HBHS Novice - hbhsmun

Transcription

UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
topics:
 Natural Disasters Preparedness
 International Labor Standards
Chaired by the Honorable
Joshua Guillermo, Jason Yamashita, and Eva Finley
S i n c e
HBHS
April 25th, 2015
1 9 7 8
Novice
hbhsmun.webs.com
Huntington Beach High School Model United Nations
UNDP
April 25th, 2015
Welcome to the United Nations Development
Programme!
Hello Delegates,
Welcome to Huntington Beach High School’s 37th Novice conference. It
will contain countless debates, speeches, and an array of other activities
that will challenge your strategies, your position, and your experience as a
delegate. You will have to prepare for the obstacles you will face and grow
through engaging debate. So, without further summary and re-emphasizing
the activities at the conference, we will now introduce ourselves.
Welcome to Novice, my name is Joshua Guillermo and I’m a junior at
Huntington Beach High School and this is my third year of MUN. I went to
this conference during my freshman year and it was one of the greatest
experiences I’ve ever had, so it is my pleasure to chair this conference and
make it the same experience for you. On another note, my favorite past
time is basketball and I play on the occasion usually for a small club or with
friends. In addition, I’m quite glad the Bruins made and sad that the Trojans
didn’t. Besides basketball, I participate in NHS, CSF, and sometimes
Amnesty International. I recently started up surfing and I’m quite terrible at
it. All in all, this conference will be a pleasure to chair and I hope you will
enjoy it. If you need some help feel free to email us, the email is in the very
last paragraph.
Hello! My name is Jason Yamashita and I am so happy to be your
chair for the HBHS 37th Novice Conference in the UNDP. I have been in
MUN for three years at HBHS and have just recently come back from the
National High School MUN conference in New York. It was a life-changing
journey where I grew so much from the unique experience. Therefore I
personally hope that all of you grow from your time here at our Novice
conference and continue in your MUN careers. Besides MUN, I am an
active member of our school band, Academy of the Performing Art’s
orchestra program, Boy Scouts, and various volunteer programs in our
school. In committee we will be discussing two very important topics that
concern the global community, so I hope you will come prepared with
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1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I undp.novice37@gmail.com
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April 25th, 2015
innovative solutions to natural disaster preparedness and international
labor standards. My advice to you is to come ready to debate and actively
participate through meaningful research and preparation. Good luck! If you
have any comments, questions, or concerns, feel free to message us at our
email.
Hello delegates!!! My name is Eva Finley and I am one of your chairs
this year for our annual Huntington Beach High School Novice MUN
conference. I am a sophomore at HBHS, so this is my second year in MUN.
I also have played volleyball for about six years, am an active member on
our school's ASB, and also participate in a variety of clubs around school. I
am unbelievably excited to be chairing this committee. I would love for all
delegates to understand the seriousness of these topics to the international
community and give them the research and creativity that they deserve. I
challenge you all to come with a full understanding of the topics at hand
and thoughtful solutions so that we can all have a day of interesting and
productive debate. Please feel free to let us know if you are confused or
have questions about anything prior to committee!
Position Papers must be submitted to your Dais’s central email no later than 11:59 PM on
April 19th, 2015 to be considered for a Research Award. Research Awards will be presented
during committee; please be sure to follow the HBHSMUN Position Paper format available on
our website. Your Dais’s central email is: undp.novice37@gmail.com
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I. Natural Disasters Preparedness
Topic Background
natural
disasters
with
humanitarian
organizations that include the Red Cross,
which has helped to supply aid to affected
countries.vii
Undeveloped countries are more
prone to the long term effects of natural
disasters and thus rely on the help of the
global community to help them recover
post-disaster. For this reason it has been
vital that these countries receive the aid
they need in times of their greatest
hardships. Major problems that countries
face in the event of a natural disaster
consist of a dramatic rise in internally
displaced persons (IDPs), a need for rescue
efforts to save survivors, extreme economic
setbacks, a lack of food and water to
survivors, a rise in diseases, and emotional
disorders after the disaster has occurred.viii
The UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights has reported that the Pacific
Islands struggle with maintaining reporting
accurate IDP rates in disaster scenarios.
The geographic location of this region
makes it more prone to encountering natural
disasters, as an alarming 24,000 people
were displaced in the tsunami of 2007 in the
Solomon Islands and another 9,000 had
their lives uprooted from the 2004 volcanic
eruption in Papua New Guinea. ix In the
aftermath of these disasters, the national
infrastructure was handicapped in all areas
of educational facilities, irrigation systems,
transportation methods, and the destruction
of local businesses. A major problem of
high-impact natural disasters is the lack of
an adequate living standard for refugees as
Throughout the course of history,
natural disasters have remained a
prominent issue for nations across the
globe, as they have devastating effects in
rendering a country demolished and without
a stable infrastructure. Natural disasters
come in a wide variation of different types,
which include tsunamis, earthquakes,
hurricanes, typhoons, severe droughts and
a multitude of other disasters. i Many
countries across the world experience these
occurrences normally; however, some
countries are less ready when compared to
others. Country preparedness primarily
depends on a country’s spending power and
technological ability, as well as geographical
location. For example in 2010, Haiti
experienced a lesser magnitude earthquake
of 7.0 in comparison to the 9.0 magnitude
Tohoku earthquake in Japan in 2011. ii
However, due to the lack of national
planning and proper structures, Haiti was
left in complete ruin with approximately
316,000 deaths and over $14 billion USD of
damage.iii iv On the other hand, Japan, as a
developed nation, was better equipped to
deal with natural disasters as a member of
the Asian Disaster Reduction Center. v
Despite this success, the nation still did not
anticipate the massive earthquake and the
disaster resulted in a level 7 nuclear
meltdown of the Fukushima Power Plant
and 300,000 people displaced two years
after the disaster. vi The international
community has cooperated to assist
countries in recovering and preparing for
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food, water, and shelter supplies are
unavailable. Additionally, health concerns
present another dilemma to tackle in the
event of a natural disaster. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention estimates
that almost one billion people are affected
by disasters with issues such as a lack of
clean water, sanitation and hygiene, a
shortage of healthcare facilities to treat
survivors, and an increased outbreak of
communicable diseases.x Depending on the
disaster situation, different health concerns
arise. For instance, increased rates of
diarrheal diseases like Escherichia coli,
Hepatitis A, and leptospirosis endanger
survivors in scenarios of floods and
tsunamis that contaminate water supplies
and prevent standard sanitation services.
Additionally, diseases such as measles and
acute respiratory infections pose a threat in
highly concentrated population regions
affected by disasters. Vector borne
diseases such as malaria are also a
concern after meteorological disasters of
hurricanes and cyclones, which was the
case when new breeding grounds by
flooding spiked mosquito populations in
Costa Rica’s Atlantic Region. xi As well as
physical health concerns, psychological
disorders are a detriment to individuals who
survive these traumatic events. Following
natural disasters, post-traumatic stress
disorder increases, as the US National
Comorbidity Survey reported that 18.9% of
all men and 15.2% of women suffer from
lifetime symptoms of PTSD. xii Furthermore,
the economic problems poor countries
encounter following a natural disaster
presents yet another issue. In developing
nations with an unstable economic
foundation of volatile markets, natural
disasters can devastate the system into
disarray. Countries bound to come across
climate dangers, such as Sub-Saharan
Africa and nations with exceeding urban
populations like Bangladesh are at risk of
financial ruin. xiii For this reason, poor
countries especially need natural disaster
risk management plans that integrate a
national plan of action with governmental
and international coordination to develop
strategies based upon its financial
resources.
Due to these dire circumstances, a
more feasible plan of international
preparation for natural disasters is
absolutely necessary to address all of these
concerns. Ways to prepare for effects of
natural disasters once they have occurred is
necessary in order to improve the current
situation.
United Nations Involvement
The United Nations has been active
in the international community in making
sure
to
improve
natural
disaster
preparedness
through
widespread
cooperation. One major way the UN has
worked to achieve this is through the UN
Humanitarian
and
Disaster
Relief
xiv
Assistance program.
It has worked to
provide a global framework for natural
disaster preparation. Within this system,
organizations such as the World Food
Programme,
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization, UN High Commissioner for
Refugees, International Organization for
Migration, World Health Organization, and
the UN Children’s Fund all cooperate to
provide humanitarian relief where it is
needed the most. The regulation and
organization of this structure is primarily
operated through the UN Office for the
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Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN
Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).xv
xvi
A duty of the Emergency Relief
Coordinator of the IASC is to combine
efforts of UN humanitarian bodies and nongovernmental aid to provide effective
assistance to prioritized areas that lack the
ability to provide for their people. xvii
Additional initiation has been launched with
the UN
Disaster Assessment
and
Coordination program in 1993 to help
enforce the global crisis of disasters in
afflicted
countries
in
states
of
xviii
emergencies. Some NGO operations that
have been widely successful in responding
to disasters and helping in delivering human
rights include Save the Children and the
International Federation of the Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies. The World
Health Organization has recommended
guidelines for providing safe supplies of
food in disasters through its “Food Safety in
Natural Disasters” advice under the
International Food Safety Authorities
Network.xix This provides specific guidelines
in ensuring approved food supplies to
victims of disasters through inspection
instructions
of
contaminated
food,
coordination on the delivery of food
supplies, and specifications on food disease
knowledge
to
administer
healthcare
assistance to survivors. The United Nations
helps to initiate humanitarian assistance
through the coordination of its UN
peacekeepers to establish “zones of peace”
through ways such as helping to set up
refugee camps and distributing necessities
of life.
UNDP has been on the forefront in
helping to establish better conditions for the
global community’s preparation to natural
disasters. This falls under its jurisdiction of
providing access to the Millennium
Development Goals. UNDP works primarily
to establish access to goals such as Goal 1
to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”
and Goal 8 of “develop[ing] a global
partnership for development.”xx These goals
inevitably entangle with natural disaster
preparedness, as tropical storms and
droughts interrupt sustainable agricultural
production and technological advancement
and infrastructure is hindered due to the
aftermath of destruction. UNDP has worked
to improve the attainment of these goals
with the MDGs as people earning only
$1.25 USD or less a day dropped from 50 to
22% and the availability to clean water has
improved by almost 400 million more people
with access since 1990.xxi However, due to
the setbacks of natural disasters, UNDP can
further these goals and lower rates of
people without access to the eight goals
through preparing more effectively for
disasters.
In addition, the General Assembly
has passed numerous resolutions to
improve response methods and preparation
for natural disasters. A/RES/45/100 of the
68th plenary meeting on December 14,
1990 encourages sovereign nations to
coordinate with the international community
to help provide for humanitarian assistance
and improve conditions of natural disaster
preparedness in less accessible regions.xxii
Likewise in 1991, A/RES/46/182 of the GA
enacts a comprehensive resolution in
“strengthening
the
coordination
of
humanitarian emergency assistance” with
initiatives of prevention and preparedness
through early warning systems. xxiii The
Economic and Social Council of the GA in
A/61/85/Add.1-E/2006/81/Add.1 prioritizes a
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Indian Ocean.xxviii Although there were a few
hours between the earthquake and the
deadly tsunamis that it created, nearly all of
the people that were in the areas reached
were caught off guard because they were
completely unprepared due to the lack of
warning systems put in place. From
survivors there have been many reports of
seeing animals run for higher ground
minutes before the tsunami hit, and the Red
Cross has since confirmed that there were
very few animal bodies found. xxix Not only
were no warning systems put in place to
give the people affected by the disaster any
indication that the tsunami was coming, but
also evacuation procedures were also very
vague and not useful during the actual
event. Due to the vulnerability of the region
at this time, the lack of simple protocol led
to the loss of thousands of lives, an
environment that will never be the same,
and an estimated economic loss of about
$10 billion. xxx However, even with proper
warning and evacuation protocol, the
tsunami still would have left the cities hit
completely without infrastructure. Not only
was the natural disaster preparation for
during the crisis not present during the 2004
tsunami, but the immediate and long-term
relief for survivors and the rebuilding of
cities was also missing. Indonesia,
specifically, is still suffering from the
disaster because the prime time for
reconstruction and relief is right after the
event occurs, but Indonesia struggled for a
while before being able to focus on an
organized plan to put their country back
together. Humanitarian aid during this time
consisted solely of outside country
donations, which with the majority of
countries affected being underdeveloped,
was not enough to bring back poor nations
“Central Emergency Response Fund” to
help finance more effective preparation
plans of action to save lives in the event of
disasters on December 15, 2005. xxiv
Moreover in 1989, the GA has increased
awareness to the lack of preparedness for
natural disasters in A/RES/44/236, which
addresses the creation of an “International
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction” with
such actions of focusing “scientific and
technical knowledge” on better predicting
conditions of disasters and improving
national emergency plans. xxv While there
has been extensive international community
involvement in natural disaster aid
coordinated by the UN, the issue still
persists to endanger human rights due to its
high
unpredictability
and
lack
of
communication in all nations.
Case Study: 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake and
Tsunami
On December 26, 2004, an
earthquake so great that it reached 9.0
magnitudes occurred in the Indian Ocean
near the coast of Indonesia and was
responsible for a ripple effect that created a
series of tsunamis. xxvi This earthquake has
been called the Sumatra-Andaman Islands
Earthquake and is still greatly affecting the
region over 10 years later. The devastating
results, specifically the fourth place ranking
in the largest death toll of any natural
disaster, were so large because of the lack
of preparedness of the Indian region.xxvii
With the Indian Ocean tsunami
traveling as far as 3,000 miles to reach
Somalia, the disaster was able to reach
nearly all countries in the region near the
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that have had everything taken from the
disaster. xxxi With this particular natural
disaster, the largest issue was that there
was nowhere for the many survivors that
had lost everything and became internally
displaced persons. With only donations from
other countries, and health aid through the
Red Cross for immediate relief, these small
countries were not able to become
economically stable or give the millions of
IDPs somewhere to go.
Without
preventative
warning
measures, proper evacuation plans, a place
to take in the numerous IDPs, or long-term
economic rehabilitation plan, the countries
affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake and tsunami are still hurting
over 10 years later.
II. International Labor Standards
Topic Background
extreme users of child labor since they are
some of the most poverty stricken countries
in the world xxxiii . Other countries such as
Russia, China, and India have loose
regulations which allows for child labor to
become prevalent within these regions.
Besides child labor, the issue of
minimum wage and slave labor is still an
international problem. The countries, Brazil
and China, have average minimum incomes
of less than three hundred dollars a month
which highlight the growing wage gaps
within these countries xxxiv . This problem
causes hunger and poverty to exist across
the international community. The United
States is attempting to monitor the
fluctuating minimum wage of a few nations
through the OECD; however, its list is
currently short and has minimal information.
It attempts to observe labor problems and
illegal exploitations of labor in other nations,
but it only works as an archive instead of an
intervention force. On the other hand, forced
labor plagues the modern world and holds
captive approximately 21 million people.xxxv
The organization Anti-Slavery International
attempts to educate the public on this
Throughout the history of labor,
slave labor and labor exploitation; labor
exploitation was the most used throughout
major European empires. In addition,
outsourcing labor and using other countries
to supply developed nations was normal
during the new imperialist era (1830-1939).
The term
“slavery”
was
abolished
domestically in most European nations by
the early 1800’s; however the exploitation of
forced labor was still prevalent in European
colonies. Even though the European
empires collapsed and disappeared into the
past, slavery is still existent today and
prevalent in regions across the globe.
An estimated 200 million children
under the age of 15 work around the world
and approximately sixty percent of them
work in Chinaxxxii. In addition to developing
nations, there are a few developed nations
that use child labor; however, it is not as
prevalent. On the other end of the spectrum,
the countries of Eritrea, Somalia, the DR
Congo and many others are labeled as
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international crisis and bring an end to this
problem. It is currently working the United
Nations to abolish the exploitation of human
labor and lessen the amount of force
laborers especially in the region of Asia and
the Pacific which holds approximately half of
all forced labor. xxxvi Major industries that
continue to use forced labor include fishing
and manufacture, which are common in
Asian countries. For instance, a Malaysian
electronics factory capitalized on slave labor
and maximized profits through low cost
working conditions and minimal wages. This
example of forced labor is one of the many
that exist in both developing and developed
nations.
Furthermore, the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) believe
that regulations should be dependent on
trade and the World Trade Organization.
These nations attempted to prevent further
destruction of their economy and outside
intervention of domestic labor laws through
the 1996 and 1999 World Trade
Organization meetings and the General
Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
Additionally, ASEAN countries implemented
subcommittees such as ACMW and
OSHNET, which both focus on improving
workplace conditions. xxxvii Besides ASEAN
countries, the EU created stronger
regulatory laws and has more authoritative
power over the workplace. Since is mostly
composed of developed nations, the
problems of forced labor and poverty are
less prevalent.xxxviii Therefore, the European
Union focuses on stable economic growth,
clean working environments, and workplace
equality.
Moreover, the AU has major
problems revolving around IDPS or
Internally Displaced Persons since people
are in search of job opportunities. As a
result, the African Union is attempting to
create a system of jobs in order to maintain
social order and economic stability. This
system involves migrant workers and
attempts to create larger job markets, but
maintains a certain amount of workers in
each African country to prevent widespread
migrations. xxxix Currently,
the
only
organization that is attempting to regulate
international labor is the International Labor
Organization (ILO) and most labor
regulations vary by region due to the
different needs of every individual country.
United Nations Involvement
The United Nations passed a
multitude of resolutions to ensure the
equality of workers and prevent the use of
forced labor internationally. The UN is
focusing on creating fair labor for all and
emphasizes the need for the international
community to approach this problem
through ECOSOC resolution 2008/18. xl In
addition, the UN created regional based
acts in order to prevent cultural
disadvantages such as ILO act 2068, which
bans prejudice towards certain castes and
allows for workplace equality.xli These laws
and regulations assist in maintaining
equality and human rights throughout the
international community; however, these
attempts require the backing of local
governments and regional organizations.
The ILO is currently unable
to enforce a majority of its legislation, since
the
United
Nations
doesn’t
allow
committees other than the Security Council
to emplace sanctions on certain countries. xlii
Currently Article 33 of the UN Charter stops
the ILO from using sanctions as a tool of
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enforcement xliii . Furthermore, the ILO and
the WTO are working together to create the
most efficient system of laws and
regulations in every individual nation. The
World Trade organization focuses on
strengthening the International Labor
Standards alongside the ILO; however, the
WTO is not considered a UN organ. xliv On
another note, the ILO is currently working
on region based projects in order to create
practicable laws that nations can follow. The
International Labor Organization held seven
major conventions that focused on the
improvement
of
labor
standards
internationally. These conventions are the
29th, 87th, 98th, 100th, 105th, 111th, 138th,
and 182nd, which heavily stress the
importance of workplace equality and fair
treatment of workers. xlv The 105th
convention of the ILO defined forced labor
as illegal and the convention created the
official definition of labor exploitation and
reformed certain portions of the 29th
convention.xlvi On the other hand, 87th and
98th helped improve labor organizations
and their legalization which allowed for
workers to protest and ask for more rights.
The addition of collective bargaining allowed
for workers to band together and stay
organized for longer periods of time.
Additionally, the 87th protected labor unions
and prevented labor union participants from
being fired from their jobs. xlvii In all, the
major conventions of the ILO attempted to
improve workers’ rights; however, these
laws and regulations are hardly enforced in
countries that routinely exploit labor.
On the other hand, the
United Nations is working to end child labor
across the world through the international
conventions on labor. These conventions
set the minimum age for working and the
improvement of working environments to
prevent accidents and potential health
problems. Child Labor convention 182
heavily focuses on the extreme forms of
child labor and calls for the international
community to completely eradicate the
exploitation of children.xlviii Furthermore, the
convention focuses on the education of the
child and providing the opportunity for
mental growth and development. Besides
child labor conventions, A/RES/61/146
focuses on highlighting the rights of a child
and emphasizing the importance of
providing children with a nurturing
childhood.xlix
Case Study: Chinese
Sweatshop Workers
The breaking of international labor
laws has been a prominent issue for many
years, especially now when some of the
world’s leading nations are openly
disobeying the ILO guidelines and profiting
from it. It is globally well known that China
has one of the largest growing economies in
the world, with a GDP that is only lower than
that of the United States; however, their
methods of maintaining this through their
workforce fall short of abiding by
international law.l
Unfortunately, with the largest
population and a highly abundant workforce,
China’s wages are ridiculously low, and
their working hours are illegally high.
Currently, there are approximately 482
million working Chinese that make less than
two dollars a day.li Large corporations, such
as Wal-Mart, which holds factories that
employ an estimated 1.4 million workers,
often ignore the unethical and illegal
payment situation of the Chinese. lii This is
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because of the scare tactics that are utilized
within factories to force silence upon the
countless mistreated employees. These
scare tactics revolve around the crucial
principle of the life of a Chinese worker,
which is keeping a job, no matter how low
the wages or how harsh the conditions are,
in order to sustain themselves and their
families. liii One of the first corporations to
ever successfully investigate the conditions
of its factory workers was Apple. The China
Labour Watch became involved when
allegations from the US-based Apple
headquarters began to question Apple’s
largest factory in China, the Pegatron. liv
When the CLW began to investigate without
a Chinese supervisor in the room to keep
the workers silent, they uncovered years’
worth of illegal treatment of workers. One of
the most disturbing offenses was revealed
in an interview with a man that discussed
how his pregnant wife was forced to work
for 14 hours and was threatened to be fired
when asking for a break. lv Chinese law
prohibits pregnant women from working
more than 11 hours a day. Although the
CLW was able to intervene with the help of
Apple, the blatantly illegal long working
hours and miniscule or no pay still happens
every day in countless sweatshops
throughout China, continuing without justice
for the workers because of threats made by
Chinese supervisors to fire anyone that
speaks up.
Although there is a huge concern to
be had for the wages and working hours of
Chinese workers, their safety in the
crowded and dangerous environments they
spend the majority of their lives in is also a
prominent issue. The worst of the conditions
is seen by the 150 million migrant workers
within China, which are not given any state
benefits or insurance. lvi These internal
migrant workers, who work day in and day
out with no protection from their country,
deal with crowded tenements that are
strictly monitored with little to no ventilation
or lighting, lacking decent cleanliness and
individual privacy. The conditions of these
places that the workers live lead to the
spread of disease, as well as an increased
chance of developing various mental
illnesses due to the constant hostile
environment they live in. In addition to the
health risks that come from the living
quarters of these Chinese workers, the
actual sweatshops themselves are filled
with unsafe machinery that has led to
innumerable injuries and lost fingers. Workrelated injuries often go unnoticed for the
same reason that Chinese sweatshops
have been able to disregard international
labor laws for so many years, which is that
the workers are more afraid of losing their
jobs than they are for their own safety and
well-being.
China may have one of the most
successful economies in the world, but the
blatant disregard for international labor laws
in sweatshops all across China can no
longer be tolerated by the international
community if this topic is to ever be solved.
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Questions to Consider
Natural Disasters Preparedness:
1. How has your nation been involved in recent international natural disaster efforts?
2. What has your nation done in response to recent natural disasters in the past and what
initiatives in planning has been put into place to prepare for future instances?
3. Does your nation work with any international organizations or is a member of any
regional body in preparation for natural disasters?
4. What are your country’s goals for improving future disaster preparedness?
5. How should natural disaster preparedness be addressed in regards to different types of
disasters and geographical locations?
6. How can a national plan of action be coordinated to address short term and long term
preparation for humanitarian aid and infrastructure?
International Labor Standards:
1. In what ways has your nation been involved with exploitation in the workplace? Has your
country made specific actions or policies regarding this issue?
2. Should Article 33 of the UN Charter be amended and allow for the ILO to emplace
sanctions on countries breaking ILO legislation?
3. Does your country have a history of Child/Forced Labor?
4. Which organizations does your country work with to regulate labor, if none what
organizations can you implement or create to solve international problems?
5. Does your country qualify for exceptions in terms of child labor, such as a lower
minimum working age for hazardous and light work?
6. What is the economic status of your country and is it both economically and politically
stable?
7. Did you sign WTO agreements and does your country outsource labor to other regions
of the world?
8. If necessary what incentives can you provide to developing nations for them to modify
their laws and strictly regulate their legislation in regard to labor?
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http://www.ready.gov/natural-disasters
http://www.dec.org.uk/haiti-earthquake-facts-and-figures
iii http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/
iv
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/02/16/AR2010021605745.html
v http://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=392
vi http://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html
vii http://www.redcross.org/what-we-do/international-services
viii https://www.childfund.org/the-devastating-impact-of-natural-disasters/
ix http://pacific.ohchr.org/docs/IDP_report.pdf
x http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/1/06-0779_article
xi http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/1/06-0779_article
xii http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/78.full
xiii
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April 25th, 2015
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14

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