Chapter 22

Transcription

Chapter 22

Chapter 22
Aggregate
Demand and
Supply Analysis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Aggregate Demand
• The relationship between the quantity
of aggregate output demanded and the
price level when all other variables are
held constant.
• Aggregate demand is made up of four
component parts
22-2
Aggregate Demand (cont’d)
Y ad = C + I + G + NX
The aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because
P ↓⇒ M / P ↑⇒ i ↓⇒ I ↑⇒ Y ad ↑
and
P ↓⇒ M / P ↑⇒ i ↓⇒ E ↓⇒ NX ↑⇒ Y ad ↑
and
P ↓⇒ M / P ↑⇒ C ↑⇒ Y ad ↑
22-3
FIGURE 1 Shifts in the Aggregate
Demand Curve
22-4
Aggregate Demand (cont’d)
• The fact that the aggregate demand curve is
downward sloping can also be derived from
the quantity theory of money analysis.
• If velocity stays constant, a constant money
supply implies constant nominal aggregate
spending, and a decrease in the price level is
matched with an increase in aggregate
demand.
22-5
Factors that Shift Aggregate
Demand
• An increase in the money supply
shifts AD to the right: holding velocity
constant, an increase in the money supply
increases the quantity of aggregate demand
at each price level
• An increase in spending from any of
the components C, I, G, NX, will also shift
AD to the right
22-6
Summary
Table 1
Factors That
Shift the
Aggregate
Demand Curve
22-7
Aggregate Supply
• Long-run aggregate supply curve
– Determined by amount of capital and labor and
the available technology
– Vertical at the natural rate of output generated
by the natural rate of unemployment
22-8
FIGURE 2 Long-Run Aggregate
Supply Curve
22-9
Aggregate Supply
• Short-run aggregate supply curve
– Wages and prices are sticky
– Generates an upward sloping SRAS as firms
attempt to take advantage of short-run
profitability when price level rises
22-10
Factors that Shift SRAS
• Costs of production
–
–
–
–
Tightness of the labor market
Expected price level
Wage push
Change in production costs unrelated to wages
(supply shocks)
22-11
FIGURE 3 Aggregate Supply Curve
in the Short Run
22-12
Summary Table 2 Factors That Shift
the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
22-13
FIGURE 4 Equilibrium in the Short
Run
22-14
FIGURE 5 Adjustment to Long-Run Equilibrium
in Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis
22-15
Self-Correcting Mechanism
• Regardless of where output is initially,
it returns eventually to the natural rate
• Slow
– Wages are inflexible, particularly downward
– Need for active government policy
• Rapid
– Wages and prices are flexible
– Less need for government intervention
22-16
FIGURE 6 Response of Output and the
Price Level to a Shift in the Aggregate
Demand Curve
22-17
FIGURE 7 Response of Output and the Price
Level to a Shift in Short-Run Aggregate Supply
22-18
Conclusions
• Shift in aggregate demand affects output only in the
short run and has no effect in the long run
• Shifts in aggregate demand affects only price level
in the long run
• Shift in short run aggregate supply affects output
and price only in the short run and has no effect in
the long run (holding the aggregate demand
constant)
• The economy has a self-correcting mechanism
22-19
Table 3 Unemployment and Inflation During
the Vietnam War Buildup, 1964–1970
22-20
the Negative Supply Shocks Periods, 1973–1975
and 1978–1980
22-21
the Favorable Supply Shocks Period, 1995–1999
22-22
the Negative Demand Shocks Period, 2000–2004
22-23
the Negative Demand Shocks Period of 2007–
2008
22-24

Chapter 22

Transcription

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