Lesson 15: Derived forms of the verb

Transcription

Lesson 15: Derived forms of the verb
This lesson looks at verbs and the different forms which can be derived from the basic verb.
Meaning, taking one verb and modifying it to produce a new one!
Some of these different forms will see a relationship or a clear link between it and the verb it
derived from, and others not so.
For example,
In English, if we take the verb stand. In its basic meaning, we know this to mean “stand up”.
We can then add something to the beginning of this verb to derive a new verb.
For example,
Stand
Withstand, understand.
There is no clear relationship between ‘stand’ and ‘withstand’ or ‘understand’.
Whereas if we look at the verb see. We can add something to its front to again, derive a new verb.
For example,
see
oversee.
In this case, there is a relationship between the original verb ‘see’ and
the new derivation ‘oversee’.
In Arabic, modifications are made to the basic root by adding either a:
Prefix (in front of the word)
Infix (in the middle of the word)
Suffix (at the end of the word)
Altering vowel patterns
Each of these modifications or different forms (meaning patterns they fall into) imply a different
type of meaning! By understanding them it will allow you to unlock the meaning to so many words!
–although it must also be bore in mind that these meanings are not 100% concrete in definition.
In some instances, these meanings will not apply.
However, these different formations can be used as a gentle guide in understanding.
Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 1
Altogether, there are 15 derived forms (different combinations of prefixes, infixes, suffixes, vowel
patterns – different combinations of how you alter the word exactly to produce the new word).
However only the first 9 are common enough to study at this point.
Most roots (meaning basic 3 letters) can be modified to include most of the various pattern
derivations, although there are some which can only remain in their basic form.
The only way to know, is to refer to a dictionary.
So what are these patterns?
(these are all nouns)
(these are verbs)
It is important to memorise this table of formations, so lets break it down to make it easier to
process and digest!
First point – each of the different forms have been numbered with roman numerals rather than
standard numbers.
This is because in the dictionary, each of these forms are in fact written against roman numerals.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
‫ الفِعْلُ الماضي‬Perfect Verb: past tense (ie wrote)
ُ‫ضارع‬
‫ الفِ ْعلُ الم‬Imperfect Verb: Present / future tense (ie write)
ِ
ُِ ‫ اِسْمُ الفَا ِع‬Active Participle: the noun who performs the action of the verb (ie: writer)
‫ل‬
ُِ ‫ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع‬Passive Participle: noun that receives the action of the verb – the person/thing which is
‫ول‬
(meaning of verb) ie: written / letter.
ُ‫ ال َمصْ َدر‬Verbal Noun: is a noun derived from the verb that corresponds to the action of performing the
verb (ie: writing, walking, -ing)
Each form works differently, so the following is a closer look at each of these forms to identify
patterns to help aid memorisation of the table inshallah, and also explain in more detail how each
form
Idiosyncrasies:
A distinctive or peculiar feature or characteristic of a place or thing.
Connotation:
An association that a word or phrase carries, in addition to the word's or phrase's explicit or
literal meaning.
Form 1 idiosyncrasies
ُ‫ال َمصْ َدر‬
Verbal Noun
There are many
patterns.
Will have to
learn each
verbal noun
specific to each
verb.
َ‫فَ َع َل‬
ُ‫ول‬
ِ ‫اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع‬
Passive Participle
Form I
ُ‫اِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل‬
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
‫الفِ ْعلُ الم‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
ُ‫ُيَُْفعُل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْف ُِعل‬
ُ‫َُم ْفعُ ُْول‬
Perfect Verb
1
ُ‫ُفَ َُع َل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْف َُعل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْفعُل‬
ُ‫ُفَا ِعل‬
‫الفِعْلُ الماضي‬
2
ُ‫ُفَعُ َل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْف َُعل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْف ُِعل‬
3
ُ‫ُفَ ُِع َل‬
So, if we take a look at which vowel the second root letter takes in the perfect, we can see what it
will be in the imperfect-
1.
2.
3.
ُ‫( ُفَ َُع َل‬fatha -perfect) can take all three vowels in the imperfect.
َُ ُ‫( ُفَع‬dummah-perfect) Will retain its dummah in the imperfect.
‫ل‬
َُ ‫( ُفَ ُِع‬kessrah-perfect) can only become fathah or kessrah in the imperfect
‫ل‬
For example:
ُ‫)ُفَ َُع َل‬
If it is a fatha in the perfect (
it could be any of the three vowels in the imperfect
Fathah
Could be any vowel in
the imperfect
Kessrah
Dummah
ُ َ‫يَ ُْذ ُه‬
‫ب‬
ُ‫يَحُْ ُِمل‬
ُ‫يَ ُْذكُر‬
ُ‫ب‬
َ َ‫َُذ ُه‬
َُ ‫ح َُم‬
‫ل‬
َُ
‫َُذ َُك َُر‬
Fatha in the perfect
ُ‫) ُفَعُ َل‬
If it is a dummah in the perfect (
It will be a dummah in the imperfect
dummah in the imperfect
ُ‫يَضُْعُف‬
ُ‫ف‬
َُ
َ ُ‫ضع‬
dummah in the perfect
ُ‫) ُفَ ُِع َل‬
If it is a kessrah in the perfect (
it will usually be a fathah in the imperfect
unless
the first root letter is a
Usually fatha in the imperfect
kessrah in the imperfect
‫ و‬in which case it will be a kessrah.
‫س َُم ُع‬
ُْ َ‫ي‬
ُ‫ُيَ ُِرث‬
ُ‫س ُِم َع‬
َُ
َُ ‫َُو ُِر‬
‫ث‬
kessrah in the perfect
kessrah in the perfect with 1st
root letter
‫و‬
‫– الفِعْ ُل ْال ُم َت َع ِّدي‬transitive verbs
These are verbs which require a direct object to complete the meaning of the
sentence, without which the sentence cannot be understood. i.e: the man grabbed the thief.
‫الالز ُم‬
‫– ْالفِعْ ُل‬intransitive verbs
ِ
These are verbs which do not need a direct object to complete its meaning. i.e: he sat.
Some other important points to mention about form 1:

Verbs which fit the pattern
i.e:
ُ‫ ُفَ َُع َل‬are usually transitive (takes a direct object).
ُ‫ب‬
َ َ‫– َكت‬He wrote……(needs something to have written)
However, sometimes they can also be intransitive (doesn’t need a direct object).
i.e:

ُ‫س‬
َ َ‫ – َجل‬He sat. (nothing else is needed to understand that he “sat”)
i.e:
ُ‫ُفَ ُِع َل‬
are usually intransitive.
ُ‫– َعلِ َم‬He knew.

ُ‫ ُفَعُ َل‬are intransitive and also indicate a permanent state or
inherent quality (a characteristic or state).
i.e:
ُ‫ف‬
َ ‫ضع‬
َ – meaning to become weak. (this would be used in reference to how we may
find the characteristics of the elderly for example.)

There are no set patterns for verbal nouns!
َ‫فَ َّع َل‬
Form II
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫ُتَ ْف ُِعُْيل‬
ُ‫مُفَعُل‬
ُ‫مُُفَعُل‬
ُ‫يُفَعُل‬
ُ‫ُفَعُ َل‬
Features:
The only difference between form 1 and 2 is the
‫ ع‬always takes shaddah, accept for the verbal
noun.
Connotations
Form 2 has 4 connotations:
1. Causative meaning “to cause to do…..” (causing somebody to do something)
A verb that is intransitive in form 1, when it is put into form 2 pattern it will actually become
transitive! …..so in form 1 it will not need a direct object to complete its meaning, but when
put into form 2 it does!
For example:
Form 2
Form 1
ُ‫َعلِ َم‬
to know
Apply the same
verb into form 2
pattern
ُ‫َعل َم‬
to teach….
ie: to cause to know
2. Intensive – meaning the act in form 2, is done with greater intensity or continued over a
longer duration than in form 1.
You might say in form 1 somebody was “killed”, then applying the same verb into form 2, a
greater intensity of killing is implied, such as massacred, butchered, killed many, killed over
and over etc
For example:
Form 1
Form 2
ُ‫َك َس َر‬
Apply the same
verb into form 2
pattern
To break
(something)
ُ‫َكس َر‬
To break (something) into
little pieces
3. Metaphorical – The verb can be a metaphor or a simile for the subjects condition.
For example:
Form 2
Form 1
Apply the same
verb into form 2
pattern
ُ‫قَ ْوس‬
A bow
ُ‫س الرحل‬
َُ ‫قَو‬
The man was bent (like a
bow)
4. Shortening – Can be used to abbreviate long words or phrases using the most significant
letters.
Meaning, you can take a whole phrase, and take the three main letters of that phrase and
put them into form 2 to represent the saying of that phrase.
For example:
The verb
‫هلّل‬
The verb
literally means “he said
‫"ال إله اال هللا‬
ُ‫ َكب َر‬means “he said Allahu Akbar”
An example of form 2 found in the Qur’an:
Allah says in Surah al-Baqara (2):31
‫َُو َعل َُمُ َءا َُد َم أ‬
ُ‫ُٱۡلَ أس َمآ َء‬
And He taught Adam all the names
َ‫فا َع َل‬
Form III
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ ‫فِ َع‬
‫ال‬
ُ‫مُفَا َعلَة‬
ُ‫مُفَا َعل‬
ُ‫مُفَا ِعل‬
ُ‫يُفَا ِعل‬
ُ‫ُفَا َع َل‬
Features:
‫ ا‬is added after ‫ف‬
َُ
Connotations
The connotation of form 3 is “Associative”.
– meaning, two or more people are involved in the action – verbs in these patterns imply that
there is more than one person involved in the action.
For example:
Form 1
ُ‫س‬
َ َ‫َجل‬
to sit
ُ‫قَتَ َل‬
to kill
form 3
ُ‫س‬
َ َ‫جال‬
to sit in someone’s
company
ُ‫سه‬
َُ َ‫جال‬
He sat in his
company
ُ‫قَاتَ َل‬
To combat –
It is not just 1 person involved – more than 1 person are fighting
or killing each other; 2 people are involved in the action
Notes:
There are 2 different verbal noun patterns for form 3:


ُ ِ‫ف‬
‫عال‬
ُ‫مفَا َعلَة‬
Some verbs will be able to take on both patterns, some only one but not the other. While some,
can take on both patterns!
The difference when they can take on both patterns, is that:


ُ‫ فِعال‬pattern indicates the physical particular occurrence of it.
Whereas the ُ
‫ مفَا َعلَة‬pattern is abstract occurrence of it.
the
For example:
To strive / to struggle
Can go into both verbal noun patterns:
‫مفَا َعلَ ُة‬
ُ‫فِعال‬
abstract occurrence of
physical particular occurrence of
An abstract verbal noun
Struggling / striving of your soul
a physical verbal noun
to fight on the battle field.
َ‫أَ ْف َع َل‬
Form IV (4)
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫إِ ْف َعال‬
ُ‫مُ ْف َعل‬
ُ‫مُ ْف ِعل‬
ُ‫يُ ْف ِعل‬
ُ‫أَ ْف َع َل‬
Features
A dummah is on the prefixes.
It is only form 4 which has hamzatul-qat’
َ‫ ُأ‬at the start of the perfect verb. All the others that start with
alif, are hamzatul-wasl.
Connotations
The main meaning of form 4 is like that of form 2 – causative.
So something which was intransitive in form 1, becomes transitive in form 4, because you are
causing somebody else to do something.
For example,
Form 1
ُ‫نَ َز َل‬
To descend
ُ‫ض ِح َك‬
َ
To laugh
form 4
ُ‫أَ ْن َز َل‬
to cause to descend
(i.e: to send down)
ُ‫أَضْ َح َك‬
to make (someone) laugh
َ
ُ‫مات‬
َ َ‫أ‬
ُ‫مات‬
To die
to make (someone) die
An example of form 4 found in the Qur’an:
Allah says in Surah al-Qadr (97):1
‫إِنآُأَن َزأُلنَ ٰـهُفِىُلَ أيلَ ِة أ‬
ُ‫ُٱلقَ أد ِر‬
Verily, We have sent it (this Qur'ân) down in the night of Al-Qadr
Sometimes these is no apparent link between the meaning in form 1 and form 4 (remember when
we took the example of stand – understand). It will give a whole new meaning!
For example,
a
form 1
form 4
ُ‫لَقِ َي‬
‫أَ ْلقَى‬
To meet
ُ‫ض‬
َ ‫قَ َر‬
To cut
to cast down, to fling
ُ‫ض‬
َ ‫أَ ْق َر‬
to lend
َ‫تَفَ َّع َل‬
Form V
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫ُتَُفَعُل‬
ُ‫مُُتَُفَعُل‬
ُ‫مُُتَُفَعُل‬
ُ‫ُيَُتَُفَعُل‬
ُ‫ُتَُفَعُ َل‬
Features:
It resembles Form 2 in that it has a shaddah on the
‫ ع‬but also has an additional prefixed taa’.
Also notice the only difference between the perfect verb and verbal noun is the harakat!
Connotations
Form 5 takes 2 connotations:
1. Reflective.
Whatever action is done through a Form 2 verb, in Form 5 it is seen through the point of
view of the object – the subject has performed the verb on himself.
To understand this – we know that a verb requires a subject (the one performing the verb),
and an object (the one which receives the action of the verb).
In form 5, the subject will perform the action of the verb to themselves.
For example:
form 2
form 5
ُ‫َذك َر‬
ُ‫تَ َذك َر‬
To remind (somebody)
to remember (ie: to remind oneself)
2. It can also mean the same as form 1
For example:
Form 1
form 2
To cause to know =
ُ‫َعلِ َم‬
ُ‫َعل َم‬
To know
to teach
form 5
Reflect that back on
yourself =
ُ‫تَ َعل َم‬
to learn
An example of form 5 in the Qur’an
Allah says in Surah al –Ahzab (33):35
ُ‫ت‬
َ ِ‫صدُق‬
َ َ‫ينُ َو أٱلمت‬
َ َ‫َو أُٱلمت‬
ِ ‫صدقَ ٰـ‬
the men and the women who give Sadaqât
َ‫تَفا َع َل‬
Form VI (6)
ُ‫ول‬
ُ‫سمُ الفَا ِع ِل‬
ُْ ِ‫ا‬
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Verbal Noun
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫ُتَُفَاعل‬
ُ‫مُُتَُفَا َعل‬
ُ‫مُُتَُفَا ِعل‬
ُ‫ُيَتَُفَا َعل‬
ُ‫ُتَُفَا َع َل‬
Features:
Form 6 inserts
َ before ‫ف‬
ُ‫ت‬
َُ and an ‫ ا‬after it.
Also notice the only difference between the perfect verb and verbal noun is the harakat!
Connotations
Form 6 takes on 3 connotations:
1. Reciprocity.
Meaning that it indicates an action being done with another person or group, more distinctly
than in form 3 – so they are actively doing / reciprocating the action to one another.
For example:
form 3
form 6
ُ‫عاو َن‬
َ
To help (someone)
ُ‫عاو َن‬
َ َ‫ت‬
to co-operate
ie: to help one another
َ ‫حا َد‬
ُ‫ث‬
َ ‫تَحا َد‬
ُ‫ث‬
To talk (to someone)
to converse / talk together
2. feigning a state
Meaning it is used to indicate the subject is feigning a state (pretending)
For example:
Form 1
form 6
ُ‫ض‬
َ ‫ار‬
َ ‫تَ َم‬
ُ‫ض‬
َ ‫َم ِر‬
To be sick
to feign illness
َ
ُ‫مات‬
َ ‫او‬
ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫تَ َم‬
To die
to pretend to be dead
3. Diligent acquisition of a state
This is somewhat similar to the previous connotation, in that they are purposefully trying to
attain the state which is indicated by the root meaning.
This is usually something negative, rather than positive.
For example:
form 1
ُ‫َج ِه َل‬
To be ignorant
form 6
ُ‫تَ َجاهَ َل‬
to try to be ignorant
An example of form 6 found in the Qur’an is
Surah al-Ma’idah (5):2
‫واُ َعلَ أ‬
ْ ُ‫َُوتَ َعا َون‬
ُۖ‫ىُٱلبِرُ َوٱلت أق َو ٰى‬
Help you one another in Al-Birr and At-Taqwa
َ‫اِ ْنفَ َع َل‬
Form VII (7)
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫ُاُِْنفِ َعال‬
-
ُ‫مُُْنفَ ِعل‬
ُ‫ُيَُْنفَ ِعل‬
ُ‫ُاُِْنفَ َع َل‬
Features
Notice the
ُ‫ ْن‬with sukoon before the ‫ف‬
It is almost never formed with verbs whose first root letter is any of the following:
‫يرملون‬
Connotations:
Form 7 is Passive and only passive!
(this explains why there is no pattern for the passive participle)
There is no stated doer of the verb, but the action of the verb was still carried out. – So you do not
know who did the action of the verb (the subject) – the action happened, you just don’t know who
did it!
What seems to be the object, becomes the subject in the passive tense.
For example:
Form 1
ُ‫َك َس َر‬
To break (something)
form 7
ُ‫اِ ْن َك َس َر‬
to become broken, to shatter
(you don’t know who did it, but it broke!)
An example of form 7 in the Qur’an is
Surah al-Baqarah (2):60
ً۬‫ُٱثنَتَاُ َع أشرةَُ َع أينا‬
‫ُفَٱنفَ َج َُر أتُ ِم أنه أ‬
َ
Then gushed forth therefrom twelve springs
Linguistic note this ayah – the passive form 7 is used here – it shows no one knew who caused
the water to gush out – it shows it was not Musa himself who was the cause.
َ‫اِ ْفتَ َع َل‬
Form VIII
ُ‫ول‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫اُِْفُتِ َعال‬
ُ‫مُْفُتَ َعل‬
ُ‫مُْفُتَ ِعل‬
ُ‫يَُْفُتَ ِعل‬
ُ‫اُِْفُتَ َع َل‬
Features
Form 8 has
ُ‫ت‬
َُ
ِ after ‫ف‬
Connotations:
It is quite common to find verbs fitting form 8, however there is not a consistent meaning
connected with these patterns.
It is closely related to the basic root meaning, however the most common significance is that is it
reflective of form 1,
-meaning that whatever action is done through a form 1 verb, when it is form 5 it is seen through
the point of view of the object – the subject has performed the verb on himself (similar to what we
saw in form 5)
For example:
Form 1
form 8
ُ‫َج َم َع‬
To gather
(people or things)
ُ‫اِجْ تَ َم َع‬
to get together, assemble
(have gathered themselves together)
So much of the time, form 8 verb will be the subject doing the action to themselves. (the subject
will also be the object)
Allah says in Surah Al-Anbiya (21):1
‫أ‬
َ
ُ‫ُح َسابهمأ‬
‫لن‬
‫ل‬
ُ
ُ
‫ب‬
‫ر‬
‫ت‬
‫ٱق‬
َ
َ
ِ ‫اس‬
ِ
ِ
Draws near for mankind their reckoning
َ‫اِ ْف َع َّل‬
Form IX
ُ‫ول‬
ِ ‫ُاِسْمُ ال َم ْفع‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫اِ ْف ِعالل‬
-
ُ‫م ْف َُعل‬
ُ‫يَ ْف َُعل‬
ُ‫اِ ْف َُعل‬
Features
ُّ‫ ل‬is doubled with a shaddah (apart from the verbal noun)
Hamzatul wasl ‫ ا‬is prefixed.
The final
Connotations
Form 9 has a very limited usage, the only time you would find it is to denote either:
1. a colour – in the form of a verb: ie: to become black, to become white, to become green etc
2. a bodily defect. – to be crooked, to be blind, to be lame, to be deaf etc
they are derived from adjectives:
For example:
Form 1
Form 9
ُ‫أَس َْود‬
Black
ُ‫اِس َْود‬
to blacken, darken
ُ‫اِ ْع َوج‬
ُ‫ِع َوج‬
Crookedness
to be/become crooked, lame
Surah Yusuf (12):84
‫َو أُٱبيَضُ أتُ َع أينَاهُ ِم َن أ‬
ُ‫ُٱلح أز ِن‬
And he lost his sight because of the sorrow that he was suppressing.
Literally – and his eyes became white with grief
َ‫ستَ ْف َع َل‬
ْ ِ‫ا‬
Form X (10)
ُ‫ول‬
ِ ‫اِسْمُ ال َُم ْفع‬
Verbal Noun
Passive Participle
Active Participle
ُ‫ضارع‬
ِ
Imperfect Verb
Perfect Verb
ُ‫ُاِ ْسُتِ ْف َعال‬
ُ‫مُ ْسُتَ ْف َعل‬
ُ‫مُ ْسُتَ ْف ِعل‬
ُ‫ُيَ ْسُتَ ْف ِعل‬
ُ‫ُاِ ْسُتَ ْف َع َل‬
Features:
Hamza-tul wasl
‫ ا‬is prefixed, along with ُْ‫ س‬and ‫ ت‬before‫ف‬
Connotations:
There are two connotations associated with form 10:
1. Seeking, demanding, asking
2. Consideration.
1. Seeking, demanding, asking – meaning, to seek, ask for, to request or demand something.
For example:
Form 1
form 10
ُ‫اِ ْستَ ْغفَ َر‬
ُ‫َغفَ َر‬
To forgive
to seek / request / ask forgiveness
ُ‫اِ ْستَأْ َُذ َن‬
ُ‫أَ ِذ َن‬
To permit
to ask for permission
2. To consider or find a special characteristic in something
For example:
Form 1
form 10
ُ‫َحس َن‬
To be beautiful
ُ‫َج ِه َل‬
To be ignorant
ُ‫اِ ْستَحْ َس َن‬
to admire
ie: to consider beautiful
ُ‫اِ ْسُتَجْ هَ َل‬
So in this way, you
consider, or find a
certain characteristic
within something or
someone
to consider (someone) to be ignorant
Surah al-Imran (3):17
‫أ‬
‫أ‬
‫أ‬
َ
‫أ‬
‫أ‬
َ
ُ‫ار‬
‫ح‬
‫س‬
‫ٱۡل‬
‫ب‬
ُ
‫ين‬
ُ
‫ر‬
‫ف‬
‫غ‬
‫ت‬
‫س‬
‫م‬
ُ
‫ٱل‬
‫َو‬
َ
ِ ِ ِ
ِ َ
and beg Allâh's Pardon in the last hours of the night.
Imperfect verb prefix is
ُْ‫ُي‬,
however when it is feminine third person singular or masculine second person singular it will be
‫ت‬
A note on Conjugations in Form 5 and 6
There are 2 points regarding conjugations in form 5 and 6 (referring to mainly imperfect verbs but
sometimes in the perfect):
1. When a verb conjugations starts with a
‫ت‬, then because there are 2 ‫ ت‬in direct
succession (the taa’ of the imperfect and the taa’ of form 5), then one of these taas can be
dropped.
For example:
Form 5:
ُ‫تَنَزل‬
ُ‫ُتَتَنَزل‬
ُ‫تتفَعل‬
Form 6:
ُ‫رون‬
َ ‫اص‬
َ َ‫تَن‬
ُ‫ون‬
َ ‫اصر‬
َ َ‫ُتَتَن‬
ُ‫ون‬
َ ‫تتفَا َعل‬
2. If the first root letter is any of the following:
‫ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ذ د ج ث ت‬
Then the ‫ ت‬of form 5 may be replaced by doubling the root letter using a shaddah and an
initial hamzatul-wasl introduced.
For example:
Form 5:
‫اطهر‬
ُ‫طُه َر‬
ُ‫ُتَطَه َر‬
ُ‫ثُاقَ َل‬
ُ‫ُتَثاقَ َل‬
Form 6:
ُ‫ُاِثاقَ َل‬
A note on Conjugations form 8
‫ ت‬appears in some forms in the middle of the word, rather than at the front. Assimilations still
occur similar to how we have just noted in form 5 and 6 – however, how it is assimilated will
depend on what the first root letter is, as follows:

If the first root letter is a long vowel, then this will firstly transform into a
merge with the
‫ ت‬and then it will
‫ت‬
For example:
ُ‫ُاُِْفُتَ َع َل‬
ُ‫ُاِتُ َس َع‬
‫ و‬has transformed into a ‫ت‬
and merged with the‫ ُت‬of form
‫وُسُع‬
1st root letter is a long
vowel
Form 8 pattern
The
8 thus producing a shaddah

When the first root letter is a
‫ ط‬, then the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫ ط‬and merge
with it producing the shaddah.
For example:
ُ‫ُاِطُلَ َع‬
‫ُت‬of form 8 has
transformed to ‫ ط‬and merged
ُ‫ُاِ ْفُتَ َع َل‬
‫ط عُل‬
1st root letter is
‫ط‬
The
Form 8 pattern
thus producing a shaddah

When the first root letter is
‫ ظ‬then the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫ ظ‬and merge
with it producing the shaddah.
For example:
‫ُت‬of form 8 has
transformed to ‫ ظ‬and merged
The
ُ‫ُاِظُلَ َم‬
‫ظلم‬
1st root letter is
‫ظ‬
Form 8 pattern
thus producing a shaddah

When the first root letter is
For example:
ُ‫ُاِدُ َك َر‬
Note: when the first root is
‫ ذ د‬or ‫ ظ‬then the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫!د‬
‫دكر‬
‫ ظ‬then the the ‫ ت‬of form 8 can transform into either ‫ظ‬or ‫د‬
Quadrilateral Verbs
There are a small number of verbs which have four root letters instead of three – although this is
quite rare in the Qur’an and its root is obvious.
For example:
ُ‫َد ْم َد َم‬
‫بَ ْعثَ َُر‬
ُ‫س‬
َ ‫َوس َْو‬
ُ‫اِ ْق َش َعر‬
‫ق ش ع ُر‬
Root:
So if you find a verb which doesn’t seem to fit into any of the verb form patterns, then it may be a
quadrilateral verb.
Lesson 15: Quick revision summary
Memorise all form 1-10 patterns in the table!
Form
Connotation
II
4 connotations:
Causative, intensive, metaphorical, shortening
III
Associative
IV
Like that of form 2 - causative
V
2 connotations:
Reflective, mean the same as form 1
VI
3 connotations:
Reciprocity, feigning a state, diligent acquisition of a state
VII
Passive
VIII
Reflective of form 1
IX
Denote either a colour or a bodily defect
X
2 connotations:
Seeking / demanding / asking, consideration
When form 5 & 6 conjugations start with:
‫ ت‬causing 2 taas in succession then one of these taas can be dropped
the first root letter is ‫ ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ذ د ج ث‬Then the ‫ ت‬of form 5/6may be

a
replaced by doubling the root letter using a shaddah and an initial hamzatul-wasl introduced.
.

Form 8 conjugations assimilations:
‫ ت‬and then it will merge with the ‫ت‬of form 8
root letter is ‫ُط‬- the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫ ط‬and merge with the root

1st root letter is long vowel – transform to

1st
letter producing the shaddah

1st root letter is
‫ ظ‬- the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫ ظ‬and merge with the root
letter producing the shaddah.


‫ ذ د‬or ‫ ظ‬then the ‫ ت‬of form 8 will transform into a ‫د‬
when the first root is ‫ ظ‬then the the ‫ ت‬of form 8 can transform into either ‫ظ‬or ‫د‬
1st root letter is

Lesson 15: Derived forms of the verb

Transcription

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