waste - Göteborg Action for Management of the Environment

Report for the GAME Network
WASTE: A RESOURCE TO
RECYCLE, REUSE AND
RECOVER RAW MATERIAL
Pre study for Horizon 2020 application
February, 2015 by Jonas Norrman. More info at www.gamenetwork.se.
1 FOREWORD
The research presented in this report is based on the interest of the GAME Network to
investigate Horizon 2020 funding possibilities with a focus on waste issues, especially
upstream the value chain. The targeted call presented in this documents is therefore
“Waste: A resource to recycle, reuse and recover raw material”.
The research regarding the history of EU policies, and current strategies developed,
programs implemented regarding waste issues show that this area became a priority
only very recently. The concept of circular economy has been integrated in EU waste
Directives less then one year ago and we can foresee more calls focusing on those
areas coming along the Horizon 2020 program.
The research result consists of a relevant extraction of policies and projects from
various EU authorities websites, mainly presented in three sections as:
§ An analysis of the development of EU policies for waste.
§ A selection of EU authorities from the waste sector.
§ A selection of former EU projects dealing with waste.
The information contained in these documents is made to help you to identify and
write a proposal fitting to the needs and expectations of the European Commission.
We also recommend the reader to follow news and updates from the authorities
mentioned in this report. The evolution of on-going EU projects on the topic is also an
important source of information that should be monitored from now until the end of
the application writing process.
Contact: Jonas Norrman, jonas.norrman@gamenetwork.se
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 Foreword ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction to waste in european research framework program ........................... 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 From the 1970 to 2000: toxic waste management
FP6 – FP7: energy and resource efficient economy
Horizon 2020: The circular economy
4 5 6 3 The targeted call: H2020-WASTE-2015-two-stage ................................................ 7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Specific challenge
Scope
Topic: Eco-innovative solutions
Topic: Eco-innovative strategies
7 7 8 8 4 European policies and authorities on waste ...........................................................8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The European Institute of Innovation & Technology – EIT Raw Materials
European Technology Platforms in Raw Materials – ETPs
The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Material
Eurostat - The Environmental Data Centre on Waste
5 EU funded projects in FP7 with actions on waste management ...........................11 3
9 9 10 11 2 INTRODUCTION TO WASTE IN EUROPEAN RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
PROGRAM
2.1 From the 1970 to 2000: toxic waste management
The history of environmental policy in the EU begins with waste policy. In the 1970s and
1980s a number of problems and scandals related to the handling of waste alerted policymakers to the potential impact that poorly managed waste could have upon the environment
and human health. Note that at that moment the focus is on waste from energy products used
in the nuclear and shipping industries, and toxic radioactive wastes.
The Member States began taking national measures to control and manage waste, which then
led to the Waste Framework Directive and the Hazardous Waste Directive, both adopted in
1975, and later to the Waste Shipment Regulation. These three pieces of legislation put in
place the basis of the regulatory structure on waste. They define waste and other key
concepts, ensure waste is handled without causing damage to the environment or human
health, and impose controlled conditions for moving waste throughout the EU.
In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrialised countries led to
a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid
of the wastes, “toxic traders” began shipping hazardous waste to developing countries and to
Eastern Europe. When this activity was revealed, international outrage led to the drafting
and adoption in 1989 of the Basel Convention, a multilateral environmental agreement. The
Convention addresses cleaner production, hazardous waste minimisation and controls on the
movement of these wastes, and, in combination with work done by the OECD, meant that a
number of unacceptable ways of dealing with waste, notably involving discharge at sea, were
abandoned.
However, the first EU Directives did not specify the environmental emission parameters for
the various waste management options that were considered to be acceptable: landfill,
incineration and recycling. This proved to be the weak point in terms of environmental
damage from waste, as was shown by a number of problems involving pollution from
incinerators or landfills, and from certain recycling plants.
Most of these gaps were filled by the Landfill Directive, finally adopted in 2001, and by the
Waste Incineration Directive of 2000 and its precursor legislation. Standards were set in
terms of pollution into the air or into groundwater. In addition, the 1996 Directive on
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), which introduces a permit system to
tackle pollution from industrial and agricultural facilities, sets standards for a number of
waste-related activities, as well as for plants where waste can be used, such as cement kilns.
The next major step was to help improve the management of waste, and in particular to
promote recycling, re-use and energy recovery over the disposal of waste. The 1996 Waste
Strategy Communication from the European Commission:
•
•
•
4
Reinforced the notion of a waste hierarchy.
Re-affirmed the “polluter pays” principle with regard to waste (so that those who
produce waste should have to pay the cost of treatment).
Developed the concept of priority waste streams. There were waste streams where
current practices had a high environmental impact, or where it had proved
particularly difficult to organise the funding of recycling despite the clear
environmental benefits. Over the last ten years or so this has resulted in legislation on
packaging and packaging waste, on end-of-life vehicles and on waste electrical and
electronic equipment.
2.2 FP6 – FP7: energy and resource efficient economy
The EU’s Sixth Environment Action Programme (2002- 2012) identified waste prevention
and management as one of four top priorities. Its primary objective was to ensure that
economic growth does not lead to more and more waste.
This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste. The 2005 Thematic Strategy on
Waste Pre- vention and Recycling resulted in the revision of the Waste Framework Directive,
the cornerstone of EU waste policy.
The revision brings a modernised approach to waste management, marking a shift away from
thinking about waste as an unwanted burden to seeing it as a valued resource. The Directive
focuses on waste prevention and puts in place new targets, which will help the EU move
towards its goal of becoming a recycling society. It includes targets for EU Member States to
recycle 50% of their municipal waste and 70% of construction waste by 2020.
The Directive introduces a five-step waste hierarchy where prevention is the best option,
followed by re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, with disposal such as landfill as the
last resort. EU waste legislation aims to move waste management up the waste hierarchy:
The waste hierarchy is a concept that has appeared in environmental literature and in some
EU member-states environmental legislation but before the waste framework directive of
2008 was not part of the European legislation.
5
The European waste hierarchy refers to the 5 steps included in the article 4 of the Waste
Framework Directive:
Prevention - preventing and reducing waste generation.
Reuse and preparation for reuse - giving the products a second life before they become waste.
Recycle - any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products,
materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes composting
and it does not include incineration.
Recovery - some waste incineration based on a political non-scientific formula that upgrades
the less inefficient incinerators.
Disposal - processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolisis, gasification
and other finalist solutions.
According to the Waste Framework Directive the European Waste Hierarchy is legally
binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy.
This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.
2.3 Horizon 2020: The circular economy
In July 2014, José Manuel Barroso's EU Commission proposed the Circular Economy
package, a legislative package regulating levels of waste, recycling and incineration. The
purpose was to reduce waste, improve resource efficiency, create jobs and stimulate
economic growth.
The package includes six bills on waste, packaging, landfill, end of life of vehicles, batteries
and accumulators, electronic equipment waste, as well as binding targets for recycling, ban of
landfills, and “aspirational” goals for resource efficiency, aimed at changing the business
model from “take, make, use and dispose” to a more “closed loop” approach where the raw
materials end up recycled and reused. After four years of work and several studies made, the
previous Commission said the package would create €600 billion net savings, two million
jobs and deliver 1% GDP growth.
As part of the circular economy package, the Commission also adopted a legislative proposal
to review recycling and other waste-related targets in the EU. Achieving the new waste
targets would create 180 000 new jobs, while making Europe more competitive and reducing
demand for costly scarce resources. The proposal aims to:
• Increase recycling/re-use of municipal waste to 70% in 2030;
• Increase packaging waste recycling/re-use to 80% in 2030 with material-specific
targets set to gradually increase between 2020 and 2030 (to reach 90 % for paper by
2025 and 60% for plastics, 80% for wood, 90% of ferrous metal, aluminium and glass
by the end of 2030);
• Phase out landfilling by 2025 for recyclable (including plastics, paper, metals, glass
and bio-waste) waste in non hazardous waste landfills – corresponding to a maximum
landfilling rate of 25%;
• Reduce food waste generation by 30% by 2025;
• Introduce an early warning system to anticipate and avoid possible compliance
difficulties;
• Ensure full traceability of hazardous waste;
• Increase the cost-effectiveness of Extended Producer Responsibility schemes by
defining minimum conditions;
• Simplify the reporting obligations and lighten obligations affecting SMEs;
• Harmonise and streamline the calculation of the targets and improve the reliability of
key statistics;
• Improve the overall coherence by aligning definitions and removing obsolete legal
requirements.
Interesting readings:
6
§
The waste framework directive:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
§
The circular economy package:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/
§
The legislative proposal to review recycling and other waste-related targets in the
EU:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014PC0397
§
The story behind the strategy – EU waste policy:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/story_book.pdf
3 THE TARGETED CALL: H2020-WASTE-2015-TWO-STAGE
Name of the call: waste: a resource to recycle, reuse and recover raw materials
Deadline: 4th April 2015
Total budget: 54 million Euros
3.1 Specific challenge
The growing waste produced in Europe, particularly in urban areas, where the vast majority
of the world population are expected to live by 2050, represents a cost for society and a
burden on the environment and, at the same time, a valuable stock of resources that can be
exploited.
Boosting eco-innovative solutions to prevent waste generation and promote the use of
waste as a resource, in line with the objectives of the EU Resource Efficiency Roadmap and
the Waste Framework Directive, can enhance the natural and living environment in urban
and peri-urban areas. Developing and demonstrating such solutions in real-life environments
will enhance their market uptake and contribute to sustainable urbanization worldwide.
Cities are more than spatially extended material artefacts; they are complex systems similar
to living organisms that use energy, air, water and nutrients and need to dispose waste in a
sustainable way. Adopting an urban metabolism perspective opens the way for innovative,
systemic approaches, involving the analysis of resource flows within cities. Integrating in this
way economic, social and environmental dynamics, it is possible to understand the socioeconomically and gender nuanced patterns of resource use and consumption, and pinpoint
drivers of waste-avoiding behavior, manufacturing and business and public governance
models.
3.2 Scope
Proposals should adopt an integrated urban metabolism approach and inter-disciplinary
research and innovation and take into account the gender dimension where relevant.
Proposals should involve active engagement of local authorities, citizens and other relevant
stakeholders, using innovative concepts such as mobilization and mutual learning.
3 topics are opened in this call:
• Eco-Innovative solutions
• Eco-innovative strategies
• Ensuring sustainable use of agricultural waste, co-products and by-products
The first two topics are in line with GAME network orientation regarding the development of
actions upstream the value-chain and are developed below.
7
3.3 Topic: Eco-innovative solutions
Scope: Demonstration, at an appropriate pilot scale, and market replication, of integrated
eco-innovative cost- and energy-efficient technologies, processes and/or services for waste
prevention, treatment, enhanced collection, recycling and recovery of high-grade valuable
materials from waste. Approaches should integrate technological and non-technological
solutions, including, where appropriate, the use of economic instruments, such as incentives
for more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and awareness raising
initiatives. Proposals should include the participation of industry, including SMEs as far as
possible.
The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of between
EUR 8 and 10 million would allow this specific challenge to be addressed appropriately.
Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other
amounts.
Expected impact: Significant measurable improvements in the state of the art in waste
management in urban and peri-urban areas, and in the operationalisation of the urban
metabolism approach for sustainable urban development and reduction of
negative environmental impacts (e.g. health)in cities. Contribution, over the long term, to the
establishment of European research and innovation leadership in urban waste management
and prevention.
3.4 Topic: Eco-innovative strategies
Scope: Development of innovative and sustainable strategies for waste prevention and
management in urban and peri-urban areas. Proposals should highlight how urban patterns,
drivers, consumer behaviour, lifestyles, culture, architecture and socio-economic issues can
influence the metabolism of cities. Proposals should highlight the possible benefits to be
derived from ecosystems services and green infrastructure, and their gender sensitive
application.
The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of between
EUR 4 and 5 million would allow this specific challenge to be addressed appropriately.
Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other
amounts.
Expected impact: Significant measurable improvements in the state of the art in waste
management in urban and peri-urban areas, and in the operationalisation of the urban
metabolism approach for sustainable urban development and reduction of negative
environmental impacts (e.g. health) in cities. Contribution, over the long term, to the
establishment of European research and innovation leadership in urban waste management
and prevention.
4 EUROPEAN POLICIES AND AUTHORITIES ON WASTE
A number of authorities support the European Commission work in identifying key
development angles and priorities to set up funding schemes. The strategic documentation
delivered by those authorities is publically available and will help you to identify and address
in your proposal the key issues, challenges, and strategic areas of the European Commission.
8
4.1 The European Institute of Innovation & Technology – EIT Raw
Materials
4.1.1 Who are they?
The EIT – Raw Materials was designated as an EIT Knowledge and Innovation Community
(KIC) by the EIT Governing Board on 09 December 2014. The below provides some
information about the challenges the KIC will address in the field of raw materials
(sustainable exploration, extraction, processing, recycling and substitution) and the impact it
will generate.
EIT Raw Materials aims to be the strongest consortium ever created in the world in the raw
materials field. The approach will pay particular attention to systemic thinking and de-siloing
across the value chain. Novel service offerings will be implemented to empower the EIT Raw
Materials community and other stakeholders, including four customised tracks focusing on
growth and job creation by boosting start-ups, SMEs, radical innovation and education.
4.1.2 What do they deliver?
EIT Raw Materials will generate significant impact on European competitiveness and
employment. This will be realised through the introduction of innovative and sustainable
products, processes and services and well-educated people that will deliver increased
economic, environmental and social sustainability to European society.
EIT Raw Materials aims to, among others:
§ Support and develop over 40 incubated ideas by 2018
§ By 2018 create 16 start-ups
§ More than 1000 Masters and PhD EIT Label graduates by 2018
§ By 2022, EIT Raw materials aims to have commercialised already 70 patents
Interesting readings:
§ EIT Raw Materials - Factsheet:
http://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EIT Raw Materials - Factsheet 2014_0.pdf
§
Designation of two new KICs - December 2014:
http://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2014-12-09 - Designation of new KICs.pdf
4.2 European Technology Platforms in Raw Materials – ETPs
ETPs European Technology Platforms are industry-led stakeholder forums which elaborate
strategic research and innovation agendas (SRAs) for action at EU and national level to be
supported by both private and public funding. While maintaining the flexibility and
individual visions of each ETP network, the objective of this commitment is to strengthen the
cooperation between the ETPs participating in the EIP on Raw Materials. Relevant research
and innovation initiatives such as Public-Private Partnerships are also be welcome to the
commitment. More specifically: Fragmentation in the implementation of the EIP-RM SIP
will be overcome Mutually beneficial information exchange will be encouraged Crossfertilization between actions undertaken by different raw material industries will be sought
Exploitation of breakthrough innovations will be speeded up and facilitated.
4.2.1 The ETP Promoting Innovation on Raw Material – ETP-PRIME
The partners of the ETP Promoting Innovation on Raw Materials’ (ETP-PRIME)
commitment strive to offer a better information support to their stakeholders. A work
process will be established for the support of cross-sector actions and initiatives undertaken
by stakeholders in support of the EIP Raw Materials SIP. While combining efforts and
thereby providing a better overview of national initiatives as well as European initiatives and
9
a stronger cross-ETP networking, the following activity areas are foreseen: 1) Establishing of
a cross-sector forum for exchange of best practice and technology between different sectors
and raw materials 2) Connected R&D and innovation actions among the partners,
stakeholders and their associates 3) Preparing a 2050 roadmap focusing on the potential
crossroads of non-food non-energy raw material.
4.2.2 The ETP SMR coordination of research and innovation on raw materials issues
The ETP SMR coordination of research and innovation of raw materials issues (ETP SMR
RMI) aims to provide an umbrella and coordination function for the raw materials related
research activities across the relevant ETPs and national technology platforms across the raw
materials value chain in order to increase synergies and facilitate uptake of research results
and innovation. -It will encourage diversity and capacity building as well as transfer of
knowledge and innovation capability. It will provide a contact point for the KIC. -It will
consolidate the network of people involved in the different Horizon 2020 and other projects
and initiatives and will provide a platform for identifying gaps and complementarities and
bridge where necessary. -Advise the European Commission and National governments of
future research needs and tools to stimulate innovation and assist in reviewing the EIP SIP
when necessary. A two-step approach is planed: 1st phase 2014-2015, 2nd phase 2016-2020
(after reassessing our commitment and submitting an updated one in the 2015 call for
commitments).
4.3 The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Material
4.3.1 Who are they?
The European Innovation Partnerships (EIPs) are a new approach to EU research and
innovation. By bringing together actors from the entire research and innovation value chain
they aim at streamlining efforts and accelerating market take-up of innovations that address
key challenges for Europe.
The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials is a stakeholder platform that brings
together representatives from industry, public services, academia and NGOs. Its mission is to
provide high-level guidance to the European Commission, Members States and private actors
on innovative approaches to the challenges related to raw materials.
4.3.2 What do they deliver?
EIP-Raw material delivers strategic and operational plans, identifying priority areas and
suggest actions to develop them.
Interesting readings:
10
§
Competitiveness of the EU mineral raw materials sector: non-energy extractive
industries and recycling industries:
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6840&lang=en&tpa_id=1019&title
=Competitiveness-of-the-EU-mineral-raw-materials-sector%3A-non-energyextractive-industries-and-recycling-industries
§
Study on Data Inventory for a Raw Material System Analysis: Roadmap and Test of
the Fully Operational MSA for Raw Materials:
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6859&lang=en&tpa_id=1019&title
=Study-on-Data-Inventory-for-a-Raw-Material-System-Analysis%3A-Roadmap-andTest-of-the-Fully-Operational-MSA-foh
4.4 Eurostat - The Environmental Data Centre on Waste
4.4.1 Who are they?
Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union situated in Luxembourg. Its task is to
provide the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons
between countries and regions.
4.4.2 What do they deliver?
The main objectives of the Environmental Date Centre of Waste are to:
• Provide robust data, indicators and other relevant information to support the
assessment of policy effectiveness;
•
Manage data, perform quality assurance, and coordinate data and information
managed by other bodies (e.g. Directorate General (DG) for the Environment,
Eurostat, the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Environment Agency (EEA),
other EU institutions, international organisations such as the OECD and the United
Nations);
•
Be the central entry point for reporting of data under European Union legislation on
waste;
•
Be the reference point for answering specific policy questions related to (statistical)
information on waste and the associated environmental impacts; and
•
Co-operate with DG Environment, the JRC and the EEA to develop and coordinate
the necessary methodologies to produce statistical data, information and indicators
on the environmental impacts of waste generation and waste management, within a
life cycle perspective.
Interesting readings:
§
Recycling – secondary material price indicator:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Recycling_–
_secondary_material_price_indicator
§
End-of-life vehicle statistics:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Recycling_–
_secondary_material_price_indicator
5 EU FUNDED PROJECTS IN FP7 WITH ACTIONS ON WASTE
MANAGEMENT
The projects with a Research and Development orientation in FP6 (EURATOM) were safety
oriented with topics such as the treatment of radioactive waste. For the projects fitting in the
FP6 sustainable development program, waste management was associated to energy
optimisation.
In FP7, a lot of small projects were about monitoring and analysing local and national
policies while a lot of other small projects aimed to optimise those local methodologies and
policies or establishing common policies and methodologies. Other projects focused on
defining research areas or strategy action plans.
A targeted research for projects with budgets over 5 million € in the FP7 research framework,
showed only two relevent results:
11
Acronym
Project name
C2A
Advanced
Technologies for the
Production of Cement
and Clean Aggregates
from Construction and
Demolition Waste
Acronym
Project name
ZEROW
IN
Towards zero waste in
industrial networks
12
Duratio
n
2011/14
Coordinating
organisation
Technische
universiteit
delft (NL)
Partners
Budget
Holcim group support ltd (CH)
Suniversita degli studi di roma la
sapienza (IT)
Akademia gorniczo-hutnicza im.
Stanislawa staszica w krakowie (SK)
Foundation for research and technology
hellas (DE)
Barcelona supercomputing center centro nacional de supercomputacion
(SP)
Universiteit leiden (NL)
Danmarks tekniske universitet (DK)
Strukton civiel bv (NL)
Theo pouw bv (NL)
Heidelbergcement ag (DE)
Holcim technology ltd (CH)
Dv srl (IT)
Laser 2000 benelux cv (NL)
Inashco R&D B.V (NL)
5 million €
Duratio
n
2009/14
Coordinating
organisation
Osterreichisc
he
gesellschaft
fuer systemund
automatisieru
ngstechnik
(AU)
Partners
Budget
Euskal herriko elektronika eta informazio
(SP)
Bio intelligence service sa (FR)
Centro de estudos informacaeo e
formacaeo para o ambiente (PT)
Flection germany gmbh (DE)
Fundacion gaiker (SP)
Hewlett-packard limited (UK)
Institut europeen d'administration des
affaires (FR)
Wirtschaftskammer oesterreich (AU)
Multimedia computer system ltd (IE)
Pe international ag (DE)
Saft sas (FR)
Technische universitat berlin (DE)
Regional environmental center for central
and eastern europe –rec (HR)
Trama tecnoambiental s.l. (SP)
United nations university (Japan)
University for the creative arts (UK)
University of limerick (IE)
Universitaet fuer bodenkultur wien (AU)
University of Southampton (UK)
Vfj werkstatten gmbh (DE)
Wameco s.c. ryszard szpadt, wojciech
gornikowski (SK)
Politechnika wroclawska (SK)
Universitaet Stuttgart (DE)
Continental teves ag & co. Ohg (DE)
Saft sa (FR)
Au optronics corporation (Taiwan)
Bauserve gmbh (DE)
Greentronics (RS)
Remade south east ltd. (UK)
Tricom gmbh (DE)
Up umweltanalytische produkte gmbh
(DE)
Wilding butler construction ltd (UK)
10 million
€