Treatment of Ingrown Toenail With Proximolateral Matrix Partial Excision and Matrix Phenolization

Treatment of Ingrown Toenail With
Proximolateral Matrix Partial Excision
and Matrix Phenolization
Nezih Karaca, MD1
Tugrul Dereli, MD, Prof2
1
Department of Dermatology, Okmeydani
Education and Research Hospital,
Okmeydani, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Dermatology, Ege University
Medical Faculty, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE Ingrown toenail is one of the most common nail conditions. Although
many surgical treatments are described for complicated cases, recurrence of pain and
postoperative disability are common. We evaluated the long-term efficacy of proximolateral matrix partial excision followed by chemical matricectomy with phenol.
METHODS We performed 348 proximolateral partial matricectomies and phenol
ablations in 225 patients with stage 2 or 3 ingrown toenail. Patients were examined weekly until full wound healing was achieved and were observed for 24
months to assess the long-term efficacy of the treatment.
RESULTS Short-term results were good. We observed only 1 recurrence during the
24-month follow-up period, at 8 months. The success rate was therefore 99.7%.
No severe complications occurred. Cosmetic results were remarkably good.
CONCLUSIONS Proximolateral partial matricectomy with phenol ablation is an
excellent surgical method for the treatment of ingrown toenails, having low morbidity and a high success rate, even in the long term.
Ann Fam Med 2012;10:556-559. doi:10.1370/afm.1406.
INTRODUCTION
I
Conflicts of interest: authors report none.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Nezih Karaca, MD
Department of Dermatology
Okmeydani Education and Research Hospital
34382 Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
drnezihkaraca@gmail.com
ngrown toenails caused by compression of the lateral nail edge on
the underlying soft tissue is one of the most common nail problems,
accounting for 20% of patients seen by family physicians for foot
conditions.1 Adolescents and young adults are affected more frequently
than other age-groups. Ingrown toenail most often occurs on the big toe,
although it can occur on other digits.2 An ingrown toenail develops when
the proper fit of the nail plate in the lateral nail groove is altered, and
several causes (anatomic abnormalities, improperly trimmed nails, poorly
fitting shoes, and repetitive trauma) have been suggested. The condition
causes discomfort and pain, and restricts activity.3,4
A staging system has been developed to grade the severity of ingrown
toenails.2,5 Stage 1 is characterized by erythema, slight edema, and pain,
particularly with pressure. Stage 2 consists of the same symptoms but
of greater severity; the wound may become locally infected and start to
drain. In stage 3, all signs and symptoms are amplified, and there is associated formation of granulation tissue and lateral nail fold hypertrophy.
Various methods of treating ingrown toenails have been described,
ranging from conservative approaches to extensive surgical procedures.6-8
The combination of proximolateral partial matricectomy and phenol ablation achieves the lowest recurrence rate and provides the best cosmetic
outcome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess this
technique when performed using a modified version of the Zadik method
for matricectomy. We chose this technique as it is more invasive than simple partial nail avulsion and easier to perform than wide wedge excision.
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Also, excising the lateral and proximolateral matrices,
in addition to avulsing the nail, and then applying phenol may further reduce the recurrence rate.
METHODS
Between 2006 and 2010, we performed proximolateral
partial matricectomy and phenol ablation in a series
of patients with stage 2 or 3 ingrown toenails. Patients
with vascular disease and diabetes mellitus were
excluded. Our study was approved by the Ege University Hospital Ethics Committee and complied with the
principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Surgical Technique
After disinfection of the digits with povidone-iodine
solution, we administered digital anesthesia consisting of lidocaine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL and epinephrine hydrochloride 0.0125 mg/mL (Supplemental
Figure 1, available at http://annfammed.org/content/10/6/556/suppl/DC1). A finger tourniquet was
applied to the digit and clamped. We made a longitudinal incision roughly 7 to 8 mm extending from the
edge of the nail to the distal interphalangeal joint and
3 mm proximal to the lateral nail fold, but did not raise
skin flaps. After dissecting the lateral segment (3 mm)
of the plate from the nail bed to the matrix, we cut the
nail plate and proximolateral matrix using a side cutter.
We removed the nail and matrix using a straight hemostatic forceps (Klemmer or Kelly) and ensured that all
matrices over the distal phalanx were cleaned using a
curette (Supplemental Figure 2, available at http://
annfammed.org/content/10/6/556/suppl/DC1).
We cleaned blood from the surgical field thoroughly using a cotton-tipped swab and then vigorously
massaged the matrix for 2 minutes with a cotton-tipped
swab dipped in an aqueous solution of 88% phenol, with
rotation directed toward the lateral fold (Supplemental
Figure 3, http://annfammed.org/content/10/6/556/
suppl/DC1). Contact of phenol with the surrounding
skin was avoided, and the treated area was carefully
washed with 70% isopropyl alcohol to neutralize any
residual phenol. In this way, both the matrix and nail
bed on the side of ingrown toenail were excised, and
any matrix residues were denatured with phenol.
The wound was closed with one suture 3 mm under
the proximal nail curve and another through the middle
of the lateral nail plate. We applied topical antibiotics,
and after tourniquet removal, a pressure dressing with a
sterile gauze pad that was left in place for 24 hours.
were also prescribed oral azithromycin 500 mg/d for
3 days. Patients were advised to keep the affected foot
elevated whenever possible and were taught how to
change the dressing and instructed to do so once daily,
from the third postoperative day until full wound healing. Any infections of the nail fold were treated using
topical antibiotics. Clinical follow-up was performed at
2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks, and telephonic follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 years. Recurrence was defined as evidence of ingrowth of the nail edge or spicule formation.
RESULTS
In all, we treated 348 ingrown toenails in 225 patients
(98 male and 127 female) (Table 1). The mean age of
the patients was 23.8 ± 8.2 years. All patients had been
previously treated using conservative methods, and 56
had previously been treated with nail avulsion.
We did not record any postoperative complications
or complaints about the cosmetic outcome. The healing period ranged from 2 to 4 weeks (Supplemental
Figures 4a and 4b, available at http://annfammed.
org/content/10/6/556/suppl/DC1).
There was only 1 recurrence of ingrown toenail,
observed 8 months after treatment. This patient underwent reoperation using the same technique and did not
have any further recurrence during 2 years of followup. The success rate after 2 years was thus 99.7%.
Telephonic follow-up at 2 years showed that all the
patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome.
DISCUSSION
Our results show that partial nail plate avulsion combined
with excision of the lateral and proximal nail matrix and
followed by phenolic ablation is a suitable surgical method
for treating severe ingrown toenails, and is associated
with a low recurrence rate and excellent cosmetic results.
Phenolization
Segmental matrix cauterization with liquefied phenol
has been shown to permanently destroy the lateral
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Characteristic
Value
Age, mean (SD), y
23.8 (8.2)
Sex, No.
Male
98
Female
127
Procedures, No.
348
Laterality of ingrown toenail, No.
Postoperative Care
After surgery, patients were given oral nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs for pain control. Older adults
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Table 1. Patient Characteristics (N = 225)
Bilateral
42
Unilateral
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matrix. Phenol (C6H5OH) is a colorless crystal derived
from coal tar. Liquefied phenol (carbolic acid) has
antibacterial, anesthetic, and, in its concentrated form,
escharotic properties. It acts via denaturation of the
matrix and any other soft tissue proteins.7
The aim of phenol therapy is chemical destruction
of the lateral and proximal horns of the matrix, and
prevention of future growth of the lateral nail plate
into the proximolateral nail fold. The main contraindications for chemical matricectomy are moderate to
severe vascular disease of the foot, factors delaying
wound healing, and allergy to the chemical used.8,9
Surgical Treatment
Surgical treatment is the best option available for stage
2 or 3 ingrown nails, as conservative approaches have
high rates of failure and recurrence. Many surgical
techniques have been proposed (Table 2). Conventional surgical treatment of ingrown toenails has been
associated with an unacceptably high recurrence rate,
substantial postoperative pain, and poor cosmetic
results.10,11 Simple nail edge excision has a recurrence
rate of 39%,10,12 and total nail avulsion has a recurrence
rate of 83%,13,14 whereas soft tissue resection has a cure
rate of 60%.10,14,15 The reported recurrence rate after
wedge resection ranges from 12% to 30%.10,16,17
Total nail bed ablation using the Zadik procedure
is associated with considerable postoperative pain and
recurrence rates ranging from 16% to 28%.18 Moreover, patients, particularly young women, often object
to the inadequate cosmetic results.10 Excision of the
proximolateral matrix segment is effective, and cure
rates exceeding 95% have been reported, but this technique is technically difficult, and the associated overaggressive bone destruction can lead to osseous infection
and complications19; however, if the technique is
performed correctly, the risk of complications is very
low. None of the patients in our study had evidence of
osseous infection during follow-up, nor did any need
analgesics beyond postoperative day 3.
Table 2. Treatment Options for Ingrown Toenails
Conservative measures:
Push back skinfold
Insertion of a cotton pad under lateral edge of nail plate
Removal (avulsion) of the affected border of the nail plate
Removal (avulsion) of the entire nail plate
Partial or complete removal of nail plate with destruction (ablation)
of nail matrix to prevent regrowth using:
Caustic liquid (eg, phenol, sodium hydroxide)
Surgery (wedge excision of nail matrix)
Cryotherapy
Laser
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Other nonsurgical treatment choices for destroying the nail matrix have limitations. Cryotherapy is
associated with a high recurrence rate (36%).20 Newer
methods of segmental nail bed ablation, including
electrodessication, sodium hydroxide treatment, negative galvanic current therapy, and carbon dioxide laser
treatment, provide good results, but are more expensive than phenol ablation.9,21-25
Zadik Technique
In 1950, Zadik18 reported a radical surgical technique
for treating ingrown toenails, and Fowler26 subsequently described in detail use of this technique for
bilateral and unilateral ingrown toenails.
For bilateral ingrown toenails (ie, those affecting
medial and lateral aspects of the same nail), under local
anesthesia and tourniquet control, 2 oblique 1.25-cm
incisions are made, beginning at the junction of the
nail fold and nail walls. Three skin-only flaps are dissected; the epithelium on the deep surfaces of the nail
fold and nail walls is left intact. The nail is avulsed
and the skin flaps retracted. Sharp dissection is used
to remove a block of tissue: the germinal matrix and
the overlying deep layer of the nail fold and walls. The
skin flaps are then sutured back to cover the wound.
The technique for unilateral ingrown toenail is
similar in all essentials to the above operation, except
that the excision of the germinal matrix is limited to a
wide segment at the corner of the nail. One skin incision is used and 2 flaps are raised to expose the germinal matrix of the affected side of the nail. The wound
is completely covered by the skin flaps.
Certain aspects of the technique need emphasis.
The operations must be exact dissections to the limits
of the germinal matrix. Distally, the matrix is divided
just beyond the edge of the lunular area; proximally,
the dissection reaches nearly to the joint line; and
laterally, it continues until the blade reaches the fatty
tissue of the pulp. For total excision of the germinal
matrix, the tissue is excised in 2 parts by starting from
the midline and working to each side.26
Our procedure, described in Methods, differs from
the Zadik procedure in its use of a longitudinal incision in the side of ingrown toenail, partial (vs total)
extraction of the matrix, and addition of phenol ablation of the nail bed of the ingrown toenail. Excising
the lateral and proximolateral matrices, in addition
to nail avulsion, and using phenolization might more
effectively reduce the recurrence rate.
Comparative Effectiveness of Techniques
The literature contains many reports of the effectiveness, cure rates, and complications of matrix cauterization with phenol in the treatment of ingrown nails.17,27-30
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A Cochrane review has described the various methods
for treating ingrown toenails.31 The authors noted that
the combination of simple nail avulsion and phenolization was more effective than all other methods. In 2
of the studies reviewed, combination techniques—the
Zadik procedure with phenolization, and the Winograd
procedure with phenolization—were used in 31 and 170
patients, respectively, whereas other studies compared
surgery alone with phenolization. Adding to the studies
reported in the Cochrane review, our study had more
patients and provides longer-term data on success rate.
Follow-up is key for evaluating treatment of ingrown
toenails because recurrence can occur up to 2 years
later. We obtained a 99.7% success rate at 2 years. We
believe that our technique, using several treatments in a
single procedure, ranks as one of the best for preventing
recurrence and achieving a high success rate. We did
not have a control group, however. Controlled studies
comparing our technique with others are needed to
determine which is most efficacious.
In conclusion, partial excision of the proximolateral
matrix combined with phenolic ablation for the treatment of ingrown toenails was highly effective and is
the treatment of choice at our clinic because of its high
success rate in the long term. We believe that the surgical technique is the most important determinant of the
success rate. Removing a sufficient width of nail (3 mm)
and appropriate curettage after proximolateral matrix
excision are the most critical factors for avoiding nail
spicules in the sulcus or under the eponychium, and preventing recurrence after phenol chemical matricectomy.
To read or post commentaries in response to this article, see it
online at http://www.annfammed.org/content/10/6/556.
7. van der Ham AC, Hackeng CA, Yo TI. The treatment of ingrowing
toenails. A randomised comparison of wedge excision and phenol
cauterisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(3):507-509.
8. Sykes PA, Kerr R. Treatment of ingrowing nails by surgeons and
chiropodists. BMJ. 1988;297(6644):335-336.
9. Siegle RJ, Harkness J, Swanson NA. Phenol alcohol technique for
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10. Murray WR, Bedi BS. The surgical management of ingrowing toenail. Br J Surg. 1975;62(5):409-412.
11. Palmer BV, Jones A. Ingrowing toenails: the results of treatment.
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16. Fulton GJ, O’Donohoe MK, Reynolds JV, Keane FB, Tanner WA.
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1074-1075.
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18. Zadik FR. Obliteration of the nailbed of the great toe without shortening the terminal phalanx. J Bone Joint Surg. 1950;32(1):66-67.
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20. Sonnex TS, Dawber RP. Treatment of ingrowing toenails with liquid
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Key words: ingrown toenail; onychocryptosis; unguis incarnatus; surgery; phenol; matricectomy
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