corporate security measures becoming ... desktop security is coming ...

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Desktop Security Policy Enforcement - How to
secure your corporate mobile devices
Jason S. Meyer
Abstract— As more and more corporate dollars are being spent
on securing the network from outside intruders, the threat from
within is being overlooked. The mobile devices and the wireless
access to networks open up many new possibilities to expose the
corporate network to intrusion and theft. As mobile devices are
carried by employees from the safe corporate network to the
unsecured wireless networks of coffee shops, bookstores and
airports, the need for desktop security is higher than ever. What
would you need to protect a mobile device from intrusion while
away from the corporate network?
Anti-virus software,
operating system security patching, firewall software, antispyware software, file-encryption software and access-control
lists are all items that can make up a comprehensive desktop
security package. Each of these items require administration and
maintenance that is usually far beyond the ability of the common
user to handle on a regular basis. As a layer of the Defense in
Depth method, it is the responsibility of the security
administrators of a corporate network to secure the mobile
devices even when they are not connected to the network to avoid
a security risk being brought back into the network. This would
be a desktop security policy enforcement that has many different
names depending on which vendor is trying to sell it. This paper
will discuss the items that make up a secure desktop security
policy and explore a few of the available solutions from vendors
that meet some or all of the basic requirements.
Index Terms—Desktop Security Policy, Network Access
Policy, Network Admission Control
D
I.INTRODUCTION
ESKTOP security can have many meanings depending
on whose definition is being used. Ask a common user
what their definition of desktop security is and you may get
responses such as anti-virus software is installed or username
and password authentication is in place. That user will
probably be the same one that turns around and disables the
anti-virus software because it slowed down their machine too
much and will write their username and password on a post it
and put it under their keyboard. Pose the same question to
members of management and you may have gotten a response
such as the corporation’s commitment to information security
is of the highest priority and then they will turn around and cut
budget proposals for security measures. These cuts will be
justified because there have not been any serious breaches or
data losses before and the return on investment based on prior
history may not justify the costs. With newspaper headlines
that uncover sensitive personal information theft due to lax

Manuscript received July 17, 2006
Jason S. Meyer is a graduate student at East Carolina University,
Greenville, NC, 27858(e-mail: jsm0829@ecu.edu).
corporate security measures becoming more commonplace,
desktop security is coming to the forefront as a necessary
aspect of the corporate security policy. Corporate security
policies are redefining what is required to secure the desktop
that once was a stationary item and all that was needed was
anti-virus and a corporate firewall to protect. With higher
corporate productivity becoming directly attributed to the
degree of mobility afforded through advanced information
technology, the need for more in-depth security measures that
can handle advanced threats to mobile devices is needed.
II.DESKTOP SECURITY POLICY
Any Desktop Security Policy is a direct subset of the
Corporate Security Policy and must address three general
areas; Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability [1]. These
areas are not only for the protection of the single desktop but
also the network and every desktop that is a member of it. The
term Desktop is actually significant of a number of types of
devices such as Workstations, Servers, Laptops, Personal
Digital Assistants (PDA’s), Cell Phones and IP Phones. These
devices can be further classified into multiple categories such
as;
1. Managed or Unmanaged
2. Wired or Wireless
3. Local or Mobile
Each one of these categories will require adjustments to the
Security Policy to accommodate variations of connection times
and network access to resources. All of these factors taken
into consideration can make the formulation of a Desktop
Security Policy quite overwhelming. The key to making the
Desktop Security Policy effective is to establish the right
combination of security products and procedures to meet the
aforementioned requirements [3]. A basic list of the security
products would include an anti-virus program, a personal
firewall, anti-spyware software, file-encryption software,
access-control lists and an operating system patch management
solution. Each one of these products will help ensure at least
one or more of the three principle areas, Confidentiality,
Integrity and Availability are addressed properly. Lets see
what each of these products are and how they fit into the
overall desktop protection plan.
A. Anti-Virus Software
A computer program that attempts to identify, thwart and
eliminate computer viruses and other malicious software.
Anti-virus software would fit into both the Integrity and
the Availability categories. Examples of this would be
Symantec Anti-Virus and McAfee VirusScan.
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B. Firewall Software
A computer program that will provide controlled
connectivity between zones of differing trust levels as
determined by a security policy. Firewall software can be
considered a part of the Availability category. Examples
of this would be Symantec Client Security Firewall and
Sygate Online Scan. Microsoft has added it’s own
personal firewall software into the Windows operating
system starting with XP Service Pack 2 and Server 2003
Service Pack 1.
C. Anti-spyware Software
A computer program that attempts to identify and remove
spyware from a protected computer. This software can be
classified as part of the Confidentiality category.
Symantec Anti-Virus now includes this function or there
is freeware such as Spybot Search and Destroy. Microsoft
is now offering it’s own version called Windows
Defender.
D. File-Encryption Software
A computer program that will take data stored on a media
device and apply an encryption algorithm to it in order to
render the data unreadable to those without proper access.
This software would be part of the Confidentiality
category. An example of this software is Credant
Technologies Mobile Guardian. Microsoft includes this
as an option on it’s Active Directory enabled operating
systems.
E. Access-Control Lists
This does not need to be separate software on the desktop.
The operating system most like already accomplishes this
through logon username and passwords. Multiple layers
of access control may be put in place through other
software such as the file-encryption software. This would
be classified in the Confidentiality and Integrity
categories.
F. OS Patch Management Software
There are multiple variations of patch management
software available. Some require a managed environment
to accomplish patching a desktop where others allow the
desktop to update themselves on their own schedule.
Either way, it is the means that an operating system
receives minor fixes (patches) to fix bugs or security
vulnerabilities in the software. This last one may be
classified as part of the Integrity and Availability groups.
Many different examples are available for this to include
Microsoft’s Systems Management Server, Computer
Associates Software Delivery (ShipIt) and Microsoft’s
Windows Server Update Services. The last one is a free
offering from Microsoft.
There are many software vendors that offer enterprise
solutions for each of the above software requirements. They
have management consoles and reporting agents that turn in
status reports when communications with parent servers are
established. Some of them will even “wake” themselves up to
report in on a predetermined schedule. Some of the vendors
may even be able to supply more that one of the required
software that can all be managed by the same management
consoles. These solutions have made administration much
easier but still do not offer the enforcement mechanism that is
needed to ensure that the corporate policy is in place at all
times. Having one single desktop that does not maintain an
up-to-date security posture is equivalent to a security
vulnerability threatening the entire network; therefore it must
be required for every desktop in the environment at all times.
III.NETWORK ACCESS POLICY
Along with any Desktop Security Policy, we must look at
implementing an automatic policy enforcement mechanism
that can ensure a high level of endpoint security compliance
and at the same time protect the rest of the network [4]. The
best time to accomplish this is before the desktop gains
unrestricted access to the network. This is to include any
access to the network whether it is from an internal wired
connection or a wireless connection or a VPN connection.
Any viable product that is to be used in this capacity must
meet a number of the following criteria;
1. It must be able to recognize all types and variations of
the required software that can be available on a
desktop
2. It must be able to scan the above software for policy
complicity. This will also include signature file age,
version control and rule set variations.
3. It must be able to be centrally managed for ease of
use by an administrator. Having to manage policy in
multiple consoles will allow for duplication error.
4. It must be able to authenticate desktops and users to
grant proper network access if authorized.
5. It must be able to deny full network access based on
configuration scan results but still offer an avenue for
the devices to obtain remediation help.
6. It must have the ability for administrators to easily
create custom policies.
These are just a few of the items that a Network Access
Control device must be able to accomplish in order to be a
complete solution. The first roadblock to this will be the
agreement for all vendors to develop and adhere to a common
set of standards when it comes to NAC policy. In May 2005,
the Trusted Computing Group established and working group
named the Trusted Network Connect (TNC) in order to
formulate an open set of standards for Access Control. Since
its establishment, many software makers have pledged to
comply with the standards set forth by the group. Of these
groups, two major software vendors come to the forefront
whenever NAC is mentioned, Cisco and Microsoft. Lets take
a brief look at each of the vendors solutions to review their
advantages and disadvantages.
A.Cisco Network Admission Control
1. Host based Agent or Agentless (WebBased)
2. Layer 2 Enforcement
3. Can segment into separate VLAN for remediation
4. Extra layer of authentication
5. Centralized Management Console
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6.
7.
8.
9.
Centralized Policy Distribution
Uses 802.1x Extensible Authentication Protocol L2
Session for compliance scans
Can enforce based on User or Computer Role
Separate ACL per Role [10]
B.Microsoft Network Access Protection
1. Multiple Host Based Agents (MS Longhorn and Vista
Only) and Agentless (WebBased)
2. Layer 2 Enforcement
3. IP Packet Filters or VLAN established until
remediation is complete
4. Can use separate layer of authentication, standard is
Active Directory
5. Centralized Management Console
6. Centralized Policy Distribution
7. Uses 802.1x Extensible Authentication Protocol L2
Session for compliance scans
So the first problem with Microsoft’s version is that it is
currently only available in its Longhorn and Vista operating
systems. Since these operating systems are in Beta testing,
they are not a viable solution for the moment [7]. Microsoft’s
first attempt at NAC was its Network Access Quarantine
Control which is an add on to the Windows Server 2003
operating system and requires that the client be set up in a
DHCP based configuration. If a computer owner were to
manually insert a good IP address into the computers
configuration, it would completely bypass the NAC attempts
of scanning and security compliance enforcement. Therefore
it would only have been good if the desktop were entering
through a remote connection that could be controlled through
an RRAS server where it must be DHCP enabled [8].
Cisco is touting its solution as only requiring 5 days
implementation time and will require no network upgrades in
order to implement. A possible downside to the Cisco solution
may be in that anyone can change the registry settings that the
Cisco agent checks and make then match the minimum
requirements needed to be granted access, thereby bypassing
the security check.
On 18 October, 2004, Cisco and Microsoft had announced that
they were going to share and integrate their NAC products but
have never fully developed this collaboration. Each company
ahs continued with its own products with little regard for the
other.
IV.CONCLUSION
In this paper I have reviewed the need for a strong corporate
security policy that would include a desktop security policy
and a network security policy. I have discussed some of the
software items that would be needed to enforce these policies
in a LAN environment and reviewed a few of the currently
available vendor solutions available.
REFERENCES
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[7] “Network Access Protection Platform Architecture”, Microsoft
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[8] Wettern, Joern, “Secure Network Access”, Redmond Mag.com, June
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