PROOF COVER SHEET

PROOF COVER SHEET
Author(s): Michele Lonati
Article title: Synecology, conservation status and IUCN assessment of Potentilla fruticosa L. in the Italian Alps
Article no: TABG 906919
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Prefix
Given name(s)
Surname
Michele
Marziano
Beatrice
Giampiero
Lonati
Pascale
Operti
Lombardi
Suffix
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TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
Initial
Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.906919
Société botanique de France
Synecology, conservation status and IUCN assessment of Potentilla fruticosa L. in the Italian
Alps
Michele Lonatia*, Marziano Pascaleb, Beatrice Opertic and Giampiero Lombardia
a
5
Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy; bVia della Repubblica 14, I-12018 Roccavione (CN), Italy; cStrada Balme 3/A, I-12017 Robilante (CN), Italy
(Received 7 November 2013; accepted 14 March 2014)
10
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Abstract: Potentilla fruticosa L. is a self-incompatible clonal shrub, characterized by a wide circumpolar distribution
(Asia and North America). In Europe the species has many peripheral isolated populations, and within the Alps it is confined to a restricted area of the Maritime Alps (Italy and France). In alpine environments P. fruticosa is affected by a significant lack of information about current population status and little and conflicting information is reported about its
potential habitat. Our study investigated P. fruticosa populations on the Italian side of the Alps to evaluate its synecology, syntaxonomy and conservation status. Results showed that six out of the seven populations inventoried in the area
during the study, consisted of 20 or fewer individuals, and only one included a high number of plants. The species was
observed in the study area within the Caricetum frigidae association (Caricion davallianae alliance), very close to small
creeks characterized by fairly constant water levels. In the Italian Alps P. fruticosa has a very restricted geographic
range, estimated at around 16 km2 (extent of occurrence). Isolation of populations affected viable seed production. A
continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is expected due to the continuing abandonment of pastures that
began 40 years ago in the study area. According to the most recent IUCN categories and criteria the species should be
listed at the regional/national level as Critically Endangered.
Keywords: Caricion davallianae; endangered species; grazing abandonment; population viability; spatial isolation
Introduction
25
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40
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Many studies have shown that spatial isolation and small
population size may negatively affect many rare plant
species, limiting genetic exchanges between populations,
reducing plant fitness and viability, and increasing the
risk of extinction (Young, Boyle, and Brown 1996;
Frankham and Ralls 1998; Lu, Waller, and David 2005;
Leimu et al. 2006; Aguilar et al. 2008; Kuss et al.
2008). Nonetheless, natural fragmentation is a frequent
feature in alpine species, due to the effects of Quaternary
history, pronounced mountainous topography and related
abiotic heterogeneity (Kuss et al. 2008). Diverse life history traits of different plants may make them more or
less vulnerable to fragmentation effects, i.e. stronger negative effects on short-lived species are expected compared with long-lived species (Young, Boyle and Brown
1996). Self-incompatible species are most prone to negative effects of isolation (Leimu et al. 2006). However,
the ability of many species to reproduce clonally may
limit the negative effects of fragmentation, resulting in a
delay of time between generations (Honnay and Bossuyt
2005).
Within European taxa, Potentilla fruticosa L. represents a very interesting example of a self-incompatible
clonal plant characterized by a fragmented distribution
range. The species has a wide circumpolar distribution in
the northern temperate zone (Asia and North America)
with many peripheral isolated populations in Europe. In
*Corresponding author. Email: michele.lonati@unito.it
© 2014 Société botanique de France
northern Europe it is recorded in western Ireland,
northern England, the Baltic area, and the Ural
50
Mountains (Elkington and Woodell 1963). In southern
Europe, very small populations of P. fruticosa were
observed in the French and Spanish Pyrenees, in the
Maritime Alps (France and Italy) and in a single locality
in Bulgaria (Elkington 1969).
55
Many studies have stressed the importance of peripheral isolated populations on species conservation, both
for their ecological and genetic importance (Dvornyk
2001; van Rossum et al. 2003; Lesica and McCune
2004; Gapare and Aitken 2005; Lepping and White AQ1 60
2006). Due to the greater physiological stress associated
with marginal habitat conditions, peripheral populations
may be well adapted to shifting the species range in
response to climate change (Hunter and Hutchinson
1994; Garcia-Ramos and Kirkpatrick, 1997; Mott 2010).
65
In addition, they are potentially important for future speciation events (Lesica and Allendorf 1995).
In the Alps, P. fruticosa has many peripheral isolated
populations with respect to the core distribution. These
isolated populations are confined to a restricted area of
70
the Maritime Alps, between the municipalities of
Entraque and Valdieri (Piedmont, Italy) and the municipalities of St-Martin-Vésubie, Fontan, Belvédère and
Guillaumes (France) (Pignatti 1982; SILENE 2013).
Based on historical and recent observations, only four
75
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
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M. Lonati et al.
populations have been documented in the Italian Alps
(Burnat, Briquet, and Cavillier 1892–1931; Bono 1965;
Pascale 2006). According to the only comprehensive
Italian Red List of threatened plants (Conti, Manzi and
Pedrotti 1997), based on an older version of IUCN categories, P. fruticosa is included among Lower Risk (LR)
species. Until now it has never been considered for an
assessment according to the most recent categories and
criteria (IUCN 2001, 2012a) and it is currently not
included within the new Italian Red List (Rossi,
Montagnani, Gargano et al. 2013, Rossi, Montagnani,
Abeli et al., 2013).
The knowledge of syntaxonomy and synecology of
rare plant species is essential to their conservation, e.g.
phytosociological habitat descriptions provide considerable relevant information about habitat quality, syndynamic processes and related management options (Austin
1999; Hölzel 2003; Lonati and Siniscalco 2009a, 2009b,
2010; Lonati, Gorlier, and Lombardi 2011). Additionally,
IUCN guidelines take into account the reduction of habitat quality during the assessment process (IUCN 2013).
Little and conflicting information about P. fruticosa
potential habitat in the Alps has been reported. Pignatti
(1982) reported the species in the Italian Alps on sunny
cliffs, contrasting with the observations of Pascale
(2006), who reported the species associated with Alnus
viridis stands and along alpine streams banks in the
same geographic area. Phytosociological data are also
not very clear: Aeschimann et al. (2004) indicated the
species optimum condition in the Alps in the Caricion
davallianae alliance, according to observations of
Braun-Blanquet (1948) in the Pyrenees. In contrast, the
same species is listed by Cavallero et al. (2007) within
thermo-xerophilous Centaureo uniflorae–Festucetum
paniculatae (Festucion variae alliance) in the Italian
western Alps.
The present study investigated P. fruticosa populations in the Italian Alps to assess their conservation status according to the most recent IUCN criteria and
categories (IUCN 2001, 2012a). The specific goals of
the work are: (1) to describe actual geographic distribution and assess population size, (2) to define the phytosociological optimum of the species in the Italian Alps,
(3) to test whether the vegetative performance and potential reproductive success are related to the isolation of
populations, and (4) to identify the factors affecting
P. fruticosa conservation.
Material and methods
Study species
50
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QA: GD
Initial
Potentilla fruticosa is a deciduous branched shrub, 50–
100 cm high. Both erect and prostrate branches are present in mature plants, the latter being able to easily root
adventitiously. Vegetative propagation takes place by
means of creeping stems just below the soil surface and
may enable the plant to cover a wide area (Elkington
and Woodell 1963).
The species is self-incompatible (Innes and Lenz
1991). Flowers are usually produced during the second
season when the plants are 40–50 cm high (Elkington
and Woodell 1963). Flowers are five-merous, with triangular ovate sepals, oblanceolate linear epicalyx segments,
and orbicular-ovate yellow petals. The whole calyx is
persistent in fruit and surrounds the achenes. Achenes
are about 1 mm long, dark brown at maturity, and surrounded by a ring of hairs produced from the base.
60
65
Data collection
To assess the conservation status of P. fruticosa, we
georeferenced all the existing populations and quantified
the area and the total number of individuals for each
population. Identification of populations was based on
published sources, herbarium records, personal unpublished observations and extensive field surveys across the
entire Italian range of the species during the flowering
period (June and July 2010). In most cases plants were
easily identified in the field as singular individuals. Due
to clonal spread by the external prostrate branches, the
oldest individuals appeared as polycormic plants with
dense canopies and hemi-ellipsoidal crowns, probably
corresponding to genets. Individual plants were patchily
distributed in the field, forming dense patches of less
than 20–25 m2. We used a threshold distance of 100 m
between patches to differentiate individual populations
(Kolb and Lindhorst 2006). Population perimeters were
georeferenced using a GPS and the corresponding areas
were quantified using Quantum GIS 1.8 (Quantum GIS
Development Team, 2012). Five of the seven populations
(POP1, POP3, POP4, POP5, POP6) consisted of one
single patch; one population (POP2) comprised two
well-separated patches; and one (POP7) included a large
number of patches, often close to each other and not easily distinguishable. In all populations except POP7 the
size was assessed by direct count of all the individuals
(without distinction between mature and immature individuals). In POP7 direct counts of all individual plants
were not feasible. Consequently, we estimated the population size by measurement of the area occupied by the
patches multiplied by the average plant density (e.g.
Pluess and Stöcklin 2004), which was determined by
counting all individuals in six 28.3-m2 circular plots
(3-m radius), randomly arranged inside the area. The
population size was assessed during July 2010.
To describe the synecology, structure, and vegetative
and reproductive fitness of P. fruticosa, in all populations
but POP7 we located one or two 28.3-m2 circular permanent plots with the plot centre at the centre of each
patch. In POP7, surveys were carried out in the same circular plots used to measure plant density. Thirteen plots
were surveyed during 2010.
To investigate the species synecology, phytosociological surveys were carried out at each plot during June
and July 2010, using the abundance–dominance values
proposed by Braun-Blanquet (1932). Percent cover of
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TABG 906919
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Initial
QA: GD
Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters
5
10
15
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25
30
35
40
bare soil, rocks, herbs, lower shrub (height ≤ 1.3 m) and
upper shrub (height between 1.3 and 5.0 m) layers were
visually estimated. All the woody species, including
P. fruticosa, were recorded within the lower or upper
shrub layer. Floristic nomenclature follows Pignatti
(1982).
To describe the population structure we recorded or
calculated the following parameters within each circular
plot at the end of the growing season (September
2010):
(1) P. fruticosa plant density, by counting all flowering and non-flowering individuals
(2) P. fruticosa plant height (from soil level to the
tip of the tallest shoot) and diameter (average of
two diameters of an approximate ellipse), by
measuring all the individuals, average plant
height and diameter were calculated for each plot
using data recorded from all individuals
(3) Total canopy area of P. fruticosa (m2 plot−1),
summing up all the canopy areas of singular
individuals (shape of the canopy crown approximate to an ellipse). Additionally, to measure the
species’ vegetative and reproductive fitness, 10
individuals of P. fruticosa were randomly
selected within each plot except in the smallest
population with fewer than 10 individuals. We
measured the following morphological and reproductive traits (September 2010):
(4) Annual final shoot length (one shoot derived
from the terminal bud for each selected individual);
(5) Number of well-developed, potentially viable
achenes (total count in 10 flowers randomly
selected within each plot, coming from the 10
randomly selected individuals whenever possible). Well-developed fruits (filled) were easily
separable from those aborted (unfilled), the latter
almost exclusively comprised of the pappus.
To quantify patch isolation we calculated the following
indices (Hanski, Kuussaari, and Nieminen 1994; Bruun
2000):
45
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(1) distance from patches I to the nearest occupied
patch (Ii1), calculated using the GPS position of
each plot. We also tested the mean distance to
the nearest two (Ii2), three (Ii3) and four patches
(Ii4), but this did not alter the results as both
isolation parameters were strongly correlated
(Pearson correlation: r > 0.99 and p < 0.001 with
Ii2; r = 0.95 and p < 0.001 with Ii3; r = 0.88 and
p < 0.001 with Ii4);
(2) overall isolation, henceforth called isolation
index (In), defined as In = –∑ exp(–dij), where
dij is the distance between patches i and j in
kilometres.
3
To assess the abiotic factors affecting vegetation at
each plot, a number of variables were measured in the
field or extracted from available data sets. Topographic
variables (elevation, aspect, slope and distance from the
nearest creek) were measured by using topographic measuring devices. Soil pH was measured potentiometrically
on air-dried topsoil samples (10 cm) on the > 2-mm soil
fraction of a soil/water suspension (soil/water ratio 1 : 2)
using standard techniques (Soil Survey Staff 1999).
Aspect was transformed into southness [southness = 180 – (aspect – 180)], to provide an interpretable,
non-circular variable (Chang et al. 2004). Climate data
in the study area were extrapolated for each plot, using
UTM coordinates from the Climatologic Atlas of Piedmont (Biancotti et al. 1998).
Data analysis
Phytosociological data were transformed into numerical
values according to van der Maarel (1979), which were
used to classify the 13 plots by cluster analysis (option
for clustering: average link; resemblance coefficient: similarity ratio). Each group was assigned an association
based on the presence and frequency of phytosociological characteristic species. The syntaxonomic nomenclature follows Grabherr and Mucina (1993), integrated
with Mucina, Grabherr, and Ellmauer (1993), Oberdorfer
(1983) and Theurillat et al. (1994). Nomenclature of
associations and related syntaxa was revised according to
the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber, Moravec, and Theurillat 2000).
We assessed among-group differences of topographic/
environmental variables (elevation, southness, slope, soil
pH) and P. fruticosa performance variables (density, average plant height and diameter, canopy area, shoot length
and number of well-developed achenes), by univariate
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Before the analysis, data
were tested for homoscedasticity (Levene’s test) and three
variables (distance from creek, average plant height and
average plant diameter) were log10 transformed to meet
this assumption (see Supplementary Table 1). ANOVA
residuals were also tested for normality using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (see Supplementary Table 2). Group
means were compared with Bonferroni post-hoc range test
( p ≤ 0.05), which takes the unbalanced replicates design
into account (Soliani 2004; Norusis 2005).
The relationship between the number of filled fruits
and patch isolation (Ii1 and In) was analysed by a regression, using exponential and linear functions, respectively
( p ≤ 0.05). In the linear regression, all variables were
tested for normality to meet assumptions of the analysis.
As a result of wild ungulate damage on flowers and
fruits in one plot (POP6), the regression models were
performed using 12 plots. The analysis was performed at
plot scale (and not at population scale) to use a larger
data set in the analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Municipality
Entracque
Entracque
Entracque
Entracque
Valdieri
Valdieri
Valdieri
Code
POP1
POP2
POP3
POP4
POP5
POP6
POP7
Piano del Praiet
Piano del Praiet
Vallone di Pantacreus
Vallone delle Rovine
Vallone della Meris
Vallone della Meris
Vallone della Meris
Location
confirmed
confirmed
confirmed
newfind
newfind
newfind
confirmed
Finding
1825
1807-1812
2103
2050
2072
1900
2211–2320
Altitude (m a.s.l.)
Code, location and size [number of total individuals (= genets)] of the studied populations.
4.5
24
27
0.2
20
2
~ 26,000
Population area (m2)
11
13
10
1
20
2
~ 18,000
Population size (no. of individuals)
4
Table 1.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
Initial
M. Lonati et al.
QA: GD
1
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
1
.
.
3
+
.
.
+
1
.
1
+
.
+
.
.
.
2
2
+
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
1
+
.
2072
136
47
0
25
50
5
30
PL03
3
2
+
1
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
2316
100
25
0
45
40
5
10
PL04
2
2
+
1
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
2286
94
35
0
20
45
15
20
PL05
PL07
2
3
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
2
2
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
2
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
GR2
2270 2261
84
102
27
27
0
0
10
20
40
55
10
10
40
15
PL06
2
2
+
+
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
2302
90
26
0
5
35
3
55
PL08
1
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
2211
60
33
0
10
65
5
20
PL09
1
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
1900
322
18
0
10
80
10
15
PL10
2
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
1812
108
46
0
10
70
5
15
PL11
1
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
GR3
1807
104
38
0
5
70
10
15
PL12
4
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
2103
84
70
20
75
25
10
10
PL13
13
11
8
4
7
5
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
7
4
2
1
1
7
6
1
9
8
3
2
1
Presence
(Continued)
V
V
IV
II
III
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
III
II
I
I
I
III
III
I
IV
IV
II
I
I
Frequency
Initial
Characteristic species of Caricetum frigidae and Caricion davallianae
Potentilla fruticosa
2
1
Carex frigida
.
.
Tofieldia calyculata
.
.
Trichophorum alpinum
.
.
Characteristic species of Centaureo–Festucetum spadiceae
Hypericum richeri
+
Centaurea uniflora
+
Silene nutans
1
Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum
.
Trifolium montanum
+
Characteristic species of Festucion variae
Festuca scabriculmis
.
Potentilla grandiflora
+
Potentilla valderia
1
Characteristic species of Festucetalia spadiceae
Plantago serpentina
+
Festuca paniculata
2
Veronica fruticans
+
Erigeron alpinus
.
Geum montanum
.
Characteristic species of Caricetea curvulae
Dianthus neglectus
.
Phyteuma betonicifolium
+
Pedicularis kerneri
.
Juncus trifidus
.
Euphrasia alpina
.
Gentiana kochiana
.
Luzula lutea
.
Leontodon helveticus
.
Hieracium glanduliferum
.
Agrostis rupestris
.
GR1
1825 2050
124
168
34
40
0
0
10
2
40
70
10
10
40
20
Cluster groups
Altitude (m a.s.l.)
Aspect (°N)
Slope (°)
Upper shrub cover (5 m < height < 1.3 m) (%)
Lower shrub cover (height < 1.3 m) (%)
Herbaceous cover (%)
Bare ground (%)
Rock cover (%)
PL02
PL01
Phytosociological surveys.
Plot code
Table 2.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters
5
(Continued).
+
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Companion species
Ingr. species of Seslerietea albicantis
Carduus carlinaefolius
Festuca violacea
Carex ornithopoda
Pedicularis gyroflexa
Biscutella laevigata
Senecio doronicum
Bupleurum ranunculoides
Scabiosa vestita
Acinos alpinus
Stachis pradica
Dianthus furcatus
Thesium alpinum
Ingr. species of Asplenietea trichomanis
Rhodiola rosea
Epilobium collinum
Saxifraga paniculata
Primula latifolia
Silene cordifolia
Asplenium trichomanes
Primula marginata
Valeriana tripteris
Ingr. species of Querco–Fagetea and Rhamno-Prunetea
Daphne mezereum
.
Luzula nivea
+
Dryopteris filix-mas
+
Avenella flexuosa
.
Viola riviniana
.
Poa nemoralis
.
Cotoneaster integerrimus
.
Rhamnus alpina
+
Convallaria majalis
.
+
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PL04
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PL05
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2
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PL06
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2
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PL07
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PL08
1
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2
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PL09
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2
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PL10
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PL11
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1
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2
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PL12
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PL13
6
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
6
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
7
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
7
5
1
1
III
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
III
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
IV
III
II
II
II
I
I
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I
I
I
I
III
I
I
I
III
II
I
I
Initial
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1
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1
+
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PL03
.
PL02
.
PL01
6
Carex davalliana
.
Characteristic species of Caricetalia davallianae
Parnassia palustris
.
Pinguicula vulgaris
.
Juncus alpino-articulatus
.
Characteristic species of Scheuchzerio–Caricetea fuscae
Bartsia alpina
.
Eriophorum angustifolium
.
Carex capillaris
.
Carex panicea
.
Plot code
Table 2.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
M. Lonati et al.
.
+
+
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1
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.
+
Ingr. species of Vaccinio–Piceetea
Juniperus nana
Rhododendron ferrugineum
Vaccinium gaultheriodes
Vaccinium myrtillus
Ingr. species of Calluno–Ulicetea and Nardetalia
Potentilla erecta
Nardus stricta
Festuca nigrescens
Meum athamanticum
Botrychium lunaria
Hieracium pilosella
Polygala vulgaris
Carex pallescens
Ajuga pyramidalis
Antennaria dioica
Coeloglossum viride
Ingr. species of Mulgedio–Aconitetea
Veratrum album subsp. lobelianum
Geranium sylvaticum
Viola biflora
Calamagrostis villosa
Alnus viridis
Rosa pendulina
Peucedanum ostruthium
Agrostis schraderana
Polygonatum verticillatum
Aconitum variegatum
Aconitum vulparia
Ingr. species of Festuco–Brometea
Galium obliquum
.
.
Ingr. species of Trifolio–Geranietea sanguinei
Thalictrum minus
Anthericum liliago
Trifolium alpestre
Peucedanum oreoselinum
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Clinopodium vulgare
Viola hirta
Seseli libanotis
Euphorbia dulcis
Luzula albida
+
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3
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4
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3
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1
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5
10
7
7
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
9
8
5
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
8
7
6
4
6
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters
(Continued)
II
IV
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
IV
IV
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
IV
III
III
II
III
II
I
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Initial
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.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
7
(Continued).
1
.
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+
+
.
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+
+
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+
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PL02
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1
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PL03
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PL04
2
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PL05
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PL06
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PL07
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PL08
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PL09
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PL10
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PL11
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PL12
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PL13
10
9
9
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
6
3
7
5
5
4
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
II
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Initial
Other companion species
Carex sempervirens
Astrantia minor
Orchis maculata
Thymus serpyllum s.l.
Alchemilla vulgaris s.l.
Campanula scheuchzeri
Saxifraga aizoides L.
Allium schoenoprasum
Anthoxanthum alpinum
Aster bellidiastrum
Leucanthemum ceratophylloides
Rubus idaeus
See Appendix I for accidental species
Ingr. species of Molinio–Arrhenatheretea
Lotus corniculatus
Trollius europaeus
Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale
Rumex acetosa
Leontodon hispidus
Achillea stricta
Poa alpina
Crepis paludosa
Crocus albiflorus
Leontodon autumnalis
Trisetum flavescens
Dactylis glomerata
Arrhenatherum elatius
+
+
1
1
+
.
.
+
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+
+
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.
.
.
PL01
8
Carlina acaulis
Hippocrepis comosa
Festuca curvula
Stachis recta
Bunium bulbocastanum
Asperula aristata
Briza media
Primula veris subsp. columnae
Armeria plantaginea
Stipa pennata
Brachypodium rupestre
Teucrium chamaedrys
Allium sphaerocephalon
Carex caryophyllea
Sanguisorba minor
Plot code
Table 2.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
M. Lonati et al.
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
QA: GD
Initial
Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters
5
10
15
20
In accordance with the IUCN categories and criteria
(IUCN 2001, 2012a) and the most recent guidelines for
their application (IUCN 2013), species conservation status was assessed using criterion B. We calculated the
extent of occurrence (EOO) by measuring the area of the
minimum convex polygon including the populations, and
the area of occupancy (AOO) superimposing a 2 × 2-km
grid to population locations (Gargano 2011). As a first
step we applied the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2001, 2012a, 2013) to the Italian populations
to determine the preliminary estimate of extinction risk.
As a second step, according to the IUCN regional guidelines (IUCN 2012b), we considered the effects of French
neighbouring populations on the Italian ones, and the
preliminary category was up- or down-listed, when
appropriate, to determine the final estimate of extinction
risk in Italy.
9
were confirmed from published and herbarium data and
three new populations were found (Table 1, Figure 1).
Populations ranged in size from one to about 18,000
individuals (median 13 plants). Six of the seven studied
populations consisted of 20 or fewer individuals. Only
one population (POP7), located in the high Vallone della
Meris (Valdieri), consisted of a high number of plants
(18,000 estimated individuals). The population area ranged between 0.2 and 27 m2, except for POP7, which
occurred over an area of about 2.6 ha (Table 1).
Based on population locations (Figure 1), we identified two sub-ranges, one for each municipality. Considering all the populations together we calculated an EOO of
about 18 km2 and an AOO of 16 km2.
Populations ranged on average between 1800 and
2280 m above sea level (subalpine and alpine belts).
They were localized in the intra-alpine zone (Gam’s continental index ranged between 54.2 and 63.5°) (Figure 2).
25
30
35
40
Results
Geographic distribution and population size
Synecology
We located seven populations of P. fruticosa between the
municipalities of Entraque and Valdieri. Four populations
The cluster analysis, performed at the plot level, allowed
identification of three groups of plots and populations,
Figure 1.
Location of the studied populations and potential species range. EOO, extent of occurrence; AOO, area of occupancy.
45
TABG 906919
16 April 2014
10
QA: GD
M. Lonati et al.
Figure 2. Relationship between altitude (m) and yearly
precipitation (mm) for the located seven populations of Potentilla
fruticosa: (progressive numbers according to Table 1). Lines
show Gams’ continentality index thresholds (Gams’ angle) and
define the ecological districts according to Ozenda (1985).
AQ6
Initial
clearly separated from each other from a phytosociological
point of view (Figure 3, Table 2):
(1) Group 1 (two plots; two populations) included
populations ascribable to thermophilous grasslands dominated by Festuca paniculata. These
populations could be assigned to the association
Centaureo uniflorae–Festucetum spadiceae, as
confirmed by the presence of many characteristic
species of the association and related syntaxa
(2) Group 2 (eight plots, three populations) represents over 60% of the plots and included the
most important population (POP7). The
vegetation could be assigned to the association
Caricetum frigidae (Caricion davallianae),
including oligo-mesotrophic communities in basophilous fens with low primary productivity.
Carex frigida was the most abundant species in
the plots. Potentilla fruticosa patches were usually close to small creeks with water available
throughout the growing season (Table 3)
(3) Group 3 (three plots, two populations) included
populations characterized by less representative
vegetation. However, due to the presence of
many characteristic species from basiphilous fens
(i.e. Carex frigida, Tofieldia calyculata, Pinguicola vulgaris, Parnassia palustris), we included
Group 3 within the Caricetum frigidae. Potentilla
fruticosa patches were usually close to small
creeks, although in POP3, free water was not
usually present, except after periods of very
intensive rainfall or recent snowmelt. The plots
included in Group 3 were, on average, localized
at lower altitudes and on steeper slopes than
Group 2 plots (Table 3).
The topsoil reaction was significantly different
among the three groups. Nevertheless, the limited range
of variation (6.0–6.4 on average) is not particularly relevant from an ecological point of view.
Several ingressive species (belonging to the classes
Seslerietea albicantis, Loiseleurio–Vaccinietea, Mulgedio–Aconitetea, Querco–Fagetea, Calluno–Ulicetea and
Molinio–Arrhenatheretea) were observed in all the
groups (Table 2), supplying additional information about
the synecology (see Discussion).
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40
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Vegetative performance and potential reproductive
success
Figure 3. Dendrogram of phytosociological surveys (Ward’s
method, similarity ratio). Plot codes (PL01÷13), population
codes (POP1÷7) and their repartition in clusters (GR01÷3) are
shown below the dendrogram.
Vegetation groups differ significantly in plant size and
other traits (Table 3). Within the Caricetum frigidae
association (Groups 2 and 3), plots located at lower altitude (Group 3) supported, on average, the significantly
largest plant dimensions (diameter and height) and the
longest shoot length. The plant dimensions of Group 1
(Centaureo uniflorae–Festucetum spadiceae) were similar to those in Group 2; the length of vegetative shoots
was not significantly different from the other two groups.
Plant density did not differ significantly between
groups, although the highest values were observed for
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Table 3. Differences in environmental, structural and growth/reproductive performance variables within groups, tested by univariate
analysis of variance.
Variables
Topographic/environmental variables
Elevation (m a.s.l)
Southness (°)
Slope (°)
Distance from creek (m)
Soil pH
Potentilla fruticosa structure
Density (individuals plot–1)
Average plant heigh (cm)
Average plant diameter (cm)
Total canopy area (m2 plot–1)
Potentilla fruticosa traits
Length of vegetative
shoots (cm)
No. of achenes per flower
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
F
p
1938
146
37
56.0
6.2
±
±
±
±
±
112.5 ab
22
3.0 ab
50.0 b
0.10 ab
2202
101
30
0.5
6.4
±
±
±
±
±
51.1 b
9.5
3.1 a
0.20 a
0.07 b
1907
99
51
5.0
6.0
±
±
±
±
±
97.8 a
7.4
9.6 b
0.40 a
0.09 a
5.4
2.8
4.6
10.8
5.1
0.026
0.109
0.037
0.031
0.030
6.0
26.0
45.3
2.1
±
±
±
±
5.00
6.00 a
9.70 a
1.81
24.1
27.8
42.7
5.2
±
±
±
±
6.12
1.59 a
4.40 a
1.77
4.3
56.0
103.7
4.0
±
±
±
±
0.88
10.34 b
34.61 b
1.70
2.6
4.2
5.0
0.4
0.121
0.003
0.031
0.675
6.8
0.013
4.9
0.036
14.5 ± 1.67 ab
12.5 ± 0.74 a
0.7 ± 0.55 a
14.5 ± 3.10 b
18.0 ± 1.48 b
6.1 ± 30.31 a
F = F-test value; p = significance; significantly different variables at p ≤ 0.05 in bold).
Group means were compared with Bonferroni post-hoc range test ( p ≤ 0.05), sites with no letters in common were significantly different. Means ±
standard error are shown.
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Group 2. A significantly highest number of welldeveloped achenes was observed in Group 2 (Table 3).
The reproductive success, quantified by the number
of well-developed achenes per flower, showed a significant inverse relation with plot isolation (Figure 4). The
number of well-developed achenes was significantly fitted by an inverse exponential regression with the minimum distance from the nearest neighbour plots and by
an inverse linear regression with the overall isolation
index (In).
Discussion
Potentilla fruticosa in the Italian Alps has a fairly broad
ecological tolerance. We observed the species both in
moist and dry conditions (Caricion davallianae and
Festucion variae alliances, respectively). However, five
of the seven known populations were observed in moist
conditions in the Caricetum frigidae association in particular (Groups 2 and 3). Consequently, in the study area
the Caricion davallianae should probably be designated
as the optimum condition for the species, which is consistent with reports by other authors in southern Europe
(Aeschimann et al. 2004, for the Alps; Braun-Blanquet
1948, for the Pyrenees).
Group 2, observed close to small creeks with water
available throughout the growing season, supported the
most viable population (POP7), characterized by the
highest number of well-developed achenes and the highest demographic turnover, as shown by younger and so
smaller plants. In Group 3, P. fruticosa probably grew in
less optimal conditions because of irregular water availability, lower altitude and steeper slopes than Group 2.
Steep slopes tend to be well drained (and hence drier)
Figure 4. Univariate relationships between the number of well-developed achenes and isolation, quantified as (a) minimum distance
from the nearest occupied plot, and (b) overall isolation (Isolation index, In). *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.
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and therefore do not generally favour P. fruticosa.
Nevertheless, the fact that they support shallow soils
(which may result from erosion) limits the re-colonization by competing trees at low altitudes, which may
benefit P. fruticosa.
The basophilous characteristics of the Caricetum frigidae were confirmed by the high frequency of several
ingressive species belonging to the Seslerietea albicantis,
indicating the presence of calcareous rocks in the study
area or calcium in the soil solution, although topsoil reaction was slightly acidic (according to Soil Survey Staff
1999). The equilibrium in occurrence and abundance
between characteristic species of the Calluno–Ulicetea
(mainly Nardetalia) and Molinio–Arrhenatheretea classes
highlighted a transition between oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions that characterizes the communities with
low primary productivity included in the Caricion davallianae (Hájek and Hájková 2011; Biondi et al 2010).
Potentilla fruticosa occasionally occurred on dry sites
(Group 1, Centaureo uniflorae–Festucetum spadiceae
association), probably due to the presence of nearby populations established in optimal habitat. The presence of
several ingressive species belonging to Festuco–Brometea class (e.g., Stipa pennata, Armeria plantaginea) also
indicates very dry conditions. The ecological tolerance of
P. fruticosa is confirmed by Elkington and Woodell
(1963), who observed good growth rates under garden
conditions and low rainfall, and in well-drained soil
without extra watering. Similarly, in dry conditions
(Group 1), we observed vegetative growth (i.e. length of
vegetative annual shoots) to be not significantly different
from the populations ascribable to the Caricetum frigidae
(Group 2 and 3).
Many studies have reported negative effects of small
population size on species survival (Ouborg 1993; Fisher
and Stöcklin 1997). Matties et al. (2004) indicated that
the probability of survival for many perennial species
increased significantly with population size and that very
small populations with fewer than 26 plants were
doomed to extinction. In the study area, six of the seven
populations of P. fruticosa included a very small number
of individuals (equal to or fewer than 20), and only
POP7 could be considered a large viable population
(about 18,000 individuals). The high proportion of very
small populations probably jeopardizes conservation of
P. fruticosa. Additionally, in long-lived species like
P. fruticosa, the negative consequences of reduced population size and increased isolation may not became
noticeable for a long time, because established plants
often have low mortality (Oostermeijer, Van’t Veer, and
Den Nijs 1994; Colling, Matthies, and Reckinger 2002;
Matties et al. 2004).
Several studies have shown that isolation and habitat
fragmentation can decrease seed production as a result of
pollination limitation in both self-incompatible and selfcompatible species (Aizen and Feinsinger 1994;
Cunningham 2000; Aguilar and Galetto 2004; Kolb
2005). In P. fruticosa, a strong decrease in potentially
viable seed production was observed in isolated patches,
60
probably as the result of the combined effects of small
numbers of individuals (Kolb and Lindhorst 2006) and
the self-incompatibility that characterized hermaphroditic
accessions (Innes and Lenz 1991). The regression analyses showed that starting at a distance of 300–500 m from
65
the nearest patch, potentially viable seed set was reduced
to zero, but a more detailed experimental approach is
probably needed to identify pollination-limiting distances. However, clonality may promote vegetative
reproduction, thereby decreasing population extinction
70
risk and promoting long-term persistence even in isolated
populations (Stöklin and Fischer 1999).
AQ5
Under favourable environmental conditions, clonal
reproduction in P. fruticosa enabled small populations
and individual genets to persist for a very long time.
75
Spread of Alnus viridis, particularly in low-altitude populations (subalpine belt), may be a possible threat for
P. fruticosa survival, because of its intolerance to shade
(Elkington and Woodell 1963). A number of ingressive
species belonging to the Mulgedio–Aconitetea class indi80
cated close dynamic relations to A. viridis stands. In
addition, the presence of many characteristic species of
the Querco–Fagetea (mainly belonging to Fagetalia
sylvaticae) evidenced potential tree invasion processes,
particularly at the lower altitudes. Conversely, at high
85
altitudes the local dominance of the dwarf shrub
Juniperus nana limited the vegetative spread of P. fruticosa from its external prostate branches. Juniperus nana
was locally abundant within studied populations and was
frequently observed together with other woody ingressive
90
species belonging to Loiseleurio–Vaccinietea class.
Since the presence of P. fruticosa is related to the
openness of vegetation, the positive effects of grazing on
shrub control (Ascoli et al. 2013; Probo et al. 2013) may
be very important for P. fruticosa conservation. In Brit95
ain and Ireland, P. fruticosa is generally avoided by grazing stock, particularly where more palatable species are
available (Elkington and Woodell 1963). During our
study, we observed only minor damage to fruits in a plot
grazed by wild ungulates. Only POP7 was located in an
100
area grazed by sheep, and the high number of P. fruticosa
plants seems to indicate a positive effect of extensive
grazing. All other populations were located in abandoned
grasslands, where trees and shrubs have extensively
recolonized open herbaceous habitats. A continuing
105
decline in the quality and extent of habitat is therefore
expected and may be a potential threat for P. fruticosa
conservation. General trends showed that on the Italian
side of the Maritime Alps, socio-economic changes have
affected traditional livestock farming systems over the
110
last 40 years, with the number of livestock farms and the
pasture area decreasing by 70% between 1970 and 2010
(Valle 2013). This pastoral abandonment has probably
compounded the fragmentation of Caricetum frigidae,
which was already naturally very fragmented in the
115
study area, due to its dependence on proximity to small
streams.
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The geographical range of P. fruticosa in the Italian Alps
is very restricted, estimated at around 16 km2 (EOO).
According to the IUCN categories and criteria (IUCN
2001, 2012a) and the most recent guidelines for their
application (IUCN 2013), taking the criterion B1ab(iii)
into account (EOO < 100 km2, taxon severely fragmented and continuing to decline in habitat quality due
to grazing abandonment), we preliminarily categorized
P. fruticosa into the Critically Endangered (CR) IUCN
category. At regional/national levels, due to the isolation
from the neighbouring French populations caused by the
orography of the Alps, immigration of propagules from
neighbouring regions is not expected to be significant.
Under this criterion, the category was not up- or downlisted at regional/national levels [CR B1ab(iii)] (IUCN
2012b). A future revision of the old comprehensive Italian Red List of threatened plants (Conti, Manzi, and
Pedrotti 1997) that categorized the species in the
LR – Lower Risk category, should consider moving
P. fruticosa to a higher threat category (CR – Critically
Endangered).
Actions that could be implemented for the conservation of P. fruticosa in the Italian Alps include:
(1) shrub clear cutting close to actual known populations, especially at low altitudes
(2) defining a favourable stocking rate and monitoring grazing effects. Extensive grazing is expected
to have a positive effect on nutrient balance if
herbage removal exceeds dung deposition, with a
slight decrease in nutrient availability favourable
to the oligotrophic species belonging to the
Caricion davallianae alliance (Hájek and
Hájková 2011). On the contrary, the presence of
night pens could increase nitrophilous species
and contribute to habitat loss. Additionally,
trampling and seed transport may have contrasting effects depending on the grazing intensity
(Ascoli et al. 2013; Probo et al. 2013; Tocco
et al. 2013)
(3) ex situ conservation, which might be facilitated
by the species adaptability to garden conditions
at low altitude (Elkington and Woodell 1963;
Pascale and Lonati, pers. obs.) and
(4) restocking of small isolated populations, where
seed production is inconsistent (IUCN 2012c,
Pérez, Anadón, and Díaz 2012).
Author contribution
All authors contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgements
55
We thank Paolo Molinaro for field work and Patrizia Rossi and
the Parco delle Alpi Marittime for providing logistic and
13
technical support to this study. The authors would also like to
thank Lisa Bush for the English revision and two anonymous
referees for their comments on the manuscript.
Notes on contributors
60
Michele Lonati is Professor of Botany at the University of
Torino. His main expertise lies in the areas of applied botany,
phytosociology, vegetation characterization and vegetation
dynamics.
Marziano Pascale is a botanist. He is the Editor of the Note
floristiche Piemontesi edited by the Museum of Natural Science
of Carmagnola.
65
Beatrice Operti is a graduate in Forestry Science at the
University of Torino, presently working in her organic farm.
Giampiero Lombardi is Professor of Alpine Rangeland
Management at the University of Torino. His main expertise
lies in the areas of alpine grazing system ecology, grazing-land
management and vegetation dynamics in relation to management changes.
70
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Appendix I. Date and accidental species of relevés
(Table 1)
PL01: 29/06/2010; Asphodelus albus (1), Aster alpinus (1),
Astragalus monspessulanum (1), Alchemilla alpina s.l. (+),
Arabis brassica (+), Arabis hirsuta (+), Centaurea triumfettii
(+), Cerastium arvense (+), Cruciata glabra (+), Dianthus sylvestris (+), Erysimum jugicola (+), Hieracium sylvaticum (+),
Laburnum alpinum (+), Leucanthemum coronopifolium (+),
Lychnis flos-jovis (+), Myosotis alpestris (+), Sempervivum
montanum (+), Silene rupestris (+). PL02: 19/07/2010; Alchemilla alpina s.l. (+), Astragalus monspessulanum (+), Gnaphalium norvegicum (+), Myosotis alpestris (+), Platanthera
chlorantha (+), Ranunculus montanus (+), Sedum annuum (+),
Silene rupestris (+). PL03: 26/07/2010; Achillea erba-rotta (+),
Aster alpinus (+), Rubus fruticosus (+), Saxifraga aspera (+),
Saxifraga stellaris (+), Sedum annuum (+), Silene rupestris (+),
Viola rupestris (+). PL04: 26/07/2010; Agrostis alpina (+),
Saxifraga stellaris (+). PL05: 26/07/2010; Polystichum lonchitis
(+), Potentilla crantzii (+), Soldanella alpina (+). PL06: 26/07/
2010; Cirsium spinosissimum (+), Potentilla crantzii (+),
Sedum anacampseros (+), Soldanella alpina (+). PL07: 26/07/
2010; Silene rupestris (1), Agrostis alpina (+), Aster alpinus
(+), Luzula sylvatica (+), Melica nutans (+), Potentilla crantzii
(+), Sempervivum aracnoideum (+). PL08: 11/08/2010; Alchemilla alpina s.l. (+), Athyrium filix-foemina (+), Cirsium spinosissimum (+), Polystichum lonchitis (+). PL11: 29/06/2010;
Carex flacca (2), Cruciata glabra (+), Leucanthemum coronopifolium (+), Linum catharticum (+), Silene rupestris (+), Solidago virgaurea (+), Sorbus aucuparia (+). PL09: 11/08/2010;
Athyrium filix-foemina (+), Polystichum lonchitis (+), Potentilla
crantzii (+), Ranunculus montanus (+), Sempervivum aracnoideum (+), Solidago virgaurea (+). PL10: 10/08/2010; Potentilla
crantzii (1), Ranunculus montanus (1), Agrostis tenuis (+), Alchemilla alpina s.l. (+). PL12: 29/06/2010; Carex flacca (1),
Lamium garganicum (1), Asphodelus albus (2), Alchemilla alpina s.l. (+), Arabis brassica (+), Cerastium arvense (+), Cruciata glabra (+), Fragaria vesca (+), Geum rivale (+),
Hieracium sylvaticum (+), Leucanthemum coronopifolium (+),
Linum catharticum (+), Lychnis flos-jovis (+), Mentha longifolia (+), Pulmonaria picta (+), Saxifraga stellaris (+), Senecio
fuchsii (+). PL13: 13/07/2010; Clematis alpina (1), Carex flacca (+), Lonicera sp. (+), Saxifraga aspera (+), Sedum anacampseros (+), Solidago virgaurea (+), Tulipa australis (+).
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