- ORCA - Cardiff University

ANNALES
Thessaloniki 2009
du 18e CONGRÈS
de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE
pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE
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ANNALES
du 18e CONGRÈS
de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE
pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE
Editors
Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras
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Editing Committee
Nadia Coutsinas
Ian C. Freestone
Sylvia Fünfschilling
Caroline Jackson
Janet Duncan Jones
Marie-Dominique Nenna
Lisa Pilosi
Maria Plastira-Valkanou
Jennifer Price
Jane Shadel Spillman
Marco Verità
David Whitehouse
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Thessaloniki 2009
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Couverture / Cover illustration
The haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm.
© 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece.
The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ‘A haematinon bowl from Pydna’, p. 69.
© 2012 Thessaloniki AIHV and authors
ISBN: 978-90-72290-00-7
Editors: Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras
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AIHV
Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre
International Association for the History of Glass
http: www.aihv.org
Secretariat: The Corning Museum of Glass
One Museum Way
Corning NY, 14830 USA
Printed by: ZITI Publishing, Thessaloniki, Greece
http: www.ziti.gr
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CONTENTS
PRÉFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA
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xiii
PREFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA
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xv
GREEK LITERARY SOURCES
STERN MARIANNE EVA
Ancient Greek technical terms related to glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2nd MILLENNIUM BC / BRONZE AGE GLASS
NIGHTINGALE GEORG
Glass and faience and Mycenaean society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SMIRNIOU MELINA, REHREN THILO, ADRYMI-SISMANI VASSILIKI, ASDERAKI ELENI, GRATUZE BERNARD
Mycenaean beads from Kazanaki, Volos: a further node in the LBA glass network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ARCHONTIDOU-ARGYRI ΑGLAÏA, VAVLIAKIS GEORGE
Mycenaean Psara - The glass finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
BIRON ISABELLE, MATOÏAN VALÉRIE, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS JANE
Scientific analysis of glass from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ERTEN EMEL
Early ancient glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NICHOLSON T. PAUL, JACKSON M. CAROLINE
The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RÖHRS STEFAN, SMIRNIOU MELINA, MARÉE MARCEL
The British Museum’s Amarna fish scientifically studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
IKEDA KAZUMI
Core-formed glass vessels from Sinai peninsula, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
AZUMA YOKO, TANTRAKARN KRIENGKAMOL, KATO NORIHITO, AND NAKAI IZUMI
Scientific analysis of ancient glass collections of the Miho Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LIARDET FRANCES
Taking the Heat: The contribution of apprenticeship to the understanding of the manufacture
and typology of core-formed vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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1st MILLENNIUM BC / ARCHAIC / CLASSICAL GLASS
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
NENNA MARIE-DOMINIQUE
Les contenants à huile parfumée façonnés sur noyau dans les dépôts votifs des sanctuaires grecs :
l’exemple de l’Artémision de Thasos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
IGNATIADOU DESPINA
A haematinon bowl from Pydna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
OIKONOMOU ARTEMIOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS
Analytical and technological study of blue glass from Thebes, Greece: An overall assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
READE J. WENDY, DUNCAN JONES JANET, PRIVAT KAREN
Iron Age and Hellenistic monochrome glasses from Gordion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
HELLENISTIC GLASS
PATERA IOANNA, NIKOLAIDOU-PATERA MARIA
Hellenistic tomb at the ancient city of Philippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
CONNOLLY PHILIP, REHREN THILO, DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ARGYROULA, ARACHOVITI POLYXENI
The Hellenistic glass of Pherai, Thessaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, KARATASIOS IOANNIS, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS PAVLOS
Corrosion morphology of Hellenistic glass finds in relation to manufacture techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
PLOYER RENÉ
Glass from the excavations in the so-called ‘Hellenistic’ town of Palmyra. A preliminary report . . . . . . . . 104
AUTH H. SUSAN
The Denderah cache of glass inlays: A possible votive pectoral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
GRADEL CORALIE
Les verres d’époques hellénistique et romaine dans le royaume de Méroé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ROMAN GLASS
BREMS DIETER, BOYEN SARA, GANIO MONICA, DEGRYSE PATRICK, WALTON MARC
Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for glass production in antiquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
DIANI MARIA GRAZIA, TONINI CRISTINA
Nouvelles attestations de verres antiques dans le Musée de Lodovico Pogliaghi – Varèse (Italie) . . . . . . . . . 128
SAGUÌ LUCIA, SANTOPADRE PAOLA, VERITÀ MARCO
Technology, colours, forms, and shapes in the 2nd century glass opus sectile materials
from the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
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BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, LEONELLI CRISTINA, CORRADI ANNA
The earliest wall mosaics and the origin of Roman glass in Italy:
archaeological considerations for an archaeometric study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, NIKITA KALLIOPI, VERONESI PAOLO,
HENDERSON JULIAN, LEONELLI CRISTINA, ANDREESCU-TREADGOLD IRINA
Glass in mosaic tesserae: Two interdisciplinary research projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE BRIGITTE
Le verre du Quartier de la Maison aux mosaïques à Érétrie (Eubée, Grèce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
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MALAMA PENELOPE, DARAKIS KONSTANTINOS
Die Kunst der Glasherstellung in Amphipolis während der römischen Zeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
MCCALL BERNADETTE
Use or re-use: Late Roman glass finds from the Nea Paphos Theatre site, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
STOLYAROVA K. EKATERINA
Chemical composition of glass and faience beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
JACKSON CAROLINE, PRICE JENNIFER
Analyses of Late Roman glass from the Commandant’s House
of the fort at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
ROBIN LAUDINE
L’artisanat du verre à Lyon-Lugdunum (France) durant le Haut-Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
LOUIS AURORE
La place du mobilier en verre dans les sépultures gallo-romaines de Champagne-Ardenne (France) . . . . 190
BULJEVIĆ ZRINKA
Glass from the Lora Cemetery at Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
FADIĆ IVO, ŠTEFANAC BERISLAV
Workshop stamps on square bottles from the Zadar region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
DRĂGHICI CRISTINA
Glassware from Tomis: Chronological and typological aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
HANSEN LUND ULLA
The Early Roman painted glass from Zaborów, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
GREIFF SUSANNE
On the relationship between enamelled glass and other opaque glass technologies: The colour red . . . . . 224
TARTARI FATOS
Les nouvelles trouvailles de verre antique à Dyrrhachium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
ROMAN / EARLY CHRISTIAN GLASS
COUTSINAS NADIA
Le matériel en verre de la cité d’Itanos (Crète orientale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
PAPAGEORGIOU METAXIA, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS
Technological and typological investigation of Late Roman glass mosaic tesserae
from Ancient Messene, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
SAKALIS ANASTASIOS, TSIAFAKI DESPOINA, ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS, TSIRLIGANIS C. NESTOR
Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of Late Roman glass from Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
FUJII YASUKO
A study of a Late Roman blue glass dish with sea creatures in relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
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MORAITOU GEORGIANNA, LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, TILIGADA DIMITRA
A triple ark for the Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels:
Preventive conservation and access at the Isthmia Archaeological Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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MORAITOU GEORGIANNA
Past Conservation Interventions on the Kenchreai opus sectile panels: The Greek approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
SILVANO FLORA
Glass finds from Antinoopolis, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
MARII FATMA, REHREN THILO
Levantine glass of Petra characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
JEREMIĆ GORDANA
Glass artefacts from Roman and Late Roman fortification at Saldum on the Middle Danube.
Social and economic background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
GENÇLER GÜRAY ÇIĞDEM
Early Byzantine glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS
BARAG P. DAN
Stamped glass pendants from Syria: From Constantine the Great to the Arab conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS
Gold-glass tile decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, MOROPOULOU ANTONIA
Byzantine gold-leaf glass tesserae:A closer look at manufacturing technique and decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
ATİK ŞENİZ
Three Byzantine gold-glass pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
VERITÀ MARCO, ZECCHIN SANDRO
Scientific investigation of Byzantine glass tesserae from the mosaics
on the south chapel of Torcello’s Basilica, Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
JAMES LIZ
Glass and the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ ÜZLIFAT
Recent glass finds in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
WINTER TAMAR
Glass vessels from excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS
PILOSI LISA, STAMM KAREN, WYPYSKI T. MARK
An Islamic cameo glass fragment in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
SWAN M. CAROLYN
Spatial and temporal considerations of technological change: Examining Early Islamic glass . . . . . . . . . . . 346
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BOULOGNE STEPHANIE, HARDY-GUILBERT CLAIRE
Le verre décoré issu des fouilles du site d’al-Shihr au Yémen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
MOSSAKOWSKA-GAUBERT MARIA
Verres de l’époque byzantine - début de l’époque arabe (ve-viiie siècle) :
objets provenant des ermitages en Égypte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
KATO NORIHIRO, NAKAI IZUMI, SHINDO YOKO
Comparative study of Islamic glass weights and vessel stamps with the glass vessels in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . 367
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MEDIEVAL GLASS
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FREY ANNETTE, GREIFF SUSANNE
Early Medieval glass beads with metal tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
BROADLEY ROSE, GARDNER CARLOTTA, BAYLEY JUSTINE
The Church Lane assemblage: Early Medieval glass-working in the shadow of Canterbury Cathedral . . . 379
RADIČEVIĆ DEJAN
Medieval glass bracelets from Banat Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
MĂNUCU-ADAMEŞTEANU GHEORGHE, POLL INGRID
Bracelets en verre découverts dans les nécropoles de Isaccea - Vicina,
département de Tulcea (Xe - XIIIe siècles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. JERZY, KIERZEK JOACHIM, FREESTONE C. IAN,
MAŁOŻEWSKA-BUĆKO BOZENA, NAWROLSKA GRAŻYNA
The composition of window glass from the cesspits in the Old Town in Elbląg, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
ČERNÁ EVA, HULÍNSKÝ VÁCLAV, MACHÁČEK JAN, PODLISKA JAROSLAV
On the origin of enamel-painted glass of the 12th-14th centuries in Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
KRIŽANAC MILICA
Scent bottles from Kotor, Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
ZEČEVIĆ EMINA
Glass of Novo Brdo and its significance in Late Medieval glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
POST BYZANTINE / VENETIAN / FAÇON DE VENISE GLASS
PAYNTER SARAH
The importance of pots: The role of refractories in the development of the English glass industry
during the 16th / 17th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
SCOTT B. REBECCA, SHORTLAND J. ANDREW, POWER MATTHEW
The interpretation of compositional groupings in 17th century window glass
from Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
CAEN JOOST M. A.
The production of stained glass in the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant
from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries: Materials and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
MEEK S. ANDREW, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS A. JANE
North-western European forest glass: Working towards an independent means of provenance . . . . . . . . . . 437
IOANNIDOU MARTHA
From didactic stained glass windows of medieval cathedrals
to the redemptive divine lightin Matisse’s Vence Chapel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
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MORETTI CESARE, TONINI CRISTINA, HREGLICH SANDRO, MARIA DIANI GRAZIA
“Lead glass with wonderful emerald colour”. A parallel between one of Antonio Neri’s recipes
and the composition of a vessel in the Pogliaghi Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
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MEDICI TERESA
Revisiting the ‘Moura glass treasure’: New data about 17th century glass in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
GREINER-WRONOWA ELŻBIETA, PUSOSKA ANNA, WRONA JAROSŁAW
The influence of gradient temperature changes on a glass reaction intensity
with volatile organic compounds in museum cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
DE VIS KRISTEL, CAGNO SIMONE, VAN MOL WILLY, SCHALM OLIVIER, JANSSENS KOEN, CAEN JOOST
The decolourization of manganese-stained glass:
The conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
18th AND 19th CENTURY GLASS
LAURIKS LEEN, DE BOUW MICHAEL, QUENTIN COLLETTE, WOUTERS INE
19th century iron and glass architecture:
Common construction details of cylinder and crown glass on iron sash bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
VAN GIFFEN ASTRID, EREMIN KATHERINE, NEWMAN RICHARD
The Harvard Glass Flowers and more: A technical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
JARGSTORF SIBYLLE
Mosaikglas/Millefioriglas - Probleme der Zuordnung und Herkunftsbestimmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
AFRICAN AND ASIAN GLASS
IGE O. AKIN
Ancient glassmaking in Ile-Ife, Southern Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
BORELL BRIGITTE
Han period glass vessels from the gulf of Tonking region:Aspects of their technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
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INDEX OF ΑUTHORS
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PRÉFACE
Marie-Dominique Nenna
’ai le grand plaisir de vous présenter les Annales du 18e congrès de l’Association
Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre et je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont
fait que cette publication paraisse dans les meilleurs délais, les auteurs au premier
chef, le comité de lecture et surtout les éditeurs du volume, Despina Ignatiadou,
vice-présidente, puis membre du bureau de l’AIHV durant les années 2006-2012
et Anastassios Antonaras.
J
Le 18e congrès de l’AIHV s’est tenu à Thessalonique du 21 au 25 septembre 2009.
Il a été dédié à Clasina Isings qui est venue, via une video, nous offrir ses meilleurs
vœux au début des sessions. Tous nos remerciements vont d’abord au Musée
archéologique de Thessalonique qui a organisé l’ensemble de cette manifestation
et au Musée de la civilisation byzantine qui a accueilli nos sessions dans le tout
nouveau auditorium, utilisé pour la première fois pour notre congrès. Remercions
aussi les amis du Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui ont soutenu ce congrès
avec entre autres, le beau sac décoré de balsamaires-oiseaux ; la préfecture de
Thessalonique qui nous ont accueillis à la fin de ces journées. Et enfin, du fond du
coeur, tous nos remerciements vont à Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras
et au comité d’organisation pour avoir réuni tous leurs efforts pour organiser ce
congrès et nous offrir l’occasion de nous rencontrer une nouvelle fois pour partager
nos découvertes et nos réflexions sur ce matériau qui nous passionne tous.
Durant les trente-trois sessions organisées en parallèle, 95 contributions orales et
55 posters ont été présentés, montrant ainsi la vitalité de la recherche sur l’Histoire
du Verre dans l’ensemble du monde scientifique. Grâce au dynamisme du comité
grec, après une découverte de la ville à l’orée de notre congrès, des promenades
thématiques ont été organisées afin de mieux connaître les différents aspects de
Thessalonique, ville hellénistique et romaine, ville byzantine, ville ottomane avec
son importante communauté juive et ville du xxe siècle. En outre, les excursions
post-congrès ont permis aux participants de découvrir le cœur de la Macédoine
avec les cités de Vergina et de Dion, ainsi que le lac de Pikrolimni, producteur de
natron dans l’Antiquité et encore aujourd’hui, les villes d’Amphipolis et de Philippes ou encore de faire une croisière autour du Mont Athos.
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Ce volume réunit 84 contributions qui couvrent un arc chronologique très vaste
depuis le deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours, et touchent à tous les aspects
de l’histoire du verre, avec une bonne interconnexion entre l’archéologie, l’histoire
de l’art et l’archéométrie. Une part importante est réservée aux débuts de l’histoire du
verre au iie millénaire et au début du ier millénaire av. J.-C. et à ses développements
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
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dans le monde hellénistique avec des communications portant sur le ProcheOrient, l’Égypte et le Soudan, la Grèce et la Turquie. Les mondes romain et byzantin
sont abordés selon deux axes : étude de la production et de la consommation de
la vaisselle et des ornements et étude en fort développement de l’emploi du verre
dans les mosaïques pavimentales et pariétales. Les communications sur le monde
islamique s’inscrivent dans la lancée inaugurée au 15e congrès et attestent la vitalité
de la recherche dans ce domaine. La présentation de découvertes et études portant
sur la Grande Bretagne, l’Italie, le Kosovo, le Montenegro, le Portugal, la Pologne,
la Roumanie, la Serbie et la Tchéquie alimentent le débat sur le verre à l’époque
médiévale et post médiévale en Europe. xviiie et xixe siècles ne sont pas en reste,
avec des communications sur le verre dans les toits, les fleurs de verre et le verre
mosaïqué et on dispose aussi de communications sur le verre en Chine méridionale
et en Afrique subsaharienne.
Lors de l’assemblée générale, le bureau de l’AIHV a été renouvelé. Jan Egbert
Kuipers, trésorier et Ian Freestone, que l’on doit remercier pour leur dévouement
et leur efficacité, ont présenté leur démissions. De nouveaux membres ont été élus :
Irena Lazar, organisatrice du 19e congrès en 2012, comme vice-présidente et Huib
Tijssens, comme trésorier. Déjà présents dans le bureau, Despina Ignatiadou a été
élue comme membre, Jane Spillman a été réélue comme secrétaire général, David
Whitehouse comme membre, et j’ai moi-même été réélue comme présidente.
Le comité exécutif réunissant six membres élus ainsi que les représentants des
associations ou comités nationaux a été en partie renouvelé, avec l’élection de
Fatma Marii et de Yoko Shindo, tandis que Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi,
Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani ont été réélues. Nous avons déploré le décès
lors du congrès de deux de nos membres, Sarah Jennings d’Angleterre et Claudia
Maccabruni d’Italie.
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Les préparatifs pour le 19e congrès se déroulent sous la houlette d’Irena Lazar.
Le congrès se tiendra à Piran en Slovénie du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 (www.
aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). Après l’accent mis sur la Méditerranée orientale au congrès de Thessalonique, une nouvelle avancée vers les informations et les membres
d’Europe Centrale sera effectuée à Piran.
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PREFACE
Marie-Dominique Nenna
have great pleasure in presenting you with the Annales of the l8th congress of
the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, and I wish to thank all
those who have ensured that this publication appears with the least delay: principally the authors, the academic committee, and especially the academic editors of
the volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-president, and member of the board of the
AIHV for the years 2006-2012 and Anastassios Antonaras.
I
The 18th congress of the AIHV was held in Thessaloniki from September 21st25th, 2009. It was dedicated to Clasina Isings, who came, via a video, to offer us
her best wishes. Here we have to warmly thank the Archaeological Museum of
Thessaloniki which has organized the whole manifestation, and the Museum of
Byzantine Culture, which has hosted our sessions in the brand new auditorium
of the Museum, used for the first time for our congress. All our warm thanks also
to The Friends of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki who supported the
organization of the congress among the others with the nice bag decorated with
bird-balsamaria, and The Prefecture of Thessaloniki, who has hosted us at the end
of the congress. Last, but not the least, from the bottom of our heart, our thanks
go to Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras and the Organizing committee
for their hard work in organizing this congress and for offering us the opportunity
to meet once again to share our discoveries and our thoughts on this wonderful
material, glass, to which we are all dedicated.
During the 33 parallel sessions, 95 oral communications and 55 posters were
presented, displaying the vitality of research on the history of glass in the scientific
world. Thanks to the energies of the Greek Committee, after a first glance at
Thessaloniki at the beginning of our congress, thematic visits were organised
to discover the different aspects of Thessaloniki. Hellenistic and Roman city,
Byzantine city, Ottoman city with its important Jewish community, contemporary
city. In the post-congress trips, the participants were able to visit the heart
of Macedonia, with the cities of Vergina and Dion, and the Pikrolimni Lake,
producing natron in Antiquity and still today, the ancient cities of Amphipolis
and Philippi, or to make a cruise around Mount Athos.
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This volume brings together 84 contributions, which cover a vast chronological
span from the second millennium BC up to the present day, touching on all
aspects of the history of glass with a good networking between archaeology,
history of art and archaeometry. An important part is devoted to the beginnings
of the history of glass in the second millennium and the beginning of the first
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
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millennium BC, and the developments in the Hellenistic world with papers
covering the Near East, Egypt and Sudan, Greece and Turkey. The Roman and
Byzantine worlds are approached from two directions: the study of the production
and consumption of vessels and ornaments and the expanding study on the glass
in mosaic pavements and walls. The papers on the Islamic world build on the
start made at the 15th congress and show the vitality of research in this area.
The presentation of discoveries and research coming from the Czech Republic,
Great Britain, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania and Serbia,
fuels the debates about glass during the medieval and post-medieval period in
Europe. The 18th and 19th centuries are not ignored, with papers dealing with
glass in roofs, glass flowers and mosaic glass and there are also studies dealing
with African and Asian glass.
During the General Assembly the board of the AIHV changed. Jan Egbert
Kuipers (Treasurer) and Ian Freestone, to whom we extend all thanks for their
work, submitted their resignations. The newly elected members were Irena Lazar,
organizer of the 19th Congress in 2012, as Vice President, and Huib Tijssens, as
Treasurer. Already present in the board, Despina Ignatiadou was elected member,
were re-elected Jane Spillman as General Secretary, David Whitehouse as member,
and I as President. The executive committee which assembled six elected members
as well as the presidents of the national Associations or Committees, was partly
renewed, with the election of Fatma Marii and Yoko Shindo; Sylvia Fünfschilling,
Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani were re-elected. We mourned
during the congress the recent death of two long time members, Sarah Jennings
from England and Claudia Maccabruni from Italy.
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The preparations for the 19th congress are progressing under the guidance of
Irena Lazar. The congress will be held at Piran (Slovenia) from September 17th
to September 21st 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). After the wider opening
towards eastern Mediterranean members effectuated during the Thessaloniki
Congress, we will receive in Piran more information and members coming from
Central Europe.
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THE HARROW CHALICE:
EARLY GLASS OR EARLY FAKE?
Paul T. Nicholson, Caroline M. Jackson
EARLY EGYPTIAN GLASSES
S
time. Height 2 1/2 inches. Some of these vases appear to be the false “murrhina” mentioned by ancient
Greek and Latin scholars, - an imitation of the stone
which was doubtless fluor-spar, so common in Derbyshire, but nought from other countries in old times, as
we learn from Pliny. In those the arrangement of the
colors [sic] differed from the present specimen, having broader and more decided lines and hard zigzags,
as may be seen in the bottles marked fig. 335, 339 in
vol. II of this catalogue under the head of glass.”7
By “glass porcelain” Wilkinson almost certainly
means faience in this instance and it is possible that
the confusion over the material arose because the vessel was complete when it entered the Harrow collection and as such no broken section could be observed.
The sketch given by Wilkinson (Fig. 1) suggests that
the piece was indeed complete and in good condition,
but at some time, probably after 1887 when Budge described it, the vessel was broken, pieces lost and poorly restored. The break, whilst regrettable, does make it
clear that the piece is glass.
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ir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797-1875) is one of
the great pioneers of Egyptology1. After studying
at Harrow he went to Oxford, but left without completing his degree2. He then served in the army but in
1820 was persuaded by Sir William Gell (1777-1836)
to abandon a military career for the study of archaeology, particularly that of Egypt.
In 1821 he moved to Egypt where he was to remain for the next 12 years, leaving only to visit Nubia
and surrounding deserts. Most of his time in Egypt
was spent residing at Thebes, and living in the tomb
of Amethu, known as Ahmose (TT83)3. His long stay
in Egypt and particularly his residence in Thebes gave
him an unrivalled knowledge of the country, its inhabitants and its archaeology. His book, Manners and
Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, was published in
1837 and remains in print to the present day4.
During his time in Egypt he not only recorded the
monuments but collected antiquities. Some of these
he gave to the British Museum, but his personal collection was given to Harrow School in a generous gesture designed to interest young scholars in archaeology. As well as his own hand-written catalogue the collection was later catalogued by Sir Wallis Budge (18571934)5. The collection, which includes some glass, was
re-catalogued in the 1990s by Dr. Shaw6.
The most interesting piece of glass in the collection is a small, chalice-like footed cup or goblet. Budge
(1887) describes it rather summarily in his catalogue
but Wilkinson’s own description of 1864 is more informative:
“549. Cup of colored “glass porcelain.” these are
usually an opaque glass. From Thebes, of Egyptian
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fig. 1: Entry for the chalice in John Gardner Wilkinson’s catalogue notebook at Harrow School (1864). Note that the vessel is shown as complete. (Photo: P. T. Nicholson, reproduced courtesy of the keepers and
governors of Harrow School)
Thompson 1992.
Dawson et al. 1995, 443.
Thompson 1992, 101-5.
Wilkinson 1837.
Budge 1887.
Shaw 1991.
7. Wilkinson’s handwritten catalogue is kept at the Old Speech Room Gallery Museum at Harrow School.
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The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake?
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Number
Shape/Type
Chalice
Body colour
Light Blue
Technology
Core-formed
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Munich ÄS630
Ashmolean E2451
Chalice
Light Blue
Core-formed
MMA23.9*
Lotus Chalice
Light Blue
Cast & cold
worked
BM 24391
Kohl pot with lid
Light Blue
Drilled and cold
worked
UC 19657
Kohl pot (no lid)
Light Blue
Drilled and cold
worked
MMA26.7.1179
Kohl pot (no lid)
Light Blue
Drilled and cold
worked
Cairo 24959
Kohl pot (lid only) Dark Blue
Cold worked
Cairo 24961
Handled vessel
Light Blue
Core-formed
Cairo 24960 AND
Brooklyn 53.176.4
Rounded vessel
Light Blue
Core-formed
BM 47620
Jug
Light Blue
Core-formed
with powdered
glass decoration
MMA26.7.1175*
Krateriskos
Marbleised “Glassy faience”
– probably core
formed
* Indicates Wadi Qirud provenance
Table 1: List of vessels assigned to the reign of Thutmose III (Nicholson 2006: 14).
Fig. 2: The Harrow Chalice. Ht. 6.0 cm. (Photo: John Morgan).
9. MMA 23.9
10. Lilyquist 2003.
11. ÄS630 We have not been permitted to examine this piece so our comments are based on published sources only.
12. Nolte 1968, 48-49.
13. E2451.
14. Loat 1905, 7 and Pl.IV: 43.
8. Nolte 1968, 12-3.
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The list includes three chalice type vessels, one of
them – the lotus chalice now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art9 is securely provenanced as coming from
the tomb of the foreign wives of Thutmose III at the Wadi Qirud10. This lotus chalice also bears the king’s name.
Whilst this piece is believed to be cast and cold worked
there are two other chalice-type vessels which are coreformed.
The best known of these is that in the Munich collection11, a light blue vessel with swagged decoration
in dark cobalt blue and yellow. This piece also bears the
cartouche of Thutmose III, added at something of an angle in the middle of the body. This vessel was originally part of the Dodwell Collection and was purchased in
Thebes in 1832. Its original provenance is not known12.
Last amongst this group of chalice vessels is a plain
blue example from Gurob and now in the collection of
the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford13. This piece comes
from Loat’s excavation of Tomb 058 at Gurob14 and its
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The vessel (Fig. 2) is made of a turquoise blue body
glass, beneath whose thickened rim is a single line of
dark cobalt blue glass followed by a poorly executed
swag of yellow. Several more swags of cobalt blue follow before another single yellow swag and more cobalt
blue running down onto the foot. The vessel is not a
particularly accomplished piece, but the quality of the
glass is good and it is core-formed.
Unfortunately Wilkinson says nothing about how
or where he acquired the piece. Some of his antiquities came from his own excavations, others he bought
whilst in Egypt and still others may have been acquired
subsequently through contacts in Egypt. All that is
known for certain is that it was in Wilkinson’s possession by the time he wrote his catalogue in 1864.
Shortland (2001) has pointed out that turquoise
blue glass, like that used for the chalice, is the most
common body colour for glass in the time of the pharaoh Thutmose III (1479-1425 B.C.). Whilst the colour
is common, the form is less so, but there are parallels
for this shape at this early period of Egyptian glass.
Shortland (2001) followed Nolte8 in assigning 12
glass vessels or vessel fragments to the reign of Thutmose III, most are light blue. These are listed in Table 1.
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AIHV Annales du 18e Congrès, 2009
date has largely been based on comparisons with the
Munich vessel made by Fossing15 and by Nolte16.
Of the three vessels, the Munich example is the largest
at 8.1 cm high, followed by the Gurob example at 7.6 cm
and the Harrow chalice at 6.0 cm. All are turquoise or light
blue in colour, with the Harrow and Munich examples apparently being closest in colour. All are core-formed. It is
unfortunate that the two decorated examples lack provenance, and that the provenanced example is dated mainly
by comparison with an unprovenanced piece.
Against this background one must ask whether the
Harrow vessel is genuine. Even as early as Wilkinson’s
time in Egypt, fakes were common and frequently ended up in European collections as a result. Nicholson’s
original publication of the vessel (2006) regarded the
piece as likely to be genuine because (1) it is of an unusual form and therefore not an obvious subject for a fake,
(2) it was collected by Wilkinson who, through his residence in Thebes would have known the forgers as well
as the dealers and (3) because its colour and technology seemed to fit with the other vessels believed to be the
time of Tuthmosis III.
That the form is a genuine one seems to be confirmed by the finding of the Gurob vessel in 1903, decades after the Munich and Harrow pieces are known.
The purchase of the Munich piece by Dodwell in 1832
is contemporary with Wilkinson’s time in Egypt and it is
not impossible that the two pieces came from the same
source, whether that source was genuine or fake.
At the time of Nicholson’s 2006 paper it was not possible to obtain permission to sample the Harrow vessel
glass in order to undertake analyses which might determine whether or not the piece had an ancient Egyptian
composition. However, in 2008 the piece was made available, along with other items from the Harrow Collection,
for conservation and analysis was kindly permitted. The
conservation and sampling work was carried out by Mr.
Philip Parkes of the School of History and Archaeology
at Cardiff University. We are indebted to Dr. Leder and to
the keepers and governors of Harrow School for permission to make the analysis and to present the results here.
Syria, artificers were brought in, about 1500 B.C., and
glass making became a flourishing and varied industry”
Petrie17 this view comes from the known campaigns of
Thutmose III who conquered the kingdom of Mitanni
from whence the earliest glass seems to come. Oppenheim’s (1973) study, looking at loan words for glass which
had entered Egyptian, supported the view that the earliest glass probably came to Egypt from Mesopotamia,
and that the earliest glassworkers were probably imported too. Thus it may be under Thutmose III that we see
glassmaking become an Egyptian craft. Analytical data may therefore be helpful in determining whether the
Harrow vessel was made at newly established Egyptian
workshops or was imported from the Near East.
Major elements of the blue glass were determined
using electron microprobe analysis at the University of Manchester (a mean of 5 iterations) and trace elements using laser ablation ICP-MS at Imperial College
London (a mean of 3 iterations). The sample for analysis was taken when the glass was re-conserved, and only a very small chip (approx. 2 mm diameter) of the turquoise blue glass was available from the interior of a broken section of the body of the vessel (the deep cobalt
blue and yellow decoration were not available for sampling as this would have damaged the exterior of the vessel). When compared to Shortland and Eremin’s (2006)
data of mean values for opaque turquoise glasses from
Egypt and from Mesopotamia it is evident that the composition of the Harrow vessel is very similar in many respects (Table 2). It is a soda-plant-ash based glass and
is coloured with copper and opacified with calcium anHarrow
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
CoO
CuO
Sb2O5
SnO
Cl
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ANALYTICAL WORK
61.22
0.65
0.42
3.75
5.77
16.37
2.23
b.d.
3.08
2.45
0.07
1.38
Egypt1
(n=8)
61.64
0.76
0.43
4.48
8.55
17.88
1.89
0.02
1.37
1.34
0.10
0.88
Mesopotamia1
(n=15)
64.25
0.95
0.27
4.25
7.63
16.41
2.27
0.05
0.95
1.35
0.01
0.83
It was hoped that the analyses might show not only
whether the piece was indeed ancient but might suggest whether or not it had been made in Egypt. As early as 1925 Petrie stated that “as soon as Egypt overran
Table 2: Major element composition of the Harrow Chalice. (1) Comparative data taken from the means of the turquoise glasses analysed
by Shortland and Eremin (2006). (b.d – below detection)
15. Fossing 1940, 8 n.6.
16. Nolte 1968, 49.
17. Petrie 1925, 72. It should be noted that this paper is actually a report
by a third party on a lecture given by Petrie.
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The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake?
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4,5
Egyptian Cobalt glass
MB
4,0
Egyptian Copper glass
Mesopotamian Cobalt glass
3,5
Mesopotamian copper glass
3,0
Harrow Chalice
K2O (wt%)
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
MgO (wt%)
timonate, typical of many light turquoise vessels from
Egypt and Mesopotamia. There are no compositional
characteristics which would suggest it is of modern origin. It has concentrations of chlorine typical of other
Egyptian glasses (Table 2) and at concentrations which
would suggest it is not of modern origin18.
The ratios of potassium and magnesium in the Harrow vessel fall into the group of Egyptian and Mesopotamian glasses coloured with copper from Amarna and
Malkata analysed by Shortland and Eremin19. However, on the basis of the major element chemistry alone it is
not possible to suggest whether the piece is of Egyptian
or Mesopotamian origin.
In order to further examine the question of origin,
trace element analysis was carried out. The ratios of lanthanum (2.9 ppm) against chromium (10.9 ppm) in the
chalice were plotted (Fig. 3), this time using comparative
data from Shortland et al.20. These authors found that lanthanum was generally in lower concentrations in Mesopotamian than in Egyptian glasses, and the ratios of the two
elements differed between the two provenances. The Harrow chalice falls between the ranges of these samples for
the Egyptian vessels from Amarna and Malkata and the
Mesopotamian ones from Nuzi and Tell Brak. Its nearest
neighbours are, however, from Malkata, though little can
be made of this plot alone and further exploration of the
trace element data is needed. It should be noted that the
data reported by Shortland et al.21 encompass data from
only two much later sites and so the data may provide only a conservative estimate of the element ratios; it is possible that earlier Egyptian glasses may have had slightly
different compositions which would fall within the values
seen for the Harrow chalice.
Shortland et al.22, also suggested that titanium and
zirconium were present at different concentrations in
glasses from Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Egyptian
glasses exhibiting higher concentrations of both elements (Fig. 4). Inevitably there is some overlap, as with
most datasets. However, when the ratio for the Harrow
chalice is plotted onto the data form Shortland et al.
(2007) it is apparent that it falls securely within the distribution of the two elements given for Egyptian glasses (385 ppm Ti; 41 ppm Zr). This would suggest that the
vessel was made in Egypt and is of Late Bronze Age date,
a view which might be supported on stylistic grounds.
CONCLUSION
The analyses therefore suggest that the chalice is indeed
ancient, and on the basis of the data currently available
was probably made in Egypt, though whereabouts in
Egypt cannot as yet be suggested. Furthermore the Harrow piece seems to form part of a group with those from
Munich and Gurob. Whilst all these pieces are competent they are not so well made as the renowned juglet
of Thutmose III in the British Museum collection. This
has no known parallel in glass, though it is similar to
the apparently much larger vessel shown in the tomb
Freestone et al., 2008, 166.
Shortland and Eremin 2006.
Shortland et al. 2007.
Shortland et al. 2007.
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18.
19.
20.
21.
8,0
22. Shortland et al. 2007.
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0,0
Fig. 3: Potassium and magnesium oxide concentrations. Data
for Egyptian and Mesopotamian
glasses taken from Shortland and
Eremin 2006.
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Nuzi
Tell Brak
Amarna
Malkata
Harrow Chalice (blue)
La (ppm)
5
4
3
2
Fig. 4: Lanthanum and Chromium
concentrations for the Harrow chalice.
Other comparative data
taken from Shortland et al., 2007.
1
0
0
5
10
15
Cr (ppm)
20
25
30
1400
Egypt
1200
Mesopotamia
Harrow Chalice
Ti (ppm)
1000
800
600
400
Fig. 5: Titanium and Zirconium
concentrations for the Harrow Chalice.
Other comparative data
taken from Shortland et al., 2007.
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Zr (ppm)
of Rekhmire (TT100)23. The decoration of the British
Museum piece also has Near Eastern parallels. It may
be that the piece, which according to both Budge 24and
Cooney25 probably came from the tomb of Thutmose
III (KV34), was made specially as a high status gift or
was made in Egypt by the most skilful craftsmen, perhaps brought in from Mitanni. Certainly it seems to
have been produced by different hands than those which
made the chalices.
The British Museum juglet, and the chalices, however share a common technology – that of core forming. This makes them distinct from 5 of the 12 pieces of
Thutmose III glass (Table 1) which were cold-worked,
often drilled and cold-worked. It is tempting to see in
these core-formed pieces a move away from the treatment of glass as an artificial stone which is to be worked
in the manner of any other stone toward the treatment
of glass as a material in its own right. Three other pieces from the 12 listed above are also core-formed and
probably belong to this same transitional time. A final
piece, the well known Krateriskos26 has been classified
as ‘glassy faience’ by Lilyquist et al.27 and so has only peripheral relevance to this debate.
We may conclude then that the Harrow chalice is
genuine and was probably made in Egypt. Whilst it has
no secure provenance it does seem to belong to a group
23. Davies 1943, Pl. XXI.
24. Budge 1925, 391.
25. Cooney 1976, 70-1.
26. MMA 26.7.1175.
27. Lilyquist et al. (1993, 13-14)
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The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake?
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to Dr. Carolyn Leder and the Trustees
and Governors of Harrow School for their permission
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to analyse the Harrow Chalice and to publish our results
here. We are also grateful to Professor Ian Freestone of
Cardiff University for his helpful comments on the paper
presented at the Thessaloniki meeting. Dr. Ian Shaw first
drew our attention to the vessel in Harrow and we are indebted to him for this and for putting us in touch with Dr.
Leder. Thanks are given to Mr David Plant, University
of Manchester for undertaking the EPMA analysis, and
to the NERC ICP-MS facility in Ascot (especially Beniot
Disch and Kym Jarvis) and to NERC for supporting the
trace element analysis (Jackson - NERC OSS/340/0207).
Mr. Philip Parkes of Cardiff University kindly undertook
the sampling, sample preparation and re-conservation of
the chalice and we are grateful for his help.
of similar vessels which have been dated to the reign of
Thutmose III and which in turn probably belong to the
very beginning of a glass industry in Egypt, a time when
cold-working, especially drilling, was being replaced by
core-forming. It seems at least possible that those making or directing the work on these earliest core-formed
pieces may have been the craftsmen which Petrie supposed were brought in to Egypt from “Syria” by which is
meant Mesopotamia/Mitanni.
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Nolte, B., 1968. Die Glasgefässe im alten Ägypten. Berlin,
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Petrie, W.M.F., 1925. ‘Glass found in Egypt’. Transactions of
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Shaw, I., 1991. Sir John Gardner Wilkinson: The Egyptian
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11-21.
CAROLINE M. JACKSON
Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield
West Court, Mappin Street
Sheffield S1 4DT, UK
c.m.jackson@sheffield.ac.uk
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School of History Archaeology and Religon
Cardiff University
Cardiff, CF 10 3EU, UK
nickolsonpt@cardiff.ac.uk
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PAUL T. NICHOLSON
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