Visits to a Small Planet - DigitalCommons @ LSU Law Center

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Louisiana State University Law Center
DigitalCommons @ LSU Law Center
Journal Articles
Faculty Scholarship
2009
Visits to a Small Planet: Rights Talk in Some
Science Fiction Film and Television Series from the
1950s to the 1990s
Christine Corcos
Louisiana State University Law Center, christine.corcos@law.lsu.edu
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Corcos, Christine, "Visits to a Small Planet: Rights Talk in Some Science Fiction Film and Television Series from the 1950s to the
1990s" (2009). Journal Articles. Paper 334.
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VISITS TO A SMALL PLANET: RIGHTS TALK IN
SOME SCIENCE FICTION FILM AND
TELEVISION SERIES FROM THE 1950s TO THE
1990s*
Christine A. Corcos**
Many science-fiction writers . . . have depicted humans and
alien races interacting; but in virtually all cases, the human
race is depicted as somehow special, different and better than
the others. . . . The ultimate myth of science fiction that is
tagged onto our astronomy turns out to be that, even with all
those alien races, human beings are the central characters in
the story of the u niverse. It is as if the Copernican Revolution
never happened. 1
•
See generally Visit to a Small Planet (Paramount Pictures 1960) (motion picture)
(telling the story of an alien who travels to Earth to study humans); Gore Vidal, Visit to a
Small Planet (Dramatists Play Serv. Inc. 1987) (originally published 1956) (a play upon
which the 1960 motion picture was based).
••
© 2009, Christine A. Corcos. All rights reserved. Associate Professor of Law, Lou
isiana State University Law Center; Associate Professor, Women's and Gender Studies,
Louisiana State University A & M, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. This Article is part of the
Author's more extensive study of "rights talk" in science fiction (SF) titled Close Encoun
ters of the Legal Kind. For previous parts of the "rights talk" series, see generally Christine
Corcos, Isabel Corcos & Brian Stockhoff, Double-Take: A Second Look at Cloning, Science
Fiction and Law, 59 La. L. Rev. 1041 (1999) (studying the issue of human rights through
the treatment of cloning in SF literature); Christine Alice Corcos, "I Am Not a Number! I
Am a Free Man!''.· Physical and Psychological Imprisonment in Science Fiction, 25 Leg.
Stud. Forum 4 70 (2001) (exploring the question of human rights through the treatment of
imprisonment in the SF genre). The Author would like to thank Professor Ray Diamond,
LSU Law Center, for his great interest in and invaluable comments on the manuscript;
Cynthia Virgillio, LSU Law Center, for secretarial assistance; Philip Gragg and Kevin
Baggett, LSU Law Library, for research and interlibrary loan assistance; and Carrie Mills,
LSU Law 2010, and Vey LaPlace, LSU Law, 2011, for research assistance. An expanded
version of this Article discussing additional film, television, literature, and other examples
is available from the Author.
1.
Guy J. Consolmagno, Astronomy, Science Fiction and Popular Culture: 1277 to
2001 (and Beyond), 29 Leonardo 127, 131 (1996).
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[Vol. 39
I. INTRODUCTION
As early as the seventeenth century, satirists used the travel
essay as a means to examine and critique societies, including
their own. 2 If an artist's government discouraged or banned po
litical or social critique, he was necessarily forced to dis guise his
criticism as fiction-the more fanciful, the better.3 This practice
has carried over to the genre of science fiction (SF). 4
While authors fictionalize many of the elements in SF to
make their stories more exciting and bizarre, some elements have
made a transition into popular culture because they resonate with
the human popular imagination. As a result, many individuals
believe that such elements actually exist. Among them are popu
lar methods of alien transportation, such as the rocket (often pic
tured as the "rocket to Mars"), the flying saucer,5 and the alien
2. See e.g. Charles-Louis de Secondat & Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu, Les
Lettres Persanes (Folio Classique 1973) (originally published 1721) (using the protagonists'
reflective observations regarding their home society and the new societies encountered
during their travels to analyze and critique cultures); Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad
Roughing It (Literary Classics of U.S., Inc. 1984) (originally published 1869) (providing a
pointed satire of naive and inexperienced tourists through a travel narrative); see Sylvie
Romanowski , Through Strangers' Eyes: Fictional Foreigners in Old Regime France 1 , 3, 12
(Purdue U. 2005) (discussing how authors have used fictional literary characters, such as
those in The Persian Letters, to filter and analyze the home culture and explore the influ
ence outsider "aliens" may have on a society).
3. See e.g. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels (Penguin Bks. 2003) (originally pub
lished 1 726) (using the story of an enthusiastic adventurer who often finds himself lost or
shipwrecked in unknown lands to camouflage a sharp critique of the English society dur
ing the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries). Gulliver's Travels has become a
classic example of both social critique and literature. See Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Trav
els and ''.A Modest Proposal" XIII (Pocket Bks. 2005) (including Gulli ver's Travels in a "rare
collection of literature that has passed into folklore" and describing the story as "sophisti
cated political satire"). For one scholar's interpretation of Gulliver's Travels, see generally
Claude Rawson, God, Gulliver, and Genocide: Barbarianism and the European Imagina
tion, 1492-1945 (Oxford U. Press 2001) (analyzing Gulli ver's Travels and its social cri
tique).
4. Jan Johnson-Smith, American Science Fiction TV:· Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond
c� . 1 (Wesleyan U. Pres� 2005� . A reader knows that a piece of literature is SF through
signals the author uses, mcludmg the language and plausibility within the world the au
thor creates, even though both may be significantly different from the world the reader
ordin�rily inhabits. �d. at 19, 20; see Jonathan Culler, Structuralist Poetics 189 (Routledge
Classics 2002) (argumg that the literary genre determines the readers' approach to under
standing and interpreting a text).
5. The term "flying saucer," which seems to be the preferred method by which some
.
humans believe
extraterrestrials arrive on our planet, originated in 1947 newspaper ac
c?unts of pilot K��eth Arn?ld's encounter with nine unidentified objects flying in forma
tion over Mt. Ram1er, Washmgton. Phil Patton, Flying Saucers are Part of a Modern My-
2009]
Visits to a Small Planet
185
being6 interested in making contact with a human, either for be
nign or (more often) nefarious purposes . The idea that an alien
intends to visit Earth in order to destroy the planet or to cause us
harm is one that begins with the H.G. Wells novel The War of the
Worlds and quickly gathers popularity in novels , films, and tele
vision beginning in the mid-twentieth century, fed by actual po
litical and cultural events.
These ideas resonate with the human imagination 7 and are
sometimes incorporated into spiritual beliefs.8 Reader and viewer
thology, Tampa Trib. Baylife 1 (July 1, 1997). Reports of Arnold's sighting led to a wave of
flying saucer accounts that summer. Robert Kolarik, News About Saucer Sightings Heated
Up the Summer of '47, San Antonio Express-News All (May 25, 1997). Arnold never re
ferred to the objects he saw as flying saucers, but he told interviewers that they flew ''like
a saucer would if you skipped it across water," and, the term "flying saucer" was coined. Id.
For a more complete history of sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), see Robert
Sheaffer, UFOiogy 2009: A Six-Decade Perspective, http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ufology
_2009_a_six-decade_perspective (accessed Apr. 1 1, 2010) (reviewing the history of UFO
sightings in the United States beginning in 1947, describing the public's continued inter
est, and p redicting the popularity of UFO discussions well into the future) . The notion of
space flight dates back to the seventeenth century. See Cyrano de Bergerac, A Voyage to
the Moon (Doubleday & McClure 1899) (originally published 1657 and 1662). Georges
Melies later depicted space travel in a very early silent film short, Le Voyage Dans la Lune
[The Voyage to the Moon) (Star Film 1902) (motion picture).
6. J. Allen Hynek provides us with a taxonomy for classifying alien encounters with
humans, including close encounters of the first kind where a UFO is sighted, of the second
kind where a physical manifestation of the alien presence is noticeable on surrounding
animate and inanimate objects, and of the third kind where the UFO's "occupants" are
reported. J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry 28-29 (Marlowe & Co.
1998). For a sampling of SF's depiction of close encounters with nefarious extraterrestrials,
see Predator (20th Cent.-Fox 1987) (motion picture) (depicting an extra-terrestrial being
hunting a team of military servicemen in a Central American jungle); H. G. Wells, The
War of the Worlds (William Heinemann 1898) (narrating the fight against a Martian inva
sion of Earth in which the Martians seek to kill all inhabitants and destroy the planet).
For an example of SF's depiction of a close encounter with more benign extraterrestrials,
see Mork & Mindy (ABC 1978-1982) (TV series) (depicting an alien, Mork from the planet
Ork, whose superiors sent him on a mission to investigate Earth and report back).
7. The Roswell, New Mexico incident has caused much comment and controversy.
Benson Saler, Charles A. Ziegler & Charles B. Moore, UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis
of a Modern Myth x (Smithsonian Instn. Press 1 997); Eileen Meehan, Tourism, Develop
ment, a n d Media, 45 Society 338, 339 (2008). When the Roswell incident first occurred in
July 1947, it passed almost unnoticed in the papers. See id. at 339 (reporting that most
UFO specialists considered the 1947 incident at Roswell debunked prior to the 1 970s).
Rancher William "Mac" Brazel found an unknown kind of debris in late June or early July
and reported it to the authorities. William Reville, Myth of UFO at Roswell Debunked,
Irish Times 9 (Sept. 11, 2000) (available at http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/News
_Items-3.htm#9-1 1 -00 IT). The local Air Force Base asserted that it was debris from a
weather balloon, although many have since disputed that contention. Id. The Roswell UFO
controversy literature is immense. For the U.S. government's report on the Roswell crash,
186
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[Vol. 39
familiarity with real life space travel, which increases plausibil
ity9 as well as the maintenance of traditional SF memes, allows
SF writers to use the genre's conventions to continue to critique
society.10
completed as a result of a request by U.S. Representative Steven Schiff, see James McAn
drew, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (H.Q. U.S. A.F. 1997).
About fourteen years later, Betty and Barney Hill reported their abduction by aliens
as they were driving to their home in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on the night of Sep
tember 19, 1961. Thomas E. Bullard, UFO Abduction Reports: The Supernatural Kidnap
Narrative Returns in Technological Guise, 102 J. Am. Folklore 147, 148 (1989). They had
stopped to observe a bright light in the night sky. Id. The Hills claimed that the light
turned out to be a large craft with extraterrestrials inside, who abducted the Hills to ex
amine them. Id.; see generally John G. Fuller, The Interrupted Journey: Two Lost Hours
"Aboard a Flying Saucer" (Dial Press 1966) (recounting the complete story of the Hills'
abduction in detail). The Hills' abduction story started the tradition of stories of alien
abductees. Bullard, supra n. 7 at 150 (observing that there were over six hundred reports
of alien abduction from 1961 through 1989). Another example was the 1975 abduction
report of Travis Walton, an Arizona logging crew member. Id. at 149. For days, police
combed the area where, according to witnesses, Walton had disappeared after being struck
by a beam emitted from the craft. According to newspaper reports, he eventually turned up
in a phone booth not far from his brother's Arizona home, wearing the same clothes in
which he disappeared. Id; see generally Travis Walton, Fire in the Sky: The Walton Experi
ence (3d ed., Marlowe & Co. 1997) (describing Walton's abduction experience in detail);
Travis Walton, An Ordinary Day, http://www.travis-walton. com/ordinary.html (accessed
Apr. 11, 2010) (providing a condensed version of Walton's abduction story).
8. See generally Hugh Ross, Kenneth Samples & Mark Clark, Lights in the Sky &
Little Green Men: A Rational Christian Look at UFOs and Extraterrestrials (Navpress
2002) (providing a Christian perspective on the topics of UFOs and extraterrestrial be
ings).
9. Regarding this need, one author observes:
A remarkably high degree of plausibility is vital to [SF]. One manner in which [SF]
stories vary from the mundane is through their methods of highlighting difference at
multiple levels, and the necessity of doing this both rapidly and convincingly for the
reader or viewer is paramount . . . . Readers identify specific components in a text
and in doing so they "naturalize the details of the text by relating them to some kind
of natural order or pattern already existing in our physical or cultural environment."
In effect, these component elements enable readers to construct the story world in a
fashion plausible to them. However, for a genre like [SF], not only must the world be
plausible, but a strong degree of estrangement from the mundane world is also vital.
Johnson-Smith, supra n. 4, at 20 (quoting Kathleen L. Spencer, The Red Sun Is High, the
Blue Low: Towards a Stylistic Description of Science Fiction, 10.1 Sci. Fiction Studies 3550 (1983)).
10. Kenneth B. Nunn, Illegal Aliens: Extraterrestrials and White Fear, 48 Fla. L. Rev.
397 (1996) (suggesting the use of alien encounters can also be seen as an analogy for the
racial narrative). For an example of an SF movie that provides a social critique, see E.T.:
�e Extra-T�rrestrial (Universal Pictures 1982) (motion picture) (depicting society's reac
tion to the discovery of an extraterrestrial being in a typical California suburb); see also
Jeredith Merrin, E. T., 39 S. Rev. 74, 74-75 (2003) (a poem analyzing American culture
through the movie E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial).
2009]
187
SF authors continually use human beings as the yardstick by
which to measure aliens. So, while such films and shows may
seem to invite us, through the use of the alien lens, to critique
human society, they actually invite us to reexamine human soci
ety from a different, albeit human, perspective. As the genre cri
tiques human society from this perspective, SF is actually well
suited to examine the issue of human rights.
This Article examines the critique of United States society's
development and assertion of such rights within a sampling of SF
film and television programs from the 1950s to 1990s. Part II ana
lyzes the treatment of civil rights within the alien invasion and
infiltration narratives of the time period. Part III discusses the
transition from the foreign alien-invasion narrative to the domes
tic alien narrative and its effect on the treatment of civil rights.
Part IV explores the civil rights issues represented in the friendly
alien-visitor narrative of the 1960s television show My Favorite
Martian.11 Part V examines the civil rights questions the late
1980s and early 1990s television series Alien Nation12 poses. Part
VI analyzes the civil rights issues the 1990s television series 3rd
Rock from the Su n 1 3 raises.
II. KEEP WATCHING THE SKIES: ALIEN VISITORS,
INVADING FORCES, AND RIGHTS OF SURVIVAL
SF authors have used the alien-invasion narrative as a proxy
for whatever social, legal, economic, or other threat the culture
may fear the most at the time. The depiction of aliens in alien
invasion narratives beginning with War of the Worlds14 and con
tinuing through sagas such as V15 and films such as Independence
Day16 as deceptive, vicious, and single-minded beings intent on
11. My Favorite Martian (CBS 1963-1966) (TV series).
12. Alien Nation (Fox Broad. Co. 1989--1990) (TV series) [hereinafter Alien Nation
Series].
13.
14.
3rd Rock from the Sun (NBC 1996-2001)
(TV series).
War of the Worlds (Paramount Pictures 1953) (motion picture) [hereinafter War of
the Worlds 1953); War of the Worlds (Paramount Pictures 2005) (motion picture). A televi·
sion series based on the book ran on the USA network from 1988 to 1990. War o f the
Worlds (Paramount TV 1988--1 990) (TV series).
15. V (NBC 1983--1984) [hereinafter V 1983). Currently, ABC is broadcasting a re
make of V, with Kenneth Johnson, the original producer of the film and series, at the
helm. V (ABC 2009--present) (TV series) [hereinafter V 2009].
16. Independence Day (20th Cent.-Fox 1996).
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[Vol. 39
using Earth for their own purposes allows us to projec t human
traits onto non-existent imaginary beings a n d examine them from
a comfortable distance. If extraterrestrial life exists,17 we have
little reason to b elieve that it is particularly interested in Earth
or Earth's inhabitants or that extraterrestrials would have war
like intentions. Instead, invasion, enslavement, and exploitation
are more likely to be characteristic of humans, other primates, or
intelligent mammalsl8 than of extraterrestrials . Thus, much SF in
alien-invasion narratives serves as proxies for human character
istics and analogies to threats that are much closer to home.
For example, novels and films about alien invaders produced
in the 1950s e mphasize the dominant fear at the time, which was
that of a communist takeover, either through an overt attack
launched by the Soviet Union or Cuba, 19 or in concert with the
assistance of "fifth columnists"-communist sympathizers in the
United States. The 1950s alien-invasion narratives depict the
aliens as undesired, unwelcome, and unsympathetic beings. Often
the invading aliens in such narratives were seen as proxies for
c ommunists.20 In day-to-day life, many Americans were concerned
17. See Phil Plait, Do Astronomers Believe in Extraterrestrial Life? http://dsc.discovery
.com/space/my-take/astronomer-alien-phil-plait. html (Feb. 23, 2009) (discussing whether
astronomers believe in the possibility that life outside of Earth exists).
18. Scientists have also observed predatory behavior in dolphins and primates. Nigel
Blundell, Killer Dolphins Baffle Marine Experts, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/
earthnews/3323070/Killer-dolphins-baffle-marine-experts. html (Jan. 25, 2008); Matt
Walker, Dolphins Seen Trying To Kill Calf, http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/
newsid_8048000/8048288.stm (May 18, 2009).
19. See e.g. Cyndy Hendershot, Paranoia, the Bomb, and 1950s Science Fiction Films
(Bowling Green St. U. Pop. Press 1999) (discussing the reflection of contemporary fears in
science fiction films of the period as represented by monsters and humanoid doubles); see
also David Seed, American Science Fiction and the Cold War: Literature and Film (Edin·
burgh U. Press 1999) (analyzing the SF genre in film and literature in light of Cold War
events).
20. See e.g. I Married a Monster from Outer Space (Paramount Pictures 1958) (motion
picture) (depicting aliens slowly switching places with real humans, thereby creating
p aranoia amidst the humans); Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Walter Wanger Prods.
1 9�6) (motion pict� re) (depicting aliens stealing humans' bodies and creating paranoia
.
a mids� the remai�ii: g humans); Village of the Damned (MGM British Studios 1960) (mo·
.
tion picture) (depicting human women who have terrifying offspring after being impreg
nated by aliens). The book upon which Village of the Damned was based depicted an inci·
dent of genetic breeding and presented notions of eugenics more representative of the
cultural fear during the 1950s that humans had created technology that could destroy
them. M. Keith Booker, Monsters, Mushroom Clouds, and the Cold War: American Science
�iction and the Roots of Postmodernism, 1946-1964, at 2, 4 (Greenwood Press 2001) (stat
mg that SF films of the 1950s were often different from their underlying novels because
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189
about identifying those within their midst who might harbor ill
intent toward the government. In the real world, both the citi
zenry and elected officials demanded loyalty oaths and other
demonstrations of patriotism,21 leading to cases that challenged
the constitutionality of such oaths, statutes,
and demonstra
tions.22
Alien invaders stood p roxy for whatever societal fear domi
nated at the time. When the socialist H. G. Wells wrote the origi
nal novel The War of the Worlds, in which an anonymous journal
ist tells the story of invading Martians who declare war on the
Earth and want to destroy it completely,23 he was concerned with
British imperialism, not with communism. When Orson Welles
adapted the novel for radio broadcast in 1938, he highlighted con
cerns of war and foreign invasion.24 By the time the film version25
debuted in 1953, moviegoers had communism on their minds. In
each version of The War of the Worlds the fictional alien invader
represented a different, real threat. In no version of the work,
the films tended more toward reinforcing "prevailing ideologies than toward the often
critical stance taken by the novels"); John Wyndham, The Midwich Cuckoos (Pauline
Francis, ed., Evans Bros. Ltd. 2005) (originally published 1957). There are many parodies
of this category of films. See e.g. Top of the Food Chain (Upstart Pictures 1999) (motion
picture) (depicting an unknown force that devours the odd townspeople of an isolated Ca
nadian town). For additional discussion relating to the depiction of the Cold War in SF
films, see Seed, supra n. 19.
21. See Victor S. Navasky, Naming Names (Hill & Wang 2003) (discussing the
McCarthy era of blacklisting suspected Communists and Communist sympathizers in the
United States during the 1950s and 1960s).
22. See e.g. Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958) (striking down a California re
quirement that private citizens sign a loyalty oath in order to obtain a tax exemption).
23. War of the Worlds 1953, supra n. 14. The socialist philosopher is presumed to have
been commenting on Britain's imperialism as well as current developments in science. The
alien invasion and infiltration narratives rarely suggest that the invading aliens may have
some legally defensible reason for attacking earth. However, some noted exceptions exist
in which the humans assume the role of the invading forces. See e.g. The Twilight Zone,
"The Invaders" (CBS Jan. 27, 1961) (TV series) (depicting what originally appears to be an
alien invasion of Earth but turns out to be quite the opposite); The Twilight Zone, "I Shot
an Arrow Into the Air" (CBS Jan. 15, 1960) (TV series) (telling the story of three humans
who crash-land on an alien planet).
24. When the Mercury Theater broadcast War of the Worlds on October 30, 1938, so
much public panic ensued over the seemingly true-to-life reporting of a Martian invasion
that the FCC launched an investigation and Congress held a hearing. See generally How
ard Koch, The Panic Broadcast: Portrait of an Event (Little, Brown & Co. 1970) (recount
ing in detail the public panic the radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds created and the
governmental investigation of the event that followed).
25. War of the Worlds 1953, supra n. 14 (depicting humans defending themselves
without a second thought against the invading Martians).
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190
[Vol. 39
however, did the audience question the humans' right to defend
themselves.
The fears of the 1950s were not only of an outright invasion,
but also of communist infiltration of the United States, 26 which
was also reflected in then-contemporary SF works. In I Married a
Monster from Outer Space, Marge Bradley, the female protago
nist, discovers that her new husband is one of a group of extrater
restrials who have taken over human bodies in hopes of impreg
nating Earth woman because all of the females on their home
world have perished.27 The aliens' failure in their mission would
mean the extinction of their race. 2 8 Marge is torn between her
love for her extraterrestrial husband and her belief that she must
notify the authorities and her family, friends, and neighbors that
the planet is under attack. 29 Viewed from the perspective of 1950s
humans,3° the aliens are invaders who have come to Earth in dis
guise, taken over human bodies without their consent, 31 deceived
26. See Navasky, supra n. 21. This infiltration might be physical, or it might. be psy
chological or intellectual-hence the fear of Communist ideology and of the hiring of Com
munist-leaning academics and other employees.
27. I Married a Monster from Outer Space, supra n. 20.
28. Id.
29. Id. One literary critic observed:
The movie can also be read as a warning against science and the ways it is slowly
robbing us of our humanity. The alien scientists, reacting to a natural disaster, came
up with a plan whereby they could go and take over another species-without ask
ing, transforming the host and the offspring into soulless, logical, superior beings
who do not know how to live and love. The film makes it clear that the aliens repre
sent a technologically and intellectually superior race of beings. Though they may
look like monsters to human eyes and though they may smell like "wild things" to
dogs-who growl and attack them as if they were wild animals-they are more ad
vanced than humans, perhaps the next step in evolution.
Per Scheide, Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul
in Science Fiction Films 104 (N.Y. U. Press 1993).
30. Note that the modern invasion narrative Independence Day, supra note 16, takes
the same position-the right of humans to defend themselves against an alien invasion
force.
31. This was, perhaps, the invading aliens' one mistake. However, considering the
hysterical anti-alien (read "anti-communist") attitude of the period, were they not right to
doubt the possibility of obtaining fair treatment had they presented their case in advance?
Had they argued "self defense"-the right to invade in order to survive, either overtly or by
infiltr ation as the aliens do in I Married a Monster From Outer Space, they might not
_ because "anticipatory self-defense" is not generally recognized as acceptable in
prevail,
human international law. See Mary Ellen O'Connell, The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense
10-- 1 3 <:un. Soc. Intl. L. 2002) (available at http://www.asil.org/taskforce/oconnell.pdf)
(d1scussmg treatment of self-defense in international law). Or, had the aliens in I Married
a Monster from Outer Space sought out a small group of humans to hear their case, how
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191
the women they married, and now constitute a threat to the
United States, if not the rest of the world. From the aliens' point
of view, they are an intellectually and technologically superior
species who have a right to attempt survival32 and might even be
able to argue this right in court.33
The alien-infiltrator theme is also present in the 1951 film
The Thing from Another World.34 Like the pod people in Invasion
of the Body Snatchers, 35 the alien in The Thing from Another
World takes over human beings, eliminating what makes them
human to ensure its own survival.36 Thus, the surviving humans
cannot easily determine whether any particular one of their com
panions is still human or has become the alien being.37 Naturally,
the surviving humans do not want to destroy fellow humans, but
they do not have any other choice if they hope to survive and save
humanity from the threat of an alien takeover.38 Note that the
humans call the alien being "the thing"-dehumanizing and ob
jectifying it-to make it easier for them to destroy it and justify
that destruction while ensuring their own survival. 39 They must
likely would those humans have assisted them and told no one of their existence?
32. The U.S. Constitution guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life without
due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; U.S. Const. amend. V. But are literal
"aliens"-that is, extraterrestrials-"persons" in the eyes of the Supreme Court? While this
discussion is beyond the scope of this Article, I hope to examine it in a future Article.
33. But would this right be heard in United States courts or some other national or
international court of the 1950s? Would it be heard in any contemporary tribunal? In Alien
Nation, the plot suggests that the United States, at least, would give such aliens refugee
status if they made application peacefully. Alien Nation· Series, supra n. 12.
34.
The Thing from Another World (Winchester Pictures Corp. 1951) (motion picture)
[hereinafter The Thing 1951]. There was a later remake of this movie. The Thing (Univer
sal Pictures 1982) (motion picture). This Article will discuss the 1951 version. The Thing
movies were based on a short story by John Campbell. John W. C ampbell, Jr., Who Goes
There? in Who Goes There? (Street & S mith Publications 1948). For a more in-depth dis
cussion of the mythological and folkloric nature of alien creatures in SF movies, such as
the two versions of The Thing, see generally Scheide, supra n. 29.
35. Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra n. 20. This movie was remade twice: in 1978
as Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Solofilm 1978) (motion picture) and in 2007 as The
Invasion (Warner Bros. 2007) (motion picture).
36.
The Thing 1951, supra n. 34.
37.
Id. Similarly, the humans face this dilemma in Invasion of the Body Snatchers.
Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra n. 20.
38.
The Thing 1951, supra n. 34.
39.
See id. (depicting the justifications the surviving characters made for destroying
the alien "thing''); see also Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra n. 20 (showing the hu
mans' m arginalization and dehumani zation of the pod people before the humans can feel
comfortable in destroying the pods). This kind of moral dilemma is, in some sense, the kind
[Vol. a9
Stetson Law Review
1 92
first overcome their initial revulsion and belief that they might be
killing "one of their own," convincing themselves that the human
i s already dead to feel comfortable attacking the "thing."40
The treatment of aliens in infiltration narratives like Inva
sion of the Body Snatchers and The Thing from Another World
shows that it is easier to destroy someone from another group
than to destroy someone who looks like part of one's own group.
To denounce members of one's own group, the denouncing major
ity must first find ways to marginalize the targeted individuals
legally and ethically in order to assuage their consciences .41 Self
defense is a good justification and national security is an excellent
one.42
The invading aliens of this time period do not always repre
sent a foreign threat. More domestic problems including war, ecoof ethical and legal problem that confounds governments that must decide whether to
shoot down an airliner full of innocent passengers that terrorists have hijacked and aimed
at a skyscraper-are the deaths of three hundred people preferable to the deaths of three
thousand? See Robin Geil3, Civil Aircraft as Weapons of Large-Scale Destruction: Counter
measures, Articles 3BIS of the Chicago Convention, and the Newly Adopted German "Luft
sicherheitsbesetz", 27 Mich. J. Intl. L. 227, 237 (2005) (discussing the international law
applicable to the shootdown of civil aircraft turned into weapons by non-state actors).
40.
See The Thing 1951, supra n. 34 (depicting the survivors as feeling comfortable
with killing alien-controlled humans only after they convince themselves that the humans
are no longer human); Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra n. 20 (showing those fighting
the aliens as struggling with destruction of the alien-controlled clones and accepting the
need for their destruction only after determining that the clones were no longer alive).
Likewise, someone faced with taking a loved one off a respirator must believe that the
loved one is beyond resuscitation prior to coming to a final decision. See Schiavo v.
Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1231-1232 (11th Cir. 2005) (discussing the extent to which family
members will fight to preserve the life of a loved one whom they have not yet accepted as
beyond saving).
41.
The Salem witch hunt and ensuing 1692 trials in Salem, Massachusetts are an
excellent example of how a society can manufacture a legal and ethical reason to marginal
ize some of its members. See generally Mary Beth Norton, In the Devil's Snare: The Salem
Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 (Random House, Inc. 2002) (providing a detailed historical analy
sis of the 1690s Salem witch hunt and trials).
42.
See Exec.
Or.
9066,
28
C.F.R. 743
(1942)
(available at
http://bss.sfsu.edu/
internment/executiorder9066.html) (ordering the creation of internment camps for persons
of Asian descent during World War II); Maisie Conrat, Richard Conrat & Dorothea Lange,
Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans 17 (UCLA Asian
Am. Stud. Ctr. Press 1992) (discussing how President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 in
1942 resulted in the imprisonment of nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of
whom were native-born Americans, in internment camps, for the duration o f World War
II). In Korematsu v. U.S., 323 U.S. 214, 219 (1944), the Supreme Court ruled that Presi
dent Roosevelt's executive order was constitutional. However, Justice Frank Murphy dis
sented, calling the decision "a legalization of racism." Korematsu, 323 U.S. at 242 (Murphy,
J., dissenting).
2009]
193
nomic crises, and political, religious, and social divisiveness also
threaten society. For example, in The Day the Earth Stood Still,43
the alien, Klaatu, visits Earth accompanied by a powerful robot,
Gort. 44 They come to warn us that if we do not stop our warlike
ways,
we will inevitably bring about our destruction.45 Says
Klaatu:
I am leaving soon and you will forgive me if I speak bluntly.
The universe grows smaller every day-and the threat of
aggression by any group-anywhere-can no longer be tol
erated. There must be security for all--or no one is se
cure ... [.] This does not mean giving up any freedom except
the freedom to act irresponsibly.... Your ancestors knew
this when they made laws to govern themselves-and hired
policemen to enforce them. We of the other planets have long
accepted this principle. We have an organization for the mu
tual protection of all planets-and for the complete elimina
tion of aggression.... The test of any such higher authority,
of course, is the police force that supports it. For our police
men, we created a race of robots[.] Their function is to patrol
the planets-in spaceships like this one-and preserve the
peace. In matters of aggression we have given them absolute
43.
The Day the Earth Stood Still (20th Cent. -Fox 1 9 5 1 ) (motion picture) [hereinafter
The Day the Earth Stood Still] . This movie is based on a short story. Harry Bates, Farewell to
the Master 26 Astounding Sci. Fiction (Oct. 1940) (available at http://thenostalgialeague.com/
olmag/bates-farewell-to-the-master.html;
http://thenostalgialeague.com/olmag/bates2.html;
http://thenostalgialeague.com/olmag/bates3. html). The original radio broadcast of The Day
the Earth Stood Still is also available online. Irving Cummings, The Day the Earth Stood
Still (KWTNL Jan. 4 1954) (MP3) (available at http://thenostalgialeague.com/kwtnl/kwtnl
. html; select Lux Radio Theater, select ''The Day the Earth Stood Still"). In films such as
Colossus: The Forbin Project (Universal 1970) (motion picture) technology (repre sented by
the computer) becomes the enemy. In a future article, I plan to investigate the implications of
extending rights to artificial intelligence. I am indebted to my colleague Professor Diamond
for reminding me of the existence of Colossus: The Forbin Project, an excellent and much
underrated film.
44.
The Day the Earth Stood Still, supra
45.
Id. The film has many of the classic elements that have been associated with SF
n.
43.
films, including a space ship, aliens making contact with Washington, D.C., the center of
U.S. political power, weapons more powerful than our own, an alien posing as a human,
and aliens bringing a significant message to the people of Earth. See Adam Roberts, Sci
ence Fiction: The New Critical Idiom 1 4-15 (Routledge 2003) (listing elements common to
the SF genre including, among other things, spaceships, aliens, alien encounters, and
advanced technology). It makes more sense for aliens to make contact in Washington, D.C.,
the capital of the United States, than in rural areas, as is more typical of reports of UFO
and alien sightings. See e.g. supra n. 7 (describing the Roswell incident and other UFO
sightings and alien encounters, all of which predominantly took place in rural settings).
Stetson Law Review
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[Vol. 39
power over us. At the first sign of violence they act auto
matically against the aggressor. And the penalty for provok
ing their action is too terrible to risk. The result is that we
live in peace, without arms or armies, secure in the knowl
edge that we are free from aggression and war-free to pur
sue more profitable enterprises. We do not pretend to have
achieved perfection-but we do have a system-and it
works. I came here to give you the facts. It is no concern of
ours how you run your own planet-but if you threaten to
extend your violence, this Earth of yours will be reduced to a
burned-out cinder. Your choice is simple. Join us and live in
peace. Or pursue your present course-and face obliteration.
We will be waiting for your answer. The decision rests with
you.46
One of the suggestions here is that humans, rather than the in
habitants of other planets, are breaking universal law, and that
Klaatu, as some sort of intergalactic diplomat, 47 is on a mission to
teach humans the galaxy's law.48
Although the early alien-invasion and infiltration narratives
starkly pose the question of humanity's right to survive, they do
46. The Day the Earth Stood Still, supra n. 43. The full script is available online. The
Day the Earth Stood Still, http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Day-the-Earth-Stood-Still,-The
.html (accessed Apr. 11, 2010).
47. The Day the Earth Stood Still, supra n. 43. Klaatu warns of the ultra-violent in
tergalactic peace keeping robots, like the character Gort, that "[a]t the first sign of violence
[the alien police robots] act automatically against the aggressor." Id. The very famous line
that saved the Earth from the alien police robots' zealous enforcement of the law is
"Klaatu barada nikto." Id. This phrase has no direct translation. However, the first word
seems to make reference to the character Klaatu, so some fans speculate that the phrase
was some form of command. John Brownlee, K is for Klaatu Barada Nikto, http://blogs
.amctv.com/scifi -scanner/2008/06/k-is-for-klaatu -barada -nikto. php (June 11, 2008). While
the movie indicates that Gort is a servant, albeit powerful, in Harry Bates' short story
Farewell to the Master, Gort (Gnut) tells the reporter Cliff Sutherland that he does not
understand the relationship between Gort and the now deceased Klaatu. ''You misunder
stand . I am the master" (emphasis original). Bates, supra n. 43.
48. See supra n. 47 and accompanying text for the set of rules Klaatu conveyed. The
laws sound like something written by a feisty intergalactic United Nations. See The United
Nations, UN at a Glance: Overview, http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml (accessed
Mar. 14, 2010) (describing the United Nations as an international organization that exists
to promote peace, security, friendly international relations, social progress, improved liv
ing standards, and human rights); see also J. Hoberman, The Cold War Sci-Fi Parable that
Fell to Earth, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/movies/moviesspecial/02hobe.html?_r=l
(Oct. 31, 2008) (describing the 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still in light of its
predecessor SF movies). The 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still is more con
cerned with climate change than with communism and world war. Hoberman, supra n. 48.
.
.
.
2009]
1 95
not pose the question of the alien races' right to survival . Not un
til later in shows like V49 do these narratives ask whether hu
mans can, and should always philosophically, ethically, and le
gally put their own needs and desires ahead of those of other sen
tient beings inhabiting the Universe.50 SF films and television
shows prepare the ground to explore this question in depth in the
friendly alien narratives of My Favorite Martian, Alien Nation,
and 3rd Rock from the Sun when the aliens shift from being
strangely foreign to more familiar-and more human-like-forms.
By seeming more human, these shows open the door to the in
quiry: should those who seem other than human also receive hu
man rights?
III. KEEP WATCHING THE HOME FRONT: A SHIFT FROM
THE F OREIGN INVADER TO THE DOMESTI C VISITOR
Beginning with My Favorite Martian, television series depict
ing aliens visiting Earth begin to reject the alien-invasion and
alien-infiltration narratives' notion of the 1950s that aliens neces
sarily pose a threat to humanity. Later series such as Mork &
Mindy, Alien Nation, and 3rd Rock from the Sun, in which aliens
arrive on Earth with peaceful or neutral intentions and remain
here covertly for an extended period of time, tend to emphasize
the non-confrontational nature of the alien beings' visits and their
genuine interest in humans as-if not species of equal intelligence
and power-at least species of some interest worthy of some pro
tection or non-interference. These "friendly alien" narratives use
SF in order to critique society and examine, in particular, issues
of civil rights in United States society in the second half of the
twentieth century. But they do so by pointing out, paradoxically,
that "real aliens" may not pose the threats that some have always
49.
V 1983, supra n. 15. Since the airing of the original 1983 mini-series, there were
several other versions produced, the most recent of which was Scott Rosenbaurn's reimag
ing and reproduction. V 2009, supra n. 15. For a complete listing of the V spinoffs, see
IMDB.com, The Internet Movie Database, http://imdb.com; select "Titles," search ''V'' (ac
cessed Apr. 12, 2010).
50. Note that some episodes of Star Trek and its spinoffs do pose the question in some
episodes, most notably the Star Trek episode "The Devil in the Dark," in which a mysteri
ous creature attacking humans on a mining colony is discovered to be protecting its young.
Star Trek, "The Devil in the Dark" (NBC Mar. 9, 1967) (TV series). The Star Trek crew
brokers an accommodation between the creature, a Horta, and the miners. Id.
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[Vol . 39
believed. By extension, the groups they represent in popular cul
ture may also not pose the threats some have believed. In order to
accomplish this representation, however, the friendly alien narra
tive must facilitate an exchange of ideas within the SF convention
itself. Using SF allows the audience to discuss issues of race, sex,
and religion without making viewers too uncomfortable about
confronting human differences. By exaggerating the differences of
the "other" in the SF universe, the viewing audience can then
consider whether the differences in American (and world) society
present such obstacles. This is what television series such as My
Favorite Mart ian, Alien Nation, and 3rd Rock from the Sun allow
us to do.
The friendly alien narrative uses several characteristics to
represent subcultures within a dominant culture.
F irst,
the
friendly alien-visitor narrative includes an alien race or alien visi
tor that looks friendly-that is, the alien must, insofar as is possi
ble, look and seem human or humanoid while still having some
alien characteristics. 51 The Martian of My Favorite Martian had
formidable powers that could easily have been off- putting. 52 Giv
ing him a human appearance made him less frightening and more
accessible to the viewing audience.53 The actor Ray Walston, who
played the Martian, relied on acting and limited special effects54
to differentiate him from his co-stars, who played the humans on
the show.
Alien Nation took a similar approach in its portrayal of the
friendly Newcomers.55 Although special effects had advanced
5 1 . See e.g. Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12 (depicting non-hostile aliens that look
sufficiently extraterrestrial to live almost undetected on Earth); E.T.: The Extra
Terrestrial, supra n. 10 (showing a non-hostile alien race that had smooth skin , two arms,
two legs, two eyes, and human-like senses) .
52. Martin could read minds and levitate objects. E.g. My Favorite Martian, ''The Man
on the Couch" (CBS Nov. 3, 1 963) (TV series) [hereinafter "Man on the Couch") (showing
Martin using his telepathic powers on a psychiatrist to quickly get out of a hospital); My
Favorite Martian, "Going, Going, Gone" (CBS Feb. 2, 1 964) (TV series) [hereinafter "Going,
Going, Gone"] (showing Martin losing control of his levitation finger).
53. Edward Gross, Alien Nation: The Unofficial Companion 36 (Renaissance Bks.
1 998) (noting that the aliens on My Favorite Martian were "almost too human" but this
similarity to the human physique made them more believable to the audience).
54. See Richard Rickitt, Special Effects: The History and Technique 27-29 (Watson
Guptill 2000) (discussing the special effects of the 1 960s).
55. The term "Newcomers" refers to the Tenctonese who are an alien race that settles
on Earth in Alien Nation. Kathy Li, Plot Summary for "Alien Nation", http://www.imdb
2009]
197
quite far by the time Alien Nation went into production,56 the di
rector did not want the aliens "to look menacing' ' because they
were "benevolent creatures," so he insisted on giving them a hu
manoid appearance. 57 The director's insistence on greater and
greater subtlety with regard to the presentation of the Newcom
ers' physical appearance was rooted in his belief that audiences
m i ght find the characters difficult to identify with. 5s So, in the
friendly alien visitor narratives, being a friendly alien translated
into looking at least acceptably humanoid.
Second, these friendly alien narratives show aliens as caring
and, therefore, non-threatening.59 For example, Martin of My Fa
vorite Martian may be short-tempered, but h e is never mean.60 I n
a ddition, h e is alone on Earth61 and does not represent any kind
of alien invasion.62 Martin also never gives any indication that
Martians are in any way warlike. 63
.com/title/tt0096531/plotsummary (accessed Apr. 12, 2010).
56.
See Rickitt, supra n. 54, at 35-37 (discussing special effects of the 1990s).
57.
Gross, supra n. 53, at 35 (describing the aliens' distinguishing physical character
istics as including "very smooth skin and almost featureless faces" with flat eyebrows,
broad noses, no ears, and unusually large heads). The director "wanted people to immedi
ately take a liking to the aliens. " Id.
58.
See id. (commenting that the h uman-like alien physique gave the impression that
the aliens in Alien Nation might be an actual species).
59.
However, many alien visitors presented in SF still represent a potential threat to
humans because they are generally more intellectually and physically powerful and, there
fore, may still pose some sort of threat to the human race. See Albert A. Harrison, After
Contact: The Hu man Resp onse to Extraterrestrial Life 253 (Plenum Press 1997) (hypothe
sizing that many factors, including misinterpreted cues, could lead to aggression in an
alien encounter situation).
60.
My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1; David Marc, Comic Visions: Television Com
edy & American Culture 108 (2d ed., Blackwell 2002).
6 1.
Marc, supra n. 60 at 1 08. Not until the third season does Martin's nephew, An
dromeda, join him for one episode. My Favorite Martian, "When You Get Back to Mars,
Are You Going to Get It" (CBS Feb. 27, 1966)
(TV series)
[hereinafter ''When You Get Back
to Mars"] .
62. Compare Martin and his compatriots' very obvious lack of interest in invading
Earth with the plot of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra note 20. Indeed, Tim never
seems at all concerned about the possibility that Martin might b e an advance scout, or a
member of the Martian military gathering information for an invasion, in spite of the fact
that My Favorite Martian airs during the height of the Cold War, nor does he think he
should b e patriotic and report Martin's presence to the authorities (apart from an initial
scene in the pilot).
63. Compare The War of the Worlds 1953, supra n. 14 (depicting Martians seeking to
destroy Earth) with My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1 (depicting a close relationship devel
oping between a stranded Martian and his human caretaker) .
198
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Third, the friendly alien narratives often depict the visiting
aliens in a sympathetic situation. Martin the Martian is ma
rooned on Earth. The Newcomers of Alien Nation seek asylum in
Los Angeles from those who enslaved them. 64 The humans go so
far as to protect the Newcomers when their former masters (the
"Overseers") attempt to re-enslave them because the humans
sympathize with the Newcomers.65
Fourth, the friendly alien narratives present the aliens as in
quisitive and appreciative of (or at least interested in) human cul
ture, intending to assimilate for the period that they remain on
Earth and learn as much as they can about humans in the proc
ess. For example, Mork, from the planet Ork, on the television
series Mork & Mindy, is a superior alien being who is interested
in discovering information about humans.66 Mork chooses to set
aside his superior alien powers to blend into human society in
stead of using his superiority to dominate human beings. 67
Finally, the friendly alien narratives present the aliens a s
able to and eventually willing to protect humans from galactic
threats. Such fictional alien benevolence tracks real human fears
that space visitors might actually be "out there" and might mean
us harm. The Solomons in 3rd Rock from the Sun regularly ignore
any "prime directive"68 they might have that might prevent them
from interfering with human destiny, particularly when E arth is
64. Alum Nation: The Udara Legacy (20th Cent.-Fox July 29, 1997) (TV movie) [here
inaner The Udara Legacy] .
65. Alien Nation: The Dark Horizon (20th Cent.-Fox Oct. 25, 1 994) (TV movie). Some
of the former masters end up settling on Earth with the Newcomers. Id. The clear message
is that the former masters prefer freedom and human rights even if they must accept the
equality of the former slaves, ultimately rejecting the caste system available to them on
their home planet.
66. Mork & Mindy, "Pilot" (ABC Sept. 14, 1978) (TV series) (telling the story of Mork's
alien supervisor, Orson, assigning Mork to study the planet Earth).
67. Mork & Mindy, "Mork's Greatest Hits" (ABC Nov. 23, 1 978) (TV series) (depicting
Mork's choice to deal with a threatening situation peacefully); "Mork in Love" (ABC Oct. 5 ,
1 9 78) (TV series) (showing Mork falling in love with a mannequin after Mindy tells him he
needs to experience love to understand the human experience fully). My Favorite Martian 's
Martin has the same kind of experience in the episode "A Loaf of Bread, a Jug of Wine &
Peaches" (CBS Nov. 10, 1 963) (TV series).
68. The term "prime directive" comes from the Star Trek series in which the United
Federation of Planets' guiding principle requires its members never to interfere with the
normal development of the lesser developed civilizations they encounter. See Star Trek, "A
Private Little War" (NBC Feb. 2, 1 968) (showing Captain Kirk's conflict with the "prime
directive" when he finds out that a hostile alien race is providing advanced technology to
the enemies of one of his friends in a lesser developed c ivilization).
2009)
1 99
at risk.ti!) For example, the Solomons save the Earth from destruc
tion by an evil alien race70 and later by an alien from another
pl anet bent on destroying Earth because it blocks his hom e
planet's view.71 The fact that the Solomons are willing to ignore
their non-interference "pri m e directive" for the benefit of humans
(when, as they tell one another, they have never done so before)
suggests that humans are special and worthy b eings. Even in a
un iverse in which the Earth is a small planet circling an insignifi
cant sun, alien visitors think its inhabitants are worth assisting.
"Prime directives" as we see them created in popular culture,
however, are human constructs, not alien ones. They arise out of
the human imagination, and aliens resemble h umans for addi
tional, very practical reasons. First, hum a n actors play many of
the aliens on screen, and even if they do not (that is, even if the
"aliens" are computer-created), at some point, even with the spe
cial effects available, many aliens will probably resemble human
o i d s . S e cond, if the film makers and television executives want the
viewers to identify with and like the aliens, the aliens must have
so mething "human" about them in order for the viewers to accept
them. 72 Third, the human i magination is limited by what it can
concoct i n terms of "alien-ness." What an alien looks like, what it
thin ks, how it perceives the world, what motivates it-all of these
thi ngs must come out of the brain of a human being. At some
point, if an alien has no experience, narrative, or characteristic
that is "human" about it, with which the human viewer or reader
can e mpathize, that viewer or reader will have d ifficulty under
standing and identifying with that alien.
As American culture a n d attitudes changed from the 1 960s
through the 1 990s, there was a notable shift from the concerns of
6 9 . Sec 3rd Rock from the Sun. "Brains and Eggs" (NBC Jan. 9 , 1 996) (TV series) [here·
i n a fter ··Brains and Eggs"] (showing the aliens' initial arrival on Earth and discussion of
their mission objectives).
70.
3rd Rock from the Sun, "36! 24! 36! Dick! (Part 1)" (NBC Jan. 25, 1 998) (TV series)
(depicting the Venusians, a nefarious alien race, apparently exclusively female, infiltrating
Earth under the guise of supermodels) [hereinafter Venusian Episode Part 1 ) .
71.
72.
3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick a n d the Other Guy" (NBC Apr. 2 9 , 1 998) (TV series).
Even non-human alien life will inevitably resemble something viewers or readers can
recognize or imagine, because it arises out of a human being's imagination. Indeed, one blogger
complains that the popular film Avatar (20th Cent.-Fox 2009) (motion picture) resembles at
least ten other SF films. See Christopher Campbell, Spout Blog, J O Films Avatar Unfortunately
Resembles. http://b log.spout.com/2009/08/20/10- movies-avatar-unfortunately-resembles/ (ac ·
cessed Apr. 12, 2010) (noting similarities between various contemporary SF films).
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the Kennedy and Johnson years. Those concerns included not
only civil rights but also the Vietnam War.73 The 1980s and 19 90s
brought an emphasis on national security a nd on balancing do
mestic concerns such as welfare and education payments with
lowering taxes.74
In the end, the friendly alien narratives allow us to engage in
dialogue about how we treat others on this planet, and as we be
gin exploring the Universe, to engage in meaningful dialogue, to
discuss legal and philosophical notions of human responsibility
toward other sentient beings75 that we might encounter.76
IV EARL Y RIGHTS TALK IN 1 960s SCIENCE FICTION
TELEVISION AND MOVIES AND ITS REFLECTION
IN MY FAVORITE MARTIAN, A ''FRIENDL Y
ALIEN VISITOR" SERIES
From 1 963 to 1 966, the series My Favorite Martian77 treated
United States audiences to social commentary in the form of com-
73. See Irving Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (Oxford
U. Press 1996) (discussing the progressive social programs and contrasting social unrest of
the Johnson years).
74. See Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1 974-2008 (Harper 2008) (dis
cussing the Reagan presidency, his legacy, and the effect of the Clinton years) .
75. SF series raise the question of what, exactly, is a sentient being. They also raise
the question of whether a self-aware being should have a right of self-determination. The
answers to these questions are beyond the scope of this Article, but consider the question
presented in the Dred Scott case. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857). One could
argue, as some of the Overseers do in Alien Nation, that the refugee Newcomers are simply
property and the United States government should return them. The twentieth century
United States government does not agree, apparently because it has determined (per
suaded by those ACLU lawyers) that sentient humanoid life meets the criteria for citizen
ship under the 14th Amendment.
76. See Judith Barad & Ed Robertson, The Ethics of Star Trek 23 (HarperCollins 2000)
(stating that Star Trek: The Next Generation taught "universal ethical standards" in mul
tiple episodes, denouncing genocide, exploitation, racism, tyranny, cultural tolerance of
sexism, indifference to homelessness, and mishandling of toxic waste).
77. My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1 . My Favorite Martian was the first of a number
of sixties shows in the fantasy genre. See e.g. The Addams Family (ABC 1964-1 966) (TV
series) (showing the lives of a strange family in suburbia, based on Charles Addams' car
toon family of the same name); Bewitched (ABC 1964- 1 972) (TV series) (featuring a witch
who marries a mortal); I Dream of Jeannie (NBC 1965-1 970) (TV series) (telling the story
of an astronaut who finds a genie in a bottle and brings her home with him to Cocoa
Beach, Florida); The Munsters (CBS 1964-1966) (TV series) (depicting the lives of an odd
suburban family with a father similar to Dr. Frankenstein's monster and a grandfather
reminiscent of Dracula); My Living Doll (CBS 1964-1965) (TV series) (depicting an air
force psychiatrist who lives with a young woman, who is really a robot).
2009]
201
edy.78 In this show, Ray Walston, the respected stage and film
actor, plays a Martian79 anthropology professor who specializes in
the study of humans. 80 During one of his routine trips to Earth,
the Martian crash-lands because of an encounter with the United
States' X- 1 5 experimental aircraft.81 Tim O'Hara,82 a journalistsa
78.
While My Favorite Martian is a comedy, many o f the conclusions Tim and Martin
come to about human emotions and human relations are serious. These conclusions in
clude fun d amental truths about the necessity for trust between friends, love and compan
ionship, a sense of belonging, a sense of value, and justice. See e.g. My Favorite Martian,
"The Magnetic Personality and Who Needs It" (CBS Mar. 2 1 , 1 96n) (TV series) (exhibiting
the importance of trust between friends when Martin's neighbor and her cluh sponsor an
ex-convict who falls victim to M a rtin's suddenly magnetized body); My FcworitC' Martian,
··super Dooper Snooper" (CBS Mar. 22, 1 964) (TV series) (showi n g the need for love and
companionship when Martin's neighbor takes up private detective work as a hohhy be
cause she is lonely); My Favorite Ma rtian. "Uncle Martin's Broadcast" (CBS Mar. H. i 964)
(TV series) [hereinafter "Uncle Martin"s Broadcast'"! (exhibiting the need for justice whPn
police au thorities suspect Tim of murdering Martin for
a
newly acquirlo'd lift' insurance
policy); My Favorite Martian, "We Love You. Miss Pringle" (CRS Mar. 28. 1 96fi) (TV sPrics)
(showing the importance of feeling valued when Tim's former English teacher is forced into
retirement).
79.
The choice of Mars as Martin"s honw planet may have been hcrnusl' it is visiblP
from Earth without a telescope. Eric S. Rabkin. Mars: A To ur of th1• Human lmai:inatirm
6 5 ( P raeger 2005) (stating '"Mars became a regu lar concern for peopJt."' hec nusP it was
··easily visible even to amateurs"). However. the choice of M a rs was also a careful nod to
the early alien-invasion narratives such as H.G. Wells' Wa r of t h e World.�. WPlls. supra
n. 6; .�ee supra pt. I (discussing War of the Worlds and other alien-invm•inn narrativt•s).
80.
My Favorite Martian. "The Pilot'" (CBS. Sept. 29. 1 96:J) (TV st•ries) [h1•rei nafter
"'MFM Pilot"].
81.
Id. The fiction of the Martian's visit is that he is a professor of anthropolog�· who
has visited Earth multiple times. but this time his spaceship crashes and hP is unable to
repair it and return home. Id. This accident results in his extended stay on Earth.
82.
Tim"s profession as a journalist represents the urge to discover truth and t.o pub
lish it. the right of everyone to seek information and disseminate it. and the necessity of
guarding the right to privacy. Many of the episodes· com pl ications a rise from others· invcs·
tigations of Martin and Tim's private. lives. See e.g. My Fa voritr Ma rtian . .. RX for
n
Mar
t ian·· (CBS Jan. 1 9, 1 964) (TV series) (showing Martin causing problems a t a hospit al
when his vital signs and tests show that he is not human). Tim"s ca reer as a journalist
..
drives m a ny plots. See e.g. My Favorite Ma rtian, ··An Old Friend of the Family (CBS Mar.
1 5, 1964) (TV series) [hereinafter '"An Old Friend of the Family"") (showing Martin using
h i s legendary reputation and inside k nowledge of Kob ima to help Tim get an exclusive
i nterview with Kobima's leader).
83.
Tim works for the Los Angeles Sun, ..the Wesfs most respected newspaper:· how-
ever, his assignments are often less than distinguished. such as when he writes shout
a
store's display of extraterrestrials. My Favorite Martian. "1'here Is No Cure for the Com
mon Martian" (CBS Oct. 13. 1963)
(TV
series). But he cannot write the scoop of the cen
tury because no one would believe him if he wrote about a Martian landing on Earth. Ry
the 1 960s, journalists began to represent the interests of the puhlic in investigating civil
rights violations, government secrecy. and government corru ption.
Se1• e.g
C S.
I'.
Helstoski, 422 U.S. 477, 479 ( 1 979) (discussing Henry Helstoski. a New Jersey Rt>pres1•nta·
tive in Congress from 1 965 to 1 977. and his conviction for bribery); Murk (�rossman. Poli t i -
Stetson Law Review
202
[Vol. 3 9
on his way to cover the flight of the X- 1 5 , rescues the Martian and
names him Uncle Martin.
The military later seizes Tim, demanding to know how he ob
tained the information he included in a published description of
the X- 15's encounter with a "flying saucer."84 Tim refuses to di
vulge the origin of the information, citing confidentiality owed to
his sources.85 When an officer takes him into custody, Tim presci
ently demands a lawyer86 and maintains that he has the right to
publish the information about the "close encounter."87 However,
an experimental military aircraft's brush with a UFO may be a
national security issue-certainly, the officers who pursue Tim
see it that way.88 Tim's problem is that he can never reveal the
truth or his source because most people are unlikely to believe
him . 89
Ultimately, Martin manages to spring Tim from jail and set
the pursuers on the wrong track by persuading them that electri
cal interference, not an unidentified flying obj ect, caused the blip
cal Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed 135-1 37 (ABC
CLIO, Inc. 2003) (describing Abraham Fortas, an associate justice of the United States
Supreme Court from 1 965 to 1969, who was forced to resign his position after becoming
implicated in a financial scandal); Montgomery Bus Incident Recalled, Post-Tribune (Jef
ferson Cty., M O.) 7 (Aug. 25, 1 964) (describing the incident that resulted from an African
American woman, Rosa Parks', refusal to move to the rear of a bus); supra n. 7 (discussing
the Roswell incident and ensuing alleged government cover-up). By 1974, Bob Woodward
and Carl Bernstein became heroes for many Americans because of their pursuit of the
Watergate story. See Carl Bernstein & Bob Woodward, All the President's Men (Simon &
Schuster 1 974); Wash. Post Co., The Watergate Story, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp
-srv/politics/special/watergate/index.html (accessed Apr. 12, 20 1 0).
84. "MFM Pilot," supra n. 80. Tim actually obtains the information from Martin, but
as becomes distressingly familiar in nearly every episode, he cannot reveal his source. Id.
85. Id. Tim's stand takes place long before the United States Supreme Court ruled
that this privilege may be by no means absolute in criminal prosecutions. Branzburg v.
Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) (holding that a journalist has no First Amendment privilege to
refuse to testify before a grand jury). After this decision, states moved steadily to create
state shield laws, but as of this writing no federal shield law exists.
86. Id. This show aired just months before the Supreme Court ruled that suspects
have a right to counsel. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 ( 1 964). Three years after the
show, the Supreme Court ruled that suspects must be informed that they have the right to
an attorney if police question them while they are in custody. Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436 (1966).
87. "MFM Pilot," supra n. 80; see Hynek, supra n. 6, at 28-29 (explaining
the classifi
cation system for human interactions with UFOs and aliens).
88. "MFM Pilot," supra n. 80.
89. Id. One wonders what he originally told his editor about the origins
of his informa
.
tion
of the story he did publish.
.
2009]
203
on their radar screen. 90 The m i litary needs a story consistent with
leaked eyewitness evidence, and Martin provides it.91 Thus, the
series begins.
The i ntroduction of extraterrestrials like Martin in America's
living rooms92 raises a subtle and often unspoken, issue. During
the 1 950s and 1 960s, parties were arguing in the nation's court
room s and legislatures over whether the same rights should be
extended to humans who did not share the same physical charac
teristics such as skin color93 or sex.94 The United States Supreme
Court did not even rule until 1 967 on whether citizens whom a
state classified as being from different "racial" groups could marry
l e gally.% If Americans could not agree that a l l citizens should en
joy the same rights, would they be likely to agree that extrater
restrials, assuming they suddenly appeared in contemporary soci
ety, should share in all or some of those rights as w e ll'?96
Although Martin has powers that would see m magical to the
u n init iated human, h e rarely reveals them9i and never al lows the
90.
Id.
91.
Id. The intervention of the mil itary to create this "cover story" suggl•Mt11 the gov
ernment activities that would have been familinr to the public nt1 a result of the increusing
reports of flying saucers-for example "Project Bluebook." Later, films 11uch n11 M<'n in
Black (Columbia Pictures 1 997) (motion picture), in which
n
secret iiovernment agency
hnndles alien immigration and relations. elaborate on this theme, and on the idea that tht•
federal government knows more than i t divulges about "LGMs"-little green men.
92.
111<
For other popular alien-centered television series that aired a round the snmt• time
My Favorite Martian and later achieved cult status see The Outer Lim it.� <ABC I 963-
l 96fi) (TV series); The Twilight Zone (CBS 1 959-1 964) (TV series).
93.
See e.g. Brown
u.
Board of Educ .. 347 U.S. 483 ( 1 954) (holding that Belfl'ega ting
p u b lic schools based on skin color of the students was unconstitutional as a matter of law).
94.
See e.g. The Civil Rights Act of 1 964. 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e -2(a)( I ) (2009) (making
disparate treatment in government and public facilities' em ployment practices based on a
person's "race, color, religion. sex. or national origin" illegal).
95.
Loving v. Va . . 388 U.S. 1 ( 1 96 7 ) (holding that it was unconstitutional lo restrict
the right to marry solely on the basis of race).
96.
Star Trek. the SF series which aired immediately after M_v Fauoritt• Martian, as
s u med that aliens had "hu man rights," as is obvious from its constant use of the phrase
the "pri me directive" and n umerous episodes in which the plot centers on rights. See e.g.
Star Trek, supra n. 68 (discussing the series' use of the term "prime directive"). The series
reflected the views of its creator, Gene Roddenberry. See generally Susan Sackett, Inside
Trek: My Secret Life With Star Trek Creator Gene Roddenberry (Hawk Publg. Group 2002)
(providing an insider's look a t the creation and production of the series)_
97.
Interestingly, Martin is quite willing to communicate with animals, and has very
little relucta nce in revealing his powers to them. He may be willing to do
so
because he
re alizes that they cannot communicate his real identity to humans. E.g. M_v Favorite Mar
tian, ''Doggone Martian" ( C BS Mar. 6, 1 966)
(TV
tin's powers to find out where a stray dog lives).
series) (showing Tim trying to use Mar
204
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
fact that he has them and that humans do not to influence his
rational thinking. Indeed, Martin revels in critical thinking and
repeatedly demands it of Tim.98 He rejects magical thinking,99
superstition, and willful ignorance. M artin's calm, rational ap
proach to stressful situations is a critique of the political and so
cial unrest in the Cold War years due to the Bay of Pigs inva
sion,100 the 1 962 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1 01 the rapidly expanding
civil rights movement, 1o2 and the strengthening liberal movement
in the poor and working classes, though not a criticism of the lib
eral thinking that led to the latter two movements . 103 Martin fre
quently admonishes Tim that many human fears are the result of
superstition, including the fear of others who seem "different."104
98. See e.g. My Favorite Martian, ''Tim, the Mastermind" (CBS Oct. 17, 1 965) (TV
series) (depicting Martin convincing Tim to take his memory pills, which turns Tim into
one of the smartest men in the Universe) .
99. Similarly, the alien visitors in 3rd Rock from the Sun reject Vicki Dubcek's as
sumption that they have "magical" powers. When she asks if they can perform any super
natural feats and asks them to "move that from there to there," pointing to an object on the
coffee table, Sally picks up the object and moves it. "Wow," says Vicki irrationally. 3rd
Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Headache, Part 2" (NBC May 25, 1999) (TV series).
100. See Thomas G. Paterson, Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy,
1961-1963 (Oxford U. Press 1989) (recounting in detail the Bay of Pigs incident and its
aftermath, which President Kennedy generally admitted was a m assive miscalculation).
1 0 1 . Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis 1 24-128
(1st ed., W.W. Norton & Co. Inc. 1 969). This is the classic story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
by an insider. As Attorney General, Kennedy was one of his brother John's principal advi
sors during the administration and urged the President toward the strategy that eventu
ally defused what very likely would have been the start of a nuclear war. Id.
102. Paterson, supra n. 100, at 3-23.
103. See id. at 4-5 (discussing Robert F. Kennedy's role in "[leading] the fight for civil
rights for black Americans"); see generally John Woolley & Gerhard Peters, The American
Presidency Project, Political Party Platforms, Parties Receiving Electoral Votes: 1840-2008,
Democratic Party Platform of 1 960, http://www .presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid
=29602 (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (describing the Democratic Party platform in 1 960, which
included promises for full employment, assistance to depressed areas, a fight against em
ployment discrimination, and housing assistance); id. at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/
ws/index.php?pid=29603 (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (describing the Democratic Party plat·
form in 1 964, which included highlighting the creation of over four million jobs since the
previous December, the promise of full employment, aid to depressed areas, the end to
employment discrimination, and improvement to education).
104. My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1 . In his prior visits to Earth, Martin might not
have been so careful to disguise his alien powers and might have been more likely to use
them to "awe the natives," just as some Western explorers used their scientific knowledge
to overcome resistance on the part of those they encountered during their travels to the
New World. See Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas
Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (Simon & Schuster 1996). In one episode,
Martin's discussion of his visit to "Kobima," a fictional area somewhere in Africa or Asia,
suggests he used his levitation ability to create a persona that could awe and frighten the
2009]
205
Thus, one of the messages that emerges s ubtly but clearly fro m
My Favo rite Martian is that, even though humans may have dif
ferent skin color, different socio-economic backgrounds, and dif
ferent beliefs, all are entitled to the same legal status and social
respect, and all are required to render it to others.
Indeed, Martin's alien powers regularly cause problems,
showing reluctance and distrust within society for someone--or
something-different from the norm. In "Going, Going, Gone,"
s unspots cause problems with Martin's metabolism, and he dis
appears . 1 05 Simultaneously, Tim purchases an i nsurance policy on
Martin's life in order to please their landlady Mrs. Brown, J o i; and
the police then suspect Tim of murdering Martin. I07 Likewise, in
"Uncle Martin's Broadcast," Tim uses Martin's antennae to pick
up police broadcasts so he can get a jump on breaking news, but,
when T i m cannot explain how he has so m uch inside information,
law enforcement suspects T i m of being involved in the crimes. J OH
Because Martin is different, he fears persecution. Jon He th us
values his privacy to the point that it has more of an impact on
his life than it might otherwise. 1 1 0 Martin's des i re to avoid atten
tion from the authorities parallels the then nascent technology
and privacy rights concerns of the early 1 960s. In a discussion of
the history of privacy rights, Judith Wagner DeCew notes that:
people h e was visiting. "An Old Friend of the Family," supra n. 82. Simila r!�·. in anotht•r
episode. Martin had to retrieve an Aztec statue made in his image that would reveal his
prior visit to Earth. My Fa vorite Ma rtian. "El Senor from Mars" (CBS J u ne J:l, l!lfi!'i) (TV
.
series). Such allusions suggest that while his previous visits would have fed i nt o local
folklore (and might have violated a "prime directive," if such a t h i n g existt•d). the�· wou l d
not h a v e been particularly problematic for h i m i n terms of
a
violation o f hi� privacy since
he could easily have escaped i n his spaceship. But in twentieth century societ�" ht• cannot
so easily escape. Apart from the fact that his spaceship is damaged. many more peopJ ..
know o f his presence. and thus would notice his absence. In the America of the 1 960s.
people. even people with no formal documents. leave trace s .
1 05.
..Going. Going. Gone," supra n. 52.
1 06.
Id.
1 07.
Id.
1 08.
..Uncle Martin's Broadcast." supra n. i8.
See Mv Fa vorite Martian. "If You Can't Lick ' E m" (CBS Apr. 2'1. 1 91>-ll (TV ,:eril'>')
l O!l.
t
(showing Mar in accidentally creating a new fashion accessory that ht>come,: wildl�· popu ·
J a r. hut h i ghl ighting Martin's choice to sign over all of the rights to thl' idl•a to avoid u n ·
wanted attention).
1 1 0.
Id.
Stetson Law Review
206
[Vol. 39
By 1960, William Prosser argued that privacy in tort law
.
was recognized by an overwhelming number of American
courts. He described the law of privacy as comprising four
distinct kinds of tort invasion: (1) intrusion upon the plain
tiffs seclusion or solitude, or into his private affairs
(2) public disclosure of embarrassing private facts about the
plaintiff (3) publicity that places the plaintiff in a false light
in the public eye (4) appropriation, for the defendant's ad
vantage, of the plaintiffs name or likeness[.] Prosser's four
part interest analysis was then incorporated into the Second
Restatement of Torts, and both became influential for the
courts.111
But, she continues :
In 1964, Dean Edward J. Blaustein contented i n a New York
University Law Review article that Prosser's description was
inadequate and conceptually thin. Blaustein argued . . . that
protection of informational privacy in tort law formed a uni
tary concept, which he described as protection for individual
liberty to do as we will and protection from the affront to
human dignity occurring when individuals and government
invade our privacy. On Bloustein's view, the emotional dis
tress felt is a consequence of a loss of privacy and can b e
used as a measure fo r damages, but the fundamental basis
of the legal injury in tort, Fourth Amendment, and related
cases is the affront to human dignity. 1 1 2
Regardless of which privacy rights model they adopted, A meri
cans steadily litigated more privacy claims beginning in 1 960.113
1 1 1.
Judith Wagner DeCew, In Pursuit of Privacy: Law, Eth ics, and the Rise of Tech
nology 17 (Cornell U. Press 1997).
1 1 2. Id. at 17-18.
1 1 3. A December 8, 2009, terms and connectors search conducted in the LexisNexis
"Federal & State Cases, Combined" database using the search "invasion w/2 privacy"
yielded 1 7 cases from January 1, 1960 to December 3 1 , 1960. A December 8, 2009, terms
and connectors search conducted in the LexisNexis "Federal & State Cases, Combined"
database using the search "invasion w/2 privacy" yielded 49 cases from January 1, 1 965 to
December 31, 1965. A December 8, 2009, terms and connectors search conducted in the
LexisNexis "Federal & State Cases, Combined" database using the search "invasion w/2
privacy" yielded 89 cases from January 1, 1970 to December 3 1 , 1 970. A December 8, 2009,
terms and connectors search conducted in the LexisNexis "Federal & State Cases, Com
bined" database using the search "invasion w/2 privacy" yielded 200 cases from January 1 ,
1975 t o December 3 1 , 1975.
2009]
207
As an observer, Martin represents the liberal conscience of the
Kennedy and Johnson Administration. 1 14 As the quintessential
undocumented alien, he also functions as the target of social, le
gal, and political oppression. The right he clings to most persis
tently i s the right to be left alone. 115 If anyone discovers that he
has no social security number, no birth certificate, no finger
prints, no job history, and no papers, 116 he will become an exhibit
in a government zoo11 7-at least temporarily. 1 1s For example, in
"A Nose for News," Martin interviews an a mbassador in order to
get "the big story" and save Tim's job. 119 Tim's editor is impressed
1 1 4. See Irving Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (Oxford
U . Press 1 996) (discussing the progressive social programs and contrasting social unrest of
the Johnson years). This liberal conscience was also seen in the original Star Trek series.
See e.g. Star Trek, "The Cloud Minders" (NBC Feb. 28, 1969) (TV series) (depicting the
members of the Enterprise denouncing an elitist society in which intellectuals and artists
live in a utopian metropolis while the remaining inhabitants work in mines to support
them).
1 1 5. See supra nn. 109- 1 1 0 and accompanying text (discussing Martin's desire for pri
vacy because he recognizes that society would not accept his differences); see also Jeffrey
Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze: The Destruction of Privacy in America (Random House 2000)
(explaining how changes in technology and the law have combined to demolish American's
privacy rights); Daniel J. Solove, The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on
the Internet (Yale U. Press 2007) (discussing how blogs, social network sites, and other
Web sites spread rumors and gossip creating a new-age privacy dilemma); see generally
Samuel D . Warren & Louis D . Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1 890)
(setting out the foundations of what U.S. legal scholars consider as privacy law); Griswold
v. Conn. , 381 U.S. 479 (1965) (recognizing a married couple's right to use birth control);
Katz v. U. S. , 389 U.S. 347 (1967) (prohibiting law enforcement from recording a telephone
booth conversation without a warrant); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 1 1 3 (1973) (generally recog
nizing a woman's right to seek an abortion)).
1 16. My Favorite Martian, "Raffles No. 2" (CBS Dec. 8, 1 963) (TV series). Of course, for
a clever alien like Martin, these problems are really not problems at all because, as a being
that could inspire Leonardo da Vinci to paint La Gioconda, he could easily create false
documents; however, if Martin could deal with such problems so easily there would be no
television show. My Favorite Martian, "Martin Meets His Match" (CBS Mar. 27, 1966) (TV
series).
1 1 7. See 3rd Rock from the Sun, supra n. 13 (showing fellow aliens reminding each
other through references to the television series Alien Autopsy: (Fact or Fiction?) that it
was better not to reveal their true identities to humans for fear that the United States
government would rather dissect them than interview them); Alien Autopsy: (Fact or Fic
tion?) (Fox Broad. Co. 1995) (TV movie) (showing black and white documentary footage of
a 1 947 autopsy on an extraterrestrial being).
1 1 8. This imprisonment is very likely to be temporary because Martin has many powers
such as telepathy and the ability to disappear. "Man on the Couch," supra n. 52 (depicting
Martin's telepathic powers); My Favorite Martian, "My Favorite Martian; How're You
Gonna Keep Them Down on the Pharmacy?" (CBS May 10, 1 964) (TV series) (showing
Martin disappearing).
.
1 19. My Favorite Martian, "A Nose for News" (CBS June 2 1 , 1 964) (TV series).
Stetson Law Review
208
[Vol . 39
and offers Martin a job on the newspaper. Tim is excited, but
Martin points out that he could not possibly accept the position. 120
"How could I answer all those questions? What was your mother's
maiden name? When did you have the chicken pox?"121 Tim real
izes in dismay, ''You don't exist here."122
Another message My Favorite Martian conveys is that simply
because a race of beings might be physically or intellectually more
developed does not mean that it should necessarily interfere with
a group of beings that might be less developed. My Favorite Mar
tian holds that beings (read groups or individuals) should develop
at their own pace. Martin constantly admonishes Tim that nei
ther one of them should use Martin's Martian powers to influence
human affairs123 because human beings need the time to develop
and make decisions on their own.124 Whenever Martin's many un
usual inventions125 and Martian imports126 tempt Tim to use them
to his own or humanity's advantage, the attempts always end in
disaster.127 The moral, as Martin points out, is that Martian "su
periority'' is not a goal to which Earthlings should aspire . 12s Hu
man beings should work through their own problems because
120. Id.
1 2 1 . Id.
122. Id.
123. Despite his statements that he does not wish to interfere with human affairs, he
does not seem to have a "prime directive." See supra n. 68 (discussing the history of the
term "prime directive"). But, throughout the series, Martin refers to times when he has
positively influenced human development by talking with Aesop, Cleopatra, Isaac Newton,
Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Edison, making the meddling seem both good-hearted
and, if we can believe him, ultimately helpful. My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1 .
124. See My Favorite Martian, "Time Out for Martin" (CBS June 20, 1965) (TV series)
(showing the main characters traveling back to England in 1 2 1 5 where the human inter
feres with history and the Martian must remedy the error).
125. See e.g. id. (showing Martin inventing a time machine).
126. See e.g. My Favorite Martian, ''Won't You Come Home, Uncle Martin, Won't You
Come Home?" (CBS Dec. 27, 1964) (showing Martin with a light bulb, the "benevolence
bulb," that makes people like him). One can only wonder how Martin got all the Martian
paraphernalia into his spaceship to begin with.
127. See e.g. My Favorite Martian, "Go West, Young Martian: Part l" (CBS Sept. 12
1965) (TV series) (showing Martin using his time machine and, due to Tim's error, ending
up in the wrong place and in the wrong point in time); My Favorite Martian, "Go West
Young Martian: Part 2" (CBS Sept. 1 9, 1965) (TV series) (showing Martin and Tim extract
ing themsel ves �om a difficult situation created by the use of the time machine); My Fa
.
.
vorite Martian, Pay the Man the $24" (CBS May 1, 1 966) (showing Tim influencing his
tory when he uses the time machine and convinces Native Americans not to sell the island
of Manhattan).
128. My Favorite Mart ian, supra n. 1 1 .
'.
2009)
209
shortcuts to wisdom simply do not exist. Thus, humans should
evolve, as Martians have, at their own pace . 129
An essential part of humanity's evolution is intellectual de
velopment. Humanity may achieve this through using reason 13o
as well as through education and acculturation. Martin under
scores the importance of education when he enrolls his nephew in
school even though Martians are an intellectually superior group
of beings.131 This lesson is repeated in later friendly alien narra
tives. 132 The underlying message is that, without education, intel
lectual development, and exposure to one another, humans are
doomed to be an ignorant, repressed race on an insignificant
planet, circling a minor star in a backwater part of only one of
m any, many galaxies.
V ALIEN NATION: CWIL RIG HTS AT THE
END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTUR Y
We find much o f the same "rights talk" i n My Fav orite Mar
tian in the later series Ali en Nation. Alien Nat i on takes place in
Los Angeles, in the 1 990s. 133 A group of aliens, called Newcomers,
having crash landed in the Mojave Desert, are now refugees
among the humans. For the native humans, the Newcomers are
the alien nation and conversely, for the newly arrived aliens, the
129.
The writers also seem to suggest, as other SF writers suggest, that there may be a
right to develop at one's own pace without interference . This right seems to mesh with the
"prime directive" notion. See supra n. 68 and accompanying text (discussing the terms
origin in the television series Star Trek); see also United Nations Declaration on the Rights
of Indigenous Peoples, GA RES. 611295, UN GAOR, 107th mtg., UN DOC. A/61/L.67 and
Add. I (2007) (available at http://www.un.org/esa/socder/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf)
(affirming the right of indigenous peoples "to development in accordance with their own
needs and interests . . . ).
1 30 . See supra nn. 97-104 and accompanying text (discussing Martin's emphasis on the
"
importance of reason during a decade of emotional instability) .
"When You Get Back to Mars," supra n. 61.
A lien Nation, "Alien Nation" (Fox Broad. Co. Sept. 18, 1989) (TV series) [hereinaf
ter "Alien Nation Pilot"] (depicting the alien children attending school); "Brains and Eggs,"
supra n. 69 (showing the alien High Commander enrolling the alien teen in a local junior
high school). In no case do the aliens suggest that their children should not attend school.
131.
132.
The intellectual superiority of the alien children in Alien Nation breeds jealousy, masked
as contempt, among some of the human children, serving as an analogy to the Asian
American children in the California public school system. "Alien Nation Pilot," supra
n. 1 32; see infra n. 230 (discussing the contempt bred among other ethnicities at the supe·
rior academic performance of Asian Americans in California public schools).
133. Alien Nation Series, supra n. 1 2 .
210
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[Vol. 39
humans are also quite alien.134 Thus, the show presents us with
two kinds of alien nations. 135
The themes of intercultural conflict and the need for cultural
negotiations drive Alien Nation. Says Kenneth Johnson, the pro
ducer of the television series and the made-for-television movies:
I was very intrigued with the idea of exploring what it's like
to be the latest people off the boat . . . the newest addition to
our society in America, and it's sort of an opportunity to ex
plore what it was like to be the world's newest minority. At
the same time we could explore what kind of cultural, eth
nic, religious, mythological, biological differences these peo
ple represent . . . . It's really a show about cultural clash and
cultural conflict. One new species trying to assimilate itself
into another, which makes for a lot of conflict, a lot of anger,
a lot of humor-"Welcome to Earth, here are your tax
forms."136
Alien Nation explores relationships between different hu
manoid groups and the problems such relationships can create.
The relationships include the tensions and developing friendship
between two police officers-the human Matthew Sikes, 1s7 and
the Newcomer George Francisco-the relationship among mem
bers of an alien family, and the relationships between an alien
family and their human friends and neighbors in a new-and
alien (to it)-society. 138 The show also explores the difficulties ex-
134. Even the human names sound strange to the aliens as the human protagonist
Matthew Sikes discovers. His name sounds like the phrase "cranial excrement" in the alien
language, Tencton. Id.
135. This is a play on words-alien nation or alienation.
136. Gross, supra n. 53, at 58. Living in the United States society has tremendous ad·
vantages and it also has responsibilities, among them filling out one's dreaded I.R.S.
forms. See Drake Software, Your Complete Tax Information Source: Tax Headlines,
http://www.1040.com/site/ (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (providing information and guidance
about completing the United States federal government individual tax return form Form
1 040). The United States government has inaugurated a "kinder, gentler" image. m's, IRS
Begins Tax Season 2009 with Steps to Help Financially Distressed Taxpayers; Promotes
Credits, e-File Options, http://www.i rs.gov/newsroom/article/O,,id=202244,00.html (Jan. 6,
2009).
137. The last name Sikes is spelled as "Sikes" in the television series and as "Sykes" in
the original motion picture. [Editor's Note: For consistency, the name will be spelled
"Sikes" in the Article.)
138. "Alien Nation Pilot," supra n. 132.
2009]
211
perienced in a romantic relationship between members of differ
ent humanoid species. 1 39
Almost immediately, the humans label the Tenctonese aliens
"Newco mers," a word that signifies their separation from the lar
ger, human society at the same time that it suggests their ori
gin. 140 After the Newcomers' arrival, the humans do not immedi
ately accept them into society. Support for the Newcomers' citi
zenship is apparently mixed. Initially the Newcomers do not have
the right to vote. 1 4 1 Apparently, the phrase "all men are created
equal" does not include extraterrestrials. 1 42 Although the term
"men" had been expanded over the past hundreds of years to in
clude women143 and persons regardless of their skin color it ap
parently does not include the idea of sentients of other species. 144
Even after the Newcomers receive their citizenship papers, they
do not have voting rights, a state of affairs inconsistent with the
Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution, which provides that
the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be de-
139. Id. Because the white male on the show is involved with an alien female rather
than a human non-white female, the producers and writers could direct the progression of
the relationships from friendship to intimacy without worrying quite so much about a
racial backlash, although interracial relationships are no longer a rarity on contemporary
television. See Ann Oldenburg, Love Is No Longer Color Coded on Tv, http://www.usatoday
.com/l ifeltelevision/news/2005- 1 2-20-interracial-couples_x.htm (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010)
(describing a variety of interracial relationships on popular television shows in 2005).
1 40. Since the word "newcomer" is also close to the word "welcome," it could have some
overtones of friendliness, although societies do not automatically welcome all newcomers.
1 4 1 . "Alien Nation Pilot," supra n. 1 32.
1 42. SF literature has also raised the question of whether the United States Constitu
tion imparts rights to extraterrestrial androids. The question of robot rights is beyond the
scope of this Article but I consider it in another article in progress. For a television episode
in which an android explores the question of self-determination, see Star Trek: The Next
Generation, "The Measure of a Man" (CBS Feb. 1 1 , 1989) (TV series). For a film in which
an android fights for the right to m arry, see Bicentennial Man (Columbia Pictures &
Touchtone Pictures 1999) (motion picture). For the results of a British governmental study
predicting the possibility of robot rights, see BBC News, Robots Co uld Demand Legal
Rights, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6200005.stm (Dec. 21, 2006).
1 43. U.S. Const. amend. XIX.
1 44. The United States Constitution states: "All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and
of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." U.S. Const. amend. XIV,
§ 1.
[Vol. 39
Stetson Law Review
212
nied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 145
Why the United States Constitution does not grant the New
comers voting rights despite their status as citizens is a mystery.
It is perhaps because of the legal history of the African-American
battle for voting rights . 146 The explanation might be that the
Newcomers are not ''human," but the amendment does not read
"human persons." Apparently the United States government is
struggling with accepting a new group of marginalized "per
sons ."147
145.
146.
U.S. Const. amend. XV.
For a more comprehensive history of the fight for African Americans' right to vote,
see J. Morgan Kousser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of
the Second Reconstruction (U.N.C. Press 1999); Richard M. Valelly, The Two Reconstruc
tions: The Struggle For Black Enfranchisement (U. Chi. Press 2004).
147.
See Alien Nation, "Spirit of '95" (Fox Broad. Co. Jan. 15, 1 990)
(TV series)
[herein·
after "Spirit of '95'1 (opening with a discussion of the women's suffrage movement and
centering on the Newcomers' fight for full citizenship rights). If we were to clone Neander·
thals we might face analogous issues. Ronald Bailey discusses the question in an article for
Reason Magazine. Ronald Bailey, Neanderthal Rights: The Morality of Resurrecting Our
Closest Evolutionary Cousins, http://www.reason.com/news/show/ 1 3 1 7 1 7. html (Feb.
17,
2009). Assuming that it were technically possible to do so, and a t least one scientist thinks
it is, would Neanderthals have the same rights as we do? What if they are of limited intel·
lectual capacity? Ronald Bailey asks:
So what if we bring back Neanderthals and it turns out that their intellectual ca·
pacities are so dissimilar from ours that they cannot cope successfully with modern
life? Should we control their fertility so that they go extinct again? This comes un
comfortably close to the eugenic arguments used to justify sterilizing people who
were deemed mentally defective in the 20th century. Or perhaps Neanderthals could
be placed in reservations where they would be allowed to develop without further in
terference from modern humans. Would this be akin to confining them to a zoo?
Id. Consider also the claims of such Neanderthals (and the popular culture image of Nean
derthals) against the backdrop of Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857) (holding that
no person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States). Might the
Neanderthals face a twenty-first century Dred Scott decision, or would a United Nations
resolution such as the one referenced infra note 347 protect them?
My colleague Ray Diamond points out Mr. Justice Harlan's comments concerning in
clusion and exclusion in his dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U . S . 537 ( 1896) (Harlan, J.,
dissenting):
There is a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it
to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few excep
tions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the Chinese race. But, by the
statute in question, a Chinaman can ride in the same passenger coach with white
citizens of the United States, while citizens of the black race in Louisiana, many of
whom, perhaps, risked their lives for the preservation of the Union who are enti·
tied, by law, to participate in the political control of the state and
�ation, who
are
not excluded, by law or by reason of their race, from public stations of any kind, and
who have all the legal rights that belong to white citizens, are yet declared to be
2009]
213
A s the Newcomers assimilate into human culture, the show
examines how far that assimilation must go. For example, the
Newcomer children have to attend school . 1 48 Yet one issue left
unexplored is whether their education should be bilingual in
Tencton and English . 149
In the pilot episode, human police officers Matthew Sikes and
Newcomer George Francisco head to George's daughter's school as
she attempts to integrate it. 150 In a scene reminiscent of the
showdown between Governor Orville Farbus and the United
States Marshals in 1 95 7 , Sikes faces down a white woman who
harangues a crowd, some carrying signs reading "America for
Humans," with racist talk about the "slags" who do not belong at
the school or in that part of community . 1 5 1 He even asks a black
m a n in the crowd: "Aren't you ashamed of yourselves? Aren't
you?" He then informs the crowd that anyone still around in three
minutes will be under arrest for "violation of the Civil Rights Act
of 1 96 4 . " 1 ;;2
crimin als. liable to imprisonment, if they ride in a public coach occupied by citizens
of the white race.
Id. at 561 (Harlan. J .. dissenting).
1 48.
See e.g. Alien Nation, "Little Lost Lamb" (Fox Broad. Co. Oct. 2. 1 989) (TV seriP11)
I hereinafter
"Little Lost Lamb"] (showing the Newcomer Emily Francisco rehearsing for
11
role as "Pocahontas" in a school play).
1 4 9.
Of course, Newcomers are such good English speakers that it may not mattPr. Likr
other outsiders forced to assimilate, they are examples of the outsi ders who do 110 perhap11
too well. Yet, to preserve their culture, they may still want their language and rulture
ta ught in school, and humans might want the opportunity to learn Tencton. Tencton. li kt•
K l ingon in the Star Trek series, is a n invented language. See Star Trek (NBC 1 966- 1 969)
(TV Series) !hereinafter Star Trek Series] (introducing the Klingons, an alien race. nnrl
t heir unique language). There is also a Klingon dictionary. see Marc Okrand. The Klinfi!o11
Dictionary ( Pocket Bks. 1992). and Lawrence Schoen has translated Hamlet into Klingon,
see The Klingon Language Institute, The Klingon Ham let (Pocket Bks. 2000). Alien Nation
often provides Tencton subtitles for English speaking viewers to em phasize the unique
Tencton culture. See generally Alien Nation Series. supra n. 12 (showing Tencton 11ubtitle11
during English dialogues). A "Tencton" dictionary now exists. Michelle Erica Green. The
Little Review. Michele Scarabelti: Don 't Call Me Melon- Head!. http:/lwww.lit tlereview.com/
getcriticaUinterviews/scrbelli.htm (accessed Apr. 1 1. 20 1 0). Note that the lyrics heard i n
the openi n g credits of the series. which are sung i n the alien language. are actuall�· direc
tor Kenneth Johnson's wife and daughter's names sung backward. Alien Nation: Ultimate
Movie Collection, Disc 2: Body and Soul, "Commentary" (20th Cent.-Fox 2008) (DVD).
1 50.
151.
"Alien Nation Pilot," supra n. 1 32.
Id.
Id. ; see The Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000(e)(2) (2006) (prohihiting
d i scrim ination in government and e m p loyment. securing voting rights. and prohibiting
d i scri m i n a tion in public accommodat ions and education). He must ht' n1111ummg that Tl.'nc·
tonese fi t within the definition of "race" or "national origin" in tht• Act. But tht•re n n• no
1 52.
[Vol. 39
Stetson Law Review
214
Alien Nation makes use of analogies to world history through
storylines that recall the Third Reich, 1 53 the history of slavery in
the United States, 1 54 and racism and sexism. It engages viewers
in thought about whether, and how far, we are willing to extend
affirmative action and the right to work, 155 the right to marry , 156
and the right to be left alone. 157
Alien Nation focuses on several of the same issues as Star
Trek, 158 but places the characters in modern American society. 1 59
In particular, the show examines the rights of association, of free
criminal provisions in the Act. One can make another analogy to the caste and class sys
tems such as the one most prominently seen in India. See Susan Bayly, The New Cam
bridge History of India: Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to
the Modern Age vol. IV, pt. 3, ch. 4 (Cambridge U. Press 2001) (analyzing the development
of India's caste system); Murray Milner, Jr., Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of
Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture ch. 1 (Oxford U. Press 1994) (analyzing
the general theory of status via a detailed study of India's complex caste system). Un·
documented children do, however, have a right to attend school. See Pyler
u.
Doe, 457 U.S.
202, 230 (1 982) (holding "(i]f the State is to deny a discrete group of innocent children the
free public education that it offers to other children residing within its borders, that denial
must be justified by a showing that it furthers some substantial state interest"). Certainly,
aliens lawfully within the territory of the United States have a right to send their children
to taxpayer-supported schools.
1 53.
The Udara Legacy, supra n. 64.
154.
Alien Nation: The Enemy Within (20th Cent.-Fox 1 996) (TV movie).
1 55.
"Alien Nation Pilot," supra n. 132 (depicting aliens working civil service jobs).
156.
Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12 (depicting a human male and an alien female
falling in love).
157.
Alien Nation, "Eyewitness News" (Fox Broad. Co. Feb. 5, 1 990) (TV series) [here
inafter "Eyewitness News"] .
158.
For legal issues in Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation, see Richard J.
Peltz, On a Wagon Train to Afghanistan: Limitations on Star Trek's Prime Directive, 2 5 U.
Ark. Little Rock L. Rev. 635 (2003) (discussing the application of Star Trek s "prime direc
'
tive" in contemporary culture); Michael P. Scharf & Lawrence D. Roberts, The Interstellar
Relations of the Federat ion: International Law and "Star Trek: The Next Generat ion, " 2 5 U.
Toledo L. Rev. 577 (1994) (exploring the legal issues that Star Trek: The Next Generation
presents); Thomas C. Wingfield, Lillich On Interstellar Law: U.S. Naval Regulations, Star
Trek, and the Use of Force in Space, 46 S.D. L. Rev. 72 (2001) (analyzing interstellar law in
light of the Star Trek television series).
159.
The original Star Trek series does have some episodes that take place in contem
porary American society because time travel is a popular script device in the Star Trek
universe (and in SF generally). See e.g. Star Trek, "Assignment: Earth" (Paramount Mar.
29, 1 968) (TV series) (showing the Enterprise crew helping a time-travelling human go
back in time to avert a disaster that would change history); Star Trek, "The City on the
Edge of Forever" (Paramount Apr. 6 , 1967) (TV series) (telling the story of Captain Kirk
and Mr. Spock returning to Depression-era America to prevent Dr. McCoy from changing
history and making certain the U.S. enters the Second World War on the side of the Al
lies); Star Trek, "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (Paramount Jan. 26, 1967) (TV series) (showing
the Enterprise crew back in Earth's orbit in the 1960s when the Air Force identifies it
ironically as a UFO).
2009]
215
speech, of travel, and the right to be free from discrimination in
a n attempt to remind us that the civil rights lessons of the 1960s
and 1 9 70s are still not fully understood. 160 While Star Trek pre
sents a hopeful, almost cheerful view of the interaction among
alien races, Alien Nation confronts the issues in question and is
sometimes less than sanguine about our ability to solve the prob
lems at hand. In particular, Alien Nation absorbs and updates the
racist speech of the pre-civil rights and early civil rights era and
transfers it to remarks about the "Newcomers." For example, cer
tain anti- Newcomer groups, called "Purists," refer to the New
comers as "Slags" and "Spongeheads," derogatory terms that de
grade
and debase the Newcomers. Although the Newcomers
rarely react, their human friends often object.1 6 1 Even individuals
who are not members of Purist group s will use such terms in
j okes or in passing conversation, apparently without realizing
that such language is offensive . 162 The point is obviously to make
clear to the audience that such speech labels, marginalizes, and
hurts. Those majority groups that adopt such language do so
thoughtlessly, without realizing that some minority groups who
might find it objectionable might also be unable to respond, either
legally or socially.
Note however, that the Tenctonese are physically and intel
lectually superior to the humans who surround and outnumber
them . What protects those humans who choose to malign them is
first, the Tenctonese respect for the rule of law (socialization),
secon d, the Tenctonese slowness to anger (possibly genetics, pos
sibly education), and third, the Tenctonese fear of extermination
(knowledge of history), which may disappear as the Newcomers
grow in number, become citizens, become acculturated, and be
come accustomed to their rights.
The ease with which we as viewers accept the possibility of
such speech is frightening; we recognize instinctively that, al
though the group may change, human beings have always identi160. See generally, Carol J. Greenhouse, Life Stories, Law's Stories: Subjectivity and
Anthropol
Respo nsibility in the Politicization of the Discourse of "Identity", 31 Pol. & Leg.
�ver
?ongress
ates
ed
S�
Unit
the
ogy Rev. 79 (2008) (discussing the political battle within
.
m the Umted
the Civil Rights Act of 1990 and the continuing argument over c1v1! nghts
States) .
1 6 1 . Alien Nation Series, supra n. 1 2
162 . Id.
Stetson Law Review
216
[Vol.
39
fied some group as "other," "lesser," or even as "non-human." In
the case of Asians, 163 Africans, 164 and Native Americans, 165 this
marginalization began arguably with the arrival of colonial set
tlers. Indeed, such an analogy seems to have been paramount in
writer/creator Rockne O'Bannon's mind. O'Bannon states :
Because the aliens i n Alien Nation were anthropomorphic in
body, and possessed language, they certainly appeared more
h uman than animal-which only helped to bring the ques-
163.
See Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern
America (Oxford U. Press 2001) (describing social and historical categories like race, iden·
tity, and culture particularly in the case of Asian Americans' assimilation into the United
States culture).
164.
Negative images of African Americans are ubiquitous, and attention is now turn·
ing to discussion of positive images of black role models, including in the mystery and
detective fiction genre. Among the most provocative and complete studies of the treatment
of African Americans in literature is Stephen F. Soitos. The Blues Detective: A Study of
African American Detective Fiction (U. Mass. Press 1996). For additional critical analysis
of African American literature, see generally Helen Lock, A Case of Mis-Taken Identity:
Detective Undercurrents in Recent African American Fiction (Peter Lang Publg. 1 994)
(providing a comprehensive analysis of detective themes in African American literature);
Madelyn Jablon & Rehoboth Beach, "Making the Faces Black": The African-American
Detective Novel, in Changing Representations of Minorities, East and West: Selected Essays
vol. 1 1, 26 (Larry E. Smith & John Rieder eds., U. Haw. Press 1 996) (studying the detec
tive genre within African A merican literature); Bonnie C. Plummer, Subverting the Voice:
Barbara Neely 's African American Detective, 20 Clues: A Journal of Detection 77-88
(Spring-Summer 1 999) (studying the black female amateur detective, Blanche White, in
Barbara Neely's detective series); and Joe Weixlmann, Culture Clash, Survival, and
Trans-Formation: A Study of Some Innovative Afro-American Novels of Detection, 38 Miss.
Q. 21-32
(Winter 1984-1985) (providing a critical analysis of detective fiction within Afri
can American literature).
165.
See Marilyn Jeanne Anderson, The Image of the American Indian in American
Drama: From 1 766 to 1845 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, U. Minn. 1974) (on file with
Stetson Law Review) (discussing the treatment of Native Americans within early United
States dramatic literature); Laura Schrager Fishman, How Noble the Savage? The Image
of the American Indian in French and English Travel Accounts, ca. 1 550-1 680 (unpub
lished Ph.D. dissertation, U. N.Y. 1979) (on file with Stetson Law Review) (discussing the
treatment of Native Americans within early French and English travel literature) ; Theo
dore S. Jojola, Moo Mesa: Some Thoughts on Stereotypes and Image Appropriation, in
Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the American Popular Cult ure 263 (S. Elizabeth
Bird ed., Westview Press 1 996) (exploring the creation of Native American stereotypes
within the United States popular culture). For further a nalysis of Native American detec
tives and other role models, see generally Jane S. Bakerman, Joe Leaphorn and the Navajo
Way: Tony Hillerman's Indian Detective Fiction, 2 Clues: A Journal of Detection 9-16
(Spring-Summer 1981) (discussing how Tony Hillerman integrates knowledge of the Na
vajo people in his Joe Leaphorn fiction series); Tom Quirk, Justice on the Reservation, 1 8
Armchair Detective : A Quarterly Journal Devoted to the Appreciation of Mystery, Detec·
tive and Suspense Fiction 364-370 (Fall 1985) (discussing the treatment of Native Ameri
cans in detective literature).
2009]
217
tion of "what constitutes 'humanity"' into cleaner perspec
tive. How do you categorize a being that is so close to being
human, yet isn't? Every time the aliens were rejected, belit
tled, diminished by humans, it became the perfect parallel to
any race or society who deems themselves superior and di
minishes the rights and dignity of another. But, because it
was being told in the "one step removed from reality" genre
of science fiction, it was easier for audiences to perhaps wit
ness their own prejudices without immediately being turned
off by a "message" film rubbing their noses in it. 1 66
Although O'Bannon conceived the film, he was not involved in the
creation of the television series scripts, and has no information on
the interests and motivations of the series' writers. But, he specu
lates that the question of human/alien rights continued to be a
central focus of the series. 167 Concerning the purposes of Alien
Nation, O'Bannon says:
With my film [Alien Nation] , my [interest] was in examining
the question of human rights as applied to a group of indi
viduals who would certainly have to be categorized as "non
humans." There is speculation among futurists that [some
day] not too far off, there will be test cases where animals
will be afforded some direct protections under laws currently
reserved for humans. At which time the social/legal question
at the center of [Alien Nation] will come into more direct re
lief-albeit with more down-to-earth players (namely terres
trial animals rather than extraterrestrial aliens) . 1 68
O'Bannon understands, perhaps more than some other writers,
how much influence the law has on the ordering of a rule
conscious society into which marginalized groups request admit
tance. He states:
In my original draft of the screenplay, there was an opening
narration that told a little more about how the aliens came
to be integrated with human society. Once the alien space1 66. E-mail from Rockne O'Bannon, creator of Alien Nation, to Christine Corcos, Assoc.
Prof., La. St. U. L. Ctr. (Aug. 1 9, 2001) (copy on file with Stetson Law Review) [hereinafter
O'Bannon E-mail].
167. Id.
1 68. Id.
Stetson Law Review
218
[Vol. 39
craft was discovered and guided into orbit around Earth, and
the 350,000 occupants awakened from their state of cryonic
sleep, the conditions aboard the ship were instantly intoler
able. In the narration it was stated that the ACLU immedi
ately leaped in and petitioned to bring these beings to Earth
rather than condemn them to die in their overcrowded craft.
The question of how the law was to treat these non-humans
was thrust out there right on the first page of the script. 1 69
While the scriptwriters have fun with American popular cul
ture itself, the result is that the American dominant culture is
pushing out the minority Newcomer culture. First, poor Neilsen
ratings result in the cancellation of a Newcomer comedian's
vaudeville comedy show in the TV movie, Alien Nation: Millen
nium. 110 Its replacement is a talk show featuring George
Stephanopoulos and Tori Spelling. 17 1 Second, American consumer
ism quickly sucks in the unwary Newcomer, Detective George
Francisco, when he runs up his Visa bill. 172 His wife Susan tells
him that this is a symptom of his "PSM"-post-slave mentality. 173
Some workers at the Bureau of Newcomer Affairs174 (BNA)
have
given or assisted Newcomers in choosing new "Earth
names," most of which seem intended to either bring forth laughs
169. Id.
170. Alien Nation: Millennium (20th Cent.-Fox Jan. 2, 1 996) (TV movie).
1 7 1 . Id. The writers were only slightly ahead of their time. George Stephanopoulos
became host of This Week for ABC in 2002. Brian Hiatt, King George, http://www.ew.com/
ew/article/0,,2639 1 1 ,00.html (June 19, 2002). In the credits for the opening of each TV
episode, we see a theater marquee advertising Rambo 6; the film Rambo N (Lionsgate
2008) (motion picture) was released in 2008. Network executives have cancelled several
series after only one episode. See e.g. Emily's Reasons Why Not (ABC 2006) (fV series)
(telling the story of a successful young woman who lives by a set of reasons why not to do
something, which was cancelled after the pilot aired); Who's Your Daddy? (Fox Broad. Co.
2005) (TV series) (showing a game where an adoptee must choose who his or her biological
father is from a panel of eight men, which was cancelled after the pilot aired); see also
Ryan Christopher DeVault, Past Life Cancelled by Fox after Three Episodes, http ://www
. associatedcontent.com/article/2 718065/past_life_canceled_by_fox_after_three. html?cat=2
(Feb . 19, 2010) (discussing the Fox Broadcasting Company show Past Life and its cancella
tion after only three episodes aired in February 2010).
172. Alien Nation: Millennium, supra n. 170.
173. Id.
174. Compare this agency with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which handles the rela
tionship between the United States Government and 1 .9 million American Indians
and Alaska natives. U.S. Dept. Int. Indian Affairs, What We Do, http://www .bia.gov/
WhatWeDo/index.htm (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010).
2009]
219
or induce philosophical thinking i n viewers. 1 75 One of the aliens,
frequently accused of being mentally challenged,176 who works as
a j anitor at the police station, is named "Albert Einstein."177 Al
bert's mental capacity distracts us from his very real abilities; h e
is clearly a stand-in fo r humans whose mental processes are dif
ferent from the norm. Those whose mental abilities are different
are often labeled as belonging to groups in which they might not
otherwise fit. 1 7 8 Various other characters have names like "Edgar
Allan Poe," 1 79 "Wyatt Earp," 180 "Virginia Hamm," 181 and "Char
lotte Bronte . " 18 2 All these names are (or should) be familiar to
American viewers, so they would understand the references. The
recurring "important" Newcomers have "normal" monikers like
Cathy Frankel (the human police officer's girlfriend) and George
Francisco (the human police officer's partner) . 183 A Newcomer's
intentional adoption of a human name with specific history and
an ironic association immediately puts him or her in the class of
"other."1 84
175.
Alien Nation: Millennium, supra n. 170.
176.
Id. We do not know what, if anything, categorizes him as "mentally challenged"
rather than simply someone who thinks outside the box. Id.
177.
Id.
178.
Even though the mentally challenged may not truly understand the nature or
quality of their acts, we have seen all too often that society is willing to hold them to the
same standard as those who do understand. Frank Green, Va. Case to Serve as Test for
Court; Top ic: Death Row, Mental Retardation, Richmond Times·Dispatch Al (Sept. 26,
2001). Or they may be defined "out" of the group, such as those mentally challenged per
sons who have fo ught hard for the right to marry and have children, or to live where they
please. D'Vera Cohn & Dan Keating, Group Homes on the Rise; Census Finds Number in
D. C. Area More than Doubled in '90s, Wash. Post BOl (Aug. 15, 2001) (explaining that
people with mental retardation are the largest number of group home residents); see Tom
Gibb, Case of Sterilized, Mentally Retarded Teen to Go to Trial, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette D14 (Dec. 5, 2000) (discussing the case of Elizabeth Arnold, sterilized at the age of 16); see
also Robert L. Hayman, Jr., Presumptions of Justice: Law, Politics, and the Mentally Re
tarded Parent, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1201 (1990) (discussing continuing legal lim itations for
the mentally challenged parent).
179.
Alien Nation, "Gimme, Gimme" (Fox Broad. Co. Apr. 9, 1990) [hereinafter "Gimme,
Gim me" ].
180. "Spirit of '95," supra n. 147.
181. "Eyewitness News," supra n. 157.
182. "Little Lost Lamb," supra n. 148.
which
183. In the film Sikes tells his new partner that he will not call him "Sam."
s
sounds ridiculous i combination with the last name "Francisco," and substitute the name
Nation
"George." Alien Nation (20th Cent.-Fox 1988) (motion picture) [hereinafter Alien
�
Movie] .
.
enough to idenThis identification assumes, of course, that humans are educated
many Americans
tify the historical significance of the names. In today's society, where
184.
220
Stetson Law Review
[Vol . 39
If BNA employees deliberately choose these names for the
Newcomers, such mean-spiritedness serves to identify and mar
ginalize the aliens as well as to label the BNA employees as cruel
or mean-spirited. If the Newcomers chose these names in an at
tempt to identify themselves with human culture (or adopt hu
man names because their own names are difficult to pronounce) ,
they will inevitably be the victims of species-ist stereotyping and
identification because humans can instantly identify them as non
human (therefore "other.")
Alien Nation explores the difficulties of the concept of "other"
as it depicts the Newcomers' integration into human society. 1 85
Newcomers have clashes with the Purists, whose activities and
personas are analogous to Nazis and the segregationists of the
civil rights era as well as the more recent Posse Comitatus1 86 and
other 1 990s fringe groups . 187 These groups gain legitimacy and
credibility among non-legally trained persons u nable to distin
guish between legitimate and illegitimate forms of legal reason
ing. 188 The Purists actively attempt to cleanse the United States
population of any contact with the Newcomers. The police in the
series are constantly pursuing these people, arresting them, j ail
ing them, and sometimes arresting them again because defense
lawyers get them released. 18 9
Meanwhile, the local governments and various non-profit or
ganizations encourage a certain amount of intimacy.1 9o Because
they are United States citizens, the Newcomers have the same
right to marry as humans, and some Newcomer/human relation cannot write, spell, or identify geographical entities on a world map, such an assumption
may not be warranted . Susan Trausch, The ABC's of Illiteracy, Boston Globe 13 (Sept. 1 5,
1993). The situation does not seem to be getting much better. Mark Kutner, Elizabeth
Greenberg & Justin Baer, A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st Cen
tury 4 (Natl. Ctr. for Educ. Statistics 2005) (available at http://nces.ed.gov/NAAUPDF/
2006470.PDF) (comparing the literacy levels between 1992 and 2003 and showing no
change in the below basic skills in prose literacy, and only a slight decrease in the below
basic skills in document and quantitative literacy).
185. Alien Nation Series, supra n. 1 2.
1 86. See James Corcoran, Bitter Harvest: The Birth of Paramilitary Terrorism in the
Heartland v-xvii (Penguin Bks. 1995) (discussing the Posse Comitatus and its activities).
187. Neo-Nazi skinheads exploit racial tensions to espouse hate and violence toward
ethnic and minority groups. Robert A. Jordan, Skinheads: An Alert, Boston Globe 17 (July
22, 1989).
188. Id.
189. Alien Nation Series, supra n. 1 2 .
1 9 0 . Id.
2009]
221
ships already occur even though many unassimilated Newcomers
live in an area called "Little Tencton," which looks a great deal
like any large city's Chinatown or Little Saigon, reinforcing the
analogies . 19 1
Some Newcomers, who are marginalized not just by the Pur
ists, but also by other Newcomers, are the "Eenos,'' because of the
work they did on the slave ships . 192 Some of these "Eenos," who
occupy a place reminiscent of the "untouchables" in the Indian
caste system, have made a place for themselves in the desert. 193
They have chosen to separate from both human and Newcomer
societies. 194 The s uggestion that the solution for those who do not
"fit in" is complete isolation (that is, "segregation"), is one that
Sikes comes to only reluctantly195 since his view of the possibility
of integration and harmony among species is more idealized than
is Francisco's. Sikes sees no difference among the Newcomers (al
though he sees differences among humans). 196 Notes Francisco,
"We all look alike to you."197 Again, for Sikes the Newcomers are
all grouped as "other." He cannot discern differences. Members of
a social group that cannot discern differences among another
group are less likely to be sensitive to the concerns of that group
and to support legal rules that provide a "level playing field" for
that other group.
Some of the Newcomers, who do see differences among them
selves, are concerned about a "dilution" of their race, particularly
if Newcomers and human interspecie s breeding becomes possi
ble. 198 As Buck Francisco puts it, if such a thing happens, and
since only 2 50,000 Newcomers exist on Earth, they would neces
sarily be overwhe lmed by the inferior human gene pool. 199 Thus,
for a very differen t reason from the human reluctance to inter.
'
I!
00
mingle, some Newcomers themselves m1ght 1avor segregat10n. 2
Eventually, Buck abandons his eugeni cist philosophy, partly be191. Id.
192. Alien Nation: The Enemy Within (20th Cent.-Fox 1996) (TV movie).
193. Id.
194. Id.
195. Id.
196. Id.
197. Id.
198. Id.
199. Id.
200. Id.
[Vol. 39
Stetson Law Review
222
cause of his sister's friendship with an Eeno girl, which suggests
that the majority Tenctonese view of the Eenos (which his father
shares) are racist and learned, and younger Newcomers can dis
card them. 201 That viewers are still sensitive about the ghettoiza
tion of some of our population is clear when we consider that the
episode storyline emphasizes similaritie s to Asian communities
(including
the
sub-Asian
continent),
rather
than
African
American communities.
In the episode "Eyewitness News, ''202 we see that a local clinic
provides lessons in Newcomer-human sex, especially for hum a n
men attracted to Newcomer women, who are physically much
stronger and could injure their male human mates accidentally. 203
In order to facilitate their relationship, Cathy gives Sikes a video
tape on how to make love to Newcomer females after she (Cathy)
ascertains his interest in her. 204
20 1 . For additional discussion on the use of eugenics in SF films, see generally David A.
Kirby, The Devil in Our DNA: A Brief History of Eugenics in Science Fiction Films, 2 6
Literature & Med. 83 (2007) (available at http://www.davidakirby.com/26. lkirby.pdf).
202. "Eyewitness News," supra n. 1 57.
203. Id.
204. Id. Alien-human sex here reflects the human (particularly the human male's) fear
of upsetting the order of things. On the history and regulation of miscegenation, see Ra
chel F. Moran, Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance (U. Chi. Press
2003). Powerful females are perceived as unnatural and dangerous. The show seems to
assume that, for the most part, viewers would not object to such relationships, especially
because several episodes make abundantly clear that interspecies breeding is impossible.
The episodes Three to Tango and Real Men provide insight into Tenctonese reproduction.
Alien Nation, "Real Men" (Fox Broad. Co. Feb. 19, 1990) (TV series) [hereinafter "Real
Men"); Alien Nation, ''Three to Tango" (Fox Broad. Co. Nov. 13, 1 989) (TV series); Alien
Nation Series, supra n. 12. The Tenctonese species requires a third person (male) to assist
the initial fertilization and the male carries the fetus. Id.
In Real Men, an irritated and pregnant George resents being told to "take it easy,"
even though the Pregnancy Discrimination Act entitles him to an accommodation. "Real
Men," supra n. 204; see 42 U.S.C. 2000e(k) (2006) (making discrimination based on preg
nancy illegal). During the episode, George and Susan's son Buck objects to comments from
his sister Emily and tells her she is insensitive to the pain that Tenctonese males undergo
when reproducing. "Real Men," supra n. 204. The episode allows for some discussion and
contemplation of role reversal, but is mostly played for laughs. However, in a tender,
though graphic, scene in the next episode, George gives birth, allowing the major charac
ters to share in the joy of Tenctonese childbirth and the screenwriters to emphasize the
importance of family life in Tenctonese society. Alien Nation, "Crossing the Line" (Fox
Broad Co. Feb. 26, 1990) (TV series). This scene parallels slave society before the Civil
War, and suggests the Newcomers are now free to celebrate rituals that emphasize the
bonding of parent and child on Earth. Id. The writers assume the right to have children i s
universal, but see Witten v . Witten, 672 N.W.2d 768, 768 (Iowa 2003) (holding that a di
vorced couple must decide on fate of frozen embryos by mutual consent).
2009]
223
We never see a child born of a union between a human and a
Newcomer in the series. Thus, the show never forces us to con
sider how we might treat a human- alien individual, but we can
speculate that it m ight meet with a great deal of prejudice and
curiosity a s well a s acceptance and support. We can speculate
that mixed marriages, like Newcomer- human friendships, would
face the same kind of prejudice as interracial marriages, court
ships, and friendships . While the series does not present the issue
of a mixed marriage, thus not raising a Loving
u.
Virginia2os is
sue, we do know that the Newcomers must battle to obtain all the
rights of United States citizens.
Amid concerns about assimilation from both humans and
Newcomers, George Francisco is torn between his desire to as
similate into American society and his wish to preserve his own
culture. 2os When he discovers his daughter rehearsing for a school
play in which she takes the role of Pocahontas, he is somewhat
bewildered, 201 but he is horrified to find his spiritually inclined
Uncle Moodri rearranging the living room furniture (including the
sofa, which they all refer to as the "reclining platform") to honor
the appropriate p art of the Universe . 2os
Moodri: The reclining platform should face . . . toward the
galaxy Centaurus.
George : The reclining platform should face that wall, toward
the fireplace.209
Both George and Susan Francisco believe that "fitting in" is cru
cial for the Newcomers, but fitting in can cause problems and may
require compliant Newcomers to forgo pursuing their rights in
court. They worry, however, about the "taint" of human society.
While many Newcomers might be able to resist the lures of hu-
to
205. 388 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1967) (holding that the state of Virginia had no authority
prohibit interracial marriages).
their chil206. "Little Lost Lamb," supra n. 148. On the experience of immigrants and
U.
(Rutgers
e
Experienc
erican
Asian-Am
the
and
Rights,
dren, see Angelo N. Ancheta, Race,
genera
Press 1997) (discussing the importance of assimilation through language for first
tion children).
207. "Little Lost Lamb," supra n. 148.
208. Id.
209. Id.
224
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
man consumer goods, many of the Alien Nation episodes explore
the traditional temptations of drugs, crime, and sex.210 Many
adult Newcomers can control their emotions and fail to react to
the baiting behavior of some humans.211 However, Newcomer
children act much like human children in their tantrums, desire
for consumer goods, and desire to be accepted and liked. 2 12
With regard to another aspect of society, religion seems to be
a given in alien culture. 21 3 Most of the SF aliens we encounter in
novels, short storie s , film, and television have a belief in some
being or force larger than themselves.21 4 Acceptance of foreign
religious practices is difficult for many of us, since without s ensi
tization and education we may not recognize what is significant or
holy about others' belief systems.215 In the TV movie, Alien Na
tion: Mi llennium, Sikes' and Francisco's police captain tries to
take advantage of a Tenctonese "portal"-a kind of technology
210. See generally Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12 (depicting reactions of Newcomers to
human temptations) .
2 1 1 . Alien Nation, "Fountain of Youth" (Fox Broad. Co. Sept. 25, 1 989) (TV series). In
this episode, Sikes begins telling a species-ist joke, and Francisco quietly but firmly tells
him to stop. Id. When Sikes does not take the hint, Francisco walks away. Id. Francisco's
reaction is comparable to many of the Star Trek character Spock's reactions to his human
colleagues. This episode is also notable for its treatment of age discrimination. An em
ployer denies Susan a position because, although she does not look it, she is over sixty in
Earth years and the employer wants someone "younger" to appeal to a youth market. Id.
212. See generally Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12 (showing the reactions of the New·
comer children to human children's common worries) .
2 1 3. Id.
214. See Clyde Wilcox, Political Science Fiction 160-164 (Donald M. Hassler & Clyde
Wilcox eds., U. S.C. Press 1997). Similarly, most SF writers assume that aliens have poli·
tics and political systems. Id. Literary critics have set about studying these systems, but
quite obviously many of these systems are proxies for utopian Earth futures. Id. at 1 621 63.
2 15. Currently, a debate is heating up over whether humans are "hardwired" to believe
in a higher being, although this debate has been around for a while. See generally Pascal
Boyer, Religion Explained (Basic Bks. 2002) (analyzing religion-and humanity's belief in
a higher being-from a cognitive anthropological perspective); C. S. Lewis, Mere Christian
ity (HarperCollins 2001) (setting out a rational basis for humanity's belief in a higher
being and the Christian religion).
Since SF aliens are proxies for humans, it makes sense that some sort of spirituality i s
a part of the alien persona. Consider, however, that since, a s humans, we have no way of
escaping the human mind and imagining exactly how an alien brain or mind would think,
if it could think at all, we can at best only be agnostic on the subject of a real alien's reli
gious belief. Is religion really a necessary part of alien culture? For an example of a novel
that considers this question, see James Blish A Case of Conscience (Del Rey 2000) (telling
the story of a priest who, after being sent to an alien planet, cannot reconcile the charm of
the beings he meets with their logic, rationality, and utter lack of need for belief in the
supernatural).
2009]
225
that allows one to reach enlightenment-to create a sort of Dis
neyland for human edification and to make a great deal of
money. 2 16 When she hears about this, Cathy Frankel, Sikes' New
comer girlfriend, tells him he does not understand how offensive
this idea is.217 "Why not create 'Godland'? You could have a Fa
ther, Son, and Holy Spirit Roller coaster!"218 He becomes quite
angry before he understands her point, and even once he under
stands it, he is still not completely convinced by the analogy . 2 1 s
Alien Nation delineates the species-ism against the Newcom
ers that parallels racism against minorities in human society. In
the opening credits of the original motion picture, human bar pa
trons make unpleasant remarks to the Newcomer bartender,220
whose reaction reminds us of the p atient demeanor of a black
man tolerating the demeaning comments of whites in times past.
Such speech is protected, unless it rises to the level of "fighting
words,"22 1 but it forces viewers to assess first, just how tolerant
the Newcomers are of difference among humans, and second, how
tolerant humans would be if real aliens suddenly appeared. In
deed, Sikes teases Francisco often in the TV series, but doing so
has fewer dangers than one might imagine for Sikes, who is
physically less impressive, because Francisco is a Newcomer and
does not react e motionally to many of the remarks that humans
make to him.222 Certainly much of the easy rapport between
2 1 6.
217.
2 1 8.
2 19.
Alien Nation: Millennium, supra n.
1 70.
Id.
Id.
Id. Note, however, that in the United States there is currently a theme park de
voted to Creationism, complete with dinosaurs. See Dinosaur Adventure Land, About DAL,
http://www.dinosauradventureland.com/aboutDAL.ph p (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010). Perhaps
Cathy's suggestion is not so outlandish.
220.
Alien Nation Movie, supra n.
221.
R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul,
183.
505 U.S. 377, 381 (1 992).
Although the First Amendment does not apply to categories of unprotected speech.
such as fighting words, the Equal Protection Clause requires that the regulation of
unprotected speech be rationally related to a legitimate government interest. A
defamation statute that drew distinctions on the basis of political affiliation or "an
ordinance prohibiting only those legally obscene works that contain criticism of the
city government,"
Id . at
222.
(J
would unquestionably fail rational-basis review.
406.
Alien Nation Series, supra n.
12.
In the film, Alien Nation. Sikes, the human police
officer who offers to take on the Newcomer Sam Francisco as his new partner does so not
out of any feelings of brotherhood, but because he hopes that association with an alien will
help him solve his dead (human) partner's murder. Alien Nation Movie, supra n.
183.
·'Jmpare Francisco's behavior with the "friendlier" behavior between Dr. McCoy and Mr.
226
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
aliens and humans in Alien Nation is the result not of tolerance
on the part of humans but on the part of aliens, who either do not
react emotionally, or decide not to react emotionally to the cruel
or insensitive remarks of the human majority.223
Through its storylines, Alien Nation draws parallels with the
history of the civil rights struggle in the United States, familiar to
American viewers of the period. For example, in the TV movie
Alien Nation: The Udara Legacy, Buck Francisco confronts bully
ing and species-ism in the police academy.224 He discovers that
certain members of the police hierarchy, including many instruc
tors, are anti-Newcomer, even using the term "slag" in referring
to Newcomer cadets .225 He struggles with how to resist the bully
ing while trying to decide whether to continue as a police cadet. 226
Like many members of a minority group, he must decide whether
to try to change the system from within, as his father has done, or
from the outside.227
A lien Nation, the original motion picture, shows alien-human
interactions as they are likely to be if such aliens suddenly ap
peared in today's society. The racist undertones from Sikes and
his first partner, who was black, the racism expressed by the hu
mans on the street, and the voiceover by the newscaster telling us
that civil rights lawyers have obtained the release of the aliens22s
all expressed toward the Newcomers indicate the kind of friction
that we might expect should real extraterrestrials actually appear
Spock on the show Star Trek. See Star Trek Series, supra n. 149 (showing the relationship
between the characters). While McCoy's frequent "teasing" comments toward Mr. Spock
concerning Spock's human/alien parentage and alien demeanor seem less objectionable,
perhaps because the show was made during the late 1960s, they are actually no less offen
sive. Id.
223. Note that the "human majority" exists not in the television universe, but in the
obvious universe of the viewers. The accusations that younger Newcomers make of Uncle
Tom-ism must be considered in this context. Alien Nation, ''The Takeover" (Fox Broad. Co.
Oct. 16, 1989) (TV series). Deliberate Newcomer indifference to species-ist remarks differs
by generation, with the oldest Newcomer philosophical and nonviolent, the younger gener
ally accepting, but concerned and sometimes willing to object, and the younger still reac
tive, either in the form of riots or peaceful protests. Id.; "Gimme, Gimme," supra n. 1 79.
224. The Udara Legacy, supra n. 64.
225. Id.
226. Id.
227. Id.
228. See Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12 (repeating the language regarding the release
of aliens). The opening credits of each episode of the television series repeats part of this
voiceover. Id.
2009]
227
on Earth. Consider the comments of Ronald Reagan before the
United Nations in 1 987:
In our obsession with antagonisms of the moment, we often
forget how much unites all the members of humanity. Per
haps we need some outside, universal threat to make us rec
ognise this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly
our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an
alien threat from outside this world.229
If we are confronted with life that looks a great deal, but not ex
actly, like us, we might well transfer our hatred and distrust of
"other" humans to the "other" life form, particularly if the "other"
life form is u niformly more intelligent than are humans.230 Thus,
members of ethnic groups that previously fought among them
selves would then perceive a common enemy. After the initial
shock, fear, a n d horror, many human beings faced with peaceful,
but more highly intelligent, evolved, and physically powerful
extraterrestrials, would very likely turn to their legislators to
demand that these extraterrestrials be refused equal treatment
before the law. The United States government in Ali en Nation
does not seem to have reacted in quite this way, although the
Newcomers do not have "equal rights." Perhaps because of the
threat of lawsuits, and because Newcomers do not seem violent,
the government has allowed the Newcomers to apply for and ob
tain citizenship through a "Bureau of Newcomer Affairs." Citizen
ship seems to be automatic once a Newcomer registers. But as
noted, the citizenship status is second-class. Newcomers may
marry, work, and go to school. They have rights of privacy, they
may drive cars, they may own property, they may take out credit
229. Peter Leathley, Journa!Live, George Bush, Reagan and Life in Outer Space,
http://www.journallive.eo.uk/page.cfm?objectid=l2694748&method=full&siteid=50081
(Mar. 3, 2003). President Reagan also claimed to have seen UFOs when he was governor of
California, and he b elieved that there was a ghost in Lincoln's bedroom . Id.
230. Newcomer superiority seems to parallel that believed of Asian Americans. about
whom other groups regularly complain in California. See Tulika Bose, Daily Bruin, New
UC Rules Worry Some Asian Americans, http://www.dailybruin.com/articles/2009/5/ 1 1/
new-uc-rules-worry-some-asian-americans/ (posted May 1 1 , 2009) (noting that changes in
California University admissions rules, which began in the 1980s, seemed to fall more
harshly on Asian·American applicants, and with the passage of Proposition 209, appear to
have become more severe).
Stetson Law Review
228
[Vol. 39
cards, and they may appeal to the police for and receive assis
tance.2 3 1 But they cannot vote.2 32
Ultimately, what makes the racial, gender, and social mes
sages in Alien Nation most powerful is that it is apparent that the
social and legal arguments we make every day for and against
extending equality to human groups on this planet could so easily
be made against sentient life that might suddenly materialize
here. Identifying the "other" seems quite easy in Alien Nation,
precisely because the "other'' is so different in appearance and in
origin. Those who might have battled among themselves before
the Newcomers arrived could now find it easy to band together.
Some humans in the series take the position that the Newcomers
can easily take away jobs, food, and opportunities that should be
reserved to human Americans. The cry, "America for Americans"
easily translates into today's society, which is the point.233
The most obvious analogy for American viewers is to the posi
tion of African Americans (either slave or free) in the nineteenth
century United States,234 although we might make other parallels
to Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Hispano and Latino
Americans . We can make another analogy-less obvious to the
231. Alien Nation Series, supra n. 12.
232. By the time the TV movie The Udara Legacy is screened, they apparently have the
right to vote, based on a comment by the character, Cathy Frankel. The Udara Legacy,
supra n. 64.
233. "America for Americans" is nothing new. Whenever some individuals feel threat·
ened, they react in this way and many politicians and legislators respond with slogans and
protective legislation. See David E. Sanger, Senate Agrees to Dilute 'Buy America' Provi·
sions, N.Y. Times A22 (Feb. 4, 2009). Consider movements such as the protection trade
legislation of the early Republic, identified most notably by the Monroe Doctrine, the
Trade Act of 1930 (the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act) , and more recently, demands for protec·
tion of American jobs and American goods brought on by the economic downturn. Id. ; see
generally Detlev F. Vagts, International Economic Law and the American Journal of Inter
national Law, 100 Am. J. Intl. L. 769 (2006) (discussing American economic and interna·
tional law including the Monroe Doctrine and the Trade Act of 1 930). In addition, battles
over immigration often flare when the economy falters or when ethnic tensions run high.
See Daniel Gonzalez & Dan Nowicki, Labor Battle Looming on Immigration, http://www
.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/04/29/20090429immig0429 .html?wired (posted Apr. 29,
2009, 12 :00 a.m MDT) (discussing the Obama administration's immigration reform); Say
.
Arizona Bill Violates Treaties: Ambassadors File Protests against Proposals to Restrict
Foreign Labor There, N.Y. Times 16, (Dec. 5, 1 9 14) (describing a bill that would require
eighty percent ofjobs be set aside for citizens).
234. Obviously, African Americans had similar, though less intense, problems in other
societies, such as Canada, but the average American television viewer is unlikely to be
aware of this fact.
2009]
229
American public, but still useful-to the caste and class systems,
most prominen tly in India,235 but also in Great Britain in Brazil
'
'
in South Africa, and in other nations.
Alien Nation also makes frequent allusions to recent world
history through its use of analogies to the Third Reich, to slavery,
and to racism and sexism. But, as survivors of the Holocaust and
the Second World War die and as more and more individuals and
groups challenge the actual existence of the Holocaust, and is less
common as a feature of popular memory, some viewers may not
recognize, or accept, these analogies.236 Alien Nation engages
viewers in thought about whether and how far we are willing to
extend affirmative action as well as the right to work, marry, and
to be left alone. 23 1
VI. 3rd ROCK FROM THE SUN
The late 1 990s comedy series 3rd Rock from the Sun postu
lates a visit from an alien crew investigating "new life and new
civilizations,"238 which it encounters on Earth. As already dis
cussed, a visit from aliens is not a unique television series story
line: My Favorite Martian, The Invaders, Alf, 239 Out of This
World,240 Aliens in the Family ,24 1 Roswell, 242 and V243 all make use
235.
Bayly, supra n. 1 52, at ch. 4; Milner, supra n. 152, at ch. 1 .
236.
O n the matter of preserving the memory of the Holocaust for future generations.
see
Edward T. Linenthal, Preserving Memory: The Struggle to Create America s Holoca ust
Museum (Colum. U. Press 2001) (describing, a mong other issues, who should define the
Holocaust as an event in popular m emory). See also Deborah E. Lipstadt. Denying tht•
Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Penguin Bks. 1994) (discussing
the growing trend to deny the existence of the Holocaust). David Irving lost a defamation
case against Lipstadt in 2000. &e Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd., (2000) EWHC QB 1 1 5
( 1 1 th April 2000) (deciding in favor of the defendants).
237.
Alien Nation creator Rockne O'Bannon stated,
TV series[,] which evolved from the original film[.) continued to
examine these themes. I don't know that any of the writers on the TV series had le·
gal backgrounds, but the central question of [Alien Nation], "Do you have to be 'hu·
man' to possess 'humanity"'? certainly remained foremost in their choice of story
The [Alien Nation]
subject matter.
O'Ban non E-mail, supra n. 1 66.
238. This is a familiar phrase from the opening Jines of the original series of Star Trek.
See Star Trek Series, supra n. 149 (featuring William Shatner, as Captain Kirk. !(iving the
opening monologue).
Alf (Alien Prods. 1 986-1 990) (TV series).
young teen (Mau·
Out of This World (MCA TV 1 987- 1 9 9 1 ) (TV series) (featuring n
( Donna Pe·
Flannigan ) who discovers that she is the daughter of a human woman
239.
2 40.
reen
230
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
of the idea that extraterrestrials are currently among us and that
one of their purposes is the study of humans, either for benign or
nefarious purposes. 3rd Rock from the Sun suggests that an alien
civilization engaged in systematic exploration of the Universe de
cides to send a small team of scientists and military personnel to
live among humans and gather data.244
Neither parody nor satire is new to the SF genre. Mars At
tacksf245 is just one of the space-film parodies. Indeed, SF film
making is now so familiar to moviegoers that it has spawned, not
just parodies of the genre, but parodies of sub-genres. As early as
the 1 960s with The Dick Van Dyke Show episode "It May Look
Like a Walnut!,"246 television spoofed itself by featuring Danny
Thomas as the alien Kolak whose minions take over Rob Petrie's
family and friends a la Invasion of the Body Snatchers.241 In addiscow) and an alien (Burt Reynolds)). The show, primarily a family comedy, combines teen
angst with the "fun" of supernatural powers. Id.
241. Two series shared this name. The earlier aired in the United Kingdom in 1 987. See
British Film Inst., Aliens in the Family, http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/4 1016 (accessed
Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (displaying information about this series). The later series, created by Andy
and Susan Borowitz, aired on ABC in 1996. See IMDb, Aliens in the Family, http://www
.imdb.com/title/tt01 15090/ (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (displaying information about this
series).
242. Roswell (Fox Broad. Co. 1 999) (TV series). The series was distributed by Warner
Brothers Television Network between 1999 and 2001 and by United Paramount Net
work between 2001 and 2002. IMDb, Roswell, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt020 1391 /
companycredits (accessed Apr. 1 1, 2010).
243. The television series V is one of the most obvious examples of the "nefarious pur
poses" visits. V, supra n. 49.
244. See generally 3rd Rock from the Sun, supra n. 13 (telling the story of four traveling
aliens who land on Earth and take on human form). The initial mission apparently is
supposed to last only one day, but the "High Commander" (John Lithgow) is so entranced
by humans, particularly Dr. Mary Albright (Jane Curtin), that he decides to extend the
mission by one day, then indefinitely. Id. In one episode, John Cleese, masquerading as
"Dr. Liam Neesam," guest stars as an alien from a different planet bent on conquest of
Earth. "Dick and the Other Guy," supra n. 7 1 . Dick Solomon recognizes him as a threat
and stops him, but the humans who know of Dick's feat believe he is an ordinary human
with extraordinary courage. Id. "Dr. Neesam" also believes that Dick is a human, and Dick
eventually does not disabuse him of the notion, telling the other alien that he is Cana
dian-literally, an alien. Id. Whether or not aliens might do so, and this fiction is certainly
common in popular culture, it is something that human beings dream about doing. Cur·
rently, NASA is engaged in revitalizing the "mission to Mars" project. See NASA, Mars
Exploration Program, http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/; select "Beyond 201 1"
(accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (discussing exploration programs in Mars beyond 20 1 1).
245. Mars Attack! (Tim Burton Prods. 1996) (motion picture).
246. The Dick Van Dyke Show, "It May Look Like a Walnut!" (CBS Feb. 6, 1963) (fV
series).
247. Invasion of the Body Snatchers, supra n. 20.
2009]
231
tion, we have parodies of the Star Wars saga: Mel Brooks' Space
balls, 248 Ernie Fosselius' Hardware Wars,249 and Steve Oedekerk's
Th umb Wars: The Phantom Cuticle,250 a parody using puppets.
Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey25I becomes fodder for
Leslie Nielsen in 2001: A Space Travesty.262 Free Enterprise253 and
Galaxy Quest254 send up Star Trek and its progeny. Finally, films
such as Inuasion,255 Meet the Applegates,256 and Coneheads251 turn
"alien invasion" narratives such as I Married a Monster from
Outer Space258 on their (cone) heads.259 All of these fil m s poke fun
both at the instinctive reactions of humans to distrust or dislike
beings not like themselves and at the political messages of main
stream SF cinema.
An issue that 3rd Rock from the Sun addresses repeatedly is
that of identity-legal, ethnic, social, national, gender, and ra
cial.260 The 3rd Rock from the Sun aliens "choose" their human
identities when they arrive on Earth (the "third rock from the
sun" of the show's title) , selecting their names (''To m," "Dick,"
"Harry," and "Sally"), which blend in with normal, everyday, mid
dle-class American culture. 261 The aliens choose their last name
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
Spaceballs (Brooksfilms 1 987) (motion picture).
Hardware Wars (20th Cent.-Fox 1 977) (motion picture).
Thu m b Wars: The Phantom Cuticle (0 Ent. 1 999)
(TV movie).
2001: A Space Odyssey (MGM 1 968) (motion picture).
2001: A Space Travesty (Cinevent 2000) (motion picture).
Free Enterprise (Mindfire Ent. 1998) (motion picture).
Galaxy Quest (DreamWorks SKG 1 999) (motion picture).
Invasion (Upstart Pictures 1 999) (motion picture). This is also known as Top of the
Food Chain. Id.
256.
257.
Meet the Applegates (Cinemarque Ent. 1990) (motion picture).
Coneheads (Paramount Pictures 1 993) (motion picture). This is a feature-film
adaptation of the Saturday Night Live skits featuring aliens from the planet Remulnk
(including Jane Curtin, who also stars as the human fe male. Dr. Mary Albright. in 3rd
Rock from the Sun). See IMDb, Episode List for "Saturday Night Live" (1975). http://www
.imdb.comititle/tt/0072562/episodes (provi ding synopses of episodes that include Conehead
sketches).
258.
I Married a Monster from Outer Space (Paramount Pictures 1 958) (motion pie·
ture).
259. The short-lived television series Quark also parodied SF conventions. hut it fea·
ture d a space-going garbage scow captained by an earthling who yearned for a better .Kitt
than picking up other people's trash. See Quark (Columbia Pictures TV 1 97i) (TV senes)
(fol lowing the adven tures of a garbage collector from outer space).
260. 3rd Rock from the Sun, supra n. 13.
.
2 6 1 . 3rd Rock from the Sun, uLonely Dick" (NBC Feb. 20, ! 996) (l'V sen <'s ). lndt't'<I.
Dick, the "High Commander" of the mission, often reminds Sally that she's "the woman."
and as such, responsible for discovering any gendered information assocrnt<'d with fomnl<'s.
Stetson Law Review
232
[Vol. 39
from the side of a delivery truck. As Harry note s, "We could have
been the Walmarts."262 Tommy, the information officer, manufac
tures documents to give them a human past, although it only cov
ers the last five or six months because, as he tells Dick, he had a
school assignment due.263 The aliens just happen to select C auca
sian bodies, calculating that pale skin would be cooler in sum
mer.264
In the episode "Hotel Dick,"265 they attend a showing of the
(imaginary) film Dawn of the Aliens, which "portrays aliens as
vicious monsters."266 All the aliens are horrified except
for
Tommy, who finds the special effects phenomenal.267 Harry pro
poses an "alien pride parade," which will persuade the humans
they should respect aliens.268 Dick calls the local paper to obj ect to
the movie critic's review and tells his faculty colleague Mary Al
bright that the movie's portrayal of aliens is off target, and that
aliens are actually kind.269 The aliens decide to attend a SF con
vention in Cleveland where attendees can "[m] eet all the aliens
from [their] favorite TV shows and movies," and where actor
George Takei270 (playing himself), who played Lieutenant Sulu in
such as the use of cosmetics. Id.
262. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick Like Me" (NBC Apr. 23, 1996) (TV series) [hereinaf·
ter "Dick Like Me"] .
263. Id. The writing is not as tight as it could be, although this might also be inten·
tional on the part of the show's creators. For example, why is Tommy already enrolled in
school within a day of the aliens' arrival on Earth and why does Dick have a position as a
physics professor? The mission seems intended to last only a day or two. Why not simply
state that the mission is intended to last a certain amount of time? See "Brains and E ggs,''
supra n. 69 (showing the facts behind these questions in the pilot episode).
264. 3rd Rock from the Sun, ''Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner" (NBC Nov. 23, 1996) (TV
series) [hereinafter "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner"] .
265. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Hotel Dick" (NBC Sept. 29, 1996) (TV series) [hereinafter
"Hotel Dick"] .
266. Id.
267. Id.
268. Id.
269. Id.
270. Takei is not the only Star Trek alumnus to appear on the show; William Shatner
eventually takes on the role of The Big Giant Head, ruler of the aliens' home planet, and
(given the number of allusions to his power) apparently a force to be reckoned with in the
Universe. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Headache, Part 1" (NBC May 25, 1 999)
(TV series) (using "Stone Phillips" as the Big Giant H e ad's name during his visits to
Earth); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Headache, Part 2" (NBC May 25, 1999)
(TV series); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Head Returns" (NBC Feb. 22, 2000)
(TV series); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Head Returns Again, Part 1" (NBC
May 23, 2000) (TV series); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick's Big Giant Head Returns Again,
2009]
233
the series Star Trek , is speaking on his (completely imaginary)
"new book ," Warp Speed, Dam m it: The Comp lete Rants of William
Shatner. 2 71 Harry suggests that the venue would be perfect to
demonstrate how wrong human perceptions of aliens are, or sug
gests, "We could blow the whole place up." 272 Harry is anxious to
make his stand at the convention and Tommy asks him if he
thinks he is "some sort of alien Martin Luther King." 273 "I too
have a dream, and in that dream I'm naked on a Ferris wheel."274
Harry does not simply suggest that he is a human rights leader
he is a prophet.
Early in their mission, the aliens discover that the humans
around them think they are extremely odd and that they do not
"fit in," in the words of Tommy's teacher, Mr. Randan. 2 15
"Of course I'm not fitting in. To fit in, you have to be some
thing." 276 Dick is mystified. 'We're something. We're human be
ings. Why? Has anyone said differently? Isn't that enough?"277 To
the aliens, all these humans look alike. Tommy explains, "No, no,
it's j ust everyone at school is something extra. You know, they're
African-American, or Italian-American, Asian-American, Audio
Visual-American." 278
Since Dick is completely at sea, the conversation continues:
Dick: We're Human-American. That should be enough.
Part 2" (NBC May 23, 2000) (TV series). Allusions to SF and SF shows are common, as one
would expect of space aliens visiting; they might be interested in what humans think of
them . As the Solomons note, they have been picking up over the air Earth transmissions
for some time. But the self-referential comments also allow more social commentary as
well.
2 7 1 . "Hotel Dick," supra n. 265.
272. Id. Again, the show spoofs SF notions of aliens. If, as the 3rd Rock aliens suggest,
"aliens are kind," why would they "blow the place up"? If they hold the notion of blowing
world s up in reserve, why engage in a public relations campaign? These are notions that
are ultimate ly human, not alien, approaches, but they reflect the fears that humans have
projected onto SF aliens for decades.
273. Id.
274. Id.
275. "Dick Like Me," supra n. 262.
276. Id.
277. Id.
278 . Id.
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Stetson Law Review
234
Tommy: Dick, it's part of my mission, as an adolescent, to
rebel against my upbringing, and if you don't tell me what
we are, then I can't do my job.
Dick: All right, if we have to be part of some group, we will
be. I'll do some research. I'll ask around. I'll find out what
the best thing to be is, and by the end of the week, we'll be
that.
Tommy: Wait . . . what should I be until then?
Dick: Well, we're carbon based life forms. Just tell everyone
we're Carbo-Americans. 279
This conversation spoofs the suggestion that ethnic identity is a
matter of choice, which is such a feature of current surveys .280
Note, however, that according to liberal theory, we are attempting
to advance toward a colorblind world281-that is, after all, the in
tent behind affirmative action.282 In Grutter
v.
Bollinger,283 the
Court noted:
We take the Law School at its word that it would ''like noth
ing better than to find a race-neutral admissions formula"
and will terminate its race-conscious admissions program as
soon as practicable . . . . It has been 25 years since Justice
Powell first approved the use of race to further an interest in
student body diversity in the context of public higher educa
tion. Since that time, the number of minority applicants
with high grades and test scores has indeed increased . . . .
We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial prefer-
279.
280.
Id.
e.g.
Evergreen
St.
College,
Evergreen
New
Student
Survey
http://www.evergreen.edu/institutionalresearch/pdf/Surveys/nss/nss2007results/
nss2007olyraceethnicity.pdf (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (displaying the results of a racial and
ethnic identity survey for students).
281. Cedric Merlin Powell, Rhetorical Neutrality: Colorblindness, Frederick Douglass,
and Inverted Critical Race Theory, 56 Clev. St. L. Rev. 823, 834 (2008). Contrast the 3rd
Rock crew's impressions of humans with Sikes' impressions of the Newcomers, and con
sider the 3rd Rock's attempts to carve out a hyphenated "identity" while on Earth with
Sikes' inability to understand why the Newcomers cannot accept the Eenos.
282. Id. at 848.
283. 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
2007,
See
2009]
235
ences will no longer be necessary to further the interest ap
proved today. 284
Episodes such as "Dick Like Me," a takeoff on the John Grif
fin book Black Like Me, 285 explore what ethnic identity might
m ean to a culture that has no emotional or intellectual under
standing of the concept . 286 "Red, White & Dick" explores the idea
that an e mphasis on equality can become so exaggerated that the
concept ceases to mean anything at all. 2s7 Thus, the scriptwriters
use satire and SF to explore racially and ethnically charged is
sues. So much of what humans know--€ven if raised in different
countries, cities, or neighborhoods--4:omes from shared values as
human beings that they could not expect alien beings to under
stand all of it, no matter how long they walk among us . Our own
human understanding is limited by language, geography, culture,
age, and experience .
But, when someone, in this case an alien (unknown to the
humans around him), truthfully proclaims colorblindness, the
humans who hear him wrongly disbelieve him .288 They do not un
derstand how he could be colorblind, and in their defense, we
must admit that they are right to question him. Since they do not
know that he is not human, so that his color and ethnic blindness
comes naturally to him, they evaluate him as just another exam
ple of a liberal white man, but one who is more than a little out of
touch. 2 89
Mary Albright's instinct tells her that Dick and his family are
different. As a trained anthropologist she should probably have
been able to spot some glaring problems with their story, as she
trie s to do early on, in ''The Dicks, They Are A-Changin'," when
she thinks she has identified Dick as a 1 960s radical named
Manny Rosenberg .290 She cannot make sense of Dick's behavior
284. Id. at 343.
285. See generally John Howard Griffin, Black Like Me (Signet 1 976) (exploring the
black experience by changing from a white man to a black man and living in the south).
the
286. See "Dick Like Me," supra n. 262 (exploring identity through the eyes of
aliens).
series).
287. 3rd Rock from the Sun, ''Red, White & Dick" (NBC Dec. 1 9, 2000) (TV
288. "Dick Like Me," supra n. 262.
289 . Id.
Apr. 9, 1 996)
290. 3rd Rock from the Sun, ''The Dicks, They are A-Changin"' (NBC
series).
(TV
[Vol. 39
Stetson Law Review
236
other than to classify him as someone who is hiding something ;
what else could it be other than a mysterious past?29 1 As the se
ries proceeds, she falls in love with him, and the romance blinds
her.292 Similarly, police officer Don Orville, who becomes involved
with Sally, fails to see the very serious problems with the aliens'
cover story. 293 Whether believing that someone is an alien is a
good explanation for the Solomons' weird behavior is another
question.
Even in today's increasingly
dysfunctional
society,
jumping to the conclusion that one can explain one's colleague's,
neighbor's, or lover's odd behavior by postulating that he or she is
from outer space is not the first hypothesis a rational human be
ing adopts.
Finally, 3rd Rock from the Sun pushes the twin and contra
dictory notions of ethnic identity and cultural assimilation to
their comedic limits. In the episode, "Dick Who's Coming to Din
ner," the Solomons re-investigate the phenomenon of ethnic iden
tity, first broached in "Dick Like Me . "294 Dick asks his secretary
Nina to take him to a Black Students Union (BSU) meeting, a
request she refuses, telling him that the event would be meaning
less to him because he is not black.29 5 He pursues the issue, ask
ing his student, Karen, why she attends BSU meetings since she
2 9 1 . Id. Mary tells Dick several times that his behavior is "off". There is something
about him that is "not quite right." He is "other," in spite of his and the other aliens' at·
tempts to fit in, but she is quite unable to figure out what it is. Id.
292. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Sally and Don's First Kiss" (NBC May 6, 1 998) (TV se
ries).
293. See id. (ignoring inconsistencies in the aliens' cover story).
294. "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner," supra n. 264. A good many of the 3rd Rock titles,
including this one, allude to well known popular culture symbols. In this case, the episode
title refers to a famous film starring Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, and Sidney Poit
ier. See Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (Columbia Pictures 1 967) (motion picture) (showing
a white liberal couple whose daughter brings home a black fiance for dinner). The public
knew both Hepburn and Tracy for their association with liberal causes, and Poitier for
groundbreaking roles. Poitier played opposite Tony Curtis in The Defiant Ones (Curtleigh
Productions 1958) (motion picture), for which he received an Academy Award nomination
in 1 958. He won the Oscar for Lilies of the Field (Rainbow Productions 1963) (motion pic
ture). Moments in time: The History Channel, Cloverdale Reveille 10 (Oct. 31, 2007) (avail
able at http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid= 1089&dat=20071031&id=gFMlAAAAI BAJ
&sjid=GhUGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3324,42335 17) (noting that Poitier received the award two
years after testifying before the House of Representatives to "condemn[ ] the lack of oppor
tunities for black actors in Hollywood"). He was the first black actor to receive an Academy
Award for Best Actor. Id.
295. "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner," supra n. 264.
2009]
237
i s ''barely cocoa brown at best." 296 He fails to understand her at
tempt to explain the notion of ethnic identity and association, 2 97
but ferrets out the fact that humans like to associate with their
own kind .298 He then seeks out a ''White Power" rally, to which he
takes the other aliens.299 Although speech at the rally is protected
under the Brandenburg
v.
Ohio300 case, the rhetoric at the rally is
as incomprehensible to the Solomons as was black student rheto
ric. 301 When Dick, having obtained information on the location of
the "White Power" rally, says that he plans to go, the bartender
who has given him the information tells him that the Solomons
should leave the premises, saying that he does not want "their
kind" around. 302
When Dick mentions their attendance, Mary is horrified and
refuses to listen to his attempts to explain that he was simply try
ing to find a place to "fit in."303 ''White" just sounds to him like an
adjective that simply describes the aliens' chosen skin color for
their visit-just as "Black" sounds like an adjective describing
Karen and other students. For Dick and the other aliens, the
296.
Id.
297.
By refusing to take Dick to the BSU meeting, Karen is asserting her right of asso
ciation, a right that Americans hold dear. Further, Karen and the other students may not
want to associate with professors during their non-class hours. But Dick's interest in and
desire for knowledge about what happens at the BSU meeting is genuine, and his request
is benign, even if Karen does not recognize it as such. Of course, Dick's behavior in class
has been notoriously annoying and harassing, so we understand why Karen is reluctant to
bring him along. See ''Dick Like Me," supra n. 262 (exploring the Solomons' ethnic iden
tity). We do not know if Pendleton is a state university, nor if the student groups are tax
payer funded. But the scene raises issues of inclusion and exclusion, not simply for the
aliens, but for the humans. Note that even private associations may be required to open
their doors to those they would prefer not to admit. See Bd. of Dirs. of Rotary Intl. u. Ro
tary Club of Duarte, 481 U.S. 537, 548-549 (1987) (holding that the state statute did not
violate the First Amendment by requiring a club to admit women since the club allowed
nonmembers access to many functions).
298. "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner," supra n. 264.
299.
300.
Id.
395 U.S. 444, 449 ( 1 969). Non-lawyers may not understand the legal reasoning
that protects speech at the "White Power" rally, which the Supreme Court decided nearly
thirty years before the episode aired. But, generally, viewers understand the analogy be
tween the right of the attendees at the "White Power" rally to come to the rally and listen
to the speakers and the right of the students to attend the BSU meeting and listen to its
speakers. They also understand that they do not have to associate with either group.
301. "Dick, Who's Coming to Dinner," supra n. 264. Tommy wonders why the "White
Power" attendees hate the "upside-down letter T," a remark that signifies just how out of
touch the aliens are with the symbolism of the speech at the rally. Id.
302.
Id.
303.
Id.
238
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
words "White" and "Black" have no cultural or ethnic meanmg.
They are simply adjectives .304
Once Dick finally understands that although he may not have
caused the problems on Earth between races, and that he could
assist in resolving differences, Dr. Albright assures him that his
efforts will be rewarded, saying with amusement, "After all, it's
not as if we choose the color of our skin."305 But of course, the
aliens have "chosen" their skin color, in perhaps a much more af
firmative way than others, like Karen, choose their identities.
That one may decide to associate with a p articular group exclu
sively or more than others for emotional, historical, personal, fi
nancial, or other reasons may be a legitimate indicator of true
ethnic identity. Indeed, the 2000 and 2010 United States Census
have emphasized ethnic identification to a much greater extent
than in previous surveys, prompting many objections that such
identification was both useless and constituted panderin g to mi
norities.306 The Office of Management and Budget's justifications
appear in one of its directives, stating:
Numerous studies reveal that identification of ethnicity is
fluid and self-perceptions of race and ethnicity change over
time and across circumstances for many people. This is espe
cially true among persons with heterogeneous ancestries. A
study of the Current Population Survey showed 1 in 3 people
reported an ethnicity in 1972 that was different from the one
they had reported in 1971. This level of inconsistency re
flects the fluidity of ethnicity as well as the effect of question
design.307
304. Id.
305. Id. (admitting they had chosen their skin color because they thought that white
would be cooler in the summer).
306. Tamar Jacoby, Viewpoints: Census ' Ethnic Emphasis Outrageous, Newsday A45
(Mar. 30, 2000). 2010 Census Form Questions at http://2010.census.gov/2010 census!how/
interactive.form.php (accessed Apr. 1 1, 2010). Whether the census designations accom
plish what their designers intend is a question. See Tanya Kateri Hernandez, "Multiracial
Discourse''.· Racial Classifications in a Era of Colorblind Jurisprudence, 57 Md. L.
Rev. 97
( 1 998) (arguing that census questions about race confuse cultural identity with sociopoliti
cal identity, thus muddying the waters).
307. 60 Fed. Reg. 44674, 44675 (Aug. 28, 1995).
2009]
239
In the episode, "The Loud Solomon Family: A Dickumen
tary,"308 the aliens appear in Albright's anthropological video,
even though they fear exposure as aliens.309 Dick suggests that
Albright's selection of them means that they have actually suc
ceeded in their mission, which is to "melt" into the human popula
tion. 310 Note that the idea of anthropological documentaries is to
study humans; unknown to her, Albright's research in this case is
on non-humans and,
therefore,
completely
worthless.311
The
documentary becomes as much a satire on anthropologists and
popular culture as is the rest of the series.312 The "loud" in the
episode title refers both to the customary noise with which the
crew, especially Dick, operates, and to the famous 1970s PBS
308. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "The Loud Solomon Family: A Dickumentary" (NBC Jan.
1 1 , 2000) (TV series) [hereinafter ''The Loud Solomon Family'l
309. Id.
310. Id.
3 1 1. Interestingly, some anthropologists have been looking at SF and its reflection of
popular culture since the early 1 970s. See Anthropology through Science Fiction (Carol
Mason, Martin Harry Greenberg & Patricia Warrick eds., St. Martin's Press 1974) (intro
ducing basic concepts and viewpoints in anthropology through SF literature); Cultures
Beyond the Earth (Magoroh Maruyama & Arthur Harkins eds., Vintage Bks. 1975) (explor
ing nontraditional concepts of society to develop thinking about extraterrestrial human
communities); Aliens: The Anthropology of Science Fiction (George E. Slusser & Eric S.
Rabkin eds., S. Ill. U. Press 1 987) (exploring whether there is an anthropological alien).
3 1 2 . ''The Loud Solomon Family," supra n. 308. All of the episode titles are takeoffs on
popular sayings, television shows, movies, books, and events. Similarly, the 1960s televi
sion series, My Fauorite Mart ian, used current events and contemporary popular culture
for its e pisode titles, including: ''The Sinkable Mrs. Brown" (CBS Apr. 5, 1964) (recalling
the Broadway play and film, The Unsinkable Molly Brown (MGM 1964) (motion picture));
"Dial M for Martian" (CBS Oct. 26, 1 964) (a reference to the film Dial M for Murder (War
ner Bros. 1954) (motion picture)); ''The Great Brain Robbery'' (CBS Nov. 15, 1 964) (The
Great Train Robbery (Edison Mfg. Co. 1903) (motion picture) and Brinks: The Great Rob
bery (Warner Bros. 1976) (TV movie)); and "How're Things in Glocca Martin?" ("How are
Things in Glocca Mora" from the play and film, Finian's Rainbow (Warner Bros. 1968)
(motion picture)). IMDb, Episode List for My Favorite Martian, http://www.imdb.com/
title/tt0056775/episodes (accessed Apr. 1 1, 2010). Note that My Fauorite Martian ran on
CBS from 1963-1966, and went off the air shortly before Star Trek: The Original Series
first aired. J.H. Harrison, A TV Classic My Favorite Martian Starring Ray Walston and
Bill Bixby, http://members.tripod.com/-jhh_2/TVMFM.htm (last updated Mar. 14, 2010).
My Favorite Martian currently airs on the TVLand network. Id. Another series that ex
plored the strangeness of human popular culture and our basic desire to "fit in" was Mork
and Mindy, in which Mork, an alien from the planet Ork, visits the U.S. during the 1970s.
Mork & Mindy, supra n. 6. Mork made his debut on the nostalgic series Happy Days, in
order to study the United States in the 1950s. Happy Days, ''My Favorite Orkan" (ABC
Feb. 28, 1978) (TV series) [hereinafter My Favorite Orkan]. The character, played by Robin
Willia ms, was so popular that the network decided to air a spin-off. Mork & Mindy, supra
n. 6 .
[Vol . 39
Stetson Law Review
2 40
documentary series An American Fam i ly,313 during the course of
which the husband and wife divorced and the oldest son revealed
his homosexuality. 314
Charlotte Everly and her son Ned (played by Kathy Bates
and Chuck Roy) , first claim to be journalists, but then reveal
themselves to be "alien hunters."315 Highly suspicious of the
Solomons, they invade the family's apartment and tie them up,
threatening to dissect them, the fate that the aliens have feared
ever since their arrival on Earth.316 Although Charlotte has tried
to disinvite the guests to Dick's birthday party, they come any
way, as does the FBI, hot on Charlotte's trail; she's a well-known
nut who has accused many other people of being aliens .317 This
time she's correct, but the Solomons benefit from the fact that she
has "cried wolf' once too often.
Likewise,
Hartmann)
Vicki
Dubcek's jealous
discovers Harry's peculiar
boyfriend
Randy
"transmission"
(Phil
powers
when he kidnaps him, although he does not know quite what to
do with them, other than to try to make money out of the discov
ery.318 But the j ournalist from the World Globe,319 to whom Vicki
Dubcek tries to hand the story of Harry's life, refuses to bite .32 0
Instead he tells her that the baby looks completely normal, and
asks in annoyance, "Do you even read our paper?"32 1
313. (PBS 1973) (TV series).
314. PBS, Lance Loud! A Death in An American Family, http://www.pbs.org/lanceloud/
american/ (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010) .
3 1 5. 3rd Rock from t h e Sun, "Alien Hunter" (NBC May 4, 1 999) (TV series).
3 16. Id.
3 1 7. Id.
3 1 8. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Eat, Drink, Dick, Mary" (NBC May 20, 1998) (TV series)
[hereinafter "Eat, Drink, Dick, Mary"] .
3 1 9. Journalists who track down and investigate aliens in science fiction are, not unex
pectedly, a recurring theme-from Tim O'Hara, the rescuer and friend in My Favorite
Martian, to reporters such as this one. See e.g. Kolchak: The Night Stalker (ABC 1 9741 9 75) (TV series) (depicting a newspaper reporter who investigates crimes that have mys
terious causes-the types of crimes traditional authorities will not pursue) . Rarely does
these journalists' work see the light of day.
320. "Eat, Drink, Dick, Mary," supra n. 318.
32 1 . 3rd Rock from the Sun, "The Baby Menace" (NBC Sept. 2 1 , 1999) (TV series).
While the aliens are concerned about protecting their identity, they are not so concerned
about intruding on the privacy of the humans they observe. In several episodes, they en
gage in snooping, trespassing, and otherwise invasive behavior in order to gather data
about humans. For example, in "Angry Dick," they watch their next-door neighbors mak
ing love and do not understand why the neighbors object. 3rd Rock from the Sun "Angry
Dick" (NBC Apr. 2, 1996) (TV series). In "Dick Puts the ID in Cupid," Dick begi s seeing
u'
2009]
241
Neither Randy nor the team of alien hunters is entirely ra
tional. Perhaps their irrationality allows the m to detect the Solo
mons' quite obvious inability to "pass" as humans. In our increas
i n gly accepting, tolerant, even fearful "go along to get along" soci
ety, we have a disinclination to challenge those who seem odd.
They might be litigious. They might be dangerous. In any case,
they certainly have a right to be left alone, as long as their peculi
arities do not interfere with our well-being or our own rights . 322
That the aliens have a "Prime Directive" not to interfere, as
Tommy reminds Dick several times, seems not to prevent the
aliens from allowing other aliens from their home world to infil
trate Earth society.3 23 At least two do so during the series and
remain after the team terminates its mission.324 Taken in its en-
Mary Albright's therapist to find out more about Mary, including her secret thoughts and
"to get gift ideas," and cannot fathom why either Mary or the therapist would go into a
rage on discovering his betrayal. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick Puts the 'Id' in Cup id"
(NBC Feb. 8, 2000) (TV series). Finally, in "InDickscretion," Dick and Sally share sexual
secrets about Mary and Don on a double date. 3rd Rock fro m the Sun, "InDickscretion"
(NBC Nov. 14, 2000) (TV series). In each of these cases, human individuals also may easily
cross the line of privacy and/or intimacy. Watching other individuals engaged in sexual
intercourse violates so-called "Peeping Tom" statutes. For a survey of Peeping Tom stat
utes, see generally H. Morley Swingle & Kevin M. Zoellner, Criminalizing Invasion of
Privacy: Taking A Big Stick to Peeping Toms, 52 J. Mo. B. 345 (Nov./Dec. 1996) (discussing
Missouri's privacy law and the state's lead in criminalizing and prosecuting peeping toms).
Entering into a confidential relationship with a health professional without disclosing a
prior relationship with someone that the therapist also treats causes legal and ethical
problems for the therapist. Treatment of couples assumes that the therapist knows that
the individuals are involved in a relationship. See e.g. Jonathan D. Rubin, Confidential ity
Issues in Treatment of Couples in Marital Therapy, 18 Med. Malpractice L. & Prac. 4
(2000) (expounding on the assumption that couples' therapists know about the relationship
and the challenge therapists face as a result). Publication of private facts, such as the
disclosure of personal sexual information is the kind of invasion of privacy that, while
rarely actionable among friends, might lead to the courtroom in other contexts.
322. On the oddness of neighbors and our reluctance to interact with them in contem
porary society, see Christine A. Corcos, The People Next Door (copy on file with Stetson
Law Review).
323. See generally 3rd Rock from the Sun, supra n. 13 (showing Tommy constantly
reminding the other aliens that they cannot interfere with human society, only observe it).
324. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part 2" (NBC Sept. 24, 1 997)
(TV series) (in which Janet, the Big Giant Head's niece, sent to Earth to be Dick's wife,
leaves him to find happiness elsewhere on Earth); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "My Mother, My
Dick" (NBC Feb. 20, 2001) (TV series) (in which Sally and Harry are playing with the time
portal and accidentally materialize a visiting alien, who eventually decides to stay on
Earth). Note also that the visiting "Venusians" (played by various guest star supermodels)
stay on Earth when the aliens destroy their means of escape after their plans to take all of
Earth's "stuff' go awry. Venusian Episode Part 1, supra n. 70; 3rd Rock from the Sun, "36!
24! 36! Dick!, Part 2" (NBC Jan. 25, 1 998) (TV series) [hereinafter Venusian Episode Part 2] .
Stetson Law Review
242
[Vol. 39
tirety, 3rd Rock from the Sun satirizes the traditional alien
invasion narratives . 325
Other, more dangerous, aliens arrive to threaten Earth and
its human population, whom the aliens finally learn to accept if
not to love.326 Both "Liam Neesam" (played by John Cleese) and
the Venusians represent threats to the p lanet that the Solomons
forestall. Periodically, Sally herself decides to eradicate some hu
man or other, usually a female, because she perceives that person
as a threat to the mission. 327 She is perpetually hostile to Mary
Albright, whom she views not just as a distraction, but as infe
rior.328 But Dick falls hopelessly in love with Mary, since he is
unable to deal with human emotion. 329 Eventually, all the aliens
fall prey to human feelings, apparently as a result of their human
bodies . 330
The aliens never consider ending the mission early. S ally, the
security officer, simply believes that eradicating whatever threat
the team faces is the rational response. 33l That humans would
consider this response to be murder and prosecute the murderer
seems not to concern her and, perhaps, it should not; the aliens
325. For example, after the aliens return from their home planet and forget to erase
evidence of their landing (a crop circle) , Officer Don's commander sends him to investigate.
3rd Rock from the Sun, "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part 1" (NBC Sept. 24, 1 997) (TV se
ries) [hereinafter "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part 1"] . He meets Tommy, Sally, and Harry
at the crop circle; they have a feeble excuse to explain why they are there but, a s usual, it
does not trigger his suspicion. Id.
326. See ''Dick and the Other Guy," supra n. 71 (showing the Solomon family's interac
tions with another alien whose aim is to conquer Earth); Venusian Episode Part 1, supra
n. 70, (showing a group of beautiful female aliens who aim to take "stuff' from Earth back
to their home planet) ; Venusian Episode Part 2, supra n. 324 (showing the continuation of
the Venusian Episode Part 1).
327. See generally 3rd Rock from the Sun, supra n. 13 (depicting Sally feeling threat
ened by other females). Clearly, Sally is the "unfriendliest" of the friendly aliens on 3rd
Rock from the Sun, but she has friendly feelings generally toward Officer Don, toward the
landlady, Mrs. Dubcek, and toward other humans. Her unfriendly feelings toward human
females originate from the human emotion of jealousy as well as from the necessity to
protect the mission, a necessity which humans also share. The 3rd Rock fro m the Sun
aliens' reactions, like the reactions of other "friendly aliens," to human form is beyond the
scope of this Article but is an interesting issue.
328. See generally id. (depicting Sally's hostilities toward Mary).
329. See generally id. (depicting Dick's difficulties when he has to deal with human
emotions in a variety of new situations on Earth) .
330. See e.g. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Post-Nasal Dick" (NBC Jan. 16, 1996) (TV series)
(showing Tommy kissing a girl).
331. See 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Feelin' Albright" (NBC Oct. 14, 1998) (TV series)
(featuring Sally inquiring after Don's ex-girlfriends, feeling out her competition).
2009]
243
can leave via their portal within seconds, or they can (apparently)
leave on a scheduled transport.332 She would not face any conse
quences derived from United States or international law for the
act and she would probably be doing her duty in protecting the
integrity of the mission, as would a human security officer in her
place. Similarly, humans eliminating ''lesser" forms of life do not
consider such acts murder. Like the owner who euthanizes a ter
minally ill pet, 333 humans reserve to themselves alone the right to
classify who is worthy of being considered a murder victim. Dick
Solomon seems to have come to a different conclusion about the
value of human life. Although he ruminates on the irony of the
situation and his superiority to human beings after "Liam Nee
sam" (thinking he has eliminated his memory) spares Earth be
lieving he is a superior sort of human, Dick still understands that
human life really does have some sort of value and that it needs
to be preserved. 334
Ultimately, Dick's love of Earth and the human beings he
meets proves to be his downfall. In the episodes ''Mary Loves
Scoochie, Part 1" and ''Mary Loves Scoochie, Part 2," alien Liam
Neesam returns with a diabolical plan to turn the Earth into
"Planet Monkey World."335 Dick defeats him by turning his
weapon against him, but Mary sees Dick turn Liam into a chim
panzee.336 In "The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part I," Dick decides
to tell Mary about his real origins.337 The home planet bureauc-
332. Id. Indeed, some people believe that people as well as animals should have the
dignity of leaving this world when pain and suffering reach a certain (subjectively intoler·
able) level. See Jennifer M. Scherer & Rita J. Simon, Euthanasia and the Right to Die: A
Comparative View (Rowman and Littlefield Publg., Inc. 1999) (examining the philosophi·
cal, religious, and legal positions surrounding euthanasia and the physician-assisted sui
cide debate).
333. Persons who kill animals cruelly might face some jail time, or merely a fine. La.
Stat. Ann. § 102.1(2)(a) (2009). They will not face murder charges, even if the animal is
arguably sentient, and even if the animal suffered horribly. Louisiana state law requires
the killing of a ''human being'' in order to conclude that first- or second-degree murder was
committed. Id. at §§ 30-30. 1 (2009). We humans reserve certain rights, including the right
to classify who is worthy of being considered a murder victim, to ourselves alone.
334. "Dick and the Other Guy," supra n. 7 1 .
335. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Mary Loves Scoochie, Part 1 " (NBC May 8, 2001) (TV
series); 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Mary Loves Scoochie, Part 2" (NBC May 15, 2001) (TV
series).
336. Id.
337. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part 1" (NBC May 22,
200 1) (TV series).
244
Stetson Law Review
[Vol. 39
racy recalls the team and ends the mission, possibly because of
Dick's admissions to Mary and certainly to respond to accusations
that Dick has violated some kind of interstellar agreement by
turning Liam into a chimp.338 The team members, particularly
Dick and Sally, do not want to leave Earth, their friends, and the
human rights regime they have enjoyed in the United States
(even though they live under the radar) since they often complain
about the situation on the home planet, including the "truth
belt"339 and lack of voting rights. a4o Throughout the episodes, they
comment to one another about how life on Earth is different from
life elsewhere and how this particular mission is different from
other missions. 341 Sally and Dick seem particularly affected. Sally
is worried about "what will happen" to her body when she leaves
and finds little comfort in the response that it will just be an
e mpty husk, left abandoned when she returns to the home planet
to take up another mission, even though, a s Tommy and Dick tell
her, this is how all their missions have ended. 342 For Sally, the
thought that the "real Sally'' has left the body is truly crushing,
even though, i n an odd parallel to the story of The Thing, she as
the alien is still alive, and the humans who may mourn her will
know nothing of what has happened to the "real Sally."
In the last scene of the last episode broadcast, Dick leaves
Mary Albright behind on Earth because she decides not to accom
pany the aliens to their home planet, and h e erases her memories
of the aliens both in order to assuage her regret at losing him and
to prevent any danger that she might reveal any information
about their visit or the presence of other aliens. 343 In an alternate
ending, available on DVD, he returns to take her with him . 344
338. 3rd Rock from the Sun, ''The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part 2" (NBC May 22,
200 1) (TV series) [hereinafter ''The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part 2"] . Note that turning
another alien into a chimp mimics "de-evolution." Apparently this really is an insult on an
interstellar level, though to another superior group of beings, not to humans.
339. "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part 1," supra n. 325.
340. 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick the Vote" (NBC Oct. 27, 1996) (TV series).
341. Id. ; "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part 1," supra n. 325.
342. "Fun With Dick and Janet, Part l," supra n. 325.
343. "The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part 2," supra n. 338. Remember that other aliens
are still on Earth, including "Janet," the Big Giant Head's niece. Similarly, in the film Men
in Black, the investigator Agent K, played by Tommy Lee Jones, has a device that erases
memory; he uses it constantly, which annoys his partner Agent J, played by Will Smith.
Men In Black (Amblin Ent. 1997) (motion picture). The memory-erasing device is a staple
of UFO lore, and is thus incorporated in alien parody films. See Alien Abduction Experi-
2009]
245
The suggestion that aliens have some sort of responsibility
not to interfere with human society is one that has certainly set
tled in the popular consciousness. Similarly, the notion that hu
mans are stewards of the Earth finds purchas e in statements by
non-governmental
organizations,
intergovernmental
organiza
tions, and governmental agencies such as the World Wildlife
Fund345 and the Natural Resources Defense CounciJ. 346 We have
not yet seen official government statements that suggest that if
we find extraterrestrial life, we are responsibl e for not disturbing
or destroying it. But SF writers, via novels, television, and film,
have already done so. Quite obviously, the notion that aliens
should not interfere with human society leads to an analogous
idea-that humans, as we begin an exploration of space, should
not interfere with any extra-terrestrial life we find. But could we
recognize it if we encountered it?:l47
ence and Research, Alien Abduction Survey, http://www.abduct.com/survey.php (accessed
Apr. 1 1 , 2010) (identifying some of the abductees' common experiences) : but
Tank,
Space Aliens
often
Erase the Memories of People
see
Skeptic
They Abduct, http://www
.skepticfiles.org/ufol/youabd.htm (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2 0 1 0) (asserting that, despite the
erasing of memories, it is still possible for individuals to determine if they have been ab
ducted by checking for certain signals and symptoms). Indeed one of the common symp
toms of "alien abduction" is a memory loss or "missing time," presumably caused by such
R
memory erasing device. Id. On the television series The X-Files, government agents , rather
than aliens, create the memory loss. The X-Files, "Jose Chung's 'From Outer Space"' (20th
Cent.-Fox Apr. 1 2, 1996)
344.
(TV series).
"The Thing That Wouldn't Die, Part 2," supra n. 338. An alternative ending is
available on the DVD version. He does not seem to consider that, since Mary has already
refused to come with him to his home planet, his act constitutes kidnapping. Perhaps he
believes that if she is a lower form of life, he is simply collecting a specimen.
345.
World Wildlife Fund, Reducing Humanity's Impact, http://www.panda.org/what
_we_ do/footprint/ (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010).
346.
Natl. Resources Def. Council, About NRDC: Mission Statement, http://www.nrdc
.org/aboutlmission.asp (accessed Apr. 1 1 , 2010).
347. The United Nations adopted a resolution regarding the study of UFOs and extra
terrestrial life but it is unclear whether the UN made any additional efforts to follow up
on the study. ee Establishment of an Agency or a Department of the United Nations for
S
Undertaking, Co-ordinating and Disseminating the Results of Research into Unidentified
Flying Objects and Related Phenomena, GA Res. 33/426, UN GA, 33d Sess., Supp. 45. UN
Doc. A/33/45 (1979) (available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/: search N33/45: select
English) (detailing the UN's establishment of an agency or department to r search unid� n
_
tified flying objects and related phenomena). Exobiologists and other sc1ent1sts speciahzmg
in the study of extraterrestrial life now acknowledge that life that d s not resemble hu
.
manoid life could develop elsewhere in the Universe. But the discuss1on 1s hvely. See Life
_
As W e K now It (J. Seckbach ed., Springer 2006) (containing essays discussing how to de
fine life, and how to recognize life in various terrestrial and extraterrestnal enVJron
�
�
ments).
Stetson Law Review
246
[Vol. 39
VII. CONCL USION
I have examined in this Article only a few issues and only a
few series (and in passing some films and books) that deal with
"rights talk" as I continue a far broader exploration of the issue of
rights talk and rights language in SF. Cultural anthropologists
have begun to consider the likely impact of human contact with
extraterrestrial beings348-as have exobiologists-but we must
confront the possible negative or racist human responses to those
beings, should they exist.349 We should make every attempt to
deal with the results of our thinking here on Earth before ventur
ing into space, or we will carry those results with us, and they
will infect our encounters with extraterrestrial life, if it exists.
Some humans already believe that extraterrestrial beings are
here and that, contrary to beliefs in the 1 960s and 1970s, they are
here not to help us, but to exploit us. 350
This Article mentions only a few of the issues through which
SF movies and television series shape and reflect our notions of
rights and justice. SF necessarily expresses both the aspirational
and the critical views of its authors and its times. It offers us a
forum in which we can confront all types of problems and examine
solutions before a crisis arises. Thus, its role as disseminator and
critic of rights issues and rights talk is invaluable.
348.
Cultures beyond the Earth, supra n. 31 1 .
349.
See generally Steven J . Dick, Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterres·
trial Life Debate (Cambridge
U.
Press 1998) (discussing the research findings and most
significant events relating to the extraterrestrial life debate and noting the study of exobi
ology is at least 40 years old). Note also that the prefix "exo," meaning "outside," automati
cally labels the biology as "outside" or "other," arguably, perhaps, not "the norm." Equally,
consider the plots of some television shows and films. My Favorite Martian puts the focus
on Tim rather than on the Martian. See generally My Favorite Martian, supra n. 1 1 (defin
ing the relationship between Tim and the Martian in terms of the Martian). 3rd Rock from
the Sun puts the focus on the Earth rather than on the aliens, since it identifies the planet
in relation to its star ("the sun"). See generally 3rd Rock From the Sun, supra n. 13 (telling
the story of four aliens that study Earth from human bodies).
350.
Brenda Denzler, The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and
the Pursuit of UFOs
(U.
Cal. Press 2001); C. G. Jung, Fly ing Saucers: A Modern Myth of
Things See n in the Skies (Princeton
U.
Press 1978); John E. Mack, Abduction: Human
Encounters with Aliens (Macmillan Publg. Co. 1 997); Whitley Strieber, Communion: A
True Story (Beech Tree Bks. 1 987); Intruders (Dan Curtis Productions 1992)
(TV series).

Visits to a Small Planet - DigitalCommons @ LSU Law Center

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