2014 LegisLative ethics ManuaL Produced at the direction of the

Transcription

2014
Legislative
Ethics Manual
Produced at the direction of the
Washington State Legislative Ethics Board
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
Page
MISSION OF THE LEGISLATIVE ETHICS BOARD.......................................................................................... 1
WHAT IS NEW?................................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 1
CONTACTING THE BOARD OR OBTAINING BOARD INFORMATION....................................................... 2
LEGISLATIVE ETHICS BOARD DUTIES AND AUTHORITY.......................................................................... 3
METHOD OF OPERATION............................................................................................................................... 3
TOPICAL SUMMARY OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC SERVICE LAW......................................................................... 3
Chapter 42.52 RCW.................................................................................................................................... 3
LEGISLATIVE DECLARATION OF POLICY...................................................................................................... 4
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND OUTSIDE COMPENSATION....................................................................... 4
Part-time employment by legislators............................................................................................................. 4
Lobbying by legislators and employees........................................................................................................ 4
Contracts, grants, and employment situations with state agencies.............................................................. 5
Honoraria prohibited..................................................................................................................................... 5
IMPROPER USE OF OFFICIAL POSITION OR PUBLIC RESOURCES............................................................. 5
Improper use of position............................................................................................................................... 6
Personal use of resources Use for private purposes.................................................................................... 6
Use of resources Congratulatory letters........................................................................................................ 6
Use of resources Campaign assistance generally......................................................................................... 7
Use of resources Newsletters......................................................................................................................... 8
Use of resources Comment on ballot measures........................................................................................... 8
Use of resources Press releases....................................................................................................................10
Use of resources Mailing restrictions...........................................................................................................10
Use of resources Fund raising......................................................................................................................10
Use of resources Confidential Information..................................................................................................11
ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS AND PAYMENTS FOR EXPENSES.........................................................................11
Gifts – Meals Entertainment and Miscellaneous items................................................................................11
Gifts – Conference and Seminar Travel costs..............................................................................................12
RCW SECTION/BOARD OPINION TABLE......................................................................................................13
ETHICS IN PUBLIC SERVICE LAW..................................................................................................................14
BOARD RULES................................................................................................................................................ 29
Rule Number 1: Procedures......................................................................................................................... 29
Rule Number 2: “Measurable Expenditure” Defined...................................................................................32
Rule Number 3: Private Use of State Resources..........................................................................................32
Rule Number 4: Working Hours.................................................................................................................. 34
Rule Number 5: Penalties............................................................................................................................ 34
Statement of Administrative Practices..........................................................................................................35
BOARD OPERATING POLICIES......................................................................................................................35
MISSION OF THE
LEGISLATIVE ETHICS BOARD
To fairly administer the Ethics Act and to always be aware of the
long-term effects Board decisions may have on the legislative
branch of government and the public trust.
To emphasize training and the utilization of ethics advisors so that
whenever possible, questions may be addressed in an educational
rather than a confrontational setting.
WHAT IS NEW?
Complaint Opinions 2013 – No. 1
The Ethics Act provides that legislators may accept complimentary
legislative business meals on “infrequent occasions.” The Act does
not define this term. The Board will undertake discussions after
the 2014 session in the context of rule-making in order to define
“infrequent.” Any rule of the Board which establishes a definition
will be applied prospectively. The legislative reimbursement
system, also referred to as per diem, is based on RCW 44.04.120.
The Ethics Act limits the Board’s jurisdiction to enforcement of
RCW 42.52. An allegation that acceptance of complimentary meals
on days when the full amount of per diem was also accepted
violated the Ethics Act was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
INTRODUCTION
Washington legislators and legislative employees are subject to the
“Ethics in Public Service Act” (chapter 42.52 RCW), also called the
“State Ethics Act.” The law states that “[e]thics in government are
the foundation on which the structure of government rests.”
This manual provides a summary of the ethical laws and principles
which provide that foundation.
It is not possible to answer every question in one document,
but many of the problems most often encountered by legislators
and legislative employees are covered. The manual generally
covers legislators’ and legislative employees’ responsibilities
and obligations regarding conflicts of interest and outside
compensation; improper use of position or public resources; and
acceptance of gifts and payments for expenses.
This manual may be used in the same manner as informal advice
from Board staff or the designated ethics advisers. Although that
advice does not represent the formal opinion of the Board, and
is therefore not binding on future Board decisions, the Board will
give weight to the fact that a person in good faith relied on the
advice. Ultimately, the provisions of the Ethics in Public Service
Act determine whether or not particular conduct is a violation.
Complaint Opinions 2013 – No. 2
The Ethics Act does not confer jurisdiction on the Board to
adjudicate a constitutional claim that attendees at a legislative
hearing had their rights to freedom of speech violated. In this
case, there was no reasonable cause to believe that the alleged
violation of a rule of the House which encouraged committees
to conduct public hearings in a balanced fashion constituted a
violation of the Act.
ESSB 5577 – C190 L13
Among other changes, this law (1) clarifies that an ethics “action” is
deemed to have been commenced when the ethics board accepts
a complaint for filing and inities a preliminary investigation; and
(2) affords whistleblower protection to state employees who file
an ethics complaint.
–1–
CONTACTING THE BOARD OR
OBTAINING BOARD INFORMATION
All Board opinions and rules, as well as organizational information
about the Board, are available on ATLAS (“Text of a Legislative
Document” followed by “ethics*”) or Internet: http://www.leg.
wa.gov/LEB/
If you have questions, the Legislative Ethics Board counsel will
help you by discussing your concerns and the possible actions
that you can take within the limits of the ethics laws and rules.
The House of Representatives and Senate have designated ethics
advisers who can also assist you with such questions. If your
situation is not clearly covered by the law or previous Board
opinions, staff can recommend that you seek a formal advisory
opinion from the Legislative Ethics Board. Or, you may choose
to seek such an opinion without obtaining informal advice. Staff
informal advice is not binding on the Legislative Ethics Board;
only formal Board advisory opinions have that effect.
To contact the Board or Board staff
Board Office:
101 Legislative Building
PO Box 40600
Olympia, WA 98504-0600
(360) 786-7540
Internet site: http://www.leg.wa.gov/LEB/
Staff:
Mike O’Connell, Counsel
101 Legislative Building
PO Box 40600
(360) 786-7540
E-mail: mike.oconnell@leg.wa.gov
Fax: (360) 786-1553
To contact a designated ethics adviser
Keith Buchholz, Senate Counsel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786-7443
Tim Sekerak, House Counsel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786-7767
Jeannie Gorrell, Senate Counsel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786-7514
–2–
Board Members:
•Judge Gary Bashor
PO Box 1824
Longview, WA 98632
•Senator Annette Cleveland
230 John A. Cherberg Bldg.
•Eugene Green
7318 Amber Ln. SW
Lakewood, WA 98498
•Stephen L. Johnson
13565 SE 249th PL.
Kent, WA 98042
•Senator Jim Honeyford
107 Irv Newhouse Bldg.
•Dr. Kristine F. Hoover (Chair)
502 E. Boone Ave.
c/o Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258-2616
•Kenny Pittman (Vice-Chair)
4704 Denton Ln. SE
Lacey, WA 98503-2147
•Rep. Brandon Vick
469 John L. O’Brien Bldg.
LEGISLATIVE ETHICS BOARD
DUTIES AND AUTHORITY
The Board’s activities fall into four broad categories:
(1) Training and education
The Board develops and distributes educational materials, and
ensures that legislators and employees are receiving training
in ethics issues. Board staff provides informal advice to ethics
inquiries, based on the ethics statutes and prior Board opinions.
III. IMPROPER USE OF POSITION OR PUBLIC RESOURCES
A. C
onfidential information: use for private benefit; improper
disclosure or failure to disclose public information (.050)
B. S pecial privileges obtained or granted for self or others
(.070)
C. U
se of public employees, money, or property for private
gain or personal purposes (.160)
D. U
se of public resources for election campaigns for persons
or ballot measures (.180)
(2) Rules and policies
IV. RESTRICTIONS ON COMPENSATION
The Board has authority to adopt its own rules of procedure,
and has done so. The Board has also issued substantive rules
interpreting the prohibitions on use of state facilities for campaign
or personal purposes.
A. Employment after public service (.080)
B. C
ompensation for official duties only from official sources
(.110)
C. Compensation for outside activities (.120)
(3) Advisory Opinions
D. Honoraria (.130)
Either in response to a request, or on its own motion, the Board has
authority to publish formal written advisory opinions addressing
whether or not particular fact situations involve unethical conduct.
V. ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS AND PAYMENTS FOR EXPENSES
(4) Complaint proceedings
The Board can respond to signed complaints from any person, or
can initiate complaints on its own motion. The Board can only act
on complaints involving conduct that falls under the provisions of
the ethics act and related legislative rules.
If the Board finds a violation, it may impose penalties, including
the amount of any direct damages to the state, and a civil penalty
up to $5,000 per violation or three times the value of the item
involved in the violation, whichever is greater.
METHOD OF OPERATION
Meetings
The Board usually meets every other month. The Board’s
proceedings are open to the public, except for the preliminary
consideration of complaints.
Hearings
If the Board determines that there is “reasonable cause” to believe
that a violation has been committed in a particular case, the matter
may proceed to a formal public hearing.
Staff
The Board has one staff who serves as administrator and legal
counsel. Additional investigative and counsel staff have been utilized
on a temporary basis when needed for complaint proceedings.
TOPICAL SUMMARY OF ETHICS
IN PUBLIC SERVICE LAW
Chapter 42.52 RCW
I. STATEMENT OF ETHICS POLICY (.900)
II. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A. A
ctivities in conflict with proper discharge of official duties
(.020)
B. F
inancial interests in private transactions with the state
(.030)
C. A
ssisting another person in transactions with the state
(.040)
D. Investments by those with authority over state investments
(.190)
A. “Gift” defined; exclusions listed (.010)
B. “ Reasonable expectation” rule: nothing of value that would
be reasonably expected to influence judgement or action
(.140)
C. G
eneral limitation and guidelines on gifts; items presumed
not to influence listed (.150)
VI. CONSIDERATION OF OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES
A. E
thics law not a bar to providing testimony under oath
(.060)
B. A
ssistance to others that would otherwise be prohibited
(.090)
C. R
ecognizing constitutional principle of citizen legislature
(.330)
VII. BOARD AUTHORITY AND PROCEDURES
A. M
embership and compensation of Legislative Ethic Board
(.310, .550)
B. Authority and duties (.320)
C. Citizen members restricted in political activity (.380)
D. Subpoena authority (.390, .400)
E. C
omplaints filed and investigated (.410, .420)
F. P
ublic hearings on complaints; use of administrative law
judge (.430, .500)
G. Judicial review (.440)
H. Time limit for ethics violations (.540)
VIII. PENALTY PROVISIONS
A. M
onetary and other penalties imposed by ethics board
(.480)
B. Actions by the Attorney General (.490)
C. Citizen actions to enforce campaign use statute (.460)
D. Rescission of state action (.510)
E. Disciplinary action (.520)
F. Restrictions on agency appearances (.100)
G. Violations by non-state employees (.170, .490, .530)
–3–
LEGISLATIVE DECLARATION OF POLICY
Part-time employment by legislators
Government derives its powers from the people. Ethics in
government are the foundation on which the structure of
government rests. State officials and employees of government
hold a public trust that obligates them, in a special way, to honesty
and integrity in fulfilling the responsibilities to which they are
elected and appointed. Paramount in that trust is the principle that
public office, whether elected or appointed, may not be used for
personal gain or private advantage.
The State Ethics Act recognizes that legislators are intended by
constitutional design to have part-time official duties, and are
expected to have outside sources of compensation. No such
expectation applies to legislative employees. The current Ethics
Board opinions have adopted the long-standing interpretations
of the predecessor House and Senate boards, as well as prior
legislative rules, related to this concept.
The citizens of the state expect all state officials and employees
to perform their public responsibilities in accordance with the
highest ethical and moral standards and to conduct the business of
the state only in a manner that advances the public’s interest. State
officials and employees are subject to the sanctions of law and
scrutiny of the media; ultimately, however, they are accountable
to the people and must consider this public accountability as
a particular obligation of the public service. Only when affairs
of government are conducted, at all levels, with openness as
provided by law and an unswerving commitment to the public
good does government work as it should.
The obligations of government rest equally on the state’s citizenry.
The effectiveness of government depends, fundamentally, on the
confidence citizens can have in the judgments and decisions of
their elected representatives. Citizens, therefore, should honor and
respect the principles and the spirit of representative democracy,
recognizing that both elected and appointed officials, together
with state employees, seek to carry out their public duties with
professional skill and dedication to the public interest. Such
service merits public recognition and support.
All who have the privilege of working for the people of
Washington state can have but one aim: To give the highest public
service to its citizens.
Source: RCW 42.52.900
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
AND OUTSIDE COMPENSATION
The ethics law contains a number of specific standards regulating
activities outside of state office or employment. The guiding principle
is that all legislators and legislative employees are prohibited from
having obligations or interests that are in conflict with their official
duties, whether or not the outside interest is compensated.
Legislators and employees are specifically precluded from seeking
or accepting job offers or compensation from outside sources for
performing their official duties.
Detailed standards and procedures are established for contracts
between state agencies and legislators or employees. Filing and
approval provisions apply to most of such contracts. Any legislator
or employee who issues or supervises contracts in the course
of his or her official duties is prohibited from having a personal
financial interest in those contracts.
The ethics law also contains limits on employment after public
service, where that employment creates an unauthorized conflict.
The following questions and answers are intended to provide
further detail regarding:
• Special rules for legislative part-time employment;
• Lobbying by legislators and employees;
• Contracts with state agencies; and
• Honoraria.
–4–
What is the general and primary rule for a
legislative conflict of interest?
A legislator does not have an interest which is in conflict with the
proper discharge of legislative duties if no benefit or detriment
accrues to the legislator as a member of a business, profession,
occupation, or group, to a greater extent than to any other member
of such business, profession, occupation or group.
Is the purpose of outside compensation restricted?
Yes. A legislator shall not accept any remuneration other than
legislative compensation for “legislative advice or assistance.”
May an employer reduce a legislator/employee’s
private compensation by the amount of legislative
compensation?
Such an arrangement would be a violation of the ethics law if the
legislator is paid for providing legislative services for the employer;
or if it could be reasonably inferred that the acceptance of the
compensation would influence the legislator in the discharge of
duties, or was a reward or gift.
References:
RCW 42.52.020
RCW 42.52.110
RCW 42.52.140
RCW 42.52.330
Complaint Opinions 1995 - No. 2 and 2011 - No. 1
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 1, 4, 6, 11 and 16;
1998 - No. 6; 2001 - No. 1
Lobbying by legislators and employees
Is there a restriction on outside employment of
legislators that involves lobbying?
Yes, legislators are prohibited from holding the position of executive
director or other administrative officer of a trade association or
other similar organization which has lobbying as a principal activity.
Can legislators be employed by state or
local governments?
Yes, unless the nature of the outside position creates a direct
conflict with the office of state legislator. Examples of such conflicts
include the positions of state agency director or legislative liaison.
Can legislative employees join organizations which take
positions on legislation?
Yes, as long as the employee avoids holding a position with the
organization which would involve active lobbying on legislative
proposals. For example, many parents of school-age children
belong to the Parent-Teacher Association, or Parent-TeacherStudent Association (PTA or PTSA). Such membership is not a
conflict with legislative employment, unless the employee holds
the position of “legislative representative.” However, an employee
who performs substantive and policy-related responsibilities in the
area of K-12 education would have a conflict with his duties as a
member of a local school board.
What about attendance at rallies?
Many organizations hold “rallies” on the capitol grounds, especially
during legislative sessions. Employees are not permitted to attend
such rallies during their official time. If the rally occurs during an
employee’s personal time, the employee can be an observer, but
should avoid becoming a participant.
Are employees free to testify at hearings?
Only when it is within their official duties. Testimony by staff on
behalf of a legislator is limited to reading a prepared statement
with the permission of the committee chair.
References:
RCW 42.52.020
RCW 42.52.330
Advisory Opinions 1995 - No. 1; 1998 - No. 6; 1999 - No. 1
Contracts, grants, and employment
situations with state agencies
Do the filing and approval requirements apply only to
personal service contracts and grants?
No, the law applies to all contracts between legislators or
legislative employees and state agencies, including employment
situations, property leases, equipment sales, rentals, and other
goods and services.
What kind of involvement requires pre-approval?
The keys are whether the legislator or employee has a financial
interest in the contract and whether the process was competitive.
Are spouses and state registered domestic partners
covered?
Yes. Legislators and employees have a financial interest when their
spouses or registered domestic partners have employment, a grant
or a contract with a state agency.
References:
RCW 42.52.030
RCW 42.52.120
RCW 42.52.906
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 9, 12 and 14;
1996 - No. 3; 1997 - No. 1; 2001 - No. 1
Complaint Opinion 1999 - No. 5
Honoraria prohibited
Legislators and legislative employees are prohibited from
receiving an honorarium in connection with their official role.
An “honorarium” is defined as money or any other thing of value
offered for a speech, appearance, article, or similar activity. An
honorarium is usually offered as a token of appreciation for a
single appearance or writing, and is not the same as compensation
under an employment agreement, such as a teaching arrangement.
Payment for expenses for a speech or appearance is not within
the definition of “honorarium,”and can be accepted in most
circumstances.
Speaking or writing on any legislative matter invokes the
prohibition on honoraria. The Ethics Board presumes that
invitations are issued to the legislator or employee in an official
role. To demonstrate that the honorarium is for purely personal
activity, and therefore does not violate the ethics law, there
must be a showing that the invitation is issued to the legislator
or employee in a strictly personal capacity; that the topic is
not related to legislation; and that the organization issuing the
invitation is not active in legislative matters.
References:
RCW 42.52.130
Advisory Opinion 1998 - No. 4
IMPROPER USE OF OFFICIAL
POSITION OR PUBLIC RESOURCES
Are there any exceptions?
Yes, the Board has stated that the following categories of contracts
do not require pre-approval:
•C
ontracts of such wide availability that there is effectively
no competition among contractors, and no opportunity for
favoritism, such as medical examiner contracts with the
Department of Labor & Industries;
•
C ontracts where the financial interest in the individual
transaction is insignificant, such as a retail sale of a small item
at the posted price; or
• T he contracting entity is a corporation or other business entity
in which the legislator or legislative employee or his or her
spouse or registered domestic partner has neither a controlling
financial interest nor substantial management responsibility
over the firm or the particular contract.
Are the filing requirements broader than the preapproval provisions?
Yes. Even contracts which are awarded based on a competitive bid
or proposal must be filed with the Board. The only exceptions to
the filing requirement are the exceptions listed above.
Can the Board approve a contract for an employee who
has official involvement with award or execution of the
contract?
No, the law prohibits a legislator or employee from having
a financial interest in a contract that is made by the legislator
or employee, or is under his or her supervision. For example,
it would be an ethics law violation for the spouse or registered
domestic partner of an employee of the Legislative Service Center
to contract to provide computers, if the employee is responsible
for awarding or administering the contract.
One of the guiding principles of the ethics law is that to maintain
the public trust, persons occupying public positions may not
use their positions for personal gain or private advantage, or to
provide special privileges or exemptions for anyone else. The only
exception is when a legislator or legislative employee must use
a privilege or exemption not available to the general public to
perform duties within the scope of his or her employment.
The use of public property, personnel, equipment, and other
resources for personal gain or benefit is generally prohibited.
Some narrow exceptions have been established.
Use of public facilities for election campaigns is strictly prohibited.
Use of public facilities to support or oppose a ballot measure is
also prohibited, with limited exceptions. Supervisors and officers
are liable if they knowingly permit the use of public facilities for
campaigns.
Unauthorized disclosure of confidential information is prohibited.
Likewise, it is an ethics violation to refuse to disclose public
information.
The following questions and answers provide further detail on the
limits and exceptions relating to:
• Improper use of position;
• Use of public resources for private purposes;
• Congratulatory letters;
•U
se of resources for campaign purposes, including specific
sections on newsletters; ballot measures; press releases and
mailing restrictions; and
• Use of confidential information.
–5–
Improper use of position
Personal use of resources
Use for private purposes
Improper Use of Position
Subject to certain limitations legislators may advocate for
constituents through use of office and public resources. Assisting
constituents is an example of a legislator’s discretionary authority
and rendering proper assistance falls within a legislator’s scope of
employment and official duties.
When may a legislator use position or public resources
to advocate?
Legislators and legislative employees are expected to use good
judgment in protecting public resources and using the time,
facilities and equipment entrusted to them for public purposes.
Limited exceptions for personal use are provided when the use is
incidental, infrequent, involves little or no cost to the state, does not
interfere with performance of official duties, and is reasonable in
light of legitimate needs and expectations of the public work force.
A legislator may become an advocate only when the constituent
is involved in a dispute with a government agency or official or if
the constituent is seeking assistance on legislative issues. If either
of these two conditions are present there is a legislative nexus
which permits advocacy.
Certain personal uses are strictly prohibited, regardless of
cost or time involved:
Are there other limits on this advocacy?
Yes. A legislator may not use their position or public resources
in an effort to obtain personal benefit or special privileges or
exemptions for self or others. An example would be persistent
communications with a state agency in an effort to direct agency
contracts to a legislator’s family business.
Short of advocacy, may a legislator use position or
public resources to be of assistance to others?
Yes. As stated above, assisting constituents falls within a
legislator’s discretionary authority. There may be situations
where it is appropriate to assist others but not to advocate for
them. Examples include the use of public resources to act in an
ombudsman capacity, to act as a mediator, or to perform a factfinding function. A more complete list of examples may be found
in Advisory Opinion 2006 – No. 1.
Are there examples of “going too far” in communicating
with an agency or government official on behalf of a
constituent?
In cases where advocacy is not permitted for lack of a legislative
nexus, legislators must be careful in dealing with state agencies
lest their involvement be viewed as an attempt to seek special
privileges or exemptions. Some communications may be
reasonably perceived as threatening and suggest that special
treatment is being sought. These communications have been
referred to as“improper means” and may be evidenced by a
communication that the legislator chairs a committee which has
jurisdiction over the agency’s programs, a legislator’s persistent
communications on behalf of a constituent or other party, or a
communication that favorable agency action is important to the
legislator and the legislator will be disappointed if the favorable
decision is not reached, for example. Such communications are
not in and of themselves evidence of improper use of position but
are indices that special privileges may be being sought.
A further example: A legislator may be asked by a constituent for
information relative to a state contract. The legislator may contact
the agency and inquire about the status of the contract review
process and encourage the agency to give consideration to the
constituent’s business. However, threatening the agency unless a
decision favorable to the constituent is rendered would involve
“improper means” and could indicate that the legislator’s position
was being used to secure special privileges.
References:
RCW 42.52.070
RCW 42.52.160
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 1 and 17; 2006 - No. 1
Complaint Opinions 1999 - Nos. 1 and 2; 2003 - No. 1; 2005
- No. 7; 2006 - Nos. 1 and 4; 2007 - Nos. 1A, 1B, 2, 3 and 4;
2008 - No. 6; 2009 - Nos. 2 and 3
–6–
(1) any campaign related activity;
(2) use of any property which has been removed from state
facilities;
(3) use of any consumable such as paper, envelopes or spare
parts; and
(4) any use by employees for a private business activity.
Special rules have also been established for use of
telecommunication and computer equipment:
(1) local telephone calls are permitted under the general rules,
but any personal toll calls must be placed with a personal
credit card or charged to a personal account;
(2) p
ersonal electronic mail messages are treated under the
same general rule as local telephone calls, since they do
not produce a usage charge to the legislature;
(3) Internet access is generally subject to the same principles,
but users may not send a message to a personal listserve or other “posting,” nor may users access sites which
constitute an inherent mis-use of state equipment, such as
obscene or pornographic sites; and
(4) n
o personal software or other computer products may be
loaded, downloaded, or attached to legislative computers.
References:
RCW 42.52.160
Board Rule 3
Ethics Complaints 1996 - No. 1; 1997 - No. 1;
1998 - Nos. 1 and 2; 2001 - No. 1: 2003 - Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9;
2005 - Nos. 1 and 2; 2006 - No. 8
Use of resources
Congratulatory letters
Many legislators send letters of congratulation to constituents who
have achieved some noteworthy distinction. The ethics law limits
such letters to awards or honors of extraordinary distinction,
defined as:
“an award or honor of extraordinary distinction of a type that is
sufficiently infrequent to be noteworthy to a reasonable person,
including, but not limited to: (A) An international or national
award such as the Nobel prize or the Pulitzer prize; (B) a state
award such as Washington scholar; (C) an Eagle Scout award; and
(D) a Medal of Honor.”
The ethics board has specifically advised that birthdays and
regular graduations are not normally extraordinary achievements.
Factors to consider in evaluating whether a particular award
fits the statutory criteria are: level of the award (national, state,
or local); frequency or number of recipients; whether it is an
“outside” award or simply an employment incentive recognition.
These restrictions apply only to letters prepared and/or mailed at
public expense. Members are free to congratulate whomever they
wish by personal mail, phone calls, etc.
References:
RCW 42.52.160
RCW 42.52.185
Advisory Opinions 1995 - No. 17; 1996 - No. 7;
2000 - No. 5; 2005 - No. 1
Use of resources
Campaign assistance generally
The ethics law prohibits direct or indirect use of legislative
facilities to assist the campaign of a person for elective office, or
to assist a ballot measure campaign. “Normal and regular conduct”
is exempt from the prohibition. (Ballot measures have additional
specific exceptions, and are separately summarized.)
The Ethics Board has adopted a “zero-tolerance” policy for
campaign-related personal use of legislative facilities, even if such
usage does not actually assist a campaign.
The Board has stated a general guideline in determining
whether particular conduct is “normal and regular.” Contact with
constituents, using state resources, which is in response to their
requests for legislative information and/or assistance is generally
permitted. Contact with constituents which is initiated by
members and staff is subject to time, place, content, and method
restrictions, depending on
(1) proximity to election;
(2) relevance to legislative issues;
(3) references to voting; and
(4) tone and tenor of the communication.
The following are some specific examples which demonstrate
the application of these factors. (Note: newsletters are separately
considered as a special case.)
Are there any particular words or phrases which would
“taint” a legislative publication?
Yes. In analyzing press releases, the Board stated that language
which is pejorative toward other members or impugns the
character of other members or groups of members is suspect.
Language that specifically refers to “candidates” or “campaigns” is
normally considered a violation, regardless of context.
Do timing and distribution make a difference?
Yes. The Board determined that language which could be a
violation if published in other circumstances, was permissible
where it was developed specifically for use during session by
members in partisan debate.
In another example, the Board found that it would not be a
violation for a member to use legislatively prepared material in
connection with door belling, if the door belling was conducted
on a legislative, rather than a campaign basis. The Board
conditioned its finding on the assumption that the material was
initially prepared for a legitimate legislative purpose, and that no
such use would take place after June 30 of an election year.
Are there any restrictions on campaign activities apart
from use of legislative facilities?
Members and staff are free to engage in any campaign activity they
wish as long as it does not involve legislative time or equipment.
However, it is a violation to solicit contributions to legislative
candidates from legislative employees, regardless of time or place.
Does the definition of “facilities” extend to the entire
capitol campus?
No. Hallways and other public use areas outside the offices and
legislative chambers are not covered by the prohibition, if they are
available to members of the public for such use. For example, the
capitol steps are often used for political rallies without violating
the prohibition.
Is the State Seal a “facility” as defined by the State
Ethics Act?
No, the Seal is not a “facility” for purposes of applying the Act’s
prohibition on the use of facilities for campaign purposes but
use of the Seal in a political campaign is prohibited by RCW
43.04. The Legislature has specifically directed enforcement of this
statute to the Office of the Secretary of State. Misuse of the Seal
can result in criminal penalties.
Are legislative phone numbers and addresses
“facilities” as defined by the Act?
Yes. These are facilities for purposes of applying the Act’s
prohibition on the use of facilities for campaign purposes.
May a legislator’s legislative press releases or legislative
newsletters be posted on her/his campaign web site?
No. Such posting would violate the prohibition on the use of the
facilities of an agency (public resources) to assist a campaign
May a legislator post legislative press releases or
legislative newsletters on her/his private non-campaign
web site?
Yes, however if the site becomes a campaign site the materials
must be removed.
Is attending fundraisers on a complimentary basis
prohibited?
No, it is part of the normal and regular conduct expectation
for legislators to appear at party and legislative events on a
complimentary basis. Payment for such attendance by an entity
other than the event sponsor would violate the gift laws, however.
Members are cautioned that such complimentary attendance may
require campaign reporting, under the law or rules of the Public
Disclosure Commission. This exemption has not been extended to
legislative staff.
What can legislative assistants do about member’s
schedules?
Legislative assistants are allowed to undertake scheduling
responsibilities for members, even when a scheduled event is for
a campaign purpose. This includes calling back on the member’s
behalf to accept an invitation. It also may involve several
communications to settle on an appropriate time.
However, when dealing with campaign events, the assistants are
limited to scheduling activities only. Planning, organizing, making
arrangements, or inviting other participants for campaign events
are prohibited activities if they involve public facilities or are done
during the LA’s work hours.
The authority for assistants to schedule campaign events is limited
to only those events to which the legislator was invited, and not
those to which the legislator is seeking an invitation.
References:
RCW 42.17.750
RCW 42.52.180
RCW 42.52.185
Complaint Opinions 1996 - Nos. 8 and 10; 2000 - No. 7; 2001
- No. 5; 2002 - No. 2; 2003 - No. 10;
2004 - No. 3; 2006 - Nos. 5, 6 and 7; 2007 - No. 5;
2008 - Nos. 3 and 4; 2009 - Nos. 1 and 2
Advisory Opinions 1996 - Nos. 2 and 11; 1997 - Nos. 5 and 7;
2000 - No. 2; 2004 - Nos. 1, 2 and 3; 2009 - No. 1
–7–
Use of resources
Newsletters
One of the methods many legislators use to communicate with
their constituents is the mailing of newsletters. The statutory
prohibitions on personal and campaign use apply to newsletters,
since they are developed, printed, and mailed at legislative
expense. The following are some of the most frequently asked
questions about newsletter timing and content.
When can I mail a newsletter?
Only two newsletters can be mailed during the twelve months
preceding a legislator’s election (the twelve months are specified
as December 1 through November 30). One of the newsletters has
to be in the mail within thirty days of the start of the legislative
session. The other has to be mailed no later than sixty days after
the end of the regular session.
Can I use different content for different groups?
During the twelve-month restriction period, the content of each
of the mailings has to be identical. If one version of a newsletter
highlighted senior citizen issues, and another focused on business
matters, that would count as two newsletters, even if they were
mailed to different constituents.
What is a “newsletter?”
The ethics board has adopted the dictionary definition: as a “report
issued by a firm, governmental agency, etc. to keep employees
or the public informed of pertinent matters,” or “a printed sheet...
containing news or information of current interest to or bearing upon
the interests of a special group” (Webster’s New World Dictionary,
College Edition; Webster’s Third New International Dictionary). A
legislative newsletter typically consists of a report to constituents
on pertinent legislative matters, and may include information about
opportunities to communicate with the legislator on legislative issues.
Can a newsletter include a questionnaire?
Yes, but only within specified limits:
(1) D
uring an election year, questionnaires can only be
included in the first newsletter.
(2) D
uring the election year, If the questions include a checkoff for the constituent to request further information, a
response is only appropriate if the questions are limited to
specific bills or narrow topics rather than broad categories
(“death penalty” rather than “crime;” “class size” rather
than “education”).
(3) Q
uestionnaires cannot be designed to obtain demographic
information, such as partisan affiliation, for use in a
campaign contact list.
Can a newsletter include a “government guide?”
Yes. A newsletter can include a directory of addresses and phone
numbers for government officials, commonly called a “government
guide.”
May a legislator include non-government entities in
what is commonly referred to as a “government guide”
or “public resource guide?”
Yes. The inclusion of the names, addresses, phone numbers and/
or fax numbers, of organizations which provide some sort of
educational or social service, would not violate the State Ethics
Act. It would, however, be an unlawful promotion of a nongovernment entity if a particular provider in a class of providers
was selectively included or excluded.
What about partisan statements and their timing?
The expected and authorized content of newsletters includes a
report to constituents on issues that the legislator will address or
has been addressing in a legislative session. Since the members are
–8–
elected on a partisan basis, it is acceptable to express their positions
in partisan terms. It is not proper to include partisan material
unrelated to state legislative issues and highly partisan material is
subject to increasing scrutiny as an election draws nearer.
Do personal references present a problem?
Newsletters cannot include personal promotional material,
since it could be interpreted as serving a campaign rather than
a legislative purpose. Personal slogans, such as “your voice in
Olympia,” generally fall into this category.
Negative references to other members are also prohibited, although
it is proper to criticize the opposing caucus’ actions or agenda.
What about voting records?
It is proper for a legislator to discuss his or her own voting record.
However, it is not appropriate to comment on the voting record or
stated positions of other individual members.
Can a newsletter include references to outside groups?
Yes, if an outside group is referenced in connection with a
relevant legislative issue. Giving an outside group a “plug,” for
donations, for example, would be an ethics violation as a use of
state resources for private benefit.
What are the Board’s guidelines for newsletter
comments on ballot measures?
• Explanatory material is always permitted.
• E xtensive direct comment on the merits is not permitted,
unless the subject matter was a bill in the preceding session.
• Personal advocacy statements on ballot measures are not
permitted unless they are de minimis and there was a bill of
the same substance in the preceding session.
Short sentence or paragraph is usually de minimis;
ntire newsletter, or even most of a page, devoted to advocacy or
E
opposition would be a violation, unless the statements relate to
the legislator’s action or position on the same subject during the
preceding session.
• Voting record and legislative actions on an initiative,
referendum, or bill of the same substance in the preceding
session may be discussed.
• Appeals for votes are prohibited.
• Direct appeals are always prohibited;
• Indirect appeals (like “You will have an opportunity to
vote...”) are prohibited if combined with comment about the
merits of a ballot measure.
• Fact of being a ballot measure may be stated.
References:
RCW 42.52.160
RCW 42.52.180
RCW 42.52.185
Complaint Opinions 1996 - Nos. 2, 3, 7 and 9; 1998 - Nos. 4,
5; and 1999 - Nos. 3, 4
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 17 and 19; 1996 - Nos. 4 and
12; 1997 - No. 8; and 2000 - No. 1
Joint Rules of the House and Senate - Joint Rule 4
Use of resources
Comment on ballot measures
The ethics law prohibits use of legislative facilities to support or
oppose a candidate, or a ballot measure. Because ballot measures
are matters of public policy, public officials, including legislators,
are provided several exceptions to the prohibition.
The exceptions are:
(1) a ction taken by a legislative body at an open meeting;
(2) a statement at an open press conference or in response to
a specific inquiry;
(3) a ctivities that are part of the normal and regular conduct of
the office or agency; and
(4) d
e minimis use of public facilities incidental to the
preparation or delivery of permissible communications.
The most common questions and problems with respect to these
exceptions are summarized below. Nothing prevents a legislator or
legislative employee, on his or her own time and without any use of
legislative staff or other public resources, from making statements
or otherwise supporting or opposing ballot propositions.
What is a “ballot proposition” or “measure?”
The ethics board uses the definition from the public disclosure law:
any state or local government measure that is proposed to be
submitted to the voters... from and after the time when the
proposition has been initially filed with the appropriate election
officer of that constituency prior to its circulation for signatures.
Under this definition, a state measure for which voter signatures
are required to qualify it for the ballot will become a “ballot
proposition” when the measure is filed with the secretary of state.
A measure referred to the voters by the legislature, either as a
referendum or proposed constitutional amendment, will become
a “ballot proposition” when it passes the legislature. An initiative
to the legislature is also treated as a “ballot proposition” when it
is filed with the secretary of state. However, during a legislative
session, it is within the “normal and regular conduct” of legislative
office for legislators to discuss an initiative to the legislature, or to
argue for or against it, as they would any other legislative measure.
It then becomes a “ballot measure” again after the session, unless
it has been enacted by the legislature.
What type of activities would violate the law against
assisting a ballot campaign?
Activities using public resources that directly assist a campaign
for or against a ballot proposition, such as telephone calls to the
campaign to assist it, strategy meetings in a legislative office, and
advertising campaign information in a newsletter, are strictly
prohibited. None of the exceptions to the prohibition, such as
the exception for statements made at an open press conference,
may be used to actively and directly assist the campaign. In other
words, although a legislator may make responsive statements about
a ballot proposition at an open press conference, the legislator
may not use state resources to conduct an open press conference
to launch or otherwise actively and directly assist the campaign.
Does the exception for action in an open meeting apply
to the legislature?
Local government bodies such as city councils often take a position
on ballot measures which affect their jurisdiction. This exception
only applies to the legislature when a resolution regarding a ballot
measure is being considered by the House or Senate. Such activity
could not occur during the interim between sessions.
How broad is the exception for replies to direct inquiries?
This provision permits legislators to specifically state their views in
response to questions. As noted below, they cannot go beyond their
own views to urge a particular action by other voters, however.
Legislative assistants can provide their member’s positions to people
who inquire, if asked, but should avoid getting into discussion or
argument with the inquirer about the merits of the measure.
What about Voters’ Pamphlet arguments?
Legislators serve on committees appointed to write arguments for
the voters pamphlet. The creation of these committees is required by
statute and legislators appointed to them are authorized to use office
equipment and legislative staff to write the voter pamphlet arguments.
Are there other examples of direct appeals for votes?
No. The use of public resources to make direct appeals to either
vote for or against a ballot proposition goes beyond the scope
of the exceptions and is therefore prohibited. Statements such as
“Vote for Initiative 100” or “Support our children and vote against
Referendum 100” would be violations.
Similarly, it is a violation to include an indirect appeal for votes in
legislative material. Here is an example of an indirect appeal: “You
will have an opportunity to vote on this measure in November. I
am confident you will reject it.” In describing ballot measures in
newsletters or other legislative material, legislators are required
to choose between: “(1) encouraging voting and including only
a balanced objective description of a measure; and (2) including
direct comment on the merits of the proposal with no reference
to voting on it, other than the fact that the bill is now a ballot
measure” (Advisory Opinion 1997 - No. 8).
Does that mean I can’t explain why a ballot measure is
good or bad in a newsletter?
No, it is proper to discuss the merits of a proposal within the
context of a larger message if the same subject matter was a bill
in the preceding session. It would not be proper to devote an
entire newsletter, or even a significant portion of a newsletter, to
advocacy for or against a ballot issue.
The general rule is that legislators will be given wide latitude
to use public resources to respond to questions on ballot
propositions, but little leeway to use public resources to initiate
comments themselves. Also, less restrictive standards apply to
comments initiated on the substance of ballot propositions that
were before the legislature than on initiatives to the people.
What can the staff do to assist legislators in ballot
measure comments?
To the extent legislators are permitted to engage in activities under
the exceptions, it is also proper for legislative employees to assist
legislators to engage in those activities.
What does the “normal and regular conduct” exception
include?
The “normal and regular conduct” exception allows legislative
staff to conduct their typical analysis and explanation of ballot
propositions. It is normal and regular for legislative staff to analyze
and explain the content of a ballot proposition, as well as the
arguments for and against it. It is also normal and regular to explain
and analyze the legal and policy options that the legislature might
consider if the ballot proposition is approved or disapproved by
the voters. However, if information is presented in a way that
suggests it is intended to solicit support for or opposition to a
ballot proposition (if it is one-sided, for example), the scope of the
exception has been exceeded and a violation has occurred.
Can legislators use state resources to prepare a “guest
editorial” on a ballot measure?
Not if it would be an advocacy or opposition editorial. If a
legislator’s “guest” editorial is a factual explanation of a ballot
proposition and not an argument for or against it, then the
legislator could use legislative staff and equipment to prepare it.
However, if the editorial is an advocacy piece or includes a direct
appeal for votes or campaign assistance, then legislative staff or
equipment should not be used in its preparation.
References:
RCW 42.52.180
RCW 42.52.185
Ethics Board Rule 2
Advisory Opinions 1995 - No. 18; 1996 - No. 11; 1997 - Nos. 5
and 9
–9–
Use of resources
Press releases
What criteria must a proposed press release meet
before it is considered part of the “normal and regular
conduct” of a legislative office?
Press releases may issue if they meet the tests of timeliness;
proximity to election; relevance; source of initial statement (if a
responsive release); and tone and tenor. ✱ Note: These tests are
applicable to all publications.
Do these tests apply equally before and after June 30 in
a legislator’s election year?
No. The analysis is much more strict after June 30. Press releases
would normally be prohibited after June 30 because of “proximity
of election.” However, a proposed release about a relevant and
emergent issue may overcome the “proximity” problem. Unless
there is some relevant and emergent legislative issue which cannot
be left unaddressed until after the election, a release would not
be proper. Examples of such highly relevant and emergent issues
which would support a release after June 30 are the Governor’s
call for an immediate special session or a natural disaster affecting
a legislator’s district.
References:
Advisory Opinions 1996 - No. 11; 2000 - No. 4
Use of resources
Mailing restrictions
Beginning with the passage of Initiative 134 in 1992, legislators
have been restricted in mail sent out at state expense during the
twelve month period preceding the end of their term. Enforcement
of this statute was assigned to the Legislative Ethics Board by
passage of the 1994 ethics law. The meaning of this section has
proven to be one of the most frequently questioned. This section
was also the source of the only monetary penalty imposed by the
Board in its first three years of operation. The following are the
most frequently asked questions about this statute:
When are mailing restrictions in effect?
What are the other exceptions?
(1) T
wo newsletters, one no later than thirty days after the
start of the legislative session; and the other no later than
sixty days after the close of the regular session.
(2) L etters to individual constituents who have contacted the
legislator about a subject matter to which the legislator
responds.
(3) L etters to constituents who hold a governmental office
with jurisdiction over the subject matter of the letter.
(4) C
ongratulatory letters for awards or honors of extraordinary
distinction (see page 16 for a detailed discussion of this
exception).
(5) L etters to persons who are not constituents, provided that
such letters meet the policies of the House of Representatives
and Senate regarding out-of-district mailings.
Can legislators use standardized responses?
Yes, with conditions. If a member receives a large number of
letters on the same topic, it is perfectly proper to use a standard
text response. The response must be tailored to the specific
subject of the constituent’s letter, however. Identical letters which
address broad topics are considered “newsletters.”
Also, in order to be considered as individual responses, each letter
must be addressed to a particular person, with that person’s name
in the salutation.
What is a “contact?”
Legislators are authorized to send responses to constituents who
have contacted them. Contacts include any communication which
creates a normal expectation of a response. Examples are letters,
telephone calls, hotline messages, electronic mail messages, and
office visits.
What about town meetings?
Mere attendance at a town meeting is not considered sufficient
contact. If a constituent at such a meeting makes a verbal or
written request for information, then the legislator may respond.
Is returning a questionnaire a “contact?”
Beginning December 1 preceding a state legislator’s election to
office and continuing through November 30.
No. In order to be considered a “contact” for the purpose of the
exception, the constituent would need to check a box requesting
information, or write in a comment.
Are all legislators affected?
What about multiple responses or “updates?”
No, only those whose terms are ending, or those who are
“candidates” as defined by RCW 42.17.020 making them candidates
for re-election. After the filing date, a member who is not a
candidate is no longer covered by the restriction.
The general rule is that one contact is sufficient to authorize one letter
in response. Periodic updates are permitted if the constituent has
requested continuing information and the updates are individually
tailored to the subject matter which the constituent requested.
Do the restrictions apply only to “mass mailings” like
newsletters?
References:
RCW 42.52.185
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 17 and 19; 1996 - Nos. 4, 7,
and 12; 1997 - Nos. 3 and 12; 2004 - No. 3
No. The law prohibits the mailing of any “letter, newsletter,
brochure, or other piece of literature” at state expense during the
restriction period, unless the mailing fits a specified exception.
What about electronic transmission?
Electronic mail and facsimile transmissions are also restricted.
However, telephone calls do not count as mail.
Can electronic updates be sent in an election year
notwithstanding the limitation of two newsletters?
Yes. The mailing statute has been amended to permit legislators
to provide updates by electronic mail throughout a legislative
session and for thirty days after a session. Constituents must have
specifically indicated they would like to be contacted to receive
regular or periodic updates on legislative matters.
– 10 –
Use of resources
Fund raising
May a legislator use state facilities to raise funds for
charities?
Generally not. Certain “public benefit” uses may be identified by
the House or Senate when there is a finding that the use complies
with the following criteria: the use may not interfere with the
performance of duties; it must be infrequent and incidental; and it
must be performed at no cost or de minimis cost. The Board has
acknowledged that workplace projects which meet all these criteria,
such as assistance to the “legislative family” in time of need, Habitat
for Humanity, and the United Fund drive, would be permissible,
narrow exceptions to the prohibition. In each of these cases the
Board has noted that at some point there has been an institutional
decision to proceed and that all requirements have been met and
that legislators and staff are free to participate, or not.
Are there any restrictions on who a legislator or legislative
employee may solicit, regardless of whether state
facilities are used?
Yes. Lobbyists or lobbyist employers may not be solicited for
any thing, including charities or good causes. The perception is
that refusal to participate could have negative consequences in
terms of access and good will. Exceptions have been granted
by the legislature: the legislative renovation project, the capitol
furnishings preservation committee, a specific international trade
account, hosting national conferences, tourism, the oral history
program and the state flag account.
References:
RCW 42.52.070
RCW 42.52.140
RCW 42.52.160
RCW 42.52.800
RCW 42.52.801
RCW 42.52.802
RCW 42.52.8021
RCW 42.52.810
RCW 42.52.820
Use of resources
Confidential Information
Is release of confidential information an ethics violation?
Yes, legislators and employees have an obligation to keep
confidential that information which is not available to the general
public upon request, as well as information which the law requires
to be kept confidential.
confidential drafting requests. Limited disclosure to co-workers and
administrative supervisors is permissible, but only to the extent
necessary for supervision and workload decisions, or to obtain
needed expertise. No disclosure is authorized to other legislators
without permission of the person making the drafting request.
Are there limits on information which a legislator
or employee might use for outside or subsequent
employment?
Yes. A legislator or employee may not accept a job or participate
in any business or professional activities which would require or
induce him or her to disclose confidential information. Personal gain
or benefit from the disclosure of confidential information, whether
by the legislator or employee or another person, is also prohibited.
References:
RCW 40.14.100
RCW 42.17A.005(40)
RCW 42.52.010(6)
RCW 42.52.050
House and Senate telecommunication policies
Complaint Opinions 2003 - Nos. 1 and 10
ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS
AND PAYMENTS FOR EXPENSES
When the ethics law was substantially rewritten in 1994, one of the
areas of greatest interest and discussion involved gifts. Between
the extremes of “no cup of coffee” and “business as usual,” the
Ethics Commission recommended, and the legislature passed, a
gift provision that incorporates three basic considerations:
(1) g
ifts that could reasonably be expected to influence
legislators or staff in their votes, action or judgement are
prohibited; as well as gifts to anyone with authority to
purchase goods or services from the donor;
What legislative information is “available to the
general public upon request?”
For the legislature, “public information” includes: legislative
records (which are defined as correspondence or records made
by or submitted to legislative committees or subcommittees);
financial records; personnel leave, travel, and payroll records; and
other records designated by the House of Representatives or the
Senate as public.
(2) g
eneral threshold of $50 per calendar year either from a
single source or a gift from multiple sources is established
for gifts other than those which violate the reasonable
expectation rule; and
(3) a set of specified exceptions is established, which may
be accepted without limit unless the context of the gift
changes the presumption.
Is there a penalty for withholding public information?
Yes, it is an ethics violation to knowingly refuse to provide public
information. The application of the public records law to legislative
records is not always clear. If you receive such a request, you
should immediately consult with the Secretary of the Senate or
Chief Clerk of the House.
How are telephone records handled?
The volume and cost of telephone calls are part of the legislature’s
financial records, and are therefore subject to public disclosure. To
protect the privacy of called parties, the telephone numbers called
are not public information. The State Auditor checks legislative
telephone records, and retains a file of those numbers which are
found to be improper personal or campaign calls. Such numbers
could then be subject to public disclosure.
Is bill drafting request information confidential?
Yes, if the requester asks for a confidential draft, the unauthorized
disclosure of the substance of the request or the identity of the
requester is a violation of the State Ethics Act. Disclosure of otherwise
confidential drafting requests is permissible to persons entitled by
law or formal written legislative policy to receive information about
The following sets of questions are the most frequently asked with
respect to meals, entertainment, travel, and educational expenses.
Gifts – Meals Entertainment and
Miscellaneous items
Are charity or community events subject to the $50 limit?
No, not if the invitation to attend comes from the charitable,
governmental, community or civic organization which is
sponsoring the event. Directed admissions to such events by a
lobbyist or lobbyist-employer are subject to the gift limits.
What if a lobbyist-employer other than a charitable,
governmental, community or civic organization
sponsors an entertainment event , and pledges a
portion of the proceeds to charity?
In that case the gift law would still apply. Donating a portion of the
proceeds does not change the nature of the sponsoring organization.
Are meals subject to the $50 limits?
There is an exemption for infrequent meals related to official
business. The Board has interpreted this to mean that the person
– 11 –
purchasing the meal must be present, with an expectation that
some legislative business will be discussed.
What about receptions and banquets?
There is a specific exception to the $50 limit for hosted receptions,
which does not include the business contact provision applied
to meals. Banquets, which are typically seated and include a
full meal, do not usually fit either exemption. The Board has
determined that only two unique banquet-style events could be
attended without violation: the Restaurant Association Gala and
the AT&T museum night. Banquets do not violate the statute if
they fall under the previously described charity or community
event exemption.
Is the cost of food provided during a sports event
exempt from the gift limit?
No, the gift analysis is applied to the full cost of the “event,”
which would include the admission price plus food and beverages
consumed during the performance or game. If a business meal
is hosted separate from the entertainment event, the meal is not
subject to the limit.
What are the reporting requirements for food and
beverages?
Legislators and staff who file annual financial affairs statements
with the Public Disclosure Commission are required to list instances
when they receive food and beverage in excess of $50. The
reporting requirement applies to all such instances, not just business
meals. The value of food and beverage provided for a legislator or
employee’s guest is attributed to the legislator or employee.
Are legislators and staff permitted to “buy-down” the
cost of entertainment events, or other item subject to
the gift limit?
Yes. If the recipient pays a portion of the cost of the item, the cost
for gift limit purposes is reduced by the amount paid. Recipients
should be aware that the Public Disclosure Commission requires
the donors in such situations to report the full cost, however.
Can legislators or employees solicit donations of food
and beverage for legislative events?
No, not if the person being solicited is a lobbyist or lobbyistemployer. This is a complete prohibition, regardless of value. Totally
unsolicited gifts for such purposes are subject to the gift limits.
Are door prizes acceptable?
There is no formal opinion or specific statute on this question.
It is best to follow a conservative guideline, since door prizes
are notoriously subject to manipulation: door prizes or similar
complimentary gifts at events which are attended as a legislator or
employee should not be accepted if the value is greater than $50.
Purchased raffle or lottery tickets are not usually subject to the
same manipulation, so they would not ordinarily present a problem.
What about group discounts?
The ethics law exempts discounts available to “broad-based
groups.” The Board has stated that in order to meet this test, the
discount or waiver must be available to some broad category of
occupation or employee group. A listing of particular positions
does not qualify, even if the list includes a large number of persons.
Is there an exemption for publications?
Yes, publications and subscriptions related to official duties
are normally exempt from the gift limits. However, such items
cannot be provided by lobbyists or lobbyist-employers unless they
produce the material.
What about campaign contributions?
They are not “gifts.” Acceptance and reporting of a permissible
campaign contribution is not probative of any alleged violation of
– 12 –
the Ethics Act. However, such contributions are subject to a “quid
pro quo” analysis and the test is whether something specific is
offered in exchange for something specific.
References:
RCW 42.52.010(10)
RCW 42.52.140
RCW 42.52.150
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 3, 5 and 13;
1996 - Nos. 2, 10, 13 and 15; 1997 - Nos. 6 and 10;
1998 - Nos. 2 and 5; 2000 - No. 3
Gifts – Conference
and Seminar Travel costs
The definition of “gift” specifically excludes reasonable expenses
in connection with a speech, presentation, appearance, or trade
mission in an official capacity. Also excluded are enrollment and
course fees, as well as reasonable expenses, for attendance at
seminars and educational programs sponsored by governmental or
nonprofit professional, education, trade, or charitable associations
or institutions.
“Reasonable expenses” means travel, lodging, and subsistence
expenses incurred the day before through the day after the event.
Are legislative “tours” within the exception?
Tours, or other visits to acquaint legislators and staff with local
conditions, meet the definition of an official appearance when they
are structured to provide legislators and employees information
to assist them in performing tasks appropriate to their positions.
Such events should be approved by the Secretary of the Senate or
Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives. Caution should be
exercised with respect to tours which involve significant expense;
costs that are not reasonably necessary for the educational aspect
of the tour; or recreational activities.
Can assistance for seminar attendance be solicited?
Only from persons who are not lobbyists or lobbyist-employers. It
is not a violation to ask the sponsor of a conference or seminar if
there is a discount available to legislators or legislative employees.
Are there limits on seminar activities that can
be complimentary?
Yes. The gift limits apply to activities which are not included in the
basic conference fee. For example, if other attendees would pay
$75 extra to participate in a golf tournament, it would be a violation
for a legislator or employee to play on a complimentary basis.
What if the sponsor wants to pay for spouse travel and
lodging?
Such a payment would ordinarily be an ethics violation, because
there is no educational or official purpose being served. The
spouse’s travel could be considered separately if there is an
independent business, family, or social relationship between the
spouse and the donor.
References:
RCW 42.52.010(10)
RCW 42.52.140
RCW 42.52.150
Advisory Opinions 1995 - Nos. 2, 10, 15 and 17;
1996 - Nos. 1, 8, and 9; 2002 - No. 1
RCW SECTION/BOARD OPINION TABLE
“C” indicates a Complaint Opinion
“A” indicates an Advisory Opinion
42.52.010: Definitions.
C 1995 - No. 2 (impact of section generally)
C 1995 - No. 2 (subsection (19), transaction involving the
state)
A 1995 - Nos. 9, 12 (subsection (4), beneficial interest)
A 1998 - N
o. 1 (subsection (6), confidential information)
A 1995 - Nos. 2, 10, 15; 1996 - Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10
(subsection (10), gifts); 2002 - No. 1
A 1998 - No. 11 (subsection (11), honoraria)
A 1995 - No. 10 (subsection (16-17), officer and employee)
42.52.020: Activities incompatible with public duties.
C 1995 - Nos. 1, 2, 4
C 1999 - No. 5
C 2000 - Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5
C 2005 - Nos. 5, 6
C 2006 - No. 3
C 2011 - No. 1
C 2011 - No. 2
A 1995 - Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 16
A 1996 - No. 5
A 1998 - No. 6
A 1999 - No. 1
A 2001 - No. 1
42.52.030: Financial interests in transactions.
C 1995 - No. 2
A 1995 - Nos. 6, 11
A 1997 - No. 1
42.52.040: Assisting in transactions.
C 1995 - Nos. 2, 4
C 2005 - No. 6
42.52.050: Confidential information.
C 1996 - No. 1
A 1998 - No. 1
C 2003 - No. 2
C 2003 - No. 10
C 2005 - No. 6
C 2008 - No. 6
42.52.070: Special privileges.
C 1995 - Nos. 1, 4
C 2008 - No. 6
C 2008 - No. 3
C 1996 - No. 1
C 1999 - Nos. 1, 2
C 2001 - No. 4
C 2006 - Nos. 1, 3, 4
C 2007 - Nos. 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4
C 2008 - No. 6
C 2009 - No. 3
C 2009 - No. 5
C 2011 - No. 1
A 1995 - Nos. 1, 7, 17
A 1996 - Nos. 5, 11
A 1997 - No. 6
A 1998 - No. 5
A 2006 - No. 1
42.52.110: Compensation for official duties or nonperformance.
C 1995 - Nos. 2, 4
C 2011 - No. 1
A 1995 - Nos. 1, 2, 11
A 1996 - No. 9
A 1998 - No. 4
42.52.120: Compensation for outside activities.
C 1995 - 4
C 1999 - No. 5
C 2011 - No. 1
A 1995 - Nos. 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14
A 1996 - Nos. 3, 5
A 1997 - No. 1
A 2001 - No. 1
42.52.130: Honoraria.
A 1998 - No. 4
42.52.140-.150: Gifts.
C 1995 - Nos. 2, 4
C 1999 - Nos. 1, 2
C 2001 - No. 4
C 2002 - No. 1
C 2009 - No. 5
C 2011 - No. 2
C 2013 - No. 1
A 1995 - Nos. 3, 10, 13
A 1996 - Nos. 1, 2, 8, 10, 13, 15
A 1997 - Nos. 6, 10
A 1998 - Nos. 2, 5
42.52.160: U
se of persons, money, or property for private gain or benefit.
C 1996 - No. 1
C 1997 - No. 1
C 1998 - Nos. 1, 2
C 2001 - No. 1
C 2003 - No. 1
C 2005 - Nos. 1, 2
C 2006 - Nos. 1, 4, 8
C 2007 - Nos. 1B, 3
C 2008 - No. 6
C 2009 - No. 2
C 2009 - No. 5
C 2011 - No. 2
A 1995 - Nos. 8, 17
A 1996 - Nos. 5, 11
A 2006 - No. 1
42.52.170: Giving a thing of economic value in violation of other sections.
C 1995 - No. 4
42.52.180: Use of public resources for political campaigns.
C 1996 - Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10
C 1998 - No. 1
C 2002 - No. 2
C 2003 - No. 10
C 2006 - Nos. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9
C 2007 - No. 5
C 2008 - Nos. 3 and 4
C 2009 - Nos. 1 and 2
C 2010 - No. 1
C 2010 - No. 2
C 2010 - No. 3
C 2010 - No. 4 and 5
C 2010 - No. 6
C 2011 - No. 3
C 2012 - No. 1
C 2012 - No. 2
C 2012 - No. 3
A 1995 - Nos. 17, 18
A 1996 - No. 11
A 1997 - Nos. 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12
– 13 –
A 2004 - No. 1
A 2004 - No. 2, 3
A 2009 - No. 1
42.52.185: Restrictions on mailings by legislators (formerly 42.17.132).
C 1996 - Nos. 2, 3, 7, 9, 10
C 2000 - No. 1
A 1995 - No. 19
A 1996 - Nos. 4, 6, 7, 12
A 1997 - Nos. 2, 3, 12
A 2004 - No. 3
A 2005 - No. 1
42.52.320: Authority of ethics board.
C 1995 - No. 3
C 1996 - Nos. 4, 5, 6
C 2000 - Nos. 6, 7, 8
C 2003 - No. 3
C 2003 - No. 4
C 2003 - No. 11
C 2004 - No. 1
C 2006 - Nos. 10, 11, 13
42.52.330: Interpretation of part-time employment.
C 1995 - No. 2
A 1995 - No. 4
A 1998 - No. 6
42.52.425: Dismissal of Complaint.
C 2008 - No. 3
C 2009 - No. 1
42.52.900: Declaration of policy.
C 1995 - Nos. 1, 2, 4
A 1995 - No. 7
Rule 3: Private Use of State Resources
C 2003 - Nos. 5, 7
C 2003 - Nos. 6, 8, 9
ETHICS IN PUBLIC SERVICE LAW
SECTIONS
42.52.010Definitions.
42.52.020 Activities incompatible with public duties.
42.52.030 Financial interests in transactions.
42.52.040 Assisting in transactions.
42.52.050 Confidential information — Improperly concealed
records.
42.52.060 Testimony of state officers and state employees.
42.52.070 Special privileges.
42.52.080 Employment after public service.
42.52.090 Limited assistance by former state officers and
employees.
42.52.100 Conditions on appearance before state agencies
or doing business with the state — Hearing —
Judicial review.
42.52.110 Compensation for official duties or
nonperformance.
42.52.120 Compensation for outside activities.
42.52.130Honoraria.
42.52.140Gifts.
42.52.150 Limitations on gifts.
42.52.160 Use of persons, money, or property for private
gain.
42.52.170 Giving, paying, loaning, etc., any thing of
economic value to state employee.
42.52.180 Use of public resources for political campaigns.
42.52.185 Restrictions on mailings by legislators.
42.52.190Investments.
– 14 –
42.52.200 Agency rules.
42.52.220 Universities — Administrative processes.
42.52.310 Legislative ethics board.
42.52.320 Authority of legislative ethics board.
42.52.330Interpretation.
42.52.340 Transfer of jurisdiction.
42.52.350 Executive ethics board.
42.52.360 Authority of executive ethics board.
42.52.365 Executive branch agencies — Ethics advisors —
Ethics training.
42.52.370 Authority of commission on judicial conduct.
42.52.380 Political activities of board members.
42.52.390 Hearing and subpoena authority.
42.52.400 Enforcement of subpoena authority.
42.52.410 Filing complaint — Whistleblower protection —
Penalty for reprisal or retaliation.
42.52.420Investigation.
42.52.425 Dismissal of complaint.
42.52.430 Public hearing — Findings.
42.52.440 Review of order.
42.52.450 Complaint against legislator or statewide elected
official.
42.52.460 Citizen actions.
42.52.470 Referral for enforcement.
42.52.480 Action by boards.
42.52.490 Action by attorney general.
42.52.500 Optional hearings by administrative law judge.
42.52.510 Rescission of state action.
42.52.520 Disciplinary action.
42.52.530 Additional investigative authority.
42.52.540 Limitations period.
42.52.550 Compensation of ethics boards.
42.52.560 Communications from an employee organization
or charitable organization — Distribution by state
employee.
42.52.570 Private business activity policy — Department
of fish and wildlife — Parks and recreation
commission.
42.52.575 Information about scholarship opportunities.
42.52.800 Exemptions — Solicitation for state capitol historic
furnishings and preservation and restoration of
state legislative building.
42.52.801 Exemption — Solicitation to promote tourism.
42.52.802 Exemption — Solicitation for Washington state
legacy project, state library, and archives account.
42.52.8021 Exemption — Solicitation for Washington state flag
account.
42.52.8022 Exemption — Informational or educational
meetings regarding legislative issues.
42.52.803 Exemption — Solicitation for legislative oral
history account.
42.52.804 Exemption — Health profession board or
commission — Professional opinions.
42.52.805 Solicitation for charitable activities of executive
branch state employees — Limitations
— Definitions.
42.52.810 Solicitation for the legislative international trade
account — Report.
42.52.820 Solicitation for hosting national legislative
association conference.
42.52.900 Legislative declaration.
42.52.901 Liberal construction.
42.52.902 Parts and captions not law — 1994 c 154.
42.52.903 Serving on board, committee, or commission not
prevented.
42.52.904 Effective date — 1994 c 154.
42.52.905 Severability — 1994 c 154.
42.52.906 Construction — Chapter applicable to state
registered domestic partnerships — 2009 c 521.
ETHICS IN PUBLIC SERVICE LAW
RCW 42.52.010
Definitions.
(1) “Agency” means any state board, commission, bureau,
committee, department, institution, division, or tribunal in the
legislative, executive, or judicial branch of state government.
“Agency” includes all elective offices, the state legislature,
those institutions of higher education created and supported
by the state government, and those courts that are parts of
state government.
(2) “Assist” means to act, or offer or agree to act, in such a way
as to help, aid, advise, furnish information to, or otherwise
provide assistance to another person, believing that the action
is of help, aid, advice, or assistance to the person and with
intent so to assist such person.
(3) “Beneficial interest” has the meaning ascribed to it under
the Washington case law. However, an ownership interest in
a mutual fund or similar investment pooling fund in which
the owner has no management powers does not constitute a
beneficial interest in the entities in which the fund or pool
invests.
(4) “Compensation” means anything of economic value, however
designated, that is paid, loaned, granted, or transferred, or to
be paid, loaned, granted, or transferred for, or in consideration
of, personal services to any person.
(5) “Confidential information” means (a) specific information,
rather than generalized knowledge, that is not available to the
general public on request or (b) information made confidential
by law.
(6) “Contract” or “grant” means an agreement between two or
more persons that creates an obligation to do or not to do
a particular thing. “Contract” or “grant” includes, but is not
limited to, an employment contract, a lease, a license, a
purchase agreement, or a sales agreement.
(7) “ Ethics boards” means the commission on judicial conduct, the
legislative ethics board, and the executive ethics board.
(8) “ Family” has the same meaning as “immediate family” in RCW
42.17A.005.
(9) “Gift” means anything of economic value for which no
consideration is given. “Gift” does not include:
(a) Items from family members or friends where it is clear
beyond a reasonable doubt that the gift was not made as
part of any design to gain or maintain influence in the
agency of which the recipient is an officer or employee;
(b) Items related to the outside business of the recipient
that are customary and not related to the recipient’s
performance of official duties;
(c) Items exchanged among officials and employees or a
social event hosted or sponsored by a state officer or state
employee for coworkers;
(d) P
ayments by a governmental or nongovernmental entity of
reasonable expenses incurred in connection with a speech,
presentation, appearance, or trade mission made in an
official capacity. As used in this subsection, “reasonable
expenses” are limited to travel, lodging, and subsistence
expenses incurred the day before through the day after
the event;
governmental or nonprofit professional, educational, trade,
or charitable association or institution. As used in this
subsection, “reasonable expenses” are limited to travel,
lodging, and subsistence expenses incurred the day before
through the day after the event;
(g) Items returned by the recipient to the donor within thirty
days of receipt or donated to a charitable organization
within thirty days of receipt;
(h) C
ampaign contributions reported under chapter 42.17A
RCW;
(i) D
iscounts available to an individual as a member of an
employee group, occupation, or similar broad-based group;
and
(j) A
wards, prizes, scholarships, or other items provided in
recognition of academic or scientific achievement.
(10) “Head of agency” means the chief executive officer of an
agency. In the case of an agency headed by a commission,
board, committee, or other body consisting of more than
one natural person, agency head means the person or board
authorized to appoint agency employees and regulate their
conduct.
(11) “Honorarium” means money or thing of value offered to a
state officer or state employee for a speech, appearance,
article, or similar item or activity in connection with the state
officer’s or state employee’s official role.
(12) “ Official duty” means those duties within the specific scope of
employment of the state officer or state employee as defined
by the officer’s or employee’s agency or by statute or the state
Constitution.
(13) “Participate” means to participate in state action or a
proceeding personally and substantially as a state officer
or state employee, through approval, disapproval, decision,
recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or
otherwise but does not include preparation, consideration,
or enactment of legislation or the performance of legislative
duties.
(14) “Person” means any individual, partnership, association,
corporation, firm, institution, or other entity, whether or not
operated for profit.
(15) “Regulatory agency” means any state board, commission,
department, or officer, except those in the legislative or
judicial branches, authorized by law to conduct adjudicative
proceedings, issue permits or licenses, or to control or affect
interests of identified persons.
(16) “ Responsibility” in connection with a transaction involving the
state, means the direct administrative or operating authority,
whether intermediate or final, and either exercisable alone or
through subordinates, effectively to approve, disapprove, or
otherwise direct state action in respect of such transaction.
(17) “State action” means any action on the part of an agency,
including, but not limited to:
(a) A
decision, determination, finding, ruling, or order; and
(b) A
grant, payment, award, license, contract, transaction,
sanction, or approval, or the denial thereof, or failure to act
with respect to a decision, determination, finding, ruling,
or order.
(e) Items a state officer or state employee is authorized by law
to accept;
(18) “State employee” means an individual who is employed by
an agency in any branch of state government. For purposes
of this chapter, employees of the superior courts are not state
officers or state employees.
(f) P
ayment of enrollment and course fees and reasonable
travel expenses attributable to attending seminars
and educational programs sponsored by a bona fide
(19) “ State officer” means every person holding a position of public
trust in or under an executive, legislative, or judicial office of
the state. “State officer” includes judges of the superior court,
– 15 –
judges of the court of appeals, justices of the supreme court,
members of the legislature together with the secretary of the
senate and the chief clerk of the house of representatives,
holders of elective offices in the executive branch of state
government, chief executive officers of state agencies, members
of boards, commissions, or committees with authority over
one or more state agencies or institutions, and employees of
the state who are engaged in supervisory, policy-making, or
policy-enforcing work. For the purposes of this chapter, “state
officer” also includes any person exercising or undertaking to
exercise the powers or functions of a state officer.
(20) “Thing of economic value,” in addition to its ordinary
meaning, includes:
(a) A
loan, property interest, interest in a contract or other
chose in action, and employment or another arrangement
involving a right to compensation;
(b) A
n option, irrespective of the conditions to the exercise of
the option; and
(c) A
promise or undertaking for the present or future delivery
or procurement.
(21)(a) “Transaction involving the state” means a proceeding,
application, submission, request for a ruling or other
determination, contract, claim, case, or other similar matter
that the state officer, state employee, or former state officer
or state employee in question believes, or has reason to
believe:
(i) Is, or will be, the subject of state action; or
(ii) Is one to which the state is or will be a party; or
(iii) Is one in which the state has a direct and substantial
proprietary interest.
(b) “Transaction involving the state” does not include the
following: Preparation, consideration, or enactment of
legislation, including appropriation of moneys in a budget,
or the performance of legislative duties by an officer or
employee; or a claim, case, lawsuit, or similar matter if the
officer or employee did not participate in the underlying
transaction involving the state that is the basis for the
claim, case, or lawsuit.
(22) “University” includes “state universities” and “regional
universities” as defined in RCW 28B.10.016 and also
includes any research or technology institute affiliated with
a university, including without limitation, the *Spokane
intercollegiate research and technology institute and the
*Washington technology center.
(23) “University research employee” means a state officer or state
employee employed by a university, but only to the extent
the state officer or state employee is engaged in research,
technology transfer, approved consulting activities related to
research and technology transfer, or other incidental activities.
[2011 c 60 § 28; 2005 c 106 § 1; 1998 c 7 § 1; 1996 c 213 § 1; 1994
c 154 § 101.]
Notes: Reviser’s note: *(1) The Spokane intercollegiate research
and technology institute and the Washington technology center
were abolished by 2011 1st sp.s. c 14 § 17.
(2) The definitions in this section have been alphabetized
pursuant to RCW 1.08.015(2)(k).
Effective date — 2011 c 60: See RCW 42.17A.919.
RCW 42.52.020
Activities incompatible with public duties.
No state officer or state employee may have an interest, financial
or otherwise, direct or indirect, or engage in a business or
transaction or professional activity, or incur an obligation of any
– 16 –
nature, that is in conflict with the proper discharge of the state
officer’s or state employee’s official duties.
[1996 c 213 § 2; 1994 c 154 § 102.]
RCW 42.52.030
Financial interests in transactions.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee, except as provided in
subsection (2) of this section, may be beneficially interested,
directly or indirectly, in a contract, sale, lease, purchase, or
grant that may be made by, through, or is under the supervision
of the officer or employee, in whole or in part, or accept,
directly or indirectly, any compensation, gratuity, or reward
from any other person beneficially interested in the contract,
sale, lease, purchase, or grant.
(2) N
o state officer or state employee may participate in a
transaction involving the state in his or her official capacity with
a person of which the officer or employee is an officer, agent,
employee, or member, or in which the officer or employee owns
a beneficial interest, except that an officer or employee of an
institution of higher education or the *Spokane intercollegiate
research and technology institute may serve as an officer, agent,
employee, or member, or on the board of directors, board of
trustees, advisory board, or committee or review panel for any
nonprofit institute, foundation, or fund-raising entity; and may
serve as a member of an advisory board, committee, or review
panel for a governmental or other nonprofit entity.
[2005 c 106 § 2; 1996 c 213 § 3; 1994 c 154 § 103.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: The Spokane intercollegiate research and
technology institute was abolished by 2011 1st sp.s. c 14 § 17.
RCW 42.52.040
Assisting in transactions.
(1) E
xcept in the course of official duties or incident to official
duties, no state officer or state employee may assist another
person, directly or indirectly, whether or not for compensation,
in a transaction involving the state:
(a) I n which the state officer or state employee has at any time
participated; or
(b) If the transaction involving the state is or has been under
the official responsibility of the state officer or state
employee within a period of two years preceding such
assistance.
(2) N
o state officer or state employee may share in compensation
received by another for assistance that the officer or employee
is prohibited from providing under subsection (1) or (3) of this
section.
(3) A
business entity of which a state officer or state employee is a
partner, managing officer, or employee shall not assist another
person in a transaction involving the state if the state officer or
state employee is prohibited from doing so by subsection (1)
of this section.
(4) This chapter does not prevent a state officer or state employee
from assisting, in a transaction involving the state:
(a) T
he state officer’s or state employee’s parent, spouse or
domestic partner, or child, or a child thereof for whom
the officer or employee is serving as guardian, executor,
administrator, trustee, or other personal fiduciary, if the
state officer or state employee did not participate in the
transaction; or
(b) A
nother state employee involved in disciplinary or other
personnel administration proceedings.
[2008 c 6 § 203; 1994 c 154 § 104.]
Notes: Part headings not law — Severability — 2008 c 6: See
RCW 26.60.900 and 26.60.901.
RCW 42.52.050
Confidential information — Improperly concealed records.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may accept employment or
engage in any business or professional activity that the officer
or employee might reasonably expect would require or induce
him or her to make an unauthorized disclosure of confidential
information acquired by the official or employee by reason of
the official’s or employee’s official position.
(2) N
o state officer or state employee may make a disclosure of
confidential information gained by reason of the officer’s or
employee’s official position or otherwise use the information
for his or her personal gain or benefit or the gain or benefit of
another, unless the disclosure has been authorized by statute
or by the terms of a contract involving (a) the state officer’s or
state employee’s agency and (b) the person or persons who
have authority to waive the confidentiality of the information.
(3) N
o state officer or state employee may disclose confidential
information to any person not entitled or authorized to receive
the information.
(4) N
o state officer or state employee may intentionally conceal a
record if the officer or employee knew the record was required
to be released under chapter 42.56 RCW, was under a personal
obligation to release the record, and failed to do so. This
subsection does not apply where the decision to withhold the
record was made in good faith.
[2005 c 274 § 292; 1996 c 213 § 4; 1994 c 154 § 105.]
Notes: Part headings not law — Effective date — 2005 c 274: See
RCW 42.56.901 and 42.56.902.
RCW 42.52.060
Testimony of state officers and state employees.
This chapter does not prevent a state officer or state employee
from giving testimony under oath or from making statements
required to be made under penalty of perjury or contempt.
[1994 c 154 § 106.]
RCW 42.52.070
Special privileges.
Except as required to perform duties within the scope of
employment, no state officer or state employee may use his or her
position to secure special privileges or exemptions for himself or
herself, or his or her spouse, child, parents, or other persons.
[1994 c 154 § 107.]
RCW 42.52.080
Employment after public service.
(1) N
o former state officer or state employee may, within a period
of one year from the date of termination of state employment,
accept employment or receive compensation from an employer if:
(a) T
he officer or employee, during the two years immediately
preceding termination of state employment, was engaged
in the negotiation or administration on behalf of the state
or agency of one or more contracts with that employer and
was in a position to make discretionary decisions affecting
the outcome of such negotiation or the nature of such
administration;
(b) S uch a contract or contracts have a total value of more
than ten thousand dollars; and
(c) T
he duties of the employment with the employer or the
activities for which the compensation would be received
include fulfilling or implementing, in whole or in part,
the provisions of such a contract or contracts or include
the supervision or control of actions taken to fulfill or
implement, in whole or in part, the provisions of such
a contract or contracts. This subsection shall not be
construed to prohibit a state officer or state employee from
accepting employment with a state employee organization.
(2) N
o person who has served as a state officer or state employee
may, within a period of two years following the termination of
state employment, have a direct or indirect beneficial interest
in a contract or grant that was expressly authorized or funded
by specific legislative or executive action in which the former
state officer or state employee participated.
(3) N
o former state officer or state employee may accept an offer
of employment or receive compensation from an employer if
the officer or employee knows or has reason to believe that the
offer of employment or compensation was intended, in whole
or in part, directly or indirectly, to influence the officer or
employee or as compensation or reward for the performance
or nonperformance of a duty by the officer or employee during
the course of state employment.
(4) N
o former state officer or state employee may accept an offer
of employment or receive compensation from an employer if
the circumstances would lead a reasonable person to believe
the offer has been made, or compensation given, for the
purpose of influencing the performance or nonperformance
of duties by the officer or employee during the course of state
employment.
(5) N
o former state officer or state employee may at any time
subsequent to his or her state employment assist another
person, whether or not for compensation, in any transaction
involving the state in which the former state officer or state
employee at any time participated during state employment.
This subsection shall not be construed to prohibit any
employee or officer of a state employee organization from
rendering assistance to state officers or state employees in the
course of employee organization business.
(6) A
s used in this section, “employer” means a person as defined
in RCW 42.52.010 or any other entity or business that the
person owns or in which the person has a controlling interest.
For purposes of subsection (1) of this section, the term
“employer” does not include a successor organization to the
rural development council under chapter 43.31 RCW.
[1999 c 299 § 3; 1994 c 154 § 108.]
RCW 42.52.090
Limited assistance by former state officers and employees.
This chapter shall not be construed to prevent a former state
officer or state employee from rendering assistance to others if the
assistance is provided without compensation in any form and is
limited to one or more of the following:
(1) P
roviding the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of
state agencies or state employees;
(2) P
roviding free transportation to another for the purpose of
conducting business with a state agency;
(3) A
ssisting a natural person or nonprofit corporation in obtaining
or completing application forms or other forms required by a
state agency for the conduct of a state business; or
(4) Providing assistance to the poor and infirm.
[1994 c 154 § 109.]
RCW 42.52.100
Conditions on appearance before state agencies or doing
business with the state — Hearing — Judicial review.
(1) T
he head of an agency, upon finding that any former state
officer or state employee of such agency or any other person
has violated any provision of this chapter or rules adopted
– 17 –
substantially identical contracts or grants with a state agency
only if:
under it, may, in addition to any other powers the head of such
agency may have, bar or impose reasonable conditions upon:
(a) T
he appearance before such agency of such former state
officer or state employee or other person; and
(b) T
he conduct of, or negotiation or competition for, business
with such agency by such former state officer or state
employee or other person, such period of time as may
reasonably be necessary or appropriate to effectuate the
purposes of this chapter.
(2) F
indings of violations referred to in subsection (1)(b) of this
section shall be made on record after notice and hearing,
conducted in accordance with the Washington Administrative
Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW. Such findings and orders
are subject to judicial review.
(a) T
he contract or grant is awarded or issued as a result of an
open and competitive bidding process in which more than
one bid or grant application was received; or
(b) T
he contract or grant is awarded or issued as a result of
an open and competitive bidding or selection process in
which the officer’s or employee’s bid or proposal was the
only bid or proposal received and the officer or employee
has been advised by the appropriate ethics board, before
execution of the contract or grant, that the contract or
grant would not be in conflict with the proper discharge
of the officer’s or employee’s official duties; or
(c) T
he process for awarding the contract or issuing the grant
is not open and competitive, but the officer or employee
has been advised by the appropriate ethics board that the
contract or grant would not be in conflict with the proper
discharge of the officer’s or employee’s official duties.
(3) T
his section does not apply to the legislative or judicial
branches of government.
[1994 c 154 § 110; 1969 ex.s. c 234 § 27. Formerly RCW 42.18.270.]
RCW 42.52.110
Compensation for official duties or nonperformance.
No state officer or state employee may, directly or indirectly, ask for
or give or receive or agree to receive any compensation, gift, reward,
or gratuity from a source for performing or omitting or deferring the
performance of any official duty, unless otherwise authorized by
law except: (1) The state of Washington; or (2) in the case of officers
or employees of institutions of higher education or of the *Spokane
intercollegiate research and technology institute, a governmental
entity, an agency or instrumentality of a governmental entity, or
a nonprofit corporation organized for the benefit and support of
the state employee’s agency or other state agencies pursuant to an
agreement with the state employee’s agency.
[1996 c 213 § 5; 1994 c 154 § 111.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: The Spokane intercollegiate research and
technology institute was abolished by 2011 1st sp.s. c 14 § 17.
RCW 42.52.120
Compensation for outside activities.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may receive any thing of
economic value under any contract or grant outside of his or
her official duties. The prohibition in this subsection does not
apply where the state officer or state employee has complied
with *RCW 42.52.030(2) or each of the following conditions are
met:
(a) T
he contract or grant is bona fide and actually performed;
(b) T
he performance or administration of the contract or grant
is not within the course of the officer’s or employee’s
official duties, or is not under the officer’s or employee’s
official supervision;
(c) T
he performance of the contract or grant is not prohibited
by RCW 42.52.040 or by applicable laws or rules governing
outside employment for the officer or employee;
(d) T
he contract or grant is neither performed for nor
compensated by any person from whom such officer or
employee would be prohibited by RCW 42.52.150(4) from
receiving a gift;
(e) T
he contract or grant is not one expressly created or
authorized by the officer or employee in his or her official
capacity;
(f) T
he contract or grant would not require unauthorized
disclosure of confidential information.
(2) In addition to satisfying the requirements of subsection (1)
of this section, a state officer or state employee may have
a beneficial interest in a grant or contract or a series of
– 18 –
(3) A
state officer or state employee awarded a contract or issued a
grant in compliance with subsection (2) of this section shall file
the contract or grant with the appropriate ethics board within
thirty days after the date of execution; however, if proprietary
formulae, designs, drawings, or research are included in the
contract or grant, the proprietary formulae, designs, drawings,
or research may be deleted from the contract or grant filed
with the appropriate ethics board.
(4) T
his section does not prevent a state officer or state employee
from receiving compensation contributed from the treasury of
the United States, another state, county, or municipality if the
compensation is received pursuant to arrangements entered
into between such state, county, municipality, or the United
States and the officer’s or employee’s agency. This section does
not prohibit a state officer or state employee from serving or
performing any duties under an employment contract with a
governmental entity.
(5) A
s used in this section, “officer” and “employee” do not
include officers and employees who, in accordance with the
terms of their employment or appointment, are serving without
compensation from the state of Washington or are receiving
from the state only reimbursement of expenses incurred or a
predetermined allowance for such expenses.
[1997 c 318 § 1; 1996 c 213 § 6; 1994 c 154 § 112.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: RCW 42.52.030 was amended by 2005 c
106 § 2, deleting subsection (2).
RCW 42.52.130
Honoraria.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may receive honoraria unless
specifically authorized by the agency where they serve as state
officer or state employee.
(2) A
n agency may not permit honoraria under the following
circumstances:
(a) T
he person offering the honorarium is seeking or is
reasonably expected to seek contractual relations with
or a grant from the employer of the state officer or state
employee, and the officer or employee is in a position to
participate in the terms or the award of the contract or
grant;
(b) T
he person offering the honorarium is regulated by the
employer of the state officer or state employee and the
officer or employee is in a position to participate in the
regulation; or
(c) T
he person offering the honorarium (i) is seeking or
opposing or is reasonably likely to seek or oppose
enactment of legislation or adoption of administrative rules
committee for the purpose of hosting an official conference
under the circumstances specified in RCW 42.52.820 and
section 2, chapter 5, Laws of 2006. Anything solicited or
accepted may only be received by the national association
or host committee and may not be commingled with any
funds or accounts that are the property of any person;
or actions, or policy changes by the state officer’s or state
employee’s agency; and (ii) the officer or employee may
participate in the enactment or adoption.
[1994 c 154 § 113.]
RCW 42.52.140
Gifts.
No state officer or state employee may receive, accept, take, seek,
or solicit, directly or indirectly, any thing of economic value as
a gift, gratuity, or favor from a person if it could be reasonably
expected that the gift, gratuity, or favor would influence the vote,
action, or judgment of the officer or employee, or be considered
as part of a reward for action or inaction.
[1994 c 154 § 114.]
RCW 42.52.150
Limitations on gifts.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may accept gifts, other than
those specified in subsections (2) and (5) of this section, with
an aggregate value in excess of fifty dollars from a single
source in a calendar year or a single gift from multiple sources
with a value in excess of fifty dollars. For purposes of this
section, “single source” means any person, as defined in RCW
42.52.010, whether acting directly or through any agent or
other intermediary, and “single gift” includes any event, item,
or group of items used in conjunction with each other or any
trip including transportation, lodging, and attendant costs, not
excluded from the definition of gift under RCW 42.52.010. The
value of gifts given to an officer’s or employee’s family member
or guest shall be attributed to the official or employee for the
purpose of determining whether the limit has been exceeded,
unless an independent business, family, or social relationship
exists between the donor and the family member or guest.
(2) E
xcept as provided in subsection (4) of this section, the
following items are presumed not to influence under RCW
42.52.140, and may be accepted without regard to the limit
established by subsection (1) of this section:
(a) U
nsolicited flowers, plants, and floral arrangements;
(b) U
nsolicited advertising or promotional items of nominal
value, such as pens and note pads;
(c) U
nsolicited tokens or awards of appreciation in the form of
a plaque, trophy, desk item, wall memento, or similar item;
(d) U
nsolicited items received by a state officer or state
employee for the purpose of evaluation or review, if the
officer or employee has no personal beneficial interest in
the eventual use or acquisition of the item by the officer’s
or employee’s agency;
(e) Informational material, publications, or subscriptions
related to the recipient’s performance of official duties;
(f) F
ood and beverages consumed at hosted receptions
where attendance is related to the state officer’s or state
employee’s official duties;
(g) G
ifts, grants, conveyances, bequests, and devises of real or
personal property, or both, in trust or otherwise accepted
and solicited for deposit in the legislative international
trade account created in RCW 43.15.050;
(h) G
ifts, grants, conveyances, bequests, and devises of real or
personal property, or both, in trust or otherwise accepted
and solicited for the purpose of promoting the expansion
of tourism as provided for in *RCW 43.330.090;
(i) G
ifts, grants, conveyances, bequests, and devises of real
or personal property, or both, solicited on behalf of a
national legislative association, 2006 official conference
of the national lieutenant governors’ association, or host
(j) A
dmission to, and the cost of food and beverages consumed
at, events sponsored by or in conjunction with a civic,
charitable, governmental, or community organization; and
(k) U
nsolicited gifts from dignitaries from another state or a
foreign country that are intended to be personal in nature.
(3) T
he presumption in subsection (2) of this section is rebuttable
and may be overcome based on the circumstances surrounding
the giving and acceptance of the item.
(4) N
otwithstanding subsections (2) and (5) of this section, a
state officer or state employee of a regulatory agency or of an
agency that seeks to acquire goods or services who participates
in those regulatory or contractual matters may receive, accept,
take, or seek, directly or indirectly, only the following items
from a person regulated by the agency or from a person who
seeks to provide goods or services to the agency:
(a) U
nsolicited advertising or promotional items of nominal
value, such as pens and note pads;
(b) U
nsolicited tokens or awards of appreciation in the form of
a plaque, trophy, desk item, wall memento, or similar item;
(c) U
nsolicited items received by a state officer or state
employee for the purpose of evaluation or review, if the
officer or employee has no personal beneficial interest in
the eventual use or acquisition of the item by the officer’s
or employee’s agency;
(d) Informational material, publications, or subscriptions
related to the recipient’s performance of official duties;
(e) F
ood and beverages consumed at hosted receptions
where attendance is related to the state officer’s or state
employee’s official duties;
(f) A
dmission to, and the cost of food and beverages consumed
at, events sponsored by or in conjunction with a civic,
charitable, governmental, or community organization; and
(g) T
hose items excluded from the definition of gift in RCW
42.52.010 except:
(i) P
ayments by a governmental or nongovernmental entity of
reasonable expenses incurred in connection with a speech,
presentation, appearance, or trade mission made in an
official capacity;
(ii) P
ayments for seminars and educational programs
sponsored by a bona fide governmental or nonprofit
professional, educational, trade, or charitable
association or institution; and
(iii) F
lowers, plants, and floral arrangements.
(5) A
state officer or state employee may accept gifts in the form
of food and beverage on infrequent occasions in the ordinary
course of meals where attendance by the officer or employee
is related to the performance of official duties. Gifts in the
form of food and beverage that exceed fifty dollars on a single
occasion shall be reported as provided in chapter 42.17A RCW.
[2011 c 60 § 29; 2006 c 5 § 3; 2003 1st sp.s. c 23 § 2. Prior: 2003 c
265 § 3; 2003 c 153 § 6; 1998 c 7 § 2; 1994 c 154 § 115.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: RCW 43.330.090 was amended by 2007
c 228 § 201, deleting subsection (2) which directly related to
“expansion of tourism.”
Effective date — 2011 c 60: See RCW 42.17A.919.
Findings — 2006 c 5: “The legislature finds that due to the
massive devastation inflicted on the city of New Orleans by
– 19 –
hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, the city of New Orleans
will not be able to meet its obligation to host the national
lieutenant governors’ association’s annual conference scheduled
for July 17 through July 19, 2006. As a result of this unfortunate
situation, the members of the national lieutenant governors’
association officially pressed to have Washington state host the
next annual conference in Seattle, Washington, and lieutenant
governor Brad Owen has agreed to do so. The legislature further
finds, in recognition of the unprecedented situation created by
this natural disaster, the high national visibility of this important
event, and due to the limited amount of time remaining for
planning and fund-raising, it is necessary to initiate fund-raising
activities for this national conference as soon as possible.” [2006
c 5 § 1.]
Effective date — 2006 c 5: “This act is necessary for the immediate
preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, or support
of the state government and its existing public institutions, and
takes effect immediately [February 7, 2006].” [2006 c 5 § 4.]
Findings — 2003 c 153: See note following RCW 43.330.090.
or to actually vote upon a motion, proposal, resolution,
order, or ordinance, or to support or oppose a ballot
proposition as long as (i) required notice of the meeting
includes the title and number of the ballot proposition, and
(ii) members of the legislative body or members of the
public are afforded an approximately equal opportunity for
the expression of an opposing view;
(b) A
statement by an elected official in support of or in
opposition to any ballot proposition at an open press
conference or in response to a specific inquiry. For the
purposes of this subsection, it is not a violation of this
section for an elected official to respond to an inquiry
regarding a ballot proposition, to make incidental
remarks concerning a ballot proposition in an official
communication, or otherwise comment on a ballot
proposition without an actual, measurable expenditure
of public funds. The ethics boards shall adopt by rule a
definition of measurable expenditure;
(c) T
he maintenance of official legislative web sites throughout
the year, regardless of pending elections. The web sites
may contain any discretionary material which was also
specifically prepared for the legislator in the course of his
or her duties as a legislator, including newsletters and press
releases. The official legislative web sites of legislators
seeking reelection shall not be altered between June 30th
and November 15th of the election year. The web site shall
not be used for campaign purposes;
(d) A
ctivities that are part of the normal and regular conduct
of the office or agency; and
(e) D
e minimis use of public facilities by statewide elected
officials and legislators incidental to the preparation or
delivery of permissible communications, including written
and verbal communications initiated by them of their
views on ballot propositions that foreseeably may affect
a matter that falls within their constitutional or statutory
responsibilities.
RCW 42.52.160
Use of persons, money, or property for private gain.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may employ or use any
person, money, or property under the officer’s or employee’s
official control or direction, or in his or her official custody, for
the private benefit or gain of the officer, employee, or another.
(2) T
his section does not prohibit the use of public resources to
benefit others as part of a state officer’s or state employee’s
official duties.
(3) T
he appropriate ethics boards may adopt rules providing
exceptions to this section for occasional use of the state officer
or state employee, of de minimis cost and value, if the activity
does not result in interference with the proper performance of
public duties.
[1996 c 213 § 7; 1994 c 154 § 116; 1987 c 426 § 3. Formerly RCW
42.18.217.]
RCW 42.52.170
Giving, paying, loaning, etc., any thing of economic
value to state employee.
No person shall give, pay, loan, transfer, or deliver, directly or
indirectly, to any other person any thing of economic value
believing or having reason to believe that there exist circumstances
making the receipt thereof a violation of RCW 42.52.040, 42.52.110,
42.52.120, 42.52.140, or 42.52.150.
[1994 c 154 § 117; 1987 c 426 § 5; 1969 ex.s. c 234 § 23. Formerly
RCW 42.18.230.]
RCW 42.52.180
Use of public resources for political campaigns.
(1) N
o state officer or state employee may use or authorize the use
of facilities of an agency, directly or indirectly, for the purpose
of assisting a campaign for election of a person to an office
or for the promotion of or opposition to a ballot proposition.
Knowing acquiescence by a person with authority to direct,
control, or influence the actions of the state officer or state
employee using public resources in violation of this section
constitutes a violation of this section. Facilities of an agency
include, but are not limited to, use of stationery, postage,
machines, and equipment, use of state employees of the agency
during working hours, vehicles, office space, publications of
the agency, and clientele lists of persons served by the agency.
(3) A s to state officers and employees, this section operates to the
exclusion of RCW 42.17A.555.
[2011 c 60 § 30; 2010 c 185 § 1; 1995 c 397 § 30; 1994 c 154 § 118.]
Notes: Effective date — 2011 c 60: See RCW 42.17A.919.
Effective date — Captions — Severability — 1995 c 397: See RCW
42.17A.910 through 42.17A.912.
RCW 42.52.185
Restrictions on mailings by legislators.
(1) D
uring the twelve-month period beginning on December 1st
of the year before a general election for a state legislator’s
election to office and continuing through November 30th
immediately after the general election, the legislator may not
mail, either by regular mail or electronic mail, to a constituent
at public expense a letter, newsletter, brochure, or other piece
of literature, except as follows:
(a) T
he legislator may mail two mailings of newsletters
to constituents. All newsletters within each mailing of
newsletters must be identical as to their content but not
as to the constituent name or address. One such mailing
may be mailed no later than thirty days after the start of a
regular legislative session, except that a legislator appointed
during a regular legislative session to fill a vacant seat
may have up to thirty days from the date of appointment
to send out the first mailing. The other mailing may be
mailed no later than sixty days after the end of a regular
legislative session.
(b) T
he legislator may mail an individual letter to (i) an
individual constituent who has contacted the legislator
(2) This section shall not apply to the following activities:
(a) A
ction taken at an open public meeting by members of an
elected legislative body to express a collective decision,
– 20 –
regarding the subject matter of the letter during the
legislator’s current term of office; (ii) an individual
constituent who holds a governmental office with
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the letter; or (iii)
an individual constituent who has received an award
or honor of extraordinary distinction of a type that is
sufficiently infrequent to be noteworthy to a reasonable
person, including, but not limited to: (A) An international
or national award such as the Nobel prize or the Pulitzer
prize; (B) a state award such as Washington scholar; (C) an
Eagle Scout award; and (D) a Medal of Honor.
(c) In those cases where constituents have specifically
indicated that they would like to be contacted to receive
regular or periodic updates on legislative matters,
legislators may provide such updates by electronic mail
throughout the legislative session and up until thirty days
from the conclusion of a legislative session.
(2) F
or purposes of subsection (1) of this section, “legislator”
means a legislator who is a “candidate,” as defined by RCW
42.17A.005, for any public office.
(3) A
violation of this section constitutes use of the facilities of a
public office for the purpose of assisting a campaign under
RCW 42.52.180.
(4) T
he house of representatives and senate shall specifically limit
expenditures per member for the total cost of mailings. Those
costs include, but are not limited to, production costs, printing
costs, and postage costs. The limits imposed under this
subsection apply only to the total expenditures on mailings
per member and not to any categorical cost within the total.
(5) F
or purposes of this section, persons residing outside the
legislative district represented by the legislator are not
considered to be constituents, but students, military personnel,
or others temporarily employed outside of the district who
normally reside in the district are considered to be constituents.
[2011 c 60 § 31; 2008 c 39 § 2; 1997 c 320 § 1; 1995 c 397 § 5; 1993
c 2 § 25 (Initiative Measure No. 134, approved November 3, 1992).
Formerly RCW 42.17.132.]
Findings — Intent — 2008 c 39: “The legislature finds that the
legislature’s ability to communicate with its constituency is of the
utmost importance in having a healthy representative democracy.
It is the intent of the legislature to provide important information
to constituents on an ongoing basis in order to truly be a
government of the people and for the people. The legislature
finds that this communication will only increase citizen access to
legislative issues.” [2008 c 39 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.190
Investments.
(1) E
xcept for permissible investments as defined in this section,
no state officer or state employee of any agency responsible
for the investment of funds, who acts in a decision-making,
advisory, or policy-influencing capacity with respect to
investments, may have a direct or indirect interest in any
property, security, equity, or debt instrument of a person,
without prior written approval of the agency.
(2) A
gencies responsible for the investment of funds shall adopt
policies governing approval of investments and establishing
criteria to be considered in the approval process. Criteria shall
include the relationship between the proposed investment and
investments held or under consideration by the state, the size
and timing of the proposed investment, access by the state
officer or state employee to nonpublic information relative to
the proposed investment, and the availability of the investment
in the public market. Agencies responsible for the investment
of funds also shall adopt policies consistent with this chapter
governing use by their officers and employees of financial
information acquired by virtue of their state positions. A
violation of such policies adopted to implement this subsection
shall constitute a violation of this chapter.
(3) A
s used in this section, “permissible investments” means any
mutual fund, deposit account, certificate of deposit, or money
market fund maintained with a bank, broker, or other financial
institution, a security publicly traded in an organized market
if the interest in the security at acquisition is ten thousand
dollars or less, or an interest in real estate, except if the real
estate interest is in or with a party in whom the agency holds
an investment.
[1994 c 154 § 119.]
RCW 42.52.200
Agency rules.
(1) E
ach agency may adopt rules consistent with law, for use
within the agency to protect against violations of this chapter.
(2) E
ach agency proposing to adopt rules under this section shall
forward the rules to the appropriate ethics board before they
may take effect. The board may submit comments to the
agency regarding the proposed rules.
(3) T
his section applies to universities only to the extent their
activities are not subject to RCW 42.52.220.
[2005 c 106 § 3; 1994 c 154 § 120.]
42.52.220
Universities — Administrative processes.
(1) C
onsistent with the state policy to encourage basic and
applied scientific research by the state’s research universities
as stated in RCW 28B.140.005, each university may develop,
adopt, and implement one or more written administrative
processes that shall, upon approval by the governor,
apply in place of the obligations imposed on universities
and university research employees under RCW 42.52.030,
42.52.040, 42.52.080, 42.52.110, 42.52.120, 42.52.130, 42.52.140,
42.52.150, and 42.52.160. The universities shall coordinate on
the development of administrative processes to ensure the
processes are comparable. A university research employee in
compliance with the processes authorized in this section shall
be deemed to be in compliance with RCW 42.52.030, 42.52.040,
42.52.080, 42.52.110, 42.52.120, 42.52.130, 42.52.140, 42.52.150,
and 42.52.160.
(2) T
he executive ethics board shall enforce activity subject to the
written approval processes under this section, as provided in
RCW 42.52.360.
[2005 c 106 § 4.]
RCW 42.52.310
Legislative ethics board.
(1) T
he legislative ethics board is created, composed of nine
members, selected as follows:
(a) T
wo senators, one from each of the two largest caucuses,
appointed by the president of the senate;
(b) T
wo members of the house of representatives, one from
each of the two largest caucuses, appointed by the speaker
of the house of representatives;
(c) F
ive citizen members:
(i) O
ne citizen member chosen by the governor from a
list of three individuals submitted by each of the four
legislative caucuses; and
(ii) O
ne citizen member selected by three of the four other
citizen members of the legislative ethics board.
– 21 –
(2) E
xcept for initial members and members completing partial
terms, nonlegislative members shall serve a single five-year
term.
(3) N
o more than three of the public members may be identified
with the same political party.
(4) T
erms of initial nonlegislative board members shall be
staggered as follows: One member shall be appointed to a
one-year term; one member shall be appointed to a two-year
term; one member shall be appointed to a three-year term;
one member shall be appointed to a four-year term; and one
member shall be appointed for a five-year term.
(5) A
vacancy on the board shall be filled in the same manner as
the original appointment.
(6) L egislative members shall serve two-year terms, from January
31st of an odd-numbered year until January 31st of the next
odd-numbered year.
(7) E
ach member shall serve for the term of his or her appointment
and until his or her successor is appointed.
(8) T
he citizen members shall annually select a chair from among
themselves.
[1994 c 154 § 201.]
RCW 42.52.320
Authority of legislative ethics board.
(1) T
he legislative ethics board shall enforce this chapter and rules
adopted under it with respect to members and employees of
the legislature.
RCW 42.52.330
Interpretation.
By constitutional design, the legislature consists of citizenlegislators who bring to bear on the legislative process their
individual experience and expertise. The provisions of this
chapter shall be interpreted in light of this constitutional principle.
[1994 c 154 § 203.]
RCW 42.52.340
Transfer of jurisdiction.
On January 1, 1995, any complaints or other matters under
investigation or consideration by the boards of legislative ethics
in the house of representatives and the senate operating pursuant
to *chapter 44.60 RCW shall be transferred to the legislative
ethics board created by RCW 42.52.310. All files, including but
not limited to minutes of meetings, investigative files, records of
proceedings, exhibits, and expense records, shall be transferred
to the legislative ethics board created in RCW 42.52.310 pursuant
to their direction and the legislative ethics board created in
RCW 42.52.310 shall assume full jurisdiction over all pending
complaints, investigations, and proceedings.
[1994 c 154 § 204.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: Chapter 44.60 RCW was repealed by 1994
c 154 § 304, effective January 1, 1995.
RCW 42.52.350
Executive ethics board.
(2) The legislative ethics board shall:
(1) T
he executive ethics board is created, composed of five
members, appointed by the governor as follows:
(a) D
evelop educational materials and training with regard to
legislative ethics for legislators and legislative employees;
(a) O
ne member shall be a classified service employee as
defined in chapter 41.06 RCW;
(b) Issue advisory opinions;
(c) A
dopt rules or policies governing the conduct of business
by the board, and adopt rules defining working hours
for purposes of RCW 42.52.180 and where otherwise
authorized under chapter 154, Laws of 1994;
(b) O
ne member shall be a state officer or state employee in
an exempt position;
(c) O
ne member shall be a citizen selected from a list of three
names submitted by the attorney general;
(d) O
ne member shall be a citizen selected from a list of three
names submitted by the state auditor; and
(e) O
ne member shall be a citizen selected at large by the
governor.
(d) I nvestigate, hear, and determine complaints by any person
or on its own motion;
(e) Impose sanctions including reprimands and monetary
penalties;
(f) R
ecommend suspension or removal to the appropriate
legislative entity, or recommend prosecution to the
appropriate authority; and
(g) E
stablish criteria regarding the levels of civil penalties
appropriate for different types of violations of this chapter
and rules adopted under it.
(3) The board may:
(a) Issue subpoenas for the attendance and testimony of
witnesses and the production of documentary evidence
relating to any matter under examination by the board or
involved in any hearing;
(b) A
dminister oaths and affirmations;
(c) Examine witnesses; and
(d) Receive evidence.
(4) S ubject to RCW 42.52.540, the board has jurisdiction over any
alleged violation that occurred before January 1, 1995, and that
was within the jurisdiction of any of the boards established
under *chapter 44.60 RCW. The board’s jurisdiction with
respect to any such alleged violation shall be based on the
statutes and rules in effect at [the] time of the violation.
[1994 c 154 § 202.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: Chapter 44.60 RCW was repealed by 1994
c 154 § 304, effective January 1, 1995.
– 22 –
(2) E
xcept for initial members and members completing partial
terms, members shall serve a single five-year term.
(3) N
o more than three members may be identified with the same
political party.
(4) T
erms of initial board members shall be staggered as follows:
One member shall be appointed to a one-year term; one
member shall be appointed to a two-year term; one member
shall be appointed to a three-year term; one member shall
be appointed to a four-year term; and one member shall be
appointed to a five-year term.
(5) A
vacancy on the board shall be filled in the same manner as
the original appointment.
(6) E
ach member shall serve for the term of his or her appointment
and until his or her successor is appointed.
(7) T
he members shall annually select a chair from among
themselves.
(8) Staff shall be provided by the office of the attorney general.
[1994 c 154 § 205.]
RCW 42.52.360
Authority of executive ethics board.
(1) T
he executive ethics board shall enforce this chapter and rules
adopted under it with respect to statewide elected officers
and all other officers and employees in the executive branch,
boards and commissions, and institutions of higher education.
(2) T
he executive ethics board shall enforce this chapter with
regard to the activities of university research employees as
provided in this subsection.
(a) W
ith respect to compliance with RCW 42.52.030, 42.52.110,
42.52.130, 42.52.140, and 42.52.150, the administrative
process shall be consistent with and adhere to no less than
the current standards in regulations of the United States
public health service and the office of the secretary of the
department of health and human services in Title 42 C.F.R.
Part 50, Subpart F relating to promotion of objectivity in
research.
(b) W
ith respect to compliance with RCW 42.52.040, 42.52.080,
and 42.52.120, the administrative process shall include
a comprehensive system for the disclosure, review, and
approval of outside work activities by university research
employees while assuring that such employees are
fulfilling their employment obligations to the university.
(c) W
ith respect to compliance with RCW 42.52.160, the
administrative process shall include a reasonable
determination by the university of acceptable private uses
having de minimis costs to the university and a method for
establishing fair and reasonable reimbursement charges for
private uses the costs of which are in excess of de minimis.
(3) The executive ethics board shall:
(a) D
evelop educational materials and training;
(b) A
dopt rules and policies governing the conduct of
business by the board, and adopt rules defining working
hours for purposes of RCW 42.52.180 and where otherwise
authorized under chapter 154, Laws of 1994;
(c) Issue advisory opinions;
(d) I nvestigate, hear, and determine complaints by any person
or on its own motion;
(e) Impose sanctions including reprimands and monetary
penalties;
(f) R
ecommend to the appropriate authorities suspension,
removal from position, prosecution, or other appropriate
remedy; and
(g) E
stablish criteria regarding the levels of civil penalties
appropriate for violations of this chapter and rules adopted
under it.
(4) The board may:
(a) Issue subpoenas for the attendance and testimony of
witnesses and the production of documentary evidence
relating to any matter under examination by the board or
involved in any hearing;
(b) Administer oaths and affirmations;
(c) Examine witnesses; and
(d) Receive evidence.
(5) T
he board shall not delegate to the board’s executive director
its authority to issue advisories, advisory letters, or opinions.
RCW 42.52.365
Executive branch agencies — Ethics advisors — Ethics
training.
(1) E
ach executive branch agency shall designate an ethics advisor
or advisors to assist the agency’s employees in understanding
their obligations under the ethics in public service act.
Agencies shall inform the executive ethics board of their
designated advisors. As funding permits and as determined by
the executive ethics board and the agency head, the advisors
shall receive regular ethics training.
(2) E
xecutive branch officers and employees are encouraged to
attend ethics training offered by the executive ethics board at
least once every thirty-six months.
[2013 c 190 § 6.]
Notes: Finding — 2013 c 190: See note following RCW 42.52.410
RCW 42.52.370
Authority of commission on judicial conduct.
The commission on judicial conduct shall enforce this chapter and
rules adopted under it with respect to state officers and employees
of the judicial branch and may do so according to procedures
prescribed in Article IV, section 31 of the state Constitution. In
addition to the sanctions authorized in Article IV, section 31 of
the state Constitution, the commission may impose sanctions
authorized by this chapter.
[1994 c 154 § 207.]
RCW 42.52.380
Political activities of board members.
(1) N
o member of the executive ethics board may (a) hold or
campaign for partisan elective office other than the position of
precinct committeeperson, or any full-time nonpartisan office;
(b) be an officer of any political party or political committee
as defined in chapter 42.17A RCW other than the position of
precinct committeeperson; (c) permit his or her name to be
used, or make contributions, in support of or in opposition
to any state candidate or state ballot measure; or (d) lobby or
control, direct, or assist a lobbyist except that such member
may appear before any committee of the legislature on matters
pertaining to this chapter.
(2) N
o citizen member of the legislative ethics board may (a) hold
or campaign for partisan elective office other than the position
of precinct committeeperson, or any full-time nonpartisan
office; (b) be an officer of any political party or political
committee as defined in chapter 42.17A RCW, other than the
position of precinct committeeperson; (c) permit his or her
name to be used, or make contributions, in support of or in
opposition to any legislative candidate, any legislative caucus
campaign committee that supports or opposes legislative
candidates, or any political action committee that supports or
opposes legislative candidates; or (d) engage in lobbying in
the legislative branch under circumstances not exempt, under
RCW 42.17A.610, from lobbyist registration and reporting.
(6) E
xcept as provided in RCW 42.52.220, the executive ethics
board may review and approve agency policies as provided for
in this chapter.
(3) N
o citizen member of the legislative ethics board may hold
or campaign for a seat in the state house of representatives or
the state senate within two years of serving on the board if
the citizen member opposes an incumbent who has been the
respondent in a complaint before the board.
(7) T
his section does not apply to state officers and state employees
of the judicial branch.
[2011 c 60 § 32; 1997 c 11 § 1; 1994 c 154 § 208.]
[2013 c 190 § 3; 2005 c 106 § 5; 1994 c 154 § 206.]
Notes: Finding — 2013 c 190: See note following RCW 42.52.410.
– 23 –
RCW 42.52.390
Hearing and subpoena authority.
RCW 42.52.420
Investigation.
Except as otherwise provided by law, the ethics boards may
hold hearings, subpoena witnesses, compel their attendance,
administer oaths, take the testimony of a person under oath, and
in connection therewith, to require the production for examination
of any books or papers relating to any matter under investigation
or in question before the ethics board. The ethics board may make
rules as to the issuance of subpoenas by individual members, as
to service of complaints, decisions, orders, recommendations, and
other process or papers of the ethics board.
(1) A
fter the filing of any complaint, except as provided in RCW
42.52.450, the staff of the appropriate ethics board shall
investigate the complaint. The ethics board may request the
assistance of the office of the attorney general or a contract
investigator in conducting its investigation.
[1994 c 154 § 209.]
RCW 42.52.400
Enforcement of subpoena authority.
In case of refusal to obey a subpoena issued to a person, the
superior court of a county within the jurisdiction of which the
investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this chapter is carried
on or within the jurisdiction of which the person refusing to obey
is found or resides or transacts business, upon application by the
appropriate ethics board shall have jurisdiction to issue to the
person an order requiring the person to appear before the ethics
board or its member to produce evidence if so ordered, or to give
testimony touching the matter under investigation or in question.
Failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by the
court as contempt.
[1994 c 154 § 210.]
RCW 42.52.410
Filing complaint — Whistleblower protection — Penalty for
reprisal or retaliation.
(1) A
person may, personally or by his or her attorney, make, sign,
and file with the appropriate ethics board a complaint on a
form provided by the appropriate ethics board. The complaint
shall state the name of the person alleged to have violated this
chapter or rules adopted under it and the particulars thereof,
and contain such other information as may be required by the
appropriate ethics board.
(2) If it has reason to believe that any person has been engaged
or is engaging in a violation of this chapter or rules adopted
under it, an ethics board may issue a complaint.
(3)(a) A
state employee who files a complaint with the appropriate
ethics board shall be afforded the protection afforded to
a whistleblower under RCW 42.40.050 and 49.60.210(2),
subject to the limitations of RCW 42.40.035 and 42.40.910.
An agency, manager, or supervisor may not retaliate against
a state employee who, after making a reasonable attempt to
ascertain the correctness of the information furnished, files
a complaint with the appropriate ethics board.
(b) A
state employee may not be denied the protections in
chapter 42.40 RCW even if the ethics board denies an
investigation of the complaint.
(4) If a determination is made that a reprisal or retaliatory action
has been taken against the state employee, the retaliator may
be subject to a civil penalty of up to five thousand dollars.
[2013 c 190 § 2; 1994 c 154 § 211.]
Notes: Finding — 2013 c 190: “The legislature finds that ensuring
public trust in government is a priority. The public expects its
elected officials and state employees to adhere to the highest
ethical standards during their service, and this includes a
commitment to full and independent investigations, with proper
penalties, in cases where the ethics in public service act is
violated.” [2013 c 190 § 1.]
– 24 –
(2) T
he results of the investigation shall be reduced to writing and
the staff shall either make a determination that the complaint
should be dismissed pursuant to RCW 42.52.425, or recommend
to the board that there is or that there is not reasonable cause
to believe that a violation of this chapter or rules adopted
under it has been or is being committed.
(3) T
he board’s determination on reasonable cause shall be
provided to the complainant and to the person named in such
complaint.
(4) T
he identity of a person filing a complaint under RCW
42.52.410(1) is exempt from public disclosure, as provided in
RCW 42.56.240.
[2013 c 190 § 4; 2000 c 211 § 1; 1994 c 154 § 212.]
RCW 42.52.425
Dismissal of complaint.
(1) B
ased on the investigation conducted under RCW 42.52.420 or
42.52.450, and subject to rules issued by each board, the board
or the staff of the appropriate ethics board may issue an order
of dismissal based on any of the following findings:
(a) A
ny violation that may have occurred is not within the
jurisdiction of the board;
(b) T
he complaint is obviously unfounded or frivolous; or
(c) A
ny violation that may have occurred does not constitute
a material violation because it was inadvertent and minor,
or has been cured, and, after consideration of all of the
circumstances, further proceedings would not serve the
purposes of this chapter.
(2) W
ritten notice of the determination under subsection (1) of this
section shall be provided to the complainant, respondent, and
the board. The written notice to the complainant shall include
a statement of the complainant’s right to appeal to the board
under subsection (3) of this section if the dismissal order was
issued by staff.
(3) In the event that a complaint is dismissed by staff under this
section, the complainant may request that the board review
the action. Following review, the board shall:
(a) A
ffirm the staff dismissal;
(b) Direct the staff to conduct further investigation; or
(c) Issue a determination that there is reasonable cause to
believe that a violation has been or is being committed.
(4) T
he board’s decision under subsection (3) of this section shall
be reduced to writing and provided to the complainant and the
respondent.
[2005 c 116 § 1; 2000 c 211 § 2.]
RCW 42.52.430
Public hearing — Findings.
(1) If the ethics board determines there is reasonable cause
under RCW 42.52.420 that a violation of this chapter or rules
adopted under it occurred, a public hearing on the merits of
the complaint shall be held.
(2) T
he ethics board shall designate the location of the hearing.
The case in support of the complaint shall be presented at the
hearing by staff of the ethics board.
(3) T
he respondent shall file a written answer to the complaint
and appear at the hearing in person or otherwise, with or
without counsel, and submit testimony and be fully heard. The
respondent has the right to cross-examine witnesses.
(4) T
estimony taken at the hearing shall be under oath and
recorded.
(5) If, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, the ethics
board finds that the respondent has violated this chapter or
rules adopted under it, the board shall file an order stating
findings of fact and enforcement action as authorized under
this chapter.
(6) If, upon all the evidence, the ethics board finds that the
respondent has not engaged in an alleged violation of this
chapter or rules adopted under it, the ethics board shall state
findings of fact and shall similarly issue and file an order
dismissing the complaint.
(7) I f the board makes a determination that there is not reasonable
cause to believe that a violation has been or is being committed
or has made a finding under subsection (6) of this section, the
attorney general shall represent the officer or employee in any
action subsequently commenced based on the alleged facts in
the complaint.
[1994 c 154 § 213.]
RCW 42.52.440
Review of order.
Except as otherwise provided by law, reconsideration or judicial
review of an ethics board’s order that a violation of this chapter
or rules adopted under it has occurred shall be governed by
the provisions of chapter 34.05 RCW applicable to review of
adjudicative proceedings.
If the person who brings the citizen’s action prevails, the judgment
awarded shall escheat to the state, but the person shall be entitled
to be reimbursed by the state of Washington for costs and
attorneys’ fees incurred. If a citizen’s action that the court finds
was brought without reasonable cause is dismissed, the court may
order the person commencing the action to pay all costs of trial
and reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred by the defendant.
Upon commencement of a citizen action under this section, at the
request of a state officer or state employee who is a defendant, the
office of the attorney general shall represent the defendant if the
attorney general finds that the defendant’s conduct complied with
this chapter and was within the scope of employment.
[2013 c 190 § 5; 1994 c 154 § 216.]
RCW 42.52.470
Referral for enforcement.
As appropriate, an ethics board may refer a complaint:
(1) T
o an agency for initial investigation and proposed resolution
which shall be referred back to the appropriate ethics board
for action; or
(2) T
o the attorney general’s office or prosecutor for appropriate
action.
[1994 c 154 § 217.]
RCW 42.52.480
Action by boards.
(1) E
xcept as otherwise provided by law, an ethics board may
order payment of the following amounts if it finds a violation
of this chapter or rules adopted under it after a hearing under
RCW 42.52.370 or other applicable law:
[1994 c 154 § 214.]
RCW 42.52.450
Complaint against legislator or statewide elected official.
(a) A
ny damages sustained by the state that are caused by the
conduct constituting the violation;
(1) If a complaint alleges a violation of RCW 42.52.180 by a
legislator or statewide elected official other than the attorney
general, the attorney general shall, if requested by the
appropriate ethics board, conduct the investigation under RCW
42.52.420 and recommend action.
(b) F
rom each such person, a civil penalty of up to five
thousand dollars per violation or three times the economic
value of any thing received or sought in violation of this
chapter or rules adopted under it, whichever is greater;
and
(c) C
osts, including reasonable investigative costs, which shall
be included as part of the limit under (b) of this subsection.
The costs may not exceed the penalty imposed. The
payment owed on the penalty shall be reduced by the
amount of the costs paid.
(2) If a complaint alleges a violation of RCW 42.52.180 by
the attorney general, the state auditor shall conduct the
investigation under RCW 42.52.420 and recommend action to
the appropriate ethics board.
[2005 c 116 § 2; 1994 c 154 § 215.]
RCW 42.52.460
Citizen actions.
Any person who has notified the appropriate ethics board and
the attorney general in writing that there is reason to believe that
RCW 42.52.180 is being or has been violated may, in the name of
the state, bring a citizen action for any of the actions authorized
under this chapter. A citizen action may be brought only if the
appropriate ethics board or the attorney general have failed to
commence an action under this chapter within forty-five days
after notice from the person, the person has thereafter notified the
appropriate ethics board and the attorney general that the person
will commence a citizen’s action within ten days upon their failure
to commence an action, and the appropriate ethics board and
the attorney general have in fact failed to bring an action within
ten days of receipt of the second notice. An action is deemed
to have been commenced when the appropriate ethics board or
the board’s executive director accepts a complaint for filing and
initiates a preliminary investigation.
(2) D
amages under this section may be enforced in the same
manner as a judgment in a civil case.
[1994 c 154 § 218.]
RCW 42.52.490
Action by attorney general.
(1) Upon a written determination by the attorney general that the
action of an ethics board was clearly erroneous or if requested by
an ethics board, the attorney general may bring a civil action in
the superior court of the county in which the violation is alleged
to have occurred against a state officer, state employee, former
state officer, former state employee, or other person who has
violated or knowingly assisted another person in violating any
of the provisions of this chapter or the rules adopted under it.
In such action the attorney general may recover the following
amounts on behalf of the state of Washington:
(a) A
ny damages sustained by the state that are caused by the
conduct constituting the violation;
(b) F
rom each such person, a civil penalty of up to five
thousand dollars per violation or three times the economic
value of any thing received or sought in violation of this
– 25 –
chapter or the rules adopted under it, whichever is greater;
and
(c) C
osts, including reasonable investigative costs, which shall
be included as part of the limit under (b) of this subsection.
The costs may not exceed the penalty imposed. The
payment owed on the penalty shall be reduced by the
amount of the costs paid.
(2) In any civil action brought by the attorney general upon the
basis that the attorney general has determined that the board’s
action was clearly erroneous, the court shall not proceed with
the action unless the attorney general has first shown, and
the court has found, that the action of the board was clearly
erroneous.
[1994 c 154 § 219.]
RCW 42.52.500
Optional hearings by administrative law judge.
If an ethics board finds that there is reasonable cause to believe
that a violation has occurred, the board shall consider the
possibility of the alleged violator having to pay a total amount
of penalty and costs of more than five hundred dollars. Based
on such consideration, the board may give the person who is the
subject of the complaint the option to have an administrative law
judge conduct the hearing and rule on procedural and evidentiary
matters. The board may also, on its own initiative, provide for
retaining an administrative law judge. An ethics board may not
require total payment of more than five hundred dollars in penalty
and costs in any case where an administrative law judge is not
used and the board did not give such option to the person who is
the subject of the complaint.
[1994 c 154 § 220.]
RCW 42.52.510
Rescission of state action.
(1) T
he attorney general may, on request of the governor or the
appropriate agency, and in addition to other available rights of
rescission, bring an action in the superior court of Thurston
county to cancel or rescind state action taken by a state officer
or state employee, without liability to the state of Washington,
contractual or otherwise, if the governor or ethics board has
reason to believe that: (a) A violation of this chapter or rules
adopted under it has substantially influenced the state action,
and (b) the interest of the state requires the cancellation or
rescission. The governor may suspend state action pending
the determination of the merits of the controversy under
this section. The court may permit persons affected by the
governor’s actions to post an adequate bond pending such
resolution to ensure compliance by the defendant with the
final judgment, decree, or other order of the court.
(2) This section does not limit other available remedies.
[1994 c 154 § 221.]
RCW 42.52.520
Disciplinary action.
(1) A
violation of this chapter or rules adopted under it is grounds
for disciplinary action.
(2) T
he procedures for any such action shall correspond to those
applicable for disciplinary action for employee misconduct
generally; for those state officers and state employees not
specifically exempted in chapter 41.06 RCW, the rules set forth in
chapter 41.06 RCW shall apply. Any action against the state officer
or state employee shall be subject to judicial review to the extent
provided by law for disciplinary action for misconduct of state
officers and state employees of the same category and grade.
[1994 c 154 § 222; 1969 ex.s. c 234 § 26. Formerly RCW 42.18.260.]
– 26 –
RCW 42.52.530
Additional investigative authority.
In addition to other authority under this chapter, the attorney
general may investigate persons not under the jurisdiction of an
ethics board whom the attorney general has reason to believe
were involved in transactions in violation of this chapter or rules
adopted under it.
[1994 c 154 § 223.]
RCW 42.52.540
Limitations period.
Any action taken under this chapter must be commenced within
five years from the date of the violation. However, if it is shown
that the violation was not discovered because of concealment
by the person charged, then the action must be commenced
within two years from the date the violation was discovered or
reasonably should have been discovered: (1) By any person with
direct or indirect supervisory responsibilities over the person who
allegedly committed the violation; or (2) if no person has direct or
indirect supervisory authority over the person who committed the
violation, by the appropriate ethics board.
[1994 c 154 § 224.]
RCW 42.52.550
Compensation of ethics boards.
The citizen members of the legislative ethics board and the
members of the executive ethics board shall be compensated as
provided in RCW 43.03.250 and reimbursed for travel expenses
as provided in RCW 43.03.050 and 43.03.060. Legislator members
of the legislative ethics board shall be reimbursed as provided in
RCW 44.04.120.
[1994 c 154 § 227.]
42.52.560
Communications from an employee organization or charitable
organization — Distribution by state employee.
(1) N
othing in this chapter prohibits a state employee from
distributing communications from an employee organization
or charitable organization to other state employees if the
communications do not support or oppose a ballot proposition
or candidate for federal, state, or local public office. Nothing
in this section shall be construed to authorize any lobbying
activity with public funds beyond the activity permitted by
RCW 42.17A.635.
(2) “Employee organization,” for purposes of this section, means
any organization, union, or association in which employees
participate and that exists for the purpose of collective
bargaining with employers or for the purpose of opposing
collective bargaining or certification of a union.
[2011 c 60 § 33; 2006 c 217 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.570
Private business activity policy — Department of fish and
wildlife — Parks and recreation commission.
(1) T
he department of fish and wildlife and the parks and
recreation commission may approve private business activity in
state-owned housing provided under Title 77 RCW or chapter
79A.05 RCW.
(2) P
rior to granting approval of private business activity in stateowned housing, the department of fish and wildlife and the
parks and recreation commission must adopt a private business
activity policy that is approved by the executive ethics board.
(a) T
he private business activity policy may only authorize
private business activity by the resident state employee
while the employee is off duty or the employee’s spouse
who is approved for residency in the agency housing or
the employee’s children.
(b) T
he private business activity policy may not allow private
business activity that negatively impacts the agency’s
operations. For the purposes of this section, “negatively
impacts” includes but is not limited to: (i) Negative impacts
to visitors’ services or access; (ii) in-person visits to stateowned housing for the purpose of transacting business
that negatively impacts agency operations; (iii) the
incurrence of additional expenses by the state; (iv) the use
of signage in the state-owned residence; (v) advertising
on state-owned property; or (vi) an appearance of state
endorsement of the private business activity.
(3) T
he private business activity must comply with all other local,
state, and federal laws.
(4) A
ll approvals of a private business activity in state-owned
housing must be by the agency director or designee in writing.
(5) A
state employee is presumed not to be in violation of RCW
42.52.070 or 42.52.160 if the employee or the employee’s
spouse or child complies with this section.
[2008 c 247 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.575
Information about scholarship opportunities.
This chapter does not prohibit the department of labor and
industries from providing information about scholarship
opportunities offered by nonprofit organizations and available
to children and spouses of workers who suffered an injury in
the course of employment resulting in death or permanent total
disability. The department of labor and industries may, in its sole
discretion, provide information about one or more scholarship
opportunities. The cost of printing and inserting materials, any
additional mailing costs, and any other related costs must be
borne by the scholarship organization.
[2013 c 134 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.800
Exemptions — Solicitation for state capitol historic furnishings
and preservation and restoration of state legislative building.
(1) W
hen soliciting charitable gifts, grants, or donations solely for
the limited purposes of RCW 27.48.040, members of the capitol
furnishings preservation committee are exempt from the laws
of this chapter.
(2) W
hen soliciting charitable gifts, grants, or donations solely
for the limited purposes of RCW 27.48.050 or when assisting
a nonprofit foundation established for the purposes of RCW
27.48.050, state officers and state employees are exempt from
the laws of this chapter.
[2002 c 167 § 3; 1999 c 343 § 4.]
Notes: Findings — Effective date — 2002 c 167: See notes following
RCW 27.48.050.
Findings — Purpose — 1999 c 343: See note following RCW
27.48.040.
RCW 42.52.801
Exemption — Solicitation to promote tourism.
When soliciting charitable gifts, grants, or donations solely for
the purposes of promoting the *expansion of tourism as provided
for in RCW 43.330.090, state officers and state employees are
presumed not to be in violation of the solicitation and receipt of
gift provisions in RCW 42.52.140.
[2003 c 153 § 5.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: RCW 43.330.090 was amended by 2007
c 228 § 201, deleting subsection (2) which directly related to
“expansion of tourism.”
Findings — 2003 c 153: See note following RCW 43.330.090.
RCW 42.52.802
Exemption — Solicitation for Washington state legacy project,
state library, and archives account.
This chapter does not prohibit the secretary of state or a designee
from soliciting and accepting contributions to the Washington
state legacy project, state library, and archives account created in
RCW 43.07.380.
[2008 c 222 § 14; 2003 c 164 § 4.]
Notes: Purpose — 2008 c 222: See note following RCW 44.04.320.
RCW 42.52.8021
Exemption — Solicitation for Washington state flag account.
This chapter does not prohibit the secretary of state or the secretary
of state’s designee from soliciting and accepting contributions to
the Washington state flag account created in RCW 43.07.388.
[2009 c 71 § 3.]
RCW 42.52.8022
Exemption — Informational or educational meetings regarding
legislative issues.
This chapter does not prohibit state employees from attending
informational or educational meetings regarding legislative issues
with a legislator or other elected official. It is not a violation of
this chapter to hold such meetings in public facilities, including
state-owned or leased buildings. This section is not intended to
allow the use of state facilities for a political campaign or for the
promotion of or opposition to a ballot proposition.
[2011 c 63 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.803
Exemption — Solicitation for legislative oral history account.
This chapter does not prohibit the secretary of the senate, the
chief clerk of the house of representatives, or their designee from
soliciting and accepting contributions to the legislative oral history
account created in RCW 44.04.345.
[2008 c 222 § 2.]
Notes: Purpose — 2008 c 222: See note following RCW 44.04.320.
RCW 42.52.804
Exemption — Health profession board or commission —
Professional opinions.
Members of a health profession board or commission as identified
in RCW 18.130.040(2)(b) may express their professional opinions
to an elected official about the work of the board or commission
on which the member serves, even if those opinions differ from
the department of health’s official position. Such communication
shall be to inform the elected official and not to lobby in support
or opposition to any initiative to the legislature.
[2008 c 134 § 15.]
Notes: Finding — Intent — Severability — 2008 c 134: See notes
following RCW 18.130.020.
RCW 42.52.805
Solicitation for charitable activities of executive branch state
employees — Limitations — Definitions.
(1) W
hen soliciting gifts, grants, or donations solely to support
the charitable activities of executive branch state employees
conducted pursuant to RCW 9.46.0209, the executive branch
state officers and executive branch state employees are
presumed not to be in violation of the solicitation and receipt
– 27 –
of gift provisions in RCW 42.52.140. However, the gifts, grants,
or donations must only be solicited from state employees or
businesses and organizations that have no business dealings
with the soliciting employee’s agency. For the purposes of
this subsection, “business dealings” includes being subject to
regulation by the agency, having a contractual relationship with
the agency, and purchasing goods or services from the agency.
(2) F
or purposes of this section, activities are deemed to be
charitable if the activities are devoted to the purposes
authorized under RCW 9.46.0209 for charitable and nonprofit
organizations listed in that section, or are in support of the
activities of those charitable or nonprofit organizations.
[2007 c 452 § 2.]
RCW 42.52.810
Solicitation for the legislative international trade
account — Report.
(1) W
for the legislative international trade account created in *RCW
44.04.270, the president of the senate is presumed not to be
in violation of the solicitation and receipt of gift provisions in
RCW 42.52.140.
(2) W
for the legislative international trade account created in *RCW
44.04.270, state officers and state employees are presumed
not to be in violation of the solicitation and receipt of gift
provisions in RCW 42.52.140.
(3) A
n annual report of the legislative international trade account
activities, including a list of receipts and expenditures, shall be
published by the president of the senate and submitted to the
house of representatives and the senate and be a public record
for the purposes of RCW 42.56.070.
[2005 c 274 § 293; 2003 c 265 § 2.]
Notes: *Reviser’s note: RCW 44.04.270 was recodified as RCW
43.15.050 pursuant to 2006 c 317 § 5.
Part headings not law — Effective date — 2005 c 274: See RCW
42.56.901 and 42.56.902.
RCW 42.52.820
Solicitation for hosting national legislative
association conference.
When soliciting gifts, grants, or donations to host an official
conference within the state of Washington of a national legislative
association as approved by both the chief clerk and the secretary
of the senate, designated legislative officials and designated
legislative employees are presumed not to be in violation of the
solicitation and receipt of gift provisions in this chapter. For the
purposes of this section, any legislative association must include
among its membership the Washington state legislature or
individual legislators or legislative staff.
[2003 1st sp.s. c 23 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.900
Legislative declaration.
Government derives its powers from the people. Ethics in
government are the foundation on which the structure of
government rests. State officials and employees of government
personal gain or private advantage.
The citizens of the state expect all state officials and employees
to perform their public responsibilities in accordance with the
highest ethical and moral standards and to conduct the business of
– 28 –
the state only in a manner that advances the public’s interest. State
officials and employees are subject to the sanctions of law and
scrutiny of the media; ultimately, however, they are accountable
to the people and must consider this public accountability as
a particular obligation of the public service. Only when affairs
of government are conducted, at all levels, with openness as
provided by law and an unswerving commitment to the public
good does government work as it should.
The obligations of government rest equally on the state’s citizenry.
The effectiveness of government depends, fundamentally, on the
confidence citizens can have in the judgments and decisions of
their elected representatives. Citizens, therefore, should honor and
respect the principles and the spirit of representative democracy,
recognizing that both elected and appointed officials, together
with state employees, seek to carry out their public duties with
professional skill and dedication to the public interest. Such
service merits public recognition and support.
All who have the privilege of working for the people of
Washington state can have but one aim: To give the highest public
service to its citizens.
[1994 c 154 § 1.]
RCW 42.52.901
Liberal construction.
This chapter shall be construed liberally to effectuate its purposes
and policy and to supplement existing laws as may relate to the
same subject.
[1994 c 154 § 301.]
RCW 42.52.902
Parts and captions not law — 1994 c 154.
Parts and captions used in this act do not constitute any part of
the law.
[1994 c 154 § 302.]
RCW 42.52.903
Serving on board, committee, or commission not prevented.
Nothing in this chapter shall be interpreted to prevent a member of
a board, committee, advisory commission, or other body required
or permitted by statute to be appointed from any identifiable
group or interest, from serving on such body in accordance with
the intent of the legislature in establishing such body.
[1969 ex.s. c 234 § 33. Formerly RCW 42.18.330.]
RCW 42.52.904
Effective date — 1994 c 154.
Sections 101 through 121, 203, 204, 207 through 224, and 301
through 317 of this act shall take effect January 1, 1995.
[1994 c 154 § 319.]
RCW 42.52.905
Severability — 1994 c 154.
If any provision of this act or its application to any person or
circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the act or the
application of the provision to other persons or circumstances is
not affected.
[1994 c 154 § 320.]
RCW 42.52.906
Construction — Chapter applicable to state registered domestic
partnerships — 2009 c 521.
For the purposes of this chapter, the terms spouse, marriage,
marital, husband, wife, widow, widower, next of kin, and family
shall be interpreted as applying equally to state registered
domestic partnerships or individuals in state registered domestic
partnerships as well as to marital relationships and married
persons, and references to dissolution of marriage shall apply
equally to state registered domestic partnerships that have been
terminated, dissolved, or invalidated, to the extent that such
interpretation does not conflict with federal law. Where necessary
to implement chapter 521, Laws of 2009, gender-specific terms
such as husband and wife used in any statute, rule, or other
law shall be construed to be gender neutral, and applicable to
individuals in state registered domestic partnerships.
[2009 c 521 § 105.]
BOARD RULES
Rule Number 1: Procedures
A. Meetings
A quorum for transaction of board business shall consist of at least
a majority of the members, which shall include not less than a
majority of the citizen members.
B. Filing of Complaints
(1) T
he board shall decide complaints alleging violations of chapter
42.52 RCW and rules adopted under it. Complaints may be
filed by any person, personally, or by his or her attorney, or the
board. Complaints must be written, on a form prescribed by
the board, signed under oath by the complainant or his or her
attorney, and directed to the board. A copy of the complaint
shall be provided to the respondent by the board staff.
(2) U
pon receipt, complaints shall be assigned a reference
number. The board shall maintain and keep current for public
inspection a status sheet which shall contain with respect to
each complaint: Its reference number, the date received by
the board, and its present status, including the date of any
hearings scheduled. The name of the complainant and the
person charged shall be entered on the status sheet following
the determination of reasonable cause provided for in section
D. of this rule.
C. Investigation of Complaints
(1) E
ach investigation shall be limited to the alleged facts contained
in the complaint.
and, if so, whether there is reasonable cause to believe that a
violation has occurred.
(2) If the board determines that the complaint is not within its
jurisdiction or that there is not such reasonable cause, it shall
issue an order dismissing the complaint, and shall notify the
complainant, the respondent, and news media and others who
have requested notice of the board’s actions with a copy of the
complaint and the board’s reasons for dismissal.
(3) If the board determines that the complaint is within its
jurisdiction and that there is such reasonable cause, the board
shall conduct or provide for conducting a public hearing on
the complaint.
E. Notice of Hearing and Respondent’s Answer
(1) T
he board shall provide notice of the public hearing to the
complainant, the respondent, and news media and others who
have requested notice of the board’s actions.
(2) T
he notice shall include the board’s determination of reasonable
cause, as well as the date, time and place for the hearing.
The notice shall provide that the respondent shall be entitled
to appear in person or otherwise, with or without counsel,
submit testimony, be fully heard, and cross-examine witnesses.
The notice shall provide the respondent with an explanation
of the option to request that the hearing be conducted by an
administrative law judge if the penalty for the alleged violation
may be greater than $500.
(3) T
he respondent shall be notified of the date of the hearing
no later than forty-five days before the hearing date. At the
request of the respondent, the board may move the hearing to
an earlier date.
(4) T
he respondent shall file a written answer to the complaint
not later than thirty days after service of the notice of hearing.
The answer shall include either a request for, or a waiver of
the right to request, an administrative law judge if the penalty
for the alleged violation may be greater than $500. The board
may extend the time for an answer, on a showing of good
cause. Absent a showing of good cause, failure to file a written
answer shall be deemed an admission to the facts alleged in
the complaint and the determination.
F. Conduct of Hearings
(2) O
n each complaint, the staff shall first conduct a jurisdiction
investigation for the purpose of determining whether the
board has personal and subject-matter jurisdiction. If the
staff concludes that the complaint is within the jurisdiction of
the board, the staff shall commence an investigation of the
allegations. If the staff concludes that the complaint is not
within such jurisdiction, the staff shall end the investigation
and shall provide the board with the investigative report as
required in paragraph (4) of this section.
(1) F
rom the time the board issues notice of a public hearing
on a complaint, the proceeding shall be conducted pursuant
to the Administrative Procedures Act (chapter 34.05 RCW),
except as modified by chapter 42.52 RCW or these rules.
Prior to the issuance of such notice, the board’s consideration
and disposition of a complaint shall not be considered an
adjudicative proceeding. In the case of a conflict between
Chapter 34.05 RCW and these procedures rules, the procedures
rules adopted by the board shall take precedence.
(3) If the complaint alleges a violation of RCW 42.52.180 by a
legislator, the board may provide the complaint to the attorney
general for investigation of such allegation by the attorney
general. For purpose of such investigation, the attorney general
shall serve as the board’s staff.
(2) A
ll hearings conducted under this section are open to the
public. The board’s deliberations on a complaint that do not
occur during a public hearing are confidential. The staff’s
written investigative results submitted to the board under
subsection C(4) are also confidential.
(4) T
he results of each investigation shall be reduced to writing
and included in an investigative report which shall be provided
to the board for the purpose of making a determination under
section D. of this rule. If the board desires more information, it
may require the staff to investigate further. The results of such
additional investigation shall also be reduced to writing and
included in an investigative report.
(3) A
hearing shall be conducted either by the board or by an
administrative law judge. If an administrative law judge
participates, either by request of a respondent pursuant to
RCW 42.52.500, or by the board on its own initiative, the board
may choose to sit with the administrative law judge to hear
the matter and to enter a final order at the conclusion of the
proceedings; or to have the administrative law judge hear the
matter alone and prepare an initial order for review by the
board. If an administrative law judge sits with the board, he or
she shall rule on procedural and evidentiary matters.
D. Determination of Reasonable Cause
(1) T
he board shall review the results of the investigation and
shall determine whether the complaint is within its jurisdiction
– 29 –
(4) P
arties to a complaint proceeding shall be the respondent and
the board staff assigned to present the case in support of the
complaint pursuant to RCW 42.52.430(2). Parties are subject to
the ex parte restrictions stated in RCW 34.05.455.
(5) W
hen a complaint has been filed with the board, neither the
complainant, if other than board staff, nor any other person
shall have special standing to participate or intervene in the
investigation or consideration of the complaint by the board.
(6) B
oard staff assigned to investigate a complaint pursuant to
RCW 42.52.420 may be subsequently assigned as adviser(s)
to the board following a determination of reasonable cause,
without regard to the restrictions of RCW 34.05.455 and .458.
(2) P
rehearing conferences may be presided over by the board or
an administrative law judge.
(3) P
rehearing conferences may be held at a time and place, or by
telephone, television, or other electronic means, as specified
by the presiding officer.
(4) F
ollowing the prehearing conference, the presiding officer shall
issue an order reciting the action taken and decisions made at
the conference. If no objection to the order is filed with the
presiding officer within seven days after the date the order is
mailed, the order shall control the subsequent course of the
proceeding unless modified for good cause by subsequent
order.
(7) The board may subpoena witnesses, compel their attendance,
administer oaths, take testimony of a persons under oath,
and require production for examination of any books, papers,
documents or tangible things relating to any matter under
investigation or in hearing before the board. The subpoena shall:
H. Stipulation and Settlement
(a) Stipulation of facts; or
(b) Stipulation of facts, conclusions and penalty.
(a) S pecifically describe the testimony which is sought; and
materials to be produced, in the form of designated books,
papers, documents or tangible things under control of the
witness;
(b) S et forth a reasonable time and place for the taking of
testimony and production of the materials; and
(c) N
otify the person that if the testimony is not given or
designated materials are not produced, the board will
apply to the superior court for an appropriate order or
other remedy. The subpoena may be personally delivered
or sent by certified mail, return receipt requested.
(8) N
o party shall have the right to issue subpoenas; or to demand
interrogatories, depositions, or other forms of discovery,
without prior approval by the board.
(9) T
he board may conduct all or part of the hearing by telephone,
television, or other electronic means, if each participant in the
hearing has an opportunity to participate in, to hear, and, if
technically feasible, to see the entire proceeding while it is
taking place.
(10) T
he time limits stated in RCW 34.05.419 shall not apply to
board complaint proceedings.
(1) A
ny matter before the board may be settled by stipulation after
completion of the staff investigative report. Settlement of a
matter may be concluded by:
(2) A
stipulation must be signed by the respondent or his or her
representative, and presented to the board. If the stipulation is
presented prior to a board determination of reasonable cause,
the stipulation shall be received in executive session. If the
stipulation is received after the determination of reasonable
cause, it shall be received at the public hearing.
(3) T
he board may accept, reject or modify the proposed
stipulation. If the board accepts the stipulation or modifies the
stipulation with the agreement of the respondent and enters an
order in conformity with the stipulation, the stipulation shall
become part of the public record. If the stipulation is rejected
by the board, it shall be withdrawn and cannot be used by or
against the respondent in any proceeding before the board.
(4) T
he board may direct staff to commence discussions with the
respondent or his or her representative in an effort to achieve a
stipulation. Staff has no authority to bind or obligate the board.
The stipulation may be presented by staff who may recommend
its acceptance, rejection or modification.
I. Final Order in Complaints
(11) S ervice of notices, filings, pleadings and other papers shall be
made personally or by first-class, registered, or certified mail;
by electronic telefacsimile transmission and same-day mailing
of copies; or by commercial parcel delivery company. Service
by mail shall be regarded as completed upon deposit in the
United States mail properly stamped and addressed. Service
by electronic telefacsimile transmission shall be regarded as
completed upon production by the telefacsimile device of
confirmation of transmission. Service by commercial parcel
delivery shall be regarded as completed upon delivery to the
parcel delivery company with charges prepaid.
(1) I f the board in its final decision determines that the person has
committed a violation, it shall issue an order stating its findings
of fact, conclusions of law, and specifying such enforcement or
remedial action as the board finds appropriate. If the board in
its final decision determines that the person has not committed
a violation, it shall issue an order stating its findings of fact,
conclusions of law, and dismissing the complaint.
G. Prehearing Conferences
(3) F
ollowing a hearing in which the board participates, the board
shall:
(1) In any proceeding, the board on its own motion or upon
request by a party or their authorized representative, may
direct the parties to appear at a specified time and place for a
conference to consider:
(a) Simplification of issues;
(b) T
he necessity of amendments to the hearing notice;
(c) T
he possibility of obtaining stipulations, admissions of
facts and of documents;
(d) Limitation on the number of witnesses; and
(e) P
rocedural and such other matters as may aid in the
disposition of the proceeding.
– 30 –
(2) N
otification of the results of final orders in complaint cases
shall be accomplished by simultaneous mailing to the
complainant and respondent. Other distribution shall occur the
following working day.
(a) S et forth in writing its findings of fact, conclusions of law
and decision on the merits of the case; and
(b) D
eliver, either in person or by mail, to the respondent,
complainant, and news media and others who have
requested notice of the board’s actions, a copy of the
findings of fact, conclusions of law and decision.
(4) F
ollowing a hearing in which the board does not participate,
the administrative law judge shall:
(a) S et forth written findings of fact, conclusions of law and
decision on the merits of the case in an initial order;
(b) D
eliver, either in person or by mail, to each party, board
member, and board counsel, a copy of the findings of fact,
conclusions of law and decision, including a statement of
the right to request review of the initial order by the board.
(c) If neither party files exceptions to the initial order within
20 days, the board may adopt the initial order as the final
order of the board.
(d) W
ithin 20 days of entry of the initial order, either the board
staff or the respondent may file written exceptions to the
initial order. Such exceptions shall be served on all other
parties, the Administrative Law Judge, board counsel, and
all members of the board. The board shall set a date for
submission of written argument on the exceptions and
shall notify the board staff and the respondent in writing.
(e) T
he board shall review the initial order, any exceptions
and argument filed and shall issue a final order which shall
be delivered, either in person or by mail, to the board staff,
the respondent, complainant, and media and others who
have requested notice of the board’s actions.
J. Brief Enforcement Hearings
(1) T
he board may provide a brief enforcement hearing for
violations of provisions in chapter 42.52 RCW in which the
facts are undisputed, the violations appear to be relatively
minor in nature, and a penalty no greater than $500 will be
assessed for the violations.
(2) A
brief enforcement hearing may be presided over and
conducted by the chair, or a member of the board designated
by the chair.
(3) W
hen a violation is alleged, before taking action, the board
staff shall send the alleged violator notice, which shall include:
K. Procedures Applicable to Advisory Opinions
The legislative ethics board shall issue advisory opinions with
regard to the application of chapter 42.52 RCW and the rules
adopted under the chapter. The following procedures apply to
requests for advisory opinions:
(1) Requests for advisory opinions may be made by any legislator,
legislative employee, or board member. Requests may also be
made by other persons with respect to the application of the State
Ethics Act to them. A request must be stated hypothetically unless
the individual requests a specific opinion concerning his or her
own conduct. Requests must be written, signed, and directed to
the chair of the board in care of Board Counsel, PO Box 40482,
Olympia, WA 98504-0482. Requests shall supply such information
as the board requires to enable it to issue the opinion. The
identity of the person making the request shall be known only
to the chair and staff of the board, unless such confidentiality is
waived in the request. Requests for advisory opinions must be
received more than six days prior to a scheduled board meeting
to be considered at that meeting; the board may waive this notice
requirement only by a unanimous vote of those present.
(2) The board shall either:
(a) Issue a written advisory opinion; or
(b) n
otify the person requesting such opinion that the request
is denied and the reason(s) for the denial.
(3) T
he staff shall notify the person requesting the opinion as to
the status of the request within thirty days and at thirty day
intervals thereafter until final action is taken.
(a) Alleged violation;
(b) M
aximum amount of the penalty which can be imposed at
the hearing and the amount of any proposed fine; and
(4) U
pon receipt, requests shall be assigned a reference number.
The board shall maintain and keep current for public
inspection a status sheet which shall contain with respect to
each request: Its reference number, the date received by the
board, and its present status.
(c) R
espondent’s right to respond, within ten days, either in
writing or in person to explain his/her view of the matter.
(5) T
he board shall make available to the public copies of the
status sheets and advisory opinions issued by the board.
(4) A
t the time of the hearing if the presiding officer believes
alleged violations are of such magnitude as to merit penalties
greater than $500, the presiding officer shall immediately
adjourn the hearing and direct the matter be scheduled for
an enforcement hearing by the full board or an administrative
law judge.
(5) A
t the time any final action adverse to the respondent is taken,
the presiding officer shall serve upon each party a written
statement describing the violation, the reasons for the decision,
the penalty imposed and their right to request review by the
board at the next scheduled board meeting.
(6) T
he written decision of the presiding officer is an initial order.
If no review is taken of the initial order, the initial order shall
be the final order.
(7) The board shall conduct a review of the initial order upon the
written or oral request of a party if the board receives the request
within twenty-one days after the service of the initial order.
(8) If the parties have not requested review, the board may
conduct a review of the initial order upon its own motion and
without notice to the parties, but it may not take any action
on review less favorable to any party than the original order
without giving that party notice and an opportunity to explain
that party’s view of the matter.
(9) T
he order on review shall be in writing stating the findings
made, and the reasons for the decision, and notice that judicial
review is available. The order on review shall be entered
within thirty days after the date of the initial order or of the
request for review, whichever is later.
L. Procedures Applicable to Informal Advice
(1) It is a function of the board’s staff to provide ethics advice
to persons eligible to request advisory opinions. In providing
such advice, the staff should also provide a disclaimer that the
advice represents solely the opinion of the staff and is not the
opinion of the Board or in any respect binding on the Board.
(2) In considering a complaint, the board will give weight to the
fact that the person charged in the complaint relied in good
faith on staff advice.
(3) T
he board may review staff advice provided under subsection
(1) and may approve or disapprove of any advice so provided.
However, any such approval or disapproval is limited to
whether the staff had reasonable grounds for the advice and
should not be interpreted as indicating that the board approves
or disapproves the actual advice provided. Only advisory
opinions issued by the board and complaints decided by the
board may be relied on for purposes of determining how the
board will interpret a provision of the State Ethics Act.
M. Designated Ethics Advisers
(1) T
he Chief Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate
may each designate and assign legal counsel as “Designated
Ethics Advisers” to assist legislators, legislative staff and, if
requested, the Legislative Ethics Board. The responsibilities of
such advisers should be in accordance with this rule.
(2) N
o more than two such Designated Ethics Advisers may be from
each legislative body and their designation and assignment
should be within the sole discretion of the Chief Clerk of the
House and the Secretary of the Senate, respectively.
– 31 –
(3) T
he advisers may assist legislators and employees, in their
respective legislative bodies, with advice and analysis based
upon legislative ethics statutes and rules and upon published
opinions of the Legislative Ethics Board. In those instances
where an adviser has conferred with the Board staff, and the
Board staff has concurred with the proposed advice, the advice
shall be deemed to be entitled to the protections afforded
in Rule 1 L(2). Advice or analysis, which is not concurred in
by Board staff, will be viewed as in-house legal advice and
outside the scope of the protections provided in Rule 1L(2).
Requests for advisory opinions are appropriate in cases where
designated ethics advisers and Board staff disagree.
(4) T
he advisers are expected to serve as liaison between their
respective legislative bodies, including their chief administrative
officers, and the Board staff, and may communicate matters of
mutual concern to the Board.
(5) T
he advisers, in coordination and consultation with Board
staff, may develop and assist Board staff to implement a
program of ethics training and education for legislators and
legislative staff.
(6) T
he advisers should, to the extent reasonably possible, attend
Board meetings and be available and prepared to comment
on matters before the Board with the exception of formal
complaints. The designated advisers will not participate in
the Board’s review and decision making on formal complaints
before the Board.
(7) T
he designated advisers may assist legislators and staff in
the preparation of advisory opinion requests, responses to
complaints, and other communication with the Board but shall
not, however, represent members or staff before the Board as
advocates on their behalf.
Rule Number 2:
“Measurable Expenditure” Defined
Authority for rule:
RCW 42.52.180(2)(b) directs the ethics boards to define
“measurable expenditure of public funds” in the context of a
prohibition on the use of public facilities for campaign purposes.
Explanatory note:
The rulemaking directive is limited to subsection (b). In order to
fully understand the prohibitions and exceptions contained in this
section, refer to the board advisory opinions, especially Advisory
Opinion 1995- No. 18.
Text of rule:
For purposes of RCW 42.52.180(2)(b), “measurable expenditure”
has very limited application. The purpose of the measurable
expenditure provision is to make it clear that the exception for
statements made at open press conferences or in response to
specific inquiries will, at a minimum, be construed to include
statements that do not result in measurable expenditures.
Consistent with this legislative intent, the definition provided in
this rule does not restrict the scope of the exception for statements
made at an open press conference or in response to a specific
inquiry. The term is construed to include any specific cost, or
specific portion of a cost, that can be reasonably determined and
attributed to a statement made at an open press conference or in
response to a specific inquiry and for the purpose of promotion or
opposition of a ballot proposition.
(1) A
ll written statements will result in a measurable expenditure
if the writing was prepared using state time or resources such
as paper and equipment; or if state resources such as postage
were used in delivering the statement.
– 32 –
(2) A
n oral statement will result in a measurable expenditure
if its specific cost, or portion of its cost, can be reasonably
determined and attributed to the statement. An oral statement
constitutes a measurable expenditure if staff time or state
resources were used to prepare the oral statement.
Rule Number 3:
Private Use of State Resources
Introduction.
Public resources are entrusted to legislators and legislative
employees to further the public interest. Appropriation of public
facilities, equipment, services, and personnel for personal benefit
can undermine this trust and impedes the proper performance of
government’s work. At the same time, legitimate need exists for
limited exceptions to this rule. Where use is incidental, infrequent,
involves de minimis or no cost to the state, does not interfere
with performance of official duties, and is reasonable in light
of legitimate needs and expectations of the public work force,
neither the public trust nor government efficiency suffers to any
significant degree. This rule defines the circumstances when such
limited exceptions are appropriate.
Adoption of this rule is based on the premise that all legislators
and legislative employees will use good judgment to protect
public resources and to fulfill the obligations stated in the policy
of the ethics act: “State officials and employees of government
personal gain or private advantage.” This trust is grounded in the
personal responsibility of each legislator and employee.
Purpose and scope.
This rule provides guidance on the proper use of state resources. It
is not intended to cover every situation that could arise regarding
such resources. Further clarifications may be sought from the board.
The Senate and House of Representatives are encouraged to adopt
policies applying these principles to their unique circumstances.
Nothing in this rule is intended to limit the ability of the Senate
and the House of Representatives to adopt policies that are more
restrictive. However, violation of a more restrictive Senate or
House of Representatives policy will not constitute a violation of
RCW 42.52.160, but will constitute a violation of Senate or House
of Representatives policy.
General rules.
(1) Legislators and legislative employees may not use state
resources including any person, money, or property under the
legislator’s or employee’s official control or direction or in his
or her custody for private benefit or gain of the legislator or
employee or any other person except on an incidental and
infrequent basis as provided in these rules. This prohibition
does not apply to the use of public resources to benefit another
person as part of the legislator’s or employee’s official duties.
(2) I f there is no actual cost to the state or the cost is de minimis, if
there is a public benefit, and if the use does not interfere with
the performance of official duties, then infrequent and incidental
use of state resources for private benefit may be permissible.
(a) T
he cost to the state is de minimis if the actual expenditure
of state funds is so small as to be insignificant or negligible.
(b) A
public benefit under this rule may be direct or indirect,
such as improving employee morale or activities that improve
the work-related job skills of a legislator or employee.
Special qualifications and limits.
(1) A
legislator or legislative employee may not make private use
of state resources for any campaign related activity. Such a use
of state resources is not authorized by this rule and may also
be prohibited by RCW 42.52.180, subject to the exceptions in
RCW 42.52.180(2) regarding normal and regular conduct of an
elected official’s office and certain permissible communications
about ballot propositions.
(2) A
of any state property which has been removed from state
facilities or other official duty stations, even if there is no cost
to the state. Use of computers which have been authorized to
be taken out of the office for official purposes is permitted as
an exception to this rule, to the same extent as personal use of
such computers is permitted when located in a state facility or
other official duty station.
(3) A
legislator or legislative employee may not make private use of
any state property which is consumable such as paper, envelopes
or spare parts, even if the actual cost to the state is de minimis.
(4) A
of state computers or other equipment to access a computer
network or other database for personal use unless there is
no cost to the state and the use does not interfere with the
performance of the legislator’s or the employee’s official duties.
Legislative electronic mail and internet uses which do not incur
charges are examples of uses which meet the no-cost test.
(5) In general, a legislator or legislative employee may not
make private use of state resources and then reimburse the
legislature so there is no actual cost to the state. However,
the Board recognizes that in some limited situations, such
as legislators or employees working at remote locations, a
system of reimbursement may be appropriate. Any system of
reimbursement must be established by the Senate or House of
Representatives in advance and must result in no cost to the
state. To be valid under this rule a reimbursement system must
be approved by the Board.
Guidelines and hypothetical examples.
(1) Questions to ask yourself:
(a) W
ill my personal use of public resources result in added
costs or any other disadvantage to the legislature? Am I
using this resource in order to avoid personal expense?
(b) A
re my supervisors aware of my personal use of public
resources? Do I feel a reluctance to discuss this subject
with my supervisor or my fellow employees?
(c) A
m I confident that my use of legislative equipment will
not compromise the security or integrity of legislative
information, software, or the legislative information
network?
(d) A
re public resources being used for purposes that could be
embarrassing to the legislature by creating an appearance
of impropriety?
Example 1: An employee makes a local telephone call home
every afternoon while on break to make sure the employee’s
children have arrived home safely from school. This is not an
ethical violation. There is no cost to the state and since the call
takes place on the employee’s break it will not interfere with the
performance of the employee’s duties.
Example 2: An employee operates an outside business. Every
day the employee makes or receives five to ten business calls
using a state telephone. All of the calls are local calls. This is an
ethical violation. Although there is no cost to the state, making
and receiving private calls throughout the day interferes with
the performance of the employee’s official duties because the
employee is conducting private business during working hours.
Example 3: A legislator has employment other than the legislative
position. While in Olympia during legislative session, the legislator
makes or receives five to ten business calls per day using the state
telephone. All of the calls are local or paid with a personal credit
card. This is not an ethical violation. RCW 42.52.330 directs the
board to interpret the ethics laws in light of the constitutional
principle that the legislature consists of citizen-legislators. Fulfilling
the concept of the part-time legislature by retaining contact with
outside employment does not interfere with the performance of
the legislator’s duties.
Example 4: An employee posts a notice to sell a used car on
the office bulletin board. The notice gives the employee’s home
telephone number for those interested in inquiring about the
car. This is not an ethical violation. There is no cost to the state
and posting the notice will not interfere with the performance of
official duties since those who want to inquire about the car can
call the employee at home.
Example 5: Once a year, during a two-week period, an employee
sells candy bars to support a youth soccer team. The employee
leaves the candy bars in an employee common area and employees
may buy the bars at their leisure. This is not an ethical violation.
There is no cost to the state and the transactions do not interfere
with the performance of official duties.
Example 6: Every spring a group of employees meet at lunch
time to organize an agency softball team. The meeting is held in a
conference room that is not needed for agency business during the
lunch hour. This is not an ethical violation. There is no cost to the
state and since the meeting takes place during the lunch hour it does
not interfere with the performance of the employees’ official duties.
Example 7: An employee is taking a night school class and
after working hours uses a legislative computer to do homework.
The employee prints the homework using the office printer and
personal paper. The appropriate official of the Senate or House
of Representatives has determined by advance written approval
that the class will enhance the employee’s job skills. This is not an
ethical violation. The use of the office computer and printer will
result in some cost to the state. However, the cost is negligible and
the employee is using personal paper. Since the class will enhance
the employee’s job skills there is a public benefit and, since the
activity takes place after working hours it will not interfere with
the performance of the employee’s official duties.
Example 8: After working hours an employee uses the office
computer and printer to compose and print reports for a private
business using personal paper. This is an ethical violation. The
use of the office computer and printer will result in some cost to
the state. Although the cost is negligible, there is no public benefit
to the state from the employee’s conducting his private business.
Example 9: An employee is in the legislative intern program and
is a student at a state four-year university. When time is available,
the intern uses a legislative computer to work on a paper as part
of an assigned school project. The intern also communicates
occasionally with the supervising professor regarding the project
using electronic mail and state-paid long distance telephone
calls. This is not an ethical violation. The internship program is a
combination education and work experience which is specifically
designed by the legislature to combine academic and professional
experiences. The use of work time and resources is not sufficient to
interfere with legislative duties, and there is a stated public benefit.
Example 10: Legislative equipment includes a video tape player.
One night an employee takes the machine home to watch videos
of a family vacation. This is an ethical violation. Although there is
no cost to the state an employee may not make private use of state
equipment removed from state facilities or other official duty station.
Example 11: An employee is authorized to do temporary work
in another location away from the employee’s usual duty station.
To perform official duties the employee takes an office laptop
– 33 –
computer which has been checked out for this purpose from the
legislature. The employee uses the computer to do homework
for a class. The appropriate official of the Senate or House of
Representatives has determined by advance written approval that
the class will enhance the employee’s job skills. This is not an
ethical violation. The same considerations which allow the use in
Example 7 apply as long as the computer has been authorized for
official business away from the legislative office.
Example 12: Two employees use the legislative computer
network to play a game of chess via electronic mail during their
lunch hour. This is not an ethical violation because there is no cost
to the state and the game does not interfere with official duties.
Example 13: A legislative employee returns a long-distance
telephone call to a name and number that the employee does
not recognize. Upon learning that the call is personal rather than
business, the employee arranges for the call to take place on
personal time. The employee notes the time of the call, and makes
a reimbursement pursuant to Senate and House of Representatives’
telephone use policies. This is not an ethical violation. The charge
to the state was unintentional, and the Board has approved the
procedures of the legislative telephone policies.
Example 14: A legislator conducts stock trades on a state-issued
laptop computer. This is an ethical violation. While conducting a
stock trade may not interfere with the performance of legislative
duties, it is an improper use of state resources for private gain.
However, occasional viewing of general stock market activity
would fall within the de minimis use exception.
Example 15: For convenience, while unable to access a home
computer during the legislative session, a legislator establishes an
e-mail account with a private Internet provider for the receipt of
personal e-mails on his or her computer. This is not an ethical
violation, so long as, (1) there are no actual costs to the State for
establishing or accessing the e-mail account, and (2) the personal
e-mails received or sent from the account are not campaign-related
and (3) account activity does not interfere with the performance of
legislative duties, and (4) the account is not used for private gain.
Example 16: A legislative employee uses a legislative computer
during the lunch hour to send a single, de minimis (at little or
no cost) e-mail to family and friends describing the employee’s
efforts on behalf of a constituent. This is an ethical violation.
Personal use of a legislative computer to discuss legislative
casework with family and friends constitutes an interference with
the performance of official duties.
Rule Number 4: Working Hours
an employee has a designated work schedule different from
the work schedule policy which has been approved by the
employee’s supervisor and the Secretary of the Senate, Chief
Clerk of the House of Representatives, or administrative
director of a legislative agency.
(3) “ Working hours” do not include time in official leave status, if
the leave has received advance written authorization.
Rule Number 5: Penalties
Purpose.
The purpose of this rule is to set out the criteria that the board
may consider when imposing sanctions for a violation of chapter
42.52 RCW and the rules adopted under it, in accordance with
RCW 42.52.320(2)(g).
Board may impose sanctions.
If the board finds a violation of chapter 42.52 RCW or rules
adopted under it, the board may impose one or more of the
following sanctions, pursuant to RCW 42.52.480:
(1) R
eprimand, either by letter of instruction or formal reprimand;
(2) A
civil penalty of up to five thousand dollars per violation or
three times the economic value of any thing sought or received
in violation of chapter 42.52 RCW or rules adopted under it,
whichever is greater. Payment of the civil penalty shall be
reduced by the amount of costs paid pursuant to subsection (4);
(3) P
ayment of damages sustained by the state that were caused
by the violation and were not recovered by the state; and
(4) C
osts, including reasonable investigative costs, that do not
exceed the amount of any civil penalty.
Criteria for determining sanctions.
In determining the appropriate sanction, including the amount of
any civil penalty, the board may consider the following factors, as
well as other factors which the board may find appropriate in a
particular case:
(1) The monetary cost of the violation, including:
(a) The cost of the violation to the state;
(b) T
he value of anything received or sought in the violation;
(c) T
he amount of any damages incurred by the state as a
result of the violation;
(d) T
he costs incurred in enforcement, including reasonable
investigative costs.
(2) The nature of the violation, including whether the violation:
Authority for rule
(a) Was continuing in nature;
RCW 42.52.320(2)(c) directs the ethics boards to adopt rules
defining “working hours for purposes of RCW 42.52.180.” RCW
42.52.180 prohibits the direct or indirect use of public facilities
to assist a campaign for election or to promote or oppose a
ballot measure. Public facilities specifically include “use of state
employees of the agency during working hours” (emphasis added).
(b) Was motivated by financial gain;
(c) Involved criminal conduct;
(d) Impaired a function of the agency;
(e) T
ended to significantly reduce public respect for or
confidence in state government or state government
officers or employees;
(f) Involved personal gain or special privilege to the violator.
Text of rule
(1) A
legislative employee’s working hours are those designated
or required by Senate, House of Representatives, or legislative
agency work schedule policy. If an employee has a designated
work schedule different from the work schedule policy, that
employee’s working hours are the hours approved by that
employee’s supervisor and the Secretary of the Senate, Chief
Clerk of the House of Representatives, or administrative
director of a legislative agency, as appropriate.
(2) “Working hours” do not include the time approved and
designated for the employee’s lunch break. Employee lunch
periods are assumed to be 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., unless
– 34 –
(3) Aggravating circumstances, including whether the violator:
(a) Intentionally committed the violation with knowledge that
the conduct constituted a violation;
(b) A
ttempted to conceal the violation prior to the filing of the
complaint;
(c) W
as untruthful or uncooperative in dealing with the board
or the board’s staff;
(d) H
ad significant official, management, or supervisory
responsibility;
(e) H
ad committed prior violations found by the board;
(f) Incurred no other sanctions as a result of the violation.
(4) Mitigating factors, including:
(a) Prior corrective action taken against the violator;
(b) Prior recovery of damages to the state;
(c) T
he unethical conduct was approved or required by the
violator’s supervisor or agency;
(d) The violation was unintentional;
(e) T
he violator relied on advice from board staff or designated
ethics advisers;
(f) O
ther mitigating factors deemed relevant by the board.
Payment of civil penalty.
Payment of any monetary penalty assessed by the board must
be made within 45 days of the date of the board’s order, unless
an extension is granted by the board. Payments are the personal
responsibility of the officer or employee against whom the penalty
is assessed.
Recommendations or requests to others.
In addition to any sanctions imposed by the board, the board may
take one or both of the following actions:
(1) R
ecommend to the appropriate authorities suspension, removal
from the position, or prosecution or other appropriate remedy,
as provided by RCW 42.52.470, .520;
(2) R
equest that the attorney general bring an action pursuant to
RCW 42.52.510 to cancel or rescind state action taken by the
violator, upon a board finding that:
(a) T
he violation has substantially influenced the state action;
and
(b) Interests of the state require cancellation or rescission.
Statement of Administrative Practices
The board’s chair and vice-chair are elected on an annual
basis from among the citizen members of the board. Their
responsibilities during their term of office include oversight of
administrative matters and personnel issues with regard to board
staff. Because board members, including the officers, serve parttime, it is not practical to expect or demand the officers’ approval
of day-to-day decisions in the same manner as is usually done
for other legislative agencies. Accordingly, the board adopts this
statement of administrative practices to facilitate the effective
functioning of the board.
1. In addition to performing investigative, educational and legal
duties the board’s counsel has historically been charged with
overseeing the day-to-day operations of the board such as
purchase of routine supplies and materials, scheduling board
meetings and authorizing payment for expenses associated with
those meetings. Subject to the oversight of the board officers’,
these matters are delegated to the board counsel. Historically,
some administrative matters have required, and will continue to
require, prior written authorization of the board chair or vicechair. Examples include approval of personal service contracts
which have been authorized by the board and approval of
annual salary step increases for which staff may be eligible
pursuant to the legislature’s salary schedule.
2. C ounsel will keep board officers informed about proposed
vacation in excess of two days. Records of all forms of leave
shall be kept in a manner consistent with the legislature’s leave
record system. Board staff, with notice to and approval by a
board officer, may select an interim work schedule option from
among those generally available to legislative employees.
3. Authorization for in-state travel for board staff in the ordinary
course of board business may be signed by the counsel on
behalf of the officers pursuant to a general authorization for
such travel by the officers. Examples of travel in the ordinary
course of business include attendance at continuing legal
education seminars, attendance at programs or conferences
related to the work of the board, attendance at board meetings
or meetings with board members, and travel associated with a
board investigation. Out of state travel requires written prior
authorization by a board officer. Expense vouchers for staff
travel will be signed by a board officer.
BOARD OPERATING POLICIES
Circulation of minutes:
Meeting minutes shall be prepared in draft form, circulated to
members prior to the next meeting, and included in the meeting
packet. Once adopted, minutes are available on request.
Recording votes:
Written board opinions and board minutes will not reflect the
board’s vote, although any member may request his or her vote be
shown in the record.
Advisory Opinion circulation procedures:
The board may adopt final advisory opinions during board
meetings or by circulation to board members. If the board decides
to adopt an opinion by circulation, at least ten days shall be
provided for a review period. No response is assumed to mean
concurrence with the opinion as circulated. Non-substantive
grammatical changes may be made without re-circulation. Any
other changes shall only be accomplished by re-circulation or
consideration at the following board meeting.
Review of contracts, grants, and employment
situations with state agencies:
All contracts, grants, or employment situations submitted for
approval shall be made available to the board in full. Matters which
are submitted for filing only shall be summarized in a report to
the board at the next meeting. All contracts, grants, or terms-ofemployment information shall be submitted in conjunction with an
advice request form provided by the board and completed by the
legislator or the legislative employee and the counsel to the board.
Telephone conference meetings:
The board may conduct meetings by telephone or video
conferencing. In such cases, if the meeting is a public meeting, a
location shall be made available where public access is provided
to hear and/or view the meeting.
Complaint Process:
Prior to the board’s notice of a public hearing on a complaint,
board members should avoid communication with anyone other
than board staff or other board members concerning a complaint
that has been filed with the board or appears reasonably
likely to be filed with the board. Prior to a public hearing on
a complaint, and pursuant to the provisions of the Open Public
Meetings Act and Board Rule 1.F, the board’s consideration of a
complaint shall be conducted in executive session. Pursuant to
the ethics act and board rules, board members may not conduct
an independent investigation of the facts of a complaint. It is not
an independent investigation when members read documents
attached to complaints or documents or materials referred to
within a complaint as exhibits or supporting documentation.
– 35 –

2014 LegisLative ethics ManuaL Produced at the direction of the

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