Social Map of Riau, Indonesia: Frontier Development and its

Transcription

Komaba Studies in Human Geography
Vol.21 101-134 2014
Social Map of Riau, Indonesia: Frontier Development and its Outcomes
NAGATA Junji*, ARAI W. Sachiho** and Gulat M. MANURUNG***
(*Department of Human Geography, the University of Tokyo, **Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University
of Agriculture and Technology, ***Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau)
Ⅰ　Introduction
Ⅱ　Data and Mapping
Ⅲ　Social Map of Riau Province by District (Kecamatan )
Ⅳ　Social Map of Siak Regency by Village / Ward (Desa / Kelurahan )
Ⅴ　Concluding Remarks
Key words: Indonesia, Riau, Siak, population census, social map, GIS
I　Introduction
of 2004 from the viewpoint of its geographical
configuration.
The Riau Province, located in central
First, this article utilizes the statistical data
Sumatra, became the frontier of development
by district (kecamatan ) and by village / ward
of such resources as land, timber, and minerals
(desa / kelurahan ). This enables us to look at the
(oil and natural gas) after the independence of
geographical configuration of Riau society more
Indonesia. Especially in the era of the New Order,
precisely, which is impossible when using only the
or Orde Baru (1968-1998), these developments were
data by province (provinsi ) and by regency / city
accelerated, causing enormous changes in Riau
(kabupaten / kota ). Secondly, the statistical data
society. According to the data of the population
that this article deals with is from the early 2000s.
1)
census, the population of the Riau Province has
This time period is very helpful in discussing the
increased from 956,018 in 1961 to 3,755,485 in 2000
transformation of Indonesian society because the
by 3.9 times and to 5,538,367 in 2010 by 5.8 times.
resignation of President Suharto in 1998 marked
This article discusses the characteristics of Riau
the shift from the New Order to the Reformation
society that have these historical backgrounds by
(Reformasi ). The characteristics of Riau society
examining the social maps which were created
clearly reflect the history of the Riau Province
originally using the data of the population census
as the frontier of resources development up to
of 2000 and the registration of voters and residents
the New Order. Further, this article reveals the
— 101 —
conditions that had formed the starting line for the
is that of the registration of voters and residents
socioeconomic development of Riau society after
of 2004, the Pendaftaran Pemilih dan Pendaftaran
entering the Reformation era.
Penduduk Berkelanjutan 2004 (P4B2004) which
is ordered by district (kecamatan ) in the Riau
Province and by village / ward (desa / kelurahan )
II　Data and Mapping
in the Siak Regency. This data set is not published
Since Indonesia's independence, the
in book-form, and was also acquired directly from
population census was conducted in 1961, 1971,
the Statistics of Riau Province. The registration of
1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. One of the data sets
voters and residents in 2004 was conducted in a
referenced in this article is that of the population
manner similar to that of the population census of
census of 2000, the Sensus Penduduk 2000
2000, and its data contains similar items. The data
(SP2000), which is ordered by district (kecamatan )
we requested and acquired covers the same items
in the Riau Province and by village / ward (desa
as the population census of 2000, and this study
/ kelurahan ) in the Siak Regency. This data set
utilizes this requested data as a complement to
is not published in book-form, and was acquired
the data of the population census of 2000. Among
directly from the Statistics of Riau Province,
the items obtained, we take up only two items:
or Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Provinsi Riau , a
total population and population by birthplace. The
governmental institution. The data acquired does
data of the population census of 2000 also includes
not cover all the items surveyed in the population
population by birthplace, but this data is not sound
census of 2000, but is confined to the specific items
as all of the birthplaces are exclusively assigned to
we had requested. Further, we have conducted a
the provinces in Sumatra.
study on the dynamics of the oil palm plantation
In mapping the data of SP2000 and P4B2004
sector in the Riau Province (Nagata and Arai 2006;
on a Geographic Information System (GIS), as to
Nagata and Arai 2013). The data we requested is
the boundary data of the Riau Province district
limited to the items that clearly describe the basic
(kecamatan ), we originally created two sets of
characteristics of Riau society and contribute to
electronic data corresponding to SP2000 and
understanding the mutual effects of the oil palm
P4B2004 using the various materials which were
plantation sector in the Riau Province and society.
released by the governmental agencies, including
Among acquired items, this article deals with
print administrative maps. As to the boundary
population by ethnicity, religion, and industry,
data of the Siak Regency village / ward (desa /
as well as total population. The total number of
kelurahan ), we used the two sets of electronic data
population by ethnicity and religion is equal to the
corresponding to SP2000 and P4B2004 which were
total population, and the total number of population
provided by the Statistics of Riau Province.
by industry is equal to the working population
III　Social Map of Riau Province by District
over the age of 15.
The second data set this article references
— 102 —
(Kecamatan )
The Riau Province is bordered on the
northwest by the North Sumatra Province, on the
Table 1. Ethnic composition in Riau Province
(SP2000)
southwest by the West Sumatra Province, and on
the south by the Jambi Province. In the southeast,
it faces the Riau Islands Province across the sea,
and in the northeast, it faces Malaysia across the
Straits of Malacca. The peripheral area along
the provincial border from the northwest to the
southwest is a hilly zone that is connected to the
Ethnicity
Malay (Melayu)
Population
%
1,453,671
38.7
1,177,117
31.3
- Melayu
260,588
6.9
- Others
15,966
0.4
1,022,993
27.2
968,259
25.8
- Riau, Melayu Riau
Javanese (Jawa)
inc. Sundanese (Sunda)
- Javanese (Jawa)
- Sundanese (Sunda)
54,734
1.5
highlands of Sumatra. Between this hilly zone and
Minangkabau
442,609
11.8
the coastline spreads lowlands, though there are
Batak [Batak, Tapanuli]
266,862
7.1
some hilly spots. Several large rivers (the Rokan,
Banjar [Banjar, Melayu Banjar]
172,407
4.6
Bugis [Bugis, Ugi]
86,019
2.3
Chinese (Cina)
84,252
2.2
224,180
6.0
2,492
0.1
3,755,485
100.0
Siak, Kampar, and Indragiri, in order from north to
south) cut across these lowlands (Figure 1).
Others
Pekanbaru, the capital town of the Riau
Foreign citizens
Province, is located in the middle of the Riau
Total
Province. From Pekanbaru, the road to Padang,
Note:
* This table was prepared by us integrating the information
from Statistics Indonesia (2001) and the data of SP2000
obtained from Statistics of Riau Province.
* The population in the territory of present-day Riau Islands
Province was excluded.
the capital town of the West Sumatra Province,
runs westward. The road that connects Pekanbaru
to Medan, the capital town of the North Sumatra
Province, and to Jambi, the capital town of the
Jambi Province, runs down the province from
The primary feature of the population of
the northwest to the southeast. From these main
Riau is that it consists of people with diverse
roads, the feeder roads to the capital towns of
ethnical, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds,
each regency and the Dumai City diverge (Figure
reflecting the fact that it has historically been a
1). The population of the Riau Province is mainly
premier area of resources development. Table 1
distributed along these roads and in the coastal
shows the ethnic composition of the Riau Province
zone (Figure 3; Figure 28). The Riau Province has
based on SP2000. There is no dominant ethnic
two cities: the Pekanbaru City, with a population
group exceeding 50 percent. The most prominent
of 897,767 (SP2010), and the Dumai City, with a
of ethnic groups is the Malay (Melayu ), but these
2)
population of 253,803 (SP2010). Dumai is the port
only occupy about 40% (38.7%) of the population.
and industrial town that fronts the waterway
The second most dominant ethnic group is the
to the Straits of Malacca. Between Pekanbaru
Javanese (Jawa ), including the Sundanese (Sunda ),
and Dumai, there is another large population
who occupy about 30% (Total; 27.2%, Javanese;
concentration, which is called Duri Town (Figure 1)
25.8%, Sundanese; 1.5%). The Minangkabau
in Mandau District, Bengkalis Regency.
(11.8%) and Batak (7.1%) occupy around 10% of
— 103 —
the population. In addition to these, the Banjar
basins have been engaged in rice farming, the
(4.6%), Bugis (2.3%), and Chinese, or Cina (2.2%)
main traditional subsistence activity. Most of the
occupy the population. Among these main ethnic
other Malay native to Riau have traditionally been
groups in the Riau Province, with the exception
engaged in subsistence-oriented agriculture and
of a substantial amount of the Malay, all are made
fishery.
up of immigrants and their descendants who
Concerning the Malay in the Riau Province,
arrived over the last 150 years or so. This article
it should also be noted that many relatively recent
clarifies the geographical configuration of Riau
migrants from outside the Riau Province (for
society, discussing its origin and characteristics
example, from the provinces in Sumatra Island
by examining the profile and the geographical
such as North Sumatra, Jambi, and South Sumatra)
configuration of each ethnic group.
are thought to be included. As will be revealed
The Malay are considered to make up the
in the description on the Batak, the percentage
widely distributed ethnic group that represents
of people who were born in the North Sumatra
the Riau Province (Figure 5). However, social and
Province far exceeds the percentage of Batak
cultural backgrounds of the Malay in the Riau
in the Riau Province. Along with the Javanese,
Province are far from uniform. The Malay are
the Malay native to North Sumatra (for example,
divided into two ethnic categories in Statistics
Melayu Deli) are considered a part of the recent
Indonesia (2001): the "Riau, Melayu Riau" and
migrants from the North Sumatra Province.
"Melayu.” The population of each category is
In 2000, the Riau Islands Province had not yet
3)
1,177,117 and 260,588, respectively. It is important
separated from the Riau Province. With the
to note that the Malay are comprised of a number
development of Pekanbaru and other towns such
of people who did not declare themselves Malay
as Dumai as administrative or economic centers,
although they self-identified as Riau natives. We
many Malay people native to the Riau Islands are
can identify the concentrated areas of the Malay
also thought to migrate to mainland Riau.
population in the coastal areas along the Straits
The Javanese is an ethnic group that is
of Malacca, and the riverine areas along the main
rooted in the central and east parts of Jawa
rivers of the Riau Province (the Rokan, Siak,
Island. In this article, the Sundanese, rooted in the
Kampar, and Indragiri Rivers). Especially in the
west portion of Jawa Island, are included in the
upper river basin of the Kampar Kanan River
category of Javanese for descriptive purposes. The
(an upstream area of the Kampar River) in the
Sundanese population in Riau Province is 54,734,
Kampar Regency, and in the upper river basin
which comprises 5.4% of the category of Javanese.
of the Indragiri River in the Kuantan Singingi
The Javanese are widely distributed throughout
Regency, we can identify the highly concentrated
the R iau P rovince, r egardless o f w hether i n
areas of the Malay population which occupy
urban or rural areas, coastal or interior regions,
around 70-90% of the total population of each
or northern or southern parts of the province
district. The Malay people located in these river
(Figure 6). The rural population of Javanese is
— 104 —
considered to concentrate on the settlements
the non-agriculture and non-plantation sectors,
of transmigration programs and the related
especially in the three major towns in the Riau
Perusahaan Inti Rakyat (PIR) projects. Under
Province: Pekanbaru, Dumai, and Duri (Figure7;
the PIR projects, both nucleus estates (inti ) and
Figure 18). In Pekanbaru, the capital town of Riau
surrounding smallholdings (plasma ) were developed
Province, the Minangkabau ranks highest in the
in an integrated manner. Most of the workers in
ethnic composition (37.9%), considerably ahead
nucleus estates are said to be Batak, but most of
of the Malay (26.7%). Although the southwestern
the plasma farmers are thought to be Javanese
part of the Riau Province borders the West
migrants.
Sumatra Province, the Minangkabau do not tend
The majority of the Javanese in rural areas
to concentrate in this area. Most of the people
of the Riau Province are supposed to be engaged
who were born in the West Sumatra Province are
in the plantation sector, especially the oil palm
considered ethnically Minangkabau. Considering
plantation sector. Indeed, in the rural areas in
the percentage of Minangkabau (11.8%) and the
which the Javanese are concentrated, the number
people who were born in the West Sumatra
of people engaging in the plantation sector is also
Province (5.4%) (Figure 24), almost half of the
large (Figure 16). In some concentrated areas
Minangkabau in the Riau Province are thought
of PIR projects, the Javanese occupy around
to be born in the West Sumatra Province. It is
50% (Figure 6). In such areas, the percentage of
estimated that there has been a huge migration of
people who were born in Jawa Island tends to
Minangkabau relatively recently.
be high (Figure 23). However, if we consider the
The Batak is an ethnic group that is
percentage of Javanese (27.2%) and the people who
rooted in the North Sumatra Province. The
were born in Jawa Island (8.2%), only about 30% of
Batak corresponds to the ethnic category "Batak,
the Javanese in the Riau Province were thought
Tapanuli" in Statistics Indonesia (2001). The Batak
to be born in Jawa Island. It is presumed that the
should be considered as the collective name of
Javanese population in the Riau Province includes
several sub-ethnic groups native to North Sumatra.
not only recent direct migrants from Jawa Island,
As in the case of the Minangkabau, many Batak
but also several spontaneous migrants from Jawa
people live in the three major towns in the Riau
Island from long ago and Javanese migrants from
Province. They are thought to be engaged in
outside Jawa Islands, such as from the North
miscellaneous jobs in urban areas. However, in
Sumatra Province.
contrast to the Minangkabau, many Batak people
The Minangkabau is an ethnic group that
also live in the rural areas where the percentage
is rooted in the West Sumatra Province. It is
of people engaging in the plantation sector is
thought to have a high percentage of people who
relatively high (Figure 16). They are said to be
are engaged in the commercial sector. Indeed,
engaged in the oil palm plantation sector on a
the Minangkabau people tend to concentrate
significant scale as estate workers, independent
in urban areas with a high population rate in
smallholders, and the like. They tend to reside
— 105 —
especially in the areas along the trunk route
Banjar account for half of the population (50.3%).
connecting Pekanbaru and Medan, the capital town
The areas in which the Banjar and Bugis are
of North Sumatra Province, and in the plantation
concentrated are the same areas with a high
areas in the northern half of the Riau Province,
population in the plantation and agricultural
which is closer to the North Sumatra Province
sectors (Figure 16; Figure 17). Although there
(Figure 8). The percentage of people who were
is a concentrated area of large-scale estates in
born in the North Sumatra Province (11.0%) is
the northern part of the Indragiri Hilir Regency,
much higher than the percentage of Batak (7.1%) in
most of the Banjar and Bugis in this regency are
the Riau Province. This indicates that several non-
considered to be engaged in traditional, small-
Batak people, such as the Javanese or Malay, have
scale agriculture, producing food and plantation
migrated from the North Sumatra Province, and
crops such as coconuts or fishery. It is noteworthy
such massive migrations from the North Sumatra
that in the areas with high concentrations of the
Province have occurred in relatively recent times.
Banjar, the people who were born in the Riau
The people coming from the North Sumatra
Province were a majority (Figure 22). Considering
Province have a distribution in the Riau Province
the percentage of Banjar (4.6%) and the people who
similar to that of Batak people (Figure 25). Among
were born in Kalimantan Island (0.1%) in the Riau
the main ethnic groups in the Riau Province only
Province, there are remarkably few Banjar people
the Batak include a large Christian (Catholic
coming from Kalimantan Island. This indicates
and Protestant) population. Christians have the
it has been quite long since their migration
same distribution as Batak in the Riau Province
occurred. If we look at the Bugis, considering their
(Figure 13).
percentage (2.3%) and that of those who were born
The Banjar and Bugis are ethnic groups
in Sulawesi Island (0.4%) in the Riau Province,
that are rooted in the southeastern part of
nearly 20% of the Bugis were thought to be born
Kalimantan Island and the southwestern part of
in Sulawesi Island. The time of migration of the
Sulawesi Island, respectively. The Banjar here
Bugis is considered to be more recent than that of
corresponds to the ethnic category "Banjar,
the Banjar people.
Melayu Banjar," and the Bugis here corresponds
Regarding the Chinese in the Riau
to the ethnic category "Bugis, Ugi" in Statistics
Province, we were unable to obtain SP2000 data
Indonesia (2001). These two ethnic groups are
by district or village / ward. In order to examine
highly concentrated in specific areas of the Riau
the distribution of the Chinese population, we
Province (Figure 9; Figure 10). The Banjar are
used the data of the Buddhist population instead.
distributed in the estuary region of the Indragiri
In SP2000, there is no other religious category
River and its neighboring coastal area, and the
related to the religious faith of the Chinese, such
Bugis are distributed in the southern coastal area
as Confucianism. Most of the Chinese in the Riau
of the Indragiri Hilir Regency. In Tembilahan,
Province are typically considered to be Buddhist,
the capital town of Indragiri Hilir Regency, the
and most of the Buddhists in the Riau Province
— 106 —
are thought to be Chinese. In reality, however, in
is mainly concentrated on the coastal strip in the
SP 2000, the total population of Buddhists (109,722)
northeastern part along the Straits of Malacca. In
is far larger than the total population of Chinese in
addition to the commercial sector, many Chinese in
the Riau Province. This gap is probably ascribable
this region are assumed to be engaged in fishery.
to the fact that a substantial amount of the
It should be noted that in the coastal areas with
people of Chinese descent did not want to declare
a high Chinese population, the majority of people
themselves as Chinese, or did not recognize
were born in the Riau Province (Figure 22). It
themselves as Chinese. 4) Other than the three
is estimated that the Chinese have a fairly long
major towns in the Riau Province, the distribution
history in the coastal area.
of Chinese (Buddhist) people in the Riau Province
capital town of province
Bagansiapipi
To Madan
Str
ait
DUMAI
ROKAN
HILIR
Malaysia
so
fM
Duri
ROKAN
HULU
road
Bengkalis
river
cca
ferry
border of regency / city
BENGKALIS
border of regency at sea
Pasir
Pegarayan
Siak Sri
Indrapura
KAMPAR
Siak River
SIAK
Pekanbaru
Pangkalan Kerinci
Bangkinang
To Padang
err
Rive
nan riv
Ka mpar Ka
Ka
mp
ar
R
ive
r
PELALAWAN
INDRAGIRI HILIR
Rengat Tembilahan
PEKANBARU
iver
iri R
Teluk
rag
Kuantan
Kuanian Ind
KUANTAN
SINGINGI
0
other towns
ala
Dumai
Rokan River
capital town of regency / city
25
50
INDRAGIRI
HULU
100 km
To Jambi
Figure 1. Riau Province
— 107 —
DUMAI
57
ROKAN HILIR
58
border of district
49
61
59
56
BENGKALIS
62
55
51
50
48
47
44
52
45
43
(52)
46
SIAK
29
42
ROKAN HULU
PELALAWAN
30
35
41
40
53
54
31
28
60
(28)
33
34 36 37
38
39
24
27
KAMPAR
(28)
25
32
23
22
26
12
2
PEKANBARU
0
25
50
Regency / City
(Kabupaten / Kota)
KUANTAN SINGINGI
INDRAGIRI HULU
INDRAGIRI HILIR
PELALAWAN
SIAK
100 km
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
4
9
8
17
18
15
14
7
1
20
11
19
6
3
KUANTAN
SINGINGI
10
5
21
21
13
16
(17)
(17)
(16)
INDRAGIRI HILIR
INDRAGIRI HULU
District (Kecamatan)
KUANTAN MUDIK
SINGINGI
KUANTAN TENGAH
BENAI
KUANTAN HILIR
CERENTI
PERANAP
SEBERIDA
KELAYANG
PASIR PENYU
RENGAT BARAT
RENGAT
KERITANG
RETEH
ENOK
TANAH MERAH
KUALA INDRAGIRI
TEMBILAHAN
TEMPULING
BATANG TUAKA
GAUNG ANAK SERKA
GAUNG
MANDAH
KATEMAN
LANGGAM
PANGKALAN KURAS
BUNUT
KUALA KAMPAR
MINAS
SIAK
SUNGAI APIT
Regency / City
(Kabupaten / Kota)
KAMPAR
ROKAN HULU
BENGKALIS
ROKAN HILIR
PEKANBARU
DUMAI
No
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
KAMPAR KIRI
XIII KOTO KAMPAR
BANGKINANG BARAT
TAPUNG
BANGKINANG
KAMPAR
TAMBANG
SIAK HULU
ROKAN IV KOTO
TANDUN
RAMBAH SAMO
RAMBAH
TEMBUSAI
KEPENUHAN
KUNTODARUSSALAM
MANDAU
BUKIT BATU
RUPAT
BENGKALIS
BANTAN
MERBAU
RANGSANG
TEBING TINGGI
TANAH PUTIH
BAGAN SINEMBAH
KUBU
BANGKO
RIMBA MELINTANG
(PEKANBARU)
BUKIT KAPUR
DUMAI BARAT + DUMAI TIMUR
Figure 2. District (Kecamatan ) in Riau Province corresponding to SP2000
— 108 —
border of district
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 3. Population (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
ethnic composition
Malay
Javanese
Minangkabau
Batak
others
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 4. Ethnic composition (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 109 —
border of district
ethnic composition
Malay
non Malay
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 5. Ethnic composition (Malay) (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
ethnic composition
Javanese
non Javanese
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 6. Ethnic composition (Javanese) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 110 —
border of district
ethnic composition
Minangkabau
non Minangkabau
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 7. Ethnic composition (Minangkabau) (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
ethnic composition
Batak
non Batak
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 8. Ethnic composition (Batak) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 111 —
border of district
ethnic composition
Banjar
non Banjar
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 9. Ethnic composition (Banjar) (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
ethnic composition
Bugis
non Bugis
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 10. Ethnic composition (Bugis) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 112 —
border of district
religious composition
Islam
Christianity
Buddhism
others
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 11. Religious composition (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
Islam
non Islam
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 12. Religious composition (Islam) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 113 —
border of district
Christianity
non Christianity
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 13. Religious composition (Christianity) (SP2001, Riau Province)
border of district
Buddhism
non Buddhism
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
10,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 14. Religious composition (Buddhism) (SP2002, Riau Province)
— 114 —
border of district
composition of industry
Plantation
Agriculture
other industries
population
200,000
100,000
50,000
7,500
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 15. Composition of industry (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
Plantation
non Plantation
population
200,000
100,000
50,000
7,500
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 16. Composition of industry (Plantation) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 115 —
border of district
Agriculture
non Agriculture
population
200,000
100,000
50,000
7,500
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 17. Composition of industry (Agriculture) (SP2000, Riau Province)
border of district
other industries
non other industries
population
200,000
100,000
50,000
7,500
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 18. Composition of industry (Other industries) (SP2000, Riau Province)
— 116 —
DUMAI
96
ROKAN HILIR
98
95
97
94
99
100
93
border of district
82
104
81
92
105
103
102
90
BENGKALIS
85
77
78
73
72
84
79
75
74
83
80
91
76
50
49
71
SIAK
63
ROKAN HULU
64
53
69
60
86
51
55
PELALAWAN
67
68
KAMPAR
59
45
40
39
57
5
48
(47)
7
25
50
100 km
2
3
98
6
19
33
32
21
32
20
30
17
22
15
31
29 28
25
14
1
35
34
13
KUANTAN
SINGINGI
36
(48)
47
18
12
11
(35)
38
37
43
42
10
4
0
41
(46)
46
44
PEKANBARU
88
54
52
65 66
61
58
87
89
101
62
70
(85)
56
16
23
27
(27)
(27)
26
(26)
24
INDRAGIRI HILIR
INDRAGIRI HULU
Regency / City
No
(Kabupaten / Kota)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
KUANTAN MUDIK
HULU KUANTAN
GUNUNG TOAR
SINGINGI
SINGINGI HILIR
KUANTAN TENGAH
BENAI
KUANTAN HILIR
PANGEAN
LOGAS TANAH DARAT
CERENTI
INUMAN
PERANAP
SEBERIDA
BATANG CENAKU
BATANG GANSAL
KELAYANG
PASIR PENYU
LIRIK
RENGAT BARAT
RENGAT
KERITANG
KEMUNING
RETEH
ENOK
TANAH MERAH
KUALA INDRAGIRI
TEMBILAHAN
TEMBILAHAN HULU
TEMPULING
BATANG TUAKA
GAUNG ANAK SERKA
GAUNG
MANDAH
KATEMAN
PELANGIRAN
KUANTAN
SINGINGI
INDRAGIRI HULU
INDRAGIRI HILIR
Regency / City
No
(Kabupaten / Kota)
INDRAGIRI HILIR
PELALAWAN
SIAK
KAMPAR
ROKAN HULU
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
TELUK BELENGKONG
PULAU BURUNG
LANGGAM
PANGKALAN KERI
PANGKALAN KURAS
UKUI
PANGKALAN LESU
BUNUT
PELALAWAN
KUALA KAMPAR
KERUMUTAN
TELUK MERANTI
MINAS (+ KANDIS)
SUNGAI MANDAU
SIAK
KERINCI KANAN
(+ LUBUK DALAM)
TUALANG (+ KOTO GASIB)
DAYUN
SUNGAI APIT
BUNGA RAYA
KAMPAR KIRI
KAMPAR KIRI HULU
KAMPAR KIRI HILIR
XIII KOTO KAMPAR
BANGKINANG BARAT
TAPUNG
TAPUNG HULU
TAPUNG HILIR
BANGKINANG
KAMPAR
TAMBANG
SIAK HULU
ROKAN IV KOTO
TANDUN
RAMBAH SAMO
Regency / City
No
(Kabupaten / Kota)
ROKAN
HULU
BENGKALIS
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
ROKAN HILIR
PEKANBARU
DUMAI
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
RAMBAH
RAMBAH HILIR
BANGUN PURBA
TEMBUSAI
TEMBUSAI UTARA
KEPENUHAN
KUNTODARUSSALAM
MANDAU
BUKIT BATU
RUPAT
RUPAT UTARA
BENGKALIS
BANTAN
MERBAU
RANGSANG
RANGSANG BARAT
TEBING TINGGI
TEBING TINGGI BARAT
TANAH PUTIH
PUJUD
TANAH PUTIH TANJUNG
MELAWAN
BAGAN SINEMBAH
SIMPANG KANAN
KUBU
PASIR LIMAU KAPAS
BANGKO
SENABOI
RIMBA MELINTANG
BANGKO PUSAKO
(PEKANBARU)
BUKIT KAPUR
MEDANG KAMPAI
SUNGAI SEMBILAN
DUMAI BARAT
+ DUMAI TIMUR
Figure 19. District (Kecamatan ) in Riau Province corresponding to P4B2004
— 117 —
border of district
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 20. Population (P4B2004, Riau Province)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Riau
Jawa
West Sumatra
North Sumatra
others
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 21. Composition of birthplace (P4B2004, Riau Province)
— 118 —
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Riau
non Riau
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 22. Composition of birthplace (Riau) (P4B2004, Riau Province)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Jawa
non Jawa
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 23. Composition of birthplace (Jawa) (P4B2004, Riau Province)
— 119 —
border of district
composition
of birthplace
West Sumatra
non West Sumatra
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 24. Composition of birthplace (West Sumatra) (P4B2004, Riau Province)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
North Sumatra
non North Sumatra
population
750,000
500,000
250,000
100,000
25,000
0
25
50
100 km
Figure 25. Composition of birthplace (North Sumatra) (P4B2004, Riau Province)
— 120 —
IV　Social Map of Siak Regency by Village /
Ward (Desa / Kelurahan)
Siak society is also characterized by the
ethnical, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity of
its people. If we look at the ethnic composition
The Siak Regency is located in the middle
of the Siak Regency based on SP2000, we can
of the Riau Province, and is bordered on the
observe two major ethnic groups: the Javanese
southwest by the Pekanbaru City. The Siak River
(Jawa ), including the Sundanese (Sunda ), at the top
runs down the regency from the southwest to the
(Total; 36.9%, Javanese: 35.2%, Sundanese: 1.7%),
northeast (Figure 26). Most of the area of the Siak
and the Malay (Melayu ) at second place (32.5%).
Regency is characterized by lowlands, but there
The Batak (12.7%) and the Minangkabau (11.9%)
are some hilly areas in the western and southern
follow, occupying little over 10 percent. The Banjar
parts of the regency. The main road that connects
(0.2%) and the Bugis (0.1%) are very few. The
Pekanbaru and Medan / Dumai cuts across the
Chinese (Cina ) occupy about 2% if we consider the
western part of the regency, and the main road
Buddhist population as the Chinese population.
that connects Pekanbaru and Jambi cuts across
The Malay are distributed throughout
the southernmost part of the regency. Other
the Siak Regency, but the districts which have a
than these, there are two main roads in the Siak
high percentage of Malay people are lined up in
Regency. The first is the road which connects the
the lower and middle Siak river region (Figure
towns of Minas, Perawang, Siak Sri Indrapura, and
30). Especially at the northeastern edge of the
Sungai Apit in the west-northeast direction. The
Siak Regency near the mouth of the Siak River,
other is the road that connects Pangkalan Kerinci,
the districts where the Malay make up more
the capital town of Pelalawan Regency, and the
than 90% are concentrated. This region has a
Buatan Village in the north-south direction. From
high agricultural population (Figure 40), and it is
Pekanbaru to Siak Sri Indrapura, the capital town
presumed that agriculture is the main economic
of Siak Regency, there are two routes to choose
activity for the Malay in this region. By contrast,
from: via the Minas town and via the junction near
the southern and western parts of the regency
the Pangkalan Kerinci Town.
along the main road connecting Pekanbaru and
The population of the Siak Regency is
Medan / Dumai, where oil palm estates and
mainly distributed along the Siak River, which
smallholdings are concentrated and the percentage
runs along the main road connecting Pekanbaru
of population engaging in the plantation sector is
and Medan / Dumai. The population is also mainly
relatively high (Figure 39), have a low percentage
concentrated in the hilly area in the southern
of Malay. Particularly in the southern part of the
part of the regency. The largest concentration of
regency, there are many districts where the Malay
population in the Siak Regency, which is called
make up less than 1 percent.
Perawang Town, is in the southwestern part of the
The Javanese are also widely distributed
regency along the upper reach of the Siak River
throughout the Siak Regency (Figure 31). One of
(Figure 28; Figure 43).
the regions with a high percentage of Javanese is
— 121 —
the left bank of the lower Siak River region, where
and Medan / Dumai and around the Perawang
the settlements of transmigration projects are
Town. In this region, the percentage of people
located. This region includes a district composed
who were born in the North Sumatra Province is
of almost 100% Javanese. In this region, large-
relatively high (Figure 48), and there are a number
scale estates have not been developed, and the
of large-scale estates. Many Batak people migrated
percentage of agricultural population is relatively
from the North Sumatra Province relatively
high (Figure 40). Many Javanese in this region are
recently and are engaged in oil palm production
thought to be engaged in the agricultural sector,
as estate workers or independent smallholders, or
not the plantation sector. Another region with a
are engaged in miscellaneous jobs in urban areas.
high concentration of Javanese is the southern
In the Kandis District, the Batak occupy nearly
part of the regency, where oil palm estates and
60 percent. The second region is the southern
smallholdings were developed on a massive scale
part of the regency, where oil palm estates and
through a number of PIR projects. Most of the
smallholdings were developed through several PIR
Javanese in this area are considered the settlers
projects. In this region, there are many districts
and their families who migrated from Jawa
with a 10-20% Batak population. Whereas most of
directly, and are engaged in oil palm production
the Javanese in this region are plasma farmers and
on their plasma smallholdings joining PIR projects.
their families of PIR projects, most of the Batak
In this region, there are many districts with 80-
in this region are workers and their families of
90% Javanese population. In the western part
nucleus estates of PIR projects or other large-scale
of the regency, along the main road connecting
estates.
Pekanbaru and Medan / Dumai, we can observe
If we regard the Buddhist population
some districts where the Javanese occupy around
as the Chinese population, Chinese people are
50 percent. It is noteworthy that this region has
concentrated in some towns such as Siak Sri
a much lower population who were born in Jawa
Indrapura and Perawang, and at the northeastern
to the total population of Javanese compared
edge of the regency near the mouth of the Siak
with the southern part of the regency (Figure 46).
River (Figure 37). In Siak Sri Indrapura, the capital
Many Javanese in this region are thought to be
town of Siak Regency, and in Minas, the Chinese
the migrants from the North Sumatra Province,
occupy more than 10% and are thought to be
engaged in oil palm production as independent
engaged in the commercial sector.
smallholders (Figure 48).
The Minangkabau are highly concentrated
in urban areas, especially in the Perawang and
Minas Towns bordering Pekanbaru (Figure 32).
The Batak are distributed mainly in two regions
(Figure 33). The first is the western part of the
regency along the main road connecting Pekanbaru
— 122 —
capital town of province
Dumai
capital town of regency / city
DUMAI
capital town of district
ROKAN HILIR
Bengkalis
BENGKALIS
other towns
road
ferry
river
Duri
lake
r
ive
R
cil
kke
Sia
Sungai
Apit
border of district
Siak regency
Ma
nda
uR
iver
Siak Sri Indrapura
r
ive
kR
Sia
SIAK
Minas
KAMPAR
Perawang
PEKANBARU
PELALAWAN
Pekanbaru
Bangkinang
Kampar Kanan River
Pangkalan Kerinci
Figure 26. Siak Regency
— 123 —
0
10
20
40 km
border of district
84
86
1
76
2
15
3
6
MINAS
13
9
5
7
74
69
4
14
12
34
72
71
63
11
10
36 68
64
58
62
67 66
65
52
48
37
50
45
SUNGAI APIT
89
90
53
38
32
SIAK
23
51
40
39
38
44
29
80
82
43
42
85
79
78
41
31
86
77
76
53
74
30
28
22
23
46
45
83 84
81
17
47
17
49
88
56
54 55
37
8
33
67
87
57
35
68
border of village / ward
79
16
21
20
69
75
27
(23)
26
59
25
58
(23)
24
18
64
19
0
District
No
(Kecamatan)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Minas
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Siak
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Village / Ward
(Desa / Kelurahan)
SAM SAM
KANDIS
BELUTU
LUBUK UMBUT
MANDI ANGIN
MINAS BARAT
RANTAU BERTUAH
MINAS TIMUR
SUNGAI SELODANG
TELUK LANCANG
OLAK
MUARA KELANTAN
LUBUK JERING
MUARA BUNGKAL
BENCAH UMBAI
TASIK BETUNG
KERINCI KIRI
MAKMUR
BUKIT AGUNG
KUMBARA UTAMA
BUKIT HARAPAN
BUANA BHAKTI
KERINCI KANAN
SIMPANG PERAK
JAYA
GABUNG MAKMUR
JATI MULIA
BUATAN BARU
SEMINAI
EMPANG BARU
SIALANG PALAS
73
District
No
(Kecamatan)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Siak
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
10
20
40 km
57
87
72
71
70
62
61
60 54
88
56
55
53
District
Village / Ward
Village / Ward
No
(Desa / Kelurahan) (Kecamatan)
(Desa / Kelurahan)
SIALANG BARU
60 KAMPUNG TENGAH
MEREDAN
61 SUNGAI MEMPURA
TUALANG
62 KAMPUNG REMPAK
PINANG SEBATANG
63 TUMANG
KUALA GASIB
64 MEREMPAN
TELUK RIMBA
65 SENGKEMANG
Siak
PANGKALAN PISANG
66 RANTAU PANJANG
LUBUK DALAM
67 BUATAN II
RAWANG KAO
68 BUATAN I
SRI GADING
69 JAYA PURA
70 SUNGAI BERBARI
UPT XI.SP.XII
71 SUNGAI LIMAU
/ SUKA MULIA
72 DOSAN
UPT XII.SP.XI
73 BENAYAH
/ BUANA MAKMUR
PANGKALAN MAKMUR
74 PEBADARAN
BANJAR SEMINAI
75 BUNGA RAYA
TELUK MERBAU
76 JATI BARU
SAWIT PERMAI
77 DUSUN PUSAKA
KERANJI GUGUH
78 PERINCIT
EMPANG PANDAN
79 TELUK MESJID
SIALANG SAKTI
80 PARITI/II
MERANGKAI
81 SUNGAI APIT
Sungai Apit
BERUMBUNG BARU
82 BANDAR SUNGAI
LUBUK TILAM
83 REMPAK
DAYUN
84 TANJUNG KURAS
BENTENG HULU
85 SUNGAI KAYU ARA
BENTENG HILIR
86 LALANG
PALUH
87 MENGKAPAN
KOTA RINGIN
88 SUNGAI RAWA
LANGKAI
89 PENYENGAT
KAMPUNG DALAM
90 TELUK LANUS
Figure 27. Village / ward (desa / kelurahan) in Siak Regency corresponding to SP2000
— 124 —
border of district
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 28. Population (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
ethnic
composition
Malay
Javanese
Minangkabau
Batak
others
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 29. Ethnic composition (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
ethnic
composition
Malay
non Malay
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
Figure 30. Ethnic composition (Malay) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
— 125 —
40 km
border of district
ethnic
composition
Javanese
non Javanese
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 31. Ethnic composition (Javanese) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
ethnic
omposition
Minangkabau
non Minangkabau
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 32. Ethnic composition (Minangkabau) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
ethnic
composition
Batak
non Batak
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
Figure 33. Ethnic composition (Batak) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
— 126 —
40 km
border of district
religious
composition
Islam
Christianity
Buddhism
others
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 34. Religious composition (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
religious
composition
Islam
non Islam
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 35. Religious composition (Islam) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
religious
composition
Christianity
non Christianity
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
Figure 36. Religious composition (Christianity) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
— 127 —
40 km
border of district
religious
composition
Buddhism
non Buddhism
population
75,000
50,000
25,000
10,000
1,000
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 37. Religious composition (Buddhism) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of industry
Plantation
Agriculture
other industries
Population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 38. Composition of industry (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of industry
Plantation
non Plantation
Population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
Figure 39. Composition of industry (Plantation) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
— 128 —
40 km
border of district
composition
of industry
Agriculture
non Agriculture
Population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 40. Composition of industry (Agriculture) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of industry
other industries
non other industries
Population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 41. Composition of industry (Other industries) (SP2000, Siak Regency)
— 129 —
18
2
7
3
5
4
50
76
51
72
68
67
66
56
56
60
87
23
22
31
71
45
SUNGAI APIT
88
63
64
66
DAYUN
38
KERINCI KANAN
109
KOTO GASIB
108
LUBUK DALAM
103
107
106 102
96
26
42
(38)
37
41
40
36
25
35 (38)
39
32
33
34
0
(34)
District
(Kecamatan)
MINAS
SUNGAI
MANDAU
KANDIS
SIAK
KERINCI
KANAN
82
83
93
94
92
79 84
81
90
91
78 85
105
95
104
33
55
62
43
89
62
44
TUALANG
54
53
76 75
52
65
38
57
59
8
70 77
46 69
61
58
24
32
10
86
99
98
30
9
48 49
47
74
11
12
1
MINAS
101
6
20
15
73
SIAK
13
17
19
KANDIS
71
14
16
77
border of district
BUNGA
RAYA
SUNGAI MANDAU
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Village / Ward
(Desa / Kelurahan)
MANDI ANGIN
MINAS BARAT
RANTAU BERTUAH
MINAS TIMUR
MINAS JAYA
LUBUK UMBUT
SUNGAI SELODANG
TELUK LANCANG
OLAK
MUARA KELANTAN
LUBUK JERING
MUARA BUNGKAL
BENCAH UMBAI
TASIK BETUNG
KELURAHAN SAM SAM
DESA SAM SAM
KELURAHAN KANDIS
DESA KANDIS
KELURAHAN BELUTU
DESA BELUTU
BENTENG HULU
BENTENG HILIR
PALUH
KOTA RINGIN
LANGKAI
KAMPUNG DALAM
KAMPUNG TENGAH
SUNGAI MEMPURA
KAMPUNG REMPAK
TUMANG
MEREMPAN
MEREMPAN HULU
KERINCI KIRI
BUKIT AGUNG
KUMBARA UTAMA
BUKIT HARAPAN
BUANA BHAKTI
District
(Kecamatan)
KERINCI
KANAN
TUALANG
No
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
DAYUN
LUBUK
DALAM
KOTO GASIB
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
10
20
31
40 km
Village / Ward
(Desa / Kelurahan)
KERINCI KANAN
SIMPANG PERAK JAYA
GABUNG MAKMUR
JATI MULIA
BUATAN BARU
SEMINAI
MEREDAN
TUALANG
PINANG SEBATANG
MEREDAN BARAT
PINANG SEBATANG BARAT
PINANG SEBATANG TIMUR
PERAWANG BARAT
KELURAHAN PERAWANG
UPT XI.SP.XII
/ SUKA MULIA
UPT XII.SP.XI
/ BUANA MAKMUR
PANGKALAN MAKMUR
BANJAR SEMINAI
TELUK MERBAU
SAWIT PERMAI
SIALANG SAKTI
MERANGKAI
BERUMBUNG BARU
LUBUK TILAM
DAYUN
EMPANG BARU
SIALANG PALAS
SIALANG BARU
LUBUK DALAM
RAWANG KAO
SRI GADING
KUALA GASIB
TELUK RIMBA
PANGKALAN PISANG
KERANJI GUGUH
24
KOTO GASIB
SUNGAI
APIT
BUNGA
RAYA
86
98
97
87
29
23
28
27 21
District
(Kecamatan)
101
100
99
80
No
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
22
62
Village / Ward
(Desa / Kelurahan)
EMPANG PANDAN
SENGKEMANG
RANTAU PANJANG
BUATAN II
BUATAN I
TELUK MESJID
PARITI/II
SUNGAI APIT
BANDAR SUNGAI
REMPAK
TANJUNG KURAS
SUNGAI KAYU ARA
LALANG
MENGKAPAN
SUNGAI RAWA
PENYENGAT
TELUK LANUS
HARAPAN
SUNGAI TENGAH
BELADING
LAKSAMANA
TELUK BATIL
BUNSUR
JAYA PURA
SUNGAI BERBARI
SUNGAI LIMAU
DOSAN
BENAYAH
PEBADARAN
BUNGA RAYA
JATI BARU
DUSUN PUSAKA
PERINCIT
BUANTAN LESTARI
TUAH INDRAPURA
KEMUNING MUDA
LANGSAT PERMAI
Figure 42. Village / ward (desa / kelurahan) in Siak Regency corresponding to P4B2004
— 130 —
border of district
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 43. Population (P4B2004, Siak regency)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Riau
Jawa
West Sumatra
North Sumatra
others
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 44. Composition of birthplace (P4B2004, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Riau
non Riau
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
Figure 45. Composition of birthplace (Riau) (P4B2004, Siak Regency)
— 131 —
40 km
border of district
composition
of birthplace
Jawa
non Jawa
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 46. Composition of birthplace (Jawa) (P4B2004, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
West Sumatra
non West Sumatra
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 47. Composition of birthplace (West Sumatra) (P4B2004, Siak Regency)
border of district
composition
of birthplace
North Sumatra
non North Sumatra
population
50,000
25,000
10,000
2,500
0
10
20
40 km
Figure 48. Composition of birthplace (North Sumatra) (P4B2004, Siak Regency)
— 132 —
V　Concluding Remarks
up an important share of urban population. From
the 2000s onward, after entering the Reformation
Over a long period of history, a massive
era, migration to the Riau Province decreased
wave of immigration rolled on the territory
in line with the disappearance of resources
of the Riau Province repeatedly, forming the
development. It is likely that the characteristics of
geographical configuration of Riau society today.
Riau society from the viewpoint of its geographical
From the highlands of the West Sumatra Province,
configuration have essentially not changed since
probably before the colonial era, the people who
the early 2000s.
are categorized as Malay in a broad sense in the
This article showed the geographical
present-day Riau society gradually moved down to
configuration of Riau society in the early 2000s
the western part of the Riau Province. In the latter
by creating social maps and discussed its
half of the colonial era, the spontaneous migrants
characteristics and historical backgrounds. The
from various regions of Sumatra and Java started
geographical configuration of a certain society at
to settle in the Riau Province. In the same period,
some point in time can be seen as the outcome of
the people from Kalimantan and ethnic Chinese
continuous changes, and at the same time, it sets
settled in the coastal area.
preconditions for future social change. This article
After the independence of Indonesia,
attempts to evoke interests in understanding the
especially in the era of the New Order, with
geographical configuration of society by creating
the acceleration of resources development, new
social maps on detailed geographical scales in
massive waves of immigration rolled on the
studying various aspects of social transformation
territory of the Riau Province and transformed the
in Indonesia.
geographical configuration of Riau society. With
Acknowledgements
the explosive expansion of the oil palm plantation
sector, a large amount of people migrated from
the North Sumatra Province as estate workers
We would like to thank the Statistics of
or smallholders. At the sites of transmigration or
Riau Province for providing us with the data of
related PIR projects, many migrants came from
SP2000 and P4B2004. Our thanks are also due to
Java, engaging in the plantation or agricultural
Dr. Masashi Sato, Ms. Natsumi Akimoto, and Mr.
sectors as smallholders. The rapid economic
Wataru Moriya for their assistance in mapping the
growth of the Riau Province associated with
data on a GIS. This research was supported by
resources development including land, timber
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 2012-2014,
and minerals attracted people from outside the
No. 24401008,“Changes of Expanding Process of
Riau Province on a massive scale to the various
Oil Palm Plantation in Indonesia: Indigenization,
industrial sectors. From the West Sumatra
Internalization, and Social Differentiation”(Project
Province, the Minangkabau flowed into the
Leader: Junji Nagata).
expanding commercial sector and came to make
— 133 —
Notes
References
1)　The former Riau Province was divided into the Riau
Ananta, A., Evi Nurvidya Arifin, and Bakhtiar. 2008.
Province and Riau Islands Province in 2002. This article
Chinese Indonesians in Indonesia and the Province of
covers only the territory of the current Riau Province.
Riau Archipelago: A demographic analysis. In Ethnic
All of the statistics and information on the Riau Province
Chinese in contemporary Indonesia , ed. L. Suryadinata,
that are referred to in this article have excluded the
territory of the Riau Islands Province.
17-47. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Nagata, J. and Arai, S. W. 2006. Sumatra chubu Riau shuu
2)　In mapping the data of SP2000 and P4B2004 on a GIS,
ni okeru kinnen no nouen kaihatsu: kenkyuu no haikei to
all of the districts (kecamatan ) in Pekanbaru City and the
houhou / ronten (Recent development of plantation sector
Dumai Barat and Dumai Timur Districts in Dumai City
in Riau, Sumatra: Research perspectives and underlying
are combined to one district because these districts make
issues). Komaba Studies in Human Geography 17: 51-60.
up the consecutive urban area in each city.
(J)
3)　Strictly speaking, the total of two ethnic categories,
Nagata, J. and Arai, S. W. 2013. Evolutionary change in
"Riau, Melayu Riau" and "Melayu" in Statistics Indonesia
the oil palm plantation sector in Riau Province, Sumatra.
(2001) does not correspond to the number of Malay in the
In The palm oil controversy in Southeast Asia: A
SP2000 data which we acquired. The difference is 15,966.
transnational perspective , ed. O. Pye and J. Bhattacharya,
As for the Malay (Melayu ), 21 sub-categories such as
76-96. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
"Riau, Melayu Riau" are provided in the population census
Nagatsu, K. 2012. Indonesia no 2000 nen sensasu to
of 2000 (Nagatsu 2012). Sub-categories of Malay other
minzokubetsu jinko (Population census of 2000 and the
than "Riau, Melayu Riau" and "Melayu" are included in
“others”in Statistics Indonesia (2001), and this accounts
for the difference (Table 1).
population by ethnicity in Indonesia). In Minzoku taikoku
Indonesia , ed. H. Kagami, 37-48. Tokyo: Mokusei-sha. (J)
Statistics Indonesia. 2001. Population of Riau: Results of the
4)　Ananta et al. (2008) carried out the demographic
analysis of Chinese Indonesians by using the raw data of
2000 population census (Series: L2.2.4). Jakarta: Statistics
Indonesia.
the population census of 2000.
(J) written in Japanese
— 134 —

Social Map of Riau, Indonesia: Frontier Development and its

Transcription

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