Workshop on 1-4 November 2014, Hotel Moon Beach, Okinawa, Japan

Workshop on
Surprise Resilient Scenarios: Emergent Dialogue Approach
1-4 November 2014, Hotel Moon Beach, Okinawa, Japan
Organized by
Global Carbon Project-Tsukuba International office
In collaborations with
X-Center Network and Japan Industrial Management Association
Results of the recently released fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) have further strengthened the scientific conclusion that human activity
has warmed the planet and contributes to global climate change. As the dominant form of human
settlement, cities play a major role in mitigation and adaptation efforts aimed at addressing
climate change and it would be no exaggeration to say that the battle against climate change will
be lost or won in urban areas. While climate change is a global issue that affects various human
settlements, the impacts are expected to be more severe in cities. After an initial focus on
mitigation measures, scientific community and policymakers are now coming to realize that
adaptation measures are also as critically important, and should be considered in addressing the
impacts of continuing climate change caused by past and present emissions.
In addition, climate change is not the only risk threatening the short and long-term sustainability
of societies as social-ecological systems. Among others, extreme hazard events, economic crisis,
and energy and ICT security problems could cause huge disturbances in the urban system.
Addressing this wide range of threats requires having appropriate knowledge to manage such
risks. Resilience thinking is an approach to stewardship of social-ecological systems that seeks to
bring the (often) fragmented diverse efforts and practices under an integrated framework. The
notion of resilience is rapidly gaining ground in the sustainability literature. As a concept with
broad scope and increasing popularity, resilience can be utilized to frame various problems
related to different climate- and non-climate-induced disruptions in urban areas.
In preparing a new research strategy, we need to explore what resilience means in human
communities. At a basic level, it refers to residents’ abilities to self-organize in order to solve
problems which they face as a collectivity. Unfortunately, many communities are not resilient in
this way, because governments have assumed primary responsibility for both emergency
response as well as meeting day-to-day needs. However, complex societal systems (with their
large-scale technologies) can give rise to surprise failures which then put residents at risk.
Research is needed to examine how residents within communities can mobilize effective
responses to collective problems/needs and there are numerous studies of how this can happen:
First, residents are not always narrowly rational. They often make decisions using heuristics,
intuition, and often emphasize loyalties to friends and family. Second, social capital is essential
for collective action. For people to collaborate they need to know one another, trust that others
will fulfill promises, and have ways to punish defectors. Third, residents have ties to
organizations as members, employees, consumers, and citizens. Fourth, to ‘get something done’
residents need to work with one another and with these organized entities, and these
organizations need to cooperate with one another. Social capital is relevant for these interorganizational collaborations as well. Finally, sometimes new organizational entities need to be
created that are grounded in the neighborhood but are linked to larger city, state/prefecture, and
national networks so as to access resources and ensure legitimacy. It is quite a challenge to build
such resilient communities which are truly ‘bottom up’. For that purpose, we need to explore the
co-design of scenarios using an emergent dialogue approach.
Emergent dialogue approaches are based on the principle that the desired community future is
not known in advance but must be co-created in participatory processes with the community in
question. Emergent dialogue exists in contrast to persuasive communication processes which are
aimed at promoting pre-determined behavior change, and which are appropriate to use when the
desired outcome has previously been accepted by society (e.g. energy efficiency goals, or
recycling behavior). In cases where what is at issue is the long-term future of the community, it
is not appropriate to adopt persuasive communication approaches based on pre-determined
desirable outcomes; instead the goal should be to explore the characteristics and consequences of
alternative futures, in order to allow participants to express their own views as to the kind of
future they want.
In the case of climate change, this means developing participatory approaches to exploring
various climate change outcomes at the community level, and the policies and measures that
might best respond to such outcomes. This includes the ways in which municipalities are
responding to climate change constraints and opportunities, including the policies of more senior
levels of government.
Much research into climate change policies and responses has focused on the technological and
economic dimensions of such responses. It is important to complement such approaches with
work on how people conceive of, and engage with, sustainability and climate change in
experiential terms. There is emerging interest in the use of visualization and arts-based
approaches to community engagement, which may allow more powerful connections to actual
human experience and behavior.
The recently launched Future Earth initiative highlights single-disciplinary focus as a serious
problem on the way of full utilization of the large body of existing knowledge and calls for “codesign”, “co-production”, and “co-dissemination” of knowledge. Acknowledging that resilience
thinking can provide a platform for communication between different parties operating in diverse
research areas related to cities, this workshop aims to discuss various implications of resilience
thinking for adaptation and mitigation in urban areas.
2
Global Carbon Project Tsukuba International Office (GCP-TIO, http://www.cger.nies.go.jp/gcp/)
has been coordinating and steering the project titled “Urban and Regional Carbon Management
(URCM)” for the last 10 year in collaboration with a lot of IGBP, IHDP researchers. As GCP is
in transition to the Future Earth project, GCP-TIO is in the process of launching a new URCM
initiative. As we mentioned above, we need to fundamentally re-frame the carbon management
problem in a new way, focusing on the building of resilient communities using a new approach
to create the future scenario with co-design with the local stakeholders.
This is a four-day conference that would be held back to back with the International conference
of Japan Industrial Management Association (JIMA) in Okinawa, Japan. The workshop will
feature a combination of oral presentations and panel discussions on a broad array of issues
related to studies on resilience and future scenarios. Sessions in the 2nd day will focus on
utilizing scenarios for resilience against the risks including X-Events. 3rd day will include
presentations and discussions on various aspects of new emergent dialog approach for creating
the future scenarios; and the session in the last day is planned to discuss a wide range of issues
related to the GCP transition to Future Earth.
Organizing Committee
Dr. Yoshiki Yamagata, NIES (co-chair Day 1, 3-4)
Dr. Ayyoob Sharifi, NIES (co-chair Day 2-3)
Dr. Leena Ilmola, IIASA (co-chair Day 1-2)
Dr. Chihiro Watanabe, NUS (co-chair Day 1-2)
Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama, ISM (co-chair Day 1)
Prof. John Robinson, UBC (co-chair Day 3-4)
3
Workshop Program
Saturday November 1st 2014
Morning: Co-chairs: Hiroshi Maruyama and Yoshiki Yamagata
9:00 – 10:30
ISM-GCP “Urban Resilience”(Springer) book proposal editorial meeting
(ISM members and workshop invited participants)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
Framework
Scope and objective of the Springer book (Yamagata)
Systems Resilience in Urban Context (Maruyama)
X-events and Urban Resilience (Ilmola)
-
Scenarios
Land-use Scenarios for Urban Resilience (Yamagata)
Planning for Sustainable City in Japan (Seya)
Land-use Planning for Sustainable City in Australia (Simon)
Urban Energy Resilience Assessment (Ayyoob)
Resilient Electricity Management (Minami)
10:30-10:40
10:40-11:30
Break
-
Social Resilience
Agent-based Simulation and People Behavior (Thomas)
Perception-Based Resilience (Roberto)
Modeling People Behavior in Crisis (Koslowski)
Brand Crisis Management (Nararatwong)
Land-Price Model for Urban Resilience (Murakami)
11:30-12:30
12:30-14:00
Discussions (Maruyama)
Welcome lunch and introductions
Afternoon:
Introduction and conference keynote speech
Room: Sakaza-Sanban
Keynote speech "Supply Chain Risk Management", Prof. Dr. Stefan Minner, Technische
15:00 – 17:00
Universität München (Independently organized by Japan Industrial Management
Association (JIMA))
18:00-
Welcome Reception
20:00-
Internal dinner meeting (GXN members and speakers invited by GXN)
4
Sunday November 2nd 2014
Morning: Co-chairs: Leena Ilmora and Chihiro Watanabe
8:00-10:00 Global X Network internal meeting (only GXN members)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
Review of the current operations of our network
Leena Ilmola, IIASA & XC Vienna
FoX-J status
Chihiro Watanabe, NUS & FoXc-J
New network partners
Brenda Fox (X-Events Unlimited) &
Leena Ilmola (IIASA & XC Vienna)
GXN visibility, website, newsletter and social media
Brenda Fox, X-Events Unlimited
New project initiatives
Leena Ilmola, IIASA & XC Vienna
10-12.30 Theory of Surprise – elements (all participants)
Un-captured GDP and Zero Marginal Cost Society
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
Chihiro Watanabe, NUS & FoXc-J
Comment on ontological uncertainty
Leena Ilmola, IIASA & XC Vienna
General resilience theory
Hiroshi Maruyama, ISM & FoXc-J
Surprises and emergency management
Hannu Pelttari, XC Helsinki
Foresight perspective to surprises
Beyongwon Park, XC Seoul
Ways of handling surprise
Adrian Taylor, 4Sing GmbH
Afternoon: Co-chairs: Akito Murayama and Ayyoob Sharifi
13:30- 15:00
Urban Resilience: GCP network’s group (all participants)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
13:30-13:50
Principles and Criteria for Development of an Urban Energy
Resilience Assessment System
Ayyoob Sharifi and Yoshiki
Yamagata, GCP
13:50-14:10
Land Use Planning for Climate Change Response and
Disaster Mitigation
Akito
Murayama,
University of Tokyo
The
14:10-14:30
Tohoku Planning Forum: Social Capital-Centred Design for
Perpetual Change
Christian Dimmer,
University of Tokyo
The
14:30-14:50
Urban Design and Resilience
Brenda J. Fox (X-Events
Unlimited),Petra Wiesbrock
(4Sing GmbH)
14:50-15:10
A First Step Towards Resilient Graph Partitioning for
Electrical Grids
Kazuhiro Minami, FOXJ
15:10-15:20
Discussion
15:20-15:30
Break
5
15:30-15:50
Land Use Models for Urban Resilience
Yoshiki Yamagata, NIES
15:50-16:10
Collective Dynamics in Community-based Electricity Sharing
Thomas
Brudermann,
University of Graz; Yoshiki
Yamagata, NIES
16:10-16:30
Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low
Density City
Simon Benger,
University
16:30-16:50
Adaptation to Natural Disaster Risks by Land Use Planning
Hajime Seya (Hiroshima
University);
Yoshiki
Yamagata (NIES)
16:50-17:10
Global Flood Risk and Economic Development: A
Downscaling Study of Future Flood Damage Cost
Daisuke Murakami and
Yoshiki Yamagata (NIES)
17:10-17:30
Discussion
18:00-
Dinner (organized by GCP)
Flinders
Monday November 3rd 2014
Morning: Co-chairs: John Robinson and Yoshiki Yamagata
9:00 – 12:30 (all participants)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
9:00-9:45
Emergent dialogue, municipal climate response, and imaginary
worlds: Exploring climate change innovation and engagement
processes at the community scale
John Robinson, The
University of British
Columbia
9:45-10:10
Sustainability Governance project, and the Climate Change
Imperative project 
Sarah
Burch,
University of Waterloo
10:10-10:40
Break
10:40-11:05
When we standardize savoir faire sustainable neighbourhood
development, do we lose savoir vivre? A new research project on
ecourbanism worldwide
Meg Holden, Simon
Fraser University
11:05-11:30
Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning (CALP) 
Stephen Sheppard, The
University of British
Columbia
11:30-12:00
Communities Mobilizing to Help Themselves: A Social Structural
Theory of Community Organizing and Effectiveness
Joseph Galaskiewicz,
Kathryn
Freeman
Anderson and Kendra
Thompson-Dyck,
University of Arizona
12:00-12:30
Discussion

Presentation over Skype
6
Afternoon: Co-chairs: Ayyoob Sharifi and Yoshiki Yamagata
13:30-17:00 (all participants)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
13:30-13:50
History of GCP and URCM activities
Yoshiki
GCP
Yamagata,
13:50:14:10
GCP transition to Future Earth
Ayyoob Sharifi, GCP
14:10-14:30
Future workshops and conferences
Ayyoob Sharifi, GCP
“Toyota High-level Symposium on Sustainable Cities”
“Our Common Future Under Climate Change”
14:130-15:00
Discussion
15:00-15:30
Break
15:30-17:00
Discussion about new scenarios for GCP/URCM Initiative
Tuesday November 4th 2014
Morning: Co-chairs: Leena Ilmora and Yoshiki Yamagata
9:00-12:00 (all participants)
Room: Sakaza-Ichiban
Discussion about the Future Earth joint project proposal
Discussion about the Resilience Game project for the GXN
Afternoon:
Half day excursion to learn about nature and culture dimensions of Okinawa (workshop invited
participants)
7
For more information, contact:
Ms. Yuka Ojima (for logistics information)
GCP Secretary
Address: Global Carbon Project - Tsukuba International Office c/o National Institute for
Environmental Studies 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan, Tel: +81 29 850 2672,
Fax: +81 29 850 2960
Email: ojima.yukako@nies.go.jp
Dr. Ayyoob Sharifi (for program information)
Executive Director of the Global Carbon Project -Tsukuba International Office
E-mail: sharifi.ayyoob@nies.go.jp
Dr. Yoshiki Yamagata
Head of the Global Carbon Project -Tsukuba International Office
Email: yamagata@nies.go.jp
8
Appendix: Presenter abstracts (for sessions organized by GCP)
Title: Principles and Criteria for Development of an Urban Energy Resilience Assessment System
Presenter: Ayyoob Sharifi
Abstract: The notion of resilience is rapidly gaining ground in the urban sustainability literature. This
presentation reports on the preliminary results of a critical analysis of a large number of peer-reviewed
papers on urban energy resilience. By this analysis the study aims to introduce a set of principles and
criteria that can be used to develop an urban energy resilience assessment Index. Development of an
assessment framework for evaluating the extent of resiliency of urban areas can be an effective way of
incorporating resiliency related issues into urban planning process. It is important to identify resilience
related principles and criteria that should be embedded into the assessment framework. Criteria for
assessment of the resilience of urban areas are divided into several main themes that cover various
dimensions of sustainability. These themes are further broken down into major criteria to account for a
variety of resilience-related aspects. The resilient assessment index has the capacity to provide decision
makers with a clear and comprehensive picture of the resilience of the development proposal and
supports them in making better informed decisions. Results indicate that, in many occasions, making
trade-offs between different resilience criteria would be inevitable.
Title: Land Use Planning for Climate Change Response and Disaster Mitigation
Presenter: Akito Murayama
Abstract: Building a low-carbon city and preparing for the expected Nankai-Trough Major Earthquake
have become the two major concerns for urban land use planning in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture,
Japan in addition to the changing socio-economic environment of depopulation, hyper-aging,
workforce shortage, widening disparity, governments’ financial difficulties, etc. The current urban
land use planning system in Japan has its foundation in the City Planning Act of 1968 that focuses on
developing new urban areas and installing new infrastructure under the pressure of population growth.
After almost 50 years, planners and researchers realize the need for major transformation of the system
to build more competitive, resilient and sustainable city under the totally new socio-economic
conditions. A new urban land use planning system is needed to “shape up” the existing built
environment to meet the current and future expectations of residents and businesses. Participatory
planning approach that emphasizes the link between different spatial scales and the learning process for
planning professionals and various actors of society seems to be a key for this transformation taking
into account the reality of urban governance in Japan. The framework of this new planning approach
will be explored through two pioneer practices in Nagoya City. The first case is a community-led
initiative in Nishiki 2 District, an innercity textile wholesale district in transition, supported by
university research to build a low-carbon model blocks within the framework of Low Carbon City
Nagoya Strategy Action Plan (2011). The citywide goal will be achieved through district-scale actions.
The second case is a combination of district-scale workshops and a “Gulliver” regional planning trials
to develop a basic concept for disaster mitigation using different electronic devices with multiple layers
of geographic information. Both cases call for further research on planning and assessment system,
methodology and capacity building.
9
Title: Tohoku Planning Forum: Social Capital-Centred Design for Perpetual Change
Presenter: Christian Dimmer
Abstract: Post-disaster reconstruction in Japan and other countries is often occupied with rebuilding
local communities to a state close to that prior to the disaster. In the process public infrastructure might
be up-dated, but a far-reaching rethinking of established urban patterns and lifestyles appears rarely
possible. The inertia of institutions, property patterns, funding systems, or administrative and political
cultures often frustrate the implementation of radically new ideas and experiments. Moreover, the
construction of hardware and infrastructure is often seen as sufficient to assure community recovery,
with social issues commonly underplayed.
In the case of Japan local governments are hard-pressed to manage reconstruction while preparing for
the next inevitable disaster. Rarely tackled but equally important is the task to respond to a host of
interlinked and highly contentious problems, including demographic decline, a hyper-aging population,
migration to urban centers, economic restructuring, decreasing food self-sufficiency, centralised and
vulnerable (energy) infrastructures, or adaptation to climate change.
Governance models that can integrate both, community and individual, empowerment seem to be
essential to the creation a adaptive resilience that moves beyond the simple rebuilding of the physical
world. With flexibility equally important, urban and rural communities are better viewed as in a
process of perpetual change and emergence, instead of being fixed. In that light, planning can never be
concluded with the implementation of a master-plan. Instead, community development and planning
need to proceed iteratively and cyclically; flexibly adapting to changing circumstances; constantly
encouraging and mobilizing community participation and increasing social capital; guided by longterm, abstract objectives to deal with climate change adaptation or demographic decline.
Against this background, the Tohoku Planning Forum (TPF) initiative has been conceived as an
experimental format, which was to explore how an alternative holistic, strategic, and open-ended
community development and planning framework might look like; fostering the evolution of more
adaptable, resilient, sustainable communities than is possible under current building, planning, and
governance practices.
In order to respond to the above outlined, complex problems the idea of four, phased forum modules
[1) recurrent forum, 2) project database) mobile community design platform, 4) international learning
platform] was developed that would contribute to a broader, more inclusive vision-making process for
the long-term transformation, and adaptation of Japan's disaster-struck regions. The lessons learned
here would be also of value for other regions beyond Tohoku; marked by similar structural,
demographic and socio-economic problems.
TPF2 sought to connect Japanese and international practitioners and an interested public in Tokyo with
activists, citizen groups and professionals of various backgrounds, active in the disaster-hit
communities and to facilitate a trans-disciplinary exchange of ideas, best practice experience and
practical support. The project would facilitate a more interdisciplinary, comprehensive and long-termdirected vision making process that would be inclusive and promote the dissemination of innovative
ideas and strategies. To utilise international experience and encourage mutual learning processes, the
project tried to connect Tohoku communities with other regions in the world facing similar problems.
10
Title: Urban Design and Resilience
Presenter: Brenda J. Fox ,Petra Wiesbrock
Abstract: In the last century, the population pattern on the planet transformed from a world dominated
by villages and small cities with local self-sufficient living conditions to an urban civilisation with
large cities in an interconnected globalised world. Cities are complex, relational and dynamic systems
providing potentials and opportunities for the development of human beings expressed in economic
growth, wealth, technical and cultural innovation. However, cities are facing many challenges: Extreme
hazards, economic crises, energy and ICT problems which could cause severe disturbances in the urban
system. Thus, a worthy living environment in cities or even the future of cities itself are not guaranteed.
What could the design parameters be that help cities to learn and advance in a constantly changing
environment and a world full of risks? What can we learn from strategies and practices of urban
planning already existing today? In order to provide some food for thought regarding these questions
the presentation will discuss the work of a German Development Cooperation’s project
“Environmentally and climate friendly Urban Development in Da Nang” in Vietnam with the goal to
support the city in its goal to improve their strategy towards higher resilience. We will also outline
examples of "resilient city" strategies of ongoing resilience actions showcased by the Rockefeller
Foundation.
Title: Land Use Models for Urban Resilience
Presenter: Yoshiki Yamagata
Abstract: In order to create climate change mitigation/adaptation scenarios which also improve urban
resilience, it is important to consider interactions between scenarios. Synergy could exist if people
could be move from flooding risk areas to compact city. In order to simulate implications of different
urban forms (dispersion / compact etc.), we have developed urban economics-based land use model.
The results suggest that importance of spatially explicit assessment for the synergies and trade-offs.
Title: Collective Dynamics in Community-based Electricity Sharing
Presenter: Thomas Brudermann
Abstract: We propose an agent-based model for investigating collective dynamics in community-based
electricity sharing systems. In our simulations, we assume the absence of electricity grids and
telecommunication infrastructure – e.g. due to a big natural disaster or a large-scale black-out. Here,
sharing systems based on decentralized, small-scale renewables could help meeting basic electricity
demand. Since real-world tests are hardly possible for such a scenario, we analyze possible collective
reactions via means of social simulation.
Title: Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City
Presenter: Simon Benger
Abstract: Adelaide is a medium sized low density city located in south eastern Australia. Typical of
highly urbanized Australia, where abundant land and low cost private transport contribute to urban
sprawl in all major cities, Adelaide is poorly placed to move to a low carbon future, despite access to
abundant renewable resources and a favourable policy environment. Australians have some of the
highest emissions per capita in the world. This study examines the spatially explicit nature of CO2
emissions across the metropolitan area and explores the relationships between emissions and a range of
11
socio-economic variables. Contrary to findings from other westernized cities, incomes, rents and
housing prices are not well correlated with distance from the city centre or train stations. Household
emissions are strongly correlated with household size, rooms per household and number of motor
vehicles per household. Household emissions are therefore highly associated with private car use and
daily commuting distances. Public transport is poorly utilized and many urban residential areas
surrounding the most heavily used public transport routes also have very high household emissions.
Attitudinal change to car and public transport use is therefore essential if Australian cities such as
Adelaide are to move towards a low carbon future, and governments must design and implement
policies which can achieve such change.
Title: Adaptation to Natural Disaster Risks by Land Use Planning
Presenter: Hajime Seya
Abstract: Studies have suggested the importance of implementing climate change mitigation and
adaptation measures in combination with considering possible co-benefit and trade-off among them.
However, quantification of such co-benefit/trade-off at city level is still its infancy. Accordingly, using
a micro zone level spatial explicit land use model which we have developed, this study assesses the cobenefit/trade-off of adaptation measure (retreat from high natural hazard areas) and mitigation measure
(compact city policy) from the view point of CO2 emissions and expected loss due to the damage by
river floods, especially focusing on land use planning. The results suggest the importance of careful
planning to create compact city to avoid trade-off.
Title: Global Flood Risk and Economic Development: A Downscaling Study of Future Flood Damage Cost
Presenter: Daisuke Murakami
Abstract: While further economic developments are anticipated all over the world, it is also anticipated
that the global flood risk increases in the future. Hence, to lead a future development considering the
flood risk, it is important to know which developed or developing regions would have high flood risk.
This study conducts a spatially detailed analysis of the economic damage that would be induced by
future flood events, where GDP is used to describe economic development. To conduct this analysis,
we first downscaled a country-level future GDP scenario into 0.5-degree grids. Here, a spatial
statistical approach considering multiple auxiliary information, including urban extent, urban
population projection, and road network, is utilized. Then, the downscaled future GDPs are
superimposed on the flood frequency map estimated by Hayashibara et al. (2011), and flood damage
costs in each grid are projected. Adaptation to the flood risk is discussed based on the result.
Title: Emergent dialogue, municipal climate response, and imaginary worlds: Exploring climate change
innovation and engagement processes at the community scale
Presenter: John Robinson
Abstract: The locus of innovation and much activity on climate change and sustainability has strongly
shifted to the municipal or community level around the world. Yet we still have much to learn about
how best to engage communities and citizens in exploring sustainable futures. This paper reports on
two streams of work. The first is recent and ongoing work on community scale climate innovation in
British Columbia, Canada and elsewhere. A recently completed study has developed 11 case studies of
community climate leadership in British Columbia (BC), Canada and implemented a number of
processes of peer-to-peer learning and information exchange. Lessons from the case studies and our
attempts to involve local governments in such exchanges will be discussed. More recently, three related
12
projects have been funded: the development of additional BC case studies and more processes of
community engagement; a study of the emerging eco-districts movement around the world; and a study
of climate change governance with particular reference to small and medium sized businesses. Each
will be described. The second stream of work focusses on various processes of engaging citizens on
climate change and sustainability issues. In particular, the paper will summarize the results of several
decades of work in BC on using landscape visualization and participatory backcasting techniques for
such engagement, focusing on recent work on multi-channel (landscape visualization workshops,
scenario tools, social media, tabletop games, art, mobile apps, computer games) engagement processes.
The ‘Sustainability in an Imaginary World ‘ project, which will combine art and scenario analysis in an
attempt to destabilize conventional views of sustainability and human-nature relations, will also be
described. A theme running throughout the paper is the desirability of moving away from engagement
tools and processes focused on what might be called ‘persuasive communication’ approaches intended
to create pre-determined understandings or behaviour changes, and towards tools and processes based
on ‘emergent dialogue’ approaches where the understandings and desirable behaviours must be coproduced by the participants and researchers. It is argued that this approach is particularly important
when considering larger questions (e.g. the desired future for a community), the answers to which are
still very much up in the air.
Title: When we standardize savoir faire sustainable neighbourhood development, do we lose savoir vivre? A
new research project on ecourbanism worldwide
Presenter: Meg Holden
Abstract: Standardization of approaches to carbon management and sustainability assessment more
broadly is picking up pace. There are good reasons for the current moves toward standardization, but
by stopping to consider what is being standardized and with what specific intentions, we will better
understand what is at stake and what consequences may ensue. This is the motivation for the new 5
year research project on Ecourbanism worldwide, a SSHRC project to create and curate a global
catalogue and to study in-depth a number of case studies of model sustainable neighbourhood
developments in different world regions. In setting the stage for this project, we will review, first, the
nature of standardization in sustainability assessment in cities at present, the managerial, instrumental,
and perspectival demands for standardization and their risks. Following this, we will set up three
hypotheses and explain, using examples and a pragmatic methodology, how we will set out to test
them : (1) that the prospect of transformative social change at the institution or neighbourhood scale
varies directly with the degree of standardization in the process or project being pursued; (2) because
the leading edge approaches to sustainable urban redevelopment cast an ecological approach as the
solution to the crisis of capitalism, they are blind to the extent to which the ecological and climate crisis
are crises of the capitalist urban development system; and (3) because the leading edge approaches to
sustainable urban development are blind to the crisis of capitalism within them, their identification of
any social development role to play is indeterminate.
Title: Communities Mobilizing to Help Themselves: A Social Structural Theory of Community Organizing and
Effectiveness
Presenter: Joseph Galaskiewicz
Abstract: This paper offers a sociological theory to explain why some urban communities are better
able to mobilize successfully and respond to collective problems than others.
13
The theory focuses on different levels of analysis. First, the interpersonal level focuses on the role of
social networks in recruiting individuals for collective action and facilitating collaboration. From
Putnam (1993; 1995) and others we learn that neighborhoods which are rich in bridging ties (networks
between different subgroups) do better in mobilizing a response to problems than neighborhoods which
have mostly bonding ties (networks within subgroups). Second, the inter-organizational level of
analysis focuses on horizontal ties (or cross sector collaborations) among organizations located in the
community. These inter-organizational ties enable communities to mobilize more resources and
implement action on a much larger scale. Third, researchers have examined the role of extra-local
inter-organizational ties or ties between organizations within the community and entities outside the
community, e.g., government, the mass media, NGOs, corporations, etc. These ties are important as
conduits that channel residents’ ‘voices’ up and resources from larger systems down to the local
community.
We also examine the spatial context in which organizing takes place. More specifically, we focus on
the role that urban design (the spatial arrangement of things) and communication and transportation
technologies can play in mobilizing communities and solving problems.
The urban design can be critical for network building and community mobilization. ‘Spatial capital’
theory argues that some urban systems are more ‘accessible’ than others and some actors within urban
systems have better access than others (Galaskiewicz, Thompson-Dyck, Savage, and Inouye, 2014). In
this paper we focus on peoples’ access to foci. Feld (1981: 1016) defined a focus as "a social,
psychological, legal, or physical entity around which joint activities are organized….. As a
consequence of interaction associated with their joint activities, individuals whose activities are
organized around the same focus will tend to become interpersonally tied and form a cluster." In the
urban context foci include coffee shops, restaurants, sporting events, town squares, open air markets, or
any other venue where people can get together. Supposedly, a community that has more of these
venues and better access to them is likely to be better connected and able to address community
problems (Whitham, 2014).
Finally, new technologies can play an important role in putting the right people together in the right
place at the right time either to socialize or engage in collective action. Earl and Kimport (2011), for
example, described how websites and social media are important in identifying places which can be
turned into protest sites for social movement activists. In this respect technology compensates for the
lack of social capital among and between households and organizations. Thus, a Smart Community is
more likely to bring people together and mobilize residents successfully than communities that lack
these technologies.
The conclusion of the paper talks about other aspects of organizing such as trust building processes,
external events, neighborhood culture, framing, tactics, and political opportunity structures and outlines
future research directions.
14
Logistics Workshop on Workshop on Surprise Resilient Scenarios: Emergent Dialogue Approach 1‐4 November, 2014 Hotel Moon Beach, Okinawa Organized by Global Carbon Project (GCP) Tsukuba International Office in collaborations with X‐Center Network and Japan Industrial Management Association 1. Venue The workshop will take place at the Hotel Moon Beach (ホテルムーンビーチ in Japanese), Okinawa, Japan. Meeting room is called Sakaza‐Ichiban (酒座壱番). Hotel Moon Beach 1203, Maekaneku, Onna‐Son, Kunigami‐Gun, Okinawa 904‐0414, Japan Tel: +81 98 965 1020 Fax: +81 98 965 0555 http://www.moonbeach.co.jp/international/english.html https://www.google.co.jp/maps/place/Hotel+Moon+Beach+Okinawa/@31.6403669,126.5093198,5z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x34e51ab6046f3df9:0
xb9e86fad37784f14?hl=en 1 2. Accommodation Single rooms with a green view have been reserved for participants at the Hotel Moon Beach at 12,960 yen/night for weekdays and 15,120 yen/night for Saturday and Sunday (including breakfast and tax). Free wireless Internet connection is available at the lobby and the lounge bar. Check in: 2 p.m. Check out: 11 a.m. Note to sponsored participants: You need to pay the hotel fees by yourself. The costs of the hotel (and daily allowances) for sponsored participants will be reimbursed in cash at the workshop at a standard flat rate. It is not necessary for you to provide any receipts to the secretariat. If you are not a sponsored participant, please pay the fees to the hotel. 3. Transportation The Hotel Moon Beach is approximately 47.5 km (29.5 miles) from Naha Airport (http://www.naha‐
airport.co.jp/en/ for the Domestic Passenger Terminal Building; http://www.naha‐
airport.co.jp/en/terminal/international/ for the International Terminal Building). Take an Airport Limousine bus from Naha Airport to the hotel (Time: 70 min., Cost: 1,500 yen. http://okinawabus.com/en/ls/). There are 6 busses a day for one way. Time Schedule of Airport Limousine Bus “area C” Airport to Hotel Naha Airpot (Domes
tic) Naha Naha Airpot Bus (Intern
Termin
ational) al Max Valu 1 3 5 7 9 11 10:45 11:30 13:00 15:15 16:15 17:45 10:46 11:31 13:01 15:16 16:16 17:46 11:45 12:30 14:00 16:15 17:15 18:45 10:55 11:40 13:10 15:25 16:25 17:55 Renaiss
ance Okinaw
a Resort 11:56
12:41
14:11
16:26
17:26
18:56
ONNA NO EKI Bus Stop 11:58
12:43
14:13
16:28
17:28
18:58
2 Hotel
Moon Beach 12:04
12:49
14:19
16:34
17:34
19:04
Hotel Monter
ey Okinaw
a 12:08
12:53
14:23
16:38
17:38
19:08
Sun Marina Hotel Rizzan OIST
Sea Park Campu
Hotel s 12:12 12:57 14:27 16:42 17:42 19:12 12:15 13:00 14:30 16:45 17:45 19:15 12:25
13:10
14:40
16:55
17:55
19:25
Hotel to Airport OIST Campus 2 4 6 8 10 12 8:05 8:50 10:20 12:35 13:35 15:05 Rizzan Sea Park Hotel 8:16 9:01 10:31 12:46 13:46 15:16 Sun Hotel Marina Monter
Hotel ey Okinaw
a 8:22 8:28 9:07 9:13 10:37 10:43 12:52 12:58 13:52 13:58 15:22 15:28 Hotel
Moon Beach 8:34
9:19
10:49
13:04
14:04
15:34
Renaiss
ance Okinaw
a Resort 8:47
9:32
11:02
13:17
14:17
15:47
ONNA NO EKI Bus Stop Max Valu Naha Bus Termin
al Naha Airpot (Domes
tic) Naha Airpot (Intern
ational) 8:49
9:34
11:04
13:19
14:19
15:49
8:56
9:41
11:11
13:26
14:26
15:56
9:41 10:26 11:56 14:11 15:11 16:41 9:53 10:38 12:08 14:23 15:23 16:53 10:00
10:45
12:15
14:30
15:30
17:00
http://okinawabus.com/en/ls/ls_timetable/#area_c If you take a taxi, it costs approx. 10,500 yen. Route bus (Nago west Airport Line. Bus number: 120) departs from the bus stop number 3 at the airport (Time: 90 min., Cost: 1,300yen). 4. Meals The following meals will be provided by the organizers. Breakfast Lunch Supper 1 Nov Buffet at Hotel Lunch box at venue 2 Nov Buffet at Hotel Lunch box at venue 3 Nov Buffet at Hotel Buffet style lunch at Hotel 18:00 JIMA Welcome Reception @Keynote Speech venue (Fee: 2,200yen) 20:00 GXN Internal dinner meeting (GXN members only) @Corallo (Fee: free) GCP dinner @Onna Matsuri (2 min walk from hotel) (Fee: TBA) Not provided 4 Nov Buffet at Hotel Buffet style lunch at Hotel Not provided If you are not a sponsored participant, please note that breakfast will be included in your room charge. 3 5. Reimbursement of expenses Sponsored participants will be reimbursed in cash at the workshop. Reimbursements are made at a fixed rate for accommodation and per diem. There will be no other reimbursements, and expenses incurred for meals not provided by the organizers, airport transfers, and other related expenses including taxi fares, etc., are considered to be covered by the flat rate. 6. Secretariat If you have any questions, please contact the secretariat. Dr. Yoshiki Yamagata (yamagata@nies.go.jp) Dr. Ayyoob Sharifi (sharifi.ayyoob@nies.go.jp) Ms. Yukako Ojima (ojima.yukako@nies.go.jp) Global Carbon Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies 16‐2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8506, Japan Tel. from outside Japan: +81 29 850 2672, Fax: +81 29 850 2960 Tel. from Japan: 029 850 2672, Cell. 090 6614 2920 (Sharifi), Fax: 029 850 2960 7. General Travel Information Time zone Tokyo is GMT/UTC +9. When it is 12:00 noon in Tokyo (and Okinawa), it is 4:00 am in London, and 11:00 pm the night before in New York. Electricity The voltage throughout Japan is 100V. Plugs have two pins. If your electrical equipment has a third round pin, it may not fit into all sockets in Japan. Weather In November, the average high temperature is 24.6 degrees Celsius while the low one is 19.9 degrees Celsius in Okinawa. See: http://www.accuweather.com/world‐index‐
forecast.asp?partner=apple&traveler=0&loccode=ASI|JP|JA041|TOKYO 4 Money, credit cards The currency in Japan is yen. Other currencies are generally not accepted. Paper currency: 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 yen (2000 yen notes are not accepted at some vending machines). Coins: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 yen. Tipping is not common in Japan. Cash and traveler’s checks can be exchanged at the airport or major banks. It is possible to use credit cards in most stores and hotels in Japan. It is usually not possible to withdraw money from your home bank account from regular bank ATMs in Japan. A limited service for cash withdrawals from international credit and debit cards is provided by postal bank ATMs, a service not available at any other ATMs (any other banks or convenience stores machines). Note that bank ATMs (including postal bank ATMs) close after 5:30 – 8:00 pm (depending on location). Postal Bank logo and Japanese name appear below. Train For train travel in Japan, see: http://www.hyperdia.com/en/ 5