Dartford - PC Hospital

Dartford
For other uses, see Dartford (disambiguation).
Coordinates:
0.254°E
51°27′50″N 0°15′14″E / 51.464°N
Dartford is the principal town in the Borough of Dartford, Kent, England. The town is situated on the border
of Kent and Greater London, bordering the London Borough of Bexley. It also borders the Borough of Thurrock,
Essex, via the Dartford Crossing of the River Thames and
Gravesham to its east.
The town centre lies in a valley through which the River
Darent flows, and where the old road from London to
Dover crossed: hence the name, from Darent + ford.
Dartford became a market town in medieval times and, The Library and Museum with the war memorial in front
although today it is principally a commuter town for
Greater London, it has a long history of religious, industrial and cultural importance. It is an important rail hub; Hone, to the south of the town, is a remaining piece of
the main through-road now by-passes the town itself.
that history. In the 14th century, a priory was estabDartford is twinned with several other towns and cities lished here, and two groups of friars—the Dominicans
abroad including Hanau in Germany, Gravelines in and the Franciscans—built hospitals here for the care of
the sick. At this time the town became a small but imFrance and Namyangju in South Korea.
portant market town.
Wat Tyler, of Peasants’ Revolt fame, might well have
been a local hero, although three other towns in Kent all
1 History
claim likewise, and there are reasons to doubt the strength
of Tyler’s connection to Dartford, though[2] the existence
In prehistoric times, the first people appeared in the Dart- of a town centre public house named after him could give
ford area around 250,000 years ago: a tribe of prehistoric credence to Dartford’s claim. Dartford, however, cannot
hunter-gatherers whose exemplar is called Swanscombe claim a monopoly on public houses named after Tyler.
Man. Many other archaeological investigations have reIt is probable that Dartford was a key meeting point early
vealed a good picture of occupation of the district with in the Peasants’ Revolt with a detachment of Essex rebels
important finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and
marching south to join Kentish rebels at Dartford before
the Iron Age.
accompanying them to Rochester and Canterbury in the
When the Romans engineered the Dover to London road
(afterwards named Watling Street), it was necessary to
cross the River Darent by ford, giving the settlement its
name. Roman villas were built along the Darent Valley,
and at Noviomagus (Crayford), close by. The Saxons may
have established the first settlement where Dartford now
stands. Dartford manor is mentioned in the Domesday
Book, compiled in 1086, after the Norman conquest. It
was then owned by the king.
first week of June, 1381. Although lacking a leader, Kentishmen had assembled at Dartford around 5 June through
a sense of county solidarity at the mistreatment of Robert
Belling, a man claimed as a serf by Sir Simon Burley.
Burley had abused his royal court connections to invoke
the arrest of Belling and, despite a compromise being proposed by bailiffs in Gravesend, continued to demand the
impossible £300 of silver for Belling’s release. Having
left for Rochester and Canterbury on 5 June, the rebels
During the medieval period Dartford was an impor- passed back through Dartford, swollen[3]in number, a week
tant waypoint for pilgrims and travellers en route to later on 12 June en route for London.
Canterbury and the Continent, and various religious or- In the 15th century, two kings of England became part of
ders established themselves in the area. In the 12th cen- the town’s history. Henry V marched through Dartford
tury the Knights Templar had possession of the manor in November 1415 with his troops prior to fighting the
of Dartford;[1] the National Trust property at Sutton-at- French at the Battle of Agincourt; in 1422 Henry’s body
1
2
2
GEOGRAPHY
1785, a blacksmith from Lowfield Street began to make
engines, boilers and machinery. Some of that machinery
was for the local gunpowder factory run by Miles Peter
Andrews and the Pigou family. In 1785, the firm of J
& E Hall was set up, specialising in heavy engineering,
and later refrigerating equipment, and, by 1906, vehicle
production.
From those beginnings in the 18th century was to come
the industrial base on which the growth and prosperity of
Dartford were founded.
In 1840 the mustard factory of Saunders & Harrison was described as being “perhaps the largest in the
kingdom”.[4] Dartford Paper Mills were built in 1862,
when excise duty on paper was abolished. Between 1844The gatehouse of Henry VIII 's Royal Manor
1939 the fabric printing works of Augustus Applegath
were in being in Bullace Lane: again a firm using the wawas taken to Holy Trinity Church by Edmund Lacey, ters of the river.
Bishop of Exeter, who conducted a funeral. In March
The demand created by World War I meant that output at
1452, Richard, Duke of York, camped at the Brent althe local Vickers factory multiplied, with a positive effect
legedly with ten thousand men, waiting for a confrontaon the local economy. Burroughs-Wellcome chemical
tion with King Henry VI. The Duke surrendered to the
works (later incorporated into GlaxoSmithKline) made
king in Dartford. The place of the camp is marked today
Dartford a centre for the pharmaceutical industry. During
by York Road, Dartford.
the war, many Belgian refugees arrived in the town. Since
The sixteenth century saw significant changes to the hith- the town was unable to accommodate them all, many peoerto agrarian basis of the market in Dartford, as new in- ple were housed with volunteers.
dustries began to take shape (see below). The priory was
There has been a large power station at Littlebrook on the
destroyed in 1538 during the Dissolution of the MonasThames, to the north of the town, since 1939. The current
teries and a new manor house was subsequently constation, which features one of the tallest chimneys in the
structed by King Henry VIII.
UK, dates from about 1978.
In 1576 Dartford Grammar School was founded, part of
The Mazda motor manufacturer has its UK head office at
the Tudor emphasis on education for ordinary people.
the large Thames-side Crossways Business Park.
Many Protestants were executed during the reigns of
Thomas Walter Jennings created the iconic Vox musical
Queen Mary (1553–1554) and Philip and Mary (1554–
brand, with original products such as the AC15 and AC30
1558), including Christopher Wade, a Dartford linenamplifiers originating in Dartford.
weaver who was burnt at the stake on the Brent in
1555. The Martyrs’ Memorial on East Hill commemo- In early 2006, the since-closed South East England
Development Agency (SEEDA) purchased the former
rates Wade and other Kentish Martyrs.
Unwins (an off-licence chain that went into administration in 2005) depot on the edge of the town. The
warehouse was demolished and a business centre, The
1.1 Industrial history
Base, built in its place.[5] The Base will be managed by
The earliest industries were those connected with agri- Basepoint Centres and funded by the non-departmental
culture, such as the brewing of traditional beers and ales. public body, HCA.
Lime-burning and chalk-mining also had their place. The former GlaxoSmithKline manufacturing site in Mill
Fulling was another: the cleansing of wool needed a great Pond Road was bought by an off-shore property trust
deal of water, which the river could provide. This led to in April 2010. Essential Land has ambitious plans to
other water-based industries, using hydropower to oper- construct 1,050 homes, in addition to offices, shops and
ate machinery.
restaurants.[6] The first phase of the £150 million devel[7]
Sir John Spilman set up the first paper mill in England at opment could be complete as early as 2014.
Dartford in 1588 on a site near Powder Mill Lane, and
soon some 600 employees worked there, providing an
invaluable source of local employment. Iron-making on
the Weald was in full operation at this time, and iron in- 2 Geography
gots were sent to Dartford, to England’s first iron-slitting
mill, set up by the Darent at Dartford Creek in 1595 by Further information: Geography of Kent
Godfrey Box, an immigrant from the Low Countries. In
2.1
Climate
3
• Bexley
• South Darenth
• Swanscombe
• Bexleyheath
• Horton Kirby
• Belvedere
• Bean
• Swanley
• Albany Park
The quarry at Bluewater, showing the underlying chalk
Dartford lies within the area known as the London Basin.
The low-lying marsh to the north of the town consists of
London Clay, and the alluvium brought down by the two
rivers—the Darent and the Cray—whose confluence is in
this area. The higher land on which the town stands, and
through which the narrow Darent valley runs, consists of
chalk surmounted by the Blackheath Beds of sand and
gravel.
As a human settlement, Dartford became established as a
river crossing-point with the coming of the Romans; and
as a focal point between two routes: that from west to east
being part of the main route connecting London with the
Continent; and the southerly route following the Darent
valley. As a result the town’s main road pattern makes
the shape of letter 'T'. The Dartford Marshes to the north,
and the proximity of Crayford in the London Borough of
Bexley to the west, mean that the town’s growth is to the
south and east. Wilmington is to all intents and purposes
part of the town to the south; whilst the almost continuous
Thames Gateway development means that there is little to
show the town boundary in an easterly direction.
• Longfield
2.1 Climate
Like most of the United Kingdom, Dartford has an
oceanic climate.
2.2 Dartford Heath
This area to the south-west of Dartford covers some 314
acres (127 ha) of open space. Historically it has always
been of importance: prehistoric barrows and Bronze Age
artefacts having been discovered here. The first recorded
cricket match took place here in 1723; and the Society
of Royal Kentish Bowman were briefly established here
between 1785-1802. The nearby area is still known as
Bowmans.
Within the town boundaries there are several distinct areas: the town centre around the parish church and along
the High Street; the Joyce Green area; Temple Hill estate
constructed in 1927; the Brent; Fleet Downs; as well as
two important areas of open space and several industrial
estates. The open spaces are Central Park alongside the
river; and Dartford Heath (see below).
The Heath is an official Area of Outstanding Natural
Beauty. It contains three ponds (Donkey Pond, Woodland Pond and North Pond) and a variety of habitats: including acid grassland, broadleaved semi-natural woodland, heather and gorse, as well as other plant life.[9] It is
common land and therefore escaped being enclosed during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. It is also
the original source for the name of the Dartford Warbler.
Dartford Heath is used as a local recreation area (particularly for cyclists) and dog walking area, but suffers from
being close to the local recycling centre which sometimes
leaves windblown rubbish along proximal roads. picture.
Dartford borders the London Borough of Bexley to the
west, whilst the Sevenoaks District of Kent is located
south of Wilmington.
3 Demographics
Other nearby Areas
In 1801, Dartford’s population was c.2400.
• Greenhithe
• Barnehurst
4 Economy
• Sutton at Hone
• Erith
• Hextable
Some of Dartford’s most prominent industries suffered
extreme decline in the 20th century, causing redundancies and unemployment. Brewing, paper-making,
4
5 CULTURE AND COMMUNITY
the town. It was announced in late September 2013 that
Waitrose is to close.[10] The historical and once bustling
main High Street and adjacent shopping centre, The Priory, continue to fall into a decline, and the large department store previously occupied by the Co-operative has
now been demolished, having been bought by Dartford
Borough Council. The problems with obtaining planning permission for the Lowfield centre superstore development and associated residential units have been compounded by the recession. This has created further delay in resolving the dereliction of the town. There was
very slow progress with the Lowfield street TESCO development and on the 8th of January 2015 it was finally
announced that the TESCO plans were to be abandoned.
Low cost shopping units in the Priory shopping centre
5 Culture and community
flour milling and the manufacture of cement were the
main industries to suffer extinction or significant decline.
Nearby Swanscombe Cement Works (now redeveloped
into Bluewater shopping centre) was closed by Blue Circle in 1990. This industry had brought great prosperity to
the companies involved in cement manufacture, but left a
legacy locally of despoiled derelict land and pollution. In
1990 Dartford contained some 1,700 acres (6.9 km2 ) of
spoiled land resulting from extractive industries. Cementdust pollution from local cement works was a regular subject of complaint in the local press throughout the 20th
century.
Since the closure of Dartford’s major employers: Seagers’
Engineering Works, J & E Hall International, Vickers,
the reduction and subsequent closure of Burroughs Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline), and the redevelopment of
nearby Bexleyheath as a shopping town in the 1970s (and
the more recent development of the Bluewater Shopping
Centre), Dartford has lost a significant number of its rising Generation X demographic to more economically viable jobs, towns and cities. Dartford is still home to major brands such as Sainsbury’s, W.H. Smiths, Boots and
Marks & Spencer. With the opening of the major Bluewater regional shopping centre just outside of the town,
the high street has seen a growth in cheaper brands such
as Primark and Wilkinson taking over empty premises.
However the oldest independent business still trading in
Dartford, the butchers Richardson & Sons established in
1908, still remains trading and in its original shop on
Lowfield Street; however, this is threatened by the Lowfield centre superstore development (see below).
In 2007 Dartford saw an increase in the number of visible household brands in its environs as B&Q, M&S Simply Food, TK Maxx and Asda Living opened new outlet stores in the town centre. Before this Safeway had
taken part in the development of Dartford’s second shopping centre, The Orchards, located next to the Orchard
Theatre. The Safeway’s site was eventually taken over
by Waitrose and continues to be only one of a few major brands visible in, or just off the high-street area of
The River Darent in Central Park
Dartford has two major buildings concerned with
performance art. The Orchard Theatre, located in the
town centre, is a fully professional theatre, providing
audiences with a large range of drama, dance, music
and entertainment. The Mick Jagger Centre (built in
the grounds of Dartford Grammar School) in Shepherds
Lane was completed in 2000 and provides facilities for
community arts across a wide region.[11] The local museum in Market Street is housed in the same building as
the library.
Central Park is a formal park in the town centre. It is
used for various community events.[12] It comprises 26
acres (110,000 m2 ) of land.[13]
5.1 Sport
Dartford F.C. play at Princes Park Stadium and compete in the Conference National. Kent Invicta League
club Crown Alexandra F.C. play in Dartford at the Leigh
Academy Ground.
Dartford is also home to Dartford and White Oak
Triathlon Club. Formed in 1988, it is one of the oldest
5
British Triathlon Federation clubs in the UK. The club
trains at the “Bridge”, Dartford.
5.2
Health
There are, or have been, many hospital buildings in Dartford, the majority of which have been closed since the
opening of Darent Valley Hospital. One of the bestknown, Stone House Hospital, in Cotton Lane to the
east of the town, was opened on 16 April 1866 as the
“City of London Lunatic Asylum”. It was, and still is,
a large castellated structure built in spacious grounds.
It remained under the direct administration of the City
of London until 1948, when it was transferred to the
National Health Service (NHS). It remains one of the
largest and most visible structures in Dartford, and was
until recently operated by the NHS to manage regional
health care delivery, and was also home to a nursing
school, Livingstone Hospital, on East Hill. The main
buildings of this facility are now closed, and have been
turned into luxury flats.[14]
6
Transport
Dartford railway station
From 1925 the A2 main road took traffic away from Dartford town centre via the Princes Road bypass. Today the
original main road through the town is the A226. The
erstwhile turnpike road south to Sevenoaks is now the
A225). A newer by-pass is the A206, which skirts the
town to the north. Its prime purpose is to carry traffic from the riverside industrial developments on to the
Dartford Crossing from both west and east. Dartford is
perhaps most well known for the latter, the main mode
of crossing the River Thames to the east of London,
where the southbound A282 (part of the London Orbital)
crosses the river via the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge toll
bridge, opened in 1991. The northbound carriageway
crosses via the twin bore Dartford Tunnel. The first tunnel was opened in 1963, its twin in 1980.[15]
Dartford railway station is a busy junction serving three
routes. The first railway from London to reach Dartford
was the North Kent Line via Woolwich in 1849, connecting at Gravesend with the line through to the Medway
Towns. Later two more lines were built, the Dartford
Loop Line through Sidcup, which opened in 1866, and
the Bexleyheath Line, which opened in 1895. All the
lines were electrified on 6 June 1926.
Fastrack buses at Greenhithe railway station
Dartford is served by three Transport for London bus
services as well as many Arriva Kent and Go Coach
routes linking Dartford with areas including Bexleyheath,
Crayford, Erith, Gravesend, Greenhithe, Orpington,
Sevenoaks, Sidcup, Swanley, Welling and Woolwich.
The route of a Celtic ancient trackway which the Romans later paved and identified as Iter III on the Antonine
Itinerary, later to be called Watling Street, and which the Fastrack express bus system connects the Kent Thamecurrent A2 roughly follows, passed close to the town. Af- side area, and was completed by early 2008.
ter the Romans left Britain, it fell out of use, as the town
itself developed and traffic went into the town itself, the
name Watling Street transferring to the new route. The
introduction of stagecoach services increased the amount
of traffic through the town, so that by the 18th century
it had become necessary to control the upkeep of such a
heavily-used road. Turnpike Trusts were set up by Act of
Parliament. Dartford was served by two: that for Watling
Street; and the road south to Sevenoaks, both brought into
being between 1750 and 1780.
6
9
NOTABLE PEOPLE
The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge forms the southbound
lane of the Dartford Crossing from Essex to Kent.
7
Education
Further information: List of schools in Kent § Dartford
Dartford has several secondary schools, which largely operate within the county council-run grammar school system:
• Dartford Grammar School
• Dartford Grammar School for Girls
• Wilmington Grammar School for Boys
• The Grammar School for Girls, Wilmington
• Wilmington Academy
• Dartford Technology College
• Leigh Academy
• Leigh UTC
Richard Trevithick memorial at St. Edmund’s Park.
is a brass plaque commemorating the work of Richard
Trevithick, the pioneer of steam propulsion, who lived,
worked and died in the town.
The graveyard is situated in St Edmund’s Pleasance on
the summit of East Hill (the place where Richard Trevithick is buried), which gave rise to a traditional and
derogatory rhyme of Dartford’s people: “Dirty Dartford,
peculiar people, bury their dead above the steeple.” The
church actually has no steeple; it has a tower featuring a
ring of eight bells.[16]
• North West Kent College
9 Notable people
8
Places of worship
The following have, or had, some connection with Dartford:
• Matt Morgan (1977-), comedy writer
• Aaron Morris (1991-), comedian, TV presenter
• Keith Richards (1943- ), guitarist for The Rolling
Stones
• Mick Jagger (1943- ), vocalist and principal songwriter for The Rolling Stones
• Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), fourth wife of Henry
VIII, who lived in Dartford after their divorce
• Peter Blake (1932- ), pop artist.
The ford, now Dartford Bridge over the River Darent, and Holy
Trinity Church
The Parish Church, Holy Trinity, is situated on the western bank of the River Darent, from where a hermit would
conduct travellers across the ford. The church was originally a 9th-century Saxon structure, but gained later Norman additions. In the 13th century a Royal Wedding was
celebrated there; thus today the choristers are entitled to
wear scarlet cassocks. Also on display within the church
• Steve Rider (1950-), BBC Sports Presenter 19852005, currently with BskyB
• Ivor Gurney (1890–1937), composer and poet
• Henry Havelock (1795–1857), British general
• Barry Hawkins (1979- ), Professional Snooker
Player
• Dave Charnley (1935–2012), undefeated British
Lightweight Champion (1957–63)
7
• Henry Ambrose Hunt (1866–1946), meteorologist
• Sidney Keyes (1922–1943), war poet
[3] Dunn, Alastair (2002). The Great Rising of 1381. Stroud,
Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 175.
• John Latham (1743–1837), ornithologist
[4] 'Pigots 1840', on website freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.
com/~{}shebra/pigots_1840 accessed 5 December 2007
• Martina Bergman-Österberg (1849–1915), physical
education pioneer and founder of Dartford College
[5] “The Base ‘for business’ – Dartford”.
ford.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
• Alfred Sturge (1816–1901), Pastor and missionary
[6] “DARTFORD: Industrial site could become wharf complex (From News Shopper)". Newsshopper.co.uk. 11
February 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
• Richard Trevithick (1771–1833), inventor and mining engineer
• Pete Tong (1960- ),UK house DJ.
• William James Erasmus Wilson (1809–1884), surgeon
• Malcolm Allison (1927–2010), football player and
manager
• Andrea Arnold (1968- ), film director 2004 Oscar
winner and 2007 BAFTA winner
Thebasedart-
[7] “Plans for Dartford GlaxoSmithKline site move ahead”.
Regen.net. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
[8] “Dartford historic weather averages in the United Kingdom”. Intellicast. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
[9] “Guardian gallery of heathland in danger”. The Guardian
(London). 21 January 2008. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
[10] “Dozens of jobs at risk as Waitrose set to close failing
Dartford branch in Orchards Shopping Centre”. Kent Online. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
• Graham Dilley (1959–2011), Kent and England [11] “Jagger’s family affair at school”. BBC News. 2000-0330. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
cricketer
• Topsy Ojo (1985- ), London Irish and England rugby
union full-back, attended Dartford Grammar School
• Min Patel (1970- ), Kent and England cricketer
• Paul Samson (1953–2002), rock guitarist
[12] Woods, Alan (17 May 2013). “Summer events lineup announced for Dartford’s Central Park”. newsshopper.co.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
[13] “Central park”. dartford.gov.uk. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
• Phil May (born 9 November 1944) rock vocalist and
founding member of The Pretty Things
[14] “de beste bron van informatie over countyasylums. Deze
website is te koop!". countyasylums.com. Retrieved
2012-09-21.
• Malcolm Wakeford, musician, composer
[15] “Highways Agency - The Dartford - Thurrock River
Crossing”. Dartfordrivercrossing.co.uk. 13 September
2009. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
• Len Goodman, dancer and Strictly Come Dancing
judge
• Mackenzie Crook (1971- ) Actor
• Terry Hollands (1979- ) Britain’s Strongest Man
(2007)
• George Barton (1808-1864), cricketer for Sussex
• Dick Taylor (born 28 January 1943) guitarist and
founding member of The Pretty Things
• Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) Prime minister
who unsuccessfully ran to be MP of Dartford in
1950 and 1951
10
References
[1] “House of Knights Templar - The preceptory of Ewell”.
British History Online. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
[2] “Medieval Period: Politics - Wat Tyler and the peasants’
revolt”. Dartfordarchive.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
[16] Kenticisms
11 Bibliography
• Kent History Illustrated - Frank W Jessup (KCC,
1966)
• Railways of the Southern Region - Geoffrey Body
(PSL Field Guide 1989)
12 External links
• The Dartford town archive
• Two maps of the area c.1800
• "Dartford". Encyclopaedia Britannica 6 (9th ed.).
1878.
8
13
13
13.1
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
• Dartford Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford?oldid=651068668 Contributors: Zadcat, G-Man, Charles Matthews, Andrewman327, Timrollpickering, ClemRutter, Dina, DocWatson42, Lupin, Average Earthman, Bobblewik, MRSC, Mike Rosoft, Rich Farmbrough, Dave souza, D-Notice, MarkS, A purple wikiuser, Geoking66, CanisRufus, Susvolans, Bobo192, Smalljim, Redlentil, Ukeu, Nk,
Peter Shearan, Gothick, Trjumpet, Wtmitchell, BlastOButter42, Computerjoe, The JPS, Woohookitty, PatGallacher, BillC, Tutmosis, Jdcooper, George Burgess, The wub, CarolGray, RexNL, Coolhawks88, YurikBot, Diliff, Danbarnesdavies, Stephenb, Kimchi.sg, RadioKirk,
Fnorp, NawlinWiki, LiamE, Zwobot, Scope creep, Orioane, Nikkimaria, Closedmouth, JLaTondre, David Biddulph, DavidRKelly, Djr
xi, Dandelions, SmackBot, Hydrogen Iodide, Vald, Kellyunderwood, Lion King, T saston, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Taelus, JackyR,
Salmar, Shalom Yechiel, JonHarder, Gmcole, Mini-Geek, Derek R Bullamore, Jondennis, Thewiltog, ArglebargleIV, John, MilborneOne,
Regan123, IronGargoyle, Beetstra, Sladegreenforum, Paulfurst, Andrwsc, AdamHeyes, Steveboswell, O1ive, Toadams, Papermaker,
DanielRigal, ShelfSkewed, JoePane, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Richardguk, DVokes, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, JonathanWinarske,
Marek69, Mnemeson, Srose, Screen42, Mentifisto, Ownlyanangel, Htroberts, Pickledumm, MortimerCat, Fetchcomms, Jay1279, Carlwev,
Red Dog Democrat, The Anomebot2, Charnley, Rettetast, J.delanoy, Ian.thomson, Acalamari, FruitMonkey, Chriswiki, AntiSpamBot,
Pterre, Smudgeroo, Ajwells, Vranak, VolkovBot, Babylon77, Philip Trueman, Clevelander96, Charlesdrakew, Motmit, Fergieboy, Siandes,
Ballers1980, Grk1011, PGWG, Trigg travers, Fab-feebz, Right-thigh, Robzilla1986, WereSpielChequers, SE7, Yintan, Plobnob, Roquai,
Andy1971, Adam37, Lightmouse, Kwib, Gordo2122, Lexicon10uk, Martarius, GorillaWarfare, Rodhullandemu, Jmn100, Niceguyedc,
Excirial, Kanguole, Iohannes Animosus, Stiki500, Dekisugi, Bald Zebra, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Mabelina, WikHead, Dubmill, HexaChord, Amazingiam, Flying.at.tree.level, P.r.newman, Addbot, Tomwatney, Vishnava, FiriBot, DreamHaze, Tassedethe, Hunting dog,
Peridon, Lightbot, Krano, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Amirobot, Irish fitzy, Kappyuk, AnomieBOT, Twiceuponatime, Bob Burkhardt,
ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Conay, Crookesmoor, Jmundo, GrouchoBot, TheFunhead, The Interior, Theholyjosh, Lookintothefuture, Fan67,
Bluebird207, Spidey104, ClickBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Cnwilliams, Lotje, Abdelhk, Ipodhookerqwerty, Vrenator, Matthewsmith465,
Digby3, Weedwhacker128, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Cockney media, EmausBot, Ichthus001, ZéroBot, LocalMag, Rcsprinter123,
Yorkshiresoul, Wipsenade, ChuispastonBot, Davey2010, ClueBot NG, Gilderien, Bped1985, Delusion23, Mrdave2010, DavidAnstiss,
Olliejd13, Mdotkhan, Strike Eagle, Alphacatmarnie, Mkman2010, Justgravy, Movie123, PhnomPencil, Wiki13, Fatboy1999, Aethyrsprite, Jngfletcher, Meatsgains, Chocopopballs, Klilidiplomus, Gemmycookie, Christmott, ChrisGualtieri, YFdyh-bot, Khazar2, JYBot,
APerson, Mogism, KiloEchoNovember, Gpe 84, Eliisabeast, Jimbo00345, Cheesecake233, Wateryshadesofgrey, ArmbrustBot, Zariane,
DandjkRoberts, Dillkid95, Benzo250, Roger 8 Roger, Jngf1, Hratty12 and Anonymous: 293
13.2
Images
• File:Bluewater3770.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Bluewater3770.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Clem Rutter, Rochester Kent
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