Determination of Undissolved Air Content in Oil by Means of a

Transcription

Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 61(2015)7-8, 477-485
© 2015 Journal of Mechanical Engineering. All rights reserved. DOI:10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2471
Original Scientific Paper
Received for review: 2015-01-27
Received revised form: 2015-05-02
Accepted for publication: 2015-06-23
Determination of Undissolved Air Content in Oil
by Means of a Compression Method
Bureček, A. – Hružík, L. – Vašina, M.
Adam Bureček* – Lumír Hružík – Martin Vašina
VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment, Czech Republic
This article describes a combination of experimental and mathematical methods for the determination of undissolved air content in
hydraulic oil. The experimental part consists of the determination of the oil bulk modulus, considering the influence of undissolved air by
means of a volume compression method in a steel pipe. A multiphase model of an oil/undissolved air mixture is subsequently defined using
Matlab SimHydraulics software. The multiphase model permits the volume compression of oil and air bubbles independently of each other.
Furthermore, time dependencies of pressures are mathematically simulated during the compression of the multiphase mixture of oil and
undissolved air for different concentrations of the latter. The undissolved air content is determined by comparing the mathematically simulated
and experimentally measured time dependencies of pressure increases.
Keywords: oil/air mixture, bulk modulus, undissolved air content, hydraulic system
Highlights
• Experimental determination of secant bulk modulus and tangent bulk modulus of oil by means of a compression method.
• Multiphase mathematical model of compressibility of oil/undissolved air mixture.
• Mathematical simulation and measurement of time dependence of pressure during compression of oil/undissolved air
mixture in steel pipe.
• Determination of undissolved air content in oil by comparing the mathematical model with the measurement.
• The undissolved air concentrations in the measured hydraulic system were determined in the range of 0.22 % to 0.49 %.
0 INTRODUCTION
Basic properties of liquids are described by their
density, viscosity and compressibility, which can be
expressed by bulk modulus [1] and [2], resistance to
deformation, or capacity. Liquid with a content of
undissolved air is considered to be a mixture. The
bulk modulus of the liquid/undissolved air mixture
is significantly influenced by the concentration of
undissolved air in the mixture. The mixture bulk
modulus generally increases with increasing liquid
pressure and decreasing temperature [3]. It is possible
to determine the mixture’s bulk modulus by different
experimental methods, e.g. by acoustic [4] and [5],
capacity [6], piezoelectric impedance [7] or volume [8]
methods.
Hydraulic oil, which is the most frequently used
energy carrier in hydraulic systems, is the investigated
liquid in this paper. The air content in hydraulic
oil is typically in two states, i.e. in dissolved and
undissolved states. In the dissolved (i.e. diffused)
state, air in hydraulic oil is in the form of oxygen and
nitrogen molecules that are mixed with oil molecules.
The contents of other gases in air are negligible in
comparison to the oxygen and nitrogen volumes.
In the case of the undissolved state, the oxygen and
nitrogen molecules are clumped together. For this
reason, air bubbles are created. A volume of released
and dissolved air in oil is given by Henry’s law [9]. Oil
with air bubbles creates an oil/undissolved air mixture.
The mixture is characterized mainly by a higher
compressibility, which corresponds to the relevant
bulk modulus (sometimes referred to as effective bulk
modulus). Therefore, the effective bulk modulus of an
oil/air mixture includes the influence of undissolved
air [4], [10] and [11]. The compressibility of the oil/
undissolved air mixture has a negative influence on
the static and dynamic properties of hydraulic systems
[12]. For this reason, it is necessary to eliminate the air
content in this mixture. For a more accurate definition
of a mathematical multiphase model of the mixture, it
is necessary to define not only the oil bulk modulus,
but also the undissolved air content, which is very
difficult to measure. There are different methods for
the experimental determination of the undissolved
air content. It is possible to measure the bubble size
distribution in liquid, e.g. by image analysis [13], drift
flux analysis [14], as well as by acoustical [15], optical
[16] and electro-resistivity [17] methods. However,
a given method of the bubble size measurement is
generally applicable for a certain bubble size range
[18].
The aim of the paper is to describe a specially
developed method for the determination of the
undissolved air content in hydraulic oil on the basis
*Corr. Author’s Address: VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment,
17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava – Poruba 708 33, Czech Republic, adam.burecek@vsb.cz
477
of a comparison of experimental measurements and
mathematical modelling.
1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS
1.1 Dissolved Air in Oil
Air in the dissolved state presents a chemical bond
of oxygen and nitrogen molecules to oil molecules.
Petroleum oils will generally dissolve 8.5 % ± 0.5 %
by volume of air at atmospheric pressure and
room temperature [19]. For pressures higher than
atmospheric levels, absorption follows Henry’s law,
which is defined as [20]:
H=
Cair
, (1)
Coil
where H is the dimensionless Henry’s constant, Cair
is the solute concentration in air, and Coil is the solute
concentration in oil.
The amount of dissolved air increases with
increasing liquid pressure [21]. In the case of
a disturbance from the equilibrium state as a
consequence of pressure or temperature changes, air
molecules are released and air bubbles are generated.
For this reason, an oil/air mixture is created, or the air
can be further dissolved in oil. This process is timedependent. The time of the air release in oil is much
shorter in comparison to the time of its dissolution.
1.2 Undissolved Air in Oil and Its Influence on Bulk
Modulus of Oil/Air Mixture
Dissolved air in oil is most frequently released to
the undissolved state (i.e. to air bubbles) at pressure
and temperature changes. Air bubbles can also enter
the oil through different leaks. The oil/undissolved
air mixture thus obtained has different properties in
comparison to oil without air bubbles. It is possible
to partly reduce the formation of bubbles at high
operating pressures or by means of de-aeration
devices, i.e. so-called gas separators. The bulk
modulus, which is important in a mathematical
model, is a significant property of the oil/undissolved
air mixture. It is desirable to achieve high values of
the bulk modulus in practice. The bulk modulus of
the oil/undissolved air mixture is affected by many
factors, e.g. by the pressure, temperature and volume
of undissolved air. The amount of undissolved air has
the greatest influence on the bulk modulus of the oil/
undissolved air mixture, mainly at low pressures. In
this case, the air is much more compressible.
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The oil/undissolved air mixture can be defined
as a multiphase mixture in mathematical models. The
bulk modulus of the multiphase mixture is changed
according to pressure and the amount of undissolved
air. Then, the bulk modulus KPM of the multiphase oil/
air mixture is given by the equation [2], [22] and [23]:
1/ n
K PM
 pa 
1+ α ⋅

 pa + p 
= KO ⋅
, (2)
p1a/ n
1 + α ⋅ KO ⋅
( n +1)/ n
n ⋅ ( pa + p )
where KO is the bulk modulus of oil without air
content, α = Va/VO is the relative air content in
oil at atmospheric pressure, Va is the air volume
at atmospheric pressure, VO is the oil volume at
atmospheric pressure, n is the isentropic coefficient
(n = 1.4), p is the working pressure, and pa is the
atmospheric pressure. The above-mentioned equation
allows the inclusion of the compression of the oil
volume and undissolved air independently of each
other.
The oil bulk modulus KO is defined by the
following equation [1] and [2]:
KO =
VO ⋅ ∆ p
, (3)
∆VO
where ∆p is the pressure difference, and ∆VO is the
difference of oil volume before and after compression.
The bulk modulus of the oil/undissolved
air mixture can also be taken into account in a
mathematical model in a simplified manner. It is
possible to assume a single-phase mixture, in which
the compressibility of air bubbles is included in the
bulk modulus KM of the oil/undissolved air mixture.
In this case, the bulk modulus is defined by a constant
for the given working pressure p. There is a certain
inaccuracy in the mathematical model, especially at
lower pressures.
The thermodynamic effect, which is affected by
the compression speed, occurs during the compression
of the oil/undissolved air mixture. The isothermal
effect proceeds at slow compression. In contrast,
the isentropic effect is typical for rapid progressive
compression. There are four different bulk modulus
types of the oil/undissolved air mixture. From one
standpoint, there are the secant bulk modulus and
the tangent bulk modulus of the mixture [24] and [25]
(see Fig. 1). Furthermore, each of these can be further
divided into isothermal and isentropic moduli [26].
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of experimental hydraulic circuit
for determination of bulk modulus of oil/undissolved air mixture
Fig. 1. Determination of secant (S) bulk modulus and tangent (T)
bulk modulus of oil/undissolved air mixture
The secant bulk modulus KM,S of the mixture is
defined by the formula [10] and [25]:
K M ,S = VM ⋅
∆p
, (4)
∆VM
where VM is the volume of oil/undissolved air mixture,
and ∆VM is the volume difference of an oil/undissolved
air mixture before and after compression.
The tangent bulk modulus KM,T of the mixture is
expressed by the equation [10] and [25]:
K M ,T = VM ⋅
dp
. (5)
d VM
2 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT
OF INVESTIGATED MIXTURE
2.1 Description of the Experimental Equipment
The schematic diagram of the experimental equipment
is shown in Fig. 2. The equipment consists of the
hydraulic pump HP, the check valve CV, the relief
valve RV, the steel pipe P, the seat valve SV, the
reservoir R, the measuring equipment M 5050, the
measuring point MP, and the pressure sensor PS. The
M 5050 measuring equipment allows scanning, display
and recording of measuring data from sensors that are
used in hydraulics (e.g. from pressure, temperature
and flow sensors). The hydraulic pump HP represents
a flow source of the hydraulic system. If the seat valve
SV at the pipe end (see Fig. 3) is open, hydraulic
oil flows through the pipe P and the valve into the
reservoir R. The seat valve is subsequently closed and,
Fig. 3. View of experimental hydraulic circuit for determination
of bulk modulus of oil/undissolved air mixture
therefore, the flow through the valve is interrupted.
Nevertheless, the pump HP supplies further liquid to
the pipe P. Therefore, oil pressure is increased and a
mixture of oil and air bubbles is compressed inside the
steel pipe P. If the pressure of the mixture is increased
to the value (i.e. p = 200 bar), which is adjusted by
the relief valve, the relief valve RV is opened and
subsequently the mixture of oil and air bubbles flows
from the pump HP through the relief valve RV into the
reservoir R. At the same time, the oil/undissolved air
mixture in the pipe is compressed under the pressure
that is adjusted by the relief valve RV. The pressure
increase in the pipe was measured depending on the
time. The pressure of the oil/undissolved air mixture
inside the pipe P was recorded by the pressure sensor
PS and the M 5050 measuring equipment. An example
of the time dependence of the pressure p is shown in
Fig. 4. The time interval Δt of the pressure scanning
was set to 1 ms in this case. Measuring data were
Determination of Undissolved Air Content in Oil by Means of a Compression Method
479
processed using Hydrowin software. The parameters
of the steel pipe P are as follows: outside diameter
DP = 0.03 m, inside diameter dP = 0.022 m, wall
thickness sP = 0.004 m, length lP = 1.88 m, Young’s
modulus of elasticity EP = 2.1×1011 Pa and Poisson
ratio νP = 0.3.
The time intervals ∆t depending on the pressure
changes ∆p were subtracted from the experimentally
measured record (see Fig. 4). The appropriate time
interval ∆tT was subtracted for the determination of
the tangent bulk modulus. Similarly, the appropriate
time interval ∆tS was subtracted for the determination
of the secant bulk modulus. The volume increase ∆VM
[5] and [23] of the mixture in the pipe P due to the
pressure change ∆p is given by equation:
n
∆VM = ∑ Qi ⋅ ∆ti . (6)
i =1
Fig. 4. Measurement record of time dependence of pressure
during mixture compression in steel pipe
The oil density ρ = 859 kgm-3 was measured using
a Mohr balance. The kinematic viscosity ν = 1.02×10-4
m2s-1 of the investigated hydraulic oil was determined
using a Brookfield DV-II+ Pro rotational viscometer.
The above-mentioned quantities were determined for
the oil temperature tO = 25 °C.
2.2 Experimental Determination of Bulk Modulus of Oil/
Undissolved Air Mixture
The method of determination of the secant bulk
modulus and the tangent bulk modulus of the oil/
undissolved air mixture is described in this chapter.
The time dependence of the pressure p in the pipe
P is shown in Fig. 4. The maximum pressure p = 200
bar corresponds to the pressure that is adjusted by
the relief valve RV. Also shown on this figure are the
secant “S” and the tangent “T” for the determination
of the secant bulk modulus KM,S and the tangent bulk
modulus KM,T of the oil/undissolved air mixture
for the pressure gradient ∆p = 200 bar. Appropriate
secants “S” or tangents “T” were determined for
obtaining the secant bulk modulus and the tangent
bulk modulus of the mixture at different pressure
gradients ∆p (see Fig. 6). It is evident (see Fig. 4)
that the secant slope is influenced by the nonlinear
dependence of the pressure p depending on the time t
at the beginning of compression of the mixture in the
pipe P. The nonlinearity is caused by the compression
of air bubbles present in oil. The tangents “T” and the
corresponding values of the tangent bulk modulus
KM,T were determined only for the pressures occuring
when the effect of oil compression is included and the
effect of compression of air bubbles is negligible.
480
The given pressure change ∆p (see Fig. 4) was
divided into equidistant sub-intervals (∆pi = 2.5 bar)
with the corresponding time sub-intervals ∆ti. The
sub-flows Qi were subsequently determined from the
measured flow-pressure characteristic of the pump HP
(see Fig. 5). The average flow rate Qi was subtracted
from the flow-pressure characteristic of the pump for
each pressure sub-interval ∆pi.
The flow-pressure characteristic depends on
the temperature of the mixture. Therefore, the
characteristic was experimentally measured for the
working oil temperature tO = 25 °C. The influence of
the change of air content in oil in the reservoir on the
flow-pressure characteristic was negligible.
Fig. 5. Flow-pressure characteristic of the hydraulic pump HP,
tO = 25 °C
The bulk modulus KM of the oil/undissolved air
mixture is subsequently defined by the formula [27]:
KM =
1
dp
∆VM
−
VM ⋅ ∆p E p ⋅ s p
. (7)
The measured dependencies of the secant bulk
modulus KM,S and the tangent bulk modulus KM,T
of the oil/undissolved air mixture on the pressure
gradient ∆p are shown in Fig. 6. It is evident that
the secant bulk modulus of the oil/undissolved air
mixture is increasing with increases of the pressure
gradient Δp. The secant bulk modulus is significantly
influenced by the compression of air bubbles in the
nonlinear area (see Fig. 4). The tangent bulk modulus
KM,T is practically constant and represents oil without
influence of air bubbles. It comes very close to the oil
bulk modulus KO (see Eq. 3). The measured values
of the secant bulk modulus KM,S and the tangent bulk
modulus KM,T of the oil/undissolved air mixture are
shown in Tab. 1. These values were obtained from
Fig. 6 for the pressure gradient ∆p = 200 bar.
Table 1. Measured values of the secant bulk modulus KM,S and
the tangent bulk modulus KM,T of oil/undissolved air mixture for the
pressure gradient ∆p = 200 bar
KM,S (×109 Pa)
1.64
Fig. 7. Measured time dependencies of mixture pressure for
differently aerated system
KM,T (×109 Pa)
1.78
Fig. 6. Dependence of the secant bulk modulus KM,S and the
tangent bulk modulus KM,T of oil/undissolved air mixture on the
pressure gradient ∆p
2.3 Experimental Measurement of Time Dependence of
Pressure for Differently Aerated Systems
The time dependence of the mixture pressure in
the steel pipe was experimentally measured during
compression of the investigated mixture. The
measurements were repeatedly performed for different
degrees of oil aeration. De-aeration was performed
via multiple compressions of the oil/undissolved air
mixture in the pipe up to the pressure p = 200 bar. The
time dependence of the mixture pressure was measured
for each compression. The air concentration decreases
with successive compressions in the pipe P (see Fig.
7) due to successive de-aeration of the system. Dead
volumes in the system (e.g. in connections, screw
joints and valves) are successively de-aerated at
individual compressions of the system. A part of the
air bubbles is released from dead volumes during each
compression. These bubbles are subsequently drained
away from the working volume. It is evident (see
Fig. 8) that the pressure increase is faster after each
compression. The compression speed is given by the
Fig. 8. Detail of measured time dependencies of the mixture
pressure for differently aerated system
flow size from the pump, the constant volume inside
the pipe, Young’s modulus of elasticity of the steel
pipe and the bulk modulus of the mixture of oil and
air bubbles. The time dependencies of the pressure at
the beginning of compression are nonlinear, which is
caused by the compression of air bubbles. It is also
evident that the time dependencies of the pressure are
practically identical during the last three compression
processes (i.e. for compressions No. 9, 10 and 11). It
can be concluded that it was practically impossible
to decrease the air content in the oil/undissolved air
mixture during further compression processes. The
linear area is characterized by the same inclination
angle of the pressure dependencies (see Fig. 7).
For this reason, the undissolved air is markedly
compressed.
3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The mathematical model (see Fig. 9) of the
experimental equipment was created using Matlab
SimHydraulics software [22]. The constant flow pump
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HP represents a source of pressure energy. Oil flows
through the check valve CV, the steel pipe P, the seat
valve SV into the reservoir R. In the case of closing
of the seat valve SV, the oil pressure in the pipe P
increases up to the pressure value, which is adjusted
by the relief valve RV. The circuit also consists of
the block for valve control (i.e. Control of SV), the
block PS for pressure measurement, the solver block
(i.e. Solver) and the block for definition of the oil/
undissolved air mixture (i.e. Oil-Air) [28].
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Simulation of the Influence of the Bulk Modulus of an
Oil/Undissolved Air Mixture on the Time Dependence of
Pressure – Single-Phase Model
The influence of the bulk modulus KM of the singlephase oil/undissolved air mixture on time dependencies
of the pressure p was mathematically simulated during
closing of the seat valve SV at the end of the pipe P
(see Fig. 9). The bulk modulus of the investigated
mixture was described in this mathematical model by
a constant that already includes the compressibility
of air bubbles. The pressure increases depending on
time for different values of the bulk modulus of the
single-phase mixture are shown in Fig. 10. The time
dependencies of the mixture pressure are linear with
different angles of inclination. It can be concluded that
the angle of inclination of the pressure dependence
increases with increases of the bulk modulus, and the
maximum pressure is achieved in a shorter time.
Fig. 9. Mathematical model of experimental equipment
The steel pipe P (see Fig. 9) is simulated as a
segmented pipe with circular cross-section, which is
divided by longitudinal cuts on set of same serially
arranged parts, i.e. concentric parameters. Each
part of the pipe consists of the Resistive Tube (i.e.
resistance to motion), the Fluid Inertia (i.e. resistance
to acceleration) and the Constant Volume Hydraulic
Chamber (i.e. resistance to deformation). In the case
of one segment, a symmetric T-part is assumed. Any
other segment is regarded as an L-part. The parameters
of the steel pipe are presented in Chapter 2.1. The
pipe wall was defined as elastic, and its elasticity is
expressed by the pressure-diameter coefficient KP
[22]:
KP =

d p  D p2 + d p2
⋅ 2
+ ν p  . (8)
2


E p  Dp − d p

The single-phase mathematical model of the oil/
undissolved air mixture is defined by the density ρ,
the kinematic viscosity ν and the bulk modulus KM
of this mixture in Matlab SimHydraulics (i.e. in the
block Oil-Air). In case of the multiphase mathematical
model of the oil/undissolved air mixture, it is also
necessary to enter the amount of the undissolved air
content α.
482
Fig. 10. Simulation of influence of bulk modulus of single-phase
oil/undissolved air mixture on time dependencies of pressure
The experimental and simulated time
dependencies of the pressure increases are compared
in Fig. 11. The experimentally obtained values of the
secant bulk modulus and the tangent bulk modulus of
the oil/undissolved air mixture at the pressure p = 200
bar were applied to the simulation in the singlephase model. Furthermore, this model was specified
without the undissolved air content (i.e. with α = 0).
It corresponds to the single-phase mixture with the
constant bulk modulus.
It is evident that the simulated time dependence
of the pressure with the tangent bulk modulus KM,T of
the oil/undissolved air mixture and the experimentally
measured pressure dependence have the same angle
of inclination in the linear area (see Fig. 11). As
previously mentioned, air bubbles are markedly
compressed in this area. For this reason, the tangent
bulk modulus of the mixture is approaching the
oil bulk modulus KO. Therefore, in the case of the
multiphase oil/undissolved air mixture (see Eq. 2),
the tangent bulk modulus KM,T of the oil/undissolved
air mixture is used as the oil bulk modulus KO in
mathematical simulations. The undissolved air content
α is the last unknown quantity in the application of the
multiphase model. The method for determining this
parameter is described in the following chapter.
Fig. 12. Comparison of experimental measurements and
simulations of influence of undissolved air content on time
dependencies of pressure
Fig. 11. Comparison of mathematical simulations for
experimentally determined secant bulk modulus KM,S and tangent
bulk modulus KM,T of oil/undissolved air mixture with experimental
measurement
4.2 Simulation of the Influence of Undissolved Air on
the Time Dependence of Pressure – Consideration of a
Multiphase Model
The bulk modulus of the multiphase oil/undissolved
air mixture (see Eq. 2) was taken into account in the
mathematical multiphase model. In this case, the
experimentally determined tangent bulk modulus
KM,T (see Fig. 6) was used as the oil bulk modulus
KO, i.e. without influence of air bubbles. The time
dependencies of the pressure were subsequently
simulated for different contents α of undissolved air
in the mixture. The influence of the air content on the
simulated pressure dependencies is evident from Fig.
12. Higher air contents result in higher nonlinearities
in the area of low pressures. Furthermore, the
experimentally measured time dependencies of the
pressure for aerated and partially de-aerated oil
mixtures are compared in Fig. 12.
It is possible to determine the undissolved air
content in oil with a comparison of the measured and
simulated pressure dependencies (see Fig. 12). In
this case, the undissolved air content α = 0.49 % was
determined for the aerated oil (i.e. for the compression
No. 1, see Fig. 7). Similarly, the undissolved air
content α = 0.22 % was obtained for the partially deaerated oil (i.e. for the compression No. 11, see Fig.
7). The multiphase mathematical model captures very
well the influence of the compressibility of air bubbles
in the area of low pressures. This mathematical model
was also used in the following application: the volume
of oil/undissolved air mixture, which expanded from
the pipe during a rapid decrease of working pressure to
atmospheric pressure, was experimentally measured.
The similar volume values were determined using the
mathematical model. The measured time dependence
of the pressure decrease also corresponded to the
mathematical simulation [29].
5 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper was to determine
the concentrations of undissolved air in an oil/
undissolved air mixture. It was necessary to obtain
the properties of the mixture in order to determinate
the concentrations of the undissolved air for the
definition of a mathematical model. For this reason,
the values of the secant bulk modulus and the tangent
bulk modulus of the oil/undissolved air mixture were
experimentally obtained using a volume compression
method. Time dependencies of the mixture
483
pressure were subsequently created using Matlab
SimHydraulics software and compared with the
experimental measurements. The measured values of
the secant bulk modulus and the tangent bulk modulus
of the mixture were applied to the single-phase model.
The simulated pressure dependence using the mixture
tangent bulk modulus and the experimental pressure
dependence have the same angle of inclination in the
linear area. There is a negligible influence of bubble
compression in this area. Therefore, the mixture
tangent bulk modulus is used for the specification of
hydraulic oil in the mathematical model. The tangent
bulk modulus is almost constant and represents oil
without the influence of air bubbles. It corresponds to
the oil bulk modulus.
Time dependencies of the mixture pressure were
subsequently simulated in the multiphase model for
different contents of undissolved air in the mixture.
The influence of undissolved air on the pressure
increase was found on the basis of the experimental
measurements for the differently aerated system.
The undissolved air content was determined by a
comparison of the simulated and experimentally
measured pressure dependencies. The linear area of
the pressure dependencies is influenced by the oil bulk
modulus. The nonlinear area of these dependencies is
mainly affected by the undissolved air content. The
mathematical description of the bulk modulus of the
oil/undissolved air mixture includes the effect of the
compression of air bubbles in areas of low pressures.
This corresponds well to the physical experiment.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper has been written within the framework of
the project Opportunity for young researchers, reg. no.
CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0016, supported by Operational
Programme Education for Competitiveness and cofinanced by the European Social Fund and the state
budget of the Czech Republic.
The work presented in this paper was also
supported by grant SGS “Zkoumání dynamiky
hydraulického vedení” SP2014/208.
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Determination of Undissolved Air Content in Oil by Means of a

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