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Teknik Pembuatan Proposal Penelitian
MM Communication
Prof Dr. Ir. Dadan U. D, DEA
What is Research ?
Research is a systematic and organized
investigate a specific problem that need a
solution.
Research is a series of steps designed and followed
with the goal of finding answer to the issues that are
concern to us in the work environment
Research Characteristics
Data are collected systematically
Data are interpreted systematically
There is a clear purpose : to find
things out
The Nature of Research (cont)
 Research bukanlah sesuatu yang asing bagi kehidupan
manusia
 Research bukanlah sesuatu yang sulit untuk dilakukan.
 Research bukanlah sesuatu yang menakutkan.
Phenomenon Observed
Research Interest
State of the Art
Evidence
Theory
Research Question
Formation Theory
(on Going Research)
Discourse
Opinion
Hypothesis
What make a good research ?
Measurable
 Interesting
 Important
 Precise and well-delimited
 Feasible doable

Apa Itu Proposal ?
Proposal adalah dokumen perencanaan
• Proposal adalah alat komunikasi
• Proposal adalag Guide line
•
KERANGKA USULAN PENELITIAN
(PROPOSAL) MM KOMUNIKASI
USAKTI
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN HIPOPTESIS
BAB III METODOLOGI
BAB IV. PEMBAHASAN HASIL PENELITIAN
BAB V. KESIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI DAN SARAN
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
•
•
•
•
Latar Belakang dan Indentifikasi Masalah
Pembatasan dan perumusan masalah
Tujuan dan kegunaan Penelitian
Keterbatasan penelitian
Latar Belakang dan Indentifikasi
Masalah
 Diungkapkan situasi dan faktor-faktor yang melatar
belakangi timbulnya masalah
 Mengapa masalah itu timbul
 Faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan masalah itu
muncul
 Apakah masalah itu penting untuk dieopcahkan melalui
penelitian
Memberikan kejelasan tentang hakekat masalah yang diminati
untuk diteliti
Pembatasan dan perumusan
masalah (Research Question)
 Diuraikan mengenai fokus permasalahan yang akan diteliti
 Waktu dan objek yang akan diteliti
 Rumusan masalah dapat dituliskan dalam bentuk
pertanyaan
Apakah efektifitas komunikasi berpengaruh terhadap citra
perusahaan ?
Tujuan dan kegunaan Penelitian
 Tujuan penelitian adalah suatu pernyataan yang ingin
dicapai dari penelitian.
 Tujuan penelitian harus terkait dengan pertanyaan
penelitian
(Reseach Question)
Apakah efektifitas
komunikasi berpengaruh
terhadap citra perusahaan
?
(Tujuan Research)
Untuk mengetahui
pengaruh efektifitas
komunuikasi thdp citra
perusahaan
 Kemudian Diungkapkan manfaat dan kegunaannya
Keterbatasan penelitian
 Diuraikan mengenai berbagai keterbatasan yang dimiliki
berkaitan dengan penelitian yang akan dilaksanakan.
Misalnya ; keterbatasan teori, keterbatasan, data yang akan
diungkap dll
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN
HIPOPTESIS
 Tinjauan Pustaka
 Kajian Teori
 Telaah Penelitian terdahulu yang Relevan
 Kerangka Pemikiran
 Perumusan Hipotesis
Tinjauan Pustaka & Kajian Teori
Uraian mengenai kajian teori-teori yang relevan dan
menjadi landasan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian
yang sedang dilaksanakan.
Telaah Penelitian terdahulu yang
Relevan
 Berisi uraian mengenai berbagai penelitian yang mirip
dengan penelitian yang sedang dilakukan
 Diskusi mengenai kelemahan dan kekuatan dari panorama
penelitian yang pernah dilakukan
 Digambarkan complementari atau penyempurnaan yang
masih diperlukan
Disinilah ada celah kosong yang akan diisi oleh
hasil penelitian yang sedang/akan dilakukan
Kerangka Pemikiran
 Menggambarkan pola berfikir dalam melaksanakan
penelitian.
 Menggambarkan hubungan antar variabel yang diteliti
Variabel
Variabel DEPENDENT yang menjadi titik perhatian adalah :
PELANGGARAN KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN
(Air-safety violation)
Variabel INDEPENDENT diantaranya :
1. Komunikasi antar kru (Communication among cockpit
members)
2. Komunikasi antara petugas kontrol bandara dengan
kru (Communication between ground control and cockpit)
3. Pelatihan bagi para kru cocpits (Training of cockpit crew)
4. Perubahan struktur organisasi menjadi desentralisasi
(Desentralisastion)
Hubungan antar Variable
Air-safety violations di duga dipengaruhi oleh :
1. Komunikasi antar kru (Communication among cockpit members)
2. Komunikasi antara petugas kontrol bandara dengan kru (Communication
between ground control and cockpit)
3. Pelatihan bagi para kru cocpits (Training of cockpit crew)
4. Perubahan struktur organisasi menjadi desentralisasi (Desentralisastion)
Jika komunikasi antar_kru dijalankan dengan baik, maka
kecelakaan pesawat terbang dapat dihindarkan, demikian juga jika
komunikasi antara menara kontrol dengan kru dijalankan dengan
baik maka kecelakaanpun dapat dihindarkan. Selain itu diduga
juga kalau ada program pelatihan yang memadai maka persoalan
komunikasi tidak akan dijumpai dan juga kemampuan para kru
akan semakin tinggi sehingga kecelakaanpun dapat dihindarkan.
Faktor lainnya adalah adanya desentralisasi ternyata membuat
proses komunikasi tidak lancar dan program tidak terintegrasi
Hubungan antar variable
Communication among cockpit
members
Communication between ground
control and cockpit
Decentralization
Air-safety
violations
Training of cockpit crew
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Schematic diagram of the theoretical framework
Perumusan Hipotesis
 Berisikan uraian mengenai pengungkapan suatu
pernyataan yang mngandung dugaan tentang ada atau
tidaknya pengaruh perbedaan antara dua variabel
penelitian
Komunikasi antara petugas kontrol bandara dengan kru
berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pelanggaran regulasi keselamatan
penerbangan
Penyusunan Hipotesis
Hipotesis adalah hubungan yang diperkirakan secara logis
diantara dua atau lebih variabel yang diungkapkan dalam
suatu pernyataan yang dapat di uji.
Hubungan dimaksud diturunkan dari jaringan asosiasi yang
ditetapkan dalam kerangka teoritis.
Hipotesis juga dapat dikatakan sebagai jawaban sementara
dari pertanyaan penelitian (research question)
Contoh Kasus Delta Airline
Jika pilot-pilot mendapat training/pelatihan
yang memadai untuk menangani situasi
darurat, maka pelanggaran keselematan
penerbangan dapat dihindarkan/berkurang
Pernyataan tersebut dapat diuji dengan
mengukur berbagai pelatihan yang
dilaksanakan untuk berbagai pilot dan juga
diukur jumlah pelanggaraan yang terjadi
BAB III METODOLOGI
 Tujuan Operasional Penelitian
 Identifikasi variabel yang terlibat (variabel x dan y)
 Definisi Konseptual Variabel
 Definisi Operasional Variabel
 Pemilihan Metode Penelitian
 Populasi dan Sampel
 Instrumen dan Pengumpulan Data
 Analisis Data
Tujuan Operasional Penelitian
 Dirinci mengenai identifikasi terhadap variabel2 yang
terlibat dalam proses penelitian, (indenpenden, dependen,
moderating, dll)
 Didefiniskan masing-masing variabel tersebut secara
konseptual
 Diuraikan masing-masing variabel ytersebut menjadi
dimensi dan aspek yang dapat diukur
 Diuraikan pula narasi mengenai alat ukur yang akan
digunakan
Konsep, Dimensi dan Elemen
Konsep
Dimensi
Elemen
Elemen
Dimensi
Elemen
Pembelajaran
Pemahaman
Menjawab
pertanyaan dg
benar
Memberi contoh
yang tepat
Ingatan
Mengingat
kembali pelajaran
yang lalu
Penerapan
Pemilihan Metode Penelitian
 Setiap penelitian memiliki metoda yang spesifik yang
berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan penelitian yang relevan
Populasi dan Sampel
 Penentuan populasi
 Penentuan sample
Instrumen dan Pengumpulan Data
 Instrumen penelitian (questionaire)
 Alat deteksi
 dll
Analisis Data
 Apa yang akan dinalisis
 Bagaimana menganlisis
 dll
It should be well-written
1.
2.
3.
4.
Organized, with a logical flow
Concise, but also complete
Good grammar
It’s usually a good idea to have a colleague read it
before giving it to the advisor,especially if they have
already submitted their first draft or successfully
defended their proposal. Often little errors or small
changes will be identified and addressed. They can also
be some the best sources of information for “why”
or“how”.
Judul
Pendahuluan:
o
Permasalahan
o Tinjauan Pustaka penelitian
Perumusan
Masalah
Positioning
Tinjauan Pustaka
Hipotesa
Problem
Statement
Metode Penelitian
Daftar Pustaka
Uji Hipotesa
Judul :
Rumusan topik yg menjelaskan batasan masalah
dgn singkat, spesifik, informatif & memberikan
gambaran hubungan antar variabel.
Sub Judul:
Menjelaskan lingkup/tempat penelitian,
metode yg digunakan, waktu penelitian, dsb.
Pendahuluan:
oLatar belakang:
 Fakta yg menggambarkan masalah
 Tantangan yg dihadapi
 Batasan penelitian yg akan dilakukan.
oTujuan Penelitian: Menjelaskan hasil-hasil yg diharapkan dari
pelaksanaan penelitian.
Perumusan Masalah:
o Fakta yg menggambarkan masalah
o Tantangan yg dihadapi
o Perumusan serta batasan masalah penelitian.
Tinjauan Pustaka:
• Teori/penelitian yg relevan dgn permasalahan atau
tantangan yang ingin diteliti.
• dituangkan dalam bentuk kerangka teori atau
kerangka konseptual penelitian.
Hipotesa:
Penjelasan sementara tentang fenomena atau masalah
penelitian yg dapat diuji kebenarannya dalam
penelitian selanjutnya
Metodologi:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Daerah penelitian.
Populasi dan sampel.
Sumber data
Instrumen penelitian.
Variabel penelitian.
Teknik pengumpulan data.
Pengolahan data
Interpretasi hasil penelitian
Untuk penelitian kualitatif dijelaskan:
Pendekatan yg digunakan.
Rancangan penelitian
Karakteristik informan.
Proses & alat pengumpulan info.
Analisis informasi.
Proses penafsiran.
Penyimpulan informasi.
Kekinian state of the art (time,space and the Art)
State
Ruang (space)
Waktu (time)
of
Paradigma
Art
(paradigm)
Aspek-aspek yang perlu diperhatikan dalam membuat State of the
Art bagi penelitian
 Aspek waktu (kekinian)
 Akar teori (sangat tergantung pada orientasi keilmuan peneliti)
 Sumber teori (sangat tergantung pada prioritas institusi)
 Perkembangan teori (sejarah dan trend perkembangan teori)
 Feasibilitas penelitian (kemampuan sangpeneliti dan
institusinya)
Struktur sebuah teori
Makin filosofis dan kompleks
PARADIGMA
FAKTOR
Variabel
PARADIGMA
FAKTOR
Variabel
Indikator
Makin operasional dan terukur
Indikator
FAKTOR
FAKTOR
How To Write a (Thesis / Dissertation) Proposal
1. Know the area
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read, read, read, …
Average 10-15 papers per week
Current Journals: at least read/scan abstracts
Use reference management software! (e.g. ProCite and
EndNote)
5. Use search engines (MedLine, Ergo Abstracts, Psych Info,
Compendex, ACM Digital Library, etc.)
6. Go to the source literature (don’t expect textbooks and other
secondary sources to be either accurate or complete)
Research sophistication and rigour
levels
Sophistication levels
Description ( What is / How?)
Classification (Which group?)
Explanation ( Why?)
Prediction (What if ?)
Prescription ( What ought?)
Analytical rigour levels
Qualitative / narrative
Quantitative (measurement)
Scientific (measurementt +
controlled experimentation )
2. Go outside your area
1. Good source of new/different ideas
2. Avoids embarrassing overlap (already done by others
in another field)
3. Pay attention to methods analyses,
motivations, applications
1. We did this because …
2. This work can be applied to …
4. Look at proposals and documents
generated by your predecessors
At this point, generate some initial ideas. Be creative,
flexible, novel.
Good idea to test them, if
possible.
Judul Penelitian
 Harus diskriptif, pendek, berkisar 8 – 18 suku
kata, mudah dibaca, menggunakan terminologi
umum/populer, tidak menggunakan singkatan,
formula kimia atau nama pemilik dan pengarang.
 Secara umum mengidentifikasikan masalah
 Menunjukkan kegunaan atau kepentingan bidang
yang dipermasalahkan
 Memberikan tekanan pada kata yang berdampak
tinggi (high impact) di awal kalimat
Proses Memahami Gejala Hukum
Memasuki
Domain
Objek
Memilih
Objek
5
4
Periode I
2
3
3. Analisis
4. Kesimpulan,
1
2
3
2. Bertanya
5
4
Periode III
1. Berfikir
1
2
3
Periode IV
5
4
Periode II
Ket:
1
5
4
3
Hasil Penalaran
dari Proses Berfikir
2
1
Masalah
 Novelty. Yakni perspektif baru dan original dalam




rumusan masalah dan kemungkinan pemecahannya.
Relevancy. Kesesuaian masalah tersebut untuk
dipecahkan
sekarang.
Sumbangannya
bagi
perkembangan ilmu dan penyelesaian masalah
pembangunan serta pengembangan kelembagaan.
Interesting. Menarik minat peneliti sehingga punya
kesanggupan untuk mengerjakan penelitian secara
intens dalam rentang waktu yang relatif lama.
Feasible. Dalam arti feasible dari sisi subyek yang
dikaji, ketersediaan dana, waktu, alat serta keahlian
yang dimiliki peneliti.
Etical. Apakah penelitian tersebut bertentangan
dengan etika atau tidak.
(Kerangka Fikir)
 Merupakan perumusan dari tinjauan pustaka disusun sendiri
oleh peneliti:
 tuntunan untuk memecahkan masalah yang dikaji,
 merumuskan hipotesis,
 memberikan dasar pada pengembangan metode dan teknik
penelitiannya.
 Dapat berbentuk uraian kualitatif, model matematik, bagan/alur,
dapat pula berupa persamaan-persamaan yang langsung berkaitan
dengan kajian.
 Merupakan dukungan dasar teoritis dalam rangka memberi
jawaban terhadap pendekatan pemecahan masalah.
 Bertitik tolak dari seleksi evidensi-evidensi ilmiah berupa
kesimpulan hasil penelitian para pakar ilmiah terdahulu, namun
yang sampai sekarang masih berlaku, dalam arti belum pernah
dibantah fihak lain.
 Disusun berupa esensi masing-masing hasil penelitian pakar ilmiah
tertentu ditulis dalam bentuk perumusan yang ringkas.
 Esei argumentasi berupa risalah singkat yang lebih menonjolkan
sikap dan pandangan pribadi mengenai suatu fenomena yang
disoroti secara kritis analitis.
State of the art
Corporate public relations practitioners' perceptions of program evaluation and
encroachment effect
by Laborde, Everett Justin, M.S., The Florida State University, 2005, 44 pages; AAT 1428272
Abstract (Summary)
Scholars have studied issues of public relations evaluation and encroachment separately, yet
none have previously examined perceptions about evaluation and encroachment together in
applied settings. This study features responses obtained during interviews with 21 public
relations practitioners working in for-profit companies. These responses contribute to existing
literature because they reflect current perceptions of both evaluation and encroachment in real
world settings. This study seeks to expand systems theory by addressing systems that de-value
communication. It also seeks to broaden excellence theory by explaining how to maintain public
relations' independence. Responses revealed that while most practitioners attempt to evaluate
their results using either qualitative or quantitative methods (or a combination of both), real
obstacles to both approaches remain. Thus a combined approach seems most effective.
Presently, most practitioners are not concerned about encroachment and feel that evaluation is
only one part of a public relations department's defense against encroachment.
risis management: The effective use of image restoration strategies
when an organization/individual is faced with a crisis
by Martin, Anthony Lewis, M.S.J., West Virginia University, 2005, 78 pages; AAT
1426616
Abstract (Summary)
This paper examines strategies and ethics in the field of public relations for
establishing a reputation with key stakeholders of an organization. This paper also
explores how a properly maintained reputation helps when a crisis erupts and what
strategies are used when dealing with a crisis. The second half of this paper is a
qualitative content analysis. The pilot study examines an entire year of New York
newspaper coverage of The American Red Cross and controversies concerning
funds they collected after the events that took place on September 11, 2001. The
greater research examines evening television news coverage dealing with the
Martha Stewart insider trading scandal. The five strategies the research
concentrates on are: (1) Denial; (2) Evasion of Responsibility; (3) Reducing
Offensiveness; (4) Corrective Action; (5) Mortification. The findings of this research
suggest that with the use of corrective action a crisis can be successfully evaded.
Public relations ethics: A cross-cultural analysis
by Lieber, Paul Stuart, Ph.D., Louisiana State University and Agricultural &
Mechanical College, 2005, 131 pages; AAT 3167110
Abstract (Summary)
This two-part study employed 11 qualitative interviews, the Defining Issues Test
(DIT) and a quantitative version of the five-factor TARES test to complete the
first cross-cultural analysis of the ethical decision-making patterns of public
relations practitioners. The DIT is an instrument based on Kohlberg's (1969)
moral development theory, the TARES test composed of 14 self-enforced, ethical
consideration statements derived from the research of Baker and Martinson
(2001). Results indicate no statistically significant difference in levels of moral
development and ethical consideration between sampled practitioners in
Australia, New Zealand and the United States (Lieber, 2003). This finding argues
for a vocational uniformity in moral and ethical reasoning across these countries
despite geographic, cultural, economic and ethnic disparities.
The role of public relations in breast cancer walks
by Hoyle, Amy Rose, M.A., University of Southern California, 2005, 98 pages;
AAT 1427977
Abstract (Summary)
Breast cancer awareness and fundraising has evolved in the past two decades.
With an increase in cause-related marketing initiatives, organizations must
consider how to brand an event in such a manner that it creates a binding and
long-lasting relationship with participants ensuring not only current but future
success.
This thesis examines the development of the extended-length breast cancer walk
and demonstrates the successful role public relations plays in the event. In this
case, public relations creates a connection between participants, the cause, the
sponsor, and the event, triggering a behavioral change from awareness of an
issue to active participation supporting the issue. This connection creates an
influencer that brings credibility to the cause-related program. Finally, this thesis
evaluates the marketing campaigns used and ascertains the best techniques and
strategies for the public relations profession to follow when creating a breast
cancer walk or cause-related initiative.
The trail of tension between public relations and journalism: The unfinished business about using
propaganda to move crowds
by St. John, Burton, III, Ph.D., Saint Louis University, 2005, 220 pages; AAT 3185104
Abstract (Summary)
This study examines key events that led to the tension between journalism and public relations regarding the
issue of propaganda being used to move crowds. It explores how that tension persists in the current debate
about the press reform movement known as "public journalism" and establishes that press engagement with the
citizenry is problematic until this tension is addressed.
Primary source documents from the collections of Ray Stannard Baker, Ivy Ledbetter Lee and Edward L. Bernays
were consulted for this study, along with an extensive review of literature by experts in the fields of railroad and
World War I propaganda. The current debate about propaganda and public journalism was researched in
journalism books and trade journalism publications.
Chapter one looks at the late 19th century rise of American industrialism and the resulting alienation of the public
from big business. It examines the railroads' extensive use of publicity and propaganda to move crowds. This
chapter also establishes the growing public concern about the interests of big business often conflicting with the
public interest.
Chapter two shows that, even though the railroads engaged in abusive tactics, the mainstream press did not
attempt to expose railroad manipulations. With the rise of magazines however, the muckraking movement
developed and Ray Stannard Baker exposed railroad propaganda practices in McClure's magazine.
Chapter three details how the railroads used publicist Ivy Lee to successfully lobby for a rate increase in 1914. In
1917, George Creel implemented several propaganda approaches to successfully support America in World War I.
Chapter four shows that, as a result of Creel's propaganda successes, significant debate ensued in the 1920s
about the appropriateness of propaganda among Walter Lippmann, Edward Bernays and Harold Lasswell.
Chapter five details that the long-term fallout of press wariness of propaganda contributed to criticism of a 1990s
civic engagement movement called "public journalism." Many detractors within the press labeled public journalism
as a new form of propaganda, accusing it of attempting to move crowds. This chapter asks questions about how
the lingering concern regarding propaganda affects journalism's ability to engage the citizenry.
Variable
Variables (cont)
Variables is anything that can take
on different or varying values
Exemple :
• Nilai ujian
• Tingkat kecelakaan di jalan tol
• Indeks kemacetan kota
• Indeks pencemaran udara
• Tingkat kepuasaan pelanggan
• Indeks keberhasilan
Type of variables
Dependent Variables
 Independent Variables
 Moderating Variables
 Intervening Variables

Dependent
Variables
The dependent variables
is the variable of primary
interest to the researcher.
The researches goals is to explain or predict the
variability in the dependent variable.
Example
Motivation
Organizational loyalty
Human Development index
Stock market price
Reading abilities
Communication skills
Independent
Variables
Independent variables is one that influences the
dependent variable in either a positive or negative
way
Example
Workforce diversity
Level of education
New product succes
Number of books
Independent and Dependent Variables
Number of Books
(X)
Reading abilities
(Y)
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Y=aX
Independent and Dependent Variables (cont)
Managerial values
(X)
Power distance
(Y)
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Y=aX
Power distance : egalitarian interaction between the boss and the employees
VS the high power superior in interaction with the low-power subordinate
Independent and Dependent Variables (cont)
Stock market price
(Y)
New Product Success
(X)
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Y=aX
Independent and Dependent Variables (cont)
Level of Education
(X)
Communication skills
(Y)
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Y=aX
Moderating Variables
The moderating variables is one that has a strong
contingent effect on the independent-dependent
variables relationship.
The moderating variables modifies the originally
expected relationship between independent variables
and dependent variables
Number of Books
(X)
Reading abilities
(Y)
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Parents’ literacy
Moderating variables
Reading abilities
Number of Books
Parents’ literacy
Reading abilities
Effect of good literacy of the parents
Effect of not good literacy of the pare
Number of Books
The situation when the moderating variables operated
Intervening
Variables
Intervening variables is one that surfaces between the
time the independent variables operate to influence the
dependent variable and their impact on the dependent
variable.
Time t1
t2
t3
Number
of books
Reading
Exercise
opportunities
Reading abilities
(Y)
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Intervening variables