Unit 7 Cities and Urban land Use

Name: _________________________________
Block: _________________
Unit 7 Cities and Urban land Use
The following information corresponds to Chapter 9 in your textbook. Fill in the
blanks to complete the definition, sentence or concept. Note: All of the following information in addition to your reading is
important, not just the blanks you fill in.
FIELD NOTE—GHOSTS OF DETROIT?
1. The _______________________________________________ is the downtown or concentration of business or
commerce.
2. The population of Detroit rose and fell with the _________________________ industry. The population peaked at
_______ million in 1950, but the 2010 census shows the city’s population falling to __________________________.
3. Geographers are leading the study of cities today through the application of ________________,
________________, and ____________________________________ to the city and urbanized spaces.
4. _________________________ is the “ conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home place or
space”
WHEN AND WHY DID PEOPLE START LIVING IN CITIES?
5. _______________________ refers to the built up space of the central city and suburbs. Urban areas include the
______________ and _______________________________________ connected to the city.
6. An urban place is distinctively __________________________ and _________________________________.
7. Cities are centers of __________________ __________________ and industrial might, higher ______________ and
technological _________________, artistic achievement and medical advances.
8. They are the great markets, centers of __________________ and __________________, sources of news and
information, suppliers of services, and providers of sports and __________________.
9. Cities are centers of ____________________________________ and _____________________________, higher
education and __________________________________________, artistic achievement, and medical advances.
10. Cities are the ___________________________________________________________ of modern culture; urban
systems and their spokes form the __________________ __________________ of society.
11. A city is a ____________________________________ of people and
buildings clustered together to serve as a center of
__________________, __________________ and
__________________.
12. In the modern world, __________________ can happen quite quickly.
A rural areas or a small town can be quickly transformed into a major
__________________ area.
13. The urbanization that can happen so quickly today took
__________________ of years to develop originally; indeed, the rise of
the city is a very __________________ phenomena in human history.
14. Archaeological evidence indicates that people established to first cities
about ________________________years ago. How does this relate to the beginnings of agriculture?
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The Hearths of Urbanization
15. __________________ __________________ were relatively small in size and in population. Everyone living in an
agricultural village was involved in agriculture, and the people lived at near __________________ levels, producing
just enough to get by.
16. __________________ (sharing of goods in common among the people) __________________ persisted long after
__________________ began.
17. In cities, people __________________ personal material wealth, trade over long distances, live in
__________________ classes that are usually reflected in the housing, and engage in a diversity of economic
activities.
18. What 2 components enable the formation of cities?
19. What are two theories of the series of events leading to the formation of cities?
20. The link between the __________________ and the __________________ class is clear in early cities, where the
home of the leaders was often __________________ close to the grain storage.
21. The leadership class, or __________________ __________________, consisted of a group of decision makers and
organizers who __________________ the resources, and often the lives, of others.
22. How did the urban elite occupy their time?
23. The innovation of the city is called the __________________ __________________ __________________ and it
occurred independently in five separate hearths, a case of independent invention.
24. What are considered to be the first five hearths of
Urbanization?
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25. What correlation do you see with the five urban hearths and the hearths of agriculture
26. Fully describe the ancient Mesopotamian city:
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27. How is the power of control evidenced along the Nile River Valley?
28. What is unique in the Indus River Valley urban hearth concerning sanitation?
29. Describe the Huang He and Wei River Valley cities:
30. The ancient cities of __________________ were religious centers, the urban elite __________________ their
__________________ with priests, temples and shrines.
The Role of the Ancient City in Society
31. Ancient cities were not only centers of religion and power, but also served as __________________
__________________. What other type of center was found in the cities?
32. As the __________________ centers, crossroads, markets, places of authority and religious headquarters, the
earliest towns drew _______________, _______________ and ________________ from far distances.
33. What is the maximum sustainable size based on the existing systems of food production, gathering, distribution
and social organization for ancient cities?
Diffusion of Urbanization
34. Urbanization diffused from Mesopotamia in several directions. When did urbanization diffuse from Mesopotamia?
Greek Cities
35. More than __________________ years ago, the city of __________________ on the island of Crete was the
cornerstone of a system of towns in the __________________ civilization.
36. By __________________ BCE, Greece had become one of the most highly urbanized areas on earth. What does BCE
stand for?
37. At is height, __________________ __________________ encompassed a network of more than
________________cities and towns, not only on the mainland but also on the many Greek islands.
38. __________________ and __________________, often vying with each other for power, soon became Greece’s
leading cities.
39. Athens may have been the largest city in the world at the time with __________________ inhabitants.
40. Every city had its own ________________________ (acro = highpoint,
polis = city), on which the people built the most impressive structures
– usually ____________________________________________.
41. The ___________________________ of Athens remains the most
famous of all, surviving to this day despite nearly 2500 years of
____________, _________________ __________________ ,
__________________ and __________________
__________________.
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42. The public spaces in Greece called the __________________ (meaning market) also became the focus of commercial
activity.
43. Describe the diffusion of the Greek city.
Roman Cities
44. The Roman _______________ ____________ was the
largest yet – much large than Greece’s domain
45. The Romans linked these places with an
__________________ __________________
______________ that included hundreds of miles of roads,
well established sea routes, and trading ports along the
roads, seas and rivers.
46. Roman regional planners displayed a remarkable capacity for
choosing the __________________ of cities, for identifying
__________________ __________________ for
settlements.
47. The site of a city is its __________________ location, often chosen for the best __________________ location, the
best __________________ location, or an important __________________ location.
48. The _______________________________________ of a city is based on its role in the larger, surrounding context.
49. The site of a city is based on an ________________________________________________, such as at the head of
navigation of a river or where two rivers converge.
50. The situation of a city is its ________________________________, its place in the region and world around it.
51. Romans took the Greek __________________ and __________________ and combined them into one zone, the
__________________, the focal point of Roman public life.
52. The situation of a city changes with the _____________________________.
53. In Rome, the forum includes the world’s first great stadium, the __________________, which was a much grander
version of the Greek theatre. What was it used for?
54. Who built most of the Roman Empire?
Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
55. After the Roman Empire fell in ________ CE, Europe entered an era historians called the __________________
________________, which spans from about ________ CE to ________ CE.
56. During this period in Europe, little urban growth occurred, and in some parts of the continent, urbanism went into a
sharp decline. Where did urban growth occur during this time?
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Site and Situation during European Exploration
57. Early Eurasian urban areas extended in a crescent
shaped zone across Eurasia from __________________
in the west to __________________ in the east. What
cities were included?
58. Before European exploration, most cities in the world
were sited in the __________________ of continents,
not just in Eurasia, but also in West Africa and
indigenous America.
59. Interior trade routes such as the __________________ __________________ and the __________________
__________________ of West Africa sustained these inland cities and in many cases, helped them prosper.
60. What caused the importance of the interior trade routes to change?
61. What coastal cities began to gain dominance?
62. Where did “camel meet canoe”?
63. __________________ cities remained __________________ after exploration led to colonialism.
64. The trade networks European powers commanded brought unprecedented riches to Europe’s burgeoning medieval
cities. As a result, cities that thrived during __________________ took on similar properties. How were they
similar?
65. The merchants were so wealthy and powerful that they were able to found and expand settlements in distant lands.
What cities resulted from these settlements?
The Second Urban and Agricultural Revolution
66. As thousands migrated to the cities with industrialization, cities had to adapt to the mushrooming
__________________, the proliferation of __________________ and supply facilities, the expansion of
__________________ systems and the __________________ of tenements for the growing labor force. Define
proliferation.
67. Before the second urban revolution could take place, a second agriculture revolution in agriculture was necessary.
Why?
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68. What agriculture improvements were invented by Europeans?
69. Not all mercantile cities turned into industrial cities. Many industrial cities grew from small villages or along canal
and river routes. What was the primary determinant?
70. When industrialization __________________ from Great Britain to the European mainland, the places most ready
for industrialization had undergone their own second __________________ revolution, had __________________
capital from mercantilism and colonialism and were __________________ near coal fields.
The Chaotic Industrial City
71. What happened to cities with industrialization?
72. What were living conditions like for workers in cities?
73. What was the result of the writings of Karl Marx and Frederick
Engels?
74. During the second half of the twentieth century, the nature of manufacturing changed, as did its location: cities
__________________ many factories away from __________________, __________________,
__________________ urban areas.
75. Although factories and factory jobs are not __________________, the __________________ that went along with
industrialization is still __________________.
WHERE ARE CITIES LOCATED AND WHY?
76. __________________ and __________________ help explain why certain cities were planned and why cities thrive
or fail.
77. To understand why a __________________ of cities is distributed across space the way it is and why cities are
__________________ sizes, it is necessary to examine more than one city at a time and see how those cities fit
__________________, into the region, into the state and into the globe as a whole.
78. Every city and town has a __________________ __________________, an __________________
__________________ within which its influence is dominant.
79. Across the multitude of quantitative studies in urban geography, three key components arose frequently. They are:
a.
b.
c.
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80. The simplest way to think through the relationship among theses
three variables is to consider your State map.
a. Which city is the dominant city?
b. What cities would be considered medium size according to the
book?
c. Name three small towns.
Rank and Size in the Urban Matrix
81. The __________________-__________________ rule holds that in a
model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be
inversely proportional to it rank in the hierarchy.
82. According to the rank-size rule, if Atlanta has a population of 447,841 (2010 from Census Bureau), then what
would be Columbus’ approximate population?
83. What is Columbus’ actual 2010 population?
84. Georgia’s next largest city in 2010 was Augusta. What was Augusta’s population size? Does it follow the rank rule?
85. According to the text, why does to rank-size rule not always apply in all countries? Give 2 examples.
Central Place Theory
86. __________________ __________________ wrote the classic urban geography study to
explain where cities, towns and villages will be located. What is the name of his book?
87. Christaller laid the groundwork for central place theory. What predictions did he
attempt with his book?
88. What assumptions did Christaller begin with? (6)
89. Through his studies, Christaller calculated the __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ and then compared his model to real world situations and tried to explain the variations and
exceptions.
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90. In the urban hierarchy, the central places would be __________________, so the largest central place provides the
greatest number of __________________ to most of the region.
91. Within the __________________ __________________ of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would
provide __________________ to several smaller places.
92. The smaller places would then provide fewer __________________ functions to a smaller-yet service area.
93. Central place theory maintains that each central place has a surrounding __________________
__________________, an exclusive trade area within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of certain goods,
because it alone can provide such goods at a given price and within a certain range of travel.
Hexagonal Hinterlands
94. Based on the description of Christaller’s theory, you may expect the shape of each central place’s trade area to be
__________________, but instead he chose perfectly fitted __________________ regions as the shape of each
trade area. Draw and label his hexagonal pattern of settlements.
95. Urban geographers were divided on the __________________ of the model. What areas seem to conform to the
model?
96. Christaller recognized that his assumptions would not all be met in reality; __________________
__________________, __________________ __________________ __________________, and other factors all
modify Christaller’s hexagons.
97. Although Christaller’s model of perfectly fit hexagons is not often realized, his studies confirm that the distribution
of cities, towns and villages in a region is not an accident but is tied to ____________ ________________,
____________ _____________ and __________________.
Central Places Today
98. When Christaller worked on his __________________ model and projected __________________
__________________ __________________ to help explain the distribution of urban areas, the world was a
simpler and much less __________________ place than it is today.
99. As many urban geographers have pointed out during the debated that followed his publications,
__________________ , __________________ , and __________________ not anticipated by his models and
theories make them less __________________ today.
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100.
An example of central place theory explaining current developments like the Sunbelt phenomenon of the past
four decades – ___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________ Why did
this phenomenon occur?
101.
What cities became headquarters cities for large regions?
102.
Which cities took secondary status?
103.
Central place theory can still add “____________________________________ to the understanding of patterns
of __________________ __________________, even in this era of fast and long-distance __________________,
__________________, and multiple __________________ _________________.”
HOW ARE CITIES ORGANIZED, AND HOW DO THEY FUNCTION?
Models of the City
104.
Each model of the city, regardless of the region is a study in ________________ ________________ - the
division of the city into certain __________________ (zones) for certain __________________ (functions). Give an
example.
105.
__________________ - typically preceded by a descriptor that conveys the purpose of that area of the city.
106.
__________________ __________________ __________________ (CBD) – key economic zone of the city,
usually a concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown.
107.
__________________ __________________ - describes the urban area that is not suburban, the older city.
108.
__________________ - outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, often adjacent to the central city,
may be highly residential.
109.
__________________ - the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment
become urbanized.
110.
The process of __________________ holds special interest for human geographers because it involves the
__________________ of large areas of land from rural to urban.
111.
The overall importance of suburban life in the United States is _______________________ by the results of the
2000 census, which indicated that no less than ________ % of the entire American
_______________________________ resided in the suburbs.
Modeling the North American City
112.
__________________ __________________ __________________ - resulted from sociologist Ernest Burgess’s
study of Chicago in the 1920s.
113.
His study divides the city in to __________________ __________________ __________________ defined by
their function.
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114.
List each zone and its characteristics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
115.
In the late 1930s, __________________ __________________ published his sector model, partly as an answer
to the limitations of the Burgess model.
116.
He focused on __________________ __________________ explaining where the wealthy in a city chose to live.
What did he argue?, What shape did his model take?
117.
In the 1940s, _________________ _________________ and _________________ ________________ proposed
the __________________ __________________ model that recognizes that the CBD is losing its dominant position
as the single nucleus of the urban area.
118.
Fully describe, label and color code each area of the models.
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119.
Most urban geographers think these models are too simplistic to describe the modern city. Why?
120.
__________________ __________________ - cities characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail
space, few residential areas and modern buildings. Give 2 examples.
121.
Urban realm - describes the spatial components of the modern metropolis, where each realm is a separate
economic, social and political entity linked together to form the larger metropolitan framework.
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
122.
Cities in the world with __________________ of inhabitants can now be counted in the __________________; it
therefore becomes increasingly difficult to __________________, __________________, or __________________
urban centers.
123.
__________________ __________________ - urban areas where European transplants dominated the form of
the city, laying it out with Western Styles.
The Latin/South American City
124.
__________________-__________________ __________________ - a model of the Latin American city.
125.
__________________ and__________________ found that Latin American cities blend traditional elements of
__________________ __________________ culture with the forces of __________________ that are reshaping the
urban scene, combining __________________ __________________ and __________________
__________________.
126.
Fully describe and label the Latin American City Model.
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The African City
127.
At the beginning of this __________________, Sub-Saharan Africa included countries with some of the world’s
lowest levels of __________________.
128.
Despite the lower levels of __________________ __________________ than much of the rest of the world,
Africa now has the world’s __________________ __________________ cities, followed by those in South Asia and
mainland East Asia and South and Middle America.
129.
The imprint of __________________ can be seen in many African cities.
130.
As a result of the diversity between African cities, it is __________________ to formulate a model African city.
131.
Fully describe the model of Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Southeast Asian City
132.
Some of the most __________________ cities in the world are in __________________ ___________.
133.
__________________ __________________ - a model of medium-sized Southeast Asian cities.
134.
Fully describe and label the Model of the Southeast Asian city.
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HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE CITIES?
135.
Comparing and contrasting the __________________ __________________ of two cities helps us understand
the differences in __________________ and __________________ forces in cities.
136.
Compare the two pictures. What factors can you consider to determine which city is in wealthy country and
which is in a poor country?
Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
137.
Many of the world’s most __________________ cities are located in the less __________________ parts of the
world. List 5 cities that fit this description.
138.
Why do people continue to migrate to cities? What is the reality?
139.
__________________ - unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of wood, iron
and pieces of cardboard, develop around cities.
140.
__________________ __________________ - laws which most city governments in North America drew up to
ensure use of space in ways that the society at large would deem culturally and environmentally acceptable.
141.
How are zoning laws a good thing?
142.
Define helter-skelter growth.
143.
Across the global periphery, the one trait all major cities display is the __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ and __________________ .
Making Cities in the Global Core
144.
One way people make cities is by __________________ them, __________________ neighborhoods, or
__________________ layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics.
145.
__________________ - a discriminatory real estate practice in which minority groups are prevented from
obtaining money to purchase homes or property.
146.
Before the civil rights movement, realtors could __________________ sell a house in a white neighborhood at a
very __________________ to a member of the African American community.
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147.
__________________ - realtors solicit white residents of a neighborhood to sell their homes under the guide
that the neighborhood was going downhill because an African American family had moved in. How did this practice
benefit realtors?
148.
__________________ __________________ - movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods
to the outlying suburbs. Why was this detrimental to cities?
149.
__________________ - a large residential building in a city, usually of three or more stories and with only basic
amenities, where a large number of people live in self-contained rented apartments.
150.
Why have people left the central city for the suburbs in many cities? (4)
151.
What plans have city governments drafted to revive central cities?
152.
__________________ - transforming the central city into an area attractive to residents and tourist alike.
153.
What are some examples of commercialization in Brunswick?
154.
__________________ - when individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising housing values in the
neighborhood and changing the neighborhood itself.
155.
What are some examples of cities where gentrification has occurred?
156.
What accounts for the growing interest in central city housing?
157.
What have been the negative consequences of gentrification?
158.
__________________ - __________________ - houses that are bought with the intention of tearing them down
and building a much larger home. Give an example of this in Glynn County.
159.
__________________ - large new homes built on lots of tear-downs, which often stretch to the outer limits of
the lot.
160.
What are the Pros of tear-downs? Cons?
Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism
161.
__________________ __________________ - unrestricted growth of
housing, commercial developments and roads over large expanses of land,
with little concern for urban planning.
162.
What are the signs of urban sprawl?
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163.
What single invention spurred urban sprawl?
164.
In what areas of the United States are urban sprawl most rampant?
165.
For urban sprawl to happen, __________________ and old __________________ __________________ are
razed, and roads are built or widened, __________________ __________________ are erected and housing
developments __________________ the horizon.
166.
__________________ __________________ - development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that
create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.
167.
__________________ __________________ want to create __________________ that feel like places, that
__________________ a sense of __________________ and a sense of __________________.
168.
What are the most famous new urbanist projects?
169.
What are the criticisms of new urbanism?
170.
What are the praises of new urbanism?
Gated Communities
171.
__________________ __________________ - fenced in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people
and automobiles.
172.
What are the objectives of gated communities?
173.
Many fear that gated communities are a new form of __________________.
174.
Some urban planners have encouraged governments to recast low-income housing as ___________
__________________, gated from each other, in order to reduce __________________ traffic and crime associated with
it.
175.
__________________ __________________ want to gate __________________-__________________ and
__________________-__________________ neighborhoods in order to create a sense of __________________ and to
make the spaces more “__________________” from undesired activities.
176.
What has been the result of gated communities in Dayton Ohio?
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City
177.
Ethnic neighborhoods in European cities are typically __________________ with migrants from former colonies.
Give an example.
178.
Most of the migrants to European cities come from the __________________ __________________ or from
__________________ __________________, not from other countries in Western Europe.
179.
Migration to Europe is constrained by __________________ __________________ and __________________.
180.
Why are European cities more compact, densely populated and walkable than American cities?
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181.
Housing in European cities are often __________________ with places of work, with work spaces on the
__________________ floors of buildings and __________________ above.
182.
__________________ is changing the __________________-__________________ geography of European
cities. As __________________ have settled in large numbers in the __________________ of __________________,
locals have moved out.
183.
Whether a public __________________ __________________ is divided into __________________
__________________ in a European city depends in large part on the government policies.
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery City
184.
In cities of the periphery and Semiperiphery, a sea of _____________ __________________ typically begins
where the __________________ __________________ end, in some cases engulfing and dwarfing the
__________________ __________________.
185.
Millions of __________________ travel to such __________________ __________________ every year.
186.
City governments do not have the __________________ to adequately __________________,
__________________ or __________________ the burgeoning populations, let alone to provide even minimal
housing for most.
187.
Even the people living in the __________________ __________________ of shanty setllements are not really
__________________ - they pay rent.
188.
After establishing an __________________-__________________ relationship, the landowners steadily
__________________ rents, threatening to destroy the flimsy shacks if residents fail to pay.
189.
The vast __________________ of cities in poorer parts of the world are typically __________________
__________________, with new arrivals precariously accommodated. How was this demonstrated in Nairobi?
190.
Geography plays a major role in the __________________ among ___________ __________________ of a
former colonial city.
191.
The __________________ __________________ of cities developed during the colonial period often persist
long after. How does Mombasa mirror this effect?
192.
How do the many millions of urban immigrants living in the slum-ridden rings and pockets of the cities of the
global periphery and semiperiphery survive?
193.
__________________ __________________ - the economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a
country’s gross national income. Give 4 examples.
WHAT ROLE DO CITIES PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION?
194.
__________________ is a set of processes and outcomes that occur on the global scale, circumventing and
leaping over state boundaries to affect the world.
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195.
Many of the most important processes occur __________________ and __________________ cities, not states
as a whole, masking the _________________ role world cities play in _________________.
196.
__________________ __________________ - dominant cities in terms of its role in the global political economy,
not necessarily the world’s biggest cities in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic
control of the world economy.
197.
The __________________ __________________ is a node in __________________, reflecting processes that
have “redrawn the limits on __________________ __________________”.
198.
Define node.
199.
List 3 inarguably ‘world cities’.
200.
World cities do not exist merely to __________________ ________________ in the global economy.
201.
Even though __________________ and __________________ are a short distance apart, both function as world
cities in part because of the ____________________________________________
____________________________________: each became a magnet for economic and political activity within its
state and then the __________________.
202.
__________________ __________________ - ‘ a country’s leading city, always disproportionately large and
exceptionally expressive national capacity and feeling’. (page 306 in 10th ed) Name 3 primate cities.
Cities as Spaces of Consumption
203.
In addition to being nodes in globalization, cities are also ________________ of ________________.
204.
__________________ of __________________: areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage
people to consume goods and services, driven primarily by the global media industry.
205.
Media corporations are helping __________________ urban centers into major __________________
__________________ where items are consumed. Give a detailed example.
206.
What has happened to Potsdammer Platz in Berlin?
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