The Breeding Strategy to Enhance Domestic Milk Production and

Dr. D.R.T.G. Ratnayake
&
Dr. L.W.N. Samaranayake
Location of Sri Lanka in world map
Eastern longitude between 79 and 82
Northern latitude between 5 and 10
Sri Lanka
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Total area 65,525 sq km
9 provinces and 25 districts (Administrative)
Human population is 21 million.
Geographically the country has 3 levels in elevation from sea
level to hills.
It is a hot humid country.
It has two peaks of rain falls annually and it varies between
900mm and 5000mm.
It has greenery throughout the year except in dry zone for two
to three months.
The relative humidity is comparatively high and varies between
70 to 90% in day and night respectively.
9 Provinces
Northern
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Northern Province
Eastern Province
North Central Province
North Western Province
Western Province
Central Province
Uva Province
Sabaragamuwa Province
Southern Province
Eastern
North Central
North Western
Central
Western
Uva
Southern
25 Districts
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
Jaffna District
Kilinochchi District
Mulaitivu District
Mannar District
Vavunia District
Anuradhapura District
Trincomalee District
Polonnaruwa District
Puttlam District
Kurunegala District
Matale District
Batticalo District
Kandy District
Ampara District
Kegalle District
Colombo District
Gampaha District
Kalutara
Nuwara Eliya
Badulla
Ratnapura
Moneragala
Galle
Matara
Hambanthota
Geographically 3 levels
Low plane
• Island consists of 3
planes across the
country
• 1) Low plane – sea level to 125m
altitude.
Intermediate
• 2) Intermediate plane
plane
125 m to 750 m
• 3) Hills
Hills
750 to 2500 m
7 Agro-ecological Zones
Based on the variation of the
climate, geographical location
and the farming system adopted
in the area, seven agro-climatic
zones have been identified in the
country for dairy cattle farming.
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1) Low country dry zone
2) Low country intermediate zone
3) Low country wet zone
4) Mid country intermediate zone
5) Mid country wet zone
6) Up country intermediate zone
7) Up country wet zone
Salient Features of Agro-ecological
Zones
Hill country
Mid country
Low country
Wet
zone
Inter
mediate
Wet
zone
Inter
mediate
Wet
zone
Inter
mediate
Dry
zone
Elevation
(m)
>1,200
>1,200
450 1,200
450 –
1,200
0 -450
0 - 450
0 -450
Ambient
T (C)
10 -18
18 - 24
21 - 32
25 - 32
24 -35
25 - 32
21 -38
Rainfall
(mm)
>2,000
1,750 –
2,000
1,850 –
5,000
1,750 –
2,500
1,875 –
2,500
1,000 –
1,750
1,000 –
1,750
Relative
humidity (%)
58 - 75
58 - 75
55 - 75
55 - 75
75 - 90
60 -80
70 - 85
Predominant
cattle
breeds
Bos
taurus
&
crosses
Bos
taurus
&
crosses
Crosses
of Bos
taurus
Crosses
of Bos
taurus
Zebu &
crosses
Lanka &
Zebu
crosses
Lanka &
Zebu
crosses
2-5
2-5
2 -5
2-8
2-10
5 - 20
25 - 100
Herd size
Livestock Sector
• Ministry of Livestock and Rural community Development (MLRCD) Whole responsibility in livestock development in the country
• Department of Animal production and Health (DAPH) - responsible
in implementing policies and providing technical services mainly
disease control, animal breeding with the assistance of 9 provincial
DAPHs.
• National Livestock Development board (NLDB) - maintain nucleus
herds and provides bull calves for natural service.
• Governmental organizations such as MILCO and Mahaweli
Authority of Sri Lanka (MASL) also provide bull calves for natural
service.
• Private sector such as Nestle, Chilaw Plantation ltd, Palawattha
Dairy company and Ambewela Livestock Company (pvt) ltd etc, also
provide technical services to the livestock sector.
Livestock Sector
• Cattle and buffalo population 1.26 and 0.47 million
respectively. (DAPH ,2013)
• 60 – 65% Cattle are crossbreds
• Total cattle and buffalo farms 273,648 and 22,342 respectively.
(DAPH ,2013)
• Highest cattle population is in Eastern province,276,824 and lowest
cattle population is in Sabaragamuwa province,24,620. (DAPH ,2013)
• Highest buffalo population also is in Eastern province 151,510.
(DAPH ,2013)
• Milking cows : Dry cows = 47:53
• Total annual milk production and collection 381.3 and 202.1
million lts respectively (DAPH ,2013)
• Annual milk requirement 784 millions liters ((DAPH ,2013)
GDP Contribution
Sector
Agriculture
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.1
2.0
Industry
Services
Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry
Tea
Rubber
Coconut
Minor Export Crops
Paddy
Livestock
Other Food Crops
Plantation Development
Firewood and Forestry
Other Agricultural Crops
Fishing
Share of GDP (%)
2012
2013
11.1
10.8
9.7
9.5
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.2
1
0.8
0.4
0.4
1.4
1.6
0.8
0.8
3.7
3.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.3
1.3
30.4
31.1
58.6
58.1
Cattle Breeds
Bos indicus
Bos taurus
Cross breeds
Local cattle (Batu
haraka)
Jersey
AFS
Sahiwal
Holstein Friesian
AMZ
Red Sindhi
Ayeshire
Sunandani ?
Gir
Short horn ?
Tharpakar
Brown Swiss ?
Khillari
• More crossbreds are in milk shed areas.
• Crossbreds are crosses of above two or more
breeds.
Dairy Cattle
Breeds &
Farming Systems
Buffalo Breeds
Common buffalo breeds
Local
Niliravi
Murrah
Surthi
Jafrabhadi ?
• Local buffalo show swamp buffalo characteristics
although they carry 50 chromosomes.
• Urban and sub-urban areas buffalos are crosses
of two or more breeds of above
Buffalo Breeds &
Farming Systems in
Sri Lanka
History of Animal Breeding in Sri Lanka
• Ancient kings had royal cattle herds (White cattle) to fulfill their
milk and milk products requirements.
• No reports available about the breeding practices of these herds
• The systematic dairy farming commenced by British during
colonial era.
• The higher planes of the country used for this purpose by
importing European breeds with higher milk production capacity.
• The progenies of these animals were given to the Estate Indian
Tamil workers who also had a habit of drinking milk
• The progenies under went of series of crossbreeding with local
animals and inter-se mating , subsequently evolved a animal with
higher production potential named as ‘Cape’.
• Currently this animal is not available due to indiscriminate breeding.
History of Animal Breeding in Sri Lanka
• Since 1935 Government imported cattle to
improve local animals and established large
nucleus farms
• Hill country farms for Temperate breeds
(Jersey, Friesian and Ayrshire ) and Dry zone
farms for zebu cattle (Sindhi, Sahiwal and
Buffalo)
• These herds were used to produce breeding
material for both AI and natural service.
Livestock Breeding Policy
• Policy Objective
To improve the national herd of livestock
through proper selection, breeding and
application of appropriate research and
technologies to ensure quantitative and
qualitative improvement of production while
conserving indigenous livestock and their wild
relatives.
Livestock Breeding Policy
• Policy outcomes
A) Livestock breeding activities are simplified in
the country and breeds with appropriate genetic
characters are established in different agroclimatic zones.
B) National needs and targets shall be addressed
through proper monitoring of livestock breeding
activities.
C) Indigenous livestock genetic resources are
properly conserved and appropriately utilized
Up Country Wet Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
To produce a dairy type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area.
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds to produce F1 generation,
which will have 50% temperate blood level.
F1 is back crossed (same temperate breed ) to
produce B1, which will have 75% temperate
blood level. B1 is again backcrossed (to same
temperate breed) to produce B2 which will have
87.5% temperate blood level.
This process will be continued to raise the
temperate blood level.
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using temperate
breeds of cattle
Recommended
breeds for up
grading
Target
lactation
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>4,500
>4,000
>3,500
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,500
>3,250
>3,000
Remarks
Friesian and Ayrshire
are known to give
more milk whereas
the jerseys have a
higher fat content
Same as above
Up Country Intermediate Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
To produce a dairy type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area. Prominent
extensive system is not found in the up country
intermediate zone
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds to produce F1 generation, which
will have 50% temperate blood level.
F1 is back crossed (same temperate breed ) to
produce B1, which will have 75% temperate blood
level. B1 is again backcrossed (to same temperate
breed) to produce B2 which will have 87.5%
temperate blood level.
This process will be continued to raise the
temperate blood level.
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using temperate breeds
of cattle
Recommended
breeds for up grading
Target
Lactation
Remarks
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,500
>3,250
>3,000
Friesian and Ayrshire
are known to give more
milk whereas the
jerseys have a higher fat
content
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,250
>3,000
>2,700
Jersey breed can
tolerate tropical
conditions better than
Friesian and Ayrshire
Mid Country Wet Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
To produce a dairy type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area. Prominent
extensive system is not found in the mid country wet
zone
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds of cattle.
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using Jersey breeds of
cattle
Recommended
breeds for up grading
Target
Lactation
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,500
>3,250
>3,000
Jersey
>2,500
Grading up of using Friesian/Ayrshire to 75% blood
Friesian or Ayrshire
level . The breeding bulls with 75% blood level will
be produced in breeder farms.
Use Friesian and Ayrshire breed to produce F1. F1 is
back crossed to produce B1 which will have 75%
level of temperate blood. These bulls will be used for
upgrading.
>2,750
Remarks
Best growth rate is
obtained with the
Friesian while Jersey
have a higher fat
content in milk.
Jersey breed can
tolerate tropical
conditions better than
Friesian and Ayrshire
Ayrshire breed is
preferred over Friesian
due to lower cost
management
Mid Country Intermediate Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
To produce a dairy type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area.
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using temperate
breeds of cattle.
Recommended breeds
for up grading
Target
lactation
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,500
>3,250
>3,000
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using temperate breeds of
cattle to 50% blood level. The breeding bulls with 50%
blood level will be produced in breeder farmers.
Use temperate breeds to produce F1, which will have 50%
temperate blood level. These bulls will be used in upgrading
the existing herds.
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
AFS
>2,000
C) Extensive System
Grading up of cattle using temperate X zebu 50% cross bred
bulls or continuous grading up using a zebu breed.
Jersey
Sahiwal
>1,500
>1,250
Remarks
Higher milk production is
obtained with the Friesian
and Ayrshire breed while
Jerseys have a higher fat
content in milk.
Australian Friesian Sahiwal
(AFS) has been bred for milk
and it could be used straight
away for upgrading
purpose. Friesian Ayrshire
and Jersey crosses have
shown promising results
under semi-intensive
system.
Jersey X Sahiwal crosses can
produce more milk under
tropical conditions.
Low Country Wet Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle
using temperate breeds of cattle.
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds of cattle to 50% blood
level.
C) Extensive System
Grading up of cattle using temperate X
zebu 50% cross bred bulls or continuous
grading up using a zebu breed.
To produce a dairy type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area.
Recommended
breeds for up
grading
Target
lactation
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>3,000
>2,750
>2,500
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
>1,500
Sahiwal
>1,250
Remarks
This recommendation is for very
high standard of management
conditions. High milk production is
obtained with the Friesian and
Ayrshire while Jersey breed has a
higher fat content in milk.
Temperate crosses produce higher
milk yield under this climatic and
management conditions.
Sahiwal is a tropical dairy breed
thriving well under this climatic
and management conditions.
Low Country Intermediate Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
To produce a dairy dominant dual type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area.
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds of cattle.
B) Semi Intensive System
Grading up of existing cattle using temperate
breeds of cattle to 50% blood level. The breeding
bulls with 50% blood level will be produced in the
breeder farms. Use a temperate breed to
produce F1 which will have 50% temperate
blood level. These bull will be used in upgrading
the existing herds.
C) Extensive System
Grading up of cattle using temperate X zebu 50%
cross bred bulls or continuous grading up using a
zebu breed.
Recommended
breeds for up
grading
Target lactation
Friesian
Ayrshire
Jersey
AFS
>3,000
>2,750
>2,500
>2,500
Ayrshire
Jersey
AFS
Sahiwal
>1,500
Sahiwal
>1,250
Remarks
This recommendation is for very high
standard of management conditions. High
milk production is obtained with the
Friesian and Ayrshire while Jersey breed
has a higher fat content in milk.
Temperate crosses produce higher milk
yield under this climatic and management
conditions.
Sahiwal is a tropical dairy breed thriving
well under this climatic and management
conditions.
Low Country Dry Zone
Breeding Objective
Breeding Policy
Breeding strategy
Farming system
A) Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
temperate breeds of cattle.
To produce a dairy dominant dual type animal
Grading up using temperate breeds of cattle
Breeding strategy defined separately for different
farming systems found in the area.
Recommended
breeds for up
grading
Target
lactation
Ayrshire
Jersey
>1,750
>1,500
B) Semi Intensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using a
zebu breed or grading up of existing cattle using
a temperate breed to 50% blood level.
AFS
Jersey
Sahiwal
>1,750
>1,500
>1,250
C) Extensive System
Continuous grading up of existing cattle using
Zebu breeds of cattle.
Sahiwal
>1,200
Remarks
If the management conditions are really good
the temperate blood level could be raised up
to 100%.
Sahiwal is a tropical dairy breed thriving well
under intermediate semi intensive
management conditions.
Jersey crosses produce a higher milk yield
under tropical weather conditions. AFS could
be used straight away until the recommended
quality F1 sires are made available locally.
Sahiwal is a tropical dairy breed thriving well
under this climatic and management
conditions.
Buffalo Breeding Policy
Breeding Objective – To produce high yielding Buffalo
Breeding Strategy
Recommended Buffalo
Breeds and their
production level (L)
Agro climatic zone and
management system
Grading up of existing
buffalos using exotic breeds
of buffalo
Murrah - > 2,800
Nili Ravi - > 2,800
Whole country
Natural Breeding
• Initially the Government maintained stud centers
in areas where AI service is not accessible.
• Most centers were in dry and dry intermediate
zones.
• Should bring the cow in ‘heat’ to the centre to
get the service.
• Leading cows in ‘heat’ and leading cows managed
under intensive system to the stud centers were
found impracticable.
Natural Breeding
• Presently State and Private sector both involved in this program.
• Annual requirement of stud bulls as replacement stock is 4,500
bulls.
• Both state and private sectors provide only 800 – 900 bulls annually.
• In places where AI is not accessible most of the cows are bred by
scrub bulls.
• Hence, the DAPH provides genetically superior certified bulls for
natural service program.
• The ‘certified bulls‘ for the production potential of their dams, their
daily body weight gains and their parentage.
• The bull calves sources - from Pedigree Performance Recording
Scheme (PPRS) and Nucleus farms.
• Future all bull calves requirement through PPRS and Nucleus farms
Natural Breeding
• The Government
imported 2,000
pregnant heifers to the
country to maintain as
nucleus herd.
• The average milk
production - 20 lts/day
• The first calf crop has
already been
distributed among
selected farmers.
• AI was introduced in 1937
• DF semen technology introduced in 1966
• 1970s -Swedish International Development Agency
(SIDA) assisted in establishing and expanding AI
technology in the country.
• 1980s -Asian Development Bank –assisted in
developing infrastructure for AI service.
• Swiss Sri Lanka Livestock Development Project –
Involved in AI and natural service promotion in dry
zone
• Due to these interventions AI numbers have increased
remarkably up to 216,000 in 2013.
AI Performance (From 2003 -2013)
AIAINumber
Number
250,000
216,600
200,000
181,725
172,319
203,753
156,704
150,000
137,187
177,430
127,101
167,861
149,289
127,319
100,000
50,000
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2013
Year
Imported Young Bulls
• DAPH has imported 10
Jersey and 4 Friesian
young bulls from
Australia.
• DAPH imported required
crossbred semen for the
smooth operation of
crossbreeding program in
the country.
• Jersey young bulls were
used for progeny testing
program
• At present AI service adds
35,000 AI born heifer calves
to the national cattle
population in a year.
• The DAPH is implementing
a salvage program for AI
born upgraded heifer
calves to avoid deaths of
calves and to keep the age
at first calving below 30
months of their age.
• These genetically up
graded heifers have
contributed to increase the
milk production in the
country.
Annual Milk Production
(From 2003 to 2013)
Milk/mn liters
450,000,000
381,363,000
400,000,000
350,000,000
336,196,000
286,691,000
300,000,000
233,316,000
250,000,000
202,009,000
192,741,000
200,000,000
247,554,000
186,804,000
208,093,000
196,582,000
190,296,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Year
Importation of Milk and Milk Products
Importation has been reduced since 2011
• The increased milk
production has
reduced the amount
of imported milk
powder and milk
products
Metric Tons
100,000
88,129
90,000
80,000
70,000
83,818
75,483
63,874
69,452
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Year
Present Cattle Breeding Strategies for
Future Dairy Improvement
• Pedigree and Performance Recording Scheme
(PPRS)
• Progeny Testing Program
PPRS
•
•
•
•
Commenced on – 1, April 2010
Project period – 1.5 years
Funded by FAO – 335,000 USD
Project ended (FAO assistance)
– 31 , December 2011
• Presently operating with DAPH allocations.
(FAO started this same project in Myanmar,
Nepal and Mongolia under TCP assistance)
Long-term Objective
• To establish a national herd performance
recording scheme for cattle and buffaloes
• To produce sires for national breeding
program (For both AI and natural service)
Objectives (Short-term)
(During 5 years period- 2013 -2017)
• To increase herd Milking : Dry cow ratio
up to 80 : 20
• To increase average milk production per cow
up to 8 lit/day
PPRS as the Basis of Genetic
Improvement
• Genetically superior bulls and cows for AI
program
• The bulls used for natural service from high
merit parents
• Thus the PPRS is the basis of any (low or high
cost) genetic improvement scheme
Present Status of PPRs
SRN
Achievement
Number
1
Number of clusters
20
2
Number of milk recorders
26
3
Number of milk analyzers
04
4
Large farm herds
11
5
Data recorders
01
6
Field supervisors (LDO)
01
Present Status of PPRS
(September 2014)
Small
Medium
Large
(< 10 cows)
(11 – 25 cows)
( > 26 cows)
Herds
242
73
11
326
Milking cows
733
51%
377
30%
620
19%
1,730
29%
Dry cows
688
857
2,665
4210
6.7 kg
6.9 kg
5.4kg
6.3kg
Average
yield/cow/day
Total
Bull Mother Selection
• Based on breeding value estimation
• Top ranking cows (30%) will be inseminated with
imported semen.
• Other cows will be inseminated with good quality
semen
• Selected bull calves born to imported semen will
be used as future semen donors in AI centre
• Other bull calves will be used as certified bulls for
natural service.
Breeding Values of Cows
ID of Cow
Birth
Last Calf
Breed Sex Milk_kg
613300350029
8/29/2011
3/3/2011
11
2
517.399
613004390018
3/5/2007
7/10/2011
3
2
252.213
617210680001
1/1/2005
7/3/2011
11
2
204.607
617200770001
1/1/2007
8/21/2011
11
2
194.971
616906780119
6/28/2005
5/22/2011
6
2
183.069
617209760047
6/7/2003
9/18/2012
5
2
174.965
617209760059
10/15/2003
8/24/2011
5
2
161.399
612105010262
2/6/2008
3/1/2011
2
2
159.483
612105010110
6/14/2003
2/21/2011
3
2
158.908
618708300001
1/1/2002
7/11/2011
3
2
156.005
Breeding Values cont…
No of cows
underwent
BV estimation
Selected
cows
Cows
impregnated
with
imported
semen
No of cows
calved
Bull calves
born and
selected
365
135
42
26
4
Selected Bull Mothers
Breeding value estimation of cows will be
done at the end of each six month and bull
mothers will be identified for selection of
bull calves for the national breeding
program
Under this program already 135 mothers
have been selected on EBVs and four cross
bred bull calves have been selected for AI
centers and pregnant elite cows have been
identified for future bull calves selection.
Bull Calves born to Bull Mothers
• Four cross-bred bull
calves have been
selected for AI centers
and pregnant elite cows
have been identified for
future bull calves
selection.
Breeding Programme Schematic
AI top imported semen
Top
Topgo
goAI
AICenter
Center
400-500
Total
Totalpopulation
population
AI imported
semen
Recorded
Population
10,000
Non-recorded population
Bulls for
Natural
service
Progeny Testing Program
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
assisted DAPH to establish a station method
progeny testing program for Jersey cattle in the
country under the Genetic and Feeding
Management Improvement Project (GFMI)
started in March 2009.
• Used 2 Jersey cattle farms in up-country wet zone
and low country intermediate zone.
• Three cycles of the program have been
implemented with three bulls for each cycle.
Progeny Testing Program
• The daughter cows of the 2nd cycle are
presently in milk and milk yield of those
animals are recorded. Fat percentage also is
estimated in monthly basis using chemical test
at the laboratory established for this purpose.
• The financial assistance of JICA was
terminated on 31st of March 2014 and this
project also is being continued with the
assistance of state funds (Treasury funds).
EBVs of Sires
• EBV of following sires have been estimated in
305 days milk yield
Bull
305-d
251
26.08
274
56.63
250
-21.49
272
68.33
252
-128.98
253
49.95
263
35.73
238
-3.73
271
-82.53
EBVs of Sires
• Bull no 272 had highest
EBV
• Semen of bulls 250, 252
and 271 has been
discarded
EBV
100
50
0
251 274 250 272 252 253 263 238 271
-50
-100
-150
Bull ID
Field Progeny Testing Program
• Cross-bred bull semen requirement is more than
60% of the total semen requirement of the
country.
• Since station method is being used only for the
progeny evaluation of Jersey bulls in the country,
there is a need for progeny testing program for
evaluation of cross-bred bulls.
• DAPH needs to establish a field progeny testing
program for testing bull calves selected through
PPRS program.
THANK YOU