Internacionalización de la Empresa Introduccion y Leccion 1ª

Internacionalización de la Empresa
Lección 1ª: La dinámica de integración global. Fases
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Curso 2013
Emilio Ontiveros
ontiveros@afi.es
www.afi.es
www.emilioontiveros.com
@ontiverosemilio
Programa
Introducción. El ámbito de estudio.
1.
La dinámica de integración global. Fases.
2.
Encuentros en la tercera fase.
3.
La crisis global de 2007. La más compleja de la historia.
4.
La irrupción de las multinacionales de los emergentes.
5.
La nueva demografía.
6.
De la dictadura a la democracia y los estados fallidos.
7.
Un mundo dispar: desigualdad y pobreza.
8.
La búsqueda de la sostenibilidad.
9.
Las potencias mundiales del siglo XXI.
10.
Enfrentar la complejidad y la incertidumbre.
11.
La internacionalización de la empresa española (1)
12.
La internacionalización de la empresa española (2)
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1.
La dinámica de integración global. Fases
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Globalization is, in some respects, a centuries-old phenomenon.
Globalization in the general sense of the term is not new. All
innovative and dynamic societies in history have been in some way
cosmopolitan.
Nor is it irreversible. The last episode of globalization from 18701913 fell victim to a backlash following the First World War.
CEPR, 2002.
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Differences between the two eras:
a)
While migration flows are lower now, economic openness has been rising
during the past half century.
b) Transport costs have declined, and tariffs have fallen substantially.
c)
The increase in intra-industry trade and outsourcing has been significant, as
have increased foreign direct investment and financial capital flows.
d)
Distance
and national borders are still powerful barriers to economic
interaction.
e)
International migration is significantly lower than in the 1870-1913 period.
f)
By some measures net capital flows are no bigger now than then, although they
are broader in the sense that there is investment in a wider range of sectors.
g)
Trade between countries, taking account of their economic mass, falls off
steeply with distance - trade in capital and ideas no less than trade in goods
and services.
CEPR, 2002
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Total Exports of Goods and Services As a Percentage of World
GDP, 1810–2011
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Fuente: Paul Krugman
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Fuente: Paul Krugman
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The most important lesson concerns the shape of the backlash
against the globalization of 1870-1913. This was motivated in part
by its distributional consequences, and it generated protectionist
responses - protection against agricultural imports in continental
Europe and against manufactured imports and immigration in the
New World.
CEPR, 2002.
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The nineteenth century saw a series of dramatic technological
developments (chiefly the steamship and railroad), which were to
have a profound impact on international trade.
The impact on transport costs was substantial: British ocean freight
rates were relatively constant between 1740 and 1840, before
dropping by about 70% between 1840 and 1910.
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Trade policy:
Until the 1870s, trade policy reinforced these trends. Britain
liberalized from 1815 to 1846, when it took the decisive step towards
free trade. The years after 1860 saw significant European tariff
cutting: for example, by 1877 Germany ‘had virtually become a free
trade country’ (Bairoch, 1989, p. 41). In the late 1870s, however,
cheap New World and Russian grain began depressing European
land values, sparking a powerful continental protectionist response.
In the United States, Northern victory in the Civil War ensured high
levels of protection for the rest of the century. On the other hand, in
Asia declining transport costs did not have to contend with rising
tariffs: China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, India and Indonesia all moved
towards free trade, most forced to do so by colonial dominance or
gunboat diplomacy.
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The net result was substantial, world-wide commodity market
integration. For example, Liverpool wheat prices exceeded Chicago
prices by 58% in 1870, but by only 18% in 1895; the cotton price
spread between London and Bombay fell from 57% in 1873 to 20% in
1913; while the jute price spread between London and Calcutta fell
from 35% to 4%, and the rice price spread between London and
Rangoon fell from 93% to 26%.
(Collins, 1996).
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Unweighted world average own tariff, 35 countries (%)
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Average tariffs on manufacturers, selected countries, 1913-98
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Globalization Debate
 Does globalization cause poverty?
 Why are so many people opposed to globalization?
 Does globalization diminish cultural diversity?
 Can globalization be controlled?
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Cuestiones relativas a la lección:
a) Describe the shifts in the world economy over the past 30 years.
What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses
based in Europe? North America? Hong Kong/Taiwan?
b) How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of
markets and production? Would the globalization of production and
markets have been possible without these technological changes?
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Bibliografía adicional de la Lección 1:
BORDO, MICHAEL D., ALAN M. TAYLOR AND JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON (2001)
“Globalization in Historical Perspective”
Conference held May 4-5, 2001.
Forthcoming from The University of Chicago Press
CEPR (2002)
“Making Sense of Globalization. A Guide to the Economic Issues”
Capítulo “Globalization, 1870-1914 “
Policy Paper No. 8, Julio 2002
CRAFTS, NICHOLAS (2000)
“Globalization and Growth in The Twentieth Century”
IMF Working Paper (WP/00/44)
FOREMAN-PECK, JAMES, ED. (1998 )
“Historical Foundations of Globalization”
Edward Elgar, Northampton, Mass
GALEZA, TADEUSZ (2011)
“Where Investment Goes”
Finance & Development, Septiembre, Vol. 48, No. 3
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