the head and into the
bottom flange. This explains the
lower density in those regions.
Using the compaction model, it was
determined that the sharpness of the
radius, both in the outer diameter
bottom corner and at the head to
flange transition, is critical to material
flow and density uniformity.
The model predicted that significant improvements could be realized with minor changes to make a
smoother radius. This also was veri-
fied experimentally.
The compaction model also was
used to predict shear stresses in a
powder compact during pressing.
There are indications that shear stress
gradients contribute to the stressrelief defect observed experimentally.
Furthermore, high shear stress gradients may contribute to cracking in a
pressed powder compact after sinter-
Density gradients predicted by the FE
compaction model in a quarter section of
a 94-wt% alumina balloon eyelet pressed
uniaxially by dual-action pressing.
Controlling the compaction ratios in the
head and bottom flange at 2 and 1.69,
r e s p e c t i v e l y, o p t i m i z e d d e n s i t y
ing.
In FE model simulations of compaction in a balloon eyelet, high-shear
stress gradients were predicted in the
region of the transition radius where
hairline cracks were observed experimentally in pressed and sintered
parts.
As was the case for material displacement, a smoother transition
radius was predicted to produce
lower shear stress gradients.
One member of AACCMCI was
unable to press a similar geometry
produc tion par t to net-shape
because of cracking and separation
at the transition radius.
Based on model predictions, a
more appropriate, smoother radius
was identified that met the design/
customer requirements. It also
afforded net-shape forming by dry
pressing.
To contrast the unbalanced pressing
simulations, the compaction model
was used to determine how to balance the pressing conditions to produce a more uniform, high-density
balloon eyelet.
Of the parameters examined, the
best density uniformity was achieved
by controlling compaction ratios in
the head and bottom flange at 2 and
1.69, respectively.
This result was consistent with
experimental observations that indi-
43
cate that the best density uniformity
is achieved with a slightly higher
pressing pressure in the head relative
to the bottom flange.
Compaction of a Cylinder
a
b
Density gradients through the cross section of a cylindrical powder compact of 94-wt%
alumina after uniaxial pressing at 69 MPa: a) measured by ultrasound, velocity
measurements completed on a bisque-fired part, and b) predicted using the FE
compaction model assuming a die wall friction coefficient of 0.25.
a
b
A cylindrical compact geometry was
selected to complete a quantitative
assessment of density gradients in
comparison to compaction model
predictions.
A cylindrical sample of 94-wt% alumina was formed by single-action
pressing at 68.9 MPa using a Carver
uniaxial hand press. The part was
pressed from the top down, and the
bottom plunger remained stationary.
The compact was bisque-fired by
heating at 10°C/min to 1300°C. A short
hold time of 10 min was used to
ensure little or no change in the compact density during firing.
Longitudinal slices were cut from the
compacts and milled flat and parallel
to the desired thickness.
Density standards in the range of
50–56% also were fabricated by
pressing low aspect ratio alumina
compacts at pressures ranging from
c
An illustration of: a) a complex geometry, ceramic nozzle insert in two-dimensions; b) the five sections of the nozzle insert in which the
green density was characterized; and c) density gradients in a quarter section of a 94-wt% alumina nozzle insert formed by dual-action
pressing as predicted using the FE compaction model. A die wall friction coefficient of 0.20 was assumed in the calculations.
44
34.5 to 137.8 MPa. Ultrasound velocity measurements were made on the
samples using the pulse-echo mode
at 5 MHz with a 5-mm transducer.17
The compaction of the 94-wt%
alumina cylinder was simulated
using a compaction ratio of 1.9 to
approximate the 68.9 MPa forming
pressure. Single-action pressing
from the top down was modeled
using the properties of the 94-wt%
alumina powder and a die wall friction coefficient of 0.25.
In both experiment and model, the
outer diameter adjacent to the pressing punch showed the highest density. The outer diameter adjacent the
stationary punch showed the lowest
density. In both cases, density
decreased axially with distance from
Summary of Spatial Density Variations*
Measured density (g/cm3)
Predicted density (g/cm3)
Piece No. 1
1.77
1.86
Piece No. 2
1.71
1.76
Piece No. 4 Piece No. 5
1.97
2.06
1.95
2.16
*In a 94-wt% alumina nozzle insert measured using Archimedes’ method in comparison to those predicted
using the FE compaction model.
the pressing punch.
The compaction model predicted a
relative density of 0.56–0.57 at the
outer top of the compact and a relative density of 0.50–0.51 at the outer
bottom. These predictions compare
quite well with the respective measured values of 0.56 and 0.50.
While the model does a good job of
predicting spatial density variations
The CRADA History
The CRADA initiated under the Department of Commerce grant for
vertically Integrated technology maturation was signed in January 1996.
This CRADA featured a joint effort between Sandia National Labs, AACCMCI
and Los Alamos National Lab.
The five-year CRADA was established to combine the applied engineering, manufacturing and market expertise of commercial ceramic component manufacturers with the characterization, materials and modeling
expertise of the U.S. national laboratories to research and develop science
and technology to manufacture ceramic components more economically.
The R&D effort focused on experiments and numerical simulations to
develop a predictive computer model for ceramic powder compaction. This
collaboration represented the first time that competing ceramic companies
and national laboratories had joined forces for R&D.
The member companies of AACCMCI have since signed a letter of intent
to form a new technical company in Sandia’s Science and Technology Park
at Albuquerque, N.M., to design dies with the compaction modeling software following the completion of the CRADA.
The CRADA Partners
Sandia National Labs is a multi-program laboratory that has major R&D
responsibilities in national defense, energy, environmental technologies
and economic competitiveness. Los Alamos National Lab is a multidisciplinary research organization that applies science and technology to
vital national security and civilian missions.
AACCMCI is a subset of the approximately 40-member Association of
American Ceramics Component Manufacturers (AACCM). AACCM was
formed in 1992 to expand markets for manufactured ceramic components
by increasing public and industry awareness of ceramic materials and their
applications.
AACCMCI is a consortium formed in 1995 to collaborate with Sandia and
Los Alamos on the "Computer-Aided Advanced Ceramic Component
Manufacturing" CRADA. AACCMCI is made up of five member companies
including: Advanced Cerametrics Inc., Lambertville, N.J.; Superior Technical
Ceramics Corp., St. Albans, Vt.; CeramTec North America, Laurens, S.C.;
Delphi Energy & Engine Management Systems, Flint, Mich.; and Zircoa Inc.,
Solon, Ohio. Membership in AACCMCI remains open to all U.S.-based
ceramic component manufacturers.
Piece No. 3
1.85
1.82
in the compact, it is not perfect. The
predicted spatial distribution of relative density is somewhat different in
the radial direction near the top and
bottom of the cylinder. These differences may be as a result of some of
the assumptions in the model.
In the simulation, for example,
material was free to move radially
but not axially relative to the punch
faces. Realistically, die wall friction at
the punch faces can be expected to
affect powder compaction and the
resultant density gradients after
compaction.
A second assumption in the model
is that powder packing in the die was
completely uniform at the start of
compaction. Previous work in this
CRADA suggests that this is highly
unlikely in a real part.5, 6
Finally, the coefficient of friction
between the die-wall and the powder may be different from the
assumed value, or the frictional interaction may not be simple Coulomb
friction.
Improvements in the ability of the
FE compaction model to quantitatively predict spatial density variations may be realized by addressing
these issues.
Nozzle Insert Compaction
As a final test to extend our efforts to
validate the FE compaction model,
an actual production part was
pressed and charac ter ized. A
complex-geometry ceramic nozzle
insert was uniaxially pressed by dualaction pressing a 94-wt% alumina
powder.
After pressing, the average density
of the entire powder compact was
measured using Archimedes’ method
with mineral oil. To determine the
density gradients axially from top to
bottom, the pressed powder compact was cut into five pieces. The
average density of each piece was
m e a s u r e d u s i n g A r c h i m e d e s’
method.
45
Summary of Green Density, Fired Density and Firing Shrinkage*
Pressing Parameters
Pressure (MPa) Length (mm)
41.4
103.4
41.4
103.4
25.4
25.4
12.7
12.7
Measured Density (%)
Green
Fired
49.9
55.0
50.2
54.1
92.4
93.3
92.3
94.5
Linear shrinkage (%)
Length
Diameter
19.00
17.18
20.53
17.9
20.83
18.60
20.26
17.96
*In single-action, uniaxially pressed 94-wt% alumina powder tubes.
The FE compaction model was used
to simulate the exact same pressing
process used to form the nozzle
insert. The measured properties of
the 94-wt% alumina powder were
used along with a die wall friction
coefficient of 0.2 to complete the
simulation.
To complete a quantitative comparison of the predicted and measured
density gradients in the uniaxially
pressed nozzle insert, spatial densities were normalized to the density
of the entire powder compact. The
agreement between simulated and
measured densities is quite reasonable.
Some minor differences are evident
in pieces No. 1 and No. 5 at the top
and bottom of the part. The slight
over-estimation of the spatial density
may be related to heterogeneities
introduced during powder filling.
It also is possible that the coefficient of friction between the die-wall
and the powder may be different
from the assumed value.
Overall, results clearly confirm that
the FE model for simulating ceramic
powder compaction can be successfully used to predict green density
distribution in a complex geometry
production part.
Applications in Ceramics
A model for ceramic powder compaction has been developed, tested
and experimentally validated. This
model represents a powerful and
promising new tool that can be
applied for a better understanding
and control of the powder pressing
process.
The compaction modeling technology developed can be used to troub l e s h o o t e x i s t i n g p ro c e s s i n g
problems, improve yields, reduce
waste and develop more efficient
46
manufacturing processes for problem parts. Some improvements can
be realized with minor modifications
in die design and/or the pressing
process.
The compaction model also can be
used to improve tool and die design
by identifying and addressing design
problems in the initial stages of a
project. Instead of building a tool
that does not work, manufacturers
can use the compaction software to
identify potential problems and
refine die designs before any steel is
cut. Tooling can then be designed
with customer input, significantly
reducing design and prototyping
costs.
It is reasonable to anticipate that
the compaction software can help
ceramic component manufacturers
to expand current design limits,
which could lead to new products for
new markets.
A significant economic impact
could be realized by designing parts
that fire to net-shape without the
need for green machining and/or
hard grinding (i.e., diamond grinding)
after sintering.
In addition to simulating powder
pressing, the compaction model also
provides a means of relating powder
properties and characteristics to
pressing behavior.
Creating a good pressing powder is
the first step toward a robust manufacturing process and the production
of reliable components.
The compaction model can provide a
systematic means of assessing and
understanding cause and effect
between powder characteristics and
powder compaction to optimize press
powder manufacturing. Similarly, the
compaction model also may provide
valuable information about ceramic
powders and their limitations in press-
ing.
Different powders have different
compaction responses, and not all
powders can be pressed to all geometries. Pressable powders can be
formed into more complex geometry
powder compacts, but there are limitations for harder-to-press powders.
Compaction simulations can be
used to assess and rank-order powders in terms of pressability and to
establish use limits for certain powders.
Eventually, in combination with
readily measurable powder characteristics, it may be possible to employ
FE compaction modeling with basic
powder data to guide the design and
development of more pressable
powders.
Overall, compaction modeling can
provide a more comprehensive
understanding of the compaction
process, identify critical process
parameters and define the process
control necessary for net-shape
pressing.
The application of compaction
modeling to develop more robust
pressing operations, design better
press tooling and to develop better
pressing powders will be a major
step toward developing more reliable, efficient and cost-effective processes for manufacturing ceramic
powder compacts.
n
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the U.S. DOE
under contract No. DE-AC04-94AL8500 to
Sandia National Labs, contract W-7405ENG-36 to Los Alamos National Lab and
by AMMPEC Inc. through a Southwest
Region Depar tment of Commerce
Economic Development Agency Grant.
Sandia National Labs is a multi-program
laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a
Lockheed Martin Co. for the U.S. DOE. Los
Alamos National Lab is an affirmative
ac tion/equal oppor tunit y employer
operated by the University of California for
the U. S. DOE.
The authors thank Julie Bremser and
Martin Jones of Los Alamos National Lab,
and Mark Grazier and Arlo Fossum of Sandia
National Labs for their technical contributions to this work. The authors also thank
Donald Ellerby of Sandia National Labs for
providing a critical review of this article.
The administrative support of Ronald E.
Barks to AACCMCI in support of the CRADA
is gratefully acknowledged.
Deflocculation of Al2O3-SiC
Suspensions
A
Conditions for
simultaneous
dispersion in the
Al2O3-SiC system—an
important system in
the fabrication of
ceramic filters for
metal filtration and
refractory castables—
were determined and
evaluated.
I. R. Oliveira, P. Sepulveda and
V. C. Pandolfelli
Federal University of São Carlos,
Dept. of Materials Engineering, São
Carlos, Brazil
ssociation of two or more raw
materials has brought significant
improvements to the properties
of ceramic composites. However,
because of the inherent characteristics of
each compound, processing composite
ceramics may require special considerations.
This is particularly true in fluid consolidation, where differences in density, particle
size distribution, particle morphology and
surface chemistry make simultaneous dispersion of distinct raw materials a complex task. Some authors have suggested
that heterodeflocculation of binary systems can be obtained simply by associating dispersion conditions that are
adequate to both raw materials.6
This work presents studies on the deflocculation of unary and binary systems containing Al 2 O 3 and/or SiC. Both are
important raw materials used in the refractories industry. Besides the attractive
properties of each of these materials, the
disadvantages—low thermal shock resistance of alumina and the tendency to oxidation of SiC—can have a diminished
effect when they are combined into the
same compound.
The aim of this work is to determine conditions for simultaneous dispersion in the
Al2O3-SiC system. This system is important
in the fabrication of ceramic filters for
metal filtration and refractory castables,
where such properties as mechanical resistance at high temperature, good thermal
shock resistance and high refractoriness
are required.
Aqueous suspensions of alumina and SiC
were prepared with distilled deionized
water. The alumina powder had an
equivalent spherical particle size of 2.8
mm (A-3000FL, Alcoa-USA), and the
micronized SiC powder had an average
particle size of 5.0 mm (grain 1000, AlcoaBrazil). These raw-materials are commonly
used in ceramic filters and refractory
castables fabrication.
A range of commercial dispersants was
tested, including Dolapix PC21, Dolapix
PC67, Darvan 7S and Polymin SK. The
anionic polyelectrolyte Darvan 7S (R.T.
Vanderbilt, USA) and the cationic Polymin
SK (BASF, Germany), consisting of sodium
polyacrylate and polyethyleneimine with
molecular weights of 2500 g/mol and 2.0 3
106 g/mol, respectively, were selected for
further studies.
Initially, unary slips were prepared at 40,
45 and 50 vol% of solid content. Binary
suspensions were obtained by mixing the
previously dispersed 40 vol% unary slips in
the same volume ratio and at the same
pH. This was adjusted at different values
with HNO3 and KOH aqueous solutions.
Rheology Measurements
A viscometer (Brookfield LVDV-III) coupled
with a small sample adapter, was used to
evaluate the rheology of slips.
Deflocculation curves were obtained at
shear rates of 25.2 s-1. The yield stress (to )
was calculated from the square of linear
intercept of fittings applied to plots of
square root of shear stress (t1/2) vs. square
root of shear rate (g• 1/2), according to
47
Deflocculation of Al 2 O 3 -SiC Suspensions
previously diluted for the measurements. Aqueous suspensions
(1.28 3 10-2 vol% of Al2O3 or 1.59 3
10-2 vol% of SiC) were prepared by
the addition 0.25 g of the powder in
500 ml of KNO 3 aqueous solution
(10-2 N), followed by ultrasonication.
This salt was chosen based on the
fact that neither K+1 nor NO3-1 influences the surface potential of these
raw materials. Adjustments of pH and
zeta potential measurements were
carried out ≈15 h after suspension
preparation.
Solutions prepared with the powders and selected dispersing agents
at an optimum concentration also
were tested for zeta potential.
Reactions of Polyelectrolytes Ionization
Basic pH
Darvan 7S:
RCOOH RCOO– + H3O+
+ H2O Acid pH
Polymin SK:
+
[-CH2-CH2-NH-]n
40vol%
[-CH2-CH2-NH2 -]n + H2O
45vol%
50vol%
pH
11.0
180
AI2O3 – Darvan 7S
150
10.5
120
10.0
60
9.5
30
9.0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
4000
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
8.5
0.08
9.6
AI2O3 – Polymin SK
3000
8.8
2000
Sedimentation Tests
pH (40 vol % Suspension)
Viscosity (mPa.s)
90
Binary suspensions were prepared at
various pH levels and then left to rest
in glass tubes to sediment. Sediment
height (h) was measured after four
weeks.
An index known as relative sediment height (RSH) was used to indicate the ratio between the sediment
height and overall height of the slip.
The inverse of this index, 1/RSH, can
be related to the degree of compaction of solids as a result of the gravity
force.
8.0
1000
7.2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Dispersant concentration (wt%)
1.0
1.2
Effect of dispersant concentration and type (Darvan 7S and Polymin SK) on the viscosity
and pH of Al2O3 suspensions, at various solids content.
Casson’s equation.9
Shear thinning and shear thickening behaviors at the minimum viscosity also were evaluated. Linear
fittings applied to data of log (t-to) vs.
• provided an angular coeffilog (g)
cient, n, that describes whether the
slips are Newtonian (n = 1), dilatant
(n >1) or pseudoplastic (n <1).
The time-dependent behavior of
AI2O3-Darvan7S
AI2O3-Polymin SK
SiC-Darvan 7S
SiC-Polymin SK
Slip Casting
Binary suspensions with sufficiently
low viscosity for processing were cast
in cylindrical plaster molds. These
were connected to a PVC tube to
obtain uniaxial casting. The green
density of compacts was evaluated
through immersion in kerosene by
the Archimedes method.
The slip-cast compacts were presintered at 1550°C for 12 h, fixed in
resin and polished for microstructural
observation. Optical microscopy and
SEM were used to verify the relative
distribution of alumina and SiC
phases throughout the specimens’
height. Image analysis was carried
out to measure the frequency of
both phases across the areas.
various slip compositions was compared from data of the area within
the hysteresis of shear stress curves
at increasing and then decreasing
shear rate sweeps.
Zeta Potential Measurements.
A Zetamaster analyzer (Malvern
Instruments) was used to measure
the zeta potential of slips that were
hmin. ( mPa.s)
τ0 (Pa)
n
A (mPa)
vol% solids
vol% solids vol% solids vol% solids
40 45 50 40 45 50 40 45 50 40 45 50
12
103
123
36
14 25
540 1350
588
-
65
350
0.02
0.23
0.59
0.10
0.02 0.03 0.77 0.79 0.79 53 119 233
1.28 5.95 0.57 0.75 0.61 1738 3322 7326
2.34 - 0.41 0.64 - 2166 5746 0.18 1.49 0.51 0.56 0.59 322 1063 7795
Deflocculation Curves
Rheological properties of unary Al2O3 and SiC supensions containing various percentages
of solids, dispersed with Darvan 7S or Polymin SK. Parameters of minimum viscosity
(h min), yield stress (τ0), rheological index (n) and hysteresis area (A).
48
Polyelectrolytes have been used
extensively to disperse powders in
t h e c e r a m i c i n d u s t r y. T h e s e
compounds are composed of long
polymeric chains with ionic groups
that can be dissociated in polar
solutions. When adsorbed onto the
surface of ceramic particles, the
polyelectrolytes provide a physical
barrier to particle agglomeration as
40vol%
well as a repulsive potential
originated from the charged group.7
The dispersing effect of Darvan 7S
and Polymin SK in alumina and SiC
slips can be obser ved by the
decrease in the slip viscosity as the
45vol%
50vol%
pH
7.0
2000
6.5
SiC - Darvan 7S
1600
6.0
5.5
1200
5.0
800
Viscosity (mPa.s)
4.0
0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
3.5
0.30
6.5
1500
SiC - Polymin SK
6.0
1200
5.5
900
pH (40 vol% Suspension)
4.5
400
5.0
600
4.5
300
4.0
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Dispersant concentration (wt%)
0.8
1.0
3.5
Effect of dispersant concentration and type (Darvan 7S and Polymin SK) on the viscosity
and pH of SiC suspensions at various solids content.
Zeta potential (mV)
pH
Al2O3
SiC
Rz
h
h RSH 1/RSH PT Drel
Darvan 7S Darvan 7S
(mPa.s) (cm) (%) (%)
2.2 4.2 6.0
8.0
9.9 63 47 0.35
-29
-54
0.35 -30 -38
-51
-60
Al2O3
Polymin SK
SiC
Polymin SK
Al2O3
Darvan 7S
SiC
Polymin SK
4.2
6.3
8.1
9.5
10.6
4.1
6.0
8.9
10.8
57
56
47
42
11
50
0.35
-32
-63
54
48
37
31
4.6
55
50
33
-1.7
180 -1.57
-108
1.76
1.11
170 1102
549
29
17
13.3 15.0
14.6
10.3
-
0.87 0.98
0.95
0.67
-
1.15
1.02
1.05
1.49
-
44.8 -
45.7
41.1
38.5
55.2
54.3
58.9
61.5
1.05
1.17
1.27
1.35
2.39
42
91
264
454
834
11.3
13.3
14.2
14.6
-
0.74
0.87
0.93
0.95
-
1.35
1.15
1.07
1.05
-
38.1 61.9
41.2 58.8
-
-
-
-
1.10
143
1.03
37
136
968
1006
284
14.2
14.8
15.2
-
0.93
0.97
0.99
-
1.07
1.03
1.01
-
45.2 54.8
-
-
45.6 54.4
Zeta potential, potential ratio (Rz), viscosity at 25.2 s-1 (h) of binary Al2O3 and SiC
suspensions containing 40 vol% solids, dispersed with Darvan 7S and/or Polymin SK,
and the corresponding data obtained from sedimentation tests and slips casting:
sediment height (h), relative sediment height (RSH), total porosity (PT) and relative
green density (Drel) of compacts.
additive concentration is increased. A
minimum viscosit y plateau is
achieved at ≈0.04 and 0.15 wt% of
Darvan 7S to disperse the alumina
and SiC 40 vol% slips prepared in this
work, respectively, while Polymin SK
requires significant higher quantities
of 0.43 and 0.33 wt%.
The viscosity increases significantly
with the solids content, as would be
expected, since smaller interparticle
distances and higher interaction
energy are involved. At higher solids
concentration, high-dispersant efficiency is necessary to guarantee a
strong repulsive barrier against
agglomeration.
Suspensions containing 50 vol%
SiC, for example, can be prepared
with Polymin SK; whereas, slips dispersed with Darvan 7S show viscosities that are too high to be measured
with the equipment used. In contrast,
Darvan 7S is more efficient in producing lower viscosity slips than Polymin
SK when alumina is the dispersed
powder.
The higher efficiency of Darvan 7S
to disperse alumina results from the
fact that these suspensions intrinsically display pH in the range of 9.5,
inferring adsorption of polyelectrolyte in a highly dissociated state.
Molecules in stretched conformations provide a high repulsive barrier
that favors low viscosity.
This occurs regardless of the predominantly negative surface of alumina particles at high pH, since the
surface can still provide some positive sites for adsorption. The mechanism of stabilization of alumina
suspensions by polyacrylates has
been well documented by Cesarano,
et al., and others.2,3,7
Polymin SK, on the other hand, is a
cationic dispersant based on polyethyleneimine chains that are preferentially charged at low pH. For alumina
slips that exhibit high pH, this type of
dispersant is not significantly ionized.
Therefore, the repulsive barrier is low,
and the chains are mostly coiled, providing less effective dispersion than
Darvan 7S.
Additionally, the high molecular
weight of Polymin SK explains why it
is necessary to add a higher amount
of this dispersant to achieve minimum viscosity. The number of chains
49
no dispersant
0.06wt% Darvan 7S
0.43wt% Polymin SK
120
Zeta potential (m V)
90
60
30
6.0
0
8.8
10.9
-30
-60
4000
Viscosity (mPa.s)
3200
2400
1600
800
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
pH
and the slip viscosity is low.
tric point was verified at pH 8.8.
Effect of pH on the zeta potential and viscosity of 40 vol% Al2O3 suspensions prepared
with and without dispersant.
no dispersant
0.15wt% Darvan 7S
0.33wt% Polymin SK
80
Zeta potential (m V)
60
40
20
2.2
0
3.7
10.7
-20
-40
-60
700
600
Viscosity (mPa.s)
introduced in the system by weight is
significantly smaller than for the
other dispersant.
In a same manner, it can be verified
that SiC slips of low viscosity were
obtained preferentially with Polymin
SK. The low pH of ≈3.9 that characterizes these slips favors high dissociation of the cationic dispersant and
subsequent adsorption onto the SiC
particles.
These particles have a predominantly negative charge density. Since
the ionization of polyethyleneimine
is based on the reaction with H+, an
increase in pH is observed throughout dispersant addition into SiC slips.
Despite the high molecular weight
of polyethyleneimine chains, dispersion can be efficient with this type of
polyelectrolyte. This may be attributed to a high ramification degree of
this type of polymer that involves
more compact molecular configurations.1
If the molecules were linear, they
would most likely cause interparticle
bridging and increase the viscosity
for higher dispersant concentration.
The initial addition of Polymin SK to
alumina and SiC slips causes a viscosity increase that has been explained
by the neutralization between polymer positive charges and negative
charges on the particles surface,
reducing the repulsive potential
between particles.
Further dispersant addition compensates such an effect to a point
beyond which repulsion by charged
polymer adsorbed onto surface predominates.
Adversely, when Darvan 7S is
added into acid medium, the pH
increases because of a decrease in
the concentration of H+ ions in solution, since they react and neutralize
some of the dissociated sites in the
polymer.
500
400
300
200
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
pH
Effect of pH on the zeta potential and viscosity of 40 vol% SiC suspensions prepared
with and without dispersant.
Influence of pH
The dependence of viscosity on pH
can be closely related to the behavior
of the measurements of zeta
potential for powders either in the
presence or not of dispersant.
The zeta potential plots show that,
in the absence of dispersing agent,
alumina exhibits positive charge density in a large pH range. The isoelec-
50
The literature has provided an isoelectric point of alumina varying
from 7.7 to 9.2, depending on the
type and amount of impurities that
alter the surface characteristic.8
The high positive potential that
characterizes the alumina surfaces at
low pH, therefore, provides a high
repulsive barrier between particles,
At the isoelectric point, the almost
neutral surface cannot oppose the
van der Waals attractive forces, and
the viscosity reaches a maximum due
to coagulation. As the pH is increased
above this level, a small repulsive
potential is again established,
explaining the decrease in viscosity.
The same observations can be
A
A) Sedimentation tests of binary Al2O3
and SiC suspensions containing 40 vol%
solids. Both powders were previously
dispersed with Darvan 7S, at various pH.
Phase separation occurs for lowest
viscosity (h) systems at high pH.
drawn for SiC suspensions. The zeta
potential exhibits originally positive
values at pH levels lower than the
isoelectric point, 3.7, and negative
ones at higher pH. The isoelectric
point value and other surface properties of SiC have commonly been
attributed to the formation silica
(SiO2) on the surface of SiC particles
due to oxidation.
The viscosity maximum at the
isoeletric point is not as marked as
noted for alumina, intrinsically,
because of powder characteristics
including particle size distribution,
particle morphology and density,
among other factors that determine
the minimum viscosity.
The zeta potential measured on the
surface of powders depends on the
type and concentration of dispersing
agents. The overall surface potential
in the presence of dispersants differs
from the original values because the
charges of polyelectrolytes can neutralize charges of contrary sign on
the particle surface and add up to
charges of similar sign.2
The isoelectric point of alumina, for
instance, changes from 8.8 to 6.0
when Darvan 7S is present in a concentration of 0.06 wt%. At pH 6.0, the
potential of alumina without disperwww.ceramicbulletin.org • February 2001
B
B) Sedimentation tests of binary Al2O3
and SiC suspensions containing 40
vol% solids. Both powders were
previously dispersed with Polymin SK,
at various pH. Phase separation occurs
for lowest viscosity (h) systems at low
pH. At higher pH, reactions produce
gas that disrupts the packing structure.
sant is positive. When combined with
the neutralizing effect of polyacrylate
molecules negative charges in the
used dispersant concentration, the
overall surface charge becomes neutral.
Similarly, a decrease in the isoelectric point of SiC occurs from 3.7 to 2.2
when Darvan 7S is added in the concentration of 0.15 wt%. Darvan 7S
leads toward more highly negative
potentials. This is verified with pH
increase, as an increasingly higher
dissociated fraction of acid groups in
the polyelectrolyte up to a point
where no further adsorption on the
negatively charged particle surface is
possible.3
Polymin SK, in concentrations of
0.43% and 0.33 wt%, leads to isoelectric points of 10.9 and 10.7 for alumina and SiC, respectively. The
number of positive charges introduced by a polymer of high molecular weight, such as is the case of
polyethyleneimine, promotes high
positive zeta potential for both powders within almost all the pH range.
Only at high pH levels, as previously
indicated, is the negative potential of
powders able to neutralize the polymer charges. Similarly to Darvan 7S,
the potential of powders with
C
C) Sedimentation tests of binary Al2O3
and SiC suspensions containing 40
vol% solids. Previous dispersion of
Al2O3 with Darvan 7S and of SiC with
Polymin SK at various pH was carried
out.
Polymin SK reveals higher values at
lower pH, at which polyethyleneimine molecules are more highly ionized.7
Rheological Parameters
The yield stress is an important
parameter that defines whether a
system is well-dispersed or not. This
parameter is defined as the minimum
tension necessary to cause flow,
which in a ceramic suspension
indicates the tension to break 3-D
structures of weak ly attracted
particles.5,9
Yield stress close to zero, as
observed for alumina slips dispersed
with Darvan 7S, demonstrates that
dispersion has been optimized for
this material. Low yield stress also is
noted for SiC deflocculated with
Polymin SK at 40 vol%.
Although the viscosities are equally
low for these conditions, they cannot
be quantitatively compared because
the minimum viscosity depends basically on the powder’s intrinsic properties, as previously noted. Slips,
containing lower percentage of solids also displayed lower yield stress,
revealing better dispersed systems.
51
•
The analysis of log (t-to) vs. log (g)
curves provided values of n <1 for all
compositions, characterizing pseudoplastic or shear thinning behavior,
i.e. the viscosity decreases with the
increase in shear rate.
The hysteresis area between
increasing and decreasing shear rate
sweeps showed that most slips are
thixotropic.
Viscosity decreases with increasing
shearing time. In general, lower viscosity slips with lower yield stress
also display the lowest levels of thixotropy, confirming the characteristics
of well-dispersed systems.
Both pseudoplasticity and thixotropy represent a state in which the
powder particles are weakly agglomerated. Under the effect of shear rate
or shearing time, the agglomerates
are broken.
When moderate, these effects may
be desired in some stages of ceramic
processing, e.g., to obtain lower viscosity during casting and other transport operations.
H igher viscosit y af ter stress
removal, on the other hand, can
improve the stability of foamed slips,
or help adherence and retainment of
slip films onto sponges used in filter
fabrication.
Binary Suspensions
At a fixed pH, the mixture of
previously dispersed slips prepared
with alumina and SiC combines
different characteristics of surface
potential. The ratio between these
values has been used as an indicative
of the deflocculation degree in
binary systems.
In Al2O3-ZrO2 systems, Bleier demonstrated that a surface potential
ratio (Rz) close to +1 implies precursors having surfaces charged with
the same sign. Repulsion, therefore,
prevails, leading to low viscosity
binary slips.
Potential ratio close to ]1, on the
other hand, represents high viscosity
binary systems, once the unary slips
present contrary sign of surface
charge, thus, mutual particle attraction takes place when mixing is
applied.4
The same assumptions can be
made for the Al2O3-SiC systems studied here. Positive potential ratio varyi n g f ro m 1 . 0 5 – 2 . 3 9 re l ate to
52
proportional increments in slip viscosity.
Markedly higher values of potential
ratio are obtained at pH levels close
to the isoelectric point of one of the
components. Generally, such high
potential ratios lead to high viscosity
systems, although the viscosity cannot be directly related to the ratio
value.
The lowest viscosity (17 mPa.s) is
verified when both powders are dispersed with Darvan 7S at a pH of 9.9.
At this pH, the surface potential of
both powders appears to be highly
negative, and the potential ratio is
1.11.
Using Polymin SK as the dispersing
agent, the optimum pH for minimum
viscosity is 4.2, and the surface
potential ratio is 1.05.
A higher viscosity (42 mPa.s) results
for the binary system dispersed with
Polymin SK, probably because of the
greater specific surface area of polye t hy l e n e i m i n e m o l e c u l e s a n d
their ramifications. These increase
the interaction energy between
coated particles.
Sedimentation, Green Density
supernatant attributed to the presence of alumina. The state of dispersion and the larger size of SiC particles
probably constitute the reasons for
their faster sedimentation and phase
separation in this system.
This phenomenon demonstrates
that better-dispersed systems most
likely allow the powders of different
densities and particle size to reveal
more clearly their independent sedimentation behaviors.
Minimum viscosity does not necessarily imply higher homogeneity. This
agrees with results reported by Bleier
for Al2O3-ZrO2 systems.4
An unexpected behavior is noted
for the binary system dispersed with
Darvan 7S at pH equal to 8.0 for
which a brownish supernatant is
noted. Chemical analysis of SiC
reveals a slightly higher concentration of iron oxide in this compound
than in alumina.
This may have originated from the
grinding process with metallic media.
The high pH and dispersion state
allows conditions for the impurities
contained in the SiC powder to be
released from the surface, explaining
the color in supernatant.
An interesting observation also can
be made for systems dispersed at the
highest pH. In these tubes, the sediment height is not clearly seen
because of voids that disturbed the
systems. This effect might be attributed to the excess of KOH used to
adjust the pH. KOH can react with
SiC, forming hydrogen gas H2(g) as
one of the reaction products, which
explains the expansion effect.
The reaction with SiC can be represented by the following expression:
SiC + 4KOH + 2H2O ⇒
K2SiO3 + K2CO3 + 4H2↑
This reaction could be confirmed
by the addition of AgNO 3 to the
supernatant of this system. AgNO 3,
reacting with K2SiO3, is a probable
product of the referred reaction and
produces Ag 2SiO 3. The latter produces a yellow precipitate that was
observed in this procedure.
The following reaction describes
the above behavior:
K2SiO3 + 2AgNO3 ⇒
Ag2SiO3↓ + 2 KNO3
Sedimentation tests constitute a
fairly simple approach to verifying
the degree of dispersion of slips.
Well-dispersed systems usually display low viscosity, low yield stress,
take longer to sediment and the final
sediment height is lower than in
agglomerated systems since dispersed systems tend to pack more
efficiently.
In the present work, in spite of a
few exceptions, higher compact densities and lower sediment heights
were verified for lower viscosity systems after resting for a couple of
weeks.
The systems dispersed with Darvan
7S in the acid range and at pH 8.0, for
which the sediment height could be
measured, showed a good correlation between the ratio 1/RSH and the
viscosity. The same was verified for
slips dispersed with Polymin SK and
for systems dispersed with different
types of dispersants.
Differential sedimentation is
observed for systems exhibiting the
lowest viscosity values. The binary sysMicrostructural Observation
tem dispersed with Darvan 7S at pH
9.9, for instance, revealed a white
The images observed on optical and
SEM revealed great homogeneity in
the phase distribution for all the
specimens. Differences between
various dispersion states were
negligible.
Although in sedimentation tests,
heterogeneity is common at some
pH levels, in faster processes, e.g., slip
casting, differential behaviors
between powders were not verified.
(1992).
5Y. K. Leong, et al., “Interparticle Forces Arising
from Absorbed Polyelectrolytes in Colloidal
Suspensions—Colloids and Surfaces,” Colloids
and Surfaces A. Physico-chemical Eng. and
Aspects, 95 43–52 (1995).
6 Z. Zhang, L. Hu and M. Fang, “Slip Casting
Nanometer-Sized Powders,” Am. Ceram. Soc.
Bull., 75 [12] 71–74 (1996).
7 S. Baklouti, et al., “Processing of Aqueous
a-Al 2O 3, a-SiO 2 and a-SiC Suspensions with
Polyelectrolytes,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17 1–6
(1997).
8R. Wasche and G. Steinborn, “Characterization
of the Secondary Properties of Alumina,” CFI/
Ber. DKG, 74 [5] 235–39 (1997).
9Lu-Cun Guo, et al., “Adsorption Effects on the
Rheological Properties of Aqueous Alumina
Suspensions with Polyelectrolyte,” J. Am.
Ceram. Soc., 81 [3] 549–56 (1998).
Conclusions
Simultaneous dispersion of binary
systems must take several
parameters into account in order to
achieve well-dispersed and
homogeneous systems.
When mixed to form a binary system, unary systems of alumina and
SiC dispersed preferably with the
same dispersant, provide a high
surface charge of the same sign
at pH 8.0–9.9 with sodium polyacrylate, or at pH 4.2–6.3 with poly-ethyleneimine. Both dispersants are
used in concentrations that were
previously obtained from deflocculation curves. For these systems, the
potential ratio between two powders is positive and close to one.
This work verified that differential
sedimentation is more prone to take
place in highly dispersed systems.
Extreme pH leads to low viscosity
but less stable slips. This may induce
differential behaviors of long-term
sedimentation that are not noted in
microstructures generated through
processes such as slip casting.
n
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank CAPES, FAPESP and
CNPq for financial support of this research.
1J.
References
W. Van Den Berg, C. J. Bloys Van Treslong
and A. Polderman, “Polyethyleneimine I
Fractionation—Mark-Houwink Relation,”
Recueil Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 92 3–10 (1973).
2J. Cesarano III and I. A. Aksay, “Processing of
Highly Concentrated Aqueous a-alumina
Suspensions Stabilized with Polyelectrolytes,” J.
Am. Ceram. Soc., 71 [12] 1062–67 (1988).
3 J. Cesarano III, I. A. Aksay and A Bleier,
“Stability of Aqueous a-Al2O3 Suspensions with
Poly(methacrylic acid) Polyelectrolyte,” J. Am.
Ceram. Soc., 71 [4] 250–55 (1988).
4A. Bleier, “Secondary Minimum Interactions
and Heterocoagulation Encountered in the
Aqueous Processing of Alumina-Zirconia
Ceramic Composites,” Colloids and Surfaces A.
Physicochemical Eng. and Aspects, 66 157–79
53
Innovative Booklet Teaches
Teachers and Students
the World of Ceramics
Precollege Education
Kathy Martin
ACerS Promotions Coordinator
I
n 1989, The National Institute of Ceramic
Engineers (NICE) formed the ACerS/NICE
Student Congress to enhance ceramic education and to further the professional development of student ceramic engineers. With
the help and guidance of ACerS and NICE, this
student-run organization has advanced its
professional development by participating in
various activities promoting ceramic engineering. Among these activities include the
development of an innovative booklet
authored by Robyn Johnson.
Student Congress Delegate
Johnson has been a member of the ACerS/
NICE Student Congress since her sophomore
year at Clemson University. She said she first
heard about Student Congress when Tiffany
James, chair at the time, and other Clemson
delegates spoke about the organization at
one of their ACerS student branch meetings.
From what she heard at the meeting, Johnson
said she knew she wanted to get involved and
applied for a delegate position.
After her first year as a delegate, Johnson
wanted to take on more leadership positions
within the organization. She was elected as
the travel and logistics coordinator from
1998-1999 and then elected as the Student
Congress board representative from 19992000. “My experience as the Student Congress
board representative was very positive,” she
said. “It gave me the opportunity to help plan
the Congress for the year, learn about the
operations of The American Ceramic Society
and NICE at the board of directors level, and
voice the opinions and goals of the Student
Congress.”
Ceramics in the Classroom
It was during her reign as travel and logistics
coordinator when Johnson decided to
author a booklet about ceramics that could be
used during National Engineers Week in
54
February. The result was Ceramics in the
Classroom. “My idea behind the booklet was
to teach teachers,” she said. “Instead of sending college students or engineers into the
community to teach about our profession,
Ceramics in the Classroom was designed to
incorporate the ideas of ceramic engineering
into the curriculum.”
Designed to educate fourth grade students,
the booklet was divided into three sections,
“I take more pride in the booklet than anything else because of the time and thought I
put into creating it. It is something tangible,
worthwhile and productive for both the
ceramic and science community.”
each dealing with a portion of ceramics—
basic ceramics, glass and whitewares and
structural clay. Background information for
each of the sections had been provided so
educators can teach their students the information. Each section also contained a
method of evaluation for educators to use to
monitor their students’ progress. “I hope
teachers find the booklet useful, informative
and feel the need to incorporate it into their
regular curriculum,” she said. “I also hope students find the content fun and interesting
and begin to enjoy science more because of
it.”
Johnson said it took her approximately 50
hours to complete Ceramics in the Classroom.
The majority of the information she said
stemmed from what she learned in her introductory ceramic engineering classes and
from discussions with local teachers. “I just
tried to take my understanding of ceramics
and relate it to real life,” she said.
Robyn Johnson (second from right) is the author of Ceramics in the Classroom and served
as the 1999-2000 Student Congress Board Representative. Here, she takes a moment to
join the other 1999-2000 officers of the ACerS/NICE Student Congress. (l-r) Ashley Predith,
A.J. Mercer and Robert Flint.
With Ceramics in the Classroom
completed, Johnson said she felt
relieved and excited. “It excites me to
know that I have somehow improved
the overall community knowledge of
ceramics, even if it is only in a very
small way.”
During a past Student Congress
meeting, Johnson distributed copies
of Ceramics in the Classroom to
those delegates present. She told
them to take the booklet back to
their ACerS student branches and to
use it as they saw fit during the
annual National Engineers Week program in Februar y. “ The overall
response from the delegates was
quite encouraging,” she said. “They
seemed excited about using the
booklet and thought it would be very
useful.”
Johnson said she hopes Ceramics in
the Classroom will be used across the
country. She knows of one school
that was grateful to receive the booklet. “I took a copy of Ceramics in the
Classroom to a local elementary
school principal who said she would
distribute it to her fourth and fifth
grade teachers. She later told me that
one of the teachers stopped her in
the hall one day and said the booklet
was per fect and just what she
needed.”
The Future
Since her authorship, Johnson has
graduated with a B.S. in ceramic engineering. A couple months later she got
married, changed her name to Robyn
Overby and moved to Alabama where
she attends the University of AlabamaBirmingham studying biomedical
engineering with a focus on biomaterials.
Looking back, Johnson said her
greatest accomplishment as a member of the Student Congress was
authoring Ceramics in the Classroom.
“I take more pride in the booklet than
anything else because of the time
and thought I put into creating it,”
she said. “It is something tangible,
worthwhile and productive for both
the ceramic and science community.”
If you are interested in obtaining a
copy of Ceramics in the Classroom to
help you start an outreach program,
go to the ACerS’s Precollege Education web page at www.ceramics.org/
outreach/precollege.
asp?ID=outreach. You also can obtain
a copy by visiting the ACerS/NICE
Student Congress web site at www.
ceramics.org/membership/sc/index.
htm or contacting the Student Congress chair at studentcongress@
acers.org.
First Booklet Is Developed to
Promote Science and Engineering
Promoting science and engineering
has always been part of the Student
Congress due to the fact that many
of its delegates have been involved
with outreach programs on their
own campuses. Delegates share
their activities during the Congress’
meetings as a way to generate ideas
and to encourage others to get
involved. With the amount of students participating in various outreach programs, Student Congress
saw the need to create a committee
to address this issue.
In 1993, the Student Congress’
Education Committee took on the
task of developing the first booklet
that ACerS student branches could
use to promote science and engineering. The result was Science on
Wheels. This 61-page booklet contained a collection of science exper-
iments that could be performed for
K-12 students. Each experiment
gave the grade level, concept,
materials, time and instructions to
proceed with the demonstration.
In 1998, the Student Congress
revisited Science on Wheels and
decided it needed to be updated to
make it more uniform, concise, relevant to ceramic engineering and
less repetitive.
Science on Wheels is available to
help you start an outreach program.
To obtain a copy, go to the ACerS’s
Precollege Education web page at
www.ceramics.org/outreach/precollege.asp?ID=outreach or the
ACerS/NICE Student Congress web
site at www.ceramics.org/membership/sc/index.htm. You also can
request a copy by contacting the
Student Congress chair at student-
55
Now at a computer near you!
Ceramic
Correspondence
Institute
Educating the Ceramic Community of Tomorrow
Correspondence courses offered through the Ceramic Correspondence Institute (CCI) are proven tools for gaining
practical education in ceramic technology. Now students have the option to receive the print
versions or access CCI courses online via the ACerS web site (www.ceramics.org). With CCI online,
students have the ability to access all new and revised courses right from the convenience of their
computer.
Designed to provide students with the technical training necessary for their job performance and advancement,
CCI courses are geared for those in the industry with little or no formal training in ceramic technology. CCI offers 12
courses and six diploma programs, each fully self-contained and specifically designed for home-study completion.
CCI Courses:
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Phone: 614/794-5817
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E-mail: cci@acers.org
www.ceramics.org/education
CCIOLA
Preparation of KTN Films
on Single
Crystal Quartz Substrates
A
The key to preparing
high-orientation KTN
films on transparent
quartz is proper
control of the density
of laser energy and
the annealing
temperature.
D. M. Zhang, Z. H. Li, M. J.
Zhang, X. D. Wang, M. T.
Huang and B. M. Yu
Physics Dept., Huazhong University
of Science & Technology, Wuhan,
China
D. S. Xu and Y. M. Wang
National Key Lab of Laser
Technology, Huazhong University
of Science & Technology, Wuhan,
China
t present, the study of KTN is still
in experimental stages. It is difficult to prepare simple KTN bulk
crystals or good transparent KTN
ceramics, which restricts use for its optical
characteristics. Its desirable optical properties, however, have prompted rapid
development in the study of preparing
KTN films.
KTN, or K(Ta1-xNbx)O3, has many good
properties, including electro-optic characteristics, nonlinear optic characteristics
and pyroelectricity. It also has a high K.
When x = 0.35, it can be applied in a wide
variety of fields with the highest electrooptic coefficient.
Methods of preparing KTN films by solgel, LPE, MOD, RF-PMS, etc., with transparent quartz as the substrate caused
interaction between interfaces and the
generation of interphase pyrochlore at
high temperature. KTN films with pure
perovskite phase structure, therefore,
could not be achieved by previous methods.
The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique is a recently developed film preparation method. It has many advantages, e.g.,
high density of pulse laser energy, a lower
substrate temperature for preparing films
on substrates of a variety of materials. It
has become one of the main methods of
preparing oxidized films.
S. Yilmaz was the first to use this technique to prepare KTN films. In order to
solve the offset of the volatile potassium,
he used the KTN crystal, KNO3, as the target. Unfortunately, the quality of the film
was affected because of the nonpropor-
tional ingredients of the crystal target and
the intervention of elemental nitrogen.
The sol-gel method has many good characteristics, e.g., high uniformity, simplicity
for molecular mingling and for controlling
the ingredients. When KTN ceramics with
high uniformity are used for the target,
along with the added advantages of PLD,
high-quality KTN films can be expected,
The authors prepared KTN ceramics with
different potassium-rich ingredients by
the sol-gel and atmosphere sintering
method. First, we prepared films with a
pure perovskite phase on the simple
quartz crystal (100) substrate through the
PLD technique. We also analyzed and measured prepared films by XRD and SEM.
Results suggest that the films grow
along the orientation (100). The main
phase is the perovskite with a small proportion of pyrochlore phase (as little as
3%). In addition, the surface without crazing is intense.
Heating Light
Thermalcouple
Substrate
Window
Target
Laser Beam
Focus Lens
Oxygen Nozzle
To Vacuum Pump
Schematic of the equipment for the pulse
quasi-molecular laser deposition.
57
We used Lamda EMG201MSC quasimolecular laser equipment in the
experiment. The output wavelength
was 308 nm. The repeat frequency
rate was 20 Hz. The single pulsed
laser energy density was 1.6 J/cm2,
2.0 J/cm2 and 2.4 J/cm2, respectively.
The system's automatic scanning of
the beam focuses the laser beam into
a 3 mm2 flare, after it passes through
a lens. The scanning speed is 20 rpm,
which generates the best proportional films.
KTN, or K(Ta 1-xNbx)O 3, has many
good properties, including electrooptic characteristics, nonlinear optic
characteristics and pyroelectricity. It
also has a high K. When x = 0.35, it
can be applied in a wide variety of
fields with the highest electro-optic
coefficient.
During deposition and the addition
of oxygen atmosphere, the pressure
was kept between 10 and 15 pa. The
substrate was the simple quartz crystal (100). The target was the potassium-rich ceramics. The distance from
the substrate to the target was about
5 cm.
From the experiment, we found
that when the temperature of the
substrate exceeds 350°C, the simple
quartz crystal breaks. The reason was
that the thermal-dilatation coefficient of quartz differs greatly from
that of the substrate.
The substrate’s temperature must
be controlled at ≈300°C, and the
depositing time at 30 min. At the end
of the experiments, the temperature
of the films must be cooled slowly to
room temperature under a certain
pressure of oxygen.
After analyzing the prepared films
by XRD, we found that the films were
58
(3.993)
80
(1.067)
(1.152)
(1.107)
(1.282)
(1.411)
20
(1.330)
(1.629)
(2.304)
40
(1.785)
(1.995)
60
(1.203)
Preparing the Films
100
I/I°
With K(OC 2H 5) 5 (95%), Nb(OC 2H 5) 5
(99.8%) and Ta(OC2H5)5 (99.8%) as the
starting materials, we prepared
KTa0.65NB0.35O3 powder that included
the excessive K(OC2H5)5, ≈1%, by the
sol-gel method.
We then pressed the powder into a
30-mm diameter disk. When the temperature reached 1100°C, we sintered
it for 45 h in the Kali atmosphere.
Details are given in the literature.8
(2.821)
Preparing the Target
0
20
40
60
80
100
2u(°)
The X-ray diffraction diagram of the polycrystal KTa1-xNbxO3 powder.
in an amorphous state. According to
the theory of the growth of films,
amorphous films belong to the structure of the metastable state, which
has high internal energy. Under the
action of neighbor energy, e.g., illumination, heating, etc., the amorphous state can conquer the
potential energy hill and transform
into a homeostatic state, namely
crystal.
The literature has reported that the
best substrate temperature (TS) for
preparing the LiTaO3 electrical waveguide by PLD is 650°C.10 Amorphous
films prepared at <500°C also can
choose the proper orientation to
grow after being annealed at high
temperature. Their characteristics are
approximate to those prepared when
TS is 650°C.
Based on these conclusions, we
tried to anneal the amorphous KTN
films at different temperatures; i.e.,
300, 500, 600 and 800°C, respectively.
Mean- while, we added oxygen, and
the heat treatment time was 3 h.
XRD Analysis
For convenience, we have shared
normalized outcomes of the XRD
peak and XRD diagram of the
p o l yc r ys t a l l i n e K Ta 0 . 6 5 N b 0 . 3 5 O 3
powder. The XRD pattern of the
annealed films with an Er of 1.6 J/cm
shows that, when the annealing
temperature is 300°C, the films have
no diffraction peak.
This can indicate that the films are
still in the amorphous state.
When the temperature is 500°C, diffraction peaks appear. Some are the
thin KTN perovskite phase peaks,
while others are the KTN pyrochlore
phase diffraction peaks.
When the annealing temperature is
6 0 0 ° C , t h e f i l m' s q u a nt i t y o f
perovskite phase is almost equal to
that of the pyrochlore phase.
Furthermore, the crystal grains of the
perovskite phase are without the
selective orientation. When the temperature is 800°C, the quantity of the
pyrochlore phase increases conversely, and the main peak of the
perovskite phase is (100) and (200).
These results illustrate that the
perovskite phase has the tendency to
choose the proper orientation to
grow. If the film’s Er is 2.0 J/cm2 after
annealing at 300°C, the film is single
pyrochlore phase. When the temperature is 500°C, some perovskite
phase has appeared but without
selective orientation.
After annealing at 600°C, the pyrochlore phase will vanish. The
perovskite phase is then the main
phase and has only (100) and (200)
diffraction peaks corresponding to
the parameter of the crystal plane
category in the powder diffraction
diagram. From this, we can arrive at
the conclusion that the films grow
along the high (100) orientation
when the temperature is 800°C, and
that the proportion of the pyrochlore
phase increases.
Based on the analysis of the afore-
(200)
(100)
(100)
(200)
800°C
(210)
(110)
(200)
600°C
(100)
mentioned results of the experiments,
these conclusions can be reached.
• Annealing can entirely crystallize the
emorphous. At present, studies in
emorphous structure aspects are not
per fect, and the transformation
process from the emorphous state to
the crystal state has no unitary theory.
It is only thought that the particles
can conquer the potential hill and
redistribute by action of neighboring
energy. When this energy is sufficient,
the particles can arrive at more stable
lattices. Thus, the films take the shape
of the crystal.
• With the increase of the annealing
temperature, amorphous KTN films
turn into the pyrochlore phase and
then, at much higher temperature,
into the perovskite phase.
• The effect of the pulse laser energy
density, on the transformation of films
becomes greater with the increase of
energy density. The decrease of the
annealing temperature is necessary
for the process of crystallization of
KTN films. The transformation from
the pyrochlore phase to the
perovsk ite phase reflec ts that
enhancing the laser density is
equivalent to increasing the
substrate’s temperature.
Although all films prepared by all
levels of laser energy density are
amorphous with TS fixed at 300°C, we
think that KTN films prepared by laser
with higher energy density are closer
to crystal state. We can realize the
transformation from the amorphous
to the crystal state under the lesser
effect of neighbor energy.
We can use the concept of the equilibrium of the metastable state to
describe this phenomenon. the
amorphous state of KTN films prepared under laser with high energy
density and those prepared under
l owe r e n e rg y d e n s i t y w i l l b e
unchanged with little disturbance to
the KTN films. Amorphous KTN films
will, however, transform into crystal
state with lower energy when the disturbance is excessive.
KTN films prepared under the high
energy density need the disturbing
energy. These films will transform to
the crystal state from amorphous
state at the lowest annealing temperature.
• When the annealing temperature
500°C
300°C
20
30
40
50
60
70
2u(°)
The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the Er =1.6 J / cm2
>600˚C, the propor tion of the
pyrochlore phase in the films will
increase because the chemical
molecular formula of quartz is SiO2.
Although annealing at high temperature is advantageous to the transformation from pyrochlore phase to
perovskite phase, SiO2 will seriously
react with K and K2O in films under
high temperature. This will cause the
generation of the pyrochlore phase
and affect the quality of the films.
• The crystal grains generated in
perovskite phase nucleate spontaneously and randomly under lower
annealing temperature. These grains
are without selective orientation. With
the enhancing of the annealing
temperature, however, they can gain
higher energy. This makes them select
an orientation under the effect of the
substrate’s surface.
The orientation of the grains is
suited to the substrate’s surface,
allowing them to stay in a lower
energy state and generate the stable
crystal phase. This is why the films
grow along selective orientation.
• A laser with excessive energy will
generate those pyrochlore phases in
KTN films annealed at high temperature
that cannot transform to perovskite
phase. The increase of energy density
from the laser adds to the intensity of
plasma along the normal direction of
the target. The target can absorb higher
laser energy and, consequently,
develop great momentum.
We believe that plasma with excessive momentum has the potential to
harm the KTN films deposited on the
substrate. As a result, the pyrochlore
phase that cannot transform into the
perovskite phase will be generated.
SEM Analysis
The surface of the prepared KTN/SiO2
(100) films was studied by SEM. The
condition for deposition was that E r
be equal to 2.0 J/cm2 and 2.4 J/cm2,
respectively, with the annealing
temperature, Tt, being 600˚C/3 h.
The surface is proportional without
crazing compactly. It also has a higher
degree of finish and compactness,
except for some pinholes. These may
result from the incitation of the high
energy from the laser and by diffuse
transportation enhanced on the surface of the grains by the higher
annealing temperature. All these will
make the films more smooth and
compact. The plasma, however, will
do more harm to the films deposited
with the enhancement of energy density.
Er and Substrate Temperature
With regard to the relationship
between energy density and the
substrates, the following hypothesis
and approximations with will be used.
• One part of the laser energy, E,
ejected on the target will be reflected
into space. One part of E will make the
target’s particles turn to gaseous state
directly from solid state; i.e. it will
make the target’s particles sublimate
(sublimate heat).
59
(200)
(100)
600°C
(211)
(200)
(111)
(100)
(110)
(200)
(100)
800°C
500°C
300°C
20
30
40
50
60
70
2u(°)
The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the Er = 2.0 J /cm2
One part will make the target’s
grains ionized (escaping work), and
the other parts will turn into the
internal energy and the macroscopic
kinetic energy of the target’s grains.
We, therefore, introduce the parameter l and assume that the energy l E
of the laser energy has turned into
internal energy and macroscopic
kinetic energy of the target’s particles.
• The speed of the plasma along the
normal direction of the surface of the
target (X orientation) is much larger
than that along the Y and the Z
orientations. Macroscopic kinetic
energy of the plasma along the Y and
Z orientations can, therefore, be
neglected.
For the purpose of discussion, it is
assumed that the first velocity of all
plasma, whose order of magnitude is
100 m/sec, is equal to 500 m/sec.
• The transportation of plasma in the
space results for its pressure gradient,
so that the density of the plasma is
the function of the space coordinate.
The difference may be disregarded if
the average numeral density in unit
volume is chosen to be n.
• It is assumed that the plasma is
ideal single-atom gas, having only
three-translation freedom so that
internal energy in unit volume is 1.5
nKT.
• It is assumed that the internal
energy and the macroscopic kinetic
energy of the plasma are used to
heat the substrate completely.
60
According to these assumptions,
numeral density of the plasma grains
in the space can be estimated. The
reason why the substrate’s temperature may be lowered by PLD also can
be explained.
The energy density of the laser
used was 2 J/cm2 in every pulse during the deposition of KTN/SiO2 films.
The repeated frequency rate of the
pulse laser was 20Hz. The deposition
time was 30 min. The laser energy
ejected onto the target was 40 J/cm2.
For the first assumption, there were
l 3 40 J/cm 2 of the laser energy
turned into internal energy and macroscopic kinetic energy of the
plasma. The first velocity of the
plasma was 500 m/sec, and the
numeral density of the particles was
n. In unit time (sec), the number of
particles ejected from the target’s
unit dimension of the surface was nv.
This supports the equation:
(3KT + mv2)nv/2 = lE = 400000l
where K is the Boltzmann constant,
whose order of magnitude is 10-23; T
is the plasma’s temperature, whose
order of magnitude is 104; m is the
average atom mass, whose order of
magnitude is 10-27.
The plasma’s macroscopic kinetic
energy of the plasma (whose order of
magnitude is 10-22) was a minimum.
Compared with the internal energy
(whose order of magnitude is 10-19),
it can be disregarded.
In this case:
3nvKT/2 = 400000l
i.e., n = 400000l/(1.5V KT)
After the numbers were introduced,
n resulted in 3.865 3 1021 l particles/
m 3 where l was between zero and
one. The order of magnitude of the
numeral density of the plasma
particles, then, can be known as
1020~1021.
According to the fifth assumption,
the whole microscopic kinetic energy
and the internal energy of the
plasma were used to heat the substrate. This means:
lE = 400000l = MCpDT
where M is the simple crystal quartz’s
matter in unit dimension, Cp is the
quartz’s thermal mass capacity, DT is
the increase of the temperature on
the substrate resulting from kinetic
and internal energy.
Then:
DT = 400000l/(r dCp)
where l is the density and d is the
thickness of the simple quartz crystal.
It can be gained from the calculation
that DT is equal to 327°C when l is 0.5.
While depositing the KTN films, the
temperature of the simple quartz
crystal substrate was 300°C. The
high-pulsed laser energy density
made the substrate’s temperature
equal to ≈600°C.
Compared with other film-preparation techniques, the PLD technique
has high pulse laser energy density.
The plasma ejecting from the target,
therefore, has such a high forward
speed and such a high temperature
(10,000 K) that, after its arrival at the
substrate, it can nucleate and grow
into stable and successive films at
lower substrate temperature.
For example, when compared with
the KTN films on the quartz substrate
(amorphous state), when the substrate’s temperature increases to
750°C, only a little pyrochlore phase
can transform into the perovskite
phase. Continuous enhancing of the
substrate’s temperature will cause
surface interaction, and, thus, KTN
films cannot be prepared with the
single perovskite phase on the
quartz substrate.
The low temperature of the substrate in the PLD method can, therefore, guarantees the success of the
preparation of KTN films with the
pure perovskite phase on the simple
quartz crystal (100).
(200)
(110)
(220)
(211)
(200)
(111)
(110)
(100)
800°C
(220)
(211)
(200)
(111)
(110)
600°C
(100)
High quality and potassium-rich KTN
ceramics were prepared by sol-gel
and atmosphere sintering
techniques. High-orientation KTN
films were deposited on a transparent
quartz substrate by PLD and the late
annealing technique.
Results illustrate that the main crystal phase is the perovskite phase. The
proportion of pyrochlore phase is
small (≈2%). XRD diagrams of the
films only include the (100) and (200)
diffraction peaks, which correspond
to the square parameter of this crystal
family in the diffraction diagram of
powder. It can, therefore, be determined that the films grow along (100)
orientation.
These results differ from those of
KTN films prepared on a simple
quartz crystal using other methods.
They cannot be separated from the
special film-preparation mechanism
of the PLD technique.
We believe the reasons for achieving KTN films with more pure
perovskite phase are as follows:
• During the growth of the KTN films,
ceramics with different potassiumrich proportional ingredients as the
target material were used to prevent
the loss of the volatile elemental
potassium. The KTN ceramic target
was prepared by sol- gel, and
excessive potassium was added to
the ingredients.
During the sintering process, oxygen and Kali were introduced as the
atmosphere so that the ceramic was
rich in potassium. The high uniformity
and molecular mingling by sol-gel
method helped to guarantee good
proportions of Ta and Nb.
• The PLD technique tends to
introduce all kinds of active gas.
Because KTN belongs to the multiingredient oxides, during the
deposition of this type of film, it is
easy for oxygen to escape from the
surface, which will cause films to be
short of oxygen.
The key factor that describes the
quantity of oxygen in the film is,
therefore, whether the oxygen atmosphere is introduced during the
deposition. If the oxygen atmosphere
is introduced to deposit the KTN film,
not only can the segregation of oxygen be prevented, but the oxygen
(100)
Conclusions
500°C
300°C
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2u(°)
The X-ray diffraction diagram of the KTN films when the Er =2.4 J / cm2
also will interact with the potassium
in the plasma and generate the K2O.
This prevents K2O from evaporating.
All of these help maintain the proper
level of potassium.
• By the action of high-intensity laser
beams, the plasma ejected from the
surface had high forward velocity and
high temperature, so the particles
had high kinetic energy after their
arrival at the substrate.
In addition, the pulse in the low
repeated frequency rate gives the
particles enough time to move to the
equilibrium position during the twotime pulse ejection. This is advantageous for growth along selective
orientation or the extensional growth
of the films.
• During the deposition process,
enhancing the temperature of the
substrate helped the transformation
from the pyrochlore to the perovskite
phase. The temperature, TS, of the
simple quartz crystal cannot exceed
300°C.
The experiments indicate that the
films are in the amorphous state, but
the late annealing can crystallize.
When the practical temperature is
lower than that for the surface interaction, the pryochlore phase in the
films gradually turns into the
perovskite phase with the increase of
the annealing temperature.
These conclusions, then, can be
reached. The effect of the upper
annealing is equivalent to that of
enhancing the substrate’s temperature during deposition. If KTN films
are prepared on amorphous quartz
substrate by sol-gel method, only a
little pyrochlore phase, however,
turns into the perovskite phase when
the annealing temperature increases.
In addition, the continuous enhancing of the annealing temperature will
cause surface interaction, so preparation of the KTN films with the single
perovskite phase on the amorphous
quartz substrate cannot be achieved.
The low temperature of the substrate,
therefore, guarantees success in
attaining K TN films with the
perovskite phase on the simple crystal quartz (100) substrate.
The lattice constant and the thermal
expansion coefficient of the KTN do
not match the simple quartz crystal.
KTN films can, however, still grow
along selective orientation on the
simple quartz crystal.
This is difficult to explain by the
conventional film-growing theories.
The cause may be relevant to the special mechanism of PLD. Further studies are needed in this area.
n
The list of references to this article is available on
the Internet, www.ceramicbulletin.org, or by
contacting the Associate Editor by mail
addressed to Society headquarters or by fax at
614-794-5822. Request Data Depository File No.
345.
61
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62
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63
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. . INSTITUTE . . .
THE REFRACTORIES
. . . AND THE BEAT GOES ON
February 2001
THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE . . .
. . . AND THE BEAT GOES ON
by Kathy L. Woodard
...
r
Contributing Editor
efractories is a mature, international industry facing the
challenges of new technologies, new products and new
processes, as well as ever increasing regulatory and government mandates.
Supporting the industry's efforts is its trade association,
The Refractories Institute (TRI), which was established in
1951. TRI's mission: to support and promote the U.S. refractories industry.
In the 50 years since its founding, TRI has seen more
changes in the U.S. industry than the industry itself has
experienced in the past 200 years.
Robert W. Crolius, president of the Pittsburgh-based
trade association, says TRI was formed to support the refractories industry through joint research and education. In
addition, he says, TRI's mission was “to represent the interests of the industry before the government. In recent years,
that role has grown while support for joint R&D has
decreased.” For the most part, according to Crolius, today’s
refractory producers prefer to do their own research.
Refractories education has changed, as well. Where once
there were more than 20 universities offering ceramic engineering degrees, Crolius says there are fewer than 10
today—and they no longer have required course work in
refractories.
Over the past 10–15 years, the trend has been for member companies to support education on their own, not jointly through an association such as TRI.
Early Leadership
Brad Tucker, who served as secretary (a president was not
appointed at that time) of the Institute from 1971 to 1980,
said TRI has historically maintained a low-key profile.
Tucker recalled that the hot topic around the country at
that time was the energy shortage. It was important that
66
The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 80, No.2
Dave Kurtz (l), president of the Iron & Steel Div. of
Vesuvius USA, accepts a 1999 Chairman’s Award from
TRI Chair George H. Taylor.
manufacturing and industrial companies
comply with federal requests to conserve energy, so his primary project for
many years involved examining the
amount of energy consumed to produce
refractory products.
“The companies began to conserve,
and reduced their energy consumption
considerably. We were able to report
that back to the U.S. Department of
Energy.” While his own role was more
administrative than anything else, Tucker
said he considers it an important piece
of refractories history and success.
Mark Gleeson was president of TRI
USX Chair and CEO Tom User addresses TRI's 50th
Anniversary Membership Meeting at Ponte Vedra
Beach, Fla., May 4, 2000.
TRI Chair George H. Taylor (Chicago Fire Brick Div., National Refractories &
Minerals) celebrates the 50th anniversary with three former TRI chairs: (l – r):
Taylor; Paul F. Hummer, formerly of A.P. Green Refractories; Jon K. Tabor, Allied
Mineral Products Inc.; and Robert C. Ayotte, recently retired from Corhart
Refractories (Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics).
from 1981 to 1993. Gleeson recalls that the country was
still suffering the effects of an economic depression that
had started in the late 1970s. “We saw accelerated inflation, and the major markets that refractories served,
steel and glass, were suffering not only from a downturn
in production from domestic demand, but also a continuing increase in steel imports.”
Charles (Con) Smith, chair and CEO of National
Refractories and Minerals Corp., was TRI chair from 1990
to 1992 and served on the Institute’s board for nearly 10
years. During that time, safe use of silica, a suspected
carcinogen for humans, was a major issue, and it is still of
concern today.
“Crystalline silica has implications not just for the
refractories industry, but for a number of other industries
that process clay materials like we do, including the sand
and gravel industries. It impacts the entire construction
industry of this country.”
It is not TRI’s place—or philosophy—Smith said, to
lobby against the EPA and OSHA regulations governing
respirable silica. They are valid. TRI’s role, he explained, is
to work with the government to educate its membership
in terms of government regulations that are passed or
that need enforcement. From a technical standpoint, TRI
can tap into and use the specific expertise of its members to gain further understanding of what a given regulation will mean to the industry.
With this philosophy in mind, Smith said that when
silica became a concern, TRI engaged experts in silica
materials and in government regulations to inform the
membership about both sides of the issue.
67
Daniel H. Lease’s 44 years of participation in TRI set the
record. Here he reminisces about his first TRI membership meeting in 1956.
February 2001
Billy J. Hibler (center), plant manager, Laclede-Christy Clay Products, accepts a
1999 Chairman's Award on behalf of Emhart Industries Inc. from TRI Chair
George H. Taylor (r). Assisting in the presentation is Robert W. Crolius, TRI
president.
“This was well received by our membership. They were educated about what
they should be doing in terms of informing employees and customers, and what
changes were necessary in their production facilities. This was not viewed as
another government intervention.”
Gleeson indicated that membership
numbers had already begun to decline
as a result of company consolidations
before he left TRI.
Consolidation of the steel industry
was one of the primary issues during
Robert Ayotte's term as TRI chair. The
recently retired president and CEO of
Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Inc.,
was chair from 1992 to 1994. He said
that the consolidation in the steel industry had a definite impact on the consolidation of the refractories industry.
In 1993, the year Crolius was named president of the
Institute, there were nine major refractory companies in
the United States. Today, those nine have become three
through a series of mergers and acquisitions.
The industry is not shutting down nor losing momentum, Crolius said, but because of the mergers and acquisitions, particularly from international companies, consolidation is occurring. “Every member we have lost for economic or other reasons, we have probably replaced. Most
of the reduction is from consolidation. The consolidation
started with a vengeance in the early 1990s, and it has
continued to the present.”
As an example, he noted that since his tenure at the
Institute began, A.P. Green Industries bought General
Refractories; Harbison-Walker then acquired A.P. Green,
and in 1999, RHI Refractories, which owned North
American Refractories, bought Harbison-Walker. Today,
he said, RHI Refractories America is the largest refractories producer in the United States.
Industry Consolidation
Internationalization
Based on manufacturing company
members, membership numbers are
similar to what they were in the early
days. In April 1951, TRI had approximately 37 manufacturing members. In the
late 1950s and 1960s, manufacturing
membership grew to between 80 and
100 member companies. Today, there
are 40.
RHI also is a prime example of the internationalization of
the U.S. refractories industry. Ten or 15 years ago, approximately 10% of the industry was foreign-owned. Today,
international ownership is projected to hit 80% in the not
too distant future.
The three top refractories companies in the United
States, based on sales—RHI Refractories America,
Vesuvius USA and Thermal Ceramics— are owned by
Austrian and British companies, respectively, and a merg-
68
February 2001
And a good time was had by all. A co-ed scramble began a new tradition for
TRI golfers. The winning foursome included Fred Silver, Don McLeod, Sharon
Fitzpatrick and John Miller.
er of Baker Refractories with Lhoist, a Belgian company,
is pending.
Refractories, once considered a local product, are
now more dependent upon raw materials and even finished products from overseas. Manufacturing is essentially a global phenomenon, says Crolius. For example,
aluminum and steel industries in the United States are
impacted when Eastern Bloc and Asian nations experience a glut in these areas.
“As long as our customers have problems with
imports and over-capacity around the world, we are
going to have problems. When they suffer, we suffer,”
Crolius commented.
Volunteer Leaders
TRI is governed by a board of directors and an executive
committee, which is headed by a chair—all are volunteer
positions. George Taylor of National Refractories and
Minerals is the current chair.
Taylor maintains that TRI and the refractories industry
itself are in no different shape than other industries and
associations: consolidation and the changing face of
doing business has made an impact.
“Like most other industries, we are faced with worldwide competition and mergers, and the downside of it is
you have fewer people in the industry.” Nonetheless,
refractories is a thriving industry—viable, definitely necessary and, he stressed, “one that is going to be around
for a long time.”
As chair, Taylor believes one of his most important
responsibilities is to encourage and achieve cohesiveness among the members, in spite of the fact that they
President's Award of Merit
Not all TRI member companies compile overall safety records, which is an eligibility requirement for a Chairman's Award. However, many of
those companies have manufacturing facilities that did not have a lost-time accident, injury or illness in the prior calendar year. The TRI Board
of Directors established the President's Award of Merit as a means for recognizing plants with no lost-time accidents. The first awards were presented in 1990 for the 1989 calendar year. The 1999 awards were presented at TRI’s 2000 Annual Spring Meeting.
1999 President's Award
Christy Refractories Co.
St. Louis
Emhart Glass Mfg. Inc.
Owensville, Mo.
Inland Refractories
Avon, Ohio
Louisville Fire Brick Works
Grahn, Ky.
Louisville, Ky.
Martin Marietta Magnesia
Specialties
Baton Rouge, La.
Minteq International Inc.
Dover, Ohio,
Highland, N.J.
Old Bridge, N.J.
Slippery Rock, Pa.
The Nock & Son Co.
Oak Hill, Ohio
Resco Products Inc.
Cedar Heights Clay Div.
Oak Hill, Ohio
Crescent Brick Div.
Clearfield, Pa.
Norristown, Pa.
North State Pyrophyllite
Greensboro, N.C.
Piedmont Minerals Div.
Hillsborough, N.C.
Acton Plant, Ontario
Fulton, Mo.
Gary, Ind.
Hile, Md.
Middletown, Pa.
Minerva, Ohio
Oak Hill, Ohio
Smithville Plant, Ontario
Sproul, Pa.
Thomasville, Ga.
Riverside Refractories Inc.
Nanticoke, Ontario
Thermal Ceramics Inc.
Min-K Div., Elkhart, Ind.
Thermal Ceramics Caribbean
Ponce, P.R.
Thermic Refractories
Girard, Ill.
Unifrax Corp.
New Carlisle, Ind.
Sanborn, N.Y.
United Refractories Inc.
Uni-Ref Inc.
Sharonville, Ohio
United Refractories Inc.
Moulton, Ala.
Vesuvius USA
Altoona, Pa.
Champaign, Ill.
Chicago Heights, Ill.
Crown Point, Ind.
Dillon, S.C.
Hillsboro, Texas
Smithville, Ontario
Tilsonburg, Ontario
Welland, Ontario
Wahl Refractories Inc.
Fremont, Ohio
Norton provides expert service
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ISO-9002 Certified
71
February 2001
are each other’s competition.
“Realizing that we are somewhat of an unknown
industry, I believe we need to work together to promote
our image to our employees, especially that we are viable
and valuable industry, and to our consumers as much as
we can, particularly where regulatory matters are concerned.”
And, according to Taylor, there is power even in small
numbers—because TRI has an active membership and
many positives occurring in the industry. “I believe TRI is
right now trying to pick up on that end and help move
us in a positive direction.”
Pablo Valenzuela Yunge, general director of Yunge
Refractarios, Santiago, Chile, and president of the 29th
ALAFAR Congress, addresses TRI's 50th Anniversary
Membership Meeting.
Positioning for the Future
The U.S. refractories industry is far different than when
TRI was established. Customers—steel, cement and aluminum industries—have modernized, adopted new
technologies to save energy, streamlined production and
become more cost-effective.
Refractory producers responded to
these new realities by developing better,
longer-lasting products. The downside
to that, according to Crolius, is that
Safety Awards Program
Established in 1984, the TRI Safety Awards Program recognizes the continuing and significant achievement of its members in
reducing accidents, injuries and illnesses in their plants. The first awards were presented at the 1986 annual spring meeting
and recognized safety efforts for the 1985 calendar year.
Chairman’s Award
The Chairman’s Award recognizes member companies that have demonstrated the lowest lost time incidence rate for the
entire company. Until 1997, awards were granted in three categories of manhours: 1 million or more, 100,000–1,000,000 and
less than 100,000. In 1998, a fourth category was added to cover companies reporting more than 2 million manhours.
Chairman's Awards 1985–99
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
72
<100,000
KEK Refractories
Emhart/Laclede-Christy
The Nock & Son Co.
Emhart/Laclede-Christy Emhart/Laclede-Christy
Refractory Technology Inc.
The Nock & Son Co.
The Nock & Son Co.
The Nock & Son Co.
The Nock & Son Co.
Manhours
100,000–1 million
Nalco Chemical
Riverside Refractories Inc.
Corhart Refractories Corp.
BNZ Materials Inc.
Foseco Inc.
J.E. Baker Co.
Riverside Refractories Inc. Pyror-Giggey Co.
Emhart/Laclede- Christy
Emhart Industries Inc.
Emhart Industries Inc.
1–2 million
A.P. Green Industries Inc
A.P. Green Industries Inc.
Foseco Inc.
Thermal Ceramics
Carborundum Co.
Baker Refractories
Baker Refractories
Baker Refractories
Baker Refractories
Baker Refractories
>2 million
Premier Refractories Inc.
Vesuvius USA
MAGNECO METREL
QUALITY HIGH ALUMINA CERAMICS
223 INTERSTATE ROAD
ADDISON, ILLINOIS 60101 U.S.A.
630-543-6660 FAX: 630-543-1479
e-mail: marketing@magneco-metrel.com
www.magneco-metrel.com
1951 Fall Meeting of The Refractories Institute, Grand Hotel, Point Clear, Ala.
refractory markets are not growing like other high-tech
segments of the economy.
“That puts tremendous pressure on producers,
requiring tough choices, tighter budges and innovative
thinking,” says Crolius. “The industry is going through tremendous change, and TRI must evolve with it if we are to
continue to provide the service and benefits a TRImembership
has provided in the past.”
TRI cannot get involved in refractory markets or in
the commercial operations of its members, but there are
important areas where it can help, according to Crolius.
Government relations continues to be an important area.
“By working closely with regulatory agencies
like EPA and OSHA,” Crolius says, “we can help
achieve the goal of a safe and healthful environment for our workers and our communities in a
way that is reasonable and most cost-effective
for our members.”
The Institute is currently conducting a survey
of the refractories community to determine
future challenges and opportunities.
To date, the analysis has highlighted two
areas where TRI hopes to be more involved. First,
the Institute wants to work more closely with
other refractory-related groups. Many, like TRI,
face the new realities of tighter budgets and a
decrease in levels of participation.
“Our common goal,” says Crolius, “must be
the success of the refractories industry. TRI seeks
to take a leadership role with other important
groups to work together to ensure that happens.”
Attracting and retaining good people to
work in the industry is another important area of
focus. “With downsizing and consolidation,
important experience and technical expertise is
being lost. We have to find a way to pass it
along, to tap these resources before they are lost
Chief Executives of The Refractories Institute
1951–53 1953–55 1955–57 1957–59 1959–61 1961–63 1963–65 1965–67 1967–69 1969–71 1971–73 1973–75 1975–77 1977–79 1979–81
1981–83 1983–85 1985–88 1988–90 1990–92 1992–94
1994–96 1996–98 1998–99 1999–2002 James L. Crawford Fred H. Atwood William S. Lowe James E. Brinckeroff John B. Arthur Robert W. Knauft William H. Porter Robert A. Barr Max Muller
William R. Ramsay William T. Tredennick Raymond Hegeman Ralph V. Lawrence Anthony M. Caito Robert W. Schaefer Donald R. DeVeaux Robert E. McIntosh
Richard C. South Edmund S. Wright Charles C. Smith Robert C. Ayotte Jon K. Tabor Paul F. Hummer Chester L. Connors George H. Taylor Walsh Refractories
Harbison-Walker Refractories Co.
Babcock & Wilcox (Thermal Ceramics)
Mexico Refractories Div. (Kaiser)
The Charles Taylor Co.
Globe Refractories
Babcock & Wilcox (Thermal Ceramics)
Basic Inc.
North American Refractories Co.
Resco Products Inc.
C-E Refractories (Premier Refractories)
General Refractories Co.
Basic Inc.
Plibrico Co
Harbison-Walker Refractories Co.
Lava Refractories Co.
North American Refractories Co.
National Refractories & Minerals Corp.
Corhart Refractories Corp.
Allied Mineral Products Inc.
A.P. Green Refractories Inc.
Magneco/Metrel Inc.
Chicago Fire Brick Co.
. *Prior to 1977-79, the chief executive was the president. In 1977, the chief executive was changed to chair of the board.
74
February 2001
Telephone: 212-286-0076, 0077
Lincoln Building
Fax: 212-286-0072
60 East 42nd St., Suite 1456
e-mail: Predmatdb@aol.com
New York, NY 10165
Internet: www.predmaterials.com
BORON CHEMICALS
Pred Materials is pleased to announce the
availability of Boron Chemicals such as granular
and powder BORIC ACID (H3BO3) 99.9% and
BORIC OXIDE (B2O3) 99.0%.
Boron Chemicals are used in glass fiber insulation,
enamels, frits and glazes, high performance
ceramics and cellulose insulation.
ACerS President Bob Oxnard, Maryland Refractories Co., Ironton, Ohio, was
the 2000 TRI golf tournament champion. George Mitchell, Fibercon
International, and chair of the event, presented the award.
and ensure that the refractories industry retains its
knowledge base and its vitality,” Crolius says.
The goal is simple, but the road to achieving it is
more difficult, says the TRI president. “Refractories are
essential to growth and productivity. We must ensure
that we continue to have good people and good technical information exchange, and that the refractories
industry provides opportunities for growth and personal
satisfaction,” Crolius says. “It is where many of us spend
most of our days. It should be rewarding, fun, and we
should take pride in the contribution we are making.” n
Current TRI Executive Committee
George Taylor, Chair
Thomas Fitzpatrick, Vice Chair
John Ekedahl, Treasurer
Jess Hutchinson
William Kelly
John Morris Jr
Norman Taylor
National Refractories and
Minerals
Thermal Ceramics
Christy Refractories
Unifrax Corp.
Riverside Refractories
Vesuvius USA
We have the products available ex-warehouse
and we are proud of our push-button supply system, whereby we can deliver in any quantity
and packing as the customer requires.
Contact Dan Beldiman for
further information.
Products & Processes
which is available in custom
sizes. Bickley, tel. 215-6384500, fax 215-638-4334,
E-mail sales @bickleykilns.
com, Internet www.bickleykilns.com
The Model 20G benchmounted, single-sided, finegrinding machine uses a
fixed abrasive diamond or
CBN suspended in resin,
metal and vitrified bonds to
grind a wide range of materials. A 60-Hz variable speed
motor and gear reducer
powers the machine.
Independent controls allow
the operator to use each of
the three workstations separately. The recycling system
and grinding plate are temperature-controlled.
Lapmaster International, tel.
800-527-2631 ext. 2975, fax
847-967-2975, I nter net
www .lapmaster.com
American M inerals, I nc.
At American Minerals, we
concentrate on converting
industrial minerals into
products for applications in
a wide range of industries:
Ceramics
Fo u n d r y
Refractor y
Metal Casting
Chemical
Brick
Environmental
Glass
Steel
Agricultural ...
901 E. Eighth Avenue, Suite #200
King of Prussia, PA 19406
www.americanminerals.net
Ph: (610) 337-8030
Fax: (610) 337-8033
ISO 9002 Certified
New Castle, DE • Camden, NJ • Rosiclare, IL • El Paso, TX
76
Model 5500 downdraft elevator kilns operate at temperatures up to 1700°C with
uniformity, according to the
manufacturer. Closed- loop
pressure control, two zones
of temperature control and
data acquisition capacity
come standard on the kiln,
The PAL 9 fully automatic
MLC pr inter stacker is
designed to integrate into
an automated production
line. The machine can be fitted with a variety of options
to meet a company’s needs.
Haiku Tech Inc., tel. 305-5350099, fax 305-534-3486,
E-mail haikutec@aol.com
The P360 blackbody calibra-
tion source combines portability with a wide
temperature range, high
emissivity and good resolution. The source and the
controller are in different
modules, and each module
has a carrying handle. The
P360 has a 1-in. aperture
opening and can display
temperatures between 50
and 1100°C. Pyrometer
Instrument Co. Inc., tel. 201768-2000, fax 201-768-2570,
E-mail pyroinfo @pyrometer.
com, Internet www.pyrometer.com
The baghouse dust collection system can meet the
needs of almost any air pollution control situation,
according to the manufacturer. Standard features
include large pulse-jet valving and headers, inverted
header pipe with drain petcock valve, NEMA IV electri-
Where science turns
to turn up the heat
cal, a solid-state sequential
timer and a Magnehelic
gauge mounted in common enclosure. Clean Air
Management Co. Inc., tel.
913-831-0740, fax 913-8319271, E-mail info @camcorpinc.com, Internet www.
camcorpinc .com
The Big Round reverse air
dust filter features a design
that minimizes the number
of moving parts. A self-contained cleaning system, it
suits high-volume collection of dry dusts. The filter
has a three-year warranty.
Canfil Farr Co., tel. 800-4796801, fax 800-222-6891,
E-mail filtermen @canfilfarr.
com, Internet www.farrco.
com
Full-color literature on the
DFP 2000 advanced disappearing filament pyrometer is available. The
pyrometer reportedly
gives accurate and convenient temperature measurement. Designed for
applications where stringent temperature mea-
surements are required, the
DFP 2000 has 1°C
resolution and a 0.65 µm
wavelength for accuracy.
Spectrodyne Inc., tel. 215997-7780, fax 215-9978980, E-mail spectrodyne @
netreach.net)
The 2001-2002 Pfeiffer vacuum catalog offers 300
pages of product overviews for semiconductor,
analytical, R&D and industrial applications. The catalog contains application
information, features, technical data and part numbers
for vacuum generation,
measurement and control
products. Pfeiffer Vacuum
Inc., tel. 603-578-6500, fax
603-578-6550, E-mail contact @pfeiffer-vacuum.com,
I n t e r n e t w w w. p fe i f fe r
-vacuum .com
When your scientific and research needs
call for high temperature
performance, trust THERMCRAFT
Horzontal Solid
Tube Furnaces
featuring bored
ends to accept
process tubes are
available in single
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Hinged Split Tube
furnaces are available
with refractory elements
for temperatures up
to 1200o C or silicon
carbide elements for
temperatures up to 1538o
C.
Three Zone Micro
processor control
panels feature panel
mounted SCR power
control, LED digital
display and
programmable
temperature controls.
Furnace systems designed to meet your custom needs
P.O. Box 12037 Winston-Salem, NC 27117
Phone: (336) 784-4800 Fax: (336) 784-0634
Website: www.thermcraftinc.com
Email: sales@thermcraftinc.com
American M inerals, I nc.
We specialize in:
Two current-sensing techniques, tunneling and conductive atomic force
microscopy (AFM), have
been developed for electrical characterization of
small conductivity variations. Applications include
identification of leakage
paths, mapping of contaminants and components in
composite materials, and
differentiating regions of
high and low conductivity.
Conductive AFM measures
currents from 1 pA to 1 µA,
C h r o m i t e , Sand and Flour
I r o n O x i d e , Black
Iron Pyrites
Calcined Magnesia
Dead Burned Magnesia
Manganese Dioxide
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901 E. Eighth Avenue, Suite #200
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ISO 9002 Certified
New Castle, DE • Camden, NJ • Rosiclare, IL • El Paso, TX
77
Products & Processes
while tunneling AFM can
gauge ultra-low currents
from 60 fA to 120 pA. Digital
Instruments, Veeco
Metrology Group, tel. 805967-1400, fax 805-967-7717,
Internet www.veeco .com,
www.di.com
Energy Materials
Testing Laboratory
EVALUATION FROM
-300 oF to + 5000 oF
Ceramabond 503 high-temperature ceramic adhesive
can be used to repair
cracked sagger plates used
in the firing of ceramic parts
to 1760°C. Ceramabond is
an inorganic, water-soluble,
alumina-filled adhesive that
cures in 1–2 h and has a lap
shear strength of 800–900
psi. Aremco Products Inc.,
tel. 914-268-0039, fax 914268-0041, E-mail aremco @
aremco.com, Internet www.
aremco.com
Comprehensive measurements and
technical services for:
composites, carbons, graphites,
ceramics, metals, alloys, plastics,
insulators, textiles, and fluids.
•
•
•
•
Mechanical and Structural
Thermophysical Properties
Nondestructive Evaluation
Morphological,
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• Analytical Chemistry
• Oxidation Resistance,
(Heat Rate> 500° C /sec.)
EMTL
5 Morin Street; Biddeford, Maine 04005
Tel: (207) 282-5911 • Fax: (207) 282-7529
e-mail: emtl_fmi@gwi.net
78
A six-page bore finishing
system brochure discusses
an alternative to grinding or
honing. The system combines diamond or CBN single -pass tooling with
autom ation, digital CNC
servo-control and multi-
spindle machine technology. Belden Machine Corp.,
tel. 708-34-4600 ext. 118, fax
708-344-9321, E-mail info @
beldenmachine.com, Inter-
net www.beldenmachine .
com
The new product-development test furnace has load
simulation and automatic
pressure-controlled capacity. The test burner can be
fired using natural gas, light
or heavy fuel oil, or liquid
propane. The inside chamber is 9 3 17 3 6 ft, and can
operate to 1316°C. Hauck
Manufacturing Co., tel. 717272-3051, fax 717-273-9882)
Macrolite ceramic spheres’
p o te n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s
include controlled-size
aggregates for castable and/
or gunning refractories. The
spheres have low unit
weight and water absorption. Mixes reportedly are
easy to design and specify.
Kinetico Inc., tel. 800-4321166, fax 440-564-7696,
Internet www .kinetico.com
The Herculine 10260S smart
actuator comes with an
alphanumeric LED display
and keypad. The line provides a microprocessorbased enhanced electronics
unit, allowing the operator
to monitor the actuator for
proac tive maintenance
planning. Honeywell Inc.,
tel. 800-784-3011, fax 215641-3580, E-mail info.sc @
honeywell.com, Internet www.honeywell.com
/sensing
websites
ceramics
Maximize your marketing opportunities
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Bulletin’s new Ceramics Websites. This
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Deltech Inc.
www.deltechfurnaces.com
Fluid Energy Processing & Equipment Co.
Malakoff Industries Inc.
www.fluidenergype.com
www.mhpa.com
79
websites
ceramics
MHI Micropyretics Heaters Int’l.
Pred Materials
www.mhi-inc.com
Micromeritics
www.predmaterials.com
R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc.
80
www.micromeritics.com
www.rtvanderbilt.com
Saint-Gobain Ceramics and Plastics, Inc.
Zirconia Sales (America), Inc
www.sgicref.com
www.amverco.com
The American
Ceramic Society
Annual Meeting
& Exposition
PRELIMINARY
PROGRAM
April 22 - 25, 2001
Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
Table of Contents
Letter of Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Frontiers of Materials Research & Product Innovation: A Panel Discussion............................................................................................................................................................ 83
Schedule of Events........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Plenary Lectures............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Symposia
A. Ceramic Materials Enabling Device and Information Technology
A1. Advances in Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices........................................................................................................................................................... 85
A2. Optoelectronic Materials and Technology in the Information Age............................................................................................................................................................. 85
A3. Ceramics for Wireless Technologies......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86
A4. Structure and Properties of Advanced Nitrides and Electronic Nitrides................................................................................................................................................... 86
B. The Impact of Ceramics in Energy Manipulation and the Environment
B1. Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage.................................................................................................................................................................... 88
B2. Science and Technology in Addressing Environmental Issues in the Ceramic Industry...................................................................................................................... 88
Special Presentation from Corporate Environmental Achievement Award Winners............................................................................................................................ 89
B4. Ceramic Science and Technology for the Nuclear Industry............................................................................................................................................................................ 89
C. Ceramics in Biomedical, Chemical and Mechanical Applications
C1. Ceramic Coatings for Thermal, Environmental and Mechanical Applications........................................................................................................................................ 90
C2. Ceramic Matrix Composites....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
C3. Chemical Sensors for Hostile Environments........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 90
C4. Materials for Medicine and Biotechnology........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
D. Cross Cutting Issues
D1. Merging Length Scales in Theory, Modeling and Simulations of Materials............................................................................................................................................. 92
D2. Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured Materials.................................................................................................................................................................................. 92
Panel Discussion: The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Opportunities for Education, Collaboration and Research............................................................... 93
D3. Defects, Transport and Related Phenomena....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
E. Ceramic Processing
E1. Interfacial Chemistry and Segregation Phenomena in Ceramics................................................................................................................................................................. 94
E2. Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites........................................................................................................................................... 94
Division & Class Programming
Art........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 95
Basic Science................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Special Session Honoring Prof. Arthur H. Heuer........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Cements............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97
Electronics........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97
Special Session Honoring Prof. Robert E. Newnham................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97
Engineering Ceramics.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Special Presentation by Corporate Technical Achievement Award Winner..................................................................................................................................................... 98
Glass & Optical Materials............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
Refractory Ceramics...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Whitewares & Materials.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers and Ceramic Education Council.............................................................................................................................................................100
Employment Center & Career Fair........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Student Activities.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Hotel Information.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Registration Information............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93
Travel Information......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Exposition.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101
Companion Program..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102
Registration Form........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
Map of Indianapolis....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
Hotel Reservation Form............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
82
Dear Ceramics Professional,
Joining forces with ceramic industry professionals can take you to
the top of your game. You may have heard the statement “It’s not
just what you know, but who you know.” Attending The American
Ceramic Society’s 103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition can help
you with both. Expand your knowledge and establish important
professional relationships in Indianapolis, April 22-25, 2001.
Meeting and exposition attendees comprise a wide variety of individuals and interest groups including engineers, scientists,
researchers, manufacturers, plant personnel, educators, students,
marketing and sales professionals, and others in related materials
disciplines.
The Annual Meeting program is the premiere forum through
which these diverse groups interact, exchange information, and
develop tomorrow’s technologies.
What can attending do for you?
• Develop your professional and leadership skills
• Receive recognition for both you and your organization
• Advance your career
• Network with industry colleagues
How to attend:
To attend the Annual Meeting, fill out the registration form on
page 103. You can register by phone, fax, mail, or via the ACerS
web site (www.ceramics.org). Refer to the top of the form for specific details. And don’t forget to reserve your hotel room. See page
91 for details.
I encourage you to attend the 103rd Annual Meeting & Exposition.
If you’re serious about your work in ceramics, then join forces with
your colleagues who feel the same way. Stay on the cutting edge
of ceramic technology and abreast of recent market developments. Take this opportunity to arm yourself for success!
Dawn Bonnell
103rd Annual Meeting Program Coordinator
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pa.
This year’s symposia and division programming will cover the
basic science and processing of ceramics and glasses, whitewares
and materials, engineering and electronic ceramics, refractories
and cements, glass and optical materials, and art ceramics. In
addition, 12 of the 16 symposia will focus on the impact of ceramics on:
• Device manufacturing and information technology
• Energy manipulation and environmental issues
• Chemical, mechanical and biomedical applications
Frontiers of Materials Research & Product Innovation: A Panel Discussion
Monday, April 23 • 4-6 p.m.
Industry-University-Government Joint Research for Future Global Industrial Growth
This yearly panel at the Annual Meeting is headed by representatives of industries, universities, government and national laboratories who
have knowledge and experience relevant to the topic selected for that year.
This year’s discussion provides opportunity for interactive idea exchange between manufacturers, users and scientific experts on issues related to materials research and product development for this millennium. It gives an opportunity to learn and understand the role of industry,
government and university in selecting potential research areas, funding and role of decision making. Specifically, the importance of joint
efforts in identifying and collaborating (a) the areas of research topics, (b) product development, (c) consumer survey to determine the
needs, and (d) global marketing techniques will be discussed. A cash bar will be
available.
Panelists
Marc Black, CTS Corporation
Robert J. Eagan, Sandia National Laboratories
Edwin H. Kraft, Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation
Robert Pohanka, U.S. Department of Navy
Bruce E. Smart, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
P. Somasundaran, Columbia University
Richard E. Tressler, Pennsylvania State University
K.M. Nair, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc (Organizer)
83
Schedule of Events
Saturday
April 21
Sunday
April 22
Monday
April 23
Tuesday
April 24
Wednesday
April 25
Orton Lecture
Friedberg Lecture
Sosman Lecture
Technical Sessions
Technical Sessions
Technical Sessions
Exposition
Career Fair
Employment Center
Career Fair
Employment Center
8–9 a.m.
9 a.m.–Noon
Morning
10 a.m.–5 p.m.
Career Fair
Employment Center
Noon
Division and Class
Meeting with ACerS
Board of Directors
Noon–5 p.m.
Indianapolis Marriott
Downtown
9 a.m.–5 p.m.
Employment Center
Opens
NICE/Keramos
Luncheon
ACerS Annual
Business Meeting
CEC Student
Speaking Contest
Semifinals 1–3 p.m.
Poster Session
Technical Sessions
Registration Opens
Noon–2 p.m.
Location TBA
1–5 p.m.
9 a.m.–Noon
9 a.m.–Noon
Exposition
10 a.m.–3 p.m.
12:30–5 p.m.
8–9 a.m.
9 a.m.–Noon
10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m.
Finals 4–5 p.m.
Afternoon
8–9 a.m.
Noon–1 p.m.
2–6 p.m.
Technical Sessions
1–6 p.m.
5–6:30 p.m.
1–7 p.m.
Student Page
Meeting
3–4 p.m.
Frontiers of Science
& Society Lecture
5–6 p.m.
Exposition Opens
Evening
6–8 p.m.
Opening Reception
6–8 p.m.
Alumni Night
Various locations around
Indianapolis
Annual Meeting
Awards Banquet
7–10 p.m.
Indianapolis Marriott
Downtown
(All events take place at the Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome unless noted otherwise.)
Plenary Lectures
500 Ballroom, Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome
Frontiers of Science & Society–Rustum Roy Lecture
Sunday, April 22 • 5–6 p.m.
Henry J. Heimlich, President
The Heimlich Institute
The Orton Memorial Lecture
Monday, April 23 • 8–9 a.m.
Subhash Singhal
Pacific Northwest National Lab
84
The Friedberg Memorial Lecture
Tuesday, April 24 • 8–9 a.m.
Richard Tressler
Pennsylvania State University
The Sosman Award and Lecture
Wednesday, April 25 • 8–9 a.m.
George Onoda
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposia A
Invited speakers and the titles of their presentations are included. Only the presenting speaker names are given. For a complete list of
sessions, abstracts and authors, see the ACerS web site and the Online Conference Management System at www.ceramics.org. Watch
future issues of the Bulletin for the Advance Program (March) and the Final Program (April).
Ceramic Materials Enabling Device and Information
Technology
A1. A
dvances in Dielectric
Materials and Multilayer
Electronic Devices
Special lectures on historical developments and fundamental concepts of ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, ferrites, optoelectronics and
other electronic-related materials will be highlighted.
Invited Speakers
Arthur Ballato, U.S. Army CECOM
Poisson’s Ratios in High Coupling Ferroelectric Ceramics
I-Wei Chen, University of Pennsylvania
PbZrO3 Thin Films--AFE and FE Behavior
Peter Davies, University of Pennsylvania
Design of New Ordered Perovskites for Microwave Applications
Alvin Feingold, Electro Science Labs
Lead Free Multilayer Dielectric System for Telecommunications
J. Guha, Jozef Stefan Institute (Slovenia)
Effect of PbO Volatilization Loss on the Compositional Changes
During Processing of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3
Ruyan Guo, Pennsylvania State University
Morphotropic Phase Boundary Regions in Ferroelectric Materials of
Oxygen-Octahedron Building Blocks
Detlev Hennings, Philips Research Laboratory
Solid State Preparation of BaTiO3 Based Dielectrics, Using Ultra-Fine
Raw Materials
Shinichi Hirano, Nagoya University (Japan)
Aqueous Slurry Processing for Tape Casting of BaTiO3 Tip Capacitor
Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University
Jellyfish Mechanism of Conduction at Microwave Frequencies in
Alkali Oxide Glasses
Jau-Ho Jean, National Tsing-Hua University (China)
Additives Interactions in Aqueous BaTiO3 Suspension
Mohammed Megherhi, Ferro Electronic Materials
Y5V Dielectric Composition Applicable for Thin Layer MLCC
Masaru Miyayama, University of Tokyo (Japan)
Defect Control for Large Remanent Polarization in Bismuth Titanate
Ferroelectrics: Doping Effect of Higher Valent Cations
Atsuyuki Nakamo, TDK Corp. (Japan)
Recent Topics of Ferrite Materials for Multilayer Chip Components
Robert Newnham, Pennsylvania State University
Mode Control in Spherical Electroceramics
Takeshi Nomura, TDK Corp. (Japan)
Current Topics in the Field of Materials Technology of BME-MLCCs
Ahmed Safari, Rutgers University
The State of the Art of Nickel Compatible BaTio3-Based Multilayer
Capacitor Materials; A Review
Elliott Slamovich, Purdue University
Hydrothermal Processing of Ceramic Powders and Thin Films for
Dielectric Applications
Danilo Suvorov, Jozef Stephan Institute (Slovenia)
Oxygen Stoichiometry of Sillenite Compounds
Bruce Tuttle, Sandia National Laboratory
Computer Controlled Deposition Techniques for Multilayer
Integrated Ceramics
Kenji Uchino, Pennsylvania State University
Compact Ultrasonic Rotary Motors
David Wilcox, Motorola Laboratories
Multilayer Ceramic Technology as a Core Platform for Wireless,
Energy and Life Science Microsystems
Ming-Tzung Wu, Chang Gung University (China)
Effects of Precursor Preparation Conditions on the Characteristics of
Sol-Gel Derived PZT Thin Films
Sponsored by
Electronic Division
Basic Science Division
Ceramic Society of Japan
Symposium Organizers
K.M. Nair, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
A.S. Bhalla, Pennsylvania State University
S-I. Hirano, Nagoya University, Japan
A2. Optoelectronic Materials and
Technology in the Information
Age
The explosive growth of the information industries has been
enabled by the availability and performance of key optoelectronic
components including optical fibers, lasers, amplifiers, filters, modulators, detectors, display and storage devices. These are based on
transparent, electro-optic, nonlinear-optical, luminescent and emissive glass and ceramic materials. The continuing growth and evolution in this area presents exciting opportunities for the investigation and development of new optoelectronic materials and devices.
Publication of the symposium proceedings by The American
Ceramic Society in the Ceramic Transactions series is planned. See
the registration form to take advantage of the pre-publication special rate.
Invited Speakers
Martin Fejer, Stanford University
85
Paul Holloway, University of Florida
Inorganic Luminescent Thin Films and Powders for Display and
Lighting
Won Ho Kang, Dankook University (Korea)
Effect of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Energy on Crystallization in Li2OAl2O3-SiO2 Glass
Kenji Kitamura, National Institute for Research in Inorganic
Materials (Japan)
Promising Properties of Stoichiometric LiTaO3 for Ferroelectric
Domain Engineering
Hsin-Chun Lu, Chang Gung University (China)
Low Resistivity ITO Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Modified
RF-Sputtering
Sergei Pyshkyn, Academy of Sciences (Republic of Moldova)
Luminescence of Long-Time Ordered GaP:N
Norman Sanford, National Institute of Standards & Technology
Nonlinear Optical Analysis and X-Ray Diffraction Imaging as
Complementary Metrologies for the Evaluation of Bulk GaN
Shinji Tadaki, Fujitsu Laboratories (Japan)
Surface Deterioration of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2 Phosphor for Plasma
Display Panels
Jean Toulouse, Lehigh University
Local Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Doped Tellurite Glasses
Photostrictive Actuators—New Perspective
Bruce Wessels, Northwestern University
Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films for Optical Applications
Sponsored by
Electronics Division
Glass & Optical Materials Division
Allan J. Bruce, Lucent Technologies
Venkat Gopalan, Pennsylvania State University
Basavaraj Hiremath, Tyco Submarine Systems Ltd.
Burtrand Lee, Clemson University
Man F. Yan, Lucent Technologies
A3. Ceramics for Wireless
Technologies
The rapid growth in radio frequency (RF) wireless products is creating a revolution in information and communication technologies.
Advances in wireless applications are highly dependent upon
improvements in microwave materials and new developments in
processing methods for microwave devices. In particular, sophisticated electronic ceramics are the basis for high-frequency capacitors and magnetic components. Multilayer ceramic devices and
packages, primarily those based on low-temperature co-fired
ceramic technologies, also are playing an important role in integration of functions, miniaturization of products and in improving system performance. In addition, integration of microwave dielectrics
in thin-film form is being investigated for applications ranging from
decoupling capacitors to frequency-tunable elements for superconducting filters.
86
Invited Speakers
Neil Alford, South Bank University (United Kingdom)
Microwave Dielectric Loss
Orlando Auciello, Argonne National Laboratory
Science and Technology of (BaxSr1-x)Ti1+yO3+z Thin Films for Voltage
Tunable Devices
Peter Barnwell, Heraeus (United Kingdom)
Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic Systems — A View of the Critical
Materials Properties and Applications
David Cruickshank, Alpha-Trans Tech
Current Trends in Microwave Ceramics Technology
Masayuki Fujimoto, Taiyo Yuden Corp. (Japan)
Structural Control of Electronic Ceramic Thin Films
Ed Graddy, Kyocera America Inc.
Multilayer Ceramic Packaging for Wireless Applications
Jeanne Pavio, Motorola
Characteristics of the Multilayer Ceramic Technology and its
Significance to the Wireless Markets
Clive Randall, Pennsylvania State University
Bismuth Pyrochlore: A Material for High Frequency NPO Integration
Nava Setter, Ecole Polytechnic Federale Lausanne (Switzerland)
Tuning of Polar and High-K Dielectrics for Microwave Applications
Vern Stygar, Ferro Corp.
New Developments in A6 Microwave LTCC Materials System
Veena Tikare, Sandia National Laboratory
Mesoscale Sintering Modeling for Process Control of Multilayered
Ceramics for Wireless Technologies
Stu Wolf, DARPA
Frequency Agile Materials for Electronics
Sponsored by
Motorola Ceramic Technologies Research Lab
Pradeep Phule, University of Pittsburgh
Duane Dimos, Sandia National Laboratories
Amar S. Bhalla, Pennsylvania State University
Steve Dai, Motorola Inc.
Dean Anderson, Pennsylvania State University
A4. Structure and Properties of
Advanced Nitrides and
Electronic Nitrides
Nitrides are important ceramic materials with vast applications in
many industrial sectors. Their applications range from structural materials to microelectronics, from opto-electronics to photonics, from
coating to sensors, from light emitting diodes to solid state lasers, and
microwave power switches, just to mention a few. In recent years, new
methods of synthesizing and characterizing different types of nitrides
have been actively pursued. On the other hand, fundamental scientific
issues on the novel properties and phenomena that will control the
device performance have not been adequately addressed.
Special focus will be on the newly discovered cubic nitrides with spinel structure and electronic nitrides. Materials of interest include
Si3N4, TiNx, ZrNx, GaN and other wide band-gap nitrides, SiAlON, Li3N,
CaNiN, conductive nitrides, carbon nitrides, mixture of Si-B-C-N, oxynitride glasses and intergranular thin films. Special attention will be
on the potential new applications, novel experimental techniques,
and predictive theoretical/computational studies.
Invited Speakers
Andrzej Badzian, Pennsylvania State University
Stability of Silicon Carbonitride Phases
Rowland Cannon, University of California
Wetting and Adsorption Mechanisms at Grain Boundaries in Nitride
Ceramics
Wai-Yim Ching, University of Missouri-Kansas City
Theoretical Prediction of the Structure and Properties of Cubic
Spinel Nitrides
David Clarke, University of California-Santa Barbara
Two-Stage Growth of High-Quality GaN by Hydride Vapor Phase
Epitaxy
Michael Hoffmann, University of Karlsruhe (Germany)
Impact of Intergranular Films on the Microstructure and Properties
of Silicon Nitride Ceramics
Hongxing Jiang, Kansas State University
III-Nitride Quantum Well Microstructures and Microdevices
Hans-Joachim Kleebe, Colorado School of Mines
Grain Boundary Structures in Si3N4 and SiC Ceramics; A
Comparative Study
John Lowther, University of Witwatersrand (South Africa)
Symmetric Structures in New Ultra Hard Materials
Giuseppe Pezzotti, Kyoto Institute of Technology (Japan)
Mechanism of Dopant-Induced Changes in Viscosity of SiO2-Based
Intergranular Films in Polycrystalline Si3N4 Ceramics
Ralf Reidel, Darmstadt University of Technology (Germany)
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Group IV Element Nitrides
Toshimori Sekine, NIRIM (Japan)
Shock Synthesis of Cubic Silicon Nitride
Yoshiyuki Sugahara, Waseda University (Japan)
Preparation of AlN-Based Ceramics Using Cage-type Compounds
Possessing Al-N Backbone as Precursors
Isao Tanaka, Kyoto University (Japan)
First Principles Calculations of Defect and Other Imperfections in
Nitrides
Enge Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China)
Nitride-Related Nanomaterials by Chemical Vapor Deposition:
Structures and Properties
ACers Employment Center &
NEW Career Fair
For years, ACerS has sponsored a very successful Employment
Center at Annual Meeting. Last year more
than 350 jobs were posted! So how do we top that? We’re
expanding!
As in the past, the Employment Center will post job openings,
collect resumes, offer on-site interview space, and schedule
interviews at the potential employer’s request. Postings may
be internships or anywhere from entry level up to executive
management. To submit job postings prior to April 16, e-mail
job descriptions to baldwin@alfred.edu; after this date please
submit on site.
New this year… We’re offering a Career Fair, whereby companies and universities alike are invited to promote themselves
to job candidates and to prospective graduate students.
Tabletop displays are being offered for the duration of this
4-day event. Have your recruiter contact the ACerS
Membership Manager (gmoon@acers.org) for more details on
the tabletop displays. You need not be a meeting registrant to
display or submit job postings.
So whether you’re looking for a job or thinking about going to
graduate school, grab your resume and come check out the
possibilities!
Employment Center & Career Fair Hours
Sunday, April 22
Monday, April 23
Tuesday, April 24
Wednesday, April 25
12:30–5 p.m.
10:30 a.m.–6:30 p.m.*
9 a.m.–5 p.m.
9 a.m.–Noon
*Networking Reception to be held 5–6:30 p.m.
Sponsored by
Wai-Yim Ching, University of Missouri-Kansas City
Isao Tanaka, Kyoto University, Japan
87
Symposia B
The Impact of Ceramics in Energy Manipulation and
the Environment
B1. Materials for Electrochemical
Energy Conversion and Storage
The exponential growth in portable electronic devices and the interest to develop electric vehicles have created intense worldwide
activity on electrochemical power sources. This symposium will focus
on materials for batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors.
In addition, oxygen separation membranes, electrochemical sensors,
electrochemical processes, transport properties, defect chemistry
and thermodynamic aspects will be covered. Other topics to be discussed include all types of electrochemical materials and devices as
well as fundamental and applied aspects of solid state electrochemistry.
Invited Speakers
Roy Benedek, Argonne National Laboratory
Intermetallic Electrodes for Lithium Batteries
Henny Bouwmeester, University of Twente (The Netherlands)
Oxygen Permeation through Mixed-Conducting Perovskite Oxide
Membranes
Clare Grey, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Lithium NMR Studies of Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of
Cathode Materials
James McBreen, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Structure-Property Relationships in Cathodes for Lithium-Ion
Batteries
Nguyen Minh, Honeywell
Development Trends In Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology
Pinakin Patel, Fuel Cell Energy, Inc.
Carbonate Fuel Cells: World-Wide Technology Status and
Opportunities for Ceramic Materials
Prabhakar Singh, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Development of Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Power
Generation Systems for Automotive and Land-Based Applications
Harry Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Role of Mixed Conductors in Energy Conversion and Storage
Atsuo Yamada, SONY Corp. (Japan)
Olivine-Type Cathodes for Lithium Batteries
Sponsored by
Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division
The Electrochemical Society
88
Arumugam Manthiram, University of Texas at Austin
Prashant Kumta, Carnegie Mellon University
S.K. Sundaram, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Gerbrand Ceder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
B2.Science and Technology in
Addressing Environmental Issues in the Ceramic Industry
In today’s world of increasingly stringent environmental regulations, it is critical to identify and adequately address environmental
issues in the ceramic industry to ensure success. In the ceramic
manufacturing industries, companies are dealing with more stringent air emission standards, hazardous materials laws, and clean
water regulations. In most cases, these same standards apply in
research and development, manufacturing and university environments.
In ceramic manufacturing, companies are beginning to focus on
“green ceramics,” performing “life cycle analyses,” and adopting
“environmental stewardship” to manufacture environmentally
friendly products. These areas also have led to development of
innovative processing approaches and novel environmental treatment technologies, which are being developed to address these
more stringent regulations. In developing these technologies, an
improved scientific understanding of the industrial processes and
treatment technologies is often obtained.
Sponsored by
Refractory Ceramics Division
Legislative & Public Affairs Committee
Environmental Stewardship Committee
Ceramic Manufacturing Council
Environmental Protection Agency
Dane R. Spearing, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Gary L. Smith, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Carol Jantzen, Savannah River Company
Richard A. Haber, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Camilla Warren, Environmental Protection Agency
Kyei-Sing (Jasper) Kwong, Albany Research Center
Vijay Jain, Southwest Research Institute
Corporate Environmental
Achievement Award
Presentations
Student Activities
Unifrax Corp.
Isofrax—A Lung-Soluble Insulation Fiber
Murata Electronics North America
B4.Ceramic Science and
Technology
for the Nuclear Industry
Ceramics and glasses play a critical role in the nuclear industry. Nuclear fuels and waste forms for low-level and high-level
radioactive, mixed, and hazardous wastes are primarily either
ceramic or glass. New materials, processes, and applications
are being developed and deployed throughout the world
today.
Invited Speakers
Prof. Grambow, (France)
Pavel Hrma, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Carol Jantzen, Savannah River Technology Center
B.P. McGrail, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Eric R. Vance, ANSTO (Australia)
Paul Woskov, Massachusetts Insititue of Technology
Sponsored by
Cements Division
S.K. Sundaram, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Vijay Jain, Southwest Research Institute
John D. Vienna, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Robert L. Putnam, Los Alamos National Laboratory
For more information on student activities, contact the
Membership Department at gmoon@acers.org or 614/7945859.
This reception will be held on Monday, April 23, from 5– 6:30
p.m. at the site of the Employment Center and Career Fair.
Attendees are invited to come have a bite to eat, do some
networking and explore career opportunities. Experienced
professionals from throughout the ceramics industries will be
in attendance to field your career questions — look for individuals wearing a “Mentor” ribbon.
CEC National Student Speaking Contest
The Ceramic Educational Council (CEC) will sponsor a student
speaking contest to encourage undergraduate students to
present technical papers and to improve their skills in the
techniques of presentation. Undergraduate ceramic students
from universities across the country will receive travel stipends for participation and compete for cash and other prizes. The speaking contest semifinals will take place from 1–3
p.m. on Sunday, April 22, and the finals from 4–5 p.m. Come
see if your school wins!
CEC & Keramos Student Poster Competitions
The Ceramic Educational Council (CEC) will sponsor a graduate student poster competition and Keramos will sponsor an
undergraduate poster competition, both of which will take
place during the Society poster session on Monday, April 23,
between 1–5 p.m. Participants compete for cash prizes.
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers and Ceramic
Education Council Sessions
Materials Science Versus Ceramic Engineering: Parasitic or
Symbiotic?
There has been much discussion regarding the future of
ceramic engineering and even materials science educational
programs. Faced with dwindling student numbers departments are forced to analyze the reasons for this: what is the
rationale for students choosing materials over ceramics? or
other engineering disciplines over materials? Whom does
industry want to hire?
Presentations will include:
• A review of enrollment statistics-CE vs. MSE
• Salary data for the engineering disciplines
• What is the industry profile
Student Congress Sessions
The ACerS/NICE Student Congress will be holding special sessions open to all student attendees. Watch the Bulletin for
more details.
(Continued on page 100)
89
Symposia C
Ceramics in Biomedical, Chemical and Mechanical
Applications
C1.Ceramic Coatings for Thermal,
Environmental and Mechanical
Applications
This symposium will focus on recent advancements in ceramic
coatings for thermal, environmental and mechanical applications.
The symposium will address the design, processing, characterization and degradation of ceramic coatings. Talks will include presentations on the systems approach to coating design, novel coating
materials, testing and characterization methodologies, chemical
and microstructural evolution, failure mechanisms and life prediction for coating systems.
Invited Speakers
Bill Clyne, Cambridge University
The Effect of Top Coat Sintering on Ceramic Spallation in Plasma
Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings
Anthony Evans, Princeton University
Challenges and Opportunities for Prime-Reliant High Temperature
Coating Systems and Open Discussion: Failure Mechanisms and Life
Modeling For High Temperature Coatings
Edwin Fuller, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Physical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings via Simulations and
Experiments
Michael Maloney, Pratt & Whitney
Open Discussion: Complex Oxides for Thermal Barrier Applications
Sanjay Sampath, University of New York at Stony Brook
On the Processing-Microstructure-Property Relationships in
Thermal Sprayed Ceramic Coatings
Irene Spitsberg, GE Aircraft Engines
On Failure Mechanisms of TBCs with PtNiAl Diffusion Bond
Coatings
Haydn Wadley, University of Virginia
Pore Morphology Control in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thermal
Barrier Coatings
David Wortman, GE Central Research & Development
Open Discussion: Thermal Conductivity (Practical Measurement
and Coating Engineering)
Sponsored by
Engineering Ceramics Division
Daniel R. Mumm, Princeton University
Leon L. Shaw, University of Connecticut
J.P. Singh, Argonne National Laboratory
90
C2.Ceramic Matrix Composites
This symposium will provide an international forum for scientists,
engineers and technologists to discuss and exchange ideas on the
state-of-the-art ceramic composites.
Invited Speakers
Maher Amer, Wright State University
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy in Composite Micromechanics
James A. DiCarlo, NASA Glenn Research Center
Factors Limiting the Upper Use-Temperature of Structural CMC
Rainer Gadow, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
Manufacturing of Ceramic Matrix Composites for Automotive
Applications
Yutaka Kagawa, University of Tokyo (Japan)
Quantitative Evaluation of Damages and Residual Properties of
CFCCs by Using Non-Contact Method
Ronald J. Kerans, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory
Oxidation Resistant Interface Control in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics
Waltraud T. Kriven, University of Illinois-Urbana Champagne
Design of Oxide Laminates and Fibrous Monolithic Composites
Jacques Lamon, Laboratoire des Composites
Fatigue Behavior at High Temperatures of SiC/SiC Composites with
a Multilayered Interphase or Matrix
Frank W. Zok, University of California-Santa Barbara
Fracture Resistance of Porous Matrix Ceramic Composites
Sponsored by
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers
Narottam P. Bansal, NASA John H. Glenn Research Center
H.T. Lin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
C3.Chemical Sensors for Hostile
Environments
Because of the recent emergence of concern over environmental
pollution and efficiency in a variety of industrial processes, considerable activity exists in the development of new sensor technology.
Unfortunately, much of this is fragmented and not always directly
applicable to making reliable measurements in the harsh industrial
environments found in the aerospace, steel, heat treating, metal
casting, polymer, glass, ceramic, pulp and paper, automotive, utility
and power industries. Also, since most of the sensor development
efforts are based on empirical and/or trial-and-error methods, a fundamental understanding of the sensing and degradation mechanisms is lacking.
There will be sessions on synthesis and fabrication of devices, simulation and modeling, MEMS devices, SAW devices, electronic nose,
etc.
Invited Speakers
Prabir Dutta, Ohio State University
Harsh Environment Ceramic Oxide Sensors
Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University
Preparation and Characterization of In-Doped Calcium Zirconate at
the Electrolyte in Hydrogen Sensors for Use in Molten Aluminum
Gary Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center
Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Harsh Environment
Aerospace Applications
Rangachary Mukundan, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Solid-State Electrochemical Sensors for Automotive Applications
MEMS and Resonant-Based Sensors for Harsh Environments: New
Developments
Werner Weppner, Christian-Albrechts-University (Germany)
Ceramic Solid Electrolyte Sensors for Environmental and Process
Control
Noboru Yamazoe, Kyushu University (Japan)
Importance of Gas Diffusion in Semiconductor Gas Sensors
Sponsored by
Girish M. Kale, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Sheikh Akbar, Ohio State University
Meilin Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology
C4.Materials for Medicine and
Biotechnology
Inorganic materials are among the most easily tailored to specific
applications and they are ubiquitous in both medicine and technology. Yet in many ways applications of these materials in these areas
are not always well-known. This symposium will seek to integrate
presentations about both polymers and metals with ceramics and
glasses. Included will be composite biomedical and biotechnological materials, encompassing one or more of the above material
groups. Many of the issues identified in using materials in the biomedical arena are the same as those in the biotechnology community.
Potential applications such as orthopedics, drug delivery, drug
therapeutics, tissue engineering, diagnostics, molecular biology
and genetics, will be covered.
Invited Speakers
Alan Goldstein, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Bioinformatics: A Revolution Driven by an Engine made of Glass
D. St. Julian, Corning Inc.
Delivery and Management of Biofluids with Glass Geometry and
Surface Coatings
Sponsored by
Alexis Clare, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Gary S. Fischman, University of Illinois at Chicago
Melissa Crimp, Michigan State University
Richard P. Rusin, 3M Co.
Irene M. Peterson, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Hotel Information
A block of rooms has been reserved at special convention
rates until March 22, 2001, at the following hotels:
Indianapolis Marriott Downtown (headquarters)
Single: $134 Double: $144 Triple: $154 Quad: $164
Hyatt Regency Indianapolis
Single: $134 Double: $144 Triple: $157 Quad: $170
Courtyard by Marriott Downtown
Single: $114 Double: $114
Raddison Hotel City Centre
Single: $116 Double: $126
The Housing Bureau will handle all hotel reservations. For
best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at www.indy.org/conventions or www.ceramics.org. You also can mail or fax the form on page 105 to the
Housing Bureau.
Acknowledgements will be sent after each reservation booking, modification and/or cancellation. Review acknowledgements carefully for accuracy. If you do not receive an acknowledgement within 14 days after any transaction, please call the
Housing Bureau at 317/684-2573.
A one-night (plus 11% tax) advance deposit is required for
each room requested. Checks will be deposited 30 days prior
to arrival date. Credit card processing will be held until checkout. A $25 cancellation fee will be charged for reservations
cancelled on or after March 2. Reservations cancelled on or
after April 6 or no shows will be charged by the hotel.
Make your reservations early. After March 22, reservations will
be accepted on a space available basis only and the special
rates may not apply.
91
Symposia D
Cross Cutting Issues
D1.Merging Length Scales in
Theory, Modeling and Simulations
of Materials
Design and processing of advanced new materials is typically labor
intensive and costly, and the time to apply is usually lengthy.
Materials theory, modeling, and computational simulations provide
a powerful new paradigm for rationally designing, processing and
prototyping advanced materials and their properties. Use of these
tools continues to develop at a rapid pace. However, often the
efforts at various length scales – from atomistic to mesoscopic to
continuum – do not communicate with each other, and more seriously, do not communicate with the experimental community.
Invited Speakers
James Chelikowski, University of Minnesota
Pressure Induced Amorphization in Quartz
Andrey Kalinichev, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign
Molecular Dynamics of Ionic Sorption and Diffusion on the Surfaces
of Cement Phases
Pawel Keblinski, Rensselaer Polytechnique University
Structure and High-Temperature Behavior of Grain Boundaries in
Covalent Ceramics
Michael Marder, University of Texas
Atomic Effects in Brittle Fracture
David Vanderbilt, Rutgers University
Ferroelectric Domain Walls in PbTiO3
Sponsored by
Cements Division
Edwin R. Fuller Jr., National Institute of Standards and Technology
John Kieffer, University of Illinois
Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology
D2.Synthesis and Processing of
Nanostructured Materials
Nanomaterials, the materials confined in length in nanoscale
(< 100 nm) at least in one dimension, have been identified as
the foundation for a variety of future nanotechnologies. Synthesis
and processing of inorganic nanomaterials and nanocomposites as
well as the correlation between properties and nanostructures
remain exciting and challenging areas to be explored. A full
92
understanding in the chemistry and physics occurring during the
synthesis processes is required for a better control over the microstructure of the materials.
Invited Speakers
Siu-Wai Chan, Columbia University
Characteristics of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles
Lian Gao, Shanghai Institute (China)
Preparation and Microstructure of YAG-Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Michael Harris, University of Maryland
Micropatterning of Nanoparticles During Evaporation of Organosol
Drops and Bridges
Yuhong Huang, Chemat Technologies Inc.
Application of Functional Ceramic and Hybrid Nanostructure
Coating
Chen-Feng Kao, National Cheng Kung University
Synthesis of Strontium Silicate Film from Hydrothermal Process
Burtrand Lee, Clemson University
Nanoparticle Synthesis via Surface Modification
S. Lee, City University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
Oxide-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Semiconductor
Nanowires
Meilin Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology
Mesoporous and Nanostructured Mixed-Conducting Electrodes for
Solid-State Ionic Devices
Kelly Malone, Auburn University
Formation and Oxidation Kinetics of Small Gold Crystallites in
Photoresponsive Polymer Gels
Alon Mccormick, University of Minnesota
How Do Multicomponent Sol/Gel Matrices Grow?
Thomas Niesen, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany)
Deposition of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films on Organic SelfAssembled Monolayers by a Continuous Flow Technique
Stephen O’Brien, Columbia University
Time Resolved In Situ X-ray Powder Diffraction Studies of the
Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials
Wolfgang Pompe, Dresden University (Germany)
Formation of Metallic Nanostructures on Biomolecular Templates
Massimo Viviani, ICFAM/CNR
Low-Temperature Aqueous Synthesis of Nanosized BaTiO3 Particles
by Batch and Continuous Processes
Zhong Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology
Self-Assembly of Shape Controlled Magnetic Nanocrystals
William Warren, DARPA
Prospects for Nanoscience
J. Ying, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nanostructure Processing of Advanced Materials
Masahiro Yoshimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
Direct Patterning of Ceramics with Controlled Nano/Microstructures
in Solutions without Post-Firing
Sponsored by
Michael Z. Hu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Akihisa Inoue, Tohoku University, Japan
Zhonglin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology
S.W. Chan, Columbia University
Panel Discussion
The National Nanotechnology
Initiative: Opportunities for
Education, Collaboration and
Research
Hailed as the most ambitious national research investment since
the Sputnik days, nanotechnology has spurred considerable
nation-wide interest across many walks of life — from ordinary
citizens to politicians and from scientists to engineers. An invited panel of experts in academia, industry, national laboratories
and several funding agencies will be assembled to have an open
discussion and dialogue about opportunities for research and
education within the national nanotechnology initiative.
Panel Organizers
Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University
Nitin P. Padture, University of Connecticut
D3.Defects, Transport and
Related
Phenomena
This symposium focuses on defects, transport and related phenomena in crystalline and noncrystalline ceramics. The sessions
will contain a brief review of the history of this area in combination with reports on very recent research results and a discussion of recognized, but still unsolved problems.
Invited Speakers
Harlan Anderson, University of Missouri-Rolla
Influence of Microstructure on the Nonstoichometry in Ceria
and Zirconia Thin Films
Donald Ellis, Northwestern University
Atomistic and Density Functional Methodology for Defect
Structures of Oxide Ceramics
Klaus Funke, University of Münster (Germany)
Dynamics of Mobile Ions in Crystals, Glasses and Melts,
Described by the Concept of Mismatch and Relaxation
Robin Grimes, Los Alamos National Laboratory (on leave from
Imperial College, London, U.K.)
Simple Approaches to Predicting Property Trends in Defective
Oxides
Hajime Haneda, National Institute for Research in Inorganic
Materials (Japan)
Oxygen Diffusion and Oxygen Defect Structure in Zinc Oxide
Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University
Electrical Conductivity due to Nondiffusive Ion Movement in Glasses
and Complex Crystals
John Kieffer, University of Illinois
Lyapunov Spectra and Atomic Transport Coefficients
Philippe Knauth, Universite de Provence (France)
Defects and Transport in Nanostructured Ceramics
Joachim Maier, Max-Planck-Institut für Festkorperforschung (Germany)
Mesoscopic Ion Transport in Nanosized Ceramics
Manfred Martin, University of Aachen (Germany)
Cation Diffusion in Doped Lanthanum Gallates
Hj. Matzke, Institute for Transuranium Elements (Germany)
Diffusion and Damage Effects in Nuclear Fuels
Cornelius Moynihan, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Electrical Relaxation in Ionically Conducting Glasses
Truls Norby, University of Oslo (Norway)
Solubility and Location of Protons in Oxides — Correlations and
Modeling
R. Ramesh, University of Maryland
Defects in Perovskite Ferroelectric Thin Films
Bernhard Roling, University of Münster (Germany)
Conductivity Spectroscopy on Ion Conducting Glasses
Yoed Tsur, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology (Israel)
The Change in Charge-Compensation Mechanism in Donor Doped
Barium Titanate
Rainer Waser, University of Aachen (Germany)
Defects and Transport in Donor-Doped SrTiO3 — A New Model
Sponsors
Rüdiger Dieckmann, Cornell University
David Sidebottom, University of New Mexico
Harry L. Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Registration Information
Complete the meeting registration form on page 103 and
send it with payment to The American Ceramic Society. You
can register by phone, fax, mail or via the ACerS web site
(www.ceramics.org). Refer to the top of the registration form
on page 103 for specific details.
Register before March 23, 2001, and save $100 on the full
conference registration fees. If you can’t stay all week, take
advantage of the Monday-only registration fee of $99. This
will allow you to travel on Saturday to take advantage of
lower airfares, attend the Sunday night reception and still
have all day Monday for technical sessions and the
Exposition.
Refunds will be assessed a $25 processing fee. Cancellations
must be received in writing by April 4, 2001. No refunds will
be granted after April 4, 2001.
93
Symposia E
Ceramic Processing
E1. Interfacial Chemistry and
Segregation Phenomena in Ceramics
Internal interfaces are pervasive in most conventional and modern
ceramics, and in many cases, the grain boundaries or heterophase
interfaces can influence or even control macroscopic material properties. This symposium will focus on ceramic materials, including
structural, electronic and electrochemical ceramics, whose properties can be controlled through interface engineering.
Sponsored by
Narottam P. Bansal, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
Amit Bandyopadhyay, Washington State University
Lisa C. Klein, Rutgers University
Invited Speakers
Ranier Hagenbeck, Infineon Technologies AG (Germany)
Electrical Properties of Grain Boundaries in Mixed-Conducting
Titanate Ceramics
Eduardo Saiz, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Wetting, Adhesion and Diffusion at Oxide/Metal Interfaces
Sponsors
Organizing Committee
Elizabeth Dickey, University of Kentucky
Mehmet Gülgün, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Germany
Kathleen Alexander, Los Alamos National Laboratory
E2. Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites
Innovative techniques are needed for synthesis and processing of
novel ceramic and composite materials and their fabrication in various forms, shapes and complex structures.
Invited Speakers
David Green, Pennsylvania State University
Mechanical Behavior of Dry-Pressed Powder Compacts
Chen-Feng Kao, National Cheng Kung University (China)
Electrical Properties of Strontium Silicate by Hydrothermal
Processing
Rustum Roy, Pennsylvania State University
Unprecedented “Anisothermal” Solid State Reactions: Manifestation
and Proof of Microwave Effects
Masahiro Yoshimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
Direct Fabrication of Patterned Ceramics Film by Soft Solution
Processing
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Travel Information
ACerS has selected Stellar Access as the official travel agency
for this meeting. Call 1-800/929-4242 and ask for Group #645
to receive the following discounts or the lowest available
fares on any other carrier:
American Airlines and US Airways – Save five percent to 10
percent on lowest applicable fares. Take an additional five
percent off with minimum 60 day advance purchase.
Northwest Airlines – Save between $35 to $120 on the lowest
applicable fares.
You must travel between April 17–30, 2001, to receive the
special fares.
Avis Rent-A-Car – Special rates with unlimited free mileage.
When calling Stellar Access at 1-800/929-4242, ask for Group
#645. Outside U.S. and Canada, call 619/232-4298 or
fax to 619/232-6497.
NOTE: First time users must register and refer to your Group
#645.
Reservation hours:
Monday–Friday, 6:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. PST
Web site:
www.stellaraccess.com
Division & Class Programming
Invited speakers and the titles of their presentations are included. For a complete list of sessions, abstracts and authors, see the ACerS
web site and the Online Conference Management System at www.ceramics.org. Watch future issues of the Bulletin for the Advance
Program (March) and the Final Program (April).
Art Division
The Art Division will provide a wide broad base of topics for this
meeting. In addition, the Art Division will sponsor an ACerS Artists
Workshop on Sunday, April 22, featuring Richard Bresnahan.
Keynote Speaker
James Klein, KleinReid
Betwixt: Creating a Space between Art and Design
Session Organizers
Derek Gordon, Columbus Clay
Karen Terpstra, University of Wisconsin
BSD1.Combinatorial Studies of Ceramic
Materials
Combinatorial methods, which involve parallel synthesis of arrays
of materials and high throughput characterization of properties,
have been extended beyond the initial pharmaceutical applications
to a host of inorganic materials. Recently, this methodology has
been used for the discovery of new materials for a variety of functional ceramic components, such as dielectrics for dynamic random
access memory and voltage tunable wireless devices and phosphors for optical devices.
Advances in this area depend upon the development of novel
methods for fabricating sample arrays, tools for small area, rapid
measurements of properties and structure, and informatics techniques for analyzing and managing large amounts of data.
Invited Speakers
Hauyee Chang
Measurements of Microwave Dielectric Properties in the
Combinatorial Approach
Hans Christen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Epitaxial Films and Superlattices of PLD-CCS
Daniel Giaquinta, Symyx Technologies
Synthesis of Inorganic Materials by Combinatorial Solution
Deposition Techniques
David Ginley, NREL
Combinatorial Approaches to Novel TCOs
Paul McGinn, University of Notre Dame
Considerations in Combinatorial Processing of Oxides
Peter Schenck, National Institute of Standards & Technology
Combinatorial PLD Fabrication and High-Throughput
Characterization of Thin Film Libraries
Robert van Dover, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies
Composition-Spread Exploration of Electronic and Photonic
Materials
Session Organizers
Debra L. Kaiser, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Lynn F. Schneemeyer, Bell Laboratories Lucent Technologies
BSD2.Ceramics for Microtechnology
Microtechnology, whether in microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidics, or photonics, presents
copious opportunities for materials scientists and engineers to contribute to a rapidly growing field expected to have a tremendous
impact on our world. Many ceramic materials systems and processing technologies are well suited to these applications.
Session Organizers
Harold D. Ackler, AnSyn Microsystems, Inc.
Kurt R. Mikeska, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
BSD3.Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics
Emphasis will be placed on mechanical behavior associated with
ceramic composite materials (where ceramics represent all components, or only one component). In addition, reliability of ceramic
materials, as well as thin films and mechanics of interfaces will be
discussed. All aspects of mechanical behavior including theory,
computational modeling and experimental studies on elasticity,
plasticity, creep, fatigue, environmental effects, wear and fracture
will be covered in these sessions.
Invited Speakers
Rowland Cannon, University of California
Interfacial Fracture at Nb/Al2O3 Bicrystal Interfaces: Interfacial
Chemistry Effects on Mechanisms
Jürgen Rödel, Darmstadt University of Technology (Germany)
Ferroelectric Toughening in PZT
Luc Vandeperre, Cambridge University
Limited Thermal Shock Damage Through Crack Deflecting
Interfaces
Session Organizers
David C. Pender, General Electric Company
Rajendra K. Bordia, University of Washington
BSD4.The “Versatile” Perovskites: Crystal
Chemical Architecture and Unusual Properties
Perovskite oxides both delight and challenge the ceramist with
their wide range of properties, despite their nominally similar structures. These properties range from well-known ferroelectric behavior to unusual magneto-transport phenomena and catalytic activity.
Invited Speakers
Nigel Browning, University of Illinois
Atomic Scale Structure Property Relationships at Perovskite Grain
Boundaries
95
John B. Goodenough, University of Texas
Vibronic States in Perovskites
M. Saiful Islam, University of Surrey (United Kingdom)
Ionic Transport and Defects in Perovskite Oxides: A Computer
Modeling Tour
Paul McIntyre, Stanford University
Point Defect Chemistry and Reliability of Thin Film Perovskite
Dielectrics
Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California
Thermochemistry of Charge Balanced Ionic Substitution in
Perovskites and Perovskite Related Materials
Session Organizer
Sossina M. Haile, California Institute of Technology
BSD5.Crystallographic Texture in
Ceramic
Applications
Preferred orientation and anisotropy is increasingly recognized as
an important aspect of microstructural characterization for ceramic
materials. Processing routes to control preferred orientation continue to be developed and refined. The effects of preferred orientation
on properties and property anisotropy have been documented in a
number of ceramic materials. However, predictive models for orientation effects are still in their early stages.
Session Organizers
Mark D. Vaudin, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Keith Bowman, Purdue University
BSD6.Special Session in Honor of Prof.
Arthur H.
Heuer on his 65th Birthday
In a distinguished career spanning more than four decades,
Professor Arthur H. Heuer has made major contributions throughout the field of technical ceramics. As a researcher, teacher and
mentor, Heuer helped to develop topics such as electron microscopy and transformation toughening of ceramics from their earliest
stages into cornerstones of modern ceramic science and technology. More recently, the scope of his work has expanded to include
new fields, such as bioceramics and materials for microelectromechanical systems, whose impact will be felt well into the 21st century.
The goal of the session, in addition to honoring the work of a
Distinguished Life Member of The American Ceramic Society, will
be to present both a retrospective and prospective view of technical ceramics and ceramics research -- how they have developed,
their current status, and where they are headed.
Invited Speakers
Rowland M. Cannon, University of California
Creep of Polycrystalline Alumina Revisited: A Search for
Mechanisms
Jacques Castaing, Centre National de la Recherche (France)
Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Tool for Understanding
Materials Processing in Ancient Times
David R. Clarke, University of California
What Can High-Temperature Oxidation Tell Us about Grain
96
Boundary Diffusion in Alumina?
Nils Claussen, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg (Germany)
Liquid-Reaction Processing of Ceramic Composites
Mark De Guire, Case Western Reserve University
Ceramic Thin Films Deposited at Low Temperatures from Aqueous
Solutions: Review and Recent Results
Arturo Dominguez-Rodriguez, Universidad de Sevilla (Spain)
Creep of Zirconia: From Single Crystals to Nanoceramics
Anthony G. Evans, Princeton University
The Resilient Mechanical Behavior of Nacre
Richard H.J. Hannink, CSIRO Manufacturing Science & Technology
(Australia)
Transformation Toughening in Zirconia
Martin P. Harmer, Lehigh University
Sintering: More Maps, Myths and Marvels
K. Peter D. Lagerlöf, Case Western Reserve University
Deformation Twinning of Sapphire (α-Al2O3)
Fred F. Lange, University of California
Nano-Textured, Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces
Brian Lawn, National Institute of Standards & Technology
Failure of Ceramic Coatings on Soft Substrates
Victor L. Lou, General Electric Corp.,
Volatility Diagrams and Gas-Solid Reactions in Ceramics
Mehran Mehregany, Case Western Reserve University and Nine
Sigma
Silicon Carbide MEMS
Terence E. Mitchell, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ceramic Oxide Crystals
Pirouz Pirouz, Case Western Reserve University
On Partial/Perfect Dislocations and Transitions in Yield and Fracture
Properties of SiC
Manfred Rühle, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany)
Transmission Electron Microscopy of SrTiO3
Rolf W. Steinbrech, Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany)
Crack Resistance Curves of Ceramics
Sheldon Wiederhorn, National Institute of Standards & Technology
Wetted Grain Boundaries in Aluminum Oxide
Session Organizers
Mark R. De Guire, Case Western Reserve University
Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University
BSD7.Electrochemically Active Ceramic
Materials
Fundamental research on electrochemically active ceramics is driven by demanding needs for reliable solid state chemical sensors,
novel catalysts and efficient fuel cells. The research involves the
study of materials processing, surface chemistry and physics, interface characteristics, microstructures, defect chemistry, electrical and
electrochemical properties, and theoretical modeling.
Interdisciplinary studies involving other aspects of modern science
and technology, including the fabrication of new materials, interfacial bonding, atomic and electronic structures, crystal defects, interfacial diffusion and segregation also will be highlighted.
Invited Speakers
Gerd Duscher, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Non-Stoichiometric Tilt Grain Boundaries in SrTiO3
Raymond J. Gorte, University of Pennsylvania
The Development of SOFC Anodes for the Direct Oxidation of
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Andrei Kolmakov, Texas A&M
STM Imaging of Oxide Supported Metal Particles: From UHV to
“Real World” Studies
Christina Scheu, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Germany)
Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies of Metal/SrTiO3
Interfaces
Steve Semancik, National Institute of Standards & Technology
Microarray Studies of Processing and Gas Sensing Performance for
Oxide Films
Richard E. Soltis, Ford Motor Co.
Electrochemical Gas Sensors for Automotive Applications
Nanocrystalline Solid State Electrochemical Devices—What’s New
Here?
Session Organizers
Xiaoqing Pan, University of Michigan
George Graham, Ford Motor Company
Gregory Rohrer, Carnegie Mellon University
BSD8.General Session
Discussions that do not fit in the topical symposia co-sponsored by
the Basic Science Division or the focused sessions will be addressed
at the General Sessions.
Program Chairs
Vinayak P. Dravid, Northwestern University
Cements Division
Technical sessions will be organized to cover the science, technology and manufacture of cement and concrete systems as well as
industry trends and challenges.
Program Chair
Weiping Ma, Holnam Inc.
The Electronics Division is sponsoring Society-wide symposia and
divisional focused sessions. Topics traditionally addressed in divisional general sessions will be highlighted in relevant symposia and
focused sessions.
Program Chair
ELEC1.
Advances in Electroactive
Composite
Materials and Devices
Over the course of the past 25 years, remarkable advances have
been made in the development and performance capabilities of
electroactive composite materials and devices. This focused session
is designed to honor the career accomplishments of one of the pioneers in this field, Professor Robert E. Newnham.
Invited Speakers
Ahmed H. Amin, Naval Undersea Warfare Center
1-3 BST Composite Arrays for Pyroelectric Imaging
Garnett C. Horner, NASA Langley Research Center
Flex-Patch, a New Highly Flexible Piezoceramic Composite
Robert E. Newnham, Pennsylvania State University
Functional Composites
Ahmed Safari, Rutgers University
Development of Novel Piezoelectric Composites and Actuators by
Rapid Prototyping
2-2 Piezoelectric Composite Transducers
Session Organizers
James F. Tressler, Naval Research Laboratory
William B. Carlson, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
ELEC2.
High Strain Piezoelectrics
Conventional piezoelectric ceramics for transducer and actuator
applications have electromechanical strains rarely exceeding 10-3.
However, development of high strain (> 10-2) piezoelectric crystals
has stimulated research in the search for novel materials (generally
ferroelectric perovskites) and in the exploration of crystal growth
and/or textured ceramics for commercial and military applications.
Crystal growth with uniform composition is vital for future practical
utilization of this class of materials.
This focused session will provide a forum to report significant progress on these challenging issues.
Invited Speakers
L. Eric Cross, Pennsylvania State University
High Strain Piezoelectrics
Lynn Ewart, NUWC
Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties of Piezoelectric
Single Crystal PMN
Richard Gentilman, Materials Systems Inc.
High Strain Solid-State Converted Piezoelectric Materials
Wesley Hackenberger, TRS Ceramics
Applications for Single Crystal Relaxor Ferroelectrics
Pendhi Han, H.C. Materials Corp.
Progress in Crystal Growth of High Strain Piezocrystals
Martin Harmer, Lehigh University
Single Crystal Growth of PMN-PT by Seeded Polycrystal Conversion
Armen Khachaturyan, Rutgers University
Adaptive Ferroelectric Phases
Focused Sessions
97
Chris Lynch, Georgia Institute of Technology
Characterization of High Strain Material Properties
Gary Messing, Pennsylvania State University
Solid State Growth of Textured High Strain Piezoelectric Materials
Beatriz Noheda, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Monoclinic Phase in PZN-8%PT
Thomas Shrout, Pennsylvania State University
Recent Developments in High Strain Piezoelectrics
David Vanderbilt, Rutgers University
First-Principles Based Calculations of Electromechanical Properties
of PZT and Related Materials.
Session Organizers
Dwight Viehland, Naval Undersea Warfare Center
Carl Wu, Office of Naval Research
ELEC3.
Reliability of Dielectric
Materials and
Devices
Session Organizers
Wayne Huebner, University of Missouri-Rolla
Matthew J. Creedon, Ferro Electronic Materials
Walter Schulze, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Steve Pilgrim, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Wayne Tuohig, Allied Signal FM&T
The Engineering Ceramics Division will include contributions on
mechanical behavior and molding, new ceramics and applications.
Program Chair
M. Singh, NASA John H. Glenn Research Center
Corporate Technical
Achievement Award
Presentation
Ceramic Protection Corp.
Development, Implementation and Commercialization of
Glass & Optical Materials
Division
This year the division will participate in seven interdivisional symposia. We also have organized four focused sessions described
below. In addition, papers will include all other areas of glass science and technology.
General Sessions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compositions, structure and properties of oxide glasses
Commercial glasses
Applications of glass and optical materials
Nucleation and crystallization
Optical fibers and optical fiber systems
Relaxation and the glass transition
Properties of glass-containing composites
Glass surfaces and thin films
Art and history of glass
Program Chair
Eliezer M. Rabinovich, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies
Focused Sessions
GOMD1. Science and Technology of
Vitreous Silica
Vitreous silica (or amorphous silica, or silica glass) is one of the
most important materials. The unique properties of silica allow its
use in a variety of applications with stringent performance requirements. Advances in the processing and characterization of vitreous
silica have helped to fuel the technological revolutions both in
communications and electronics.
Invited Speakers
H. Hosono, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
Defects Formation in SiO2 Glasses by F2 Laser Irradiation
A. Ikushima, Toyota (Japan)
Structural Disorder and Structural Relaxation in Silica Glass
J. Wong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Morphology, Microstructure and Defects in Vitreous Silica Induced
by High Power 3 w UV (355 nm) Laser Pulses
Session Organizer
Minoru Tomozawa, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
GOMD2. New Glazing, Enameling
and Firing
Technologies
The traditional ceramic areas of dinnerware, tile, porcelain enamels,
glass enamels and whitewares have undergone significant technological change and development over the past several years. Such
changes include the changeover to unleaded glazes in dinnerware
and glass deco, the development of floor tile with better abrasion,
wear and slip resistance, and advances in the production of
unglazed porcelainized stoneware. New frits have been developed
both as glaze and enamel components and as body additives.
98
Some of these new frits are classified as crystallizing frits, and incorporate glass-ceramic technology. There also are new developments
in application and decorating technology.
This session is being organized in cooperation with the Whitewares
& Materials Division.
Invited Speakers
Bruno Burzacchini, Ferro Italy
Ink Jet Decoration of Ceramic Tile
S.N. Crichton, Ferro Corp.
New Tile Glazes from Crystallizing Frits.
Session Organizers
Steven Crichton, Ferro Corp.
James A. Jaskowiak, Ferro Corp.
GOMD3. Science and Technology of
Nonoxide
Glasses
Nonoxide glasses have an enormous future potential for enabling
the next-generation photonic technologies. These nontraditional
glasses, which include chalcogenides, fluorides, mixed-halides and
tellurites, exhibit a broad range of properties that can be tailored to
suit a particular application. Among the most useful properties are
the low phonon energies which lead to efficient radiative transitions for the excited states; good rare-earth cation solubilities
which allow for short device lengths; large refractive indices which
lead to enhanced nonlinear properties with potential applications
in all-optical switching.
Invited Speakers
Harold Hwang, Lucent Technologies/Bell-Labs
Optical Properties of Chalcogenide Glasses
Marcel Poulain, University of Rennes (France)
Fluoride and Polyanion Glasses for Active Optical Devices
Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida
Engineering Chalcogenide Glasses for Integrated Optics
Applications
Jas Sanghera, Naval Research Laboratory
IR Applications of Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
Jean Toulouse, Lehigh University
Local Structure and Vibrational Raman Spectra of Doped Tellurite
Glasses
Hiroaki Yanagita, Hoya (Japan)
Non-Silica Glasses for Light Amplification
GOMD4. Modeling of Glass Melting
and Forming
Processes
With rapid evolution of numerical methods and computer technology, mathematical modeling has become increasingly popular in
the glass industry. In order to improve process and product quality,
modeling has been extensively applied to simulate glass flow and
heat transfer characteristics in furnaces, channels, forehearths and
forming devices. It has been used as a cheap and easy insight tool
in glass manufacturing processes where experiments are often
costly and difficult to make.
Invited Speaker
Charles K. Edge, Consultant
Modeling the Float Glass Process: An Overview of Status and Needs
William W. Johnson, Corning Inc.
Beyond Thermally-Driven Molten Glass Convection
Session Organizer
Bruno A. Purnode, Owens Corning Science & Technology Center
Modern refractory materials are a highly engineered product that
has evolved based on material improvements, the push for more
on-line productivity, and the desire for longer service life under a
variety of conditions. Much of this evolution has occurred through
close cooperation between the user and producer of refractories.
Consolidation in industry has altered this relationship and the
exchange of technology. Many common problems exist among
industrial refractory users. Some are being researched by consortiums that can involve refractory users, producers and academia.
Technical discussion of barriers or other issues in refractory materials faced by raw material suppliers, producer of refractories, and
users of refractory materials also will help bring about solutions.
Al Allen Award Lecture
Andrew Wereszczak, Warren Curtus and T.P. Kirkland
Creep of CaO/SiO2 Containing MgO
The Refrectory Ceramics Division will sponsor a plant tour of Lone Star
Cement Co. in Greencastle, Ind., on Tuesday afternoon,
April 24. Space is limited. To reserve your seat on the bus, call the
ACerS Meetings Department at 614/794-5881.
Session Organizer
A. Refik Kortan, Bell Labs of Lucent Technologies
Program Co-chairs
Jeffery D. Smith, University of Missouri-Rolla
James P. Bennett, Albany Research Center – USDOE
99
Whitewares & Materials
Division
General Sessions
The Whitewares & Materials Division program will consist of
focused sessions of invited and contributed papers on topics pertaining to grinding and mixing in conjunction with general sessions
focused on the production and use of whitewares and the materials and equipment used in the production process.
Organizers
James Jaskowiak, Ferro Corp.
Brett Wilson, The Pfaltzgraff Company
NICE2.
Continuing Education via
the World
Wide Web
This will be a focused session organized by NICE addressing the
ways in which the web may be used in distance learning to offer
continuing education to those in the industry. Schools that have
participated in distance learning will present their experiences and
there will be time at the end for a discussion regarding what type
of continuing education opportunities should be offered through
this medium.
Invited Speaker
Paul Johnson, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Web Based Teaching in the New Millennium
National Institute of Ceramic
Engineers and Ceramic
Education Council
NICE1.
Materials Science Versus
Ceramic
Engineering: Parasitic or Symbiotic
There has been much discussion regarding the future of ceramic
engineering and even materials science educational programs.
Faced with dwindling student numbers departments are forced to
analyze the reasons for this: what is the rationale for students
choosing materials over ceramics? or other engineering disciplines
over materials? Whom does industry want to hire?
Presentations will include:
• A review of enrollment statistics – CE vs. MSE
• Salary data for the engineering disciplines
• What is the industry profile
There will follow a panel discussion that will include:
•
•
•
•
Chairs of ceramic programs
Chairs of materials programs born from ceramics
Industries who hire in and out of the discipline
Students
Panelists
Lisa Friedman, Pennsylvania State University
Matthew Hall, NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University
John Helmann, Pennsylvania State University
Tara Milligan, University of Missouri Rolla
Harrie Stevens, Corning Inc.
Session Organizers
John Hellman, Pennsylvania State University
Advisory: A.J. Mercer, Past Chair of Student Congress
100
Student Activities (cont’d)
Student Pages Needed
Earn and learn at the same time. Yes, ACerS will pay you to
attend the technical sessions on Monday through
Wednesday. Your duties as a session page will include assisting session chairs and ACerS staff, taking attendance during
your sessions and running the audio/visual equipment for
presenters. Work at least four sessions and ACerS will refund
your registration fee as well. Interested students can contact
Bob Thompson, page coordinator, at 614/794-5834 or
bthompson@acers.org. Watch the Bulletin and the ACerS web
site for further details.
Student Putting Contest & Mug Drop
ACerS Student Branches create their own ceramic putters
and golf balls to compete in the contest. This fun event will
take place at 7 p.m. on Sunday, April 22, during the Society
Opening Reception. The Keramos Mug Drop Competition will
immediately follow.
ACerS Student Night Out at Jillian’s
Invade Jillian’s en-mass with hundreds of your fellow students on Tuesday night, April 24. Two blocks from the convention center, Jillian’s is an incredible entertainment complex and dining facility where you’re bound to have a good
time. ACerS will jump-start your fun by offering you $10 EAT!
DRINK! PLAY! gift certificates at half price ($5) — limit 3 per
student. See the meeting registration form to order your gift
certificates. Bring along your professor for kicks!
Exposition
Admittance to the Exposition is FREE to all attendees. Companies and organizations will display and demonstrate a wide array of raw materials,
chemicals, manufacturing equipment and services needed to produce and market traditional and advanced ceramics, composites, glass and
refractory products. For information on exposition booth space or to advertise in the April “Official Program” issue of the American Ceramic Society
Bulletin, contact Peter Scott, ACerS advertising & exposition sales manager, at 614/794-5844 or e-mail: pscott@acers.org.
Exposition Hours
Sunday, April 22
Monday, April 23
Tuesday, April 24
6–8 p.m. (Society Reception)
10 a.m.–5 p.m. (Poster Session, 1–5 p.m.)
10 a.m.–3 p.m.
List of 2000 Exhibitors
AACCM
ACerS Book Sales
ADE Phase Shift
AJ Jena Analytical
AKZO Nobel/Permascand
Aluminium Pechiney
American Isostatic Presses, Inc.
Anter Corp.
Applied Ceramics, Inc.
Applied Research Laboratories
ATLASpress, Inc.
Baikowski International Corp.
Basstech International
Beckman Coulter
Bede Scientific, Inc.
Birmingham Metal
Bolt Technical Ceramics, Inc.
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
Carbolite, Inc.
Centorr Vacuum Industries, Inc.
Ceram Research
Ceramic Industry
Ceramics Corridor Innovation Centers
CERAMITEC/Munich Trade Fairs N.A.
CeramTec NA
Cetac Technologies
Chand Kare Technical Ceramics
Chemat Technology, Inc.
Christy Minerals Co.
Cilas U.S. Inc.
CM Furnaces, Inc.
Cometals, Inc.
Corning Lab Services – CELS
Deltech, Inc.
Diacut, Inc.
Digital Instruments
Dorst America, Inc.
Eagle Zinc Co.
Eirich Machines, Inc.
Eisenmann Corp.
Elatec Technology Corp.
Engineered Pressure Systems, Inc.
Exakt Technologies, Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Flow Autoclave Systems, Inc.
Fluent, Inc.
Gasbarre Products, Inc.
Grinding Machines Nuerenberg
H.C. Starck, Inc.
H.T.I.E., Inc.
Haake, Inc.
Harrop Industries, Inc.
HK Technologies, Inc.
Horiba Instruments, Inc.
I Squared R Element Co., Inc.
Indianapolis Convention & Visitors
Assoc.
Ingredient Masters
INTEGREX Testing Systems
J.W. Lemmens, Inc.
JY
Kanthal
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Kyanite Mining Corp.
KZK Powder Tech Corp.
Lafarge Calcium Aluminates, Inc.
Lancaster Products/Kercher
Industries, Inc.
Laser Technology West Ltd.
Linseis, Inc.
Littleford Day, Inc.
Lunzer, Inc.
M.E.G. Systems Corp.
Magneco/Metrel, Inc.
Malakoff Industries, Inc.
Matec Applied Sciences
MBNA America Bank, N.A.
MEI (Magnesium Elektron, Inc.)
Mexican Ceramic Society
Micromeritics Instrument Corp.
Micropyretics Heaters Int’l, Inc.
N.I.C.E.
Nabaltec GmbH
Nabertherm GmbH
Netzsch Instruments, Inc.
New Castle Refractories
New England Section of ACerS
Northeast Tenn Valley Reg. Ind.
Norton Company Abrasives
Nutro
NYS College of Ceramics
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Orton Ceramic Foundation
Oxy-Gon Industries, Inc.
Ozark Technical Ceramics
Pegasus Glassworks, Inc.
Philips Analytical
Poco Graphite, Inc.
Porous Materials, Inc.
Porvair Advanced Materials, Inc.
Princeton Gamma-Tech, Inc.
PTX-Pentronix, Inc.
Quantachrome Corp.
R.D. Webb Co.
Radiant Technologies, Inc.
Rauschert Technical Ceramics
Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics
Sapko
SciVision
SecondWave Systems Corp.
Setaram, Inc.
Sonic-Mill
Specialty Glass, Inc.
St. Louis Metallizing
Superior Graphite
TA Instruments
Technology Partners, Inc.
Thermal Source, Inc.
Thermal Technology, Inc.
Thermcraft, Inc.
Theta Industries, Inc.
Tosoh Ceramics Division
TSI/Amherst Process Instruments
Unimin Corp.
Union Process, Inc.
University of Missouri–Rolla
Verlag Schmid GmbH
Vesuvius-McDanel Co.
Viox Corp.
World Cyber University
Xin Xing Zirconia, LLC
Zirconia Sales (America), Inc.
101
Companion Program
Schedule of Events
Event Descriptions
Sunday, April 22
Scottish Rite Cathedral Tour
Companion Suite Hours
11 a.m.–5 p.m.
•
•
•
•
•
Refreshments will be provided
Badges will be passed out
Final agendas/schedule will be available
Brochures will be available for ideas and interests
Various board/card games will be available for those
interested
Society Reception
6–8 p.m.
Exposition Hall
Indiana Convention Center & RCA Dome
Monday, April 23
7–10 a.m.
(Continental breakfast will be offered.)
3–5 p.m.
(Suite reopens for games, relaxing conversation and refreshments.)
Erected in 1929, the Scottish Rite Cathedral is an impressive Gothic
structure containing beautiful stained glass windows, magnificent
carved woodwork, a 7,000 pipe organ and a large 54-bell carillon.
The International Association of Architects describes the cathedral
as one of the 10 most beautiful buildings in the world.
Magic Moments Restaurant
Experience fine dining in a penthouse suite overlooking
Indianapolis. Enjoy steaks, seafood, poultry, pasta and specialty
desserts as well as an interactive comedy-magic show.
Circle Center Mall
The Circle Center Mall has more than 100 specialty stores, including
Nordstrom, for you to shop in. Transportation to and from the mall
will be provided.
First Annual Companion Mimosa Afternoon
Enjoy a relaxing afternoon by receiving a makeover from
Nordstroms while sipping delicious Mimosas.
Watch future issues of the Bulletin for program updates.
Scottish Rite Cathedral Tour
10–11 a.m.
(Transportation provided)
Lunch at Magic Moments Restaurant
11:30 a.m.–1:30 p.m.
Tuesday, April 24
7–10 a.m.
(Continental breakfast will be offered.)
1–5 p.m.
(Companion suite reopens.)
Shopping at Circle Center Mall
10–11:30 a.m.
First Annual Companion Mimosa Afternoon
1–5 p.m.
(In the Companion Suite)
Visit with old friends and make some new!
102
Meeting Registration Form
4 Ways
FAX
MAIL
614/794-5892
to
WWW
www.ceramics.org
Dept. 315
Columbus, OH 43265 USA
(Credit Cards Only)
PLEASE PRINT ON
2001 Annual Meeting & Exposition
April 22-April 25, 2001 • Indiana Convention
Center & RCA Dome • Indianapolis, Ind.
(Credit Cards Only)
Name (as to appear on badge)
First Name
M.I.
Job Title
Dept.
Last Name
Street Address
P.O. Box
Work Telephone
(Area Code/
Country + City Code)
State
(
Zip (+ 4)
)
Fax
(Area Code/
Country + City Code)
(
o Art
o Basic Science
o Cements
o Electronics
o Engineering Ceramics
o Glass & Optical Materials
o Nuclear & Environmental
Technology
o Refractory Ceramics
o Structural Clay Products
o Whitewares & Materials
Country
)
E-mail
Companion First Name
M.I.
Companion City
State
Registration
Advanced
Last Name
(on/before March 23)
Member*
NonMember North American*
NonMember International*
Monday Only
One Day
Tuesday
Wednesday
Distinguished Life
Emeritus/Senior
Student
Expo Only
Companion Program
On-site Abstract Book
Banquet
NICE/Keramos Luncheon
ACerS Student Night (limit 3 per student)
o $360
o $450
o $510
o $99
On-site
(after March 23)
o $460
o $550
o $610
o $99
o $200
o $300
o $200
o $300
o $0
o $0
o $75
o $90
o $70
o $85
o FREE
o FREE
o $180
o $200
No. of books______ x$35=________
No. of tickets______ x$55=________
No. of tickets______ x$30=________
No. of certificates_____x$5=_______
TOTAL $ ____________
Pre-publication discount rates are available now on the proceedings to be
published from the 2001 Annual Meeting. Please check the appropriate box
for book(s) desired.
List Price Pre-Publication Price
1. Symposium A2 - CT126
o $96
o $69
2. Symposium B1 - CT127
o $98
o $71
3. Symposium C2 - CT128
o $98
o $71
4. Symposium C3 - CT130
o $95
o $68
5. Symposium E2 - CT129
o $98
o $71
Subtotal $ _____________
N. American Shipping & Handling ($3 for first book, $2 each additional book) $ _____________
Int’l Shipping & Handling ($6 for first book, $4 each additional book) $ _____________
Ohio Residents: Add 5.75% sales tax $ _____________
Canadian Residents: Add 7% GST $ _____________
TOTAL $ _____________
(Credit Cards Only)
Current Member Dues Renewal
Please mark box then choose one
division affiliation below.
ACerS 2001 Dues
North American o $90
International o $146
NonMember registration includes a
one-year membership in ACerS effective when meeting registration is
processed. Please choose one division affiliation below.
Company/Affiliation
City
614/794-5890
*ACerS Dues
Advanced Registration Deadline - March 23, 2001
Member No.
PHONE
o Please check here if you need someone
to contact you, Please indicate any special
needs below.
Refunds will be assessed a $25 processing fee. Cancellations
must be received in writing by April 4, 2001. No refunds will
be granted after April 4, 2001.
PAYMENT
0141B3
Registration Total $_________________
Books Total $_________________
ACerS Dues $ _______________
GRAND TOTAL $_________________
Check for $_________________ enclosed.
(Payable to: The American Ceramic Society. Must be
in U.S dollars and drawn on a U.S. bank.)
Charge $______________ to my credit card:
o VISA o American Express
o Master Card
o Diners Club
Signature
Acct. Number
Exp. Date
103
Downtown Indianapolis
104
INDY WELCOMES THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
APRIL 22-25, 2001
HOTEL RESERVATION FORM
GENERAL INFORMATION
Reservations can be made by choosing one of the following methods:
INTERNET: Book your reservation on-line at www.indy.org/conventions or www. ceramics.org. This is the quickest and most effective
method.
FAX:
Send completed form to 317/684-2492.
MAIL:
Send completed form to ICVA Housing Bureau, One RCA Dome, Suite 100, Indianapolis, IN 46225-1060.
All reservation requests will be made through the Housing Bureau. DEADLINE: Thursday, March 22, 2001.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Acknowledgements will be sent after each reservation booking, modification and/or cancellation. Review acknowledgements carefully for accuracy. If you do not receive an acknowledgement within 14 days after any transaction, please call the Housing
Bureau at 317/684-2573.
MODIFICATIONS/CANCELLATIONS: Please review carefully. A one-night (plus 11% tax) advance deposit is required for each room requested.
Checks will be deposited 30 days prior to arrival date. Credit card processing will be held until checkout. A $25 cancellation fee will be charged
for reservations cancelled on or after Friday, March 2, 2001. Reservations cancelled on or after Monday, April 16, 2001, or no shows will be
charged by
the hotel.
HOTEL INFORMATION
Type of room: 1 bed/1 person (1B/1P)_____________
1 bed/2 people (1B/2P)_______________
2 beds/2 people (2B/2P)_ __________ 2 beds/3 people (2B/3P)____________
2 beds/4 people (2B/4P)_ _____________
Rollaway________________________
Number of Rooms:_ ________ Arrival:_________________
Hotel requested:
1B/1P
Indianapolis Marriott Downtown (Headquarters)_ ___ Departure:_ _______________ Number of Nights:________
1B/2P
2B/2P
2B/3P
2B/4P
$
134 $
144 $
144 $
154 $
164
Hyatt Regency Indianapolis
_ ____ $ 134
$ 144
$ 144
$ 157
$ 170
Courtyard by Marriott Downtown
_ ____ $ 114
$ 114
$ 114
$ 114
$ 114
Radisson Hotel City Centre
_ ____ $ 116
$ 126
$ 126
$ 136
$ 146
Requests will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis. If all your choices are unavailable, you will be placed in the next available choice that meets
your
requirements.
Special requests: q Smoking
q Non-Smoking
_q Handicapped
q Other_____________________________ Requests are not guaranteed.
DELEGATE INFORMATION
First Name:_ ___________________________________Initial:_ _______________ Last Name:_________________________________________
E-Mail Address :_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Company:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Address:_ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
City:______________________________________________________ State:___________ Zip:___________________ Country:________________
Home Phone:__________________________Daytime Phone:_ ______________________________________ Fax:_________________________
International prefix and area code, if necessary:_______________________________________________________________________________
Contact Name for Groups:________________________________________________________________________________________________
Additional Guests in Room:
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________
PAYMENT INFORMATION
Credit Cards: q Visa
q Mastercard
_q American Express
q Discover
q Other____________________________________
Card Number:_ _______________________________________________________________ Expiration Date:_ _____________
Name of Cardholder:___________________________________________ Signature:_____________________________________
105
Business Opportunities
Rates & Specifications
Business Opportunities
Consulting
Consultants and others offering services to the ceramic
field are located quickly and easily by industry segment
and receive consistent
exposure in this section.
ALLIED
KILN
SERVICE
inc.
Categories include:
Consulting • Engineering • Glass • Instrumentation
• Insulation • Kilns • Laboratory Services • Machinery
• Machining • Materials • Patent Attorneys
• Refractories • Services • Software
Advertisements are accepted on an annual basis only
and are not commissionable. Per year rates:
ACerS Members $750 per unit
Non-Members $900 per unit
Cards may be purchased in one or two units.
Consulting Card ads may not be used for fulfilling frequency.
Prepayment is required before first insertion.
All payments should be made by check, money order,
or credit card nly and are acceptable only in U.S. dollars
or the equivalent UNESCO Coupons.
BUS.: (608) 783-4455
FAX: (608) 783-4420
TIMOTHY J. TOBIN
Installations
Combustion
Refractory/Fiber
Electrical
Instrumentation
Profile/Balancing
P.O. Box 415 • N5550 Cheyenne Dr. • Onalaska, WI 54650
Technology/Marketing/Assessment/Licensing/Training
for Industry, Federal Agencies, Universities
Ronald E. Barks
Associates
Dr. Ronald E. Barks
Principal
P.O. Box 48 • 153 Thompson Rd. • Thompson, CT 06277
(860) 935-9210 • FAX (860) 935-9213
email: rebarks@cybermesa.com
DELKIĆ & ASSOCIATES
3 5/16”
INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS
• Worldwide Services •
• Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules •
1 11/16”
1 UNIT
Feriz Delkić
Ceramic Engineer
P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004
Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616
3 5/16”
2 UNITS
3”
RICHARD A. EPPLER, Ph.D.
Consultant
Ceramic, Glaze, Porcelain Enamel, Pigments,
Electronic Ceramics, Whiteware, Glass
EPPLER ASSOCIATES
400 Cedar Lane, Cheshire, CT 06410
106
(203) 271-2211
FIRE INCORPORATED
KILNS
Bert Scali, QMS-LA, CQA, CQMgr
Michael V. Scali, Consultant
2804 Benjamin Drive
Brunswick, OH 44212
Tel/Fax: 330-220-0002
Providing superior professional
design for over 30 years
Phone: (412) 221-3555 Fax: (412) 221-3556
P.O. Box 11698 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15228
ISO/QS/AS 9000 Consulting, Auditing, Training, SPC, VA/VE
Supplier Development, Business Process Optimization
e-mail: bscali@aol.com
Engineering
maxwell kilns, Inc.
• Kiln Replacement Parts
• Engineering/Design For New Kilns
• Kiln Modifications & Relocation
• Combustion Systems/Kiln Repairs
• Instrumentation & Controls
• Sheet Metal & Piping Installation
We specialize in solving your kiln problems
P.O. Box 13459
Pittsburgh, PA 15243-1227
Phone – (412) 278-1310
Fax – (412) 278-1311
Consulting / Engineering
Scali Consulting & Training
Custom Kiln Design
Contract Spray Drying Services
•
•
•
24-ft. diam. dryer
Rotary or nozzle atomization
Water evaporation up to
2000 lbs/hr
• 700°F max. inlet temperature
• Large ball mills, Sweco mills,
Q-25 circulation attritor
CeramTec North America Innovative Ceramic Engineering Corporation
220148
One Technology Place • P.O. Box 89 • Laurens, SC 29360-0089
Tel.: 864-682-1125 • Fax: 864-682-1151
Email: info@ceramtec.com • Web: http://www.ceramtec.com
solutions to kiln / dryer problems
• Upgrade Combustion & Control Systems
• Kiln Engineering / Repairs / Modernization
• Kiln Service To Optimize Performance
• Kiln Evaluations/Recommendations
• Automated Car Moving Systems
• In Plant Kiln Operator Training
• Kiln Replacement Parts
200 Bursca Dr., Suite 210
Bridgeville, PA 15017
Tel: 412-257-1606
Fax: 412-257-1615
SBL KILN SERVICES, Inc.
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107
Glass
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e-mail: SEM-COM@sem-com.com
web site: www.sem-com.com
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108
Laboratory Services
Engineering / Glass / Instrumentation / Insulation / Kilns / Laboratory Services
Insulation
Thermal Properties
Instruments & Testing Services
• Expansion/Sintering
• Ceramics/Refractories/Glass
• Conductivity/Resistivity
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• Flash Diffusivity/Specific Heat
• -180°C to 2800°C Range
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Kilns
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1700 Universal Road
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Composite Testing & Analysis
Mechanical Testing Services: creep, fatigue, flexure, tension
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Equipment sales: precision creep frames, furnaces, edgeloaded tensile grips, inert atmosphere
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Tel. (814) 238-1401
Visit us at http://www.compositetesting.com
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109
thermal testing
Engineering Materials up to 2000°C
Conductivity n Expansion
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EMTL
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110
Laboratory Services
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cert. no. 1513.01
COMPLETE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
•�XRF
•�ICP & DCP
•�AA
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WWW.SPECTROPGH.COM EMAIL: spectropgh@aol.com
FAX: 412-371-0463
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111
Machinery
NEW & REBUILT MACHINERY
POWDER COMPACTING PRESSES
ROTARY PRESSES
ISOSTATIC PRESSES
PISTON EXTRUDERS
PUG MILLS
BLENDERS
MIXERS
HQuality
(810) 790-1717
CRUSHERS-PULVERIZERS
PAINT MILLS-ATTRITORS
JAR, BALL, PEBBLE MILLS
FURNACES, KILNS & OVENS
SIEVES & SCREENS
SPRAY DRYERS
stokes press parts
& Service First H
FAX (810) 790-1871
35044 AUTOMATION DR. l CLINTON TWP. l MI 48035
http://www.aadvancedmach.com
e-mail: service@aadvancedmach.com
Custom Diamond
Wheels and Assemblies
•Custom designed diamond wheels for your slicing, dicing, grinding
and grooving applications
•Thickness Control to ±0.000025"
•Multi-blade gang arbor assemblies with as many as 80 blades
available
•Thickness range availability
from .003"
•CBN blades and assemblies
(805) 644-9681 • Fax (805) 644-3541
2226 Goodyear Avenue • Ventura, California • 93003
http://www.mtionline.com • e-mail info@mtionline.com
112
Machinery / Machining
vacuum furnaces
completely rebuilt • call us with your needs
in stock • available immediately
Sintering • Hydrogen Co-Firing • Metalizing • Brazing
Belt • Pusher • Glow Bar • Kanthal Super Furnaces
the heat source
phone: 860-582-2212 • FAX: 860-584-8854
e-mail: ths@esslink.com
Pacific Ceramic
Machinery & Equipment
P.O. Box 7842 • Stockton, CA 95207
PH: (209) 462-3405 FAX: (209) 462-5142
Specialists in New and Rebuilt Machinery
• Appraise • Buy • Sell • Trade • Liquidate
e-mail: pacceram@inreach.com
http://www.pacceram.com
MOBILE AND CENTRAL
VACUUM SYSTEMS
• 100 to 11,000 CFM
• 2 to 500 HP
Leading world designer and manufacturer
of powerful industrial vacuums.
Vector Technologies Ltd.
Vacuum Engineering Division
Milwaukee, WI USA
Toll Free: 800 832-4010
e-mail: sales@vector-vacuums.com
Tel: 414 247-7100 Fax: 414 247-7110 www.vector-vacuums.com
Machining
PRECISION FABRICATION &
MACHINING OF CERAMICS
CNC Machining
Specializing in Precision CNC
I.D./O.D. Grinding
Materials Include:
Al2O3, SiC, ZiO,
Si3N4 . . .
• Jig Grinding
• Centerless Grinding
• Surface Griding
• Slicing & More
Per Mil-I-45208-A
Pressing & Firing Capabilities
Prototype & Production Qty’s
ADVANCED
CERAMIC
TECHNOLOGY
http://www.ceramics.com/act/
Call For Our
Brochure & To Discuss
Your Particular Ceramic
Needs . . . . . . . . . .
(714)
538-2524
Fax (714) 538-2589
803 W. Angus Ave.
Orange, CA 92868
ceramic@prodigy.net
113
LAPPING AND POLISHING
of magnetic & non-magnetic ceramics
FLATNESS: 20 MICROINCH OR LESS
SURFACE FINISH: 10Å OR BETTER
QC with ZYGO STATE OF THE ART
EQUIPMENT and SOFTWARE
from TINY PARTS to 6.5" WAFERS
CMI Technology, Inc.
1210 Win Drive • Bethlehem, PA 18017
Tel. (610) 867-7600 • Fax (610) 867-0200
Developmental Engineering/Precision Machining
• Advanced Machining & Engineering
• Prototypes & Production
• 1 Day Service Available
• Attentive Customer Service Staff MACHINED CERAMICS, INC.
North Industrial Park
629 North Graham St.
Bowling Green, KY 42101
• Complete Machining Capabilities
• Quick Turnaround
• Quality Assured
• Tolerances Within .0001
270-781-0512
FAX: 270-781-9361
e-mail: maccer@premiernet.net
web: www.ceramics.com/maccer
Ferro-Ceramic Grinding, Inc.
Ceramic Component Supplier
• ISO9002 registered
• Extensive material inventory
• Prototype to Production Quantities
• CAD/CAM CNC machining
• Material/Technical Support
• 33 Years of service
Specializing in BN, SiC, Macor, Si3N4, Al2O3, ZrO2, Quartz, Ferrites
and other related materials
247 Water St. • Wakefield, MA 01880
800-282-1833 • Fax: 781-246-1429 • www.ferroceramic.com
machining of
advanced ceramics
235 Brooks Street • Worcester, MA 01606
Phone (508) 853-4700 • Fax (508) 852-4101
“quality is our commitment to
the customer”
♦ Engineering Support
♦ Quality Commitment
♦ Precision Grinding
♦ Ceramic Molding
♦ Exacting Tolerancing
♦ Dependable Fast Deliveries
Please Call Now: 800-779-3321
Visit our website: www.intlceramics.com
Precision Ceramic
Machining Services
• Double sided
lapping to
±0.00002"
thickness
control
• Slicing and dicing to
±0.0002"
tolerances
• Surface Grinding
• Angle Grinding
(805) 644-9681 • Fax (805) 644-3541
2226 Goodyear Avenue • Ventura, California • 93003
http://www.mtionline.com • e-mail info@mtionline.com
114
Bulletin.
Call Wendy
614-794-5841
Fax: 614-794-5842
• Glass • Quartz • Silicon • Alumina • Glass • Composites
s • Zirconia • Garnet • Ruby • Zirconia • Ferrite • Sapp
Graphite • Piezoceramics • Silicon Carbide • Boron Ni
e • Glass • Composites • Ferrite • Quartz • Silicon • Alumina
net • Boron Nitride • Silicon • Ferrite • Piezoceramics • Ruby •
Sapphire • Composites • Ruby • Zirconia • Sapphire
e • Sapphire • Graphite • Piezoceramics • Quartz • Boron
on Nitride • Glass • Quartz • Garnet • Silicon • Ferrite •
conia • Carbide • Composites • Piezoceramics • Ruby
• Silicon • Boron Carbide • Sapphire • Graphite • Piez
C o n• Glass
t r a• Quartz
c t • Silicon • Alumina • Ferr
ics • Garnet
e • Garnet
•rRuby
• Composites
• Quartz • Silicon • Ga
S
e
v
i
c
e
s
net • Ruby • Silicon Carbide • Silicon • Alumina • Glas
7500
Bluewater
Road NW
Composites
• Zirconia
• Garnet
• Ruby • Zirconia • Fe
NM 87121
USA
GraphiteAlbuquerque,
• Piezoceramics
• Silicon
Carbide • Boron Ni
Tel: (505)839-3535
(505)839-3525
e • Glass
• Composites• Fax:
• Ferrite
• Quartz • Silicon • Al
e-mail: charlie.wilhite@tbg.riogrande.com
• Glass
• Quartz • Silicon • Alumina • Glass • Composi
Source code A9131
www.ceramics.com/sonic
s • Zirconia • Garnet • Zirconia • Ferrite • Piezocerami
Manufacturing of Technical Alumina
Ceramics
• Produce spray dried 98.0,
99.5, 99.9% Alumina compositions
• Highest purity levels
• Superior metallization
properties
• Iso-Pressing, green
machining, grinding and
CNC capabilities
• Quick turnaround,
prototypes and
production quantities
• Technical support and service
800-847-8093
US Technical Ceramics, Inc.
15500 Concord Circle, Morgan Hill, CA 95037
Visit our website: www.ustc.net
Refractories
CRUSHING • GRINDING • SIZING
QUALITY RECYCLING
G
O
GR
—since
The
One
1957
—
WE CAN PROCESS
YOUR REJECTS
800-228-4672
MARYLAND REFRACTORIES CO.
Tape Casting Warehouse
IRONDALE, OHIO 43932
stop shopping for all your tape casting needs!
————— www.mrcgrog.com —————
(215) 295-1624
website: www.drblade.com/TCW.htm
email: tapecast@juno.com
Telephone: 202-522-8638
E-mail: dhuff@dykema.com
CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS
*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS
Patent Attorneys
Services
(CBLS) CERAMIC BOOK AND LITERATURE
SERVICE
119 Brentwood Street, Marietta, OH 45750, USA
Tel: (740) 374-9458, FAX: (740) 374-8029
e -mail: cbls@cbls.com website: www.cbls.com
We specialize in ceramic, glass, materials science & related books. We stock over
1500 titles. Students may order textbooks, Kingery, Berard, Cullity, Reed, Callister,
Vashneya, Shackelford, Hench, Tooley, etc.; libraries may order at 10-15% disc.; professionals may join “CBLS Club” and save with discounts. ACerS volumes also available. We publish new books as well as reprint OOP titles on special request. Also
available classical reprints by Scholes, Parmelee, Doyle, Grimshaw, Thomas, Evans,
Azaroff, Ryan, Worrall, Jaffe, Norton, Edington, Davidge, Dehoff, Guy, Kelley,
*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS
Make the Tape
Tape Casting Machines: 4' x 12" thru 150' x 52"
Doctor Blade Assemblies (Single/Double)
Casting Machines for 4µm tapes
Handle the Tape
Jar Mills & Jars & Milling Media
Cardboard Cores
Slip Conditioning Systems
Punching Tools & Dies
Slip Filters & Disposable Filter Cloth
Air Tight Storage Bags
Carrier Films: Mylar®-A,
Light Boxes (Inspection)
Si coated Mylar® (S1P-75),
Fire the Tape
Si coated Paper, Polypropylene
Porous Setter Plates
Dispersants, Binders (100w%)
Porous Cover Plates
Plasticizers (Type I & II)
Camber Gauge
CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS*CBLS*BOOKS
FAX: 202-522-8669
DONALD N. HUFF
PATENT/TRADEMARK ATTORNEY
B.S. and M.S. Ceramic Engineering—Alfred University
Law Offices
DYKEMA GOSSETT, p.l.l.c.
Suite 300, West 1300 I Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20005
Bulletin.
Call Wendy
614-794-5841
Fax: 614-794-5842
115
Machining / Materials / Patent Attorneys / Refractories / Services
Materials
Toll Tape Casting
•
•
•
•
•
State of the art process control for improved consistency
Excellent thickness uniformity and control
Clean environment
Casting widths up to 33 inches to handle large volumes
Roll finishing or sheet finishing available
Use of our casting facility may open access to DuPont’s patented
acrylic binder technology.
Clean burn out
High green strength
High solids loading for improved shirinkage control
Faster coating rates
DuPont iTechnologies
Patterson Boulevard, RR1, Box 15
Towanda, PA 18848-9784
Phone: 570-268-3471 Fax: 570-268-3975
Email: tollcast@ldcL1.email.dupont.com
GS
DS
General Spray
Drying Service, Inc.
Bulletin.
Call Wendy
614-794-5841
Fax: 614-794-5842
TOLL FIRING
Test and Production Firings
Electric and Gas Firing
Temperatures to 3,100°F
Powder and Shapes Firing
Pounds to Tons
QC Testing
Cycle Development
Industrial Dehydration Specialists
Spray Drying for granulation n Spin Flash Drying for cake & paste
1001 Newark Avenue n Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208
Tel: 908-353-2477
Fax: 908-353-0060
Clifford S. Brucker
President
3470 East Fifth Ave. • Columbus, Ohio 43219-1797
Tel: (614) 231-3621 • Fax: (614) 235-3699
Visit our Web site: www.harropusa.com
E-mail: sales@harropusa.com
toll HIP
• Pressure 196 MPa
• Temperature: 2000°C
• Load Capacity:
• 350mm OD x 600mm high
• Atmospheres: Ar, N2
• Quick Turnaround
• Profile design available
• ISO9002, 14000; QS9000
Kyocera Industrial Ceramics Corporation
Attn: Ed Kraft @ (360) 750-6147
Get Results!
116
Rates & Specifications
Career Opportunities and Classifieds
Black and white only. Column inch format.
$125/column inch,
5% discount for 6-time advertisers ($118.75)
10% discount for 12-time advertisers ($112.50).
Single column width: 21⁄8 in. (5.4 cm); column
length: 6 in. (15.24 cm) maximum.
Double column width: 41⁄2 in. (10.2 cm); column length:
2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum.
Run of publication display rates apply to this section.
Ads measuring more than 41⁄2 in. x 2 in., whether horizontal or vertical, are calculated at display ad rates.
Display size ads are commissionable.
Add $30 when using blind box numbers for replies.
Career Opportunities advertisements also will
be placed on the American Ceramic Society Bulletin’s
website,
www.ceramicbulletin.org,
at no extra charge.
21⁄8 in. (5.4 cm)
1 in.
(2.54 cm)
1 column x 1 in.
The Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering at Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, invites applications and nominations for the
Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chair in Ceramic
Engineering, available Fall, 2001. The Department anticipates hiring at the
Professor level but applications at other levels may be considered. Applicants
must have a Ph.D. degree in Ceramic Science and Engineering, Materials
Science and Engineering or a Materials-related field. Candidates should be an
internationally recognized expert in the field of Ceramic Science and
Engineering; have a demonstrated record of outstanding scholarly achievement in the area of ceramic processing, with a strong commitment to the key
role of characterization in understanding, controlling and advancing Ceramic
Science and Engineering for the benefit of society; have demonstrated a deep
commitment to teaching and education at both the undergraduate and graduate levels; and have a commitment to, and a demonstrated record of leadership and impact on the Ceramic Science and Engineering Community,
through strong linkages and productive collaborations between academia
and industry. The Department is interested in applicants with research interests in all areas of Ceramic Science and Engineering, including bioceramics,
electroceramics, nanomaterials, and photonics. We seek an outstanding individual with a strong commitment to excellence in teaching, research and service. Candidates must be committed to developing a vigorous program of
high quality, grant-funded research which includes new research directions as
well as collaborations with Department faculty in our current research thrusts
and participation in interdisciplinary research teams.
The Department has 24 faculty, approximately 60 graduate and 100 undergraduate students. The Department and associated research Centers have $8
million in annual grant-funded research and over $30 million worth of
research equipment.
Applicants should send (1) a curriculum vitae, (2) a summary of their research
plans, (3) a statement of their views on teaching Ceramic and Materials
Engineering at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and (4) three references to Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chair Search
Committee, Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering, Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 088548065.
Review of applications will begin in February 2001 and will continue until the
position is filled. Further information about the Department can be found at
our web site (http://ceramics.rutgers.edu).
Corning/Saint Gobain Malcolm G. McLaren Distinguished Chain Search
Committee
Department of Ceramic and Materials Engineering
Rutgers, The State University
607 Taylor Road
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8065
Ceramic Process Engineer
Great
Idea
Assistant/Associate Professor
Materials Science & Engineering
The University of Arizona
The Department of Materials Science &
Engineering at the University of Arizona has an
opening for a tenure track position at the assistant or associate professor level. Teaching &
research experience in optical engineering, optical materials or associated fields is desired. For
full position description & qualifications, see
posting at www.hr.arizona.edu
To apply, please send cover letter, CV & the names
& contact information for three references to:
Chair, Optical Materials Search Committee
Department of Materials Science
& Engineering
The University of Arizona
P.O. Box 210012
Tucson, Arizona 85721-0012
Review of materials will begin March 1, 2001,
& will continue until position is filled. The
University of Arizona is an EEO/AA employer- M/W/D/V
#
1
Got a position to fill?
Advertise in the
Ceramic Bulletin
614-794-5841
Position available for advance
degreed materials scientist to lead
efforts in silicon carbide reaction
bonding, ceramic-to-metal brazing and plasma spraying.
Visit our Website www.busek.com
Send resume to:
Busek Co. Inc.
11 Tech Circle
Natick, MA 01760-1023
Fax: 508-655-2827
Johanson Technology is a leader in HF
Ceramic Capacitors for the wireless
communications industry. Currently a
entry-level position has opened at our
facility in Camarillo, CA. We are seeking
a candidate with degree in Ceramic
Engineering or a similar discipline. The
ideal candidate should have 1 to 3
years of experience in the Electronic
Ceramics Industry. Experience with
Tape Casting, Screen-Printing and
Dielectric Ceramics is a plus. Excellent
interpersonal and communication
skills are essential. The position offers
competitive salary and benefits.
Please send a resume
in confidence to:
Johanson Technology, Inc.
attn. Charisse Spear
931 Via Alondra
Camarillo, CA 93012
or
FAX: 805-389-1316
E-Mail:
c_spear@johanson-caps.com
117
Services / Career Opportunities
Career Opportunities
GENERAL MANAGER
The Edward Orton, Jr. Ceramic Foundation
is a non-profit organization which manufactures and markets for commercial sale
pyrometric cones, bars, and related ceramic products in thermal instrumentation. The
Orton Ceramic Foundation also conducts
applied research in the area of thermal
instrumentation.
We currently have a career opportunity for
a General Manager located in Westerville, a
suburb of Columbus, Ohio. The General
Manager’s primary responsibilities include
strategic planning, business and financial
management of operations, and direction
of research activity. The General Manager
reports directly to the Orton Foundation’s
Board of Trustees.
The successful candidate will have a ceramic engineering background with an
advanced business degree desirable.
Applicants should have 10+ years management experience of a ceramic business
with broad-based responsibility to include
financial, manufacturing, technical development, and business planning. A working
knowledge of business, governmental and
contract laws would be an asset.
The Orton Foundation offers an excellent
career opportunity, competitive compensation, and benefit programs. For consideration, please send your resume and salary
history, in confidence, to: Paul Holbrook
P.O. Box 6136 Westerville, OH 43086-6136.
An Equal Opportunity employer
EDWARD ORTON JR.
CERAMIC FOUNDATION
Don’t miss an
opportunity to attract
new customers and
generate new business.
Advertise in
Ceramic Bulletin
Job Placement
CERAMIC RECRUITERS, INC.
Is Seeking Glass Industry Professionals
For Key Management Positions!
FORMING MANAGER - Consumerware
SALES MANAGER - Specialty Glass
PLANT ENGINEER - (2)
TEMPERING DEPARTMENT MANAGER
COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT
DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER
MECHANICAL PROJECT ENGINEER
PLANT MANAGER
Open
To $90K
To $85K
To $75K
To $85K
To $80K
Open
SEEK A BRIGHTER FUTURE IN 2001!
CALL US AND/OR SEND US YOUR RESUME!
Call Wendy Whitescarver
614-794-5841
or fax 614-794-5842
Classified
wanted
immediate cash for:
• Platinum thermocouple and furnace
wire, scrap or new
• Platinum crucibles, screen, electrodes, filters, labware, thimble and tubing
• Rhodium, Palladium, Gold and Silver in
most forms
• Immediate payment, no refine or assay
fees, no minimum quantity required.
northeast metal reclaiming
2864 Delaware Avenue
Buffalo, New York 14217
U.S.A. & canada Call 1-800-237-0416
Robert/Christine Goodell
206 Heritage Park – Lake Wylie, SC 29710
(803) 831-7784; FAX (803) 831-8886
e-mail: ceramjobs@aol.com
Visit enterprise personnel On-line at http://
www.ceramics-personnel.com for current job listings for CerEs, MatEs, MEs, EEs, ChemEs, Chemists,
Metallurgists. Call Sue Strange at 864-246-1200 and
send resume to:
enterprise personnel
Post Office Box 4889
Greenville, SC 29608
Fax: 864-246-3492
E-mail: ntrprizper@aol.com
HoLampCo
International
Professional Recruiters since 1982
Fear of change is the #1 obstacle in career
enhancement. If you’re a contributor and feel
undervalued, give us a call to confidentially
discuss your career goals.
Gary Holupka, P.E., Gen. Mgr.
Bruce B. Wertz, Sr. Account Mgr.
5825 Ellsworth Avenue
(412) 954-0030
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
FAX (412) 954-0030
E-Mail: hlc@holampco.com
QR uality Executive
SCearch, Inc.
S
ecruiting and
earch
onsultants
Specializing in Ceramics
Joe Drapcho
24549 Detroit Rd. • Westlake, Ohio 44145
(440) 899-5070 • Fax (440) 899-5077
www.qualityexec.com
E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com
Nationwide Opportunities for a broad range of Engineers &
Operations Managers. Twenty yrs exp. serving candidates
and companies. Contact:
Michelle Nelms, CPC
Specialist in Technical/Electronic Ceramics & other Ceramic
Fields
Southern Recruiters & Consultants, Inc.
P. O. Box 2745
Phone: (803) 648-7834
Aiken, SC 29802
Fax: (803) 642-2770
Email: recruiters@southernrecruiters.com
• North American Job Hotline •
Listing for Ceramics, Advanced
Materials, Glass & Refractory
opportunities at
www.mrportland.com
118
Fe b r u a r y
2 0 0 1
Ceramic
Ad+Links
American Minerals Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 77
610-337-8030
Fax: 610-337-8033
dsoderlund@aol.com
CM Furnaces Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
973-338-6500
Fax: 973-338-1625
cmfurnaces@aol.com
www.cmfurnaces.com
Deletech Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
303-433-5939
Fax: 303-433-2809
sales@deltechfurnaces.com
www.deltechfurnaces.com
DMC2 Electronic Materials B.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
+31 (0) 413 283 245
Fax: +31 (0) 413 265 219
www.dmc-2.nl
Fiber Materials Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
207-282-5911
Fax: 207-282-7529
emtl_fmi@gwi.net
Furnace Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
203-264-7856
Fax: 203-262-8714
vangoman@aol.com
www.furnace-concepts.com
G-P Gypsum Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1-888-PLASTER
Fax: 404-588-3833
gpgind@gapac.com
www.gp.com/plaster
Harrop Industries Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 2
614-231-3621
Fax: 614-235-3699
sales@harropusa.com
Hed Int’l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
609-466-1900
Fax: 609-466-3608
sales@hed.com
www.hed.com
Heraeus Circuit Materials Div. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
610-825-6050
Fax: 610-825-7061
www.4smt.com
International Technical Ceramics . . . . . . . . . 27
904-285-0200
Fax: 904-273-1616
Jayne Industries Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
905-561-2500
Fax: 905-662-1478
sales@jayneindustries.com
www.jayneindustries.com
Kanthal Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1-800-KANTHAL
Fax: 203-743-2547
For Globar: 1-877-GLOBAR9
www.kanthal.com
Lafarge Calcium Aluminates . . . . . . . . . Cover 4
757-543-8832
Fax: 757-545-8933
info@lcainc.com
www.lcainc.com
Lancaster Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
717-273-2111
info@lancasterprd.com
www.lancasterprd.com
Linseis Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1-800-732-6733
Fax: 609-799-7739
info@linseis.com
www.linseis.com
Magneco/Metrel Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
630-543-6660
Fax: 630543-1479
marketing@magneco-metrel.com
www.magneco-metrel.com
Materials Research Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
603-485-2394
Fax: 603-485-2395
MHI (Micropyretics Heaters Int’l) . . . . . . . . . . 78
513-772-0404
Fax: 513-672-3333
sales@mhi-inc.com
www.mhi-inc.com
Ceramic Bulletin provides a
great new way to get
information from its
advertisers. Link up with
advertisers in this issue at
www.ceramicbulletin.org,
send an E-mail or a fax, or
pick up the phone and give
them a call. Don’t forget—
Netzsch Instruments Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
610-722-0520
Fax: 610-722-0522
www.e-thermal.com
Pred Materials Int’l Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
212-286-0068
Fax: 212-286-0072
Predmatsp@aol.com
www.predmaterials.com
Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics . . . . . . . . . 71
508-795-5046
Fax: 508-795-5011
karen.c.ramsey@sgcna.com
www.sgicref.com
H.C. Spinks Clay Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
901-642-5414
Fax: 901-642-5493
hcspinks@worldnet.att.net
www.spinksclay.com
Thermcraft Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
336-784-4800
Fax: 336-784-0634
sales@thermcraftinc.com
www.thermcraftinc.com
Unifrax Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
716-278-3800
Fax: 1-800-329-3427
info@unifrax.com
www.unifrax.com
R.T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 3
203-853-1400
Fax: 203-853-1452
ceramics@rtvanderbilt.com
www.rtvanderbilt.com
Zircar Ceramics Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
845-651-6600
Fax: 845-651-0441
sales@zircarceramics.com
www.zircarceramics.com
Zirconia Sales (America) Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
770-590-7970
Fax: 770-590-0239
www.amverco.com
119
The Last Page
Heads Up, Refractories
Manufacturers . . .
Patricia A. Janeway, Editor
E-mail: pjaneway@acers.org
The 4th Industrial Energy Efficiency
Symposium & Exposition opens Feb. 19 at
the Washington (D.C.) Hilton and Towers.
The event focuses on common challenges
and opportunities facing our energyintensive basic industries.
The conference is expected to produce
new insight on the future of the nine basic
U.S. industries: agriculture, aluminum,
chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, mining, petroleum and steel.
Seems to me this is a meeting that refractories manufacturers need to attend. Your
customers are planning their future directions. Be a part of it.
Here are the hot topics being addressed:
• Manufacturing Megatrends—lean manufacturing, supply chain management, internet trading and contract manufacturing;
• Technology and Environment—emerging
applications of basic materials, revolutionary technologies, and climate change and
industry;
• G l o b a l M a r k e t s a n d I nve s t m e n t
Potential—outlook for the basic materials
industries, competing on a global scale,
and capital valuation and investment;
• Human Resources—workforce development and engineers.
If you’re not already signed up for this
meeting, use this toll-free number to find
out what you need to do to participate:
877-648-7957.
And now that I have your attention, don’t
miss this month’s special section on
The Refractories Institute’s 50 years of
service to the industry—it starts on p 65.
Congratulations—it’s only the beginning.
A Test Kitchen of Sorts
The Office of Public Affairs at Ames Lab,
Iowa, says its Materials Preparation Center
(MPC) is being turned into a new kind of
test kitchen.
Researchers in the MPC “kitchen” have
undertaken what they’re calling a one-ofa-kind effort to delve into the methods by
120
which metals, alloys, polymers and ceramics are synthesized to given them specific
properties.
The program, known as the Process
Science Initiative, is funded by DOE. MPC
and Ames Lab are providing the research
facilities.
Four projects were selected to share
$145,000 of the $250,000 FY2000 budget.
One of the projects will study a possible
method of producing zirconium-tungstate
that could be blended with a metal to form
a composite. The FY2001 budget also is
$250,000.
And from Berkeley. . .
The Technology Transfer Dept. at Berkeley
Lab, Calif., seeks partners to move new
technology from the laboratory to the marketplace.
Case in point is the new precision ceramic capillary printing tips that can be used to
create smaller and more uniform size DNA
spots on the glass slide of a DNA chip.
According to Berkeley, using precisionmanufactured ceramic capillaries overcomes some of the limitations of the metal
tips used in existing technology.
The innovation is applicable to any process where small amounts (<1 mL) of liquid
are aspirated without the need for pumps
or syringes and deposited in small volume
(pL or nL) onto a substrate.
Just off the Fax
The Ceramic Manufacturers Association
(CerMA), Zanesville, Ohio, announces its
Spring 2001 Conference on Drying, which
is scheduled for March 22–23 at Canton,
Ohio. Dan O’Brien (Harrop Industries Inc.) is
conference coordinator. The program
includes a special two-hour back-to-basics
session. Also on the agenda is a tour of
Metropolitan Ceramics.
Contact information is listed in our
Meetings & Exposition Calendar, p 9 in this
issue.
D.Com. Lafarge Aluminates 2000
Pure cement concept
Secar ® 71, a pure cement with controlled mineralogy, is the
tical choice for optimum application performance.
cri-
The mineralogical definition of Secar 71 drives the hydration
cess hence dictating castable performance.
pro-
Using Secar 71 in your formulations allows exceptional flexibility
and formulation optimisation in conventional formulations and
deflocculated high technology castables (self flow or shotcrete products).
Lafarge Aluminates France
28, rue Emile Ménier 75782 Paris Cedex 16
Tel.: +33 1 53 70 37 26 - Fax: +33 1 53 70 38 79
e-mail: nancy.bunt@aluminates.lafarge.com
Lafarge Calcium Aluminates
100, Ohio Street PO Box 5806 Chesapeake Virginia 23324
Tel.: +1 757 543 88 32 - Fax: +1 757 545 89 33
e-mail: info@lcainc.com

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