A Preliminary Research on Types of Settlement Housing Alterations

Transcription

2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
A Preliminary Research on Types of Settlement
Housing Alterations of Chinese New Village in
Malaysia- A Study of Ampang New Village,
Selangor
Song Hung Chi, and Lee Chun Benn

population surveys are more common aspects of literature, the
study of building external space to internal space for Chinese
New Village did not have a clear spatial analysis and
investigation. Therefore, this research methods of spatial
analysis, explore the characteristics of housing space in
Chinese New Village settlement, to understanding the
evolution of functional and its qualities in housing space.
Field investigation had selected as the main method of
research for performing Chinese New Village study.
Collected basic data for housing through field observation,
experienced of housing space environment and observed the
status of used, in order to deepen the impression of housing
space in Chinese New Village. Secondly, further with floor
plan analysis, performed discussion on the constituted of
housing space in Ampang New Village, analyze the type of
housing and spatial evolution, establish the basis of this
information, in order to facilitate the subsequent of housing
space for deeper study of Chinese New Village.
Abstract— Following by Jinjang New Village and Serdang New
Village, “Ampang Chinese New Village” as the third largest
Chinese New Village in Malaysia, it was the historical resettlement
of over 60 years which cause by “Briggs Plan” in 1950 and became a
specific living type. By the changed of population organization and
conditions of used, combined with an economic factors and
construction systems, generated a changed of external form and
internal pattern of housing. In this research, in addition to the
establishment of architecture basic data of Chinese New Village,
with more attempt to the transformation of types of housing before
and after, to explore the characteristics of housing space in Chinese
New Village, with the purpose of sustained the building study of
New Village.
By selected the ways of field investigation and interviews,
explore the modes of evolution on the function of housing spaces in
Ampang New Village. The research performed with three
representative samples of both housing alteration types and further
with housing floor plans as analysis. The results show that the rules
of evolution for the construction of additional space generally
located in the open space behind the original house, with an average
value which not exceeding 100㎡ floor area. Mainly use of building
materials with wood, wood construction, zinc, is a non-permanent of
materials. A transformation on partial space function was shown
after housing alterations, but there was no obviously improvement
of living quality. Living needs of users be the main considerations
reason for redecorate, coupled with economic factors, with
purposely performed in alterations of needs and restoration of
damaged. However, Ampang Chinese New Village had witnessed
the type of Chinese living space under ”Briggs Plan” which was
significance of historical buildings preservation, but it remains to be
preserve and redecorate to improve the poor quality of Chinese
living space inside Ampang Chinese New Village.
II. RESEARCH SCHEMA
Keywords— Malaysia, Ampang New Village, Housing Types,
Alterations.
The operation analysis of this study can be divided into
four parts. Part 1: Firstly, collection of historical data and
relevant literature, to increase the basic understanding of
Chinese New Village. Part 2: Field mapping and recording the
location and current situation, by taking a picture archive as
auxiliary research. The investigation contain area, location,
establish time, current situation of used, existing of housing
types, spatial patterns and building materials. Part 3: Against
the aggregated of investigated data, re-mapping into formal
drawing to analyze the evolution of space functional. Part 4:
Inheriting the above results, described the relevance of spatial
evolution.
I. INTRODUCTION
III. OVERVIEW OF AMPANG NEW VILLAGE
The Chinese New Village was the specific settlement
which left by the implementation of “Briggs Plan” by British
colonial government in Malaya during 1950 and formed a
unique social space in Malaysia. However, among all
investigation and historical data about Chinese New Village,
with social organizations, economic development, and
A. Origin of Chinese New Village
New Village (or Kampung Baru) is an important social
pattern of Chinese community in Malaysia today. With called
of “New Village”, it is because the majority of these “village”
is not naturally occurring or formed progressively (Phoon
Yuen Ming, 2001). It did not originate in the wills of villagers
and self motivation, not for the interests of villagers, but in
order to achieve the policy and military objectives of colonial
politics, and built up a large number of settlements in short
time（Dr. Voon Phin Keong，2005). In short, it is formed by
the results of Chinese resettlement with the purpose of
Song Hung Chi is with the assistant professor in Graduate School of
Architecture and Interior Design Department, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan ( e-mail: puma@stu.edu.tw).
Lee Chun Benn is with the student in Graduate School of Architecture
and Interior Design Department, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
(s13635113@stu.edu.tw).
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415402
53
centralized management to prevent collusion and supports
given by Chinese to Communist Party of Malayan (CPM).
After the Japanese Occupying Period (February 15, 1942August 15, 1945), British colonial government returns to
Malaya and restore colonial rule. Communist Party of
Malayan helps British against Japanese aggression during
World War II and Pacific War, with forest and rural areas as a
base, and become anti-Japanese guerrilla army under
convened by British, finally become a legal political party
after the meritorious of war. However, their ultimate objective
is to get rid of British colonial rule, these activities seriously
threatened to the standing of British colonial government.
Therefore, the British colonial government issued the
“Emergency Regulations Ordinance 1948” in June 1948,
declared a national emergency.
During the Emergency Ordinance, CPM carried out
guerrilla war and results the anti-Communist program does
not demonstrate well. And finally decided to appoint an
expert forest operational, Lieutenant--General Sir Harold
Rawdon Briggs (1894-1952) as operational commander, and
soon promulgation of Briggs Plan. He believed that isolate the
squatters (most of them were Chinese) from the guerrillas
which become the sources of support for CMP, is the ways to
cut off the contact between the villagers and CMP. By there, a
“New Village Program” was proposed and a large number of
Chinese resettlement to a specific location or within a range
was generated. And gradually in the period of 1950s-1960s,
establishment of 382 New Village, development has a total of
450 New Village in Malaysia today which still inhabited by
12,000 people of which 85% Chinese, 10% Malay, and 5%
Indians.
Fig. 3 A configuration drawing of Chinese New Village settlement
(Lim Hin Fui and Soong Wan Ying, 1996)
B. Ampang New Village
Ampang New Village, located in Ampang, Selangor, is part
of the area in Kuala Lumpur (Fig. 9). The village is about
1542 housing with a lot of century temples, with Nine
Emperor Gods and Hakka Tam Kong as the most famous
temple inside the village. According to information available,
Ampang district was full of mineral lake before Malaya
independence, with exploitation of tin mine as the main
economic. The local villagers were mostly Hakka Chinese,
male as miners and female are mostly as sulfur washer. Since
the gradual decline of mining, those abandoned mineral lake
then becomes an entertainment or a place to catch fish for
villagers.
There was a public taps set up in each row of housing in
Ampang New Village under the Briggs Plan, villagers were
mainly rely on wells and those public taps for daily life.
Besides, toilet was an independent building which built
outside the house, and several families shared a toilet.
According to historical data shows that, the village was
surrounded by barbed wire fence and guarded by military
police to prevent attacks from CMP. There were just a simply
definition or nothing between those housing and linked each
other by trails, it reflecting the characteristics of surrounded
settlement space with an open internal space inside. Ampang
New Village mainly consistent by Jalan Merdeka through the
whole settlement and become the main street of the settlement.
Public buildings were developed along both sides of the main
street, and housing were located at the internal sides. Another
major road, Jalan Cempaka has been created and linked with
the settlement lanes and alleys along with the local
development (Fig. 10).
Fig. 1 Historical photo of New Village settlement (R.B. Sheeks’son)
Fig. 2 Completed built appearance of New Village in 1950
(Malaysian Chinese Family Tree)
Fig. 4 The range configuration diagram of Ampang New Village
(resketch by Google Map)
54
TABLE I: TYPES AND METHODS OF SEGMENTATION FOR SPACE
Segmentation
Category
Main house
Second estates
Ancillary
building
Fig. 5 The texture configuration diagram of Ampang New Village
(resketch by Google Map)
Explanation
refers to a building entity of prototype
housing which constituted the
settlement under Briggs Plan
refers to a building entity of
alterations subsequently, or derived
from the prototype housing
constituted by a simple wood
structure or scaffold with half walls
or no walls of shelter space
B. Prototype Housing of Ampang New Village
The investigation found that, there was just remaining a
prototype housing which is not complete and damaged.
According to the statistics of “Malaysia Housing and Local
Government”, most of the housing in these 450 New Village
which established under the Briggs Plan in 1950 were wooden
house, which indicating that the type of wooden houses are
common architecture style inside those settlements village.
There were appeared new housing styles such as
Apartments, Terraced House within development, while the
origin building types has been renovated with up to 80% of
housing cause by the changes of time and living needs factors.
There was only remaining an original housing with primitive
appearance which was almost collapsed. Starting in year 2000,
most of the housing had been updated to 60 years or 99 years
of land leases, while which about 10% do not updated based
on a variety reasons, such as dissension of land rights, lack of
funds and etc. (Sin Chew Daily).
1) Constitution of Wooden House
There were given a regional restriction with 1220cm (width)
x 2440cm (depth) which total land area of 297.7㎡, built their
own house in their own by using old building materials which
remove previously from removal of the origin house, such as
timber wood and attap. Basically, the prototype was
bungalows style with flat foundation, it was a single building
with a middle entrance. The average indoor area of 43.31㎡,
accounting for 14-15% of the total area of the land (data
calculating were according to the investigation data). There
were empty space left around the building, the front and rear
walls of house were about 250cm height, while the middle
part of the building was about 430cm height, with double
sloping roof. The main entrance which in front of housing
constituted with wooden door, double open style (60cm W x
60cm W as standard size) and located in the center of building.
Both sides of the main entrance were square windows with
wooden frame and wood strips, besides, elongated vents with
90cm height was set up at the top of front elevation of
building with wooden frame and wooden grille composition.
Fig. 6 Current landscape of Ampang New Village (Ally Theanlyn,
2007)
IV. CONTENT AND ANALYSIS OF HOUSING SURVEY
A. Segmentation Principles of Housing Space
According to the investigation results and preliminarily
found that, the housing space in Ampang New Village in case
of “temporary” and “non-permanent” living space.1 However,
the Chinese communities influence of the living methods and
living needs factor, derived their living space with “local
conditions”, forming more than 80% of alterations housing
type today.
Therefore, this study sampling the representative existing
housing type as case study, attempts to “alterations” as the
entry point for performing the analytic of housing space, and
preliminary divided housing into three categories, in order to
deepen the understanding of housing impression in space
(Table 1).
2) Functions of Space
There were three main contents of space in prototype
housing, which is living room, sacrificial area, and bedroom.
Living room as the first space for housing link with outdoor
space, usually merged with sacrificial area and dining area,
sacrificial area must located in the center of indoor and facing
the main entrance of housing. Normally, prototype allocated
two bedrooms, the left side for parents’ live, while the right
side for children. The ways of distribution were derived from
the traditional concept of “left as respect, right as humble” of
the immigrant Chinese community, clearly reaction on its
used of housing space.
1
This research will aim to discuss the establishment of housing under
Briggs Plan and the method and types of alterations, the new building types
such as brick house, apartment, etc. which developed by local government
are not within the scope of this paper.
Content of
Space
living room,
sacrificial area,
dining room,
bedroom
living room,
bedroom,
kitchen,
storeroom
parking space,
utility area,
working area
(semi-outdoor)
55
migrated together with dining area into the second estate after
alterations. The results form the scope of sacrificial area
increased significantly, but still remains its original position,
while the two original bedroom were converted into
storeroom and but retains its original patterns and positions,
just made change of the primitive function of the space.
Secondly, the expansion of space increased 3 bedrooms,
kitchen, toilet, and bathroom both 1, bedrooms were located
on left of the changed living area, while kitchen and working
area were located at the end of second estate. These spatial
layout is exactly same with the others housing, which the rules
that the village residents comply with.
While on the level of ancillary space, parking space
(located on the right side of main house) and semi-outdoor
working space (located on the rear side of second estate) as
the mainly expansion space. Selected wooden structure as
scaffold, surrounded by no walls, zinc as the covering of roof,
and result flimsy material composition.
Fig. 7 Prototype house layout plan (draft according the investigation data)
Fig. 8 Section drawing of prototype house (draft according the investigation
data)
1. Prototype house (main house)
2. Alterations house (main house + second estate + ancillary building)
Fig. 10 Layout floor plan and the evolution of space for case study 1
D. Case Study 2- Mr. Chee
1) Data Analysis
Result of investigation shows that the indoor area of case
study 2 is 43.31㎡ (main house), and the additional entities
(second estates) with indoor total area of 90.6㎡. In other
words, after the expansion of housing, its interior floor area
had increase 90.6㎡, with a total interior area of 133.91㎡.
Fig. 9 A photo of prototype house in Ampang New Village (taken by author)
C. Case Study 1- Mr. Lee
1) Data Analysis
words, after the expansion of housing, its interior floor area
had increase 72.63㎡, with a total interior area of 115.93㎡.2
Space expansion mainly as living room, bedroom, kitchen,
toilet, and bathroom of formal space.
On spatial layout, there were more substantial changed had
been made on the functions of space after alterations. Firstly,
the original spatial location of living area, which the first
space for linked the internal and external space of main house,
still retains its original position after alterations, but the
sacrificial area which origin merged with living area, was
migrated to the end position of the second estate building.
Secondly, the right side of the two original bedroom had been
removed the partition walls and converted the space function
into dining area, which merged with the living area. The
results form single bedroom and retains its original function
and location, as the main resting used area of homeowner.
There was set up a patio inside the second estate of house,
additional space mainly for storeroom, utility area, toilet,
bathroom, and semi-outdoor kitchen. The alterations of
building used continuous wall, describes that the structures
and roof style of second estate building is same with the main
house, so being derived continuity of interior space. While on
On spatial layout, there were partial adjustment had been
made on the functions of space after alterations. Firstly, the
original spatial location of living area, which be the first space
for linked the internal and external space of main house, was
2
The interior areas data calculating mainly based on the “main house”
and “second estate” (surrounded by a wall surface) which considered as
“formal space” of the building entities, while “ancillary building” which
constituted by simple structures or scaffold,considered as “informal space”.
Therefore, interior area calculation does not include the temporary addition
of the ancillary space.
56
the level of ancillary space, parking space (located on the
right side of main house) and utility space (located on the rear
side of second estate) as the mainly expansion space. Selected
wooden structure as scaffold, surrounded by no walls, zinc as
the covering of roof, and result flimsy material composition.
The requirement space of expansion in this case is different
with others housing, described that the expansion for space is
not regulate, living needs of users is the main factor for
alterations and space expansion.
result flimsy material composition.
V. COMPARISON OF OBSERVATION DATA
The tables below against the representative of housing
alterations types, presented with photographs and drawing
diagrams, in order to increase the impression of the current
situations of housing in Ampang New Village.
TABLE II: ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATION DATA OF HOUSING ALTERATIONS
Case Study 1
E. Case Study 3- Mr. Wang
Statements
1) Data Analysis
Changed of
house area
Layout plan
words, after the expansion, the interior floor area had increase
90.6㎡, with a total interior area of 122.02㎡.
Main House
Second Estate
Ancillary
Building
115.93㎡
43.31㎡
72.63㎡
original building
existing
building
living area,
bedrooms,
toilet, bathroom,
kitchen, dining
area
ancillary
building
parking area
selected cement
as foundation,
wooden as wall,
selected timber
structure and
zinc as roof
On spatial layout, there were partial adjustment had been
made on the functions of space after alterations. Firstly, the
original spatial location of living area, which be the first space
for linked the internal and external space of main house still
retains in the original position of space, the right side of the
two origin bedrooms was converted into storeroom, while the
other side is still retains its function and position for resting
used.
The alterations type of this case is different with the others,
the alterations except extended from the rear side of main
house, it is also developed on the right side of main house,
formed of vertical and horizontal expansion type. Secondly,
the vertical style development mainly addition of 2 bedrooms
(on right hand side of living area), there were set up a patio
inside second estate building and mainly addition of 3
storerooms, washroom, and kitchen. The alterations of
building used continuous wall, describes that the structures
and roof style of second estate building is same with the main
house. By observed the roof pattern and its expansion way, we
can rational infer that the original roof of main house had
removed and rebuild with the primitive structure method, only
can fixed the top treatment of the additional bedrooms on the
right side of main house.
While on the level of ancillary space, parking space
( located on the right side of main house) as the mainly
expansion space. Selected wooden structure as scaffold,
surrounded by no walls, zinc as the covering of roof, and
Current
situation photo
of housing
Function of
Space
sacrificial area,
storeroom
Materials
Used
selected wooden
as wall and
window
57
materials, zinc
as roof covering
glasses as
windows, and
zinc as roof
covering
covering
TABLE IV: ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATION DATA OF HOUSING ALTERATIONS
Case Study 3
Statements
Section
Drawing of
Roof Structure
and The
Current
Situations
Changed of
house area
Layout plan
detail drawing of roof
structure
Main House
Second Estate
Ancillary
Building
122.02㎡
43.31㎡
78.7㎡
original building
existing
building
washroom,
kitchen,
storeroom
ancillary
building
parking area
selected cement
as foundation,
wooden as wall
and windows,
and zinc as roof
covering
selected wooden
as structure and
sunshade as roof
covering
current situation of roof
structure
TABLE III: ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATION DATA OF HOUSING ALTERATIONS
Case Study 2
Statements
Area changed
of housing
Layout plan
Main House
43.31㎡
Second Estate
90.6㎡
Ancillary
Building
133.91㎡
Current
situation photo
of housing
Function of
Space
living area,
bedroom,
storeroom
Materials
Used
Current
situation photo
of housing
original building
Function of
Space
living area,
bedroom, dining
area
existing
building
washroom,
kitchen,
storeroom
selected wooden
as wall and
window
materials, zinc
as roof covering
ancillary
building
parking area,
utility area
Section
Drawing of
Roof Structure
and The
Current
Situations
Materials
Used
structure
selected wooden
as wall and
window
materials, zinc
as roof covering
selected cement
as foundation,
wooden as wall,
glasses as
windows, and
zinc as roof
covering
selected metal as
structure and
sunshade as roof
covering
A. Evolution of Space and Analysis Results
1) Area changed of housing
The results show that the total area of main house are
generally 43.31㎡, the spatial layout and space location are
mostly similar with others, described that the housing built in
restrictive and prescriptive under Briggs Plan. The average
area of second estate does not exceed 100㎡, it is mainly due
to the size of land, formed a small gap of phenomenon and
results the total area of existing building in average value of
not more than 150㎡.
Section
Drawing of
Roof Structure
and The
Current
Situations
structure
structure
structure
2) Layout plan
Throughout the evolution results of space, we can
58
The resettlement living space of Chinese communities
under the Briggs Plan, originally living concept as
"temporary" and "non-permanent". According to analysis of
the expansion area, function of spatial expansion,
transformation of building materials used, and etc. find that it
has become a long-term living space. It does not required a
standard rule of function for expansion space, mainly
expansion and enlargement suitably due to the needs of user's
life, mostly retains the prototype building (main house) and
does not made substantial changed in street landscape.
Functionalism claimed or contained the meanings of
corresponding to “Factors”, produce “Function”, form
follows function (Louis Sullivan), can understand the various
building styles formed by the housing alterations in Ampang
New Village. The requirement of housing alterations had
become a common behavior and formed a community
consensus of the local settlement.
Therefore, Ampang New Village had witnessed the
Chinese living space under the Briggs Plan, provided with
historic building preservation significance. However,
preservation and alterations needs further, to improve the
quality of living space for the Chinese, and also conducive to
the principles and implementation of conservation programs.
understand that the position of alterations are mostly at the
rear location of prototype house, it mainly cause by the land
which generally elongated with 1220cm width x 2440cm
depth boundary line, and a total land area of 297.7 ㎡ .
Prototype generally built on the front of site, while the rear
empty space became the a favorable conditions for extend.
The results described that the prototype houses has potential
of large elasticity in outdoor open space for housing
alterations.
3) Function of Space
The survey result shows that, the expansion of space can be
divided in to two types for discussion, which is “second
estate” and “ancillary building”. Firstly, second estates are
generally regarded as a formal space, which is defined as
setting surrounded by walls, and as interior space. There are
not required a standards of rules for expansion in space
functions, mainly based on the users’ needs for planning.
Space contents were mostly toilet, bathroom, kitchen, and
storeroom, while living area, dining area, and utility area were
in minority.
Parking area is the common addition of ancillary building,
generally selected wooden structure as scaffold, surrounded
by no walls, with small number of set up a gate, regarded as
informal space cause by the appearance of the form with
temporary property.
REFERENCES
[1]
4) Material used
According to historical records, the materials of prototype
building mostly from the former housing demolition, then
moved to the allocated land to build on, it had formed wooden
as the main material of prototype buildings, in a same way of
structural system, as both "non-permanent "or" temporary "of
building materials. The evolution of building materials,
appeared material cement, glass, metal, sunshade and others,
indicating that the residents from the original concept of
"temporary residence", had becomes a long-term place to
live.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
5) Roof types
The roof types of prototype house, are mostly for double
sloping roof, formed by wooden structure and “attap” as roof
coverings. However, most of the housing was replaced the
“attap” with "zinc coverings. On the structural system, the
expansion building structures were only make changed in
materials used, and generally similar to the main house, while
the roof structure is derived depending on the alterations
ways, or remove the original roof structure, in order to rebuild
the same as the configurations law.
[7]
[8]
VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
In this study, according to the analyzed results of three
representative sampling of housing alterations, preliminary
informed that the existing house patterns can roughly divided
into the main house, second estates, and ancillary building
three building entity for discussion. The results shows that the
main house is generally retained and only made spatial
adjustment in space; second estate generally derived at the
rear position of main house with different types of derivatives,
the averages expansion area not exceeding of 100 ㎡ , it
considered as formal space used; while ancillary buildings are
is mostly constituted by temporary scaffold structure with
simple building materials, it is regarded as an informal space.
59
D.R. Sardesai, “Southeast Asia: Past & Present” (historical book
selction), Chai Bai Quan Trans. Rye Field Publications, Taiwan, 2001,
pp. 451-474.
Leon Comber, “Malaya’s Secret Police 1945-60: The Role of the
Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency (The Special Branch and
The Briggs’ Plan)”, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies published,
June. 2008, pp. 149.
Voon Phin Keong, “The Chinese New Villages in Malaysia: Impact of
Demographic Changes and Response Strategies”, Centre for
Malaysian Chinese Studies, Kuala Lumpur, March 2011.
Lim Hin Fui and Soong Wan Ying, “50 Years of Chinese New
Village”, Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies, Kuala Lumpur, 1996.
Cheng Lim Keak, “Mengkuang: A Study of a Chinese New Village in
West Malaysia ( Research Project Series No.1)”, Nanyang University,
Singapore, 1976.
Zhou Yien Hui, “The Change of Culture Landscape of the Chinese
New Village in Malaysia- The Study of Jinjang New Village (Graduate
paper),
Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal
University, Taiwan, June. 2008.
Phoon Yuen Ming, “One Village, One Chinese?-- A Historical
Reconstruction of Collective Memory in Two Malaysian New Village
(Graduate paper), Department of Historical, National Chi Nan
University, Taiwan, 2001.
Song Hung Chi and Lee Chun Benn, “A Research on Settlement
Housing Types of Chinese new Villages in Malaysia- A Case Study of
Kangkar Bahru New Village, Johor”, presented at the CIIAD, Chinese
Institute of Interior and Architecture Design, vol.10, June 7, 2014.

A Preliminary Research on Types of Settlement Housing Alterations

Transcription

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