China 2015 (research reports in English)

Transcription

China 2015
Hitotsubashi University Faculty of Economics
Global Leaders Program 2015
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China’s Uncompleted SOEs Reforms Facing the Resistance of Vested Interests
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8UEDQL]DWLRQDQGInvestment in China’s Inland Areas
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China’s Ant Tribe Problem
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fundamental impetus to China’s local consumption. Hence, in this report, I would like to
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particularly focus on the significance of China’s logistics industry in terms of its role as a
stimulus to the greater consumption of durable goods in the country’s agricultural areas.
7KLV UHSRUW LQWHQGV WR GLVFXVV WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI &KLQD’s domestic demand in its
relation to the development of the country’s logistics industry. First, I will analyze the
expansion of domestic demand in China’s rural areas by relying on several economic
indicators. Second, by illustrating China’s massive homeDSSOLDQFHVXEVLG\SURJUDPDFURVV
the country’s rural areas as an example, I will explain what obstacles in China’s logistics
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followed by a discussion of this industry’s inefficiency and major causes of the problem. In
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future of China’s logistics inGXVWU\DQGGRPHVWLFGHPDQG 0DMRU,PSHWXVWRWKH([SDQVLRQRI'RPHVWLF'HPDQGLQ&KLQD
As I have stated above, the transformation of China’s economy from its current
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for this. Needless to say, currently the living standards in China’s coastal cities are by far
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expansion of domestic demand in China’s rural areas from three different perspectives: the
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government but also by China’s private sector, which was forced to relocate into the inland
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Chinese retailers’ sales figures been increasing in
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in which lies a great potential for bolstering China’s domestic demand.
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JRYHUQPHQWLPSOHPHQWHGacross the country’s rural areas from 2009 to 2013. I would like
to examine this program because it serves to illustrate what problems are lying in China’s
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According to a paper titled “$6WXG\RI&KLQD
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the Countryside” (Zhang, Li, and Chang), researchers generally agree that the program was
effective in boosting rural residents’ spending on household appliances. Viewed from
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expansion of rural consumption as old as ever: the weakness of rural consumers’
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consequently laid bare a structural problem inherent in China’s logistics industry. In fact,
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the question of the expansion of rural consumption from the perspective of China’s
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66
. An Overview of China’s Logistics Industry
Before discussing the problems of China’s logistics industry, I would like to define
the term “logistics industry” in general and describe some of theGLVWLQFWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
of China’s logistics industry in particular.
1 The Definition of “Logistics Industry”
As to “logistics industry” as an economic term, there are two basic definitions. One
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VXEVWDQWLDOO\V\QRQ\PRXVZLWKVRFDOOHG“thirdparty logistics” (3PL), a term that refers to
“logistics industry” in a broader sense, hence including not only transportation and storing
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According to Li Ruixue’s “Logistics Industry, Market and Structural Changes in the
People’s Republic of China,” lately in China the term “logistics industry” has been
FRPPRQO\XQGHUVWRRGLQWKHVHFRQGVHQVH—therefore, as “3PL”. However, Li also points
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EXVLQHVVZLWKWKHDELOLW\WRRIIHUDVHULHVHRIORJLVWLFVVHUYLFHVLQDPRUHLQWHJUDHGIRUP 2 The Structure and Characteristics of China’s Logistics Industry
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China’s logistics industry. First of all, China’s enterprises can be classified into the
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companies into China’s logistics industry as well as the foundation of private companies.
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To sum up, China’s logistics industry today can be classified LQWR WKUHH GLYLVLRQV
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EH\RQGWKHLURULJLQDOVSKHUHVLQDQDWWHPSWWRH[WHQGWKHLUEXVLQHVVHV So far, I have outlined what China’s logistics industry is from a historical angle. As I
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policies. This implies that the modernization of China’s logistics industry has just started,
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68
The Problems of China’s Logistics Industry $V,KDYHVWDWHGLQ6HFWLRQGLVWULEXWLRQLQJHQHUDOWHQGVWRFRVWKLJKLQ&KLQDDQG
this has been the obstacle to both companies’H[SDQVLRQLQWRUXUDODQGLQODQGDUHDVDQGWKH
increase of farmer’s consumption. I have also pointed out in the previous section that one
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FRQVLGHUWKLVSUREOHPRILQHIILFLHQF\LQGHWDLO One economic indicator to show the logistics industry’s efficiency is the ratio of
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comes around 10% in contrast to China’s 20%, indicating unGHUGHYHORSPHQWDVRQHUHDVRQ
for the inefficiency of China’s logistics industry. $ VHFRQG UHDVRQ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI HVWDEOLVKHG KLJKYDOXHDGGHG
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“commission distribution.” As the table on the right shows, as much as 30% of Chinese
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Then, what barrier has been impeding the improvement of efficiency of China’s logistics
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DFURss the country’s extensive area. In fact, as of 2002, there was no one distribution
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RIvarious kinds to begin with. I have described them as “various kinds” because they can
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no significant difference in the total distribution costs. Namely, as far as China’s economic
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instead of integration looks to continue to be a preeminent feature of China’s logistic
industry for the time being. Overall, a series of problems of the country’s logistic industry
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69
. An Outlook for China’s Logistics Industry
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to consider what is expected to take place in the future of China’s logistics industry.
)LUVW OHW XV ORRN DW WKH &KLQHVH Jovernment’s view of the logistics industry. In its
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specific goals of developing the country’s logistics industry, such as encouraging the
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policies, the circumstances surrounding China’s logistics industry have been steadily
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problems to address still exist in the country’s logistics industry, but the way how
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that China’s logistics industry will grow rapidly in the near future. Then what benefits is it
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potential impetus for the expansion of the country’s domestic demand, and then shifted my
focus onto the necessity of the reformation of China’s logistics induVWU\DVDZKROH)URP
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KHDGLQJ WRZDUGV WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI LWV GRPHVWLF GHPDQG In my opinion, whether China’s
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reform and integration of China’s logistics industry.
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“Alibaba and Haier Forming an Alliance to Share a Logistics System for the Interent
Shopping.” Nihon Keizai Shimbun'HF:HE
KWWSZZZQLNNHLFRPDUWLFOH'*;1$6*08B=&$))!
/LXJiamin. “Growing Penetration of Retail Chains into China’s Agricultural Areas: The
Impact of the Construction of Countryside Stores on the Farmers’ Consumption
Environment.”Mizuho Report. 0L]XKR5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH:HE
KWWSZZZPL]XKRULFRMSSXEOLFDWLRQUHVHDUFKSGIUHSRUWUHSRUWSGI!
Li, Ruixue. “Logistics Industry, Market and Structural Changes in the People’s Republic of
China.” Forum of International Development Studies:HE
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Morikawa, Hisashi and Kenji Ueda. “On China 2030.” Newsletter
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1DNDPXra, Mitsuo. “The Current Situation of China’s Logistics: Its Problems and Future.” 5HVHDUFKOQVWLWXWHRI8UEDQL]DWLRQQG:HE KWWSULXRUMSGRFXPHQWFKLQDBORJLVWLFVSGI!
National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook
2014. :HEKWWSZZZVWDWVJRYFQWMVMQGVM!
Onishi, Yasuo. “The Development of Logistics Industry in China: 7RZDUGWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQ
of a Wider and More Advanced Distribution Network.” The Rising Tide of
Advancement in China: Reformation of Its Industries and Enterprises. (GV,PDL
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Seki, Shinichi. “The Growing Consumption of China’s 0LGGOHDQG/RZ,QFRPH(DUQHUV—
The Country’s Changing Consumption Structure.” JRI Review
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Zhang, Zhiyu, Haifeng Li, and Fengxia Chang. “A Study of China's Policy: Home
Appliances Going to the Countryside.” Asian Economic Review :HE
http://petit.lib.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/G0000006y2j2/metadata/C040071000209!
73
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80%
70%
60%
50%
Assets
40%
Gross output
30%
20%
Employment
10%
No. of the state
0%
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
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76
2008
2010
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Chart 2 : ROA of SOEs & Private firms
35%
Private
30%
25%
20%
SOEs
15%
10%
5%
0%
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ni tsuite).
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jizokuteki seichou to “Futatsu no wana”).
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of “tilting leftward politically and rightward economically” be sustainable? (“Futatsu no
Wana” ni idomu Syu Kinpei Taisei, “Seisa Keiu” Rosen ha jizoku kanou ka.)
%DQNRI0LWVXELVKL7RN\R8)-,QVWLWXWHRI(FRQRPLFVWhere Will the Reforms to
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toshi mondai no kagi wo nigiru kigyou kaikaku no yukue).
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Reforms”. Economic Roundup lssue 2, 79-102.
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The Chinese medical insurance system is currently known for its inefficiency, symbolized
by the phrases "⋴∛㔍" and "⋴∛⾆". In this report, I am going to examine the various
medical insurance problems in China from the point of view of the inequality of medical
services according to type of region and income. I will also take a look at relevant policies
and policy recommendations.
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Source: Chinese National Health Bureau of Statistics
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(Source:ਛ࿖ⴡᤊឭⷐ 2007)
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઎ఐ⾆Pay through the ear, throat and nose doctors
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Source: Centre for Health Statistics and Information 2008
)LJXUH Annual changes in average income and expenditure in various areas
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8UEDQLzation and Investment in China’s Inland AUHDV
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When we try to consider the problem of the expansion of China’s domestic demand, it is
essentially important to closely examine the country’s urbanization policies for its inland
areas. In my opinion, the problem of inefficient investment has been an obstacle to a sound
enforcement of the current urbanization policies of China. This report aims to examine the
cause and nature of inefficient investment in the country’s inland areas and propose
possible solutions.
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China 2015 (research reports in English)

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