EUROLAB 25 years - Eurolab 25th Anniversary

Transcription

EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar
April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
H. Czichos, Germany:
The Role of Metrology and Testing
to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB
25 years
The role of metrology and testing to
characterize materials and products
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos
BHT Berlin
April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
1
Origin of Conformity Assessment
The New Approach for the European Economic Community 1985
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Flexible regulatory framework providing access to the Common Market with
freedom for movement of goods, persons, services, and capital,
while protecting essential public needs, e.g. safety, health, environment.
Essential requirements defined in EU-Directives: from machinery to toys.
The EU-Directives have to be transposed into National Laws of the EU countries
to became legally binding forces in the individual EU countries
 the EU in 2015 comprises 28 countries with 24 official languages.
Harmonised EN Standards define the technical details
 European Standards are valid in the whole EU,
conflicting National Standards have to be withdrawn:
“one standard, one test, accepted everywhere”.
CE marking declares that the product is safe and in
conformity with the relevant EU Directives.
BHT Berlin
2
1
Conformity Assessment as
requirement for market and trade
Society
Economy
Regulators
Demands
for
facilitating
trade
Demands for
assessing
products and
services
Market
Technology
Suppliers
Products
Services
Customers
Consumers
Conformity Assessment
determines whether materials, products,
processes, systems or people meet
specified requirements
Accreditation
assures the
competence
of the
conformity
assessment
bodies
Metrology and Testing
form the scientific and technological base
BHT Berlin
3
EUROLAB Foundation
• Set up in Brussels April 1990 in connection with
the formation of the European Union (EU),
since 1998 Legal Entity under Belgian Law.
• Composed of National Associations of
Measurement, Testing and Analytical
Laboratories all over Europe and
International Affiliates.
• Grouping over 2,000 Conformity Assessment
Bodies representing over 100,000
technical experts and laboratory
practitioners.
• EUROLABs Guideline:
Laboratory and Conformity Assessment
Services supporting European Technology
and Trade.
BHT Berlin
The EU:
28 States,
Population
500
Million
4
2
EUROLAB Objectives
• Creating awareness among public and political
authorities, industry and other partners of the
work of the measurement, calibration, testing,
inspection and certification sector.
• Representation by formulating and voicing the
opinion of European laboratories regarding political
and technical issues.
• Coordination by interfacing with partner
organisations having activities of interest to
the laboratory community.
• Action by providing adequate means for exchange
of information and experience.
• Promotion of cost-effective measurement, testing,
calibration and analytical services.
BHT Berlin
5
6
BHT
Berlin
multiple services
multiple services
EUROLAB Members and Activities
6
3
EUROLAB Members and Activities
7
BHT
Berlin
7
Metrology, Measurement and Testing as
base to characterize technical objects
OBJECT:
Material or Engineered Product
Measurement
determines
quantity values
of a measurand
Characteristics
Measurands
Testing
determines
characteristics
of an object
Materials Properties
Inherent characteristics are intrinsic characteristics,
resulting from the processing and synthesis of matter.
Examples: chemical composition, density.
Procedural characteristics are extrinsic characteristics,
resulting from the response of a material specimen
to an input stimulus. They cannot be specified
without reference to the test procedure followed.
Example: mechanical strength
BHT Berlin
8
4
Examples of Materials Properties:
10000
Density and Strength of different material types
Engineering Alloys
Tensile Strength
(MPa)
1000
Composites
100
Polymers
Pure Metals
10
Density (g/cm3)
1
Building
Materials
10
1
BHT Berlin
Reference:
Metrology and Testing in
Science and Technology
Measure 4/4 (2009) 1
100
9
Influence of Scale Effects on Materials Properties
Example:
Scale dependence of
the Melting Point of Gold
1064.18 °C:
Melting Point of Gold.
Fix Point of the International
Temperature Scale ITS-90
Gold Partilcle Radius [nm]
Example: Scale dependence of Mechanical Strength
and Stiffness of Carbon Nanotubes
• Compression Strength: 2 times than that of macroscopic Kevlar
• Tensile Strength: 10 times than that of macroscopic Steel
Ø 10 Nm
• Stiffness: 2000 times than that of macroscopic Diamond
Reference: Metrology and Testing in Science and Technology. Measure 4/4 (2009) 1
BHT Berlin
10
5
Methodology of Measurement
Measurement begins with the definition of the measurand,
the quantity intended to be measured.
OBJECT
SI units
Measurand
Measurement
standard
Quantity
length
mass
time
electric current
temperature
luminous intensity
amount of substance
Measurement procedure
Measurement principle
Measurement method
Measuring system
Calibration
Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
The measured quantity value must be related
to a reference through a documented unbroken
traceability chain, ending at the Primary
Standard, based on the International System of
Units, SI (Le Système International d’Unités).
The SI-quantities are related to
Natural Constants and are thus
“dematerialised references”.
Measurement result:
quantity value + unit ±
uncertainty
Expression of uncertainty
in measurement
GUM
BHT Berlin
Base Unit
metre
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
candela
mole
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Methodology of Testing
Testing begins with the definition of the characteristics of an object to be
determined by applying a test load to the object with refrence to a test procedure.
OBJECT
CRMs are issued by an authoritative body
providing one or more specified property
values with associated uncertainties
and traceabilities, using a valid procedure.
Characteristics
Certified Reference
Material (CRM)
Testing procedure
Reference procedure
Test principle
Test method
Test system
Testing result:
specified characteristic of an object
by qualitative and quantitative
attributes, and adequately estimated
uncertainties
BHT Berlin
Procedure documented in a standard,
including the specification of test loads
and testing instrumentation.
Test results are expressed in different ways:
– some test results can be expressed in a
metrological sense as quantity values;
– some test results are Boolean, such as the
ability to be recycled or not;
– some test results, such as corrosion resistance,
may be expressed as a ranking (poor, adequate,
good for example),
– some can only be captured in text and images.
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6
The combination of Measurement and Testing
to characterise Technical Objects
Testing determines
characteristics of an object
Measurement determines
quantity values of measurands
OBJECT
SI units
Calibration
Certified Reference
Material
Characteristics
Measurement
standard
Measurand
Measurement procedure
Testing procedure
Measurement principle
Measurement method
Measuring system
Test principle
Test method
Test system
Reference procedure
Result of the combination of Metrology and Testing:
measured quantity values of a specified object characteristic,
and adequately determined uncertainties
Reference: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing (2011), Figure 1.1
BHT Berlin
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The combination of Metrology and Testing
Example: Determination of Elasticity and Strength
Loading modes
Shear
Bending
Torsion
Elasticity line,
the slope
depends on the
nature of the
specimen, e. g.
metalic,
ceramic
BHT Berlin
Measurand
Diameter d
Measurand
Force F
Elastic Modulus
E = / = F/A
Response to
Loading
Stress, Strain
OBJECT
static loading
Measurand
Elongation ∆l
Stress-Strain
Curve
Strength
Fmax /A0
dynamic loading
Fmax
Fatigue Fracture Curve
Fracture
Steel Specimen,
cross section A0= π d2
Slip bands
F
l0
∆l
F
Strain  = ∆l/ l0
1 GPa
Stress
Compr.
Load Procedure
Stress  = F/A0
Tension
Conventional
fatigue limit
Strength
Fmax / Asteels
o
Cycles to fracture
105
103
107
14
7
Materials Properties Characterisation:
Metrology & Testing & Confidence Ring
Confidence Ring
Traceability:
the parameters involved in
materials characterisation
must be related to
references.
Specimen specifics
(e. g. scale,
microstructure)
Stimulus
(Input load)
Material
response
= Property
Response
Procedural aspects
(incl. dependence
on time)
Examples of Materiall properties
Property
Stimulus
Response
Mechanical
Stress
Strain
Strength
Electrical
Voltage
Current
Resistivity
Thermal
Heat
Temperature
Conductivity
Optical
Light
Light
Transparency Input
Output
Reference: Metrologia, 47 (2010) S1-S17
BHT Berlin
15
Conclusion
EUROLAB Guideline:
Laboratory and conformity assessment services
supporting European tecnology and trade
Metrology
&
Testing
Confidence Ring
Conformity assessment
of materials, products, processes, systems or people by
measurement, calibration, testing, inspection, certification
Market, Trade
BHT Berlin
16
8
Acknowledgment
At this 25th Anniversary of
EUROLAB
I am very grateful to all collegues
with whom I discussed over the
years the topics presented
in this talk.
Some figures of the presentation
were adopted from the
Handbook of Metrology
and Testing,
which was worked out in an
international cooperation wth
contributions from Europe, Japan
and the USA.
BHT Berlin
17
9

EUROLAB 25 years - Eurolab 25th Anniversary

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