Primeval Beech Forests

Transcription

International Conference
Reference Systems for the Management and
Conservation of Biodiversity, Forest Resources
and Ecosystem Services
June 2nd to 9th, 2013
L’viv, Ukraine
Abstracts
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow
and Landscape Research WSL
International Conference
Reference Systems for the Management and
Conservation of Biodiversity, Forest Resources
and Ecosystem Services
June 2nd to 9th, 2013
L’viv, Ukraine
Abstracts
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
Scientific committee
Scheidegger Christoph, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Bauhus Jürgen, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Bollmann Kurt, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Commarmot Brigitte, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Diaci Jurij, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Hamor Fedir Dmytrovych, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Rakhiv, Ukraine
JonssonBengt Gunnar, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
Keeton William S., University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
Krynytskyy Hryhoriy, Ukrainian National Forestry University, L’viv, Ukraine
Nadyeina Olga, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Piovesan Gianluca, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Layout
Jacqueline Annen, WSL
We acknowledge financial support from the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation,
SERI, Switzerland.
The authors are responsible for the content and style of the contribution.
Recommended form of citation
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 2013: International Conference Primeval Beech Forests
Reference Systems for the Management and Conservation of Biodiversity, Forest Resources and Ecosystem
Services. June 2nd to 9th, 2013 Lviv, Ukraine. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 144 pp.
PDF-Download: www.wsl.ch/publikationen/pdf/12499.pdf
Swiss Federal Institue for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 2013
Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Contents
Opening Session
5
1 Primeval beech forests: Biodiversity sanctuaries or refuges
Symposia 1
12
2
Structure, composition and dynamics of primeval forests
Symposia 2A
Symposia 2B
Symposia 2C
24
34
41
3
Sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation: Integrative and segregative approaches and restoration
Symposia 3E
Symposia 3F
Symposia 3G
52
62
69
4 The future of European beech forests
Symposia 4
76
Poster87
Index Oral Presentations and Posters
131
Program138
3
Opening Session
Opening Session
Oral presentations
5
Opening Session
Paper-ID: 254
World Heritage Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians as Symbol of the
Ecological European Unity
Hamor, Fedir Dmytrovych
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine
In terms of historical retrospective, speaking about conservation of the Carpathian beech primeval
forests and turning them into a real international natural science lab, on the first place we have to
recall an important role of people who have started this process. First, it refers to a Crown Prince of
Austro-Hungarian monarchy Rudolph and a Swiss forestry engineer Konrad Roth; a Czech professor
Alois Zlatnik and Slovak author of the monography “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians” Stefan
Korpel; the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL,
Mario Broggi, and many Ukrainian scientists and nature conservationists.
Secondly, the inclusion of the Carpathian primeval beech forests in the Ukrainian-German-Slovak
nomination came true due to the author of these lines and Slovakian researchers Ivan Voloshchuk
and William Pichler, German professors Peter Schmidt, Harald Plachter, Hans D. Knapp, Pierre Ibish,
the IUCN expert David Mihalyk, and supported by the governments of Ukraine, Slovakia and Germany.
Listing on the UNESCO World Heritage List has opened great opportunities for international cooperation,
in particular the scientific one.
For solving the problems of the primeval forests’ conservation and research, the implementation of
different international projects played a great role, including the Ukrainian-Swiss Institutional Partnership
(2005–2013 years), the Ukrainian-Dutch Primeval Forest Inventory of Transcarpathia (2006–2008
years), the Ukrainian-German “Carpathian Biosphere Reserve: challenges and solutions for protected
area management in the Ukrainian Transcarpathia” (2009–2011.), the German-Ukrainian-Slovak
“Primeval Beech Forests as the World Heritage Property – sustainable management of adjacent areas
in Ukraine and Slovakia” (2011–2012 years), and others.
Finally, the results of activities based on the beech primeval forests are bringing many positive socioeconomic impacts for the region. In particular: Ukraine has implemented a large-scale project on
sustainable forest management in Transcarpathia (FORZA); special regulations for the protection of
primeval forests and forest biodiversity have been included into the legislation etc. Due to our initiative,
the Transcarpathian Regional Council decided to resolve the problems of sustainable development and
improvement of mountain settlements located in the zone of the Ukrainian part of the UNESCO World
Heritage site “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Ancient Neech Forests of Germany”.
But most important is that the European process of preserving beech forests has been started. And
today, it is already possible to say that using the principles of public diplomacy, primeval beech forests
are the symbol of ecological unity in Europe.
6
Opening Session
Paper-ID: 253
Primeval Forest Reserves in the Ukrainian Carpathians: History of their
Establishment
Stoyko, Stefan
Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
In the pre-agricultural period, natural forests occupied 95% of the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians
(37 000 km2 area, 180 km wide, maximum altitude 2061 m). The most intensive felling of these
forests started in the 1860s and 1870s, when railway lines were built over the Uzhotsky, Veretsky and
Yablunytsky passes, providing the opportunity for wood transport to the European markets. Continuing
felling has reduced the forest cover in the region to presently less than 50%. Between 1908 and 1913,
Hungarian foresters promoted the idea of creating 2 small primeval forest reserves in the Beskid
mountains to preserve the virgin forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians: the Fageto Abietum reserve
Tikhyy and the Fagetum sylvaticae reserve Yasin (Foldvary 1931).
From 1936–1938, the Czech botanist A. Zlatnik (1938) carried out ecological studies in virgin forests of
Transcarpathia and increased the area of virgin forest reserves in the Yavirnyk (Fagetum sylvatice) and
Pip Ivan (Piceetum abietis) mountains. Further virgin forest reserves were initiated by the Polish botanist
W. Szafer: an Abieto-Fagetum-taxosum reserve in 1913 on the Northern megaslope of the Carpathians
in the Dnister river basin and a Piceetum abietis reserve (832 ha) in the Chornohora mountain. Another
botanist, Sz. Wierdak (1923), created a Fageto-Piceetum reserve (2.6 ha) with Hungarian lilac Syringa
josikaea in the Stryy river basin. In 1934, suggested by the Head of the Greek-Catholic church A.
Sheptytsky, a Cembreto-Piceetum virgin forest reserve (255 ha) was created in Gorgans.
In order to preserve the virgin forests ecosystems, the government of Ukraine created the Carpathian
biosphere reserve (57 880 ha), 7 national natural parks, and 1 zapovidnyk (strict protection). 29 279 ha
of beech virgin forests have been found in the Ukrainian and Slovakian Carpathians. In 2007, the
“Primeval Beech Forest of the Carpathians” were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
7
Opening Session Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Paper-ID: 118
A Global Perspective on Old-growth Forest Restoration and Silviculture:
Learning Through Shared Experience
Keeton, William S.1; Franklin, Jerry F.2; Burrascano, Sabina3; Karabchuk, Dmytro4
1
2
3
4
University of Vermont, United States of America
University of Washington, United States of America
Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine
Restoration of old-growth forest characteristics is an objective shared throughout many regions of the
temperate forest biome. In Europe, reestablishing elements of stand structural complexity that were
once widespread in primary beech and spruce-fir forest types is gaining acceptance. For example,
in the Carpathian Mountain region researchers have experimented with silvicultural techniques
designed to convert intensively managed spruce plantations to site-endemic beech and mix species
compositions, and with the long-term objective of promoting structural complexity. European forest
scientists are not alone in this endeavor. Similar approaches have been tested in many regions globally.
Often termed “disturbance-based” or “natural dynamics” silviculture,” these systems are grounded
in the science of disturbance ecology, biological legacies, and stand development. In this paper we
will argue there is an opportunity to share information across regions and learn from our collective
experiences. The talk will provide a global perspective on old-growth silviculture with direct application
to European beech systems. Systems developed abroad but transferrable to Europe include variable
retention harvesting, expanding gap with legacy structure, irregular shelterwood method, and Structural
Complexity Enhancement (SCE). These will be compared against “close-to-nature” silviculture developed
in Europe. The talk will draw heavily on research conducted in Vermont, USA, where SCE has been
tested in a long-term experimental study. This has investigated effects on rates of late-successional
forest structural development, including vertically differentiated canopies, horizontal heterogeneity,
large tree recruitment, and coarse woody debris. SCE has proven effective for carbon management and
for enhancing populations of late-successional species, including herpetofauna, herbaceous plants,
and fungi. Our recent simulation modeling using data from beech forests in western Ukraine indicates
similar potential for systems employed there. This body of research suggests significant promise for
restoration of old-growth beech forests and ecological co-benefits, such as carbon and biodiversity,
though global change poses considerable risks and uncertainties.
Keywords: Old-growth forest restoration, structural complexity enhancement, close to nature silviculture,
carbon, biodiversity
8
Opening Session
Paper-ID: 237
European beech forest regions and the potential for a complete serial
transnational nomination to the World Heritage List
Knapp, Hans Dieter; Mund, Jan-Peter; Sauermann, Julia; Waldherr, Marcus; Ibisch, Pierre
The World Heritage Committee approved the extension of the “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians,
Slovakia and Ukraine” to include the “Ancient Beech Forests of Germany” at the 35th session in June
2011 in Paris. It recommended continuing the process together with other interested countries and
working towards a finite serial transnational nomination of European beech forests.European Beech
(Fagus sylvatica) occurs as a more or less dominant tree at very diverse sites, at poor and acid as
well as at rich and basic soils, on sand dunes and loam as well as on slate rocks or limestone. Apart
from moisture there are hardly any edaphic limitations. Beech forests would dominate the primary
‘wilderness’ in Central Europe. As wide-spread mature ecosystem they are a special phenomenon on
the continent of Europe and shape diverse landscapes from the sea shore up to the upper timber line in
the principal European mountains.For interpretation and understanding of the vast distribution range of
beech forests in Europe, as well for the definition of the geographical scope of a “complete nomination”,
an eco-geographical regionalization is suggested. It is based on the map of natural vegetation of Europe
and on the distribution map of Fagus sylvatica, taking into account the plant-geographical division
and the terrestrial eco-regions of Europe. Eleven “Beech Forest Regions” are distinguished: Pyrenaic,
Central Mediterranean, Illyric, Moesian-Balcanic, Subatlantic-Hercynic, Alpic, Pannonic, Carpathian,
Atlantic, Baltic, Polonic-Podolic-Moldavan, and Euxinic (with F. orientalis).The scope for a finite and
complete serial transnational nomination is limited by the few remnants of primeval/ancient beech
forests, but it should involve the best remaining examples of all bio-geographical beech forest regions.
9
Opening Session
Paper-ID: 127
Population Dynamics in Highly Fragmented Landscapes
Ovaskainen, Otso
University of Helsinki, Finland
Habitat loss is globally one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. However, it is often difficult to assess
which component of habitat loss eventually drives populations to extinction – loss of habitat area, quality,
connectivity or continuity – and at which spatial and temporal scales. I review theoretical and empirical
studies examining how species communities respond to habitat loss and fragmentation. In particular, I
ask how the underlying processes, such as individual movements, demographic and genetic viability of
local populations, as well as species interactions, are modified by landscape structure. Key concepts
to be discussed include the extinction threshold (critical level of habitat loss and fragmentation below
which a species is expected to go to extinct) and the extinction debt (the number of species that are
currently below their extinction threshold but have not gone extinct yet). Finally, I present the research
plan of an international (Finland-Norway-Ukraine) project which addresses the influence of landscape
fragmentation to fungal biodiversity in Ukrainian Carpathians.
Keywords: habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, extinction threshold, extinction debt, population viability
10
Primeval beech forests: Biodiversity sanctuaries or refuges
1 Primeval beech forests:
Biodiversity sanctuaries or refuges
11
Symposia 1
Paper-ID: 149
Oral presentations
Fungicolous fungi of Primeval Beech and Spruce Forests of Ukrainian
Carpathians and Perspectives of Their In-depth Study
Akulov, Olexander Yu
V.N. Karasin National University of Kharkiv, Ukraine
Fungicolous fungi is a large ecological group of fungi that inhabit other fungi (Gams et al. 2004). The
term “fungicolous” covers all forms of relationships between partner’s fungi: neutralism, saprotrophy,
commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism in various forms (Jeffries, Young 1994; Dighton et al. 2005).
According to the degree of specialization these fungi can be divided into fungicolous in a narrow sense
(that can to develop solely on other fungi), facultative fungicolous fungi (prefer fungi, but can colonize
other substrates), as well as polyphagous fungi (that may occur on different substrates, including fungi)
(Arnold, 1971).Because of the unique biological characteristics and extraordinary taxonomic diversity,
fungicolous fungi remain insufficiently studied in comparison with other ecological groups. According to
Gams et al. (2004), at present, in total about 900 species of specialized fungicolous fungi are described,
among which 643 are sporocarp-inhabiting (colonize fruit bodies of macromycetes). However, there is
no doubt that their real species richness is much higher.During our expeditions to primeval beech and
spruce forests of Ukrainian Carpathians (Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Natural Reserve “Gorgany”,
National Nature Park “Synevir”, 2010–2012) more than a hundred species of sporocarp-inhabiting
fungicolous fungi were identified. Among them there is a number of species rare at the European scale.
The presence of unique records together with high rates of fungicolous fungi species richness and
abundance in the studied forests, in comparison with other regions of Ukraine, makes them a “hot
spot” of fungal diversity. We believe that this group of fungi in primeval beech and spruce forests of
Ukrainian Carpathians is a very promising object for deep mycofloristic and environmental research.
Keywords: Fungicolous fungi, Biodiversity, Carpathians, Ukraine
12
Paper-ID: 161
Effect of canopy gaps on species assemblages of saproxylic beetles in the
Uholka Primeval Forest, Ukraine
Chumak, Maksym2; Lachat, Thibault1
1
2
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland
Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, L’viv, Ukraine
Forest gaps with large amounts of dead wood are lacking in managed forests, whereas they are one of
the major structural elements in primary forests. They are heavily influenced by natural dynamics and
provide habitat for the species communities especially of saproxylic species. In the Primeval Beech
Forest of Uholka, we studied the effect of canopy gaps on saproxylic insect communities and tried to find
out which parameters influence most this species group. Insects were sampled with flight interception
and barber traps during the vegetation season from May to October in 2011 and 2012. In every canopy
gap, a triplet of traps was installed in the center, at the edge and in the adjacent closed forest. Various
ecological variables were also measured on the sampling sites such as deadwood, canopy openness,
temperature, microhabitats, as well as tree regeneration. These ecological variables will serve to
analyze insect data and to understand which parameters influence their abundance, diversity and
community composition. As insect activity increases with sun exposure and temperature, we expect a
higher species diversity and abundance in the canopy gaps than in closed forest. Furthermore, we will
also determine some indicator species for canopy gaps, as we expect that some species are restricted
to one single habitat.In the frame of this conference, we present preliminary results of our study. These
results could be of interest for forest managers willing to improve the habitat conditions for saproxylic
species, as tree felling might mimic the effect of natural canopy gaps if some dead wood is retained in
the forest after logging. Further analyses of our data and studies in managed forest will be necessary
to establish conservation standards.
Keywords: Saproxylic beetles, canopy gaps, biodiversity conservation, primeval beech forest
13
Primeval beech forests: Biodiversity sanctuaries or refuges Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Paper-ID: 143
Environmental and Forest-Stand Variables Determining Epiphytic Lichen
Diversity in a Primeval Beech Forest of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
Dymytrova, Lyudmyla; Nadyeina, Olga; Hobi, Martina; Scheidegger, Christoph
1
2
M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany NASU, Ukraine
The Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhanskyi Massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (ca 10 000 ha) is the
largest primeval beech forest of Europe which is UNESCO’S World Heritage. The aim of this research
was to assess the diversity of epiphytic lichens in this massif and to study the relationship between
environmental variables and lichen richness in primeval beech forests. A total of 294 systematically
arranged forest inventory plots were studied and 203 epiphytic lichens were recorded. Among them 13
species are included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and 80 species belong to indicators of woodland
key habitats. Buellia chloroleuca, Lecanora strobilina, Ramonia luteola, Rinodina capensis, Thelopsis
flaveola, Usnea wasmuthii and Wadeana dendrographa are new to Ukraine. The lichen species diversity
at plot level in this primeval beech forest was mainly affected by climatic and topographic factors
whereas forest-stand variables (developmental stage of forest stand, canopy closure and mean DBH)
were less important. The most important factor determining lichen species richness was altitude.
Canopy closure reflecting different interdependent variables (solar radiation, humidity and forest age)
has a strong influence on lichen species pattern. The amount of lying deadwood at studied plots does
not significantly affect the lichen species richness in beech forest. Lichen species composition only
slightly depended on the developmental stage of forest stands because at each plot trees of different
age were mixed, which caused a high diversity of lichens with a wide range of ecological amplitudes.
The high richness of rare and threatened in Europe lichens recorded in the Uholsko-Shyrokoluhanskyi
primeval forest underlines a high value of this area for the conservation of epiphytic lichens. Further
studies are needed to analyse the influence of forest-stand variables at tree level on lichen species
richness in an area where the effects of altitudinal gradients are less dominant.
Keywords: lichen diversity, virgin beech forest, environmental factors, Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhanskyi Massif
14
Paper-ID: 154
Evaluation of biodiversity on dead wood in primeval beech forests in Europe:
Wood-inhabiting fungi
Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob1; Christensen, Morten9; Bässler, Claus2; Walleyn, Ruben10; Adamcík, Slavomír3;
Ódor, Peter4; Aude, Erik5; van Dort, Klaas6; Fritz, Örjan7; Frederiksen, Rasmus Fuglsang8
1
Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Nationalpark Bavarian Forest, Germany
3
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Slovakia
4
MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungary
5
HabitatVision, Denmark
6
Forestfun, the Netherlands
7
Naturcentrum, Sweden
8
Mariagerfjord kommune, Denmark
9
Grontmij, Denmark
10
Institute for Forestry and Game Management, Belgium
2
Fungi are the principal agents of wood decay in European beech forests, and many fungal species are
fully dependent on dead wood. The scarcity of dead wood in managed forests has hence resulted in a
strong decline for wood-inhabiting fungi, and many species are now very rare or local, and dependent
on old growth forest reserves for survival. In order to investigate the importance of climate and long
term landscape history for wood inhabiting fungi on beech, we are currently exploring natural reference
sites across Europe. So far forest reserves in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the
Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden have been explored by our group, and communities
of wood-inhabiting macrofungi have been investigated using standard sampling protocols.Our preliminary
results show that fungal communities on beech are structured by a common successional gradient
related to wood decay stage across Europe. Thus, a relatively limited set of species are dominating
fungal communities on beech logs at the continental scale, and each of these species have fairly similar
appearance patterns in the decay succession across Europe. However, distinct geographical differences
in community composition are also evident, and seem to relate to both climate and landscape history.
Reserves in the Carpathians appear to be hotspots for rare specialists reflecting the relatively high
naturalness of beech forests in this region. Beech forest reserves of southern Europe (Spain and Italy)
appear to support some interesting species absent from other regions, while reserves in NW Europe
are generally showing impoverished fungal communities, probably reflecting dead wood continuity gaps
in the past.
Keywords: biodiversity, biogeography, dead wood, fungi, landscape history
15
Paper-ID: 142
Lobaria pulmonaria has a Complex Genetic Structure in a Primeval Beech
Forest Landscape of the Carpathians (Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh, Ukraine)
Nadyeina, Olga Volodymyrivna1,2; Dymyrtova, Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna1,2; Naumovych, Hanna Olexiivna3;
Postoialkin, Sergiy Viktorovych3; Scheidegger, Christoph2
1
2
3
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine
Kherson State University, Ukraine
Lobaria pulmonaria is a widespread, but regionally threatened epiphytic lichen species with special
habitat requirements to old-growth and primeval forests. The species is suffering a strong decline in
managed forest landscapes in Europe and North America. Our study aimed an investigating population
genetics of L. pulmonaria in one of European largest primeval beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest. We visited
314 systematically arranged plots on 10 282 ha and found L. pulmonaria on 29 plots only (9%).
Trees with L. pulmonaria were found in floodplains along the small streams (350–900 m alt.) and in
relatively open forest sites on the mountain ridges close to the timberline (900–1350 m alt.). Large
tree diameters at the plot level explained the occurrence of L. pulmonaria in the study area. For the
genetic analyses we included a total of 1522 thalli fragments of L. pulmonaria sampled from 484 trees,
which were collected within and outside of the forest inventory plots. Lobaria pulmonaria samples were
genetically investigated with symbiont-specific microsatellite markers for the fungal and algal partner
of the lichen. We found higher level of genotype diversity at the tree level and at short distances in
the whole forest massif compared to managed forests in other parts of Europe. Genetic population
structure revealed two distinct genepools for both symbionts, respectively. One fungal genepool was
confined to mountain ridges and the second cluster was concentrated along floodplain forests where
it spanned a long altitudinal gradient from the bottom of the valleys up to the headwaters close to
a timberline. We found a significant association between fungal and algal genepools. This indicates
ecological differentiation of the two respective genepools of L. pulmonaria. Our studies found a genetic
signature of primeval beech forest landscapes, which is not maintained in managed forests.
Keywords: epiphytic lichen, genetic pattern, Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh
16
Paper-ID: 140
Evaluation of biodiversity on dead wood in primeval beech forests in Europe:
Bryophytes
Ódor, Péter1; Aude, Erik2; van Dort, Klaas W.3; Fritz, Örjan4; Frederiksen, Rasmus F.5; Heilmann-Clausen,
Jacob6; Christensen, Morten7; Walleyn, Ruben†; Bässler, Claus8; Adamcik, Slavomir9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungary
HabitatVision, Denmark
Forestfun Ecologisch Adviesbureau, the Netherlands
Naturvardsbiolog pa Naturcentrum AB, Sweden
Mariagerfjord Kommune, Denmark
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Grontmij, Denmark
Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany
Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Composition and diversity of bryophytes occurring on dead wood and trunks of living trees were
evaluated in European beech forests. Some of the best beech forest reserves were visited across
Europe including the following countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands. In total, more than 2000 logs have been investigated in
54 reserves. Compositional and diversity pattern, representation of specialist epixylic and epiphytic
species and species of conservation concern were explored.The studied forest reserves were different
according to climate, forest history and substrate availability (dead wood conditions, tree species
composition). At the European scale the species composition of the main biogeographical regions
considerably differs. These biogeographical differences were very pronounced for epiphytic species.
Specialist epixylic species showed the highest diversity in the mountain beech-fir forests of Central
Europe (Carpathians and Alps) and the Dinaric Mountains. This regions are biodiversity hot-spots for
epixylic bryophytes. Occurrence of these species is limited by broken forest and dead wood continuity
in the Atlantic region and by climatic factors (mainly hot summers) in some mediterranean (e.g. Italy,
Bulgaria) and continental (e.g. Hungary) regions. Comparing similar patterns of saproxylic fungi, for
bryophytes large scale biogeographical patterns were more pronounced and local dead wood conditions
were less determinant.Although the evaluation was extensive and there were some geographical gaps
in this study, it is the first attempt for the exploration of the main gradients of this organism groups in
the range of European beech forests.
Keywords: bryophytes, dead wood, biodiversity, biogeography
17
Paper-ID: 144
Wood-inhabiting Fungi of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine):
Current Knowledge and Research Perspectives
Ordynets, Oleksandr1; Nadyeina, Olga2,3
1
Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv,
Ukraine
2
Department of Lichenology and Bryology, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kyiv, Ukraine
3
Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and
Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland
Wood-inhabiting fungi from Basidiomycota division are the most effective wood-decomposers and
thereby very important for the forest ecosystems dynamics. These fungi are now in the focus of the
management impact on forest ecosystems studies, searching indicator species of forest naturalness,
and nature conservation activity (Nordén et al. 2007; Stockland, Larsson 2011). However, so far,
only few researches were applied to the fungal communities of the largest in Europe primeval beech
forest of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (Küffer et al. 2004; Tsykun et al. 2010).To relieve the wood-inhabiting
fungi diversity in a primeval beech forest landscape, we collected fungal specimens on 43 plots of
Shyrokyi Luh in August 2010. The plots (circular, 500 m2 each) are part from those established for the
comprehensive Swiss-Ukrainian forest inventory (Commarmot et al. 2013).Total number of species
recorded within the plots is 58. The minimal and maximal numbers of species per plot are 2 and
15 (mean 7.0). The fungal species richness on plot was of medium dependence from environmental
predictors, fixed on the plots, in a whole (GLM, R2 = 0.48, p = 0.03), and was affected by the longitude,
altitude and exposition of the slope, but not by other topographic and forest-stand parameters.
Moreover, two species known as indicators of the high nature value of the Europaean beech forests
(Christensen et al. 2004) were revealed: Ceriporiopsis gilvescens and Dentipellis fragilis. The third
indicator species, Climacodon septentrionalis, was observed outside the plots, as well as other 13
species, including rare for Europe (Perenniporia narymica, Sparassis brevipes, Trametopsis cervina),
and recently reassessed taxa like Frantisekia mentschulensis (originally described as new to science
from Ukrainian Carpathians).Preliminary results show necessity of further extensive surveys of woodinhabiting fungi, which, in addition to comprehensive forest structure pattern, provide an important
reference data on forest biodiversity in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval beech forest.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Basidiomycota, indicators, rare species, deadwood
18
Paper-ID: 147
Impacts of the primeval tree stands on the structural characteristics of the
ground invertebrates in the eastern Carpathian mountains (Ukraine)
Slobodian, Olena
Gorgany Nature Reserve, Ukraine
Primeval forest are dynamic ecosystems but without anthropogenic disturbance. They emerged
and developed naturally under the influences of natural elements and processes, and are generally
characterized by high species diversity and spatial structure (Cherniavskyy 1997). As a consequence,
their invertebrates mesofauna is: – an essential component facilitating forest ecosystem services, –
involved in the processes of soil formation and degradation of organic, substances. e.g. litter, – an
important element of biodiversity. In our study we evaluated effects of primeval tree stand characteristics
on the diversity and composition of invertebrate communities in the Gorgany Nature Reserve. Data were
collected on the permanent plots using ground traps. Differences among the plots were characterized by
altitude and type of the tree stand. The collected data were compared between study areas and showed
that invertebrate communities were influenced, mainly by the forest types. Furthermore, in sprucefir-beech primeval forests at an altitude of 1010 m asl we found a high diversity of species from the
families Staphylinidae, Silphidae, Carabidae, Geotrupidae, Cholevidae and Curculionidae (the assessed
from 1028 individuals). Species diversity and abundance of invertebrates in spruce-fir virgin forest at
an altitude of 1045 m asl was lower and included 744 individuals. A spruce-Swiss pine virgin forest,
which was located at an altitude of 1150 m asl was characterized by a low species diversity and only
260 individuals were detected. The highest diversity was found in the families Carabidae, Silphidae
and order Diptera. A comparison of the permanent sample plots revealed that the overall frequency of
Carabidae was highest in the spruce-fir-beech primeval forests. We found significant relation between
forest type and diversity of ground invertebrates.
Keywords: structural characteristics, ground invertebrates, Gorgany Nature Reserve
19
Paper-ID: 166
Monitoring of Soil Microbial Coenosis in Primeval Beech Forests
Symochko, Lyudmila Yuryevna
Uzhgorod National University, Ukraine
Soil microorganisms are very sensitive reagents on influence of external factors, therefore they can
be used for monitoring researches. Studies of soil microbiota were conducted in virgin beech forests
of Shyrokoluzhansky massif of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. The purpose of the research was to
determine the number of different ecological-trophic groups of soil microorganisms, biological activity
and phytotoxicity of soil, intensity of microbiological processes by index of pedotrophity and oligotrophity.
It was found the proportion and the number of different ecological-trophic groups of soil microorganisms
changes with altitude. So the number of ammonificators with increasing of altitude above sea level was
reduced. The soil at altitude of 1100 meters above sea level was characterized by minimum content of
organotrophes – 1,22 mln. (CFU-colony forming units/1 g.a.d.s). At altitude of 500 meters content of
ammonificators increased six times and was 7,07 mln. CFU/1g.a.d.s., which indicates to accumulation
of the soil organic matter. Similar changes occurred with the number of bacteria which are using
mineral forms of nitrogen for their nutrition. Their maximum quantity (4,32 mln. CFU/1g.a.d.s ) was in
the soil of biotope disposed at altitude of 500 meters above sea level. Fluctuations in the number of
soil micromycetes of virgin forest ecosystems have not been as significant as the bacterial microbiota
(within 17000–28000 CFU/1g.a.d.s.). On altitude of 500–800 meters biodiversity of micromycetes
was higher in comparison with other control points of sampling. Virgin forests are unique ecosystems,
which can be used as etalon for basic monitoring. Functional diversity of soil microbial communities
determines conditions of growth and development of flora and fauna. Being the important component
of ecosystem, microbial coenosis of soil is involved in the regulation of homeostasis. Investigation and
preservation of diversity of native soil microorganisms is very important aspect, which unfortunately is
not given due attention.
Keywords: Microorganisms, soil, biodiversity, beech, monitoring.
20
Paper-ID: 185
Diversity and Ecology of Armillaria Species in Primeval Forests of the
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
Tsykun, Tetyana1,2; Rigling, Daniel1; Prospero, Simone1
1
2
The basidiomycete genus Armillaria is an important component of forest ecosystems worldwide. All
species of this genus can behave as saprotrophs and some of them also as primary or secondary
pathogens. In this study we investigated the occurrence and ecology of Armillaria species in the UholskoShyrokoluzhanskyi (beech forests, 10 383 ha) and Chornohirskiy (mixed /conifer forests, 4127 ha)
protected forest massifs. Armillaria rhizomorphs were systematically sampled from the soil and from the
root collar of trees on 79 plots of a 1.5 x 1.5 km grid. In both forest massifs, rhizomorphs were present
in the majority of the samples. Their abundance significantly decreased with increasing altitude of the
plots. Most rhizomorphs in the soil were found within a pH range of 4.0–5.0. In contrast, soil acidity
had no significant influence on the frequency of epiphytic rhizomorphs. Species identification based
on DNA analyses showed that all five European annulated Armillaria species occur in the investigated
forests, with the preferentially saprotrophic A. cepistipes and A. gallica being the most frequent. This
particular species composition and the absence of a significant pathogenic activity suggest that in
the investigated forests Armillaria species behave as saprotrophs and essentially contribute to wood
decomposition. Armillaria borealis and A. mellea were found only once and probably they play a marginal
ecological role in this particular ecosystem. Armillaria ostoyae is known as frequent and aggressive
pathogen in managed conifer stands in Europe. In our study area this species was rare and restricted
to beech forests with no visible tree mortality. On the other hand, A. ostoyae was not detected in
undisturbed conifer and beech-fir stands. Based on our results, we suggest that forest management
might increase the incidence of the pathogenic A. ostoyae, which seems to be rare in virgin forests.
Keywords: Rhizomorphs, Wood-decaying fungi, pathogens, Natural forests, The Carpathian Biosphere
Reserve
21
2 Structure, composition and dynamics of
primeval forests
23
Structure, composition and dynamics of primeval forests Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Symposia 2A
Paper-ID: 125
Oral presentations
Patch Dynamics of Lowland Beech Forests in a gradient of Management
intensity
Begehold, Heike; Winter, Susanne
State agency of environment, health and consumer protection, Brandenburg
We investigated forest development phases (fdp) in 19 lowland beech forest study sites (14–43 ha)
out of which nine have already been mapped in 2002. Fdp divides the forest life cycle in phases which
are, like shown in a forerunner research project, connected with different biodiversity thus fdp patch
formation and dynamic is substantial for maintaining forests’ biodiversity. In each study site, fdp patches
with a minimal size of 196 m2 were recorded according to a dichotomic decision tree for forest life cycle
assessments in forest reserves. It considers parameters like tree dimension, canopy and regeneration
cover and deadwood amount. We analysed the proportion of fdp per site as well as fdp-patches size,
distances between “old” phases and (for the nine repeated recordings) the development of individual
fdp-patches over the last decade in order to point out differences between management intensities
and -types.Due to an implementation of guidelines for conservation-sound management into some
state forestry guidelines, the management vary between the study sites. In conventionally managed
forests the fdp patch distribution does not significantly differ from those of 2002: the medium optimal
phase predominates the stands, “old” phases remain almost absent, and the number of different
fdp and of fdp-patches per hectare is the lowest compared to conservation-sound managed, recently
unmanaged and reference sites unmanaged for more than 120 years. Stands under a conservationsound management show an increase of “later” phases in the forest life cycle and a more balanced
distribution across almost all fdp (but terminal phase is still absent). Mosaic textures of different fdp
are much more complex, fine-grained and complete in stands that have been out of management for
more than 120 years.In conclusion, we found that a conservation-sound management has a significant
impact on diversity and presence of fdp – enabling them to develop into a more near-natural patch
distribution, even after 10 years – resulting in broader stand structure diversity, stretching out for its
connected biodiversity.
Keywords: forest development phases, patch dynamic, management intensity, biodiversity
24
Paper-ID: 233
Old-growth Characteristics of the Beech Forest Reserves in Serbia
Bjelanović, Ivan; Krstić, Milun
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
The paper presents analysis of ecological and stand characteristics of beech forest reserves in Serbia.
Old-growth beech forests mostly are protected as nature reserves and have developed for a long period
of time without relevant human impact or stand replacing or major natural disturbances. According to
analysis of state of the protected natural areas, we identified 43 reserves with beech, in the form of
pure or mixed forests, with a surface of about 3800 ha. There are 15 reserves in pure beech forests
with a surface of about 300 ha. The research was based on the data of site conditions and stand
structure from permanent research plots followed by standard dendrometric and statistical processing.
The research was conducted in pure beech old-growth forests, as well as in mixed beech with conifers
or broadleaves. The structural characteristics typical of the old-growth forests (high living and CWD
biomass, large and old trees, diameter distribution, multi layered structure) and the disturbance regime
were analyzed. The results are confirmed that pure beech forest reserves, thanks to their ecological
and conservational values and high productivity, are the most valuable part of the growing stock in
Serbia.
Keywords: beech, old-growth forests, forest reserves, structural characteristics
25
Paper-ID: 201
European’s Largest Natural Beech Forest Reserve; Lessons on Stands Structure
and Development
Bouriaud, Olivier; Turcu, Daniel-Ond; Tomescu, Romica; Biris, Iovu-Adrian; Ponette, Quentin
1
2
Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS) Bucharest, Romania, Romania
Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (Eli-e),
Forest Sciences
Natural forests are fascinating but very rare. Their presence is the testimony of their ability to go through
time and withstand changes in environmental conditions (this is also a typical charactersitic of cultural
forests! that withstand periodic changes). There are many lessons to learn from these forests in order
to improve our knowledge and find the most suitable ways to a nature-based forestry. Romania has the
largest natural beech forest in Europe, with more than 5000 ha, in Nera Springs Nature Reserve (SouthWestern Romania), which spans over a 700 m elevation range. A network of twelve inventory plots was
set up in the reserve to describe the forest attributes and spatio-temporal (?) variation in structure
according to an elevation gradient. Competition, locally extremely high, was studied by computing a
modified Schütz index. Inventories revealed a large variability of stand attributes, although consistently
multi-aged and mono-specific, both within plots and along the elevation gradient that altered the gapphase regeneration patterns. The two abstracts (201 and 208) submitted look very simillar. We woul
like to leave it up to you which abstract will be presented as an oral contribution. Of course, the oral
should include novel data and conclusions.
Keywords: European beech, natural forest, structure, competition
26
Paper-ID: 204
Causes and consequences of long-term beech progression in a mixed mountain
old-growth forest of Slovenia
Diaci, Jurij; Adamic, Tomaz; Rozman, Andrej; Rozenbergar, Dusan
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Slovenia
The competitive strength of silver fir and beech in mixed mountain forests has changed over different
spatial and temporal scales. In the last 60 years, synchronous beech expansion has been reported
from many mixed old-growth forests in South-East Europe. The aim of this study was to analyse tree
regeneration and canopy interactions in the virgin forest Pecka over the last half of the century (1963–
2007). In six consecutive inventories all trees in the reserve with d.b.h. > 10 cm were measured and
the regeneration was sampled. During the last inventory, the ground vegetation and light conditions
were also assessed.Throughout the observation period, the density of silver fir in the regeneration layer
and the overstory has been constantly decreasing. Very likely this was triggered by overbrowsing on
tree regeneration and by the decline of silver fir in the canopy due to air pollution. A gradual fir decline
favoured the development of a dense beech understory. Despite two successive wind throw events in
the 1980s and 2000s, no significant light improvement at the forest floor or increase in the density of
semi-shade tolerant species were recorded. In 2007 the average diffuse light level was 4.0% and the
regeneration density 19,954 ha-1; beech was dominant (94%), followed by silver fir (4%) and sycamore
maple (2%). The results suggest strong competitiveness of beech, which may significantly inhibit
the recruitment of competitors in the long-term, particularly if they are hampered by anthropogenic
influences. Thus, future successional pathways may be drastically different than historical trajectories.
Keywords: regeneration dynamics, silver fir decline, light regime, ground vegetation, forest composition
27
Paper-ID: 151
Structure and Species Mixture of Old-Growth Forest Janj in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Keren, Srdjan1; Motta, Renzo2; Govedar, Zoran1; Diaci, Jurij3
1
Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Stepe Stepanovica 75a, 78000 Banja Luka,
Republic of Srpska, Bosnia-Herzegovina
2
Department of Agroselviter, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
3
Department of Forestry, University of Ljubljana, 83 Vecna pot, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
In the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) there are three wide-known old-growth forests:
Perucica, Lom, and Janj. While Perucica and Lom were given certain scientific attention, the research
of Janj was rather scarce. In this study we investigated structure, composition and regeneration of
old-growth forest Janj which is mainly composed of Fagus sylvatica (L.), Abies alba (Mill.) and Picea
abies (L.H. Karst). Regular 100 m grid with 40 sampling points in the core area of virgin forest Janj
was superimposed. The measurements regarding dbh, tree heights, regeneration and coarse woody
debris (CWD) were carried out. Average number of trees was determined to be 517 per hectare and the
share of beech in this parameter was 63.4%, while its share in basal area was only 17.7%. Average
basal area was 66.7 m2/ha. Acer pseudoplatanus (L.), although completely kept away from canopy
stratum by other species competition, was rather frequent in understorey along with mentioned shadetolerant species. When examining neighborhood effects we divided old-growth forest into three strata:
understorey, middlestorey and upperstorey, in order to get better insight into replacement patterns of
tree species. Fagus sylvatica (L.) was found to be inferior in middle- and upper storey, however, proved
to be dominant species in understorey on almost all sampling plots that were set across old-growth
forest Janj. This species has had similar biosocial position in last five decades, although basal area of
Janj has even slightly increased during this period.
Keywords: old-growth forest, species mixture, structure, neighborhood effects
28
Paper-ID: 111
Does time since last disturbances affect forest structure, microhabitat
occurrence and lichen status? A case study in beech forests of Mediterranean
mountains
Lombardi, Fabio1; Chirici, Gherardo1; Tognetti, Roberto1; Winter, Susanne2; Ravera, Sonia1; Corona,
Piermaria3; Lasserre, Bruno1; Marchetti, Marco1
1
2
3
Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio (DiBT), Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte
Lappone, I-86090 Pesche, Italy.
Technische Universität Dresden, Institute for General Ecology and Environment Protection, Pienner
Street 8, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany.
Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università
della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
The time since the last harvest and the stand age were used as criteria to assess the effect of
anthropogenic disturbance on the structural diversity of beech forest stands in five old-growth forests
in the Mediterranean mountains. The studied forests are located on the Apennines, in Central Italy. In
each stand, the living structure, deadwood and the type and frequency of microhabitats were inventoried
in 5 plots of 1 ha. The presence and the preservation status of conservation of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.)
Hoffm. were also evaluated. Its occurrence was checked on all trees, assigning the scale of abundance.
The structural features observed in the study sites were the J-shaped size-class distribution of stem
diameters, a pattern usually observed in natural forest stands without large scale disturbances, the
occurrence of small-scale gaps and the large basal area values. Living tree and deadwood volumes
were related to the time since the last harvest, ranging from 363 to 702 m3 per ha and from 17 to
143 m3 per ha, respectively. The living tree volume and time since the last harvest emerged as the
most important factors influencing the stand complexity and the accumulation of deadwood. Lying
deadwood was the most abundant component, due to natural mortality occurring in these stands in the
last decades. On average, lying deadwood represented 58% of the total deadwood. The number and
variability of microhabitats were highest in stands that had not been managed for centuries and lowest
in those that had developed without anthropogenic disturbance for only a few decades. The occurrence
of L. pulmonaria was related to the structural characteristics of the stands, in particular those directly
affecting the light availability. We conclude that the conservation value and age of the investigated
beech forests were strictly related to the time since the last large disturbance. Keywords: Unmanaged Mediterranean beech forests, Apennines, forest structure, deadwood, micro
habitat, lichen
29
Paper-ID: 153
Natural Regeneration of Primeval Beech Forests is a Model for Regulatory
Measures in the Forest Ecosystems for Different Purposes in the Ukrainian
Carpathians
Parpan, Vasyl
Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, Ukraine
A carefully elaborated and long research of primeval beech forest is the basis for the identification of
age and structure of its various stages of development. The size of gaps (patches) formed by falling
trees of different ages determines the number and species composition of its natural regeneration.
Based on the research in natural beech forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians a generalized model of an
asynchronous dynamic mosaic of forest patches in decomposition, natural regeneration, restoration,
and old-age is proposed. The results of our research and review studies are the theoretical basis for
planning group-selective cutting in beech forests for different purposes.
Keywords: Natural regeneration, primeval beech forests, regulatory measures
30
Paper-ID: 207
Stand Structure and Complexity of Beech Dominated Forests in Transcarpathia
(Ukraine)
Rehush, Nataliia; Korol, Mykola; Chaskovskyy, Oleh; Kaganyak, Yulian
Forests dominated by Fagus sylvatica L. are one of the most prevalent in the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Till this date, large parts of them are considered to be natural forests without human interference.
The goal of this present study is to analyze and to compare the structural variability between beech
stands with different ranges of anthropogenic impact. To achieve this, three areas were selected to
collect data from: natural forests, old-growth forests, and forests under traditional management. These
are representative types of forest management systems. From this areas twelve plots (0.3–1.1 ha
each) dominated by beech trees were selected, which were situated 500 to 1100 m a.s.l. The position
of all trees, alive or dead, with a DBH ≥ 6 cm were recorded. Further, their DBH, layer, and health
conditions were measured. Also the degree of decomposition was measured for standing and lying
deadwood. Different spatial indices (Cox, Clark-Evans, Gadow Winkelmass-distributions) were used to
analyze and compare the horizontal structure of the forests. Even though individual structural features
may be similar, the dynamics in the natural forests show a clear trend toward a broadening of the
diameter distribution, and an increase in basal area and standing dead wood. Forests under traditional
management appear to be more evenly-structured with a lower stand complexity. Vertical structure was
also more complex in the natural forest. Trees in the managed forests tend to be randomly distributed,
while in the natural and old-growth they seem to be more clumped together. A high amount of standing
and lying dead wood in the natural forest is an indicator for a rich biodiversity and complexity. Our
results provide additional information on the whole complex of structural variability of the forests and
its application for a sustainable management of beech forest ecosystems.
Keywords: old-growth forests, managed forests, natural forests, Fagus sylvatica, stand structure
31
Paper-ID: 226
Dynamics of Beech and Beech-Fir-Spruce Forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians
Sukhariuk, Dmyro Dmytrovych1; Chernyavsky, Mykola Vasyliovych2; Henyk, Yaroslav1; Uzhyk, Halyna1;
Kabal, Myroslav1
1
2
Ukrainian National Forestry University
The cyclical dynamics of virgin beech forests were studied based on long-term observations on 7
stem mapped sample plots 0.7–1.0 ha in area, situated in the Uholka massif. Measurements were
carried out in 1998, 2007 and 2012, on one plot also in 1968 and 1975. The studies showed that
in the virgin forest the age, height and diameter parameters of trees vary considerably.The age range
of trees with more than 6 cm DBH (diameter at 1.3 m height) covers 300 years, the height range 40
m and the DBH range more than 100 cm. On the 7 sample plots allocated to different development
phases (equilibrium, optimum, aging, decay, renewal, young forest and juvenile), the growing stock
varied from 127 to 696 m3/ha. Due to strong windfalls in 2007, the standing volume decreased and
beech regeneration increased until 2012 by 3–7 times. In 2012, the DBH and height distributions of
all plots together are characterized by curves close to a hyperbolic shape, with maximum frequencies
in the small sizes.The long-term dynamics (1977 to 2010) of the beech-fir-spruce virgin forest in the
optimum phase were studied on a monitoring plot of 1 ha size, situated the Chornohora massif. Within
the 33 years, the growing stock increased from 640 to 690 m3/ha, although the number of living trees
remained almost unchanged (466 trees/ha and 465 trees/ha, respectively). In general, a tendency
towards a decrease of Picea abies and increase of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba is observed. The
cyclical dynamics of beech and beech-fir-spruce primeval forests are similar with regard to phytomass
accumulation rates and decay. Both forest types have a complex stand structure, but they differ in the
regeneration intensity and the duration of developmental phases.
Keywords: primeval beech forest, cyclical dynamics, regeneration-decay,sample plots
32
Paper-ID: 196
Structural Complexity of the Uholka Virgin Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Forest
Across Time, Space and Scale
Zenner, Eric Klaus1; Commarmot, Brigitte2; Hobi, Martina2
1
2
Penn State University, United States of America
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland
The characterization of reference conditions for forest structural complexity entails quantifying
spatiotemporal dynamics in relevantly-sized forest patches, the identification of which requires
repeated spatially-explicit inventories over large areas in natural stands. To quantify patchiness across
time and scales, we quantified forest structure in a 10-ha uneven-aged stand in the virgin UholkaShyrokoluzhanskyi beech forest reserve that was stem-mapped (trees ≥ 6 cm dbh) and inventoried
in 2000 and 2010. To sample structure across scales, a successively smaller grid was placed over
the stand and estimates were calculated for 0.0625, 0.25, 1, 2.5, and 5 ha. At the 10-ha scale,
spatially explicit metrics indicated a regular spatial pattern (index of aggregation, R = 1.04), moderate
vertical tree size differentiation (diameter differentiation index, T = 0.45), moderate mingling of trees
in different canopy layers (index of mingling of IUFRO class 1, DM = 0.46), and high horizontal and
vertical small-scale complexity (structural complexity index, SCI = 7.26). Over the 10-year inventory
period, these spatially explicit metrics were very stable at the 10-ha scale, with changes of 0.09% for
DM, 0.20% for R, 0.60% for T, and 2.30% for the SCI. Similarly minor changes in average structure
and only moderate changes in individual grid cells were observed at scales down to 0.25 ha (generally
100%. We conclude that, in the absence of major disturbance, large scales (>1 ha) are necessary to
capture typical structural complexity, while small scales (< 0.25 ha) are essential for revealing smallscale structural dynamics over even short time frames, such that quantifying structure across scales
is required to explore spatiotemporal dynamics.
Keywords: forest structure, dynamics, scale, spatial metrics, structural complexity index
33
Structure, composition and dynamics of primeval forests Symposia 2B
Paper-ID: 232
Oral presentations
Determining sequential stages in the Managed and Unmanaged Fagetum
orientalis L. Forests in Iran
Fatemi Talab, Seid Reza1; Khademi, Amin2; Madanipour, Morteza3
1
2
3
Department of Forestry, Abadeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadeh, Iran.
Department of Green Space Engineering, Malayer Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malayer, Iran.
Department of Forestry, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran.
The rationale behind this study comes from the fact that studying natural stands’ conditions, distinguishing
different development stages, and following dynamic procedures of virgin forests help researchers
utilize an appropriate method to preserve productivity and constancy of forests. This study has been
conducted in the Fagetum orintalis community of northern forests of Iran, Ramsar. The dynamics and
structures of each of the areas under study of Ramsar can be described in time and space according
to the mosaic-cycle concept. A specific model of the forest cycle in Ramsar was developed, including
three sequential stages (initial, optimal and decay). In order to study and compare the edaphic factors
of the two areas, soil samples were picked out from the depth of 0–30 cm of the ground. The initial,
optimal, and decay stages were observed in both of these two areas. Most repetitions of plots of the
managed area were in the initial stage while those of the unmanaged area were in the decay stage. The
results of PCA analysis showed that in the unmanaged area, Mg, absorbable P, absorbable Ca, and pH
variables were the most important edaphic factors while clay, slit, absorbable P, OM, and pH variables
were the most important edaphic factors of the managed area.
Keywords: Initial, Optimal, Decay, Managed, Unmanaged.
34
Paper-ID: 241
Neighbourhood dynamics of gaps in an old-growth beech mountain forest in
Central Europe
Gratzer, Georg1; Brown, Patrick2; Splechtna, Bernhard1; Rudel, Brigitte3
1
2
3
BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Institute of Forest Ecology
University of Toronto, Division of Biostatistics
BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Institute of Surveying,
Remote Sensing and Land Information
Disturbances play a major role in structuring plant communities and in maintaining diversity and
productivity. Canopy openings created by natural disturbance are not random in space and time: canopy
trees at the edge of gaps have higher probabilities of transition to gaps than trees in closed canopies.
Such neighbourhood effects of canopy gaps may play an important role in forest dynamics by causing
“disturbance hot spots” with higher spatial and temporal persistence than expected from classical gap
dynamics theory. They unfold on a template of abiotic controls like topography and soil stability and
interact with disturbance effects biotic factors. These factors have rarely been quantified at stand scales
in space and over time, particularly not for Central European mountain beech dominated old-growth
forests. The objective of our study was thus to quantify the role of neighbourhood and site factors for
gap formation probability and characterise long-term canopy development and the disturbance regime
of and old growth beech mountain forest. The study was carried out in beech dominated forests of
the Rothwald old-growth forest in Austria. Aerial photographs taken in 1962, 1991 and 1996, covering
58 ha were analysed in a 5 m lattice. Ising models were used for characterising probabilities for the
states (gap vs. forest) of 5 m x 5 m pixels. An inclusion of aspect, altitude, topographic position and
topographic wetness revealed that the probability of gap states is almost exclusively determined by the
state of neighbouring pixels. Spatio-temporal analysis corroborated this result: the probability of pixels
being gaps in 1996 modelled as linear combinations of the states of pixels in 1991 and 1996 was
largely driven by gap formation of neighbours and by a gap state at the start of the period. The results
underline the importance of neighbourhood effects of gap dynamics at stand scales.
Keywords: Disturbance ecology, neighbourhood dynamics, gaps
35
Paper-ID: 128
Natural disturbances in the primeval beech forest of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh:
a canopy gap assessment based on WorldView-2 stereo satellite data
Hobi, Martina Lena1,2; Ginzler, Christian1; Commarmot, Brigitte1; Bugmann, Harald2
1
2
Forest Ecology, ETH Zurich
Analyses of forest structural patterns at high resolution have benefitted from advances in remote
sensing, especially with the recent launch of satellites providing data with sub-metric ground resolution.
Furthermore, remote sensing approaches are quite valuable to cover large areas. The objective of this
study was to map canopy gaps in the forest of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (Ukraine), the largest remnant of
primeval European beech forest, so as to characterise its natural disturbance regime. A stereo pair of
very high-resolution WorldView-2 satellite images was used to generate a digital surface model of the
forest canopy covering an area of around 10 000 ha. Hillshades of this canopy surface model were
used in combination with the spectral information of the imagery and manual measurements in a
3D software to map gaps in the canopy. This allowed for the generation of gap probability maps over
the entire study area. Information on forest structure based on dendro-ecological and inventory data
collected in summer 2010 were used to draw inferences on the disturbance regime. Image matching
during the generation of the canopy surface model was strongly influenced by the viewing angle of the
satellite and the topography of the area. The gap probability map supports the results of the inventory
data, indicating a small-scale disturbance regime that typically leads to canopy gaps ≤200 m2, formed
by the death of one to a few trees only, and rare stand-replacing events. The main characteristics of
this forest such as dominance by the highly shade-tolerant beech, the uneven-aged canopy structure,
the high abundance of old trees and the homogeneity of forest characteristics at larger scales suggest
that the structure of this forest is defined by fine-scale processes.
Keywords: image classification, forest structure, remote sensing, small-scale disturbance, Carpathian
Biosphere Reserve
36
Paper-ID: 145
Patch Mosaic of Developmental Stages in Beech Dominated Forests
Kral, Kamil; Vrska, Tomas; Adam, Dusan; Hort, Libor; Fuentes, Andrea
The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Czech Republic
The study describes the fine-scale patch mosaic in central European beech dominated natural forests
by the conceptual model of the forest cycle and compares characteristics of the mosaic on three
extensive study sites (75 ha, 46 ha, 21 ha) along the beech vegetation (altitudinal) gradient during
the last 40 years. Specifically the concept of developmental stages and phases (Korpel 1982, 1995;
Podlaski 2008) is applied. The developmental stages are classified by – GIS based method (Král et al.
2010), being recognized automatically from stem position maps by an artificial neural network. This
approach ensures that the same stand structures (observed through the presence of living and dead
trees of given DBH) will always be classified and mapped in the same way. Resulting mosaics are
subsequently analyzed by quantitative and qualitative patch and mosaic metrics in GIS environment
(Rempel et al. 2012). The mean patch size of the mosaic ranges in all study sites in relatively narrow
interval from about 600 to 700 m2, in spite of the high variability of mean patch sizes of different
developmental stages, which are in all study sites usually bigger for Growth stage and Steady State
and smaller for Optimum and Breakdown stage. Also the mean shape characteristics as Mean Shape
Index and Edge Density (McGarigal and Marks 1995) are at the mosaic level quite even in all studied
forest types. And again there are significant differences in particular developmental stages, where
Steady State and Growth stage usually show higher shape complexity than the stage of Optimum and
the Breakdown stage in particular. The latter sometimes act as small, scattered inclusions in a stand
matrix of the Steady State or the Growth stage. The proportion of the Steady State seems to increase
along the altitudinal vegetation gradient, most likely due to increasing proportion of conifers.
Keywords: patch mosaic, developmental stages, forest dynamics, mosaic metrics
37
Paper-ID: 155
From homogeneity to complex population structure: gap dynamics and tree
regeneration in two unmanaged acidic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in
northwestern Germany
Meyer, Peter1; Feldmann, Eike2
1
2
Northwestern German Research Station, Germany
Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology of then University of Göttingen
For management and conservation of beech forests it is important to understand how single cohort
beech stands can be transformed to a more diverse and patchy population structure. Strict forest
reserves (SFR) serve as study sites to investigate population dynamics without direct human impact,
thus showing whether even-aged beech forests evolve into multi-cohort forests autonomously. We
studied gap dynamics and tree regeneration in two even-aged acidic beech forests in Lower Saxony,
northwestern Germany, which have been set aside from forestry interventions since 1972 and tested
the following hypothesis: 1) Tree regeneration is mainly driven by gap formation independent from
litter and soil properties. 2) Therefore gap formation increases the patchiness of population structure.
3) The fraction of canopy gaps decreases after cessation of forestry interventionsWe conducted a
regeneration survey, took soil samples and measured availability of photosynthetic active radiation. Gap
dynamics were analyzed on the basis of repeated aerial photographs.General trends of gap dynamics
were similar for both SFR. Two periods with distinctly different trends are prominent: Between 1982
and 2004 the area under gaps decreased, while from 2004 to 2009 an increase of gap fraction and
mean size of gaps was observed. Soil parameters did not differ significantly in canopy gaps compared
to the closed stand. Beech dominated the regeneration layer. Number of saplings and aggregated
height of tree regeneration decreased from the inner gap zone towards the closed stand. We concluded
that in both SFR the future direction of canopy openness is insecure. As yet gap formation by storm
events has triggered tree regeneration in both observed SFR, thus increasing the spatial heterogeneity
of population structure. The hypothesis stating independence between regeneration success and soil
properties had to be rejected. Instead, the thickness of the organic soil layer appears to be crucial for
regeneration success.
Keywords: strict forest reserve, tree regeneration, canopy gap, population structure
38
Paper-ID: 202
Canopy gaps in an old-growth sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) – European
Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed forest
Petritan, Any Mary; Tudose, Nicu Constantin; Toiu, Florin Lucian; Petritan, Ion Catalin
1
2
Forest Research and Management Institute, Romania
Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
The old-growth sessile oak-beech forest remnant of the Runcu-Grosi Natural Reserve (western Romania)
provides a rare possibility to study the disturbance regimes, which occur in this type of mixed forest,
with minimal human influence. On a surface of 32.3 ha, which is the best preserved part of the Reserve,
all gaps were recorded. It was found a total of 321 canopy gaps. The canopy gaps and the expanded
gaps covered 12.8% and 28.5%, respectively of the research forest area. The frequency of canopy gap
size corresponded to the lognormal distribution, with most of the gaps (60%) lower than 100 m2, 34%
between 100 and 300 m2 and only 2% larger as 500 m2. The largest canopy gap and expanded gap has
1387.6 m2 and 2144 m2, respectively. The proportion of the canopy gaps < 100 m2 of the overall gap
area accounted 25%. Nevertheless the proportion of canopy gaps < 300 m2, which accounted 94% of
the gap number, made up 71% of the overall gap area, what suggest that the dynamics of this forest is
determined particularly by small and intermediate gaps.The most gaps (22%) are caused by the death
of two canopy trees. The number of gapmakers per gap varied of 1 to 18 and shown a median value
of 3. Furthermore, the most gaps seem to be created by more than one disturbance event, since in
72% of the gaps at least two decay classes of gapmakers have been found. The primary cause of gap
formation was the mortality of sessile oaks; the most of them were uprooted. In contrast, the most
of the beech gapmakers were snapped. While the principal gapmaker was sessile oak, the principal
gapfiller was almost everywhere the beech. The small-scale disturbance pattern wich dominate in Runcu
Grosi Reserve is consistent with the disturbance regime found in other European old growth forests,
and seems be more suitable to regenerate and recruit to the canopy layer for the shade tolerant beech,
but this accentuates already steady decline of oak in the mixed sessile oak-beech stands. Keywords: sessile oak-beech forest, disturbance regime, old growth forest, gap characteristics
39
Paper-ID: 193
Gap dynamics and structure of beech old-growth forests in the Balkan peninsula
Rugani, Tihomir; Hladnik, David; Diaci, Jurij
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department of forestry, Slovenia
Due to a long history of intensive forest exploitation, few European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) oldgrowth forests have been preserved in Europe. We studied canopy gap disturbances in seven oldgrowth forest reserves situated in Slovenia, Croatia and Romania. Altogether we sampled 250 canopy
gaps using line-intercept sampling. We surveyed gap size, extended gap size, gap-makers (mode of
mortality, size, tree species, and decay class) and gap edge tree characteristics (damage) as well as
regeneration of each tree species in three size classes. To gain a better understanding of disturbance
dynamics, we used aerial imagery to study the characteristics of canopy gaps over a 20-year period
in two Slovenian forest reserves. In these reserves we also examined forest structural characteristics
based on data from a systematic grid (100 x 100 m) of sample plots (700 m2 in size) and complete
inventory obtained from four previous forest management plans. Furthermore, we analyzed data from
permanent research plots (0.8 to 1.0 ha in size) in four Slovenian forest reserves where all live and
dead trees were measured. The gap fraction ranged from 3% to 35%. Most gaps were small (10)
trees died simultaneously. Gap-makers were predominately uprooted and wind-snapped (> 50%), while
standing dead trees were infrequent (20%). We conclude that these stands are unevenly structured
due to the fact that the disturbance regime is characterized by low intensity, small-scale disturbances.
Keywords: beech, canopy gap, aerial imagery, forest structure, disturbance
40
Symposia 2C
Paper-ID: 112
Oral presentations
Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of Moist Temperate
Old-growth Forests: a Global Review
Burrascano, Sabina1; Keeton, William Scott2; Sabatini, Francesco Maria1; Blasi, Carlo1
1
2
University of Vermont
Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors globally; these have
reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular. Despite many regional studies,
the literature lacks a global synthesis of temperate old-growth structural characteristics. In this study
we compare literature derived data on mature and old-growth moist temperate forests with the aim of:
i) exploring global commonalities; ii) investigating sources of variability among systems; iii) highlighting
data gaps and research needs. We compiled a dataset of 147 records from 93 papers, and analyzed
a set of structural indicators: basal area, stem density, large living trees, live aboveground biomass,
quadratic mean diameter, and coarse woody debris volume. These indicators were contrasted between
mature and old-growth age classes at a global level and across continents and broad forest types, testing
for significance through Monte-Carlo permutation procedure. We also related structural indicators to
age, climatic and geographical descriptors (precipitation, temperature, altitude and latitude). Our results
suggest that all structural indicators vary across systems in relation to geographical, compositional,
and climatic influences. However old-growth forests showed global commonalities in structure when
compared to mature forests: significantly higher densities of large living trees, higher quadratic mean
diameter, and higher amounts of live aboveground biomass and coarse woody debris. Furthermore
we found inconsistency in the structural variables reported by different papers; lack of studies on
temperate forests in Russia, and Western and Central Asia.Our review suggests that conservation of
the world’s remaining old-growth forests and management to restore old-growth are required to maintain
a range of important ecosystem services. The findings relative to the individual structural attributes we
investigated substantially enhance our understanding of old-growth structure and function, and will help
inform sustainable forest management and conservation approaches world-wide.
Keywords: literature search, forest dynamics, sustainable forest management, carbon sequestration,
biodiversity, late-successional forests
41
Paper-ID: 148
Carbon Stock and Net Primary Production in a Italian Network of Old-growth
Beech Forests
D’Andrea, Ettore1; Bruno, De Cinti1; Tommaso, Chiti3; Alfredo, Di Filippo2; Alfredo, Alessandrini2;
Gianluca, Piovesan2; Marco, Bascietto1; Giorgio, Matteucci1
1
2
3
IBAF, CNR, Italy
Dafne, Unitus, Italy
Dibaf, Unitus, Italy
Recent data seem to questionate the hypothesis that old-growth forests have a neutral carbon
balance. However, directly measured data are lacking, particularly for Net Primay Production (NPP)
from Mediterranean countries. This study aims to estimate carbon stock, NPP and to assess the role
of forest management on carbon cycle in a network of old-growth beech forests in Italy. To reach these
objectives we selected old growth (7) and mature managed (5) beech forests in the centre and north
of the country.Biomass was estimeted by biometric methods, including tree climbing for large trees,
soil carbon by direct sampling and NPP (wood and foliage) by tree coring, allometry and leaf biomass
assessment.The old- growth forest average total carbon stock was 512.89 ± 50.45 MgC ha-1 distributed
as follows: 54% in biomass, 2% in deadwood, 1% in soil litter and 42% in soil. Carbon stock in the
managed forest was 467.67 ± 39.43 MgC ha-1, with the following distribution: 47% in biomass, 0.06%
in deadwood, 2% in soil litter and 49% in soil.Differently from biomass, NPP did not vary between old
growth and managed forests, being 6.12 ± 0.52 MgC ha-1 y-1 and 6.69 ± 0.33 MgC ha-1 y-1, respectively.
Altitude was the only environmental factor influencing net primary production.Carbon stock of beech old
growth forests, being generally larger than that of measured managed stands and of most of the National
Forest Inventory plots, can be considered a realistic benchmark of carbon accumulation of stand in
similar conditions. NPP of old growth and managed beech forests was similar, providing indication that
Italian old growth forests are still accumulating carbon.The main evidence of past management is the
absence of coarse deadwood in managed forest and an overall structural simplification. However, in the
investigated conditions, management has not significantly affected the soil carbon pool.
Keywords: Carbon Stock, Net Primary Production, Network, Management, Italy
42
Paper-ID: 198
Disturbance history and dynamics in old growth beech forest “Humosu” – A
spatial dendro-ecological analysis
Danila, Iulian-Constantin; Roibu, Catalin-Constantin; Popa, Ionel; Cenusa, Radu; Radu, Ioana
1
2
Universty ”Stefan cel Mare” Suceava, Romania
Research Forest Institute ICAS, Romania
In Romania pure or mixed beech forests, characterizes especially the storey between 550–1100 meters
altitude, but its spread may vary in relation to configuration of mountains and soil type. Therefore
according to local soil and climate situation it can ascend or descend over this limit, if the environmental
conditions are favorable. The natural beech forest Humosu is a well-preserved area, an old growth
forest, which reaches its climax on the sequence of species in terms of dynamics of forest ecosystems,
state which is reached after a long period of time. In 2012 we extracted cores from 277 trees with
diameters greater than 8 cm, from a fixed-area plot of 100 x 100 m materialized inside the protected
area in 2006, applying the method “Boundary-line” (Abrams 1997). Our goals are to achieve boundary
lines for very shade-tolerant species such as beech tree situated at eastern limit of European range
and2 to determine whether the (a) disturbances are cyclical, (b) temporal variation of the disturbance
factors affects forest dynamics, and (c) if the peaks in the disturbance dynamics coincide with the
occurrence of intermediate scale gaps that ultimately lead to the emergence of a specific spatial
structure. The results show an overview regarding natural disturbance processes in pure beech forest
on the eastern limit, the magnitude of disruptive event, identifying disruptive factor. Also, the results
provide information about disturbance dynamics in relation to development phases.
Keywords: disturbance regime, boundary line, beech, eastern limit
43
Paper-ID: 162
Assessing the Role of Biogeoclimate and Past Human Interferences in Selecting
a Set of Indicators to Describe the Old-growthness Degree Within a Network of
Beech Forests in Italy
Di Filippo, Alfredo1; Baliva, Michele1; D’Andrea, Ettore2; Ziaco, Emanuele1; Piovesan, Gianluca1
1
2
Università della Tuscia, Italy
National Research Conuncil, CNR-IBAF, Italy
A set of structural and chronological indicators of old-growthness, related to both living trees and
deadwood, was used to assess the degree of old-growthness of each stand within a network of
old-growth and managed beech forests distributed over a wide latitudinal /altitudinal range in Italy.
Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to select the best indicators as well as to disentangle
the effects of site / human related (e.g. elevation, past management) factors on their variability. A
main focus regarded the search for specific thresholds of old-growthness for each indicator and also
the use of the within-stand variability as a further descriptor of the old-growth status (eg. primary vs.
secondary old-growth forest). Among the best descriptors of forest old-growthness we found: mean age
of the five oldest trees (chronological indicators); established regeneration and density of large trees
(living trees indicators); snag volume and coarse woody debris volume (deadwood indicators). The
general features of the diameter distribution were also analyzed. However some indicators have not a
linear relationship with stand naturalness (e.g. deadwood). For this reason we analyzed their relative
importance in informing about the degree of old-growthness of forests. Our findings suggest that
several old-growthness indicators are to be considered carefully, because they are strongly linked to
site conditions and particularly to the biogeoclimatic context. Our results stress the need to standardize
the indicators reference values to describe the attainment of the old-growth status according to the
biogeoclimatic and historical context of each forest.
Keywords: Naturalness degree, old-growth forests, structural indicators, bioclimatic classification,
biogeoclimate
44
Paper-ID: 157
Tree Growth and Mortality of an Old-growth, Mixed Beech Forest: Does
Structural and Tree Species Diversity Matter?
Mund, Martina1; Ghimire, Bishal1,2; Kollascheck, Marcus1,3; Schumacher, Jens4; Herbst, Mathias5;
Raacke, Jan1; Frischbier, Nico6; Ammer, Christian1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University
Göttingen, Germany
Department of Forests, Nepal
Landesforsten Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
Institute for Stochastics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
Department of Bioclimatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
Service- and Competence Centre of the Thuringian State Forestry Institute, Gotha, Germany
Tree growth and mortality are central components of forest carbon dynamics, which in turn play an
important role in climate-change mitigation policy. In our presentation we summarize the results of 13
years of research on forest growth and carbon dynamics at the Hainich Nationalpark (central Germany).
The study site is an uneven-aged, old growth mixed beech forest (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer
pseudoplatanus et al.) that has been totally protected since 1997. Prior to this it was only occasionally
used for timber harvests over a period of about 30 years.The inter-annual variation of stem growth at
tree level was high and could be explained mainly by air temperature and water availability in May to
July, while fruit production seemed to follow mainly an endogenous control combined with generally
very favorable growth conditions. However, the reaction of stem growth to weather conditions and
the amount and frequency of reproductive growth varied with tree species and tree size resulting in a
nearly counterbalanced total tree growth at stand level. Only extremely unfavorable weather conditions
in spring 2011 affected stem and leaf growth at stand level substantially. The inter-annual course of
total tree growth corresponds well with independent measurements of net ecosystem carbon fluxes
(Eddy-covariance-technique). Despite the advanced stage of stand development tree mortality was
low. Retrospective tree ring analyses revealed a long-lasting dieback of many trees and that the main
causes of death depend on tree species and size, which could explain the lack of a synchronized
dieback of trees at the study site. These results show the strong impact of structural and tree species
diversity on the carbon dynamic of forests and could help to develop strategies that optimize the forest
management goals “carbon sequestration” and “biodiversity conservation”.
Keywords: biodiversity, carbon dynamic, inter-annual variability, mortality, tree growth
45
Paper-ID: 242
Spatio-temporal aspects of beech seed predation and their role for forest
dynamics in a Central European old-growth mountain forest
Nopp-Mayr, Ursula1; Kempter, Iris1; Muralt, Gerald1; Gratzer, Georg2
1
2
Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Integrative Biology and
Biodiversity Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
Predation of tree seeds can be a major factor structuring plant communities. Different plant traits
evolved as response to seed predation, ranging from chemical and physical defence mechanisms
to the timing of seed production. Contrary to ungulate herbivory, the role of seed predation for the
dynamics in Central European old growth forests is not well understood. We conducted studies on tree
seed removal from experimental dishes addressing species effects and spatial and temporal aspects
of post-dispersal seed predation in a Central European old-growth beech dominated mountain forest.
Seeds of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), of admixed Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Silver fir
(Abies alba) were exposed in different types of exclosures allowing access to specific guilds of seed
predators. Removal experiments were carried out in two old-growth forests and a managed forest,
and were replicated in micro-sites with and without cover of ground vegetation. We conducted the
experiment in three consecutive years starting the year after a mast year of beech and spruce when
seed availability peaked. Secondary seed dispersal by rodents was studied using telemetry and seed
tagging. The experiments showed a distinctly different impact of different predator guilds on seed
removal with highest removal rates of seeds from dishes accessible for small mammals.Contrary to our
assumption and to the satiation hypothesis which assumes higher seed survival in and directly after
mast years, seed removal was higher in the year following the mast year of beech when a population
peak of rodents occurred and lower in intermast periods when rodent populations crashed. We thus
hypothesise a higher importance of sporadic masting of trees than previously assumed. Against
expectations, experiments on secondary seed dispersal showed that a considerable fraction of seeds
was cached deeply in the soil thus failing successful germination.
Keywords: seed predation, small mammals, zoochory
46
Paper-ID: 222
Diversity Patterns in the Herbaceous Layer of the Kékes Forest Reserve,
Northern Hungary
Standovár, Tibor; Kelemen, Kristóf
Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
Kékes Forest Reserve is the last relict of near natural montane beech forest in Northern Hungary. Earlier
studies described tree stand structure and dynamics in the 63 hectare core area of the reserve. Here we
present information on the spatial and ecological patterns found in the herbaceous layer of the reserve,
where 167 sampling units – 113 m² each – were spread around in a quasi-systematic way. Vegetation
was described within each unit by presence/absence data collected in 30 randomly distributed plots,
0.25 m² each, hence in each 113 m² unit we have frequency data (0–30) of all species that occurred
in the herbaceous layer during summer. For the early spring species we performed separate sampling.
Species richness, absolute and relative abundance, diversity and spatial heterogeneity patterns were
analysed in relation to site conditions (slope steepness, rockiness) and developmental phase of the
forest. Effects of human intervention could also be studied, as part of the reserve (15 hectares) was
cleared and regenerated after a serious wind storm in the 1960’s. Interpretation of species’ presence
and disappearance is also given based on ecological species traits like flowering time, dispersule
weight, dispersal agent, seed bank type, clonal growth behaviour.
Keywords: herbaceous layer, species richness, diversuty, ecological traits
47
Paper-ID: 224
Disturbance History of Old-growth Mixed Beech-Fir-Spruce Forests in Western
Carpathians
Szewczyk, Janusz
University of Agriculture, Poland
The boundary line method was applied to investigate the frequency and severity of disturbances in oldgrowth mixed forests in Western Carpathians. The study plots (1 ha each) were located in three Polish
National Parks: Babia Gora, Tatra Mountains and Gorce. In the central part of every plot 90 trees were
cored. Cores were extracted from 30 trees of each of the three co-dominating species: Fagus sylvatica,
Abies alba and Picea abies. Despite the different age structures of beech, fir and spruce in the three
plots, the oldest beeches and firs were over 300 years old, while the oldest spruce trees had not
exceeded 275 years. The disturbance chronologies showed a very low percentage of major releases
in all three plots and high variation in moderate disturbances frequency over time. There was no sign
of stand-replacing disturbances in any of the three plots, however many trees showed the signs of
significant and synchronous growth release in last 20–30 years. This peak in disturbance chronology
was the result of high frequency of low-severity disturbances, caused by intensive fir dieback leading to
the creation of many small gaps.
Keywords: Boundary-line method, Disturbance regime, Old-growth forests
48
Paper-ID: 223
Limits of Beech Dominance: Do the Fungi Slow Down Regeneration Processes
in Beech Forests?
Szwagrzyk, Jerzy1; Ste˛ pniewska, Hanna2
1
2
Institute of Forest Biodiversity, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
Department of Forest Pathology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
Throughout much of Central Europe the share of European beech in forest stands has been increasing.
That phenomenon is especially pronounced in the remnants of natural forests of the Western
Carpathians, where the share of beech increases at the expense of coniferous species. Our longterm studies conducted in permanent research plots in old-growth forest of Babia Góra National Park
indicated, that in the last decade beech has produced much more seeds than silver fir. Because of
the high germination rates of silver fir seeds and excellent survivorship of young individuals of that
species, among the seedlings the advantage of beech over fir was much smaller. The growth of taller fir
seedlings was strongly suppressed by deer browsing. Therefore among the tall saplings and the newly
recruited sub-canopy trees beech has attained a dominant position. However, the detailed studies on
regeneration processes revealed, that during the last ten years the germination rates of beechnuts
became very low; even after mast years, like 2003 or 2011, very few beech germinants appeared in the
following spring. Analyses of the samples of litter along with field experiments with beechnuts placed
in perforated plastic boxes showed, that the vast majority of beechnuts has been attacked by fungi in
the early stages of germination, before the development of cotyledons. Mycological analyses revealed,
that the fungal species responsible for most of the losses among beech germinants were the species
which are not typical pathogens, but which are usually considered saprotrophs. Our hypothesis is that
in old-growth forests dominated by beech, the high production of beechnuts leads to the accumulation
of these fungi in the litter layer. That in longer run reduces the germination rates of beechnuts and can
lead to a decrease in recruitment of young beeches, preventing the total dominance of this species.
Keywords: demographic processes, natural forest dynamics, old-growth stands
49
Paper-ID: 150
Growth Increase With Tree Age: Is this Accepted for Beech Trees in the
Primeval Forest?
Trotsiuk, Volodymyr1; Hobi, Martina Lena2; Commarmot, Brigitte2; Svoboda, Miroslav1; Myklush, Stepan3
1
2
3
Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Ukrainian National Forestry University, Lviv, Ukraine
Primeval forests that have not been altered by humans are scarce in Europe. For a long time, agerelated decline of tree growth, typical for the managed forest, has been assumed to be realistic for the
natural forest, too. In this study we aim to analyze growth patterns of Fagus sylvatica L. in the primeval
beech forest Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh in the Ukrainian Carpathians and relate them to tree age/DBH. On
four circular plots of 0.1 ha each, DBH, height, and position of all living trees ≥ 6 cm DBH were recorded.
Increment cores of all the 164 trees on the four plots and an additional amount of 249 cores collected
systematically all over the whole massif were taken for growth pattern analysis. Dendrochronological
methods were used to estimate tree age and analyze growth peculiarities.Trees experience long periods
of suppression (up to 177 years), while gradually accessing the upper canopy layers. Both, radial and
basal area increments increase throughout their life and reach maximum values when the trees are
in the upper canopy. This contradicts to the main sigmoidal growth model that predicts growth rate
to decline with trees getting older. Continual increasing in growth rate could be partially influence
by the small gap phase dynamic characterizing this forest and global climatic change. Our findings
may provide supplementary information about growth pattern and contribute to carbon sequestration
models in natural uneven-aged beech forests.
Keywords: Virgin forest, Fagus sylvatica, Dendroecology, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
50
Sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation
3 Sustainable forest management and
biodiversity conservation: Integrative and
segregative approaches and restoration
51
Sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation Symposia 3E
Paper-ID: 126
Oral presentations
The influence of beech forest management on wood-inhabiting fungal diversity:
A study in Northern Spain
Abrego, Nerea; Sarrionandia, Esti; Salcedo, Isabel
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
Research on dead wood dependent organisms has been especially intense in northern and central
Europe, whilst in southern Europe the investigation about the effect of forestry on wood-inhabiting
organisms has been scarcer. Wood-inhabiting fungi are an important group of saproxylic organisms
because they recycle dead wood and generate new habitats for other fungi and wood-dwelling organisms,
and also because they compound a very diverse group of forest ecosystems. Most of the studies that
have been carried out on the impact of forestry on wood-inhabiting fungi have focused their attention on
the effect of the loss of coarser woody debris pieces in managed forests. In this work, to gain a better
knowledge of the differences between managed and unmanaged beech forests on wood-inhabiting
fungi, all woody debris sizes across 16 beech forests in Navarre (Northern Spain) were examined.
Moreover, in order to better understand the effect of a fragmented landscape on these fungal species,
15 beech forest patches were also investigated. The goals of our study are: 1) To measure the effect of
forest management on wood-inhabiting fungal diversity and assemblages; 2) To evaluate the effect of
forest fragment size on wood-inhabiting fungal diversity; 3) To provide some guidelines for a sustainable
exploitation of wood in this area.The results show that forest management has a negative impact on
fungal diversity and woody debris variety. Woody debris variety is the main factor influencing woodinhabiting fungal diversity and assemblages, in the same way that forest management is the factor
which most affects the woody debris variety. The size of the forest fragment also has a significant
effect on the wood-inhabiting fungal diversity, the patches with highest area /edge relation being the
fragments with the highest diversity.
Keywords: Saproxylic fungi, Woody debris, Fragmentation, Conservation, Multivariate analysis
52
Paper-ID: 183
Lichen Diversity in Mixed Beech Forests From Rodnei Mountains (Carpathians),
a Comparison Between Conserved and Disturbed Sites
Ardelean, Ioana1,2; Keller, Christine1; Scheidegger, Christoph1
1
2
Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes˛ -Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Lichens are sensitive symbiotic organisms to various changes of the environmental conditions. The
dispersal abilities of lichens are often limiting the colonisation of new habitat patches and epiphytic
species show close ecological relations to their host trees, including age class. Lichen cover reveals
a complex succession during the life of a tree. Rodnei Mountains are situated in the northern part
of the Eastern Carpathians with their highest peak reaching 2303 m. Most parts of the mountains
are included in a national park, which is also an UNESCO Biosphere reserve. Our project tested if
lichen biodiversity which is associated to mixed beech forests from Rodnei Mountains are affected
by forest management, as compared to non-managed, protected areas. We selected seven replicates
of protected, unmanaged stands and compared these to seven managed forests. In each stand we
investigated a circular sampling plot of 1 ha. Within each sampling plot we randomly selected six sites
for four different substrates: trees, dead wood, soil and rock, aiming to capture as many different
species as possible within the plot. In total we found more than 150 lichen species, 5 of them being
rare and endangered in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains and 29 of them being rare and endangered
in Hungary. We analysed species richness and species composition and found higher species richness
in the protected forest stands and we report on a group of mainly foliose and fruticose lichen species
that were significantly more frequent in the protected stands compared to managed forests.
Keywords: Lichen, Diversity, Conserved, Managed
53
Sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Paper-ID: 108
Effects of Management in Beech Forests on Fungal Functional Trait and
Phylogenetic Diversity
Baessler, Claus; Mueller, Joerg
Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, Germany
Fungi are among the most species rich groups in forest ecosystems and play an important role in
ecosystem functioning (mycorrhiza and decomposition). It has been shown that forest management
affects fungal diversity. However, we have almost no understanding on the effects of forest management
on functional trait and phylogenetic diversity. We predicted a shift in the community compositions,
functional traits and phylogenetic diversity due to forest management. We investigated a steep forest
management intensity gradient in a Central European beech forest and sampled 202 fungal species
belonging to various trophic strategies. The trophic lifestyle and traits related to fungal dispersal
were treated as functional traits. Our data showed that management intensity alters the community
compositions as well as the forces driving fungal assemblages from limiting similarity to environmental
filtering. Phylogenetic diversity changed from a more random pattern to overdispersion along
management intensity. We furthermore revealed a shift in the trophic lifestyles with an decrease of
the number of soil saprotrophic fungi along the management intensity gradient. Summarized we found
evidence that forest management alters not only species diversity but also functional and phylogenetic
diversity. Further studies are needed focusing on the consequences of changes in functional diversity
on ecosystem goods and services.
Keywords: ectomycorrhiza fungi, saprotrophic fungi, functional traits, phylogeny, silviculture management
54
Paper-ID: 244
Importance of non-intervention forest management for lichens – relics of the
primeval forests in the Białowież a Forest (NE Poland)
Bohdan, Adam; Zalewska, Anna; Popławska, Marta
NGO- Pracownia na rzecz Wszystkich Istot, Poland
The presentation shows some results of the macrolichen inventory carried out in the Białowież a
Forest (NE Poland) in deciduous and mixed forest communities differing in management type (1.
managed and altered forest < 100 years old; 2. well-preserved forest = typically developed > 100
years old, stands that had been subjected to low-intensity tree cutting; 3. primeval forest, without
any forest management practices – forests in the Białowież a National Park since 1921, previously
protected as a hunting area for kings and tsars).This study focuses on the distribution and ecology
of five epiphytic lichen species Evernia divaricata, Lobaria amplissima, Ramalina thrausta, Usnea
ceratina and U. glabrescens, regarded as the relics of primeval forests or indicators of the ecological
continuity of woodlands. The Białowież a Forest is probably their last or most important refuge in
the Middle European Plain. Therefore, a proper approach to the protection of these species is very
important. The aim of this work was to determine the distribution, frequency and abundance of these
species as well as their ecological preferences in terms of the forest community type and degree of
its alteration, host tree species, hight and diameter of the tree, location on the tree trunk and bark
pH. The study revealed an increase in the frequency, abundance and vitality of the studied relics
species in comparison to the data 30 years earlier, but most of the former and recent localities were
found only in the primeval forest communities within the Białowież a National Park.Unfortunately,
the observed populations seem to be threatened even in such forests, due to host tree (especially
Fraxinus excelsior) dieback caused mainly by invasive pathogenic fungi. Some relic species preferring
ash trees need active protection in the form of meta-plantation. Specimens of Lobaria amplissima
found on uprooted, dying ashes were transplanted on the trunks of living trees (mostly oaks and
maples) in the autumn of 2012. The new localities of 30 transplants will be monitored.
55
Paper-ID: 168
Arthropods diversity in virgin and managed beech forest: what has changed
through management?
Chumak, Vasyl1; Rizun, Volodymyr2
1
Uzhgorod National University, Uzhgorod, Ukraine
State Museum of Natural History, Lviv, Ukraine
2
From 1989 to 2012, we studied the arthropod community of beech forests in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh
massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve basing on Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Aranea and Coleoptera.
In the frame of these inventories, we compared the fauna of the arthropods in virgin and in managed
forests. These different taxonomic groups reacted differently to the management type regarding their
species richness, the number of individuals and the composition of the species assemblages.As the
ground beetles are recognized to be good ecological indicators, we especially focused on this group. 34
species could be identified as members of the carabid community of beech virgin forest in the Ukrainian
Carpathians including different altitudinal sub-communities, communities associated to various forest
development stages and including different guilds.Changes in carabid species assemblages could be
highlighted in the edge of the primeval forest and in natural forest gaps within the primeval forest. On
the one hand, some carabid species were sampled in higher number of individuals in natural canopy
gaps as well as in managed forests. On the other hand, specialists of primary closed forest are less
abundant or disappeared totally from the managed stands.
56
Paper-ID: 212
The Effect of Forest Management on the Diversity of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi and
Dead Wood Decomposition
Kahl, Tiemo1; Arnstadt, Tobias2; Hoppe, Björn3; Purahong, Witoon3; Baber, Kristin4; Otto, Peter4;
Hofrichter, Martin2; Krüger, Dirk3; Bauhus, Jürgen1
1
2
3
4
University of Freiburg, Germany
IHI Zittau
Helmholtz UFZ Halle
University of Leipzig
Dead wood is a key habitat element in all forest ecosystems. Fungi, chiefly Basidiomycota and a few
Ascomycota, play a dominant role in wood decomposition. Here, we show the change in dead wood
fungal diversity in beech forests as influenced by forest management and its correlations with wood
decomposition and ecosystem processes such as nitrogen fixation, carbon dioxide emissions and
decay rate. Most studies on dead wood decomposition and fungal diversity have focused on old growth
forests (primeval forests), where large amounts of dead wood are available. However, whether the
decomposition patterns in dead wood are altered through patterns in fungal colonization and fungal
diversity that are related to forest management (intensity, landscape context) is an open question. We
hypothesize that the diversity of wood inhabiting fungi increases with decreasing forest management,
independent of the dead wood volume. In terms of ecosystem processes we hypothesize that wood
decomposition rates as well as the degree to which wood is completely mineralized increases with fungal
diversity. Our study focuses on three sites situated in Germany (Swabian Alb, Hainich, Schorfheide)
where managed and unmanaged beech forests were observed.
Keywords: Dead wood, Fungi, Decomposition
57
Paper-ID: 191
How to Maintain the Capercaillie Populations in the Carpathians:
Non-intervention or Management?
Mikoláš, Martin1; Tejkal, Martin2; Michalová, Zuzana1; Svitok, Marek3; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr1; Rejzek,
Jan1; Janda, Pavel1; Svoboda, Miroslav1
1
2
3
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical
University in Zvolen.
Capercaillie is an important element of the natural heritage of Carpathian Mountains. The strong decline
in capercaillie numbers is detected across most of its distribution. It is considered an umbrella species,
it is an indicator of healthy community of mountain forests, which includes other rare and protected
species. In the Carpathian Mts. the habitat use of the endangered capercaillie is closely related to
the mountain primeval forests. However, large-scale logging is widely spread across such areas and
resulting in the habitat fragmentation. Large-scale deforestations have a considerable negative impact
on capercaillie numbers. The most of the lek centres situated in fir-beech forests have disappeared,
due to habitat alterations. The anthropogenic activities appear to be the strongest indicator of male
numbers in the lek centres. This study summarises results of several studies focused on the habitat
of capercaillie in Slovakia, Romania and Ukraine. It provides an evidence of presence of threats to
capercaillie in the Carpathian Mts. and suggests steps necessary for habitat restoration. The existing
suitable capercaillie habitats are represented in many areas only by straps of forest stands under the
upper timber line. To assure survival of viable populations, the remaining network of unfragmented
old-growth forests should be protected. The forest management should be improved to maintain the
suitable habitat of capercaillie.Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the Czech University of Life
Sciences, Prague (Grant No. 20124215).
Keywords: Tetrao urogallus, old-growth forest, capercaillie-friendly forest management
58
Paper-ID: 106
Current “Near-to-nature” Forest Management Affects Functional Trait
Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in Beech Forests
Müller, Jörg1; Gossner, Martin2; Lachat, Thibault3; Brunet, Jörg4; Bouget, Christophe5; Brustel, Herve6;
Weisser, Wolfgang2; Isacsson, Gunnar7; Brandl, Roland8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Technische Universität München
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Swedish Forest Agency
Université de Toulouse
National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture
Universität Marburg
With the aim of wood production with negligible negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem processes,
a silvicultural practice of felling single trees has been implemented in European beech forests (Fagus
sylvatica) during the last decades. Despite this “near-to nature” strategy, species richness of dead
wood related taxa has decreased compared to unmanaged forests. To develop guidelines to reduce
the fundamental weaknesses in the current practice, we used an approach that links functional traits
of species to ecosystem characteristics. Using data from eight European countries, we evaluated the
effect of current near-to-nature management strategies on the functional diversity of saproxylic beetles.
We found no effect of habitat variables on the overall functional diversity, but clear effects on single
functional traits. With increasing amount of dead wood we found an increase in large species and but
also in small species with a preference for dead wood of large diameter and advanced decay stage.
For most species, the mean amount of dead wood across plots in which they occurred was between 20
and 60 m3 ha−1. Species occurring in plots with a mean amount > 60 m3 ha−1 were consistently those
inhabiting dead wood of large diameters and late decay stages. To make the current wood production
practice in beech forests throughout Europe more conservation oriented, we recommend1 increasing
the amount of dead wood to > 20 m3 ha−1,2 particularly, not removing particularly dead wood of large
diameter (50 cm) and allowing more dead wood in advanced stages of decomposition to develop, and3
conserving strict forest reserves with their exceptionally high amounts of dead wood as an insurance,
refuge, and source pool for habitat specialists.
Keywords: biodiversity conservation, body size, dead wood, ecosystem functions, functional diversity
59
Paper-ID: 220
Specialist Species of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi Struggle While Generalists Thrive in
Fragmented Boreal Forests
Nordén, Jenni
University of Oslo, Norway
Loss of suitable habitats is one of the main causes behind species declines. Habitat fragmentation,
i.e. the division of the remaining habitat into small and isolated fragments, often co-occurs with the
process of habitat loss. Fragmentation decreases connectivity among local populations and generally
lowers population viability, but it can also benefit some species e. g. due to released competition
pressure. In animals and plants, certain characteristics such as poor dispersal ability and narrow niche
are known to be associated with fragmentation vulnerability, but in fungi systematic analyses have
been lacking. With their highly dispersive spores, fungi could be mainly resource-limited, not dispersallimited. We analysed occurrence data on 119 species of wood-inhabiting fungi to identify the species
characteristics that are associated with fragmentation vulnerability. We modelled resource use and
connectivity dependence for each species using data from 98318 dead trees in 496 sites located
on a gradient in the duration and intensity of land use in eastern Fennoscandia. We related species’
connectivity responses to their resource-use patterns, life-history characteristics and red-list status.
We show that red-listed species are ecologically highly specialized and suffer from loss of connectivity
at three spatial scales: at the large-scale gradient, the landscape scale and the forest stand scale. In
contrast, many of the non-red-listed generalist species are actually more likely to occur (per resource
unit) in fragmented managed forests than well-connected natural forests. The expected number of
red-listed species can be even more than ten times higher if the same amount of resources (similar
dead trees) is situated in well-connected rather than fragmented surroundings, and thus protecting
well-connected high-quality areas is conservationally more effective than protecting small fragments
distributed across the landscape. We will next study if the links between life-history characteristics and
connectivity dependence are similar also in the beech and spruce forests of the Carpathians.
Keywords: Connectivity, dead wood, life-history traits, red-listed species, resource use
60
Paper-ID: 113
Short-term Response of Different Saproxylic Groups to the Accumulation of
Dead Wood
Seibold, Sebastian1,2
1
2
Technische Universität München, Chair for Terrestrial Ecology
In recent years the importance of dead wood to forest biodiversity and its conservation has been widely
acknowledged. But although an impact of the amount and diversity of dead wood on the richness and
assemblage of saproxylic communities was confirmed, the single effects of contributing parameters
stay unclear due to the high correlation of the amount and diversity of dead wood.To disentangle
these relations for mixed montane forests dominated by beech mixed with fir and spruce, we initiated
an experimental approach on a set of 190 study plots. In contrast to descriptive studies, the strict
experimental design with artificially placed logs and branches allows to account for all possible
combinations of the major dead wood parameters. In fall 2011, fresh dead wood was positioned in
different quantities (10 and 100 m³ ha-1) and qualities, i.e. diameter (5 and 30 cm) and tree species
(beech and fir), under different microclimatic conditions (closed and open stands). During 2012 flight
interception and pitfall traps were used to sample saproxylic invertebrate and vertebrate species;
data was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Analyses of the short-term response will be
presented for saproxylic beetles, flat bugs (Aradidae) and small rodents.Applications: First strategies to
preserve biodiversity of saproxylic species have been implemented in protected areas and commercial
forest management in recent years. We are convinced that our results will contribute essentially
to optimize these strategies and thus will help to raise acceptance for the protection of saproxylic
communities.
Keywords: biodiversity conservation, woody debris, mixed montane forest
61
Symposia 3F
Paper-ID: 186
Oral presentations
Tree Species Richness has Little Effect on Stem Quality of Beech in Mixed
Forests
Benneter, Adam; Jost, Noemi; Bauhus, Jürgen
Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
Stem quality of individual trees is influenced by their ability to capture sufficient resources and the
influence neighboring trees exert on them in terms of shading and crown collisions (van Leeuwen et al.
2011). In order to investigate the impact of species richness on a number of parameters related to
stem quality, we collected data on crown size, stem form and tree health on approximately 10000 trees
in 214 study plots in six European regions (FI, DE, IT, PL, RO and SP), two of which represent areas
where beech occurs naturally. On patches of 30 x 30 m within regional characteristic forests ranging
from fully protected to restrictively managed, we recorded crown length, height, diameter, stem position,
straightness, height of crown base, crown social class and stem form, as well as quality class for each
tree in the plot. Results show that average stem quality of beech and other shade tolerant species
was lower than that of less-shade tolerant species in the same mixture. Stem quality of beech was
higher in higher social classes. However, we did not find an influence of species richness within a plot
on average stem quality of beech, but a slight trend towards lower average quality could be detected in
more structurally diverse stands. Species diversity did also not influence epicormic branch formation,
which was mainly correlated with stem diameter and social class. Stem lean, curvature and various
other stem defects also did not occur more often in more diverse plots but were again more common
in lower social classes. We conclude that species diversity as such does not impact beech quality
severely. Further research should be directed at elucidating the specific effects of species diversity and
identity on a single tree level in order to derive management schemes for more diverse stands.
Keywords: beech, stem quality, timber quality, biodiversity, diversity
62
Paper-ID: 214
Value of old-growth forests in Central and Eastern Europe for biodiversity and as
references for natural forest development
Krumm, Frank1; Kraus, Daniel1; Gert-Jan, Nabuurs1; Fanta, Josef 2
1
2
European Forest Institute, Germany
Dobrichovice, Czech Rep.
Old-growth stages provide numerous key structures for biodiversity, and since the number of species
is still declining, it is a current and future challenge to integrate old-growth elements into managed
forests. Since old-growth often comes along with dead wood and collapsing trees, this succesional
stage is less interesting from the economic point of view and is underrepresented in managed forests.
Moreover, it is evident to maintain primary forest parts as references for natural development and
finally to increase the knowledge about the natural composition of a forest ecosystem. The areas of
primary forests and also the old growth elements have been steeply declining in European forests over
two thousand years. Primary forests have endured in some poorly accessible locations in Central and
Eastern Europe, whereas old growth elements also still exist in managed forest areas all over Europe.
Unmanaged forest patches are mostly restricted to higher altitudes of mountain ranges in countries
like Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia and Ukraine. The total area and its connectivity have not been assessed yet, and better
international and interregional connections would increase the awareness of such valuable areas and
would allow an improved management of threatened species.The aim is to develop a European-scale
information tool for strategic management of forests for old-growth biodiversity. Research groups with
regional competence develop a common methodology and conduct mapping and inventory of primary
and other forests of a defined minimum size, according to their ability to support old-growth associated
biodiversity. Harmonized geo-referenced data bases presenting the inventory information can serve for
targeted management of forests for “old-growthness” on landscape scale.
Keywords: Integration, segregation, forest management, key elements, biodiversity
63
Paper-ID: 167
Can a Moderate Harvest of Biofuel Be Acceptable or Even Good for Biodiversity
in Temperate Deciduous Forest?
Nordén, Björn
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway
Combining a moderate harvest of wood for biofuel with old-growth structures and rich biodiversity may
be a sustainable possibility in some forest systems. I will present effects of a 25% partial cutting on
13 guilds of plants, fungi and animals in temperate deciduous forest (n = 25) in SE and SW Sweden.
The stands (woodland key habitats or nature reserves) are dominated by Quercus but have a variety
of tree species, including Picea and Fagus. The oldest trees (mainly oaks up to 150–200 years old)
and tops of cut trees were retained at the harvest in the winter 2002 /2003. The partial cutting
(performed in the 1 ha plot but not in the 1 ha control plots) favoured oak regeneration. Effects on
vascular plants, bryophytes (on the ground and dead wood, respectively), lichens (on oak bark and
dead wood), herbivorous and saproxylic beetles, mycetophilids, wood-inhabiting fungi (on coarse and
fine woody debris), and land molluscs were mainly positive or neutral for total species richness and for
red-listed species. Negative effects were found for wood-inhabiting fungi on FWD and for land molluscs.
Colonization of a few species of red-listed lichens were observed to increase as a response to partial
cutting (6.5 years after partial cutting), and minimum colonization distances were estimated. The
mostly beneficial results of our “conservation cutting” may either be specific to the studied forest type
and climatic region, or be more general for temperate deciduous forests including old beech forest. I
will briefly discuss these alternatives.
Keywords: Sustainable use, biofuel, fungi, plants, insects
64
Paper-ID: 184
Management Abandonment Changes Multi-Taxon Community Structure in
Lowland Beech Forests
Rzanny, Michael1; Winter, Susanne1; Möller, Georg2; Schumacher, Heiko3; Kerstan, Eberhard4; Flade,
Martin5
1
2
3
4
5
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Büro für Dendroentomologie, Berlin, Germany
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde, Germany
Landesamt für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz Brandenburg, Eberswalde, Germany
Forest management is one of the most important factors shaping biodiversity, structural properties and
species composition of forest ecosystems. Management abandonment will transform the particular
ecosystem and is accompanied by changes in community structure of the entire forest community.
However, the response to management abandonment will vary among different taxonomic groups and
depend on the previous management regime.We analyze a comprehensive multi-taxon dataset, covering
abundance data of beech forest communities including ground vegetation, bryophytes, breeding birds,
saproxylic beetles, saproxylic fungi and ground beetles. Data were collected on more than 300 plots
(each 500m² in size) distributed across 18 sites in north eastern Germany.The plots are subject
to a management gradient ranging from actually managed to unmanaged for more than 150 years.
Community data are supplemented by a detailed variable set describing important components of
forest structure such as amount, heterogeneity and decomposition stage of deadwood, type and
abundance of microhabitats, age structure and rejuvenation.We show how time since abandonment
affects forest structure, biodiversity and community composition of different taxonomic groups. In order
to mechanistically explain these differences, we identify the most important forest structural attributes
mediating these changes.
Keywords: management, biodiversity, community composition, microhabitats
65
Paper-ID: 170
Causes and Determinants of Ground-Layer Plant Species Turnover in SouthernEuropean Old-Growth Forests
Sabatini, Francesco Maria1; Burrascano, Sabina1; Tuomisto, Hanna2; Blasi, Carlo1
1
2
La Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
University of Turku
Old-growth forests represent an important reference point to develop sustainable forest management
models. Due to their natural disturbance regime, these forests are structurally heterogeneous and
have had a long ecological continuity. They are also characterized by high levels of local-scale floristic
turnover, related to the occurrence of a wealth of microhabitats and to the presence of low-dispersal
forest interior species that are patchily distributed. We aim to define which variables best explain
ground-layer plant distribution patterns and to quantify the relative importance of forest structural
and environmental heterogeneity and other spatially contagious processes in determining variation in
understorey floristic spatial turnover in Southern European old-growth forests. We surveyed 11 beechdominated forests with old-growth features (Italy n = 8, Balkan Peninsula n = 2, Spain n = 1). Each stand
was sampled using a 1-hectare square plot containing a systematic grid of 25 quadrats (5m x 5m).
Each quadrat was inventoried for ground-layer flora, overstorey structure (canopy closure, basal area,
deadwood, spatial arrangement of large living trees) and abiotic variables (topography, photosynthetic
photon-flux density, soil properties). We used multiple regression on dissimilarity matrices (stand-bystand) and mixed-effect models (overall dataset) to quantify the relative contributions of differences
in structural features, biotic and abiotic environmental variables, and spatial distances to explaining
variation in understorey plant species turnover. Species turnover at the stand level was mostly related
to structural and environmental heterogeneity. The total variation explained ranged between 2% and
56.5% (median 24.1%) and, after accounting for abiotic factors, was mostly related to forest structure,
both directly or indirectly. The importance of individual explanatory variables strongly differed among
stands. Our results confirm that understorey plant species turnover is linked to overstorey structural
heterogeneity, which affects ground-level environmental conditions. Silvicultural practices aimed at
mimicking old-growth structure may thus be an effective strategy to increase understorey plant diversity
levels in managed forests.
Keywords: Forest structure, Environmental heterogeneity, Multiple regression on distance matrices,
Sustainable Forest Management, Understorey vegetation
66
Paper-ID: 176
Structure, diversity and dynamics of primeval beech forests and
recommendations for implementation in sustainable forest management
Shparyk, Yuriy Stepanovych; Berkela, Yuriy Yurijovych; Buergi, Anton; Yanovska, Iryna Mykolaivna
1
2
3
Ukrainian Research Institute for Mountain Forestry, Ukraine
The structure, diversity and dynamics of primeval beech forests were studied on a permanent plot
of 10 ha size in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine, divided into 40 subplots of 0.25 ha.
Standing trees with minimum DBH of 6.0 cm, natural regeneration with minimum height of 10 cm and
lying deadwood with minimum diameter of 8.0 cm and length of 2 m were assessed. Inventories were
completed in 2000, 2005 and 2010.
Our analyses showed that
– the main forest characteristics, e.g. basal area and volume of living trees, DBH distribution, and
top height do not vary significantly between areas of 5 ha and larger;
– three main types of diameter distributions were found on areas of 0.25-1.0 ha;
– six developmental stages can be defined for areas less than 0.25 ha;
– stand parameters, regeneration density and composition, and the volume of lying deadwood vary
according to the developmental stage;
– basal area, species composition and average condition of trees on the 10 ha plot did not change
during the 10-year period;
– height and diameter distributions, tree density, and the volume of living trees and deadwood
fluctuated in 10 years between 6–20 percent.
We propose four main directions for implementing our research results in forest management:
1.to optimize the size of forest sub-compartments based on the area necessary to maintain a
balanced structure in the primeval forest;
2.to optimize the gap size for successful natural regeneration in the regional felling system based on
the average patch size of developmental stages in the primeval forest;
3.to optimize the DBH distribution within a forest sub-compartment according to the length of
development cycle (rotation period), based on the balanced DBH distribution in the primeval forest;
4.to optimize the deadwood volume to promote biodiversity.
Keywords: Structure, Diversity, Dynamics, Implementation Directions
67
Paper-ID: 130
The First Contribution to the Research of Forest Management and Landscape
Fragmentation Impact on Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of the Ukrainian Carpathians
Tuholukova, Kseniia1; Ordynets, Olexander2; Dykyi, Evgen1; Pavlovska, Mariia1; Nordén, Jenni3;
Ovasksinen, Otso4
1
2
3
4
National Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine
V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
University of Oslo, Norway
University of Helsinki, Finland
Wood-inhabiting basidial fungi are an important group of organisms since they are the main agents of
wood degradation and carbon recycling in forest ecosystems (Rayner, Boddy 1988; Schmidt 2006). Till
now the response of wood-inhabiting fungi communities to habitat fragmentation has been thoroughly
studied mostly in the boreal forest of Fennoscandia (Hottola et al. 2009). Yet, the lack of data from
other European regions and forest types is observed.Undisturbed fungal communities of Carpathian
primeval forests may serve as a reference system for the research of fungal communities’ response to
habitat fragmentation, distribution of specialist and generalist species in fragmented landscapes, and
niche differentiation in natural communities. To study these aspects, we have launched the research
of aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) in Ukrainian Carpathians in 2012. In August, three circular
plots (500 m2 each) were sampled in the primeval forests of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve:
one representing pure beech (Uholka); one – pure spruce, and one – mixed beech-spruce-fir forest
(Chornohora). Altogether 71 deadwood units were surveyed. By the traditional fruit-body sampling,
159 species occurrences were registered and 78 species were identified. Being the most species-rich
among the three plots (41 fungi species), the plot in Uholka enclosed also the largest amount of rare
and specialist species (Flavophlebia sulfureoisabellina, Meripilus giganteus, Porotheleum fimbriatum,
and Trechispora candidissima).Since fruit-body inventories lead to the underestimation of the true
fungal community composition (Ovaskainen et al. 2010), we also collected saw dust samples from 11
logs. We extracted the DNA in the saw dust samples and then applied 454-sequencing. For the fungal
communities of the Ukrainian Carpathians, this is the first attempt to combine traditional fruit-body
surveys with molecular methods.The research is supposed to be continued for the next two years.
Presumably, the results of the study will be applied for decision-making in conservation.
Keywords: community composition, landscape fragmentation, wood-inhabiting fungi, dead wood,
Carpathians
68
Symposia 3G
Paper-ID: 250
Oral presentations
How natural are Swiss beech forests?
Brändli, Urs-Beat; Abegg, Meinrad
The third Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) proofs that most habitat indicators developed positively
in the last two decades, in particular the amount of deadwood. Today the naturalness of many Swiss
forests is similar to that of strict forest reserves. But what is the difference to primeval forests? In
Switzerland the interests of wood production and nature conservation conflict mostly in the natural
area of beech forests. Reliable data of primeval forests are an essential reference. The inventory of
the largest European primeval beech forest Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (USL) by systematic sampling supplies
ecologists for the first time with indicator values representative for a large forest. It was designed
according to the Swiss NFI and allows direct comparisons.At present 43% of the Swiss forest are
situated in the potential area of beech and silver fir beech forest. This study focuses on the area of
beech forest only (26%) and differs between plots dominated by beech (NFI-B) or by other species
(NFI-O). NFI plots at forest edges are excluded. On NFI-B plots the volume of standing deadwood
amounts to 7 m3/ha, including lying deadwood in total 27 m3/ha respectively, 16% more than on NFI-O
plots. The corresponding amounts in USL are much higher: 19 m3/ha and 155 m3/ha. The proportion
of plots without any standing deadwood is 80% in NFI-B and 51% in USL. Though Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh
has in average a higher stand density index (SDI) than Swiss beech forest, the number of living trees
with a dbh ≥ 12 cm is higher on NFI-O (425/ha) and NFI-B plots (385/ha) than in USL (271/ha) where
the proportion of old stands is bigger. Thus thicker trees with a dbh ≥ 52 cm are less frequent in
managed Swiss forests (23/ha NFI-B; 30/ha NFI-O) than in the comparable primeval forest USL (62/
ha). Especially «giant trees» with a dbh ≥ 80 cm are very rare in NFI-B (0.3/ha) compared to USL (9.9/
ha). Moreover tree damages important as microhabitats, like cracks or broken crowns and stems, are
2–6 times less frequent in NFI-B than in USL.
69
Paper-ID: 179
Herb layer diversity as affected by canopy composition – National Park vs. well
managed forest
Mölder, Andreas1; Mario, Streit2; Wolfgang, Schmidt2
1
2
Section Forest Conservation and Natural Forest Research, Northwest German Forest Research Station
Department Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen
Diversity relationships and interactions between forest strata are an important current research topic.
Particularly it is crucial to study the effects of tree-layer diversity variations on herb-layer vegetation,
since herb-layer vegetation contributes signiﬁcantly to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity in forests.
In Hainich National Park and in the Göttinger Wald, we conducted observational research in deciduous
stands to investigate whether herb-layer diversity was related to canopy-layer diversity, and to ascertain
possible causal mechanisms. The Hainich National Park is a component of the UNESCO World Heritage
Site “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany”. The
Göttinger Wald is a multifunctional forest with a long tradition of close-to-nature forestry.In the Hainich,
we found that herb-layer vegetation of deciduous forest stands rich in canopy species appeared to
be more diverse than herb-layer vegetation of beech-dominated stands. We surmise that herbaceous
understorey diversity was indirectly inﬂuenced by canopy tree species through the medium of the
altered environmental factors soil pH and litter layer thickness. Apparently, lower beech proportion had
a more profound effect than the number of secondary tree species.In the Göttinger Wald, herb-layer
diversity was obviously not promoted by tree-layer diversity. Though, there was a positive correlation
between herb-layer diversity and light transmissibility of the canopy layer, indicating that the light factor
was important for herb-layer diversity.Potential causes for the contrasting results can be related to
site heterogeneity, forest history and management, as well as the contribution of different secondary
canopy species beside beech. These causes will be discussed and related to strategies for biodiversity
conservation and improvement in managed forest landscapes.
Keywords: Ecosystem Functioning, Biodiversity, Herb Layer, Canopy Composition, Conservation
70
Paper-ID: 135
Structure and Biodiversity in Managed and Unmanaged Mixed Beech Forests: A
Comparison Based on the Strict Forest Reserves Network in France
Paillet, Yoan1; Pernot, Coryse1; Boulanger, Vincent2; Debaive, Nicolas3,4; Drapier, Nicolas4; Gilg, Olivier3;
Hirbec, Patrice4; Gosselin, Frédéric1
1
2
3
4
Irstea, France
Office National des Forêts, Direction Recherche et Développement, France
Réserves naturelles de France
Office National des Forêts, Direction Générale, France
In Western Europe, the long history of forest management over the past centuries has shaped both
landscape and local scale forest structure, presumably altering the biodiversity of forest dwelling
species. In France, the strict forest reserves network has been created to serve as a witness to gauge
the effects of management on forest structures and dynamics: it currently covers 0.3% of national
territory, distributed over 200 sites representative of the main forest types. However, to date, research
comparing biodiversity in managed and unmanaged forests remains strikingly poor in Western Europe,
and hardly proposes a broad taxonomic assessment.In order to fill the gap in knowledge in the French
context, we studied forest structure and biodiversity in lowland oak-beech-hornbeam forests, and in
montane beech-fir-spruce forests. We compared living and dead wood amounts and biodiversity of 6 taxa
(vascular plants, saproxylic fungi, birds, bats, carabids and saproxylic beetles) 15 strict forest reserves
where forest management has been abandoned for at least 20 years and adjacent managed forests,
totalizing 213 plots. Relatively to managed forest, stands in unmanaged forest host larger amounts
of old-growth components (deadwood volumes, number of large trees) as well as higher basal areas,
whereas other stand characteristics did not differ significantly. Saproxylic fungi responded significantly to
management abandonment, their total richness increasing with time since last harvesting. Responses
of the other taxonomic groups were less clear and further analyses correlating forest structure with
taxa or ecological groups are necessary to better understand the mechanisms associating biodiversity
and forest management.The applied outcome of this multitaxonomic approach is to validate indirect
biodiversity indicators on a broad gradient of forest management. This project constitutes the first
reference for mixed beech forests in France and may help managers to define thresholds in terms of
biodiversity oriented measures.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Structure, Deadwood, Old-Growth, France
71
Paper-ID: 160
Natural Disturbance Regimes in Central and East European Forests:
Implications for Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation
Svoboda, Miroslav1; Nagel, Tom2
1
2
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic
Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Recent concerns regarding the maintenance of ecosystem functions and biodiversity in forest
landscapes highlight the need to incorporate key aspects of natural disturbance regimes into
management plans. In this contribution we overview the disturbance regime in two important forest
types in Central Europe, namely, forests dominated by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies forests. We
focus on these forest communities not only because they represent a large part of the forested
landscape in the region, but also because old-growth conditions still exist for these forest types and
provide necessary reference conditions to study natural disturbances and forest dynamics. Recent
research in both beech-fir and spruce forests have challenged traditional conceptual models of Central
European forest dynamics, and clearly show that periodic disturbances, mainly windstorms and bark
beetle damage, are important drivers of dynamics. We address the implications of these recent findings
for forest management, particularly with regard to silvicultural treatments, spatial scale, biodiversity,
and integrating versus segregating forest functions. While flexible silvicultural systems can partly mimic
the heterogeneous mortality patterns caused by natural disturbance at different spatial and temporal
scales, some ecological legacies of disturbance are more difficult to mimic in an integrative system
of forest management, such as large inputs of dead wood. In other words, because an integrative
system (often termed close-to-nature forestry in Central Europe) involves tradeoffs, such as leaving
less dead wood or veteran trees in exchange for more harvested timber, some degree of segregation is
necessary. We stress that using a TRIAD approach to forest management at landscape scales, which
incorporates forest reserves, integrative management, and areas of intensive forest management may
be the best solution to maintain diverse forest functions.
Keywords: natural disturbance regime, forest management, biodiversity, integration, segregation
72
Paper-ID: 133
Very Large Trees in a Secondary Oldgrowth Beech Forest Reserve in Flanders
(Belgium): Characteristics and Comparisons
Vandekerkhove, Kris; Leyman, Anja; De Keersmaeker, Luc; Thomaes, Arno
Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Belgium
Next to large quantities of dead wood, the frequent occurrence of very large trees (> 80 cm DBH) is a
typical characteristic of both primary and secondary old-growth forests. The Sonian Forest (4400 ha),
south of Brussels, contains over 400 ha of old beech stands (> 200 years old), most of which are
included in strict forest reserves or key-habitats.We describe the characteristics of very large trees in
one of these stands, a 240 year old, 15 ha large beech stand that was left unmanaged since 30 years.
Detailed repeated surveys not only deliver global figures like densities, diameter distributions, share
in growing stock, but also allow for individual tree growth and mortality assessments. These show a
remarkably high vitality and increment for such old trees. The global results are also compared to other
primary and secondary unmanaged oldgrowth forests, and to the averages for managed beech forest
in Germany and Belgium, based on national forest inventories.Finally, we describe how the results for
the strict forest reserve are also implied in a management strategy for old trees for the larger forest
complex of Sonian forest.
Keywords: very large trees, mortality, increment, conservation, dynamics
73
Paper-ID: 164
Beta Diversity of different Taxonomic Groups at different Scales in Beech
Forests
Winter, Susanne1; Rzanny, Michael1; Möller, Georg2; Schumacher, Heiko3; Flade, Martin4
1
2
3
4
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Büro für Dendroentomologie Berlin, Germany
Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
Landesamt für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz, Eberswalde, Germany
We present differences in species composition between about 300 beech forest plots (beta diversity)
at different spatial scales ranging from local to landscape level. The plots represent circles comprising
an area of 500m² and are nested within 18 sites. The sites are separated by a maximum of about
100 kilometers and cover three regional zones of lowland beech forests in Northeast Germany.We
analyze the relationship between scale and changes in beta diversity measured as variation in species
composition for different taxon groups. An extensive data set, covering abundance data of beech forest
communities including stand structure, vegetation, breeding birds, saproxylic beetles, and ground
beetles provides the basis for our analyses.We hypothesize that the variation of plot composition
between plots within one site is not different from the variation between plots of different sites, i.e. the
plots of one site represent independent samples with respect to the considered kind of composition.
Additionally, our analyses show how forests with only beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominating the upper
canopy of the mainly mesotrophic forests studied harbor a high beta diversity considering the tree, herb
and bryophyte species in different layers, as well as the bird, saproxylic beetle and carabid species at
different scales.
Keywords: Beta diversity, scales, bird, saproxylic and carabid beetles, vegetation
74
The future of European beech forests
4 The future of European beech forests
75
The future of European beech forests Primeval Beech Forests, 2013
Symposia 4
Paper-ID: 169
Oral presentations
European Beech, Fire and Post-fire management in the Southern Alps
Ascoli, Davide1; Conedera, Marco2; Castagneri, Daniele3; Maringer, Janet4; Bovio, Giovanni1
1
2
3
4
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino, Italy
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Group Insubric
Ecosystems, Switzerland
Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-forestali, University of Padova, Italy
Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany
Land-use and climate changes may favor future wildfire activity throughout the distribution of the
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). As a consequence, silviculture in beech forests should adapt to
increased fire disturbance. However, the fire ecology of beech is not yet fully understood and post-fire
management measures targeted to beech are missing.In this study we assessed the interactive effect
of fire severity, masting and silvicultural measures on natural beech regeneration. We studied a stored
beech coppice (~55 yrs) affected by a large (480 ha) and intense fire (up to 4000 kW m-1) during the
anomalous heat wave in the summer of 2003 in the NW Italian Alps. The survey took place in 2010 in
unmanaged stands and sites cut at different times after the fire. In unmanaged sites, residual beech
canopy cover and timeliness of stem mortality were related to proxies of fire intensity in complex
topographies (i.e., slope; aspect). Where fire severity was high, mortality was immediate and beech
failed to regenerate by both vegetative and generative means. In moderate severity patches, beech
tree mortality was progressive, permitting abundant seedling emergence as the effect of a masting in
2006. The canopy opening provided intermediate light conditions which favored sapling establishment.
In managed sites, sites logged in winter 2007 displayed higher beech regeneration in comparison
to delayed cut or unmanaged stands.Our results provide new hints to interpret the environmental
prediction hypothesis of beech masting in relation to fire. Post-fire silviculture to increase beech natural
regeneration should account for mast years, the time-lag between cutting and the masting, and the
timing of the canopy opening. Some surviving beech trees, even if highly damaged, should be retained
to serve as seed sources and shelter for their seedlings, and guarantee a woody debris input within
the system once they will upset.
Keywords: Global change, wildfire, post-fire management, masting, European Alps
76
Paper-ID: 141
Fauna of a German Strict Forest Reserve and its Adjacent Managed Site
Blick, Theo; Dorow, Wolfgang H. O.
Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Germany
The fauna of the Strict Forest Reserve (31.3 ha) and its adjacent managed site (36.9 ha) ”Goldbachsund Ziebachsrück“ (Hesse, Germany) was inventoried over a period of two years. The study area is
situated in the mountainous part of northern Hesse, Germany (300–365 m a.s.l., coordinates 9°
53’ E, 50° 56’ N). Mean temperature 8°C, mean annual precipitation 748 mm. The dominant forest
type is submontane beech forest (mean age of trees 142 years) with sessile oak, spruce, larch, pine
and hornbeam. The different taxa were asessed with diverse methods like pitfall traps; different
types of eclectors on tree trunks, stumps, dead branches; blue, white and yellow pans; window
traps; hand sampling, viewing, light traps for moths, population density mapping for birds). Annelida,
Isopoda, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Plecoptera, Saltatoria, Psocoptera, Neuropteroidea,
Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Symphyta, Aculeata, Trichoptera, Macrolepidoptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera
and Aves, in total representing 28% of the German fauna, were analysed completely to species level.
More than one million individuals of animals were trapped. In total 1595 species were identified, which
by extrapolation indicate that more than 5000 species occur in the area. 24 species were new to
Hesse, 128 species are included in the Red Data Books. Clear differences in numbers of species and/
or individuals between the total reserve and the reference area as well as between the single study sites
were observed. These results point to the necessity for species inventories to study a broad spectrum
of animal groups and conducting a thorough analysis of their ecological requirements at species level.
Only this approach guarantees a representative evaluation of alpha and beta diversity. Research was
conducted in cooperation with and financially supported by “Landesbetrieb Hessen-Forst”.
Keywords: Strict Forest Reserve, managed site, biodiversity, ATBI, Germany
77
Paper-ID: 152
Longterm Zoological Research in Strict Forest Reserves in Central Germany
Dorow, Wolfgang Hans Otto; Blick, Theo
Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Germany
Since 1970, strict forest reserves have been established all over Germany to gain a spectrum of
total reserves, which allow the development of “primeval forests of tomorrow” and are available for
research and as reference areas for silviculture. The first Hessian reserves were established in 1988;
today there exist 31 which cover 1200ha. 22 have adjacent managed sites for comparison. The
reserves represent over all altitude zones and geological landscapes the spectrum of forest types
in Hesse: mainly beechforests, but also oak, pine and spruce forests. The forestal and botanical
research is conducted by the ”Northwest-German Forestry Research Station, Göttingen”, the zoological
investigations by Senckenberg. Research is conducted in cooperation with and financially supported
by “Landesbetrieb Hessen-Forst”. A broad set of traps is used: pitfall traps, eclectors at living or dead
(standing or lying) trunks, stubs and dead branches, window traps and blue, yellow and white pan traps.
The traps are in use continuously over two years. Additionally, hand sampling, light trapping, and bait
trapping for Macrolepidoptera and population density mapping for birds is conducted. All material is
sorted to order. Seven standard groups are studied: Lumbricidae, Araneae, Heteroptera, Coleoptera,
Aculeata, Macrolepidoptera, Aves. Additionally, other animal groups – as many as possible – are studied
by honorary collaborators (ATBI-approach). For each reserve a monograph is published with extensive
reports on the standard groups and species lists for all determined species.The fauna in a Central
European beech forest, which had been managed lately, is with 5000–6000 species 2–3 times more
speciouse than expected. Especially open structures provide habitats for many species. Specialists
of old trees and deadwood are underrepresented. Biodiversity assessments have to be conducted
on species level and with detailed analyses of the species‘ ecological requirements. Numerous new
findings in the fields of ecology and faunistics were acquired.
Keywords: Strict Forest Reserves, managed sites, biodiversity, ATBI, Germany
78
Paper-ID: 235
Ecosystem function traits can serve as effective indicators of health and
resilience in beech forests undergoing environmental change
Hobson, Peter R.; Ibisch, P. L.; Norris, C.
1
2
3
Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management
Writtle College, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, Essex, UK
Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development,
Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
Principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics are applied and tested in a study on old growth and
managed beech forests in Germany and the Ukraine. The theoretical premise is that ecosystem
integrity and resilience is are maintained by conserving higher biomass storage and greater functional
diversity, thereby, collectively enhancing system complexity and promoting greater efficiency in energy
degradation. Under human-induced disturbance beech forests can suffer from functional impairment,
which reduces their capacity to maintain resilience and adaptive capabilities. In this study, multiple
plots in Germany and the Ukraine were sampled over twenty four months for surface temperature
and vegetation characteristics. An analysis of the results for plant functional traits and above-ground
biomass indicated that old-growth and “close-to-nature” forests had higher above ground biomass and
supported a greater proportion of plants species with stress-tolerant characteristics. These factors
appeared to contribute significantly to attenuation in surface temperature when contrasted with forests
under more intensive silvicultural management. Fine scale analysis of coarse woody debris suggested
that these features contributed to temperature moderation. The results have important applications for
the management of forests undergoing environmental change. Silvicultural practices that mimic natural
processes and patterns are likely to promote higher thermodynamic functionality in managed beech
forests and so enhance resilience of forests facing impacts of climate change.
79
Paper-ID: 236
A continental conservation assessment of European beech forests
Ibisch, Pierre L.; Sauermann, Julia; Hobson, Peter; Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp, Hans D.
Writtle college, United Kingdom
In preparation of a European transnational strategy to protect beech forests, this paper proposes a
continental assessment of the conservation status of this ecosystem that provides information on the
distribution, extent and relative quality of the remaining forests. The current beech forest remnants are
mapped using spatial data generated from the statistical analysis of tree species mapping, land cover
and selected country vegetation maps. This information is then used to assess the geometrical quality
of forests, for instance the size and connectivity of forest stands. It is also integrated with further
parameters such as vegetation height and density as well as socioeconomic data describing population
density and the Human Foot Print Index. We propose an index for beech forest conservation value
that allows for prioritizing sites within the various beech forest regions of Europe and for designing a
network of representative valuable beech forests. The index also enables a protection gap analysis
to be carried out that can help inform regional and national conservation strategies. The Carpathian
region supports the largest area cover of beech forests (59 008.36 km2). The protected area coverage
here is 33% (with only 5% in IUCN category I and II). The second-most important area for beech forest
is the Moesian-Balkan region (32 348.39 km2). The proportion of forest under protection is 30% (3%
designated under IUCN I and II). The Illyric region is third with 26 971.24 km2 of beech forest (22%
protected and 2% under IUCN I and II designation). The highest values for the beech forest conservation
index are recorded in these three regions. In Northern, Western and Southwestern Europe the situation
of beech conservation is much more critical. Countries which have lost most of the original beech forest
and hardly maintain well-conserved old-growth forests, tend to have a higher percentage of protection
coverage.
80
Paper-ID: 243
Continued loss of primeval beech forests in the Romanian Carpathians despite
an increasing protected area network
Knorn, Jan1; Kuemmerle, Tobias1; Radeloff, Volker C.2; Keeton, William S.3; Gancz, Valdimir4;
Biris, Iovu-Adrian4; Svoboda, Miroslav5; Griffiths, Patrick1; Hostert, Patrick1
1
2
3
4
5
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
University of Vermont, USA
Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS), Romania
Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic
Old-growth forests around the world are vanishing rapidly and they are almost completely lost in the
European temperate forest region. Land-use changes and forest management, often triggered by socioeconomic and institutional change, are the main causes for the loss of temperate old-growth forests.
One of the last and largest remaining tracks of European old-growth forests are located in the Romanian
Carpathian, and our goal here was to assess the amount and the recent trends in old-growth forest
cover there. To do so, we used satellite image analysis to assess forest cover changes across Romania
for the last decade. Our results suggest that the remaining old-growth forest cover diminished by 1.3%
from 2000 to 2010 and is experiencing increasing pressure due to land-use changes in surrounding
areas. Disturbances were most prevalent in the forest ecozone “beech mountainous forests” (850.2
ha), followed by “coniferous and beech mixed forests” (726.2 ha) and “spruce forests” (457.7 ha).
Most of the remaining old-growth forests were located in protected areas, but surprisingly, 72% of the
old-growth forest disturbances were found within protected areas, highlighting that these old-growth
forests are far from safe. It appears that high forest disturbance rates in protected old-growth forests
are at least in part related to institutional reforms, an insufficient protected, and ownership changes.
Without policy interventions at all institutional levels, the future of old-growth forests in the Romanian
Carpathians is uncertain.
Keywords: old-growth forests, remote sensing, Romania, forest disturbances, restitution
81
Paper-ID: 120
Predicting Changes in Canopy Species Compositions after the Decline of Beech
Forest under Climate Change Scenarios in Japan
Matsui, Tetsuya1; Nakao, Katsuhiro1; Higa, Motoki2; Tsuyama, Ikurato1; Kominami, Yuji1; Yagihashi,
Tsutomu1; Tanaka, Nobuyuki1
1
2
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
Hokkaido University, Japan
One of the important ecological processes is that climate change modifies species’ habitat conditions
and induce changes in species distributions. Predicting species’ range shifts and replacement after
climate change are imperative for adaptive ecosystem management plans for the future. We aimed to
develop the multiple-species distribution models (MSDMs) to assess changes in forest canopy species
compositions under climate change scenarios, selecting Fagus crenata in Japan as a target species.
Eight other canopy tree species, often co-dominating forest canopies with F. crenata, were selected as
competitive species to incorporate species interactions among them. Presence/absence information
on the nine target species were extracted from the phytosociological relevè database and used as
predictor variables, and the climatic data was used as explanatory variable. It was predicted that only
10% of the potential habitat of F. crenata – Quercus crispula forest type were predicted to be maintained
in the future, and ca. 30% were replaced by Q. serrata – Q. crispula type. In the Shirakami-Sanchi world
natural heritage site, the F. crenata – Q. crispula type was predicted to mainly replaced by Q. serrata –
Q. crispula type or Q. crispula – Castanea crenata type. Although it has been qualitatively discussed in
the past that the future decline of F. crenata forests would be replaced by Quercus, the present study
was able to quantitatively show, for the first time, how much proportions and in which areas, F. crenata
dominant forests will be potentially replaced by other forest types. It was a nationwide trend that Fagus
– Quercus forest types would be replaced by Quercus – Fagus forest types as the result of F. crenata
decline in the future. These qualitative findings were expected to be used for planning local adaptive
ecosystem management plans for the future.
Keywords: Fagus crenata, Japan, climate change impact, canopy species composition, Quercus
82
Paper-ID: 225
Primeval Forests of the Gorgany Nature Reserve as a Potential UNESCO World
Natural Heritage Site
Prots, Bohdan Hryhorovych; Chernyavskyy, Mykola Vasyliovych; Shpilchak, Myron Bohdanovych
1
2
3
State Museum of Natural History NAS of Ukraine, WWF Danube Carpathian Programme Ukraine
Ukrainian National Forestry University
Gorgany Nature Reserve
Majestic primeval forests of the Gorgany Nature Reserve (3560 ha) represent a potential UNESCO
World Natural Heritage site. This is a serial cluster nomination, which represents the biggest part of
the globally unique remaining primeval forest sites with beech subformations together with beech-fir,
beech-spruce-fir, Swiss pine-spruce and spruce-Swiss pine mountain primeval forests. Naturally they are
vertically changing within the elevation from 950 up to 1535 m a.s.l. and are completed by a complex
of evolutionary replaced stony debris areas through stages of lichens, mosses, herbaceous plants up
to green alder and mountain pine dwarfish communities and relict habitat of pine-birch with Betula
obscura, pine and Swiss pine-spruce. The tree age and tree standing volume is impressive. For the
beech-fir-spruce, fir-beech and spruce-beech-fir primeval forests an age phase lasts for 350–400 years
(a maximal standing volume is 930 m3/ha), for the pure beech ones it is 230–260 years (696 m3/ha),
and for Swiss pine-spruce forests – around 300 years (414 m3/ha). The proposed nomination differs
from the already existing “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of
Germany” in various aspects: it is 1) the last remnant primeval forests with Pinus cembra in the world,
2) a highly resistant and balanced primeval forests, located across 3 climatic zones of the Carpathians
3) the natural ecosystem processes are high dynamic and extremely impressive, 4) the plant and
animal diversity is high and it shows the highest species representation of all Carpathian primeval
forests, 5) there are no historical records and visible signs of human impact.
Keywords: Gorgany Nature Reserve, Potential UNESCO Heritage Site, unique habitats, Pinus cembra
83
Paper-ID: 211
Do the Indirect Human Influences Lead to Structural Changes of Old-Growth
Forest?
Roženbergar, Dušan1; Rozman, Andrej1; Mikac, Stjepan2; Anić , Igor2; Diaci, Jurij1
1
2
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department for forestry and renewable forest resources
University of Zagreb, Forestry faculty
Dinaric fir-beech forests in Slovenia and Croatia have a high degree of naturalness in terms of structure
and composition. However, in Slovenia prolonged indirect anthropogenic influences, especially air
pollution and selective overbrowsing by deer may drastically change forest composition in the future.
We compared ground vegetation patterns and regeneration dynamics in old-growth forest Rajhenavski
Rog (RR) in Slovenia and old-growth forest Ćorkova Uvala in Croatia (CU). On each location a network
of plots was established, where densities of regenerated tree species in different height classes and
browsing damage were measured twice in 4–6 years period. At each plot solar radiation was estimated
using hemispherical photography. In addition, coverage of ground vegetation species was estimated
and analyzed using ordination techniques and Ellenberg phytoindication. In spite of comparable parent
material, altitude and vegetation type significant differences were found between both locations. While
beech (RR 4.5 and CU 0.6 per m2) and sycamore maple (RR 0.3 and CU 0.1 per m2) densities were
significantly lower, the density of silver fir was higher (RR 0.3 and CU 0.6 per m2) in CU. After 6 years
densities in CU increased for all three species, while in RR after 4 years we found only slight increase
of beech densities and a strong decrease of silver fir and sycamore maple. Height distributions showed
normal recruitment of beech in RR and of beech, silver fir and sycamore maple in CU. There was no
recruitment of silver fir and sycamore maple in RR. All three species were significantly more damaged
by browsing in RR compared to CU. The differences that we observed can be partially explained by
the natural site and stand characteristics and associated light conditions at each location, and partly
by less indirect anthropogenic influences in Croatia (e.g. less air pollution and lower densities of
ungulates).
Keywords: regeneration ecology. Fagus sylvatica. Abies alba. solar radiation. old-growth forest
84
Paper-ID: 134
Beech invasion in a montane spruce-fir forest reserve in Switzerland
Schmutz, Samuel1; Heiri, Caroline2; Brang, Peter2; Bugmann, Harald1
1
2
Forest Ecology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
The forest reserve Leihubelwald in the Swiss Alps is a highly productive montane mixed forest dominated
by Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. It was protected as a forest reserve in 1970, but the last
timber harvesting probably took place around 1920. In this reserve, fir (A. alba) and beech (F. sylvatica)
have increased their share in stem numbers and basal area during the last 40 years, as evidenced by
repeated inventories in compartments (full callipering) and on permanent plots (assessment of each
individual tree over time). This study strives to identify the driving factors of the observed changes
in species composition. A detailed analysis of trees in different canopy layers shows that until now,
beech has rarely reached the overstory, but increasingly occupies and dominates the understory. Beech
is less affected by the mortality of canopy trees than fir and, in particular, spruce, and also exhibits
strong recruitment. The increase in beech observed in this reserve is in line with an increased beech
dominance in many parts of the Swiss landscape as evidenced by National Forest Inventory data. It
may partly be due to the cessation of management, which in former times promoted coniferous trees,
but partly also to an increasingly warmer climate.
Keywords: forest dynamics, recruitment, mortality, competition, permanent plots
85
Paper-ID: 238
Towards a European Beech Forest Network
Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp, Hans D.; Hobson, Peter R.; Ibisch, Pierre L.
Prots, Bohdan Hryhorovych; Chernyavskyy, Mykola Vasyliovych; Shpilchak, Myron Bohdanovych
1
2
3
Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Germany
Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Germany
Writtle College, United Kingdom
Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is an iconic species of the European continent extending west of the Balkans in
a swathe north of the Pyrenees, skirting the Baltic shorelines, and with its western-most limits defined
by the south-eastern lowlands of the United Kingdom. It provides priority habitats for a diverse range
of unique communities that require effective protection. Forces of local and global change including
expansion of agriculture, the use of firewood, and increased commercial exploitation have degraded
much of the beech forest ecosystems. Almost all of the original old growth characteristics have been
lost from the remaining forests as a result of direct intervention or removal of obligate species and
diagnostic structural features. Currently, there is no conservation strategy at the European level that
unites the remaining old-growth beech forests under one transnational umbrella. This paper details
a proposal to create a European Beech Forest Network that would consist of a prioritised register of
existing protected beech forests drawn up under strict criteria. The aim of the network would be to
provide a coherent framework for binding existing conservation strategies for beech forests that would
strengthen operational and spatial practices as well as promote the sustainable management of beech
forests outside protected areas.
86
Poster
Poster
87
Poster
Paper-ID: 228
Rare Flora and Vegetation of Beech Forests of Ugolka-Shyrokyi Luh Massif of
Antosyak, Tetyana Mykolaivna; Kozurak, Alla Vasylivna; Voloshchuk, Mykola Ivanovych
Carpathian Biosphere Raserve, Ukraine
The world largest continuous primeval beech forest site is protected in Uholka-Shyrokoluzhanskyi massif
of CBR, which is located in the southern slopes of the ridge Krasna, at altitudes 400–1350 m a.s.l. The
total area of the site is 11 860 ha, which is very valuable in global scale due to its protection status,
structure, rich flora and fauna. Forest vegetation of the massif is characterized by considerable diversity.
Among the rare forest phytocenoses in grass layer dominate Phyllitis scolopendrium, Lunaria rediviva,
Scopolia carniolica. There are also relict phytocenoses of beech primeval forests with Quercus petraea,
Tilia platyphyllos and other. Communities of Fagetum (sylvaticae) taxosum (baccatae) preserved on
limestone rocks are unique for the Carpathians. (Green book of Ukraine, 2009). In grass layer of beech
forests dominate Oxalis acetosella, Rubus hirtus, Anemone nemorosa, Dentaria glandulosa, Galium
odoratum and others. There are early spring ephemeroid plants Leucojum vernum, Corydalis cava, Scilla
bifolia, Galanthus nivalis. Among ferns common Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina, Polypodium
vulgare, Phegopteris connectilis are common. Flora of the massif includes nearly 740 types. The main
core of flora consist of nemoralos, boreal and montane types. The highest floristic diversity is typical
for limestone ridge, where shrubs grow: Cotoneaster integerrimus, Rhamnus cathartica and Juniperus
sabina. Among calciphlous plant species: Campanula carpatica, Cortusa matthioli, Iris pseudocyperus,
Jovibarba hirta, Saxifraga paniculata, Scabiosa lucida, Sedum antiguum). The primeval forests are an
important refuge for a number endemic, rare and endangered plant species. There are 45 protected
flora species within the massif which are in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009): Erythronium dens-canis,
Epipogium aphyllum, Conioselinum tataricum, Anacamptis palustris and other.
Keywords: primeval, plant communities, rare flora species, Ugolka-Shyrokyi Luh massif
88
Poster
Paper-ID: 177
Disturbance Dynamics in Primary Montane Picea abies Forests of the Eastern
Carpathians, Romania and Ukraine
Bace, Radek1; Svoboda, Miroslav1; Janda, Pavel1; Nagel, Thomas A.2; Fraver, Shawn3; Rejzek, Jan1;
Mikolas, Martin1; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr1; Douda, Jan1; Boublik, Karel1; Samonil, Pavel4; Teodosiu,
Marius5; Biris, Iovu5; Bouriand, Olivier5; Lehejcek, Jiri1; Cada, Vojtech1; Chaskovskyy, Oleh6; Korol,
Mykola6; Korzhov, Volodymyr7
1
3
4
5
6
7
2
Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
FS USDA, USA
VUKOZ, Czech Republic
ICAS, Romania
UNFU Lviv, Ukraine
UkrRIMF, Ukraine
Natural disturbances influence forest dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales and are
critical drivers of composition, structure and functioning of ecosystems; however, we have relatively
limited knowledge about the disturbance regime in primary P. abies mountain forests in temperate
zone, where human disturbances have predominated for centuries. To address this lack of knowledge,
we described the spatio-temporal pattern of disturbance history in largest remnants of primary P. abies
forests of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains in Romania and in Ukraine. We used dendrochronological
methods to provide information about disturbances at the stand and landscape levels. Growth patterns
of about 6000 increment cores were screened for (1) abrupt increases in radial growth indicating
mortality of a former canopy tree and (2) rapid early growth rates indicating establishment in a former
canopy gap. The growth pattern with rapid early growth rates was by far the most common case.
We detected light- to high-severity disturbances on the plot level, although disturbances were not
necessarily spatially and temporally synchronized among stands and between landscapes. Plots with
high-severity disturbances tended to spatial clustering, while this tendency was less clear for plots with
low- and moderate-severity disturbances. Based on the historical documents, we found connection
between historically dated windstorms in this area and temporal pattern of disturbance detection. From
an overall perspective, all forest landscapes were far from a hypothetic steady state. Despite the large
spatial extent exceeding one square kilometer, the sampled age structure does not reach a state of
quasi-equilibrium of tree recruitment.
89
Poster
Paper-ID: 175
A Life+ Nature project for the enhancement of structural heterogeneity in
priority habitat (9210 and 9220) Apennine beech forests
Barbati, Anna1; Burrascano, Sabina2; Sabatini, Francesco Maria2; Portoghesi, Luigi1; Corona, Piermaria3;
Blasi, Carlo2
1
2
3
University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Arezzo, Italy
The Apennine beech Natura 2000 priority habitats 9210* 9220*, i.e. beech forests where European
yew (Taxus baccata), European holly (Ilex aquifolium), and silver fir (Abies alba) occur, are remnants of
ancient, more extensive forests. Nowadays, this habitat has been extensively altered and reduced
in extension due to traditional forestry practices that transformed these into pure beech stands, for
example by repeated coppicing, with cascading effects on the diversity of other taxonomic groups, e.g.
saproxylic fungi and beetles. The Life + project (2012–2016) “FAGUS – Forests of the Apennines: Good
practices to conjugate Use and Sustainability” aims at ensuring long term conservation of these priority
habitats in two Italian National Parks: Cilento and Vallo di Diano, Gran Sasso Laga. Focus of the project
is to test experimental harvesting practices aimed at enhancing forest structural heterogeneity, as a
way to accelerate the development of old-growth attributes and, accordingly, to increase diversity levels
for focus taxa. According to this approach, the actions of the FAGUS project are: • Preparatory actions:
assessment of the current habitat condition in the project area; sampling of forest structure, composition
and diversity of vascular plants, lichens, birds, saproxylic fungi and beetles; • Concrete conservation
actions: implementation of experimental harvesting treatments to promote the regeneration of yew,
holly and silver fir; creation of habitat trees, deadwood and gaps to enhance the diversity levels of
focus taxa; • Monitoring actions: sampling of forest structure, composition and diversity of focus
taxa before and after concrete conservation actions, evaluations of the outcomes of experimental
treatments; • Dissemination Actions: website, dissemination of promotional material, training courses,
notice boards.The project will contribute to the development of Sustainable Management Strategies for
the habitats 9210* and 9220*, and to disseminate the advantages of the experimented approach to
local stakeholders as well as to a wider public.
Keywords: Apennine beech forest, Natura 2000, forest structural heterogeneity
90
Poster
Paper-ID: 240
Dynamic of the Mountain Forests in Northern Carpathian in the last 200 Years
under the Forest Management Methods
Barbu, Ion1; Barbu, Catalina2
1
2
Forest Research Institute, ICAS Campulung Moldovenesc, Romania
Forestry Faculty Suceava, Romania
The province of Bucovina is located in the northern part of Romania. In the 1775–1918 period, this
region was annexed by the Habsburg empire and a lot of changes occurred in the organization and
management of area, changes visible even today in comparison with other areas of the Carpathians.
Because of the low density of population in the region (5.25 inahbitans/km2 in 1775) and low accessibility,
until the 19th century, more than 90% of the forested area preserved the structure and aspect of
primeval forests. Based on old maps, descriptions and inventories made in the forest management
plans (1870–2010) and the field studies made in the forest reserves we have established and mapped
the “structures type” connected with the intensity of human activity. Frequency three types of forest
structures were analyzed for the last century.The construction of railroads and forest roads made
accessible the wood from Carpathians for the markets of Europe. Our studies show that the amount
of spruce in the composition of stands has increased, whilst the fir and broadleaves proportion has
decreased. For example, in the Obcina Mare Mountains area, the proportion of spruce increased form
27-30% to 40-60%, the proportion of fir has decreased form 30–40% to 20–35% and the proportion
of beech in mixed forests has also decreased because of cuts in the early 1900.The dynamics of the
mountainous forests in the Carpathians are driven by infrequent but significant disturbance events
such as snow, wind, drought, insects and game. Both, abiotic and biotic disturbances operate at the
regional scale (such as tempests in the Carpathians in 1948, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1982, 1996, 2002
or gypsy moth (Lymantria monacha) in 1956–1959 in the Eastern Carpathians) and at the fine scale
such as local damages caused by snow or excessive herbivore.
Keywords: primeval ecosystem, mountain forest structure, disturbin g factors, management, sustainability
91
Poster
Paper-ID: 203
Influence of Silvicultural System on Tree Species Diversity in Beech Stands
Barna, Milan1; Bublinec, Eduard2; Oszlányi, Július3
1
2
3
Institue of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Catholic University in Ružomberok, Faculty of Education, Ruzomberok, Slovakia
Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Management considerably effects diversity of the regeneration of beech stands. We analysed the
status of the natural regeneration in five forest stands where different regeneration cutting regimes
had being applied for 15 and 22 years. Only six tree species occurred 15 years after the partial cutting
in all the stands – beech, hornbeam, oak, fir (from the parent stand), and lime and maple. Pioneer
species: primarily willow, poplar and alder were admixed in the stands treated with the most intensive
cutting (1.9% – heavy cut, 34.7% – clear-cut). The more intensive is the cutting (more opened stand),
the lower presence of the species of the parent stand is in the natural regeneration. The higher is the
cutting intensity, the higher spatial distribution of the seedlings of various species. The clear-cut plots
manifested a noticeable increase in species diversity – but also conditions for a secondary succession.
During secondary succession tree species that are different from the parent stand dominate there. Many
of them are, however, commercially undesired (birch, willow, hazel). The microclimate provides good
conditions for heliophilous (or indifferent) species, while the shade-tolerating ones are outcompeted.
22 years after cutting only five tree species occurred in all the stands. Oak, also willow and other
heliophilous trees were dropped out. The species spatial distribution was significantly decreased on
the plot after clear-cutting.
Keywords: shelterwood cutting, clear cutting, natural regeneration, survival
92
Poster
Paper-ID: 158
Use of a Visual Model of the Ukrainian Carpathian Primeval Beech Forests for
their Remote Identification
Berkela, Yuriy1; Shparyk, Yuriy2
1
2
P. S. Pasternak Research Institute for Mountain Forestry, Ukraine
The structure of a primeval beech forest in the Ukrainian Carpathians significantly differs from most
other forest types in the region. In the vertical section it is characterized by an almost continuous row of
trees in different height – from small seedlings of few cm up to 50 m high specimens. In the horizontal
cross-cut the primeval forest is characterized by gaps and patches of different size – from one tree
(30–50 m2) up to a great number of trees (up to 2500 m2, in exceptional cases up to 10000 m2).
Methods of computer visualization of the primeval beech forest were used to calculate the number and
size distribution of gaps in the main canopy, and these calculations give us the possibility to identify
the location of the primeval forests by remote sensing methods by using the following indicators: darker
color of a multi-layered forest, and presence and size of gaps. Reliable data on the primeval forests
identification could be obtained by the interpretation of Landsat-7 images, and the accuracy needed
for forest management is provided by Spot-5 images. To implement the methodology of the remote
identification of primeval forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians we propose the following steps: 1. to
design a 3D model of the forest structure on a research area, based on field data and high-resolution
images; 2. to calculate the canopy density (number of layers) for color identification; 3. to calculate the
number and size distribution of canopy gaps for their identification; 4. to identify primeval forests on
the large scale by using less accurate satellite images.
Keywords: GIS, beech forest, remote sensing
93
Poster
Paper-ID: 213
Stand Structure and Distribution of Relic Stands of Fagus taurica on the
Crimean Peninsula
Bihun, Yurij1; Kovaliv, Maxym2; Koba, Volodymyr2; Plugatar, Yurij2
1
2
Shelterwood Systems, United States of America and University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of
Environment and Natural Resources
Nikita Botanicial Garden, National Scientific Center, Yalta, Crimean, Ukraine
Although the overall forest cover on the Crimean peninsula is sparse and unevenly distributed, the
mountain forests of the Crimea, particularly the southern exposure between Alushta and Yalta, are
well represented by forests, which cover 59% of the landscape. The diversity of arboreal vegetation
is considerable varying from a dry, sub-Mediterranean forest complex to closed pine forests and
temperate broadleaved stands at the upper elevations. Despite their limited distribution, there are
residual pockets of old-growth forest, primarily coniferous species but also broadleaved, deciduous
species among them representatives of the beech family Fagacea. The beech forests of the Crimean
Mountains differ significantly from the beech forests of Carpathian Mountains in terms of species,
structure and distribution. Crimean beech or Fagus taurica is considered a transition species between
Fagus sylvatica and Fagus orientalis or Oriental beech. It has been thought to be a hybrid between F.
orientalis and F. sylvatica but the relationship between Eurasian beeches is still unclear, and it may
show greater affinity with F. orientalis. Beech forests makes up approximately 13% of the forest cover
of Crimea. Beech occurs between 800 to 1300 meters in elevation (AMSL) on both on the northern and
southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains. The productivity and structure of beech forests is variable
depending on the geomorphological conditions, aspect and availability of moisture. At tree line, in the
upper elevations of the Crimean Mountains, the characteristic plateau topography or “yayly” exhibit
relict groves of old-growth beech. The form of these remnant patches of beech exhibits considerable
defect but demonstrates characteristic old-growth in terms of tree structure (bole deformity), crown
architecture and coarse woody debris. These decadent beech stands play important hydrological
and ecological functions that merit further research including accurate mapping and designation of
adequate conservation strategies for long-term protection.
Keywords: Crimean Mountains, Crimean beech, old-growth forests, forest composition and forest
dynamics.
94
Poster
Paper-ID: 136
Virgin forests in Gorgany (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Chernyavskyy, Mykola1; Shpilchak, Myron2; Slobodian, Olena2
1
2
National Forest Technical University of Ukraine, Ukraine
Gorgany Nature Reserve, Ukraine
The Gorgany range covers the central part of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The territory of Gorgany Nature
Reserve fully represents the Gorgany landscape. It is 5344.2 ha in area, including 3073.2 ha of natural
forests. Old-growth and virgin forests were preserved on a total surface of 2112.2 ha or 46.3%. In the
period 1996–2012, 48 permanent sample plots were established in the reserve (total area 27.4 ha).
Beech-spruce-fir forests are distributed between 990 and 1250 m a.s.l., spruce-Swiss pine and Swiss
pine-spruce forests between 965 and 1580 m a.s.l. The latter grow mostly on steep south-exposed
slopes where they form tree dominated by Swiss pine.The highest productivity is observed in the beechfir-spruce forests: the growing stock reaches in 140–160-years old fully stocked stands 760–880 m3/
ha. Spruce-beech and spruce-fir-beech forests with sycamore are a bit less productive, and the Swiss
pine and mountain Swiss-pine tree stands have the lowest productivity. For beech-fir-spruce, fir-beech
and spruce-beech-fir primeval forests an age phase lasts for 350–400 years (with a maximal standing
volume of 930 m3/ha), for the pure beech ones it is 230–260 years (maximum standing volume: 696
m3/ha) long, and for Swiss pine-spruce forests – approx. 300 years (414 m3/ha). The age of the trees
were assessed based on cores. The sample size of the plot was 0,5-1 ha. The virgin forests, except
the spruce and spruce-Swiss pine ones, have a three layer structure and they are characterized by
a complex spatial structure. Depending on the altitude and soil conditions, 17 different forest types
occur, which can be regarded as a kind of standard and a reference model, considering that this habitat
is almost undisturbed and the reserve is one of the unchanged natural, spatial complexes of the
Ukrainian Carpathians.
Keywords: Gorgany Nature Reserve, Ukrainian Carpathians, virgin forests , beech, fir, spruce
95
Poster
Paper-ID: 199
Secondary Succession after a Forest Fire in a Mountain Forest Reserve
Fidej, Gal1; Kolmanic, Simon2; Diaci, Jurij1; Zenner, Eric3; Guid, Nikola2
1
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department for Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources,
Slovenia
2
University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Slovenia
3
Penn State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, USA
Forest fires in Slovenian alpine environment are rare and only little is known about the secondary
succession after forest fires under these conditions. In 1950, fire destroyed a forest area of 82 ha
above Mozirje, which is since known as the Mozirska Požganija forest reserve. The potential forest may
be classified as an altimontane beech forest. However, the original forest was already altered before the
fire due to excessive felling, silvicultural preference of Norway spruce and forest grazing. Nowadays, only
scattered beech trees are present at the lower boundary of the reserve. Establishment of permanent
research plots was conducted in 1980 and measurements continued in 1988, 1994, 2007 and 2013.
This long time component allows insight into successional dynamics. Since the occurrence of the
fire, several successional stages have taken place here. These stages varied considerably in species
structure and growth dynamics. Today, 62 years after the fire, the climax species Norway spruce is the
main species in these stands. Pioneer species on the other hand, which soon invaded the predominant
part of the burnt area and dominated the area for the first 30–40 years, have started to retreat from
the stands. Due to gradual and spatially clustered forest formation, as well as mixture of climax and
pioneer tree species, a complex forest structure developed. Modelling the successional dynamics
with ForestMAS (a single tree based secondary succession model that employs Ellenberg indicator
values) indicated an extremely slow return of beech to its original sites. Without any interventions to
promote the abundance of beech (e.g. planting), the current state of Norway spruce prevalence will
likely continue for several hundred years.
Keywords: secondary succession, Norway spruce, pioneer tree species, beech, forest fire
96
Poster
Paper-ID: 172
Primary beech forest relics on orografic border sites in German middle ranges
Frede, Achim
Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee, Germany
Primary beech forest relics on orografic border sites in German middle ranges – habitat structures
and special adaptations (using the example of the National Park Kellerwald-Edersee) The KellerwaldEdersee National Park, founded on January 1st 2004, represents a part of the World Heritage site
“Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany”. With an
area of 5738 ha it protects one of the last large and unspoilt stocks of red beech forest in Germany
on acidophilous soil, not criss-crossed by roads and free of settlements. Kellerwald is in the foothills
of the Rhineish Schiefergebirge range. Greywacke and shale build the existing parent rock, creating a
nutrient poor and rather shallow terrain. Because of the various geomorphologic relief the acidophilous
beech forest as the typical forest community is enriched by a variety of valuable associated and special
biotypes, for example rocks and boulder fields, oak- and gorge forests, clear springs and near-natural
streams, At some steep rocky and scree slopes, where any sylvicultural use has hardly been possible,
small primary forest relics survived. Here the beech reaches its natural forest boundary and configures
bizarrely formed individuals. The gnarly and quaint forest areas are characterized by special growth
adaptations, mature structures and a lot of microhabitats. Corresponding to the range of habitats, the
National Park is home to a rich variety of plants and animals, in particular large birds, bats and rare
timber-dwelling insects and fungi.
Keywords: Primeval beech forest relics, orografic border sites, growth adaptations, microhabitats
97
Poster
Paper-ID: 181
“Ancient Beech Forests of Germany” – since June 2011 part of a trilateral
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Grossmann, Manfred
Hainich National Park, Germany
Since June 2011, the most valuable remnants of natural ancient beech forests in Germany form a
joint World Heritage Site together with the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site of “Primeval Beech
Forests of the Carpathians” in the Ukraine and the Slovak Republic, which has been inscribed in 2007.
The areas in question are the selected forest areas of the National Parks of Jasmund and Müritz in
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Hainich in Thuringia, Kellerwald-Edersee in Hesse and the Biosphere
Reserve of Schorfheide-Chorin in Brandenburg. These German sites with their beech forests in the
lowlands and central uplands are a perfect complement to the mountain beech forests located in the
Carpathians.The joint World Heritage Site thus reflects virtually the entire range of beech forest types
in the core zone of beech distribution, from the seashore to the mountain timberline and at the most
diverse locations. It is an exceptional example of natural deciduous forests and is indispensable in
order to understand the historical development of the forests dominated by beech. The decision of
the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on 25 June 2011 to include the “Ancient Beech Forests of
Germany” in the World Heritage Site emphasises the efforts to conserve the beech forests as the
World Heritage Committee has linked its decision with the recommendation to form a pan-European
process by means of this commitment. The conservation and adoption of additional valuable European
beech forests within the joint World Heritage Site should be secured in the future.
Keywords: UNESCO-Welterbe, Alte Buchenwälder Deutschlands
98
Poster
Paper-ID: 121
Structural Dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. in Virgin Mixed Forests Stands from
Romania’s Meridional Carpathians
Hanzu, Mihail
Bern University of Applied Sciences/ School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, CH
Diameters’ and heights’ dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. growing in virgin, mixed forests were investigated
using data from eighteen 2500 m2 plots located in Romania’s Meridional Carpathians. The mosaicpatch spatial structure observed allowed me to use the chronosequence method. Defining ecological
niche as the space occupied by a population inside an n-dimensional hyperspace, one main finding
is that during its development, Fagus sylvatica L. is filling diverse ecologic niches. From perspective
of diameters’ dynamics Fagus sylvatica L. presents a wide variation. Its dynamic patterns in virgin
stands were described by two and three-parameters unimodal Weibull model and by a five – parameter
bimodal Weibull function. Five different kinetic or dynamic models for explaining the variation of Weibull
parameters were tested. Models are dependent on stand’s biometric descriptors found significant
at a level p < 0.05. A kinetic model was found to fit best in the available data set. Analysing heights
dynamics, I found that the average height position occupied by Fagus sylvatica L. in stands cannopy
is varying significantly in time. In the virgin forests studied it is dominated by Picea abies (L.) H. Karst
respectively is dominating Abies alba Mill. in patches younger than 90 years of the stand’s age mosaic
and is co-dominant in old-growth patches. In the only patch older than 175 years, Fagus sylvatica L.
is dominating remnant resinous with recorded heights of 55 metres and diameters, at 1.3 m above
ground, larger than 1.2 m. This finding is important for a close to nature silviculture of mixed forest
stands, since it shows the productive and carbon sequestration potential of Fagus sylvatica L. allowed
to grow beyond the usual rotation periods, which seems to be too short from this perspective.
Keywords: Stand dynamics, Mixed forest, Ecological niche, Carbon sink, Weibull model
99
Poster
Paper-ID: 124
Patterns of Plant Diversity in Old-growth and Managed Silver fir-Beech Forests
in their Western Distribution Limit (Western Pyrenees, Spain)
Horvat, Vlatka; Biurrun, Idoia; García-Mijangos, Itziar
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
Old-growth forests are very rare in Spain, concentrated in national parks and other protected areas,
and they have scarcely been studied. Concerning the Pyrenees, despite the great forest exploitation
and tradition of livestock breeding in this mountain range, there are still some well conserved forests,
such as Aztaparreta, Larra, Gamueta and Lizardoia in the western Pyrenees. We have considered these
well conserved forests, that have been declared strict reserve, as old-growth forests in the Spanish
context.For this project four remaining old-growth forests have been selected in western Pyrenees
as well as four managed forests of the same type, in order to compare plant diversity (mosses and
vascular plants). This project is conceived as a pilot project within a PhD Thesis which will compare
plant diversity and structure of managed and unmanaged silver fir-beech forests. The goal of the
study is to propose some guidelines for sustainable forest management.Nested sampling design will
be used, with four old-growth forests and four managed forests of the same association, Scillo liliohyacinthi-Fagetum sylvaticae, growing on the same type of substrate and soil and with similar climatic
conditions. Five 20 x 20 m plots will be randomly sampled within each forest for species presence,
and four 4 x 4 m subplots in each plot for species cover. Average size of each forest is 96 ha. Canopy
cover and light quantity will be obtained using hemispherical photography. Sampling will start in March
2013 and will be repeated for each plot in July 2013. This project may provide valuable information on
plant diversity in silver fir-beech forests in their western distribution limit in Europe, subject to Oceanic
and Mediterranean influence, and contribute to a better knowledge of old-growth silver fir-beech forests
in Europe.
Keywords: plant diversity, old-growth forest, managed forest, silver fir-beech forest, Pyrenees
100
Poster
Paper-ID: 251
Social tree class approach in biomass and carbon sequestration evaluations of
natural Picea abies stands in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains
Karabchuk, Dmytro1; Keeton, William S.2; Horoshko, Myron1; Khomiuk, Petro1; Bihun, Yuriy2
1
2
Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, USA
Aboveground biomass tree quantification is essential for accurate forest carbon sink estimation and
encompasses many different methods. One aspect of carbon estimation is calculation of tree productivity,
which depends on the surrounding conditions. The variation of tree sizes affects its biomass and is
more obvious in naturally regenerated forests due to wider time scale in their creation. This and social
differentiation of trees during maturation of forest result in greater variability in tree dimensions with its
culmination observed in primeval forests. In this study, we propose a social tree class approach as a
sampling design method of choosing model trees for biomass estimation in natural mature as pre old
growth stands. Such model trees could be used either as a field based method for stand level biomass
estimations or for local regression models development. We hypothesize that this selection can improve
stand level model accuracy by averaging multiple canopy positions. We established 27 study sites
in spruce dominated forests in the Cheremosh river basin of the Ukrainian Carpathians. This method
requires detailed stem analyses of 3 or more sample trees per plot, including at least one dominant
canopy tree, one co-dominant, and one subordinate. The research results in better understanding of
carbon portioning among aboveground tree sections. Aboveground biomass fractions for model trees
were calculated and individual tree regression models were constructed. Such functions can be used by
foresters to quantify and validate stand-level carbon sequestration, storage estimates, such as those
made remotely in the research area. Likewise this methodology could be used at other local areas in
field-based estimation of aboveground biomass (carbon) stocks in different forest types under different
growing conditions (including old growth forest), as it requires an understanding of variability in tree
growth forms as a function of canopy position and degree of dominance vs. suppression.
Keywords: natural spruce forest, social tree class method, biomass, carbon
101
Poster
Paper-ID: 245
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity of Crimean Beech Forests (Ukraine)
Khodosovtsev, Olexander Yevgenovych2; Dymytrova, Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna1; Nadyeina, Olga
Volodymyrivna1; Naumovych, Ganna Olexiivna2; Khodosovtseva, Yulia Olexiivna3; Scheidegger, Christoph4
1
2
3
4
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine/
Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine
Kherson State Agricultural University, Ukraine
The Crimean Natural Reserve is one of the biodiversity hot-spots of the Crimean Mountains. The area of
this Reserve comprises 34 500 ha, from which nearly 26% include the biggest old-growth beech forest
of the Crimean peninsula. In the framework of lichen inventories carried out during the 20th century 344
species associated with beech forests have been recorded in the Reserve. We expect that this includes
nearly 60% of the epiphytic lichen species pool of the Peninsula. The aim of this study was to revisit
previously-known localities of red-listed and indicator species of woodland key habitats or otherwise rare
epiphytic lichens. We also studied the pattern of the epiphytic lichen diversity of the Crimean Natural
Reserve and compared it with other areas covered with beech forests. We recorded nine species
new for Ukraine (Hawksworthiana peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) U. Braun., Heterodermia japonica (M. ato)
Swinscow and Krog, Lecania prasinoides Elenk., Parmelia ernstiae Feurer et A. Thell, Phacographa
zwackhii (A. Massal. ex Zwackh.) Hafellner, Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) D. Hawksw., Stigmidium
congestum (Körb.) Triebel, Usnea diplotypusVain., Verrucaria corticola Servít). We also found 20 species
new for Crimea, and 28 species new for the Reserve area. The regional peculiarities of the epiphytic
lichen composition will be discussed.
Keywords: Crimea, beech, epiphytic lichens
102
Poster
Paper-ID: 138
Decline in the genetic diversity of the northernmost marginal populations of
Fagus crenata
Kitamura, Keiko1; Matsui, Tetsuya1; Kobayashi, Makoto2; Saitou, Hitoshi3; Namikawa, Kanji4; Tsuda,
Yoshiaki5
1
2
3
4
5
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, Japan
Kuromatsunai Beech Tree Museum, Japan
Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo, Japan
Uppsala University, Sweden
Fagus crenata is one of the most dominant tree species in the cool temperate forests of the Japanese
Archipelago. The northern distribution front of this species is at the Kuromatsunai Depression in
southern Hokkaido. F. crenata forms continuous forests and grows well at the northern distribution
front. However, small, scattered, and isolated northernmost marginal populations are found further
north from the distribution front. Palaeobotanical studies through pollen analysis have revealed that
F. crenata expanded its distribution from south to north for 20 000 years and reached the present
northern distribution front approximately 1000 years ago. We investigated genetic variation in 33
F. crenata populations from continuous forests toward the northern marginal distribution front. We
analyzed a total of 12 microsatellite loci for 2112 individuals. Gene diversity measures such as
heterozygosity, allelic richness, and Fis were calculated. Heterozygosity of northern populations was
lower than that of F. crenata populations in mainland Honshu. All three measures of genetic diversity
showed conspicuous decline from continuous populations toward the expanding marginal populations.
Spearman’s rank correlation tests demonstrated that this trend was significant. Our results indicated
that the F. crenata populations lost genetic variation during the northward expansion. We also performed
STRUCTURE analysis, which revealed genetic homogeneity within individual populations but high genetic
heterogeneity among populations. In particular, the isolated populations at the northernmost distribution
front were the most differentiated, because they may have experienced strong genetic drift. We also
detected a secondary contact zone in some populations at the expansion boundary. Our simulation
result of hypotheses about population differentiation and the decline of genetic diversity in the northern
populations supported one of the scenarios of secondary admixture of once differentiated populations.
The most likely scenario was as follows: during the repeated oscillation of distribution expansion and
retreat at the northern front, genetic differentiation caused ancestral population foundations, each of
those were comprised of partial genetic variation. These were the founder origins of the northern-most
scattered populations at the distribution front. Then these ancestor populations converged secondarily
and caused admixture, which gave rise to the direct origin of the present F. crenata populations in
lowland.
Keywords: distribution front, genetic diversity, genetic drift, marginal process, northward expansion
103
Poster
Paper-ID: 206
Diversity of Lichen-Forming Fungi in Old-Growth Beech Forests of Uzhansky NPP
(Ukraine)
Kondratyuk, Sergey Yakovlevich
Kholodny Institute of Botany, Ukraine
Lichens of old-growth beech forests of Uzhansky NNP, Ukrainian part of ‘Eastern Carpathian’
trilateral biosphere reserve, was studied in 1997–2000 years. Lichen and bryophyte communities
with participation of Lobaria pulmonaria were carried out within 10 Darwin expeditions (Coppins and
Kondratyuk 1998, 2000; Coppins et al. 2001; Kondratyuk et al. 1997, 1998, 2000; Kondratyuk 2008).
Totally lichen diversity on more than 500 Lobarion trees, found, described and tagged by aluminum tags
within Uzhansky NNP territory is discussed. Such species as Lobaria amplissima, Nephroma parile,
Allocetraria oakesiana and Heterodermia speciosa were recorded as rather rare within Uzhansky NNP.
Nephroma bellum, N. laevigatum, N. resupinatum, Sticta fuliginosa, S. sylvatica, Parmotrema crinitum, P.
chinense, and Tuckneraria laureri previously recorded from this territory were not found within our study.
Lager group of communities with Lobaria pulmonaria was found in the upper part of mountains (between
900–1100 m alt.) in massives of Kremenetzj, Velyka Ravka, Kanzhova, Semenova, Cheremkha Mts.,
and Yasynny, Kamyanysty, Khresty, Chorni Mlaky, unnamed, Divzha, Yavornyk ridges. Smaller group of
communities was found in valleys (at 350–500 m alt.) of Kamyanysty, Bystry, Sokoliv, Semeniv, Chorny,
Zhyduvsky, Paporotny, Parashynsky, Zhornavsky and Nimetsky streams. Majority of Lobaria pulmonaria
thalli was registered on healthy vertical beach trees. Eastern Carpathian Index of Ecological Continuity
(ECIEC) based on 111 lichen species, of which 57 are indicators of old growth forests, is the highest in
the upper localities of Yasynny and unnamed ridges, Cheremkha and Plishka Mts, as well as for valleys
of Nimetsky, Zhyduvsky and Parashynsky Streams, where the highest frequency and species diversity
of communities with Lobaria pulmonaria (more of 20 species per plot) was registered. Lyuta massif
located outside of Uzhansky NNP is characterized also very high frequency of Lobaria pulmonaria and
L. amplissima, as well as much higher value of the ECIEC.
Keywords: Lichen-Forming Fungi, Lobaria amplissima, Diversity, Index
104
Poster
Paper-ID: 174
Monitoring of Virgin Forest in the Uzhansky National Park
Kopach, Vasyl; Kvakovska, Inna; Zayats, Marina; Yarosh, Oleksandr
Uzhanskij national nature park, Ukraine
Uzhansky National Park is located in the western part of the physiographic region of the VododilnoVerkhovynsky Carpathians. The park is an integral part of the International Biosphere Reserve “Eastern
Carpathians”. On the territory of the Uzhansky National Park there are very many objects of natural and
cultural heritage that excite the interest of people of different preferences. For domestic and foreign
scholars virgin beech forests included in the World Natural Heritage “Primeval Beech Forests of the
Carpathians and old-aged forests of Germany” are of special interest. Back in 1908, through the efforts
of the Hungarian Foresters with the aim of the conservation and study of zonally spread common beech
and fir-beech forests, here was established one of the oldest reserves in the Ukrainian Carpathians
“Stuzhytsa” on the area of 331.6 hectares. For studies of virgin ecosystems in the park there were
set up plots for monitoring. On embedded plots: 1. Conducted the study of phytocoenotic diversity. 2.
Conducted the measurements of forest-taxation metrics. 3. Estimated the natural regeneration and
more. The research on plots showed that the virgin stands are of high forest taxation value (stock of
stand – 875 m3/ha, square cross-section – 57 m2). Due to the absence of direct human impacts in the
vegetation belt there are species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. The natural regeneration depends
on the light regime, as a rule the biggest amount of it is confined to open areas where the surface
soil gets enough light. Studies have shown that unlike artificial trees, these ecosystems are resistant
to diseases and pests. In addition, they are capable of self-regulation and self-healing. During 20132014 it was scheduled to set up additional five plots in Novo-Stuzhytske, Lubnyanske, Uzhotske and
Zhornavske PNDV to cover all specific to local conditions virgin ecosystems (beech, maple, beech and
fir-beech forests).
Keywords: Uzhansky National Park, monitoring plots, virgin forest
105
Poster
Paper-ID: 227
Analysis of Phenological phases (1993–2012) of Fagus Sylvatica L. in Primeval
Beech Forests of the Ugolka-Shyrokoluzhanskyi Massif of CBR
Kozurak, Alla Vasylivna; Andriychuk, Natalia Fedorivna
One of the most important tasks of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve is studying nature processes
occuring in primeval beech forests. In the process of complex scientific investigations the phenologicalmeteorological observations take an important place. They have been conducted for 34 years (1978–
2012) on the reserve’s permanent phenological stations and phenonological trails as basic materials
for “The Chronicles of Nature” and for case studies. There are 5 pheno-posts set up along an altitudinal
gradient from 500 m to 1200 m at the southern macro slope of the Uholka massif. This design allows
to show the dependence of the seasonal natural phenomena on altitude. The following phenological
phases are registered: budding, leaves sprouting, mass pollination, leaf colour change and leaf
fall (defoliation). These aspects determine the duration of the vegetation period. The periodicity of
phenological observations in spring-summer is every 3–4 days, and in summer-autumn every 5–6
days. Quantitative assessment of the physical condition of the atmosphere is carried out based on
meteorological stations and hydro-stations, set up at 430 m altitude.
We used the observations from the phenological stations No. 1 (500 m a.s.l.) and No. 3 (1200 m
a.s.l.) for the analysis of the vegetation period. The development of the phenological phases in the
years 1993–2012 (with a 20-years average temperature of 7.7 °C and average annual rainfall of 1150
mm) shows that the beech growing season on these altitudes is 195 and 172 days respectively, which
means that near the upper limit of the forest the vegetation period is shorter by 23 days. The mean
date for swelling buds at 500 m altitude was April 8, and at 1200 m April 23. The long-term studies
showed that the most important factors affecting the development of beech are the climatic conditions
of the area, altitude and slope aspect.
Keywords: Fagus sylvatica L., virgin forest, phenology, phenological phases, altitude, meteorological
office
106
Poster
Paper-ID: 180
Forest mensuration characteristics of forests reserved zone of National Park
”Skolivski Beskidy”
Kramarets, Volodymyr; Krynytskyj, Grygorij; Korol, Mykola; Matsiakh, Iryna; Kostyshyn, Vasyl
National Forestry University of Ukraine, Ukraine
The territories dominated by older forests have been included into the reserved zone of National Park
“Skolivski Beskidy”. Therefore, it became a reason for separation of the reserved zone according to
the cluster basis - separate forests. In fact, the largest areas of forest reserved zone are located in
Maydan (46%) and Zavadka (28%).It should be noted that on the National park territory are a lot of
forest derivatives which are mostly represented by artificially created forest plants from plantation
with the advantage of the European spruce within the forest tree stands. Within the reserved zone
the plantation area makes 17.9%. In other functional areas of the National Park the part of artificially
created forest stands is 2–3 times higher.The forest tree stands aged from 13 to 200 years have been
included into the structure of the reserved zone. Area plantations aged from 100 and older forms
about 2.7 ha (53.3% of the forest area of the reserved zone). Plantations aged from 80 years or more
make 86% of the area covered by forest vegetation plantings, plantations aged to 80 years – 14%.The
old-growth tree forests (100 years or more) dominated by fir occupy 947 ha, of spruce – 875.4 ha of
beech – 1699.2 ha and sycamore – 2.5 ha.Especially valuable are the old-growth beech forests with
complex multistage tree stands of different ages and with participation of fir and spruce, which occupy
more than 580 ha. However, we should note an unsatisfactory situation of the old-growth spruce tree
stands of the reserved zone – 97.9% of plantations aged from 100 and more are affected by root rot
pathogens such as Armillaria sp., Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä and Korhonen, Climacocystis
borealis (Fr.) Kotl. and Pouzar.
Keywords: National Park, ”Skolivski Beskidy”, the cluster basis, forests reserved zone
107
Poster
Paper-ID: 195
Integrative Management Approaches and Spatial Dynamics of Different
Development Stages in a Near-Natural Japanese Beech Forest in Northern
Honshu, Japan
Kraus, Paul Daniel
European Forest Institute, Germany
Spatial dynamics of within-stand patterns are important structural characteristics that can provide insights
into forest development. Understanding of development stages and their dynamics is a pre-requisite for
implementing close-to-nature sylviculture that aims to permit forest managers to more closely match
natural spatial distributions of tree species and integrate old-growth elements in practice. The spatial
characteristics of development stages (i.e. gap, maturity, and decay) observed in a near-natural beech
(Fagus crenata Blume) forest in Akita prefecture, northern Japan showed that these beech forests can
be recognized as a regeneration complex with trees in small diameter classes exhibiting a clumped
distribution in every development stage. Large trees were more randomly or even uniformly distributed
while small and intermediate size classes were aggregated in clumps which matched the overall spatial
pattern of all trees in each stage. However, the degree of aggregation of all trees differed among the
three development stages. Differences in spatial patterns among the development stages in this beech
forest are consistent with the gap-dynamics paradigm and likely reflect different canopy disturbance
events coupled with associated regeneration, release, and competition processes. Disturbances by
typhoons and dwarf bamboos (Sasa) on the forest floor may greatly affect the synchrony of regeneration
and, hence, the mosaic structure of beech forests in Japan. The insights gained from the observed
spatial patterns form an important component of integrative forest management approaches based on
natural dynamics and forest development.
Keywords: Integrative Management, development stages, gap dynamics, Fagus crenata
108
Poster
Paper-ID: 123
Seasonal changes of bat assemblage in primeval beech forest of Crimea
Kravchenko, Kseniia Aleksandrovna1,2; Vlaschenko, Anton Sergeevich2; Klochko, Alexander Nikolaevich3;
Gukasova, Alona Sergeevna4
1
2
3
4
Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
Interdepartmental research laboratory “Study of biodiversity and development of nature reserve
management” (Biology Research Institute of Kharkov National University and National Nature Park
“Gomilshanski lessy”), Ukraine
Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov, Ukraine,
National Nature Park “Gomolshanski lessy” Kharkov region, Ukraine,
European bats are an endangered group of animals. Several species are strictly forest-dwelling and need
trees of different stages of decay for roosting. Until 2011 bats of beech forest of Ukrainian Carpathian
and Crimea Mountains were not the focus of any scientific research. We studied bat assemblage in
primeval beech forest (44055’N, 34041’E) at near 700 m.a.s.l. in June, August-September 2011–
2012. Bats were mist-netted under the Kurasu stream. In June during the breeding season, we recorded
10 bat species. Three species (M. brandtii, N. leisleri and B. barbastellus) dominated in abundance
and all of them breed in this locality. Four other forest-dwelling bat species (M. nattereri, N. noctula, P.
nathusii and Pl. auritus) were present only as adult males or non-breeding females. In the end of August
we recorded changes in species composition and abundance; in total 15 species were caught with N.
noctula, N. leisleri, V. murinus and B. barbastellus dominating. Most of the species captured in the end
of August were present by all sex/age groups with a high number of sub adult individuals.Our studies
suggest that primeval mountain beech forests play a key role in breeding and seasonal movements of
both migrant and resident bat species. Trees of different ages and stages of decay in these natural
forests provide a variety of hollows and wood cracks that can serve as shelter for bats.Bats should be
a key animal group in overall research of primeval beech forest in Ukraine. Important characteristics of
beech forest biodiversity can include: bat species composition, number of breeding species, species
abundance, etc.
Keywords: Crimea Mountains, bats assemblage, beech forest
109
Poster
Paper-ID: 218
Systems for the Management and Conservation of Key Habitats for Birds and
Mammals in Old-Growth Natural Forests of Ukraine
Kremenetska, Ievgeniia Oleksiivna; Tyshchenko, Volodymyr Mykolayovych; Kravets, Pavlo Vasylyovych
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
Old-growth natural forests have a great scientific and social importance at present time.Sustainable
forest management should integrate the include the special methodological approaches concerning
preservation of animals’ key habitats during final harvesting and other human activities in forest.
Different approaches for the management and conservation of key habitats for birds and mammals
in old-growth natural forests of Ukraine have been introduced in forestry practice during the last 5
years. The value of various categories of trees for biodiversity’ preservation of mature forest stands
with the high nature protection status (?) is investigated. The electronic map of trees’ crones up to
final harvesting and after it is created by using Field-Map (?). All hollow trees, dead trees, high stubs,
part of trees of the bottom levels, old-age trees, rare kinds are considered as valuable or key trees. The
zone of absolute protection is represented by groups around of key trees. To a buffer zone it is necessary
to carry all trees which are valuable for maintenance of comfortable conditions for inhabitants, fodder
bases, preservation of phytodiversity and sources of natural renewal sowing. Recommendations and
practical application of complex cuttings of formation and improvement of forests are resulted.
Keywords: key habitats, conservation, natural forests
110
Poster
Paper-ID: 163
Windthrows and Natural Regeneration of Trees in the Uholka Forest District
Lavnyy, Vasyl
Nationale Forsttechnische Universität der Ukraine, Ukraine
The Uholka forest district is situated in Transcarpathian region, Ukraine. It belongs to the Carpathian
biosphere reserve. The area of the Uholka forest district is 4729 hectares. Almost all area of the
Uholka forest district is covered with virgin beech forests that are famous throughout Europe.In the
virgin beech forests of the Uholka district, windthrows and wind breakage play a significant role in the
stands dynamics. Every year one can find in every forest compartment uprooted trees or tree trunks
broken mostly at a height of 5 to 12 meters. The wave-like shape of the terrain is an evidence of
the previously occurred windfalls, which shows traces of once tumbled out root systems.Sometimes,
however, hurricane winds can cause massive windthrows and damage the virgin forest over a large
area. The last time a hurricane occurred was 23. 3. 2007. At that time two windthrow areas of 1.8
ha and 1.6 ha were formed in the Uholka forest district. In September 2011, we studied the natural
regeneration of trees in both windthrow areas.The results of the study showed good natural regeneration
of trees in both areas. The number of self-grown seedlings and advance growth made up 27 314 and
27 323 pcs./ha respectively. At both sites, the dominant species among undergrowth was beech,
whose share amounted to 85.1 and 62.7% respectively. In the areas studied, the composition of selfgrown seedlings and advance growth included along with beech 9 other species: sycamore maple,
willow goat, hanging birch, aspen, common ash, Norway maple, sweet cherry, hornbeam, and witch elm.
As to the age distribution on both windthrow areas dominated undergrowth aged 4–5 years, the share
of which amounted to 94.9% and 75.2% respectively.
Keywords: the Uholka forest district, windthrows, natural regeneration, silviculture.
111
Poster
Paper-ID: 249
Gene Resources Conservation of Fagus Taurica in Crimea
Los, Svitlana; Neyko, Ihor; Volosyanchuk, Roman; Tereshchenko, Larisa; Grygoryeva, Victoriya; Levchuk,
Oleh
1
Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration named after G.M. Vysotskij (URIFFM),
Ukraine
2
Vinnitsya Forest Research Station of of URIFFM, Ukraine
3
WWF Danube-Carpathian Project
4
The south branch of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine ”Crimean
Agrotechnological University”
Beech forests of the Crimea are confined mostly to the south-western part of the Crimean Mountains.
They are located at altitudes from 300 m to 1380 m above sea level. The total area of beech forests
is about 34 637 hectares, which is 13.8% of the forest area. The Crimean beech (Fagus taurica) is a
typical natural forest tree species for the Crimean Peninsula. It is considered a natural hybrid between
the European beech (Fagus silvatica) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). The Crimean Beech forms
both pure stands and stands mixed with hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L), maple (Acer campestre L., A.
Stevenii Pojark.), linden (Tilia cordata Mill, and T. dasystyla Stev), and checker trees (Sorbus torminalis
Crantz). In 1970s–1980s, seven genetic reserves with a total area of 141.1 hectares and 44 plus
trees were selected to preserve the gene pool of the Crimean beech. In 2001–2005, we carried out a
regular study of the objects being part of the international project “Genetic resources of forest broadleaved deciduous species of trees in South-East Europe”. Its purpose was to assess the selection
structure as well as the condition and seed natural regeneration processes of the Crimean beech. There
were defined geographic coordinates, growth parameters of forest stands, selection index, condition for
stands of genetic reserves and plus trees. Particular attention was paid to the restoration of the natural
seed regeneration of beech stands. The results of the studies showed that 95.9% of genetic reserves
stand area are at either excellent or good condition that are capable to naturally regeneration. The
other 4.1% of the area are in satisfactory condition with the possible threat of functions loss. Natural
seed regeneration in these areas is missing. The 30 plus trees are characterized by high selection
index, high productivity and good condition.
Keywords: the Crimean beech, genetic resources, plus trees, selection index, condition.
112
Poster
Paper-ID: 197
Insect species identified on European beech leaves in Transylvania
Manea, Ioan-Andrei1; Toiu, Florin-Lucian1; Isaia, Gabriela2
1
2
Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS) Bucuresti, Romania
Silviculture and Forest Engineering
In Romania is still a natural beech forest with high productive potential and resistance to biotic factors.
In many stands silvicultural operations (release cutting, cleaning, thinning) were not applied in time,
therefore different harmful species have installed on the beech. Increasing number of diseases, crown
defoliation suddenly occurring till 2001 and severe drought of 1999–2004, 2007–2008, 2011–2012,
especially in central and eastern regions, have released the recent European beech decline in Romania
(Chira 2004). At the beech leaves, attacks were reported from the following species: a) Insects:
Mikiola fagi Htg., Fagocyba cruenta Herrich-Schaeffer., Phyllonorycter maestingella Zll., Phyllocnistis
unipunctella Steph. end Diurnea fagella Denis et Schiff. b) Mites: Aceria nervisequa faginea Nal. end
Aceria nervisequa nervisequa Nal. c) Fungi: Apiognomonia fagi West.
Keywords: beech decline, defoliation, stands, fungi, insects, mites
113
Poster
Paper-ID: 178
Aphyllophoroid fungi as indicators of old-growth forests of the reserved zone of
National Park “Skolivski Beskidy”
Matsiakh, Iryna; Kramarets, Volodymyr
National Forestry University of Ukraine, Ukraine
Aphyllophoroid fungi (representatives of Basidiomycota) settle on living or dead tissues of trees
and bushes. Their distribution depends on the quality and quantity available for the development of
substrates, therefore these fungi are often used as indicators of forest ecosystems. The survey of
forests within the reserved zone of the National Park “Skolivski Beskidy” identified 87 species of
aphyllophoroid fungi.An indicator of disturbance and disintegration of spruce stands is the massive
development of the fungi Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä and Korhonen, Fomitopsis pinicola
(Sw.) P. Karst., Trichaptum abietinum (Dicks.) Ryvarden, Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst., and
Gloeophyllum odoratum (Wulfen) Imazeki. In the old-growth beech forests of the reserved zone, the
proportion of trees with fruit bodies of Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr has increased. Laetiporus sulphureus
(Bull.) Murrill, Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. as well as species of genera Stereum and Trametes are found
very often. Fir trees aged 90 to 100 years are affected by Phellinus hartigii (Allesch. et Schnabl) Pat.
and Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä et Korhonen.The indicators of well-preserved old-growth forests
of the national park are the following species: Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers. (= Hericium clathroides
(Pall.) Pers.), a saprotroph that develops mostly on fallen and dead beech trees; Hericium alpestre Pers.
(= Hericium flagellum (Scop.) Pers.) that occurs on living trees or dead wood of conifers, including fir;
Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray (= Polypilus frondosus (Dicks.) P. Karst.) with fruit bodies occurring at the
base of old beech or sycamore trees; Grifola umbellata (Pers.) Pilát (= Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr.)
with fruit bodies growing at the base of old broadleaved trees (e.g. beech, birch, seldom sycamore) on
rotten wood stumps; Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. that occurs around the trunks of old trees of
beech or sycamore, sometimes on conifers.In fact, the presence of these and some other fungi species
may indicate the naturalness of old-growth forests.
Keywords: an aphyllophoroid fungi, the reserved zone, the old-growth forests
114
Poster
Paper-ID: 182
Disturbance, life history traits, and community dynamics in an old-growth beechfir forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nagel, Tom1; Svoboda, Miro2
1
2
Dep of Forestry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
We examined disturbance history, life history traits, and community dynamics in the Perucica forest
reserve, BiH. With a size of ca. 1400 ha, Perucica is the largest tract of old-growth left in the Dinaric
Mountain region, and allows a unique glimpse into the natural processes that drive forest dynamics. We
used dendroecological techniques to reconstruct the spatial and temporal patterns of disturbance in 4
one-hectare plots and three windthrow areas distributed throughout the beech-fir zone of the reserve.
We used the same tree core dataset to quantify lifetime growth patterns of the main tree species
(i.e. Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, and Fraxinus excelsior) to provide
insight into interspecific differences in tree life history traits, namely, shade tolerance, growth, and
longevity. The results of the disturbance history analysis do not fit the widely accepted gap-phase model
of temperate forest dynamics; rather, all four of the plots showed evidence of periodic, intermediate
severity disturbances that removed 30–50% of the canopy layer. Likewise, the results of the lifetime
growth pattern analysis challenge some of the traditional views of tree life history traits in Central
Europe. We discuss how the interaction of disturbance and life history traits influence community
dynamics in beech-fir dominated forests.
Keywords: Beech-Fir, Disturbance regime, Forest dynamics, species-coexistence
115
Poster
Paper-ID: 215
Influence of Some Morphometric Characteristics on Gap Traits
Nicu-Constantin, Tudose; Any Mary, Petritan; Florin Lucian, Toiu; Ion Catalin, Petritan
The present study has been carried out in a neutrophilous mixed beech-sessile oak - hornbeam forest
ecosystem located in the southern part of Occidental Carpathians (22°07’E, 46°10’N). The investigated
area extends between 334 to 686 m above sea level with slope inclinations varying between 1 to 34
degrees.The influence of some morphometric characteristics (slope, altitude and aspect) on gap traits
(surface, diameter, perimeter), on the proportion of beech and sessile oak in expanded gap, and on
number of gap fillers and of gapmakers, respectively, was studied. This investigation was performed
for all the gaps identified (321) in the research area.For this purpose we used the regression analysis,
separately and combined. The dependent variables for which the significance level was less than
0.05 were: gap area and gap perimeter, ratio of beech participation and the number of the gapmaker.
Whereas the beech participation as trees which formed the expanded gap increased with altitude,
the participation of sessile oak decreased. At the same time, the expanded gap /canopy gaps ratio
decreased with increasing of slope and increased with altitude. The number of gapmaker was positively
influenced both by slope and by altitude. The frequency of the gap fillers decreased with altitude and
is higher by higher slope values.So, topography plays an important role on the gap traits as well as on
the number of the gap fillers.
Keywords: gap traits, slope, altitude, aspect
116
Poster
Paper-ID: 139
The Energy Distribution and Accumulation in Beech Ecosystems
Oszlanyi, Julius1; Bublinec, Eduard2; Barna, Milan3
1
2
3
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Pedagogical Faculty Catholic University, Ruzomberok, Slovakia
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
Comrephensive energy analysis of aboveground and belowgrand biomass fraction in the beech
ecosystem showed that the stem biomass comprised three thirds (76.2%) of the total biomass amount.
The biomass of crowns represented 13.5% (0.8% in leaves) and the roots had 10.5 %. The total
biomass accumulated to 8032 343 GJ, corresponding to the equivalent of 179 218 kg crude oil. The
heating capacity of fresh biomass represents only 58.9% of dry biomass. Energy flow governing biomass
creation and production provides an energy input of 39.6.109 kJ.ha–¹.yr–¹ in the beech forest vegetation
tier from which 23 300 GJ.ha–¹ is created during photo-synthetically active radiation (15. 5.–30. 9.). The
primary net energy value of annual production of beech ecosystem is 211 178 GJ.ha–¹. The total energy
value is 411 797 GJ.ha.yr–¹. When the energy input is assessed for photo-synthetically active period,
was find out that beech ecosystems use only less than 1% of solar radiation. Each kilogram of organic
carbon corresponds to an energy reserve of 34 034 kJ (combustion heat C).
Keywords: beech, biomass, energy content
117
Poster
Paper-ID: 229
Tendencies of Transborder Air Emission of Pollutants in Protected Areas of
Uholka-Shyrokui Luh Massif
Paparyga, Petro Stepanovych; Pipash, Lyudmyla Ivanivna; Andriychuk, Natalya Fedorivna; Zhovynskyi,
Evhen Yaroslavovych
In 2010, the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR) started a hydrochemical monitoring of snow samples
on the tallest peaks of the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh massif of CBR. The purpose of research was to study
the transboundary transfer of pollutants of anthropogenic or natural genesis by air flow within the
protected area clusters. The macrocomponents in the snow cover from 2010 to 2012 were analysed in
the chemical laboratory of CBR, and the microcomponents at the Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry,
Mineralogy and Oregenesis of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The data clearly indicate a
tendency of cross-border transfer of pollutants of various origin by atmospheric flow. After analysing the
data and the prevailing wind directions for the appropriate winter periods, we concluded that a gradual
reduction of pollutants in snow cover on the profile in the south-west with the prevailing north-east
winds takes place. Thus, the pH index is below the equilibrium value (5.6 m.); the amount of sulfates is
at its maximum; the content of the following is somewhat exceeding: Co, Cu, Rb, Cd, Sb, Sr, Sn Fe, Ni,
Zn, Ce., Cs, La (Cd content exceeds the norm in 2.5 times). Hoever, it depends on the prevailing wind
direction. On the one hand, the results indicate ecomodel importance of this area, and on the other samples of snow cover indicate a possible transfer of those elements by air flows from the neighboring
north-eastern industrial regions. To preserve the largest cluster of beech primeval forests in Europe
continued joined research with a denser grid of observation plots and maximum-statistical number of
observations over time is needed. Implementation of a comprehensive monitoring will allow getting the
results from years of complex research data that will enable a deeper understanding of anthropogenic
factors’ impact on the environment and predicting future developments.
Keywords: Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh massif, beech forest, transboundary transfer,ecomodel, hydrochemical
monitoring
118
Poster
Paper-ID: 205
Forest structure and spatial patterns in an old-growth beech-sessile oak forest
in western Romania
Petritan, Ion Catalin1,2; Lingua, Emanuele3; Petritan, Any Mary1
1
2
3
Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
University of Padua, Italy
The main aim of this research was to assess the forest structure and understand spatial patterns
and related disturbance processes in a mixed beech-sessile oak old-growth forest.We investigated the
forest structure in the best preserved part (32.3 ha) of the Runcu Grosi natural reserve in the Zarand
Mountains (western Romania). A former study conducted on 34 plots of 1000 m2 randomly scattered
throughout the entire reserve (Petritan et al. 2012) assessed the forest structure and described forest
at the stand level. Starting on these background, four 0.56 ha intensive sampling plots were established
in order to better study spatial interaction between species analysing spatial patterns in the different
layers. In order to test whether the altitude may influence the spatial patterns and species spatial
interactions, two plots were placed at ca. 115 m higher than the others two.Inside the plot all trees,
snags, stumps, and logs were mapped and measured. Spatial structure was investigated by means
of Point Pattern Analysis, computed for the overall population and stratified on species, size classes,
and vertical strata position. Different null model were chosen accordingly to the processes involved in
the spatial pattern delineation.In order to investigate if spatial structure was related to tree size, we
computed Moran I(d) and local indices of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) such as Local Gi*(d) statistics.
The species-specific patterns identified are in agreement with the ecophysiological characteristics of
the two species and can be a very helpful tool in the establishment and management of artificial mixed
forests.
Keywords: beech mixed forest, spatial patterns, old-growth forest, structure
119
Poster
Paper-ID: 156
Vertebrate fauna of the beech primeval forests in the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh
massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
Pokynchereda, Vasyl; Hodovanets, Bohdan; Dovhanych, Yaroslav
The results of long-term research on the vertebrate fauna of the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh massif in the
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve are presented. We show the species composition over all groups of
vertebrates, and also the abundance and population dynamics of individual species. The relationship
between the vertebrate fauna and features of the beech virgin forests is analysed.
Keywords: Uholka, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, vertebrates, fauna
120
Poster
Paper-ID: 216
Anthropogenic Changes in Forests and the Protection of Rare Plants
Pozynych, Iryna
Museum of Nature History of National Academy of Ukraine, Ukraine
Long-term economic activity has led to profound changes in vegetation cover in the Carpathian. In place
of former forests have secondary and artificial groups of plants. These vegetation complexes in general,
represent a wide range of qualifications of different origin and status, which are ecological niches of the
existing species diversity populations against the background of natural and geographical differentiation
of natural systems in the region. Only the persistence of these niches can be the key to the protection
and restoration of authentic regional species diversity. Therefore, knowledge of the modern structure,
origin and trends of the dynamic of plant communities is fundamental to the strategy of environmental
managementWere studied 48 groups on level association. Were described 39 rare plant species in
forest communities in the Carpathian part of the river Dniester and developed recommendations for
their protection. We determined the stage successions in forest communities with different levels of
anthropogenic stress. Were developed conclusions and recommendations to the competent forestry.
Keywords: Association, succession
121
Poster
Paper-ID: 116
Recognition of herb indicator species of soil chemical and physical properties in
beech forests in north of Iran (Case study: Naav region in Asalem, Guilan, and
north of Iran)
Razavi, Seyed maziar; Mataji, Assadollah; Sagheb-Talebi, Khosro
1
2
3
Natural Resources Office, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Assistant professor, department of forestry science and research branch Islamic Azad University,
Teheran, Iran
Professor, Forest Research Division, Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, Iran
Abstract This research, performed in beech forests of Asalem in District Num-2 forest management plan
to identify herb indicator species, soil chemical and physical properties and also their relationship with
regional physiographic conditions. Transect method was used to select sample locations in different
geographical directions (aspects), where a total of 73 samples were taken. Cover- coverage were cut
in 400 m2 squares for shrub and arboreal strata and for grassy (herb) strata 100 m2 square by using
minimal area method and modified Braun Blanquette table. Soil samples were taken in the center
and four corners of each plot at the depth of 0–20 cm and mixed with each other to have a combined
soil mixture for each plot. Cluster analysis was used for classifying plant cover, and herb indicator
species analysis was used to distinguish three ecological groups. As a result, several plant types
were selected as herb indicator species in each group. MRPP analysis was used to study statistical
differences between ecological groups from plantation combination point of view. Tukey test was used
to compare mean of environmental variables of segments in different ecological groups. Detrended
correspondence analysis ( DCA) and Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used for analyzing
relationship between vegetation data and environmental variables. Results showed that distribution
and identification of herb indicator species in the studied beech forests is associated with some factors
such as direction, pH, and percentage of clay, porosity percentage, phosphorus and exchangeable
cautions (potassium, calcium and magnesium). In this research, herb indicator species of the first
group were located in more nutritious, less acidic, and mostly west oriented aspect. Herb indicator
species of the second group were in between the first and the second group. Herb indicator species
of the third group were located in less nutritious, more acidic and mostly north and northwest oriented
aspect
Keywords: indicator species, cluster classification, minimum area method, transect method, ordination
method
122
Poster
Paper-ID: 109
Effect of altitude of origin on early growth and biomass of oriental beech (Fagus
orientalis) seedlings (Case study in the Drazno region close to the eastern
border of oriental beech distribution in Caspian forests)
Rezaei, Afsaneh; Naseri, Bahram; Kiadaliri, Mehdi; Razzaghzadeh, Marziyeh
1
Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Organization, Caspian Forest Tree Seed Centreatershed
Organization
2
Tarbiat Modares University; Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Organization, Caspian Forest Tree
Seed Centre
Oriental beech nuts were collected from 6 stands situated at 400 m intervals along an altitudinal
gradient ranging from 300–2300 m a.s.l. The study area is in the Derazno region in the Golestan province
(Ghaz mahaleh watershed, 54-57-01E, 36-24-30N), close to the eastern border of the distribution range
of oriental beech. Seeds were subjected to cold stratification to remove physiological dormancy and
stimulate germination. Germinated seeds were sown in polyethylene bags (of 15*20 cm size) in a lowland nursery to produce seedlings. Then, seedling traits (stem and root length, stem and root wet and
dry weight, collar diameter, root /stem ratio and leaf area) were measured after 6 month growth for
each stand of origine. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.01) in the above mentioned
traits except root/stem ratio between the provenances from different altitudes. The measured traits
increased with the altitude of seed origin up to 1500 m.a.s.l (seedlings from that altitude were largest),
and then decreased to minimum values of seedlings from 2300 m.a.s.l.The results of this study confirm
the findings of other researchers, that the reproductive potential of oriental beech in the Caspian region
is highest above 700 m.a.s.l and reaches its maximum at 1500 m.a.s.l.
Keywords: Altitudinal stand, seedling traits, oriental beech
123
Poster
Paper-ID: 192
Forest conservation and close-to-nature forest management – Contributions to
structural diversity and total carbon balances of mixed-beech forests
Richter, Fritz1; Frischbier, Nico1; Profft, Ingolf1; Mund, Martina2; Raacke, Jan2; Ammer, Christian2
1
Service- and Competence Centre of Thuringian State Forestry Institute – Institution under Public Law,
Germany
2
Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zone, Georg-August University of
Göttingen, Germany
Sustainable forest use and forest protection have emerged to one of the most crucial issues of global
resource management and environmental protection. Especially Europe’s natural, old-growth, mixed and
beech forests are more and more part of conflicts and approaches of divergent forestry, conservation
and climate policies.The objective of the study is to analyse and quantify forest growth, structural
diversity and the total carbon balance of mixed and beech forest reserves in comparison with closeto-nature forests. The carbon balances include tree growth, tree mortality and changes of deadwood
biomass in the ecosystem as well as the processing and utilisation of harvested wood products along
the supply chain.The hypothesis is: For the next 50 years recently protected mixed and beech forests
ensure a higher benefit for total carbon balances than those managed according to the concept of
close to-nature forestry.The study mainly consists of five components of actual natural and economic
data sets of Thuringian State Forestry: – Evaluation of inventory data to simulate tree growth, mortality
and the amount and quality of biomass and timber production in ten consecutive rotation periods of
five years- Calculation of carbon stocks in living trees, deadwood, timber assortments and utilised
wood products; – Assessment of energy consumption for forest management operations, transport
and timber processing; – Compilation of information on timber utilisation and mass flows along the
supply-chain in forestry and downstream wood processing industry; – Estimation of carbon effects by
energy and material substitutionThe study supports the identification of conflicts between “biodiversity
conservation” and the ecosystem services “wood production” and “carbon-sequestration”. It contributes
to decision making for regional, national and international forest and climate policies.
Keywords: climate change, carbon sequestration, total carbon balance, forest growth simulator, beech
forest, sustainable forest management, forest conservation, resource efficiency, timber products
124
Poster
Paper-ID: 221
Virgin beech forests outside the protected areas in Transcarpathia (Ukraine)
Szaniszlo, Yaroslavna; Andrik, Eva
During long-term observations 36 new sites of beech virgin forest ecosystems with an area to 100
hectares were identified and mapped. These areas are outside the protected areas in Transcarpathia
and reside on ridges and on the steep slopes of spurs that are hard to reach for logging within the
southwestern part of Vihorlat-Gutin volcanic massif and in Poloninsky ridge. They also marked in the
origins of tributaries of the river Uzh. In these beech stands we described and identified 10 associations
(Asperulo odoratae–Fagetum, Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum, Carici pilosae-Fagetum, Melittio-Fagetum,
Pulmonario-Fagetum, Aposerido-Fagetum, Helleboro purpurascens-Fagetum, Adenostylo-Fagetum, Aro
maculati-Fagetum, Aceri-Fagetum) of alliance Fagion sylvaticae. These phytocenoses according to the
dominant classification are included in the ”Green Book of Ukraine” (2009) and must be protected.
The average height of beech trees on these sites is 37.3 m, maximum – 41 m; average diameter of
trees is 59.7 cm, maximum – 79.8 cm. Age of the forests is estimated at 150–250 years, but there
are areas in which stands has an age of about 200 years and reaches a height of over 40 m. In these
forests the seven phases of development of typical virgin forest ecosystems are observed, dead wood
is about 10%.The investigated plots characterized also by high floristic diversity, here 163 species of
vascular plants are identified. Among them 15 species (9%) are included in the Red Book of Ukraine
(Cephalanthera damasonium, C. rubra, Epipactis atrorubens, Galanthus nivalis, Leucojum vernum,
Lilium martagon, Listera cordata, L.ovata, Lunaria rediviva, Neottia nidus-avis, Phyllitis scolopendrium,
Platanthera bifolia, Scopolia carniolica etc.), 24 species (15%) are listed in the official “Red list of the
Transcarpathian region”.High floristic and phytocenotic diversity of the found virgin plots makes them
promising for inclusion in the protected areas fund of Transcarpathia and for starting here long term
monitoring studies.
Keywords: primeval beech forests, diversity, protection, Transcarpathia
125
Poster
Paper-ID: 208
Stand Structural Characteristics of a Natural European Beech Forest from SW
Romania
Turcu, Daniel-Ond1; Bouriaud, Olivier1; Tomescu, Romica1; Biris, Iovu-Adrian1; Ponette, Quentin2
1
Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS) Bucharest, Romania, Romania
Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (Eli-e), Forest
Sciences
2
Natural forests represent one of the major sources of scientific information regarding the structure
and functioning of the forest ecosystems. Only few natural forests survived at European level, most
of them in very isolated (geographically) areas; one of the largest remnant natural forests is located
in SW Romania – the “Izvoarele Nerei” Nature Reserve, covering aprox. 5000 ha in the Semenic
Mountains. An extensive investigation was set up regarding the structure of this forest: 12 large-sized
(1 ha) sample plots were established, in respect with the altitudinal gradient of 700 m. Stand structural
characteristics were measured and recorded in order to emphasize the structure of the natural forest
and the variations of the structural attributes by altitude. Distributions of number of trees by diameter
classes and by height classes were built, in order to express the horizontal and the vertical structure
of the forest. An inventory of other smaller sample plots (0.2 ha), re-inventoried after 10 years, shows
a very high structural stability within the natural forest. Information regarding the dead wood -amounts
per hectare- was presented in relation to the living stand characteristics and altitudinal gradient. Trees
from the core area of the Reserve were sampled for increments and age determinations, impressive
tree ages were found. Keywords: European beech, natural forest, stand structure
126
Poster
Paper-ID: 149
Annual Growth and Site Sensitivity of Beech Along the Soil Moisture and
Nutrient Axes
Weber, Pascale1; Heiri, Caroline1; Volodymyr, Trotsiuk2; Lorenz, Walthert1
1
2
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
A large amount of empirical knowledge is available in the forestry practice how site properties influence
the performance of individual trees and thus, forest productivity. This knowledge originates mostly from
growth and yield studies at productive sites; studies at unproductive sites are less common. However,
in prospect of changing forest productivity under human induced environmental changes, it becomes
increasingly important to better quantify how tree growth and its response to climate are changing over
the whole productivity gradient, including dry and wet, as well as nutrient rich and poor sites. With the
work presented here, we aim to 1) demonstrate a method to account for the influence of soil properties
on the growth of dominant trees and 2) show results of the growth behaviour and site sensitivity of
Fagus sylvatica and its competitor species at the colline/submontane range, visualised in what we call
the “growth ecogram of tree species”.Our sampling design included 62 tree-ring chronologies from 31
Swiss forest stands, which were chosen according to their position along a soil moisture and nutrient
gradient. As expected, beech showed the highest growth potential at mesic sites. The beech data also
clearly indicated that annual basal area increment is a better measure for growth potential than treering width. In general, tree age was higher at dry sites where at the same time growth potential was
small, whereas age was smaller at wet sites where the growth potential was comparably high. Thus,
the difficulties in the interpretation of our results are a) the negative correlation between tree age and
soil moisture availability and b) the link between growth potential and tree age. Besides the simple
assessments of average annual growth values, we will present further results of site and species
specific growth reactions.
Keywords: site properties, tree-rings, climate sensitivity
127
Poster
Paper-ID: 188
Dynamics of Primeval Beech Forests of Ukrainian Carpathians: From Changes of
Trees to Stand Successions
Yanovska, Iryna Mykolaivna; Shparyk, Yuriy Stepanovych
Ukrainian Research Institute for Mountain Forestry, Ukraine
Primeval beech forests changes were studied on joint UkrRIMF, CBR and WSL permanent plot situated
in Ugolka Department of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve according to results of inventories in
2000, 2005, and 2010. Most clear 10 years changes were calculated for trees: – 16.7% living trees
appeared (their DBH up 6.0 cm); – 6.8% living trees withered; – 5.6% standing trees disappeared
(falled down and destroyed); – Third part of standing trees had unnatural changes (classes changes
more than 1, too big diameter or height increments, negative increments); – Half of standing trees had
natural changes.10 years changes of primeval forests on 0.25–1.0 ha areas were less clear:- Species
composition changed on 1 from 40 subplots (2.5%); – Height, diameter, number of trees, and wood
volume changed clearly on 3 from 40 subplots (7.5%); – Changes were natural on 36 from 40 subplots
(90.0%). 10 years changes of primeval forests on 10.0 ha areas were natural – within 10%, only one
parameter up to 20%. Analysis of dynamics of the primeval beech forest natural regeneration on 160
circle plots and lying deadwood volume on 40 subplots were done too. Primeval beech forest dynamics
characterized by clear changes for half of trees, and for 10% of 0.25 ha subplots. And changes were
not clear for 10.0 ha area of the primeval beech forest. Anyway primeval beech forests were uneven-age
and multi-layered stands, and stable to natural hazards during last 10 years.
Keywords: Tree, Stand, Area, Dynamics, Stable
128
Poster
Paper-ID: 129
Dim outlook of lowland Oak forests in Eastern Europe
Yatsjuk, Yegor; Vlaschenko, Anton; Morozova, Irina; Viter, Stanislav; Saidakhmedova, Natalia
Interdepartmental research laboratory ”Study of Biodiversity and development of nature reserve
management” Biology research institute V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
Extensive efforts have been made to preserve and research primeval beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests
which have survived in Eastern and Central European mountains. Lowland Oak (Quercus robur)-dominated
forests to greater extent has been subjected to anthropogenic transformation. Almost no primeval oak
forests are considered to survive in lowlands of Eastern Europe. In the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine
oakeries make 43% of forest area and less than 25% of them are mature Oak stands. Nowadays, the
area suitable for forest growth here is shifting northwards due to the climate change. The other problem
is increasing of logging rate in Ukrainian Oak forests during last two decades. Besides most cuttings
are considered to be sanitary, their main purpose is obtaining timber.Now it is essential to preserve
these plots from the total destroying. The first step must include surveying of these remnants of old
oak forests and selecting of the most undisturbed forest plots. Effective data gathering about the
state of these patches and its biodiversity is needed.We have started collecting of such information
about Oak forests in the territory of Eastern Ukraine. Analysis of forest taxation materials has allowed
us to choose the most old-growth Oak stands (150–250 years). During on-site survey we gathered
information which is not included in forest taxation materials and data on distribution of protected
species. Incorporating of these data in databases will help to preform future researches of these
forests. Information about protected species distribution in these sites was passed to the forest
taxation organizations. It will be used to prove logging restriction on these territories.We believe that
strong cooperation with groups working with beech forests and adopting their experience will encourage
this work for Oak forests conservation.
Keywords: conservation, rare species, logging
129
Poster
Paper-ID: 230
Management of forest to help Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis) restoration in
natural temperate mixed forest, Hyrcanian forest, North of Iran
Zolfeghari, Eslam
Islamic Azad University, Shebstar branch, Shabestar, Iran
This research was conducted to study restoration forms of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) in north of
Iran, in a mixed forest with beech dominant, and determine a suitable management programs. Results
of inventory from stand illustrated that Fagus orientalis was dominant with respect to abundance,
volume and its regeneration frequency. In the respect of frequency of seedlings were Fagus orientalis
35%, Carpinus betulus 25%, Alnus sabcordata 15%, Quercus castanifolia 14%, Ulmus glabra 11% &
Acer sp 0.75%. Distribution curve of beech in diameter classes showed the accumulation in upper
diameter classes of beech and abundance of regeneration settlement in below 30 cm height groups
indicated that study forest is old and it is far from optimal stage, showing the beginning of regeneration
phase and passing destructive while overlapping aggradations (increasing stage) and destructive
stage. To manage this stand with close to nature silvicultural method we should help to settlement
of regeneration under forest crown and gaps with creation different age stages in saplings that would
be primary steps to prepare stand to the future with following un-even aged mixed forest with beech
dominant.
Keywords: optimal stage, increasing stage, destructive stage, close to nature
130
Index
Index
Oral presentations
Authors
Paper-ID Abstract Title
page
Abrego, Nerea; Sarrionandia, Esti; Salcedo,
Isabel
126
The influence of beech forest management on woodinhabiting fungal diversity: A study in Northern Spain
52
Akulov, Olexander Yu
149
Fungicolous fungi of Primeval Beech and Spruce Forests of
Ukrainian Carpathians and Perspectives of Their In-depth
Study
12
Ardelean, Ioana; Keller, Christine;
Scheidegger, Christoph
183
Lichen Diversity in Mixed Beech Forests From Rodnei
Mountains (Carpathians), a Comparison Between
Conserved and Disturbed Sites
53
Ascoli, Davide; Conedera, Marco;
Castagneri, Daniele; Maringer, Janet;
Bovio, Giovanni
169
European Beech, Fire and Post-fire management in the
Southern Alps
76
Baessler, Claus; Mueller, Joerg
108
Effects of Management in Beech Forests on Fungal
Functional Trait and Phylogenetic Diversity
54
Begehold, Heike; Winter, Susanne
125
Patch Dynamics of Lowland Beech Forests in a gradient of
Management intensity
24
Benneter, Adam; Jost, Noemi; Bauhus,
Jürgen
186
Tree Species Richness has Little Effect on Stem Quality of
Beech in Mixed Forests
62
Bjelanović, Ivan; Krstić, Milun
233
Old-growth Characteristics of the Beech Forest Reserves in
Serbia
25
Blick, Theo; Dorow, Wolfgang H. O.
141
Fauna of a German Strict Forest Reserve and its Adjacent
Managed Site
77
Bohdan, Adam; Zalewska, Anna; Popławska,
Marta
244
Importance of non-intervention forest management for
lichens – relics of the primeval forests in the Białowież a
Forest
(NE Poland)
55
Bouriaud, Olivier; Turcu, Daniel-Ond;
Tomescu, Romica; Biris, Iovu-Adrian;
Ponette, Quentin
201
European’s Largest Natural Beech Forest Reserve;
Lessons on Stands Structure and Development
26
Brändli, Urs-Beat; Abegg, Meinrad
250
69
Burrascano, Sabina; Keeton, William Scott;
Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Blasi, Carlo
112
Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of
Moist Temperate Old-growth Forests: a Global Review
41
Chumak, Maksym; Lachat, Thibault
161
Effect of canopy gaps on species assemblages of
saproxylic beetles in the Uholka Primeval Forest, Ukraine
13
Chumak, Vasyl; Rizun, Volodymyr
168
Arthropods diversity in virgin and managed beech forest:
what has changed through management?
56
D‘Andrea, Ettore; Bruno, De Cinti;
Tommaso, Chiti; Alfredo, Di Filippo; Alfredo,
Alessandrini; Gianluca, Piovesan; Marco,
Bascietto; Giorgio, Matteucci
148
Carbon Stock and Net Primary Production in a Italian
Network of Old-growth Beech Forests
42
Danila, Iulian-Constantin; Roibu, CatalinConstantin; Popa, Ionel; Cenusa, Radu;
Radu, Ioana
198
Disturbance history and dynamics in old growth beech
forest “Humosu” – A spatial dendro-ecological analysis
43
Di Filippo, Alfredo; Baliva, Michele;
D‘Andrea, Ettore; Ziaco, Emanuele;
Piovesan, Gianluca
162
Assessing the Role of Biogeoclimate And Past Human
Interferences in Selecting a Set of Indicators to Describe
the Old-growthness Degree Within a Network of Beech
Forests in Italy
44
Diaci, Jurij; Adamic, Tomaz; Rozman, Andrej;
Rozenbergar, Dusan
204
Causes and consequences of long-term beech progression
in a mixed mountain old-growth forest of Slovenia
27
131
Index
Dorow, Wolfgang Hans Otto; Blick, Theo
152
Longterm Zoological Research in Strict Forest Reserves in
Central Germany
78
Dymytrova, Lyudmyla; Nadyeina, Olga; Hobi,
Martina; Scheidegger, Christoph
143
Environmental and Forest-Stand Variables Determining
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in a Primeval Beech Forest of the
14
Fatemi Talab, Seid Reza; Khademi, Amin;
Madanipour, Morteza
232
Determining sequential stages in the Managed and
Unmanaged of Fagetum orientalis L. Forests in Iran
34
Gratzer, Georg; Brown, Patrick; Splechtna,
Bernhard; Rudel, Brigitte
241
Neighbourhood dynamics of gaps in an old-growth beech
mountain forest in Central Europe
35
Hamor, Fedir Dmytrovych
254
World Heritage Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
as Symbol of the Ecological European Unity
6
Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Christensen,
Morten; Bässler, Claus; Walleyn, Ruben;
Adamcík, Slavomír; Ódor, Peter; Aude, Erik;
van Dort, Klaas; Fritz, Örjan; Frederiksen,
Rasmus Fuglsang
154
Evaluation of biodiversity on dead wood in primeval beech
forests in Europe: Wood-inhabiting fungi
15
Hobi, Martina Lena; Ginzler, Christian;
Commarmot, Brigitte; Bugmann, Harald
128
Natural disturbances in the primeval beech forest of
Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh: a canopy gap assessment based on
WorldView-2 stereo satellite data
36
Hobson, Peter R.; Ibisch, P. L.; Norris, C.
235
Ecosystem function traits can serve as effective indicators
of health and resilience in beech forests undergoing
environmental change
79
Ibisch, Pierre L.; Sauermann, Julia; Hobson,
Peter; Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp, Hans D.
236
A continental conservation assessment of European beech
forests
80
Kahl, Tiemo; Arnstadt, Tobias; Hoppe,
Björn; Purahong, Witoon; Baber, Kristin;
Otto, Peter; Hofrichter, Martin; Krüger, Dirk;
Bauhus, Jürgen
212
The Effect of Forest Management on the Diversity of WoodInhabiting Fungi and Dead Wood Decomposition
57
Keeton, William S.; Franklin, Jerry F.;
Burrascano, Sabina; Karabchuk, Dmytro
118
A Global Perspective on Old-growth Forest Restoration and
Silviculture: Learning Through Shared Experience
8
Keren, Srdjan; Motta, Renzo; Govedar,
Zoran; Diaci, Jurij
151
Structure and Species Mixture of Old-Growth Forest Janj in
Bosnia-Herzegovina
28
Knapp, Hans Dieter; Mund, Jan-Peter;
Sauermann, Julia; Waldherr, Marcus; Ibisch,
Pierre
237
European beech forest regions and the potential for a
complete serial transnational nomination to the World
Heritage List
Knorn, Jan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Radeloff,
Volker C.; Keeton, William S.; Gancz,
Valdimir; Biris, Iovu-Adrian; Svoboda,
Miroslav; Griffiths, Patrick; Hostert, Patrick
243
Continued loss of primeval beech forests in the Romanian
Carpathians despite an increasing protected area network
81
Kral, Kamil; Vrska, Tomas; Adam, Dusan;
Hort, Libor; Fuentes, Andrea
145
Patch Mosaic of Developmental Stages in Beech
Dominated Forests
37
Krumm, Frank; Kraus, Daniel; Gert-Jan,
Nabuurs; Fanta, Josef
214
Value of old-growth forests in Central and Eastern Europe
for biodiversity and as references for natural forest
development
63
Lombardi, Fabio; Chirici, Gherardo; Tognetti,
Roberto; Winter, Susanne; Ravera, Sonia;
Corona, Piermaria; Lasserre, Bruno;
Marchetti, Marco
111
Does time since last disturbances affect forest structure,
microhabitat occurrence and lichen status? A case study
in beech forests of Mediterranean mountains
29
Matsui, Tetsuya; Nakao, Katsuhiro; Higa,
Motoki; Tsuyama, Ikurato; Kominami, Yuji;
Yagihashi, Tsutomu; Tanaka, Nobuyuki
120
Predicting Changes in Canopy Species Compositions
after the Decline of Beech Forest under Climate Change
Scenarios in Japan
82
Meyer, Peter; Feldmann, Eike
155
From homogeneity to complex population structure: gap
dynamics and tree regeneration in two unmanaged acidic
beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in northwestern Germany
38
132
9
Index
Mikoláš, Martin; Tejkal, Martin; Michalová,
Zuzana; Svitok, Marek; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr;
Rejzek, Jan; Janda, Pavel; Svoboda,
Miroslav
191
How to Maintain the Capercaillie Populations in the
Carpathians: Non-intervention or Management?
58
Mölder, Andreas; Mario, Streit; Wolfgang,
Schmidt
179
Herb layer diversity as affected by canopy composition –
National Park vs. well managed forest
70
Müller, Jörg; Gossner, Martin; Lachat,
Thibault; Brunet, Jörg; Bouget, Christophe;
Brustel, Herve; Weisser, Wolfgang;
Isacsson, Gunnar; Brandl, Roland
106
Current “Near-to-nature” Forest Management Affects
Functional Trait Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in
Beech Forests
59
Mund, Martina; Ghimire, Bishal;
Kollascheck, Marcus; Schumacher, Jens;
Herbst, Mathias; Raacke, Jan; Frischbier,
Nico; Ammer, Christian
157
Tree Growth and Mortality of an Old-growth, Mixed Beech
Forest: Does Structural and Tree Species Diversity Matter?
45
Nadyeina, Olga Volodymyrivna; Dymyrtova,
Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna; Naumovych,
Hanna Olexiivna; Postoialkin, Sergiy
Viktorovych; Scheidegger, Christoph
142
Lobaria pulmonaria has a Complex Genetic Structure in
a Primeval Beech Forest Landscape of the Carpathians
(Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh, Ukraine)
16
Nopp-Mayr, Ursula; Kempter, Iris; Muralt,
Gerald; Gratzer, Georg
242
Spatio-temporal aspects of beech seed predation and their
role for forest dynamics in a Central European old-growth
mountain forest
46
Nordén, Björn
167
Can a Moderate Harvest of Biofuel Be Acceptable or Even
Good for Biodiversity in Temperate Deciduous Forest?
64
Nordén, Jenni
220
Specialist Species of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi Struggle While
Generalists Thrive in Fragmented Boreal Forests
60
Ódor, Péter; Aude, Erik; van Dort, Klaas
W.; Fritz, Örjan; Frederiksen, Rasmus F.;
Morten; Walleyn, Ruben†; Bässler, Claus;
Adamcik, Slavomir
140
forests in Europe: Bryophytes
17
Ordynets, Oleksandr; Nadyeina, Olga
144
Wood-inhabiting Fungi of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (Carpathian
Mountains, Ukraine): Current Knowledge and Research
Perspectives
18
Ovaskainen, Otso
127
Population Dynamics in Highly Fragmented Landscapes
10
Paillet, Yoan; Pernot, Coryse; Boulanger,
Vincent; Debaive, Nicolas; Drapier, Nicolas;
Gilg, Olivier; Hirbec, Patrice; Gosselin,
Frédéric
135
Structure and Biodiversity in Managed and Unmanaged
Mixed Beech Forests: A Comparison Based on the Strict
Forest Reserves Network in France
71
Parpan, Vasyl
153
Natural Regeneration of Primeval Beech Forests is a Model
for Regulatory Measures in the Forest Ecosystems for
Different Purposes in the Ukrainian Carpathians
30
Petritan, Any Mary; Tudose, Nicu
Constantin; Toiu, Florin Lucian; Petritan, Ion
Catalin
202
Canopy gaps in an old-growth sessile oak (Quercus petraea
L.) – European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed forest
39
Prots, Bohdan Hryhorovych; Chernyavskyy,
Mykola Vasyliovych; Shpilchak, Myron
Bohdanovych
225
Primeval Forests of the Gorgany Nature Reserve as a
Potential UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site
83
Rehush, Nataliia; Korol, Mykola;
Chaskovskyy, Oleh; Kaganyak, Yulian
207
Stand Structure and Complexity of Beech Dominated
Forests in Transcarpathia (Ukraine)
31
Roženbergar, Dušan; Rozman, Andrej;
Mikac, Stjepan; Anić, Igor; Diaci, Jurij
211
Do the Indirect Human Influences Lead to Structural
Changes of Old-Growth Forest?
84
Rugani, Tihomir; Hladnik, David; Diaci, Jurij
193
Gap dynamics and structure of beech old-growth forests in
the Balkan peninsula
40
Rzanny, Michael; Winter, Susanne; Möller,
Georg; Schumacher, Heiko; Kerstan,
Eberhard; Flade, Martin
184
Management Abandonment Changes Multi-Taxon
Community Structure in Lowland Beech Forests
65
133
Index
Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Burrascano,
Sabina; Tuomisto, Hanna; Blasi, Carlo
170
Causes and Determinants of Ground-Layer Plant Species
Turnover in Southern-European Old-Growth Forests
66
Schmutz, Samuel; Heiri, Caroline; Brang,
Peter; Bugmann, Harald
134
Beech invasion in a montane spruce-fir forest reserve in
Switzerland
85
Seibold, Sebastian
113
Short-term Response of Different Saproxylic Groups to the
Accumulation of Dead Wood
61
Shparyk, Yuriy Stepanovych; Berkela, Yuriy
Yurijovych; Buergi, Anton; Yanovska, Iryna
Mykolaivna
176
Structure, diversity and dynamics of primeval beech
forests and recommendations for implementation in
sustainable forest management
67
Slobodian, Olena
147
Impacts of the primeval tree stands on the structural
characteristics of the ground invertebrates in the eastern
Carpathian mountains (Ukraine)
19
Standovár, Tibor; Kelemen, Kristóf
222
Diversity Patterns in the Herbaceous Layer of the Kékes
Forest Reserve, Northern Hungary
47
Stoyko, Stepan
253
Primeval Forest Reserves in the Ukrainian Carpathians:
History of their Establishment
7
Sukhariuk, Dmyro Dmytrovych; Chernyavsky,
Mykola Vasyliovych; Henyk, Yaroslav; Uzhyk,
Halyna; Kabal, Myroslav
226
Dynamics of Beech and Beech-Fir-Spruce Forests of the
Ukrainian Carpathians
32
Svoboda, Miroslav; Nagel, Tom
160
Natural Disturbance Regimes in Central and East
European Forests: Implications for Forest Management
and Biodiversity Conservation
72
Symochko, Lyudmila Yuryevna
166
Monitoring of Soil Microbial Coenosis in Primeval Beech
Forests
20
Szewczyk, Janusz
224
Disturbance History of Old-growth Mixed Beech-Fir-Spruce
Forests in Western Carpathians
48
Szwagrzyk, Jerzy; Ste˛ pniewska, Hanna
223
Limits of Beech Dominance: Do the Fungi Slow Down
Regeneration Processes in Beech Forests?
49
Trotsiuk, Volodymyr; Hobi, Martina Lena;
Commarmot, Brigitte; Svoboda, Miroslav;
Myklush, Stepan
150
Growth Increase With Tree Age: Is this Accepted for Beech
Trees in the Primeval Forest?
50
Tsykun, Tetyana; Rigling, Daniel; Prospero,
Simone
185
Diversity and Ecology of Armillaria Species in Primeval
Forests of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
21
Tuholukova, Kseniia; Ordynets, Olexander;
Dykyi, Evgen; Pavlovska, Mariia; Nordén,
Jenni; Ovasksinen, Otso
130
The First Contribution to the Research of Forest
Management and Landscape Fragmentation Impact on
Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of the Ukrainian Carpathians
68
Vandekerkhove, Kris; Leyman, Anja; De
Keersmaeker, Luc; Thomaes, Arno
133
Very Large Trees in a Secondary Oldgrowth Beech Forest
Reserve in Flanders (Belgium): Characteristics and
Comparisons
73
Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp, Hans D.; Hobson,
Peter R.; Ibisch, Pierre L.
238
86
Winter, Susanne; Rzanny, Michael; Möller,
Georg; Schumacher, Heiko; Flade, Martin
164
Beta Diversity of different Taxonomic Groups at different
Scales in Beech Forests
74
Zenner, Eric Klaus; Commarmot, Brigitte;
Hobi, Martina
196
Structural Complexity of the Uholka Virgin Beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.) Forest Across Time, Space and Scale
33
134
Index
Posters
Antosyak, Tetyana Mykolaivna; Kozurak, Alla
Vasylivna; Voloshchuk, Mykola Ivanovych
228
Rare Flora and Vegetation of Beech Forests of UgolkaShyrokyi Luh Massif, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
88
Bace, Radek; Svoboda, Miroslav; Janda,
Pavel; Nagel, Thomas A.; Fraver, Shawn;
Rejzek, Jan; Mikolas, Martin; Trotsiuk,
Volodymyr; Douda, Jan; Boublik, Karel;
Samonil, Pavel; Teodosiu, Marius; Biris,
Iovu; Bouriand, Olivier; Lehejcek, Jiri; Cada,
Vojtech; Chaskovskyy, Oleh; Korol, Mykola;
Korzhov, Volodymyr
177
Disturbance Dynamics in Primary Montane Picea abies
Forests of the Eastern Carpathians, Romania and Ukraine
89
Barbati, Anna; Burrascano, Sabina;
Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Portoghesi,
Luigi; Corona, Piermaria; Blasi, Carlo
175
A Life+ Nature project for the enhancement of structural
heterogeneity in priority habitat (9210 and 9220) Apennine
beech forests
90
Barbu, Ion; Barbu, Catalina
240
Dynamic of the Mountain Forests in Northern Carpathian in
the last 200 years under the Forest Management Methods
91
Barna, Milan; Bublinec, Eduard; Oszlányi,
Július
203
Influence of Silvicultural System on Tree Species Diversity
in Beech Stands
92
Berkela, Yuriy; Shparyk, Yuriy
158
Use of a Visual Model of the Ukrainian Carpathian
Primeval Beech Forests for their Remote Identification
93
Bihun, Yurij; Kovaliv, Maxym; Koba,
Volodymyr; Plugatar, Yurij
213
Stand Structure and Distribution of Relic Stands of Fagus
taurica on the Crimean Peninsula
94
Chernyavskyy, Mykola; Shpilchak, Myron;
Slobodian, Olena
136
95
Fidej, Gal; Kolmanic, Simon; Diaci, Jurij;
Zenner, Eric; Guid, Nikola
199
Secondary Succession after a Forest Fire in a Mountain
Forest Reserve
96
Frede, Achim
172
Primary beech forest relics on orografic border sites in
German middle ranges
97
Grossmann, Manfred
181
“Ancient Beech Forests of Germany” – since June 2011
part of a trilateral UNESCO World Heritage Site
98
Hanzu, Mihail
121
Structural Dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. in Virgin Mixed
Forests Stands from Romania’s Meridional Carpathians
99
Horvat, Vlatka; Biurrun, Idoia; GarcíaMijangos, Itziar
124
Patterns of Plant Diversity in Old-growth and Managed
Silver fir-Beech Forests in their Western Distribution Limit
(Western Pyrenees, Spain)
Karabchuk, Dmytro; Keeton, William S.;
Horoshko, Myron; Khomiuk, Petro;
Bihun, Yuriy
251
Social tree class approach in biomass and carbon
101
sequestration evaluations of natural Picea abies stands in
the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains
Khodosovtsev, Olexander Yevgenovych;
Dymytrova, Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna;
Nadyeina, Olga Volodymyrivna; Naumovych,
Ganna Olexiivna; Khodosovtseva, Yulia
Olexiivna; Scheidegger, Christoph
245
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity of Crimean Beech Forests
(Ukraine)
102
Kitamura, Keiko; Matsui, Tetsuya;
Kobayashi, Makoto; Saitou, Hitoshi;
Namikawa, Kanji; Tsuda, Yoshiaki
138
Decline in the genetic diversity of the northernmost
marginal populations of Fagus crenata
103
Kondratyuk, Sergey Yakovlevich
206
Diversity of Lichen-Forming Fungi in Old-Growth Beech
Forests of Uzhansky NPP (Ukraine)
104
Kopach, Vasyl; Kvakovska, Inna; Zayats,
Marina; Yarosh, Oleksandr
174
105
Kozurak, Alla Vasylivna; Andriychuk, Natalia
Fedorivna
227
Analysis of Phenological phases (1993–2012) of Fagus
Sylvatica L. in Primeval Beech Forests of the UgolkaShyrokoluzhanskyi Massif of CBR
106
100
135
Index
Kramarets, Volodymyr; Krynytskyj, Grygorij;
Korol, Mykola; Matsiakh, Iryna; Kostyshyn,
Vasyl
180
Forest mensuration characteristics of forests reserved
zone of National Park “Skolivski Beskidy”
Kraus, Paul Daniel
195
Integrative Management Approaches and Spatial Dynamics 108
of Different Development Stages in a Near-Natural
Japanese Beech Forest in Northern Honshu, Japan
Kravchenko, Kseniia Aleksandrovna;
Vlaschenko, Anton Sergeevich; Klochko,
Alexander Nikolaevich; Gukasova, Alona
Sergeevna
123
Seasonal changes of bat assemblage in primeval beech
forest of Crimea
109
Kremenetska, Ievgeniia Oleksiivna;
Tyshchenko, Volodymyr Mykolayovych;
Kravets, Pavlo Vasylyovych
218
Systems for the Management and Conservation of Key
Habitats for Birds and Mammals in Old-Growth Natural
Forests of Ukraine
110
Lavnyy, Vasyl
163
Windthrows and Natural Regeneration of Trees in the
Uholka Forest District
111
Los, Svitlana; Neyko, Ihor; Volosyanchuk,
Roman; Tereshchenko, Larisa; Grygoryeva,
Victoriya; Levchuk, Oleh
249
Gene Resources Conservation of Fagus Taurica in Crimea
112
Manea, Ioan-Andrei; Toiu, Florin-Lucian;
Isaia, Gabriela
197
Insect species identified on European beech leaves in
Transylvania
113
178
Aphyllophoroid fungi as indicators of old-growth forests of
the reserved zone of National Park “Skolivski Beskidy”
114
Nagel, Tom; Svoboda, Miro
182
Disturbance, life history traits, and community dynamics in 115
an old-growth beech-fir forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nicu-Constantin, Tudose; Any Mary, Petritan;
Florin Lucian, Toiu; Ion Catalin, Petritan
215
Influence of Some Morphometric Characteristics on Gap
Traits
116
Oszlanyi, Julius; Bublinec, Eduard; Barna,
Milan
139
The Energy Distribution and Accumulation in Beech
Ecosystems
117
Paparyga, Petro Stepanovych; Pipash,
Lyudmyla Ivanivna; Andriychuk, Natalya
Fedorivna; Zhovynskyi, Evhen Yaroslavovych
229
Tendences of Transborder Air Emission of Pollutants in
Protected Areas of Uholka-Shyrokui Luh Massif
118
Petritan, Ion Catalin; Lingua, Emanuele;
Petritan, Any Mary
205
Forest structure and spatial patterns in an old-growth
beech-sessile oak forest in western Romania
119
Pokynchereda, Vasyl; Hodovanets, Bohdan;
Dovhanych, Yaroslav
156
Vertebrate Fauna fauna of the beech primeval forests
in the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh massif of the Carpathian
Biosphere Reserve
120
Pozynych, Iryna
216
Anthropogenic Changes in Forests and the Protection of
Rare Plants
121
Razavi, Seyed maziar; Mataji, Assadollah;
Sagheb-Talebi, Khosro
116
Recognition of herb indicator species of soil chemical and 122
physical properties in beech forests in north of Iran (Case
study: Naav region in Asalem, Guilan, and north of Iran)
Rezaei, Afsaneh; Naseri, Bahram; Kiadaliri,
Mehdi; Razzaghzadeh, Marziyeh
109
Effect of altitude of origin on early growth and biomass of
oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) seedlings (Case study in
the Drazno region close to the eastern border of oriental
beech distribution in Caspian forests)
123
Richter, Fritz; Frischbier, Nico; Profft, Ingolf;
Mund, Martina; Raacke, Jan; Ammer,
Christian
192
Forest conservation and close-to-nature forest
management – Contributions to structural diversity and
total carbon balances of mixed-beech forests
124
221
Virgin beech forests outside the protected areas in
Transcarpathia (Ukraine)
125
Turcu, Daniel-Ond; Bouriaud, Olivier;
Ponette, Quentin
208
Stand Structural Characteristics of a Natural European
Beech Forest from SW Romania
126
Weber, Pascale; Heiri, Caroline; Volodymyr,
Trotsiuk; Lorenz, Walthert
194
Annual Growth and Site Sensitivity of Beech Along the Soil 127
Moisture and Nutrient Axes
136
107
Index
Yanovska, Iryna Mykolaivna; Shparyk, Yuriy
Stepanovych
188
Dynamics of Primeval Beech Forests of Ukrainian
128
Carpathians: From Changes of Trees to Stand Successions
Yatsjuk, Yegor; Vlaschenko, Anton;
Morozova, Irina; Viter, Stanislav;
Saidakhmedova, Natalia
129
Dim outlook of lowland Oak forests in Eastern Europe
129
Zolfeghari, Eslam
230
Management of forest to help Oriental Beech (Fagus
orientalis) restoration in natural temperate mixed forest,
Hyrcanian forest, North of Iran
130
137
Program
Programme Oral Presentations and Short Communications
Monday, June 3
Opening Session
09:15 Hamor, Fedir Dmytrovych
World Heritage Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians as 254
Symbol of the Ecological European Unity
09:30 Stoyko, Stepan
Primeval Forest Reserves in the Ukrainian Carpathians:
History of their Establishment
09:45 Knapp, Hans Dieter; Mund, Jan-Peter;
Sauermann, Julia; Waldherr, Marcus;
Ibisch, Pierre
European beech forest regions and the potential for a
complete serial transnational nomination to the World
Heritage List
10:00 Keeton, William S.; Franklin, Jerry F.;
Burrascano, Sabina; Karabchuk, Dmytro
A Global Perspective on Old-growth Forest Restoration and
Silviculture: Learning Through Shared Experience
237
10:15 Ovaskainen, Otso
Population Dynamics In Highly Fragmented Landscapes
127
253
118
Symposium 1
11:00 Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob; Christensen,
Morten; Bässler, Claus; Walleyn, Ruben;
forests in Europe: Wood-inhabiting fungi
Adamcík, Slavomír; Ódor, Peter; Aude, Erik;
van Dort, Klaas; Fritz, Örjan; Frederiksen,
Rasmus Fuglsang
154
11:15 Ódor, Péter; Aude, Erik; van Dort, Klaas
W.; Fritz, Örjan; Frederiksen, Rasmus F.;
Morten; Walleyn, Ruben†; Bässler, Claus;
Adamcik, Slavomir
forests in Europe: Bryophytes
140
11:30 Chumak, Maksym; Lachat, Thibault
Effect of canopy gaps on species assemblages of saproxylic
beetles in the Uholka Primeval Forest, Ukraine
161
11:45 Nadyeina, Olga Volodymyrivna; Dymyrtova, Lobaria pulmonaria has a Complex Genetic Structure in
Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna; Naumovych,
a Primeval Beech Forest Landscape of the Carpathians
Hanna Olexiivna; Postoialkin, Sergiy
(Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh, Ukraine)
Viktorovych; Scheidegger, Christoph
142
12:00 Tsykun, Tetyana; Rigling, Daniel; Prospero, Diversity and Ecology of Armillaria Species in Primeval
Simone
Forests of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
185
12:15 Symochko, Lyudmila Yuryevna
Monitoring of Soil Microbial Coenosis in Primeval Beech
Forests
166
12:18 Slobodian, Olena
Impacts of the primeval tree stands on the structural
characteristics of the ground invertebrates in the eastern
Carpathian mountains (Ukraine)
147
12:21 Dymytrova, Lyudmyla; Nadyeina, Olga;
Hobi, Martina; Scheidegger, Christoph
Environmental and Forest-Stand Variables Determining
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in a Primeval Beech Forest of the
143
12:24 Ordynets, Oleksandr; Nadyeina, Olga
Wood-inhabiting Fungi of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (Carpathian
Mountains, Ukraine): Current Knowledge and Research
Perspectives
144
12:27 Akulov, Olexander Yu.
Fungicolous fungi of Primeval Beech and Spruce Forests of
Ukrainian Carpathians and Perspectives of Their In-depth
Study
149
138
Poster
Symposium 2A
14:00 Keren, Srdjan; Motta, Renzo; Govedar,
Zoran; Diaci, Jurij
Structure And Species Mixture Of Old-Growth Forest Janj in
Bosnia-Herzegovina
151
14:15 Zenner, Eric Klaus; Commarmot, Brigitte;
Hobi, Martina
Structural Complexity Of The Uholka Virgin Beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.) Forest Across Time, Space And Scale
196
14:30 Bouriaud, Olivier; Turcu, Daniel-Ond;
Ponette, Quentin
European’s Largest Natural Beech Forest Reserve Lessons
On Stands Structure And Development
201
14:45 Diaci, Jurij; Adamic, Tomaz; Rozman,
Andrej; Rozenbergar, Dusan
Causes and consequences of long-term beech progression in 204
a mixed mountain old-growth forest of Slovenia
15:00 Sukhariuk, Dmyro Dmytrovych;
Chernyavsky, Mykola Vasyliovych; Henyk,
Yaroslav; Uzhyk, Halyna; Kabal, Myroslav
Dynamics of Beech and Beech-Fir-Spruce Forests of the
Ukrainian Carpathians
226
15:15 Lombardi, Fabio; Chirici, Gherardo;
Tognetti, Roberto; Winter, Susanne;
Ravera, Sonia; Corona, Piermaria;
Lasserre, Bruno; Marchetti, Marco
Does time since last disturbances affect forest structure,
microhabitat occurrence and lichen status? A case study in
beech forests of Mediterranean mountains
111
15:18 Bjelanović, Ivan; Krstić, Milun
Old-growth Characteristics of the Beech Forest Reserves in
Serbia
233
15:21 Rehush, Nataliia; Korol, Mykola;
Chaskovskyy, Oleh; Kaganyak, Yulian
Stand Structure And Complexity Of Beech Dominated Forests 207
in Transcarpathia (Ukraine)
15:24 Parpan, Vasyl
Natural Regeneration of Primeval Beech Forests is a Model
for Regulatory Measures in the Forest Ecosystems for
Different Purposes in the Ukrainian Carpathians
153
Tuesday, June 4
Symposium 4
09:00 Matsui, Tetsuya; Nakao, Katsuhiro; Higa, Predicting Changes In Canopy Species Compositions
Motoki; Tsuyama, Ikurato; Kominami, Yuji; After The Decline Of Beech Forest Under Climate Change
Yagihashi, Tsutomu; Tanaka, Nobuyuki
Scenarios In Japan
120
09:15 Schmutz, Samuel; Heiri, Caroline; Brang,
Peter; Bugmann, Harald
Beech invasion in a montane spruce-fir forest reserve in
Switzerland
134
09:30 Roženbergar, Dušan; Rozman, Andrej;
Mikac, Stjepan; Anić, Igor; Diaci, Jurij
Do The Indirect Human Influences Lead To Structural
Changes Of Old-Growth Forest?
211
09:45 Hobson, Peter R.; Ibisch, P.L.; Norris, C.
Ecosystem function traits can serve as effective indicators
of health and resilience in beech forests undergoing
environmental change
235
10:00 Knorn, Jan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Radeloff, Continued loss of primeval beech forests in the Romanian
Volker C.; Keeton, William S.; Gancz,
Carpathians despite an increasing protected area network
Valdimir; Biris, Iovu-Adrian; Svoboda,
Miroslav; Griffiths, Patrick; Hostert, Patrick
243
10:15 Ascoli, Davide; Conedera, Marco;
Castagneri, Daniele; Maringer, Janet;
Bovio, Giovanni
169
European Beech, Fire and Post-fire management in the
Southern Alps
10:18 Prots, Bohdan Hryhorovych; Chernyavskyy, Primeval Forests of the Gorgany Nature Reserve as a
Mykola Vasyliovych; Shpilchak, Myron
Potential UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site
Bohdanovych
225
10:21 Ibisch, Pierre L.; Sauermann, Julia;
Hobson, Peter; Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp,
Hans D.
A continental conservation assessment of European beech
forests
236
10:24 Waldherr, Marcus; Knapp, Hans D.;
Hobson, Peter R.; Ibisch, Pierre L.
238
139
Program
Symposium 2B
11:00 Meyer, Peter; Feldmann, Eike
From homogeneity to complex population structure: gap
dynamics and tree regeneration in two unmanaged acidic
beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in northwestern Germany
155
11:15 Hobi, Martina Lena; Ginzler, Christian;
Commarmot, Brigitte; Bugmann, Harald
Natural disturbances in the primeval beech forest of
Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh: a canopy gap assessment based on
WorldView-2 stereo satellite data
128
11:30 Gratzer, Georg; Brown, Patrick; Splechtna,
Bernhard; Rudel, Brigitte
Neighbourhood dynamics of gaps in an old-growth beech
mountain forest in Central Europe
241
11:45 Petritan, Any Mary; Tudose, Nicu
Constantin; Toiu, Florin Lucian; Petritan,
Ion Catalin
Canopy gaps in an old-growth sessile oak (Quercus petraea
L.) –European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed forest
202
12:00 Rugani, Tihomir; Hladnik, David; Diaci, Jurij Gap dynamics and structure of beech old-growth forests in
the Balkan peninsula
193
12:15 Begehold, Heike; Winter, Susanne
Patch Dynamics of Lowland Beech Forests in a gradient of
Management intensity
125
12:18 Kral, Kamil; Vrska, Tomas; Adam, Dusan;
Hort, Libor; Fuentes, Andrea
Patch Mosaic of Developmental Stages in Beech Dominated
Forests
145
12:21 Fatemi Talab, Seid reza; Khademi, Amin;
Madanipour, Morteza
Determining sequential stages in the Managed and
Unmanaged of Fagetum orientalis L. Forests in Iran
232
14:00 Trotsiuk, Volodymyr; Hobi, Martina Lena;
Commarmot, Brigitte; Svoboda, Miroslav;
Myklush, Stepan
Growth Increase With Tree Age: Is This Accepted For Beech
Trees In The Primeval Forest?
150
14:15 Di Filippo, Alfredo; Baliva, Michele;
D‘Andrea, Ettore; Ziaco, Emanuele;
Piovesan, Gianluca
Assessing The Role Of Biogeoclimate And Past Human
Interferences In Selecting A Set Of Indicators To Describe
The Old-growthness Degree Within A Network Of Beech
Forests In Italy
162
14:30 Danila, Iulian-Constantin; Roibu, CatalinConstantin; Popa, Ionel; Cenusa, Radu;
Radu, Ioana
Disturbance history and dynamics in old growth beech forest
„Humosu” – A spatial dendro-ecological analysis
198
14:45 Szewczyk, Janusz
Disturbance History of Old-growth Mixed Beech-Fir-Spruce
Forests in Western Carpathians.
224
15:00 Standovár, Tibor; Kelemen, Kristóf
Diversity Patterns In The Herbaceous Layer Of The Kékes
Forest Reserve, Northern Hungary
222
15:15 Nopp-Mayr, Ursula; Kempter, Iris; Muralt,
Gerald; Gratzer, Georg
Spatio-temporal aspects of beech seed predation and their
role for forest dynamics in a Central European old-growth
mountain forest
242
15:18 Burrascano, Sabina; Keeton, William
Scott; Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Blasi,
Carlo
Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of
Moist Temperate Old-growth Forests: a Global Review
112
15:21 Mund, Martina; Ghimire, Bishal;
Kollascheck, Marcus; Schumacher, Jens;
Herbst, Mathias; Raacke, Jan; Frischbier,
Nico; Ammer, Christian
Tree Growth and Mortality of an Old-growth, Mixed Beech
Forest: Does Structural and Tree Species Diversity Matter?
157
15:24 Szwagrzyk, Jerzy; Ste˛ pniewska, Hanna
Limits Of Beech Dominance: Do The Fungi Slow Down
Regeneration Processes In Beech Forests?
223
Symposium 2C
140
Program
Symposium 3G
16:00 Paillet, Yoan; Pernot, Coryse; Boulanger,
Vincent; Debaive, Nicolas; Drapier,
Nicolas; Gilg, Olivier; Hirbec, Patrice;
Gosselin, Frédéric
Structure And Biodiversity In Managed And Unmanaged
Mixed Beech Forests: A Comparison Based On The Strict
Forest Reserves Network In France
135
16:15 Svoboda, Miroslav; Nagel, Tom
Natural Disturbance Regimes in Central and East European
160
Forests: Implications for Forest Management and Biodiversity
Conservation
16:30 Winter, Susanne; Rzanny, Michael; Möller,
Georg; Schumacher, Heiko; Flade, Martin
Beta Diversity of different Taxonomic Groups at different
Scales in Beech Forests
164
16:45 Rzanny, Michael; Winter, Susanne; Möller,
Georg; Schumacher, Heiko; Kerstan,
Eberhard; Flade, Martin
Management Abandonment Changes Multi-Taxon Community
Structure In Lowland Beech Forests
184
17:00 Nordén, Jenni
Specialist Species of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi Struggle While
Generalists Thrive in Fragmented Boreal Forests
220
17:15 Tuholukova, Kseniia; Ordynets, Olexander; The First Contribution To The Research Of Forest
Dykyi, Evgen; Pavlovska, Mariia; Nordén,
Management And Landscape Fragmentation Impact On
Jenni; Ovasksinen, Otso
Wood-Inhabiting Fungi Of The Ukrainian Carpathians
130
17:18 Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Burrascano,
Sabina; Tuomisto, Hanna; Blasi, Carlo
Causes and Determinants of Ground-Layer Plant Species
Turnover in Southern-European Old-Growth Forests
170
17:21 Mölder, Andreas; Mario, Streit; Wolfgang,
Schmidt
Herb layer diversity as affected by canopy composition National Park vs. well managed forest
179
17:24 Brändli, Urs-Beat; Abegg, Meinrad
250
17:27 Vandekerkhove, Kris; Leyman, Anja; De
Keersmaeker, Luc; Thomaes, Arno
Very Large Trees In A Secondary Oldgrowth Beech Forest
Reserve In Flanders (Belgium) : Characteristics And
Comparisons
133
Wednesday, June 5
Symposium 3E
09:00 Müller, Jörg; Gossner, Martin; Lachat,
Current “Near-to-nature” Forest Management Affects
Thibault; Brunet, Jörg; Bouget, Christophe; Functional Trait Composition Of Saproxylic Beetles In Beech
Brustel, Herve; Weisser, Wolfgang;
Forests
Isacsson, Gunnar; Brandl, Roland
106
09:15 Abrego, Nerea; Sarrionandia, Esti;
Salcedo, Isabel
The influence of beech forest management on woodinhabiting fungal diversity: A study in Northern Spain
126
09:30 Baessler, Claus; Mueller, Joerg
Effects Of Management In Beech Forests On Fungal
Functional Trait And Phylogenetic Diversity
108
09:45 Dorow, Wolfgang Hans Otto; Blick, Theo
Longterm Zoological Research In Strict Forest Reserves In
Central Germany
152
10:00 Chumak, Vasyl; Rizun, Volodymyr
Arthropods diversity in virgin and managed beech forest:
what has changed through management?
168
10:15 Kahl, Tiemo; Arnstadt, Tobias; Hoppe,
The Effect Of Forest Management On The Diversity Of WoodBjörn; Purahong, Witoon; Baber, Kristin;
Inhabiting Fungi And Dead Wood Decomposition
Otto, Peter; Hofrichter, Martin; Krüger, Dirk;
Bauhus, Jürgen
212
10:18 Mikoláš, Martin; Tejkal, Martin; Michalová, How to Maintain the Capercaillie Populations in the
Zuzana; Svitok, Marek; Trotsiuk,
Carpathians: Non-intervention or Management?
Volodymyr; Rejzek, Jan; Janda, Pavel;
Svoboda, Miroslav
191
141
Program
10:21 Seibold, Sebastian
Short-term Response Of Different Saproxylic Groups To The
Accumulation Of Dead Wood
113
10:24 Ardelean, Ioana; Keller, Christine;
Scheidegger, Christoph
Lichen Diversity in Mixed Beech Forests From Rodnei
183
Mountains (Carpathians), a Comparison Between Conserved
and Disturbed Sites
10:27 Bohdan, Adam; Zalewska, Anna;
Popławska, Marta
Importance of non-intervention forest management for
lichens – relics of the primeval forests in the Białowieża
Forest (NE Poland)
244
10:30 Blick, Theo; Dorow, Wolfgang H. O.
Fauna Of A German Strict Forest Reserve And Its Adjacent
Managed Site
141
14:00 D’Andrea, Ettore; Bruno, De Cinti;
Tommaso, Chiti; Alfredo, Di Filippo;
Alfredo, Alessandrini; Gianluca, Piovesan;
Marco, Bascietto; Giorgio, Matteucci
Carbon Stock and Net Primary Production in a Italian
Network of Old-growth Beech Forests
148
14:15 Nordén, Björn
Can a Moderate Harvest of Biofuel Be Acceptable or Even
Good for Biodiversity in Temperate Deciduous Forest?
167
Symposium 3F
14:30 Shparyk, Yuriy Stepanovych; Berkela, Yuriy Structure, diversity and dynamics of primeval beech forests
Yurijovych; Buergi, Anton; Yanovska, Iryna and recommendations for implementation in sustainable
forest management
Mykolaivna
176
14:45 Benneter, Adam; Jost, Noemi; Bauhus,
Jürgen
Tree Species Richness Has Little Effect On Stem Quality Of
Beech In Mixed Forests
186
15:00 Krumm, Frank; Kraus, Daniel; Gert-Jan,
Nabuurs; Fanta, Josef
Value of old-growth forests in Central and Eastern Europe for 214
biodiversity and as references for natural forest development
Poster Session
Monday, June 3
Poster Session A
16:00 Barbati, Anna; Burrascano, Sabina;
Sabatini, Francesco Maria; Portoghesi,
Luigi; Corona, Piermaria; Blasi, Carlo
142
A Life+ Nature project for the enhancement of structural
heterogeneity in priority habitat (9210 and 9220) Apennine
beech forests
175
Khodosovtsev, Olexander Yevgenovych;
Epiphytic Lichen Diversity of Crimean Beech Forests
Dymytrova, Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna;
(Ukraine)
Nadyeina, Olga Volodymyrivna; Naumovych,
Ganna Olexiivna; Khodosovtseva, Yulia
Olexiivna; Scheidegger, Christoph
245
Kitamura, Keiko; Matsui, Tetsuya;
Kobayashi, Makoto; Saitou, Hitoshi;
Namikawa, Kanji; Tsuda, Yoshiaki
Decline in the genetic diversity of the northernmost marginal
populations of Fagus crenata
138
Kravchenko, Kseniia Aleksandrovna;
Vlaschenko, Anton Sergeevich; Klochko,
Alexander Nikolaevich; Gukasova, Alona
Sergeevna
Seasonal changes of bat assemblage in primeval beech
forest of Crimea
123
Razavi, Seyed maziar; Mataji, Assadollah;
Sagheb - Talebi, Khosro
Recognition of herb indicator species of soil chemical and
physical properties in beech forests in north of Iran (Case
study: Naav region in Asalem, Guilan, and north of Iran)
116
Antosyak, Tetyana Mykolaivna; Kozurak,
Alla Vasylivna; Voloshchuk, Mykola
Ivanovych
Rare Flora and Vegetation of Beech Forests of UgolkaShyrokyi Luh Massif, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
228
16:00 Kondratyuk, Sergey Yakovlevich
Program
Diversity of Lichen-Forming Fungi in Old-Growth Beech
Forests of Uzhansky NPP (Ukraine)
206
Los, Svitlana; Neyko, Ihor; Volosyanchuk, Gene Resources Conservation of Fagus Taurica in Crimea
Roman; Tereshchenko, Larisa; Grygoryeva,
Victoriya; Levchuk, Oleh
249
Manea, Ioan - Andrei; Toiu, Florin - Lucian;
Isaia, Gabriela
Insect species identified on European beech leaves in
Transylvania
197
Aphyllophoroid fungi as indicators of old-growth forests of the 178
reserved zone of National Park „Skolivski Beskidy“
Pokynchereda, Vasyl; Hodovanets, Bohdan; Vertebrate fauna of the beech primeval forests in the Uholka- 156
Dovhanych, Yaroslav
Shyrokyi Luh massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
Bihun, Yurij; Kovaliv, Maxym; Koba,
Volodymyr; Plugatar, Yurij
Stand Structure and Distribution of Relic Stands of Fagus
taurica on the Crimean Peninsula
213
Chernyavskyy, Mykola; Shpilchak, Myron;
Slobodian, Olena
136
Hanzu, Mihail
Structural Dynamics of Fagus sylvatica - L. in Virgin Mixed
Forests Stands from Romania‘s Meridional Carpathians
121
Horvat, Vlatka; Biurrun, Idoia; GarcíaMijangos, Itziar
Patterns of Plant Diversity in Old-growth and Managed Silver 124
fir-Beech Forests in Their Western Distribution Limit (Western
Pyrenees, Spain)
Kramarets, Volodymyr; Krynytskyj, Grygorij; Forest mensuration characteristics of forests reserved zone
Korol, Mykola; Matsiakh, Iryna; Kostyshyn, of National Park „Skolivski Beskidy“
Vasyl
180
Petritan, Ion Catalin; Lingua, Emanuele;
Petritan, Any Mary
Forest structure and spatial patterns in an old-growth beechsessile oak forest in western Romania
205
Virgin beech forests outside the protected areas in
Transcarpathia (Ukraine)
221
Yatsjuk, Yegor; Vlaschenko, Anton;
Morozova, Irina; Viter, Stanislav;
Saidakhmedova, Natalia
Dim outlook of lowland Oak forests in Eastern Europe.
129
Berkela, Yuriy; Shparyk, Yuriy
Use of a Visual Model of the Ukrainian Carpathian Primeval
Beech Forests for Their Remote Identification
158
Turcu, Daniel-Ond; Bouriaud, Olivier;
Ponette, Quentin
Stand Structural Characteristics Of A Natural European
Beech Forest From SW Romania
208
Vasyl, Kopach; Inna, Kvakovska; Marina,
Zayats; Oleksandr, Yarosh
174
Influence of Some Morphometric Characteristics on Gap
Traits
215
Bace, Radek; Svoboda, Miroslav; Janda,
Pavel; Nagel, Thomas A.; Fraver, Shawn;
Rejzek, Jan; Mikolas, Martin; Trotsiuk,
Volodymyr; Douda, Jan; Boublik, Karel;
Samonil, Pavel; Teodosiu, Marius; Biris,
Iovu; Bouriand, Olivier; Lehejcek, Jiri;
Cada, Vojtech; Chaskovskyy, Oleh; Korol,
Mykola; Korzhov, Volodymyr
Disturbance Dynamics in Primary Montane Picea abies
Forests of the Eastern Carpathians, Romania and Ukraine
177
Fidej, Gal; Kolmanic, Simon; Diaci, Jurij;
Zenner, Eric; Guid, Nikola
Secondary Succession after a Forest Fire in a Mountain
Forest Reserve
199
Tuesday, June 4
Poster Session B
17:30 Nicu-Constantin, Tudose; Any Mary,
Petritan; Florin Lucian, Toiu; Ion Catalin,
Petritan
143
Program
17:30 Lavnyy, Vasyl
Windthrows and Natural Regeneration of Trees in the Uholka
Forest District
163
Nagel, Tom; Svoboda, Miro
Disturbance, life history traits, and community dynamics in
an old-growth beech-fir forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina
182
Oszlanyi, Julius; Bublinec, Eduard; Barna,
Milan
The Energy Distribution And Accumulation In Beech
Ecosystems
139
Paparyga, Petro Stepanovych; Pipash,
Lyudmyla Ivanivna; Andriychuk,
Natalya Fedorivna; Zhovynskyi, Evhen
Yaroslavovych
Tendences of Transborder Air Emission of Pollutants in
Protected Areas of Uholka-Shyrokui Luh Massif
229
Grossmann, Manfred
“Ancient Beech Forests of Germany“ – since June 2011 part
of a trilateral UNESCO World Heritage Site
181
Kozurak, Alla Vasylivna; Andriychuk,
Natalia Fedorivna
Analysis of Phenological phases (1993-2012) of Fagus
Sylvatica L. in Primeval Beech Forests of the UgolkaShyrokoluzhanskyi Massif of CBR
227
Yanovska, Iryna Mykolaivna; Shparyk, Yuriy Dynamics Of Primeval Beech Forests Of Ukrainian
Stepanovych
Carpathians: From Changes Of Trees To Stand Successions
188
Wednesday, June 5
Poster Session C
11:00 Pozynych, Iryna
Anthropogenic Changes In Forests And The Protection Of
Rare Plants
216
Kremenetska, Ievgeniia Oleksiivna;
Tyshchenko, Volodymyr Mykolayovych;
Kravets, Pavlo Vasylyovych
Systems For The Management And Conservation Of Key
Habitats For Birds And Mammals In Old-Growth Natural
Forests of Ukraine
218
Barbu, Ion; Barbu, Catalina
Dynamic of the Mountain Forests in Northern Carpathian in
the last 200 years under the forest Management methods
240
Barna, Milan; Bublinec, Eduard; Oszlányi,
Július
Influence of Silvicultural System on Tree Species Diversity in
Beech Stands
203
Karabchuk, Dmytro; Keeton, William S.;
Horoshko, Myron; Khomiuk, Petro; Bihun,
Yuriy
Social tree class approach in biomass and carbon
sequestration evaluations of natural Picea abies stands in
the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains
251
Kraus, Paul Daniel
Integrative Management Approaches and Spatial Dynamics
of Different Development Stages in a Near-Natural Japanese
Beech Forest in Northern Honshu, Japan
195
109
Rezaei, Afsaneh; Naseri, Bahram; Kiadaliri, Effect of altitude of origin on early growth and biomass of
Mehdi; Razzaghzadeh, Marziyeh
oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) seedlings (Case study in the
Drazno region close to the eastern border of oriental beech
distribution in Caspian forests)
144
Richter, Fritz; Frischbier, Nico; Profft, Ingolf; Forest conservation and close-to-nature forest management
Mund, Martina; Raacke, Jan; Ammer,
- Contributions to structural diversity and total carbon
Christian
balances of mixed-beech forests
192
Weber, Pascale; Heiri, Caroline; Volodymyr, Annual Growth and Site Sensitivity of Beech Along the Soil
Trotsiuk; Lorenz, Walthert
Moisture and Nutrient Axes
194
Zolfeghari, Eslam
230
Management of forest to help Oriental Beech (Fagus
orientalis) restoration in natural temperate mixed forest,
Hyrcanian forest, North of Iran

Primeval Beech Forests

Transcription

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