Lesson 1 | The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Transcription

Lesson 1 | The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Student Labs and Activities
Page
Appropriate For:
Launch Lab
8
all students
Content Vocabulary ELL
9
all students
Lesson Outline ELL
10
all students
MiniLab
12
all students
Content Practice A
13
AL
AL
AL
Content Practice B
14
AL
OL
BL
Language Arts Support
15
all students
Math Skills
17
all students
School to Home
18
all students
Key Concept Builders
19
Enrichment
23
Challenge
24
AL
AL
BL
Lesson Quiz A
25
AL
AL
BL
Lesson Quiz B
26
AL
OL
BL
AL
AL
AL
all students
Assessment
Teacher Support
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Answers (with Lesson Outlines)
AL Approaching Level
T2
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
From a Cell to an Organism
7
Name
Date
Launch Lab
Class
LESSON 1: 15 minutes
Why isn’t your cell like mine?
All living things are made of cells. Some are made of only one cell, while others are made
of trillions of cells. Where do all those cells come from?
Procedure
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Ask your team members to face away
from you. Draw an animal cell on a
sheet of paper. Include as many
organelles as you can.
3. Use scissors to cut the cell drawing into
equal halves. Fold each sheet of paper
in half so the drawing cannot be seen.
5. Have team members sit facing away
from each other. Each person should
use a glue stick to attach the cell
half to a sheet of paper. Then each
person should draw the missing
cell half.
6. Compare the two new cells to your
original cell.
4. Ask your team members to face you.
Give each team member half of the cell
drawing.
Think About This
1. How did the new cells compare to the original cell?
Key Concept What are some things that might be done in the early steps
to produce two new cells that are more like the original cell?
8
2.
Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 1
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly replaces the underlined words in each
sentence. NOTE: You may need to change a term to its plural form.
cell cycle
centromere
cytokinesis
daughter cells
eukaryotic
interphase
mitosis
sister chromatids
1. At the end of the cell cycle, the division of the cell’s
nucleus occurs.
2. Until the sister chromatids in each duplicated
chromosome separate during mitosis, they are held
together by a special structure.
3. A chromosome is made up of two identical coiled strands
of DNA.
4. Following mitosis, the division of the cell’s cytoplasm
occurs.
5. Most cells go through a cyclical processe of growth,
development, and division.
6. The cell cycle can be divided into two main phases—
a period of growth and development and the mitotic
phase.
7. Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of
two identical new cells.
8. For some cells, identified as those with membrane-bound
structures, the cell cycle might take as long as one year.
9
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
A. The Cell Cycle
1. Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth, development, and division
called the
.
2. Because of the cell cycle, organisms grow and
, replace
old or damaged cells, and produce new cells.
B. Phases of the Cell Cycle
1. There are two main phases of the cell cycle—interphase and
the
2.
phase.
is the period of growth and development for a cell.
3. During interphase, most cells go through three stages—rapid growth
and
of
for
of the organelles; replication
, the genetic information in a cell; and preparation
.
4. During the mitotic phase, a cell
.
1.
makes up most of the cell cycle.
2. During interphase, the DNA in the cell is called
.
D. Phases of Interphase
1. Interphase begins with a period of rapid growth—the
stage.
2. During the
stage of interphase, the cell replicates its
strands of chromatin.
3.
are the two identical strands of DNA that make up the
duplicated chromosome.
4. The sister chromatids are held together by a structure called
the
.
5. The final stage of interphase—the
stage—is a period of
growth and final preparation for mitosis.
10
C. Length of a Cell Cycle
Lesson Outline continued
E. Organelle Replication
1. Before a cell divides, it makes copies of all its
.
2. In
, the nucleus and its contents divide.
3. In
, the cytoplasm and its contents divide.
4. Two new
result from mitosis and cytokinesis.
F. Phases of Mitosis
1. During
, duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes.
2. During
, the chromosomes line up in the middle of
the cell.
3. During
, sister chromatids in each duplicated
chromosome separate and are pulled in opposite directions by the spindle fibers.
4. During
, chromosomes begin to uncoil, and two new
identical nuclei form.
G. Dividing the Cell’s Components
1. After mitosis,
usually divides a cell’s cytoplasm, forming
a new cell membrane around each daughter cell.
2. In animal cells, a(n)
deeper until the cell
3. In plant cells, a(n)
in the middle of the cells gets
comes together to divide the cell.
grows outward toward a new cell
wall until two new cells form.
H. Results of Cell Division
1. The cell cycle results in two new
that are genetically
identical to each other and to the original cell, which no longer exists.
2. The cell cycle is important for reproduction in some organisms, growth
in
organisms, replacement of worn-out or damaged
cells, and repair of damaged tissues.
11
Name
Date
MiniLab
Class
LESSON 1: 20 minutes
How does mitosis work?
The dolix is a mythical animal whose cells contain just two chromosomes. What happens
to a dolix cell’s nucleus during mitosis?
Procedure
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Form four 60-cm lengths of yarn into
large circles on four separate sheets of
paper. Each piece of paper represents
one phase of mitosis, and the yarn
represents the cell membrane.
3. On each sheet of paper, model one
phase of mitosis using different colors
of yarn to represent the nuclear
membrane, the spindles, and the
chromosomes. Use twist ties to
represent centromeres. Tape the yarn
in place.
4. Label your models, or develop a key to
indicate which color is used for which
part.
Analyze and Conclude
1. Identify If you were to model a dolix cell’s nucleus before mitosis began, what would
your model look like? Would you be able to see the individual chromosomes?
mitosis? What is this stage?
3.
12
Key Concept During mitosis, the cell forms two new, identical nuclei. Use your
models to explain why, in order to do this, mitosis must occur after events in
interphase.
2. What would a model of your cell look like during the stage immediately following
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
cell cycle
centromere
cytokinesis
interphase
mitosis
sister chromatids
1. The
daughter cells
is the regular pattern of growth, development, and
division in cells.
2. Identical strands of a chromosome are called
3. Two identical nuclei are formed during
4. Cytoplasm divides to form two cells during
.
.
.
5. The two cells produced during the cell cycle are called
.
6. After chromatin is duplicated, sister chromatids are connected by
a(n)
.
7. The two main phases in the cell cycle are
and the mitotic
phase.
Directions: Complete each sentence by circling the correct word(s) in parentheses.
8. The most important result of the cell cycle is two (identical/very different) cells.
9. The cell cycle is important for reproduction in (multicellular/unicellular) organisms.
10. The cell cycle is important for growth and repair in (multicellular/unicellular) organisms.
11. After cell division, the parent cell (divides again/no longer exists).
13
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
1. What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
2. During which phase of the cell cycle is chromatin duplicated?
3. During which main phase of the cell cycle do mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
4. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
5. What makes up a chromosome?
to the parent cell? What happens to the parent cell?
7. How is the cell cycle important to some unicellular organisms?
8. How is the cell cycle important to multicellular organisms?
14
6. What is produced at the end of the cell cycle? How do they compare to each other and
Name
Date
Class
LESSON 1
Writing Activity: Narrowing a Research Topic
Learning the Skill
Suppose someone asked you, “What do you know about science?” The question might be
too broad for you to answer clearly. If the question were more limited, you would probably
have a clearer idea of how to answer the question; for example, “What do you know about
how cells reproduce?”
The same principle applies when you write a research report. Some topics are broader than
others. For example, The Cell Cycle includes everything from the phases of the cell cycle to
mitosis. In contrast, The G2 Stage of Interphase is a much narrower topic. You could more
easily research and write a brief report on this topic because it covers a limited set of facts.
When you choose a topic for a brief research report, make sure it is narrow enough in
scope that you can explain it effectively. Use a topic web to break down a broad subject
into several subtopics. First, enter your topic in the center of a web such as the one shown
below. Then ask yourself questions such as the following:
• What different kinds of areas does my topic cover?
• What events does it cover?
• Which phases does it include?
• Which types of cells or organisms does it involve?
Use your answers to help you fill in the next group of circles. Circle the subtopic that you
find most interesting. Then try to narrow that subtopic by repeating the questions above.
DNA
replication
growth
S stage
G1 stage
G2 stage
interphase
cell cycle
cell
cytokinesis
mitosis
15
Name
Date
Class
LESSON 1
Writing Activity: Narrowing a Research Topic
Practicing the Skill
Directions: Use the topic web shown on the previous page to answer each question or respond to each statement
on the lines provided.
1. With what general topic did the writer begin the web?
2. Name the three subtopics that the writer identified for the cell cycle. Are any of these
topics limited enough to cover in a brief research report? Explain your answer.
3. Which of these three subtopics did the writer decide to narrow further? Name the next
set of subtopics.
Applying the Skill
Directions: Review the topic web on the previous page. On another sheet of paper, choose one of the subtopics
(e.g., interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) to use as a starting point to make a web. Narrow it further by adding more
circles to your web. Stop when you reach a topic that is narrow enough in scope to cover in a report. Write your
topic at the top of a sheet of paper. Then write a brief, one- or two-paragraph report on your research topic.
16
4. Which topic did the writer finally choose to research? How can you tell?
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 1
Use Percentages
Percentages are used to compare a partial amount to a whole amount. A whole amount is
equal to 100%. To convert a ratio or fraction to a percent, multiply by 100. For example,
1 × 100 = 25, so __
1 = 25%.
__
4
4
Jana got 23 out of 30 points on her quiz. What percentage of the total points did Jana get?
Step 1 Identify the ratio and write it as a fraction. The numerator of the ratio represents
the partial amount, and the denominator represents the whole amount.
23
___
30
Step 2 Divide to change the ratio to a decimal.
23
___
= 0.767
30
Step 3 Multiply by 100.
0.767 × 100 = 76.7%
Jana got 76.7% of the total points.
Practice
1. Raj got 51 out of 60 points on his quiz.
What percentage of the total points did
Raj get?
2. Alison has a goal of saving $50. She
has saved $31 so far. What percentage
of her goal has she saved?
3. Jesse is reading a book that is 216
pages long. He is on page 88. What
percentage of the book has he read?
4. For a certain organism, the interphase
stage of the cell cycle takes 42 hours. If
the length of the cell cycle is 44 hours,
what percentage of the cycle is taken
up by interphase?
17
Name
Date
Class
School to Home
LESSON 1
Directions: Use your textbook to answer each question.
1. Interphase is the time when a cell grows and develops.
What are the three stages of interphase?
2. Cells go through two basic phases—interphase and the mitotic phase.
How are interphase and the mitotic phase related?
What are the two stages of the mitotic phase?
4. When a cell divides, the resulting cells are called daughter cells.
What happens to the original cell when it divides into daughter cells?
18
3. The mitotic phase is the time when a cell divides into two cells.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
The Cell and Cell Division
Key Concept What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term on each line.
1.
G1-Rapid
growth and
replication
of organelles
2.
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
S-DNA
replication
G2-Preparation
for cell division
3. Which phase of the cell cycle is the period of growth and development?
4. During which phase do the nucleus and cytoplasm divide?
5. How many stages are in each phase of the cell cycle?
6. How does a cell at the end of the first phase of the cell cycle differ from a cell at the
end of the second phase?
19
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Directions: Complete this table by writing a description in each space provided.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Phase
Interphase
Mitotic phase
Stage
Description
G1
1.
S
2.
G2
3.
mitosis
4.
cytokinesis
5.
6. What is the DNA in the G1 stage called? What does it look like?
7. During which stage is DNA in the nucleus duplicated?
8. After DNA is duplicated, what is it called? What does it look like?
9. Compare the replication of mitochondria to the replication of organelles that do not
have their own DNA.
20
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Directions: Mitosis is one stage in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Mitosis is divided into four parts. Work
with a partner to read each sentence and decide which part of mitosis it describes. On each line, write the term
from the word bank that correctly matches each sentence. Terms will be used more than once.
anaphase
metaphase
prophase
telophase
1. Duplicated chromosomes align along the middle of the cell.
2. The cell begins to get longer.
3. Duplicated chromatin coils together tightly.
4. Sister chromatids in each duplicated chromosome separate and are pulled in opposite
directions by the spindle fibers.
5. The nucleolus disappears, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form
in the cytoplasm.
6. A nuclear membrane grows around each set of chromosomes.
7. Spindle fibers that helped divide the chromosome begin to disappear, and
chromosomes begin to uncoil.
8. Spindle fibers pull and push the duplicated mitotic chromosomes to the middle of the
cell.
9. Two new identical nuclei are formed.
10. Two identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell.
11. What are the two cell division stages in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?
12. What happens during cytokinesis?
21
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Key Concept Why is the result of the cell cycle important?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. If a parent cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter
cell have? Explain. Then compare the chromosomes in the parent cell and the
daughter cells.
2. Explain what kind of organism might use cell division as a form of reproduction.
4. Explain how cell division is important for replacement and repair. Give specific
examples.
22
3. Why is cell division important for a baby?
Name
Date
Class
Enrichment
LESSON 1
Why do cells divide?
A whale is many times bigger than a
human. But the cells of whales and
humans are nearly the same size. In fact,
most cells are small. In plants and animals,
most cells are less than 100 micrometers
long. You cannot see them without a
microscope.
Cells are small for a good reason—their
small size makes it possible to efficiently
take in nutrients and oxygen and to
eliminate wastes and carbon dioxide. As
you have learned, nutrients and oxygen are
transported from the outer cell surface to
the inside of the cell. These materials must
reach all parts of the cell. As the cell
grows, its volume increases faster than its
surface area. Eventually, the surface area
is not sufficient to handle the large
amount of material passing into and out
of the cell.
Ratio of Volume to Surface Area
Let’s look at how the ratio of surface area
to volume changes. Consider a cube that is
2 centimeters on each side, as shown in the
image. Its surface area is 24 cm2 (height ×
width × number of sides). Its volume is 8
cm3 (height × length × width). The ratio of
surface area to volume is 3:1 (24 cm2 ÷ 8
cm3). If the length of each side of the cube
doubles, the surface area is 96 cm2 and the
volume is 64 cm3. The ratio of surface area
to volume is now 1.5:1.
As the length of each side of the cube
increases, the ratio of surface area to
volume becomes smaller. The volume of
the cube increases faster than its surface
area. The same trend is true in a cell. As the
cell grows, its surface area eventually
reaches the point where materials are not
efficiently passing into and out of the cell.
2 cm
Surface area: 24 cm 2
Volume: 8 cm3
Ratio: 3:1
4 cm
Surface area: 96 cm 2
Volume: 64 cm3
Ratio: 1.5:1
Cell Division
When a cell’s surface area is too small
for its volume, the cell divides or stops
functioning. Cell division is the cell’s
response to unlimited growth. By maintaining a proper ratio of surface area to volume,
the cell ensures that it can interact
efficiently with its environment. The small
size also means materials do not have to
travel far to reach all parts of the cell.
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Respond to each statement.
1. Solve Imagine a model of a cell shaped like a cube. Calculate the ratio of surface area
to volume for a cell model that measures 3 cm on each side.
2. Summarize how cell size relates to cell division.
23
Name
Challenge
Date
Class
LESSON 1
How many are there?
Suppose you are observing mitosis in the lab and you want to project how many cells
will be produced by a single cell after ten cell cycles. Show your work in the space below.
Graph your results.
24

Lesson 1 | The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Transcription

Similar documents

INCOME TAX FUNDAMENTALS - McGraw

Roots 1 - Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

Living With Art

Chapter 13 - McGraw

Document 6598453

Document 6585974

Cellular Structure and Function

Cell division

File - Callis Science

Mitosis notes