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Zootaxa 0000: 0–0000 (2012)
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ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
ZOOTAXA
Article
A new genus of Hubbardiidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) from the Colombian
Andes, with some taxonomic comments
JAIRO A. MORENO-GONZÁLEZ1 & OSVALDO VILLARREAL M.2
1
Sección de Entomología, Edificio- 320 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Sede Meléndez. Calle 13 #
100- 00, Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. E-mail: hansenochrus@gmail.com
2
Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 2101-A, ZP 4579,
Maracay, Edo. Aragua, Venezuela. E-mail: osvaldovillarreal@gmail.com
Abstract
A new genus, Calima, and two new species, C. bremensis and C. valenciorum, of Hubbardiidae are here described, respectively from Bremen Forest, Filandia, Quindio department and Andinapolis, Trujillo, Valle del Cauca department, both
localities located in the Colombian Andes. A comprehensive map of the South American species with a four-segmented
female flagellum is presented, tables with characters of New World Hubbardiidae genera are provided. The relationships
of the new genus within neotropical Hubbardiidae fauna is discussed.
Key words: Neotropic, South America, Colombia, Calima, taxonomy
Resumen
Se describen un nuevo género de Hubbardiidae, Calima, y dos nuevas especies C. bremensis y C. valenciorum, respectivamente, del Bosque de Bremen, Filandia, departamento del Quindio, y Andinapolis, Trujillo, departamento del Valle del
Cauca, ambas localizadas en los Andes colombianos. Se presenta un mapa con la distribución de los géneros sudamericanos cuyas hembras tienen flagelo tetra-segmentado, y tablas con caracteres de todos los géneros de Hubbardiidae del Nuevo Mundo. Se discuten las relaciones del nuevo género con la fauna neotropical de Hubbardiidae.
Palabras clave: Neotrópico, Sudamérica, Colombia, Calima, taxonomía
Introduction
In the last twenty years, schizomid taxonomy has undergone some dramatic changes. A total of fifty-six genera
from Hubbardiidae (95 %, 53 genera), Calcitronidae (extinct, 2 % - one genus) and Protoschizomidae (4 %, two
genera) families have been described around the world, and sexual characters including spermathecal morphology
and the shape of the male flagellum have been widely used for diagnostic purposes (e.g. Reddell & Cokendolpher,
1995). The male flagellum in particular has become important to assign taxa to genera, but due to the absence of
solid phylogenetic hypotheses among the schizomids, it is difficult to deduce the importance of certain structures
when considering the evolutionary background of the group. Given the current state of taxonomic knowledge, a
comprehensive systematic review using a cladistic paradigm is necessary to permit unequivocal generic diagnoses.
At present the generic definitions continue to be based on unique character combinations.
An overview of South American schizomids was recently published by Armas (2010), who diagnosed at least
12 genera, provided identification keys and detailed information on their distribution. During the last 17 years, a
high number of monotypic genera have been described for this region: Adisomus Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000,
Wayuuzomus Armas & Colmenares, 2006, Stenoschizomus González-Sponga, 1997, and Tayos Reddell &
Cokendolpher, 1995. Some South American genera have been found to be widely distributed as: Surazomus
Accepted by L. Prendini: 3 Jul. 2012; published: ?? Month 2012
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Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, Piaroa Villarreal, Giuponni &
Tourinho, 2008 and Rowlandius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995, Armas 2010).
However, previous records show that some species have highly restricted distributions (a sampling artifact
probably) (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995), except for the widespread invasive species Stenochrus portoricensis
Chamberlin, 1922 (Rowland & Reddell 1980, Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995, Tourinho & Kury 1999). Harvey et
al. (2011) suggested that all Australian Hubbardiidae are short-range endemic species, and this term can be applied
to several New World species.
Our knowledge about South American schizomids is still poor, the fauna of several regions are unequally
sampled. Almost all knowledge is concentrated only in three countries: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, most of
known species (despite political boundaries) come from two biogeographic regions: Amazonia (nine species) and
Andes (teen species). At present, in Colombia are six described species recorded. Kraus (1957) described three
new species of Trithyreus, which were subsequently transferred to the genus Surazomus (Reddell & Cokendolpher,
1995): S. cumbalensis from Cumbal, Nariño department (Kraus, 1957), S. macarenensis from Sierra de la
Macarena, Meta department (Kraus, 1957), and S. sturmi from Bogotá, Cundinamarca department (Kraus, 1957)
Stenochrus portoricensis has been recorded near Cali, Valle del Cauca department (Reddell & Cokendolpher
1995), and from Armenia, Quindío Department (Armas & Delgado-Santa 2012), and two new Piaroa species has
been described, one from Mariquita, Tolima department (Villarreal & Garcia 2011), and one from La Celia,
Risaralda Department (Armas & Delgado-Santa 2012).
As result of a study on diversity of schizomids in Colombian Andes, samples of two new species were obtained
whose assignment to an existing genus was not possible. We therefore propose to establish it in a new genus. We
also provide a discussion about their relationships, a distribution map of all South American taxa in which females
have a four-segmented flagellum and comprehensive tables with characters of New World Hubbardiidae genera.
Material and methods
The material examined in this study is deposited in the Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle,
Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (MUSENUV), and in the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia (ICN). The nomenclature of pedipalps, legs and
spermathecae follows that of Reddell & Cokendolpher (1995); flagellum setation follows the nomenclature of
Harvey (1992), modified by Cokendolpher & Reddell (1992); the setal group numbering of chelicerae follows
Lawrence (1969). The illustrations of chelicerae and spermathecae are based on photographs taken with a Nikon
Eclipse E200 microscope fitted with a Canon A3100-IS digital camera, using the Inkscape edition software. Z-axis
photographs were created with a Nikon DS-series camera attached to a Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscope with
trinocular tube, integrated to the NIS-Elements software of Nikon. The female genitalia were cleared with
lactophenol for about 1–2 hours at room temperature. Measurements are given in millimeters (mm). The
distribution map was prepared using ArcView 3.2 software, with an elevation model that includes political
boundaries. The geographical coordinates were obtained with a Garmin eTrex® Legend GPS receiver.
Taxonomy
Hubbardiidae Cook, 1899
Hubbardiinae Cook, 1899
Calima gen. nov.
(Figs 1–41, Tables 1–4)
Etymology. The genus is named honoring the Calima, a group of native tribes which lived during pre-Columbian
times in the Western Andes of Colombia in Valle del Cauca department, although they did not survive Spanish
colonization. Feminine gender.
2 · Zootaxa 0000 © 2012 Magnolia Press
MORENO-GONZÁLEZ & VILLARREAL
Diagnosis. Anterior process of propeltidium with two anterior setae (one behind the other) and three pairs of
dorsosubmedian setae; corneate eyes absent, but one pair of eyespots present; metapeltidium entire; body without
clavate setae. Tergites I–VII each with one pair of dorsosubmedian setae, segments IX–XII not elongated. Male:
without posterodorsal abdominal process on segment XII; flagellum short, dorsoventrally flattened, subrhomboidal shaped, with one pair of dorsosubmedian depressions and without any dorsal swelling, setae Vm2
absent. Female: flagellum four-segmented, setae Vm2 absent; spermathecae consisting of one pair of lobes with
thick stalks “C”-like shaped, whose bases are in contact or separated; stalks with terminal rounded or semi-oval
sclerotized bulbs (receptacula) with a basal membranous rounded eminence pronounced dorsally; ventral region of
receptacula with a ventral “patch” of numerous duct openings; chitinized arch barely evident and slight developed,
only with lateral triangular points strongly sclerotized; gonopod absent. Chelicerae with lamella, serrula present,
with a single guard tooth. Pedipalps not sexually dimorphic, trochanter with mesal spur. Femur IV with
anterodorsal margin sharply produced at about 90° angle.
Type species. Calima bremensis sp. nov.
FIGURES 1–2. Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. Male holotype. Habitus: 1. Dorsal view. 2. Lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
NEW SCHIZOMID GENUS FROM COLOMBIA
Zootaxa 0000 © 2012 Magnolia Press ·
3
Calima bremensis sp. nov.
(Figs 1–22, 42–44,Table 1)
Type material. Holotype: COLOMBIA, Quindio: adult male from Bosque de Bremen (Bremen Forest), Filandia
municipality, 1908 m.a.l.s., 04°41’03.9”N 75°37’34.1”W, daylight manual capture, under rotten log, 30.VI.2011,
J.A. Moreno-González (MUSENUV- 23527). Paratypes: one adult female (MUSENUV- 23528) and one juvenile
(MUSENUV- 23529) same data as holotype; one adult female (spermathecae damaged during dissection) same
locality data as holotype, 1991 m.a.l.s, 04°41’15.8”N 75°37’31.2”W, Winkler Trap, 2.VII.2011, J. A. MorenoGonzález (ICN-ASc-046).
FIGURES 3–11. Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. Male holotype. 3–8. Flagellum: 3, 6. Ventral view. 4, 7. Dorsal view.
Scale bar: 0.2 mm. 5, 8. Lateral view. Scale bar: 0.15 mm. 9–10. Chelicerae: 9. Movable finger, mesal view. 10. Fixed finger,
mesal view. 11. Right pedipalp, ectal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Etymology. The name is an adjective based on the type locality Bosque de Bremen (Bremen Forest) (Filandia
municipality, Quindío department, Colombia) where the species was collected.
Diagnosis. Total length 3.31–3.86 mm (flagellum not included). Male flagellum 1.3 times longer than wide
and 4 times longer than pedicel length, with setae Vl2 proximal to Dl3 level. Spermathecae with one pair of lobes
whose bases are separated; with rounded receptacula of subequal thickness than stalk; sclerotized “duct” absent.
Description. Male holotype (Figs 1–2). Coloration: general pattern dark greenish-brown. Chelicerae reddish
and flagellum light brownish. Pedipalps: trochanter light reddish-brown; femur and patella dark greenish-brown;
tibia almost reddish, dark reddish-brown distally and light greenish-brown basally; tarsus reddish-brown. Legs:
coxae I–IV, anterior and posterior sterna light reddish; trochanters I–IV light greenish-brown; femora I–IV dark
greenish-brown; patellae I–IV light greenish-brown; tibiae II–IV light greenish-brown, except for tibia I that is
reddish-brown; all tarsus light reddish-brown.. All body setation dark reddish-brown.
FIGURES 12–13. Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. Female paratype. Habitus: 12. Dorsal view. 13. Lateral view. Scale bar:
1 mm.
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FIGURES 14–22. Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. Female paratype. 14–19. Flagellum: 14, 17. Ventral view. 15, 18. Dorsal
view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. 16, 19. Lateral view. Scale bar: 0.15 mm. 20. Chelicerae: showing spicules in the base of setae group
1 (G1). 21. Right pedipalp: ectal view. Scale bar: 0.3 mm. 22. Spermathecae. DO= duct openings; Ldm= distolateral
microsetae.
Prosoma (Fig. 1). Anterior process of propeltidium with 2 setae (one behind the other) follow by 3 pairs of
dorsosubmedian setae; eyespot suboval; metapeltidium entire. Anterior sternum with 3+8 setae and posterior
sternum with 6 setae.
Opisthosoma (Figs 1–2) Setae: Tergite II with 3 pairs of microsetae. Tergites I–VII each with 1 pair of large
dorsosubmedian setae; VIII–IX each with one pair of dorsosubmedian setae and one pair of distolateral setae;
segment X with 7 setae in a ventral row; segment XI with 7 setae: 2 lateral setae and 5 ventral setae; segment XII
with 14 setae: 2 dorsal setae and 12 setae in a ventral row. Segment XII without posterodorsal process. Respiratory
spiracles large and oval, slightly sclerotized and darker than sternites. Sternites I–II with approximately 7 rows of
microsetae, III–IX each with 1 row of transverse microsetae.
TABLE I. Measurements (mm) of Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. and C. valenciorum gen. and sp. nov.
Calima bremensis gen. & sp. nov.
Calima valenciorum gen. & sp. nov.
Male
holotype
(MUSENUV23527)
Female
paratype
(MUSENUV23528)
Female
paratype
(ICN-ASc046)
Male
holotype
(MUSENUV23553)
Female
paratype
(MUSENUV23554)
Female
paratype
(ICN-ASc047)
Propeltidium: L/W
1.18/ 0.64
1.05/ 0.61
1.11/ 0.67
1.09/ 0.64
1.12/ 0.6
1.09/ 0.63
Abdomen: L
2.25
1.82
2.3
2.0
2.02
2.05
Flagellum: L/W/H
0.43/ 0.28/ 0.2
0.37/0.09/ 0.07 0.36/0.06/ 0.07 0.47/0.28/ 0.15 0.34/0.07/ 0.07 0.34/0.06/ 0.06
trochanter
0.43
0.41
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.39
femur
0.49
0.5
0.52
0.53
0.51
0.53
patella
0.45
0.51
0.49
0.46
0.5
0.45
tibia
0.45
0.5
0.41
0.5
0.49
0.46
tarsus/claw
0.25/ 0.14
0.25/ 0.12
0.25/ 0.12
0.28/ 0.11
0.24/ 0.1
0.25/ 0.11
trochanter
0.48
0.43
0.33
0.45
0.37
0.36
femur
1.15
1.30
1.20
1.65
1.09
1.03
patella
1.32
1.38
1.29
2.05
1.27
1.30
tibia
1.05
1.27
0.96
1.5
0.98
0.91
Pedipalp: L
Leg: I L
basitarsus
0.35
0.37
0.32
0.39
0.35
0.33
telotarsus
0.44
0.55
0.5
0.52
0.51
0.46
trochanter
0.37
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.37
0.33
femur
1.15
1.27
1.12
1.45
1.12
1.15
patella
0.49
0.62
0.48
0.54
0.46
0.51
tibia
0.72
0.93
0.76
1.05
0.72
0.73
basitarsus
0.61
0.82
0.71
0.85
0.67
0.7
telotarsus
0.61
0.53
0.48
0.54
0.43
0.49
Leg: IV L
Flagellum (Figs 3–8) Dorsoventrally flattened, sub-rhomboidal shaped and short, 1.3 times longer than wide
and 4 times longer than pedicel length. Setation: Vm1 at same level as Dm1; pair Vm2 absent; pair Vm4 proximal to
Dl1 level; Dl1 positioned proximal to Vl1; Vm5 proximal to Dm4; Vl2 proximal to Dl3 level. One pair of lateral
microsetae at Vm1 level; 1 pair between Dm1 and Dl1, and 1 irregular “patch” composed of 6–9 microsetae since
level Vm5 to Vl2. With one pair of dorsosubmedian depressions between Dl1 and Vm5; without any dorsal swelling.
Chelicerae (Figs 9–10). Movable finger (Fig. 9) sharp and curved distally, serrula, composed of 21 hyaline
teeth (2 small and 19 large), increasing in size towards distal region, guard tooth elongated. Lamella bicuspid and
small. Fixed finger (Fig. 10) with 6 similar sized teeth between 2 large outer teeth. Setation: G1 (setae group 1)
with 3 spatulate setae, 1 (most dorsal) with basal surface almost smooth, other 2 with basal surface covered with
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almost 4 longitudinal rows of spinose spicules; G2 composed of 5 feathered setae, all subequal longer than
movable finger length; G3 with 4 setae, each one consisting of dorsal feathered and ventral serrated surfaces; G4
consisting of 2 setae, smooth, short and thick with thin apex; G5 with 8 similar sized feathered setae and G6 with 1
smooth setae longer than half of movable finger length. Setal group formula: 3-5-4-2-8-1.
Pedipalp (Fig. 11). All segments smooth, without spinose setae. Trochanter: with mesal spur present, 1 ventral
row of 5 large setae with an intermediate row of small setae, with a frontal process rounded, not projected; Femur:
subcylindrical, 1.6 times longer than high, dorsal edge 5 times longer than ventral edge, thinner at base and wider
at apex, lateral external surface with 2 large setae and 2 small setae. Patella: cylindrical, 2.2 times longer than high,
distal edge 1.3 times longer than basal edge of segment, with at least 2 rows of dorsal setae, 1 row on lateral and 2
rows on ventral. Tibia: cylindrical, 3 times longer than high, base as high as patella; thin and longer than patella,
with at least 2 ventral, 1 lateral, 2 dorsal, and 3 ventral rows of setae. Tarsus: conical, approximately half length of
tibia, with numerous setae; tarsal claw sharp and curved, slightly larger than half tibial length; tarsal spur present.
Female description. Paratype (MUSENUV- 23528). Coloration (Figs 12–13) and setation same as male, only
differing in sternites I–II setae which have 4 rows of microsetae.
Flagellum (Figs 14–19). With 4 segments, 6 times longer than wide. Segment II with Dm1 and Vm1 present,
Vm2 absent. Segment III with Vm4 and with Vm4 and 1 lateral pair of microsetae. Segment IV with Vl1 proximal to
Vm5 and Dl1; Dl1 between level of Vl1 and Vm5; Dm4 between Dl1 and Dl3; Vl2 proximal to Dl3 and distal to Dm4, 1
pair of distolateral microsetae present above Vl2.
Chelicerae (Fig. 20). Similar to male, serrula composed of 19 hyaline teeth (1 small and 18 large) increasing in
size towards distal region. Guard tooth elongated. Lamella small with one cusp present; setation similar to male,
except for setal group formula 3-5-4-2-10-1.
Pedipalp (Fig. 21). Simple, similar to male.
Spermathecae (Fig. 22). Consists of 1 pair of lobes, with thick stalks “C”-like curved, whose bases are
separated; with apex directed to median region; stalks with distinct terminal large rounded sclerotized bulbs
(receptacula) of subequal thickness than stalk with a basal membranous rounded eminence pronounced dorsally;
sclerotized “duct” absent; ventral region of receptacula cover with numerous duct openings; chitinized arch barely
evident and slightly developed, only with their lateral triangular points strongly sclerotized; gonopod absent.
Distribution (Fig. 42). This species is only known from the type locality, located in the central Colombian
Andes.
Natural History. In four field trip days, only four individuals (three adults and one juvenile) were collected, all
inside and under rotten logs or humus. A juvenile (presumably of the same species), was found near several
galleries of an indeterminate species of Rhinotermitidae inside of a rotten log. The Bosque de Bremen (Bremen
Forest) is a restored forest (Figs 43–44), comprising a biological corridor connected to Bosque del Cañon del río
Barbas (Forest of Barbas river canyon), with a highway crossing through it.
Calima valenciorum sp. nov.
(Figs 23–42, 45, Table 1)
Type material. Holotype: COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca: adult male (flagellum with a dorsal slight wound healed,
Figs 24,27)from Bellavista farm, Arauca sidewalk, Andinápolis, Trujillo municipality, 1637 m.a.l.s., 04°10’09.8”N
76°24’04.8”W, night manual capture, under a rotten log 15.X.2011, J. A. Moreno-González (MUSENUV- 23553).
Paratypes: COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca: 1 adult female (MUSENUV- 23554) and one juvenile (MUSENUV23555) same data as holotype; 1 adult female (ICN-ASc-047) same data as holotype.
Etymology. Named honoring the Valencia family from Bellavista farm, whose hospitality and conservation
practices allowed the collection of the specimens.
Diagnosis. Total length 3.37–3.44 mm (flagellum not included). Male flagellum 1.6 times longer than wide
and 5.7 times longer than pedicel length, with setae Vl2 at same level of Dl3. Spermathecae with one pair of lobes
whose bases are in contact; with semi-oval receptacula more thicker than stalk; with a sclerotized “duct”
connecting receptacle and stalk.
Description. Male holotype. Coloration. General pattern dark greenish-brown, same of Calima bremensis,
except for: Femur I dark reddish-brown, II–IV dark greenish-brown; Patella I dark reddish-brown, II–IV light
greenish-brownish.
Prosoma. Anterior process of propeltidium with 2 setae (one behind the other) follow by 3+1 pairs of
dorsosubmedian setae (females only have 3 pairs, is it possibly that this male has an additional pair); eyespot suboval; metapeltidium entire. Anterior sternum with 3+8 setae and posterior sternum with 5 setae.
Opisthosoma. Setae: Tergite II with 3 pairs of microsetae. Tergites I–VII each with 1 pair of large
dorsosubmedian setae; VIII–IX each with one pair of dorsosubmedian setae and one pair of distolateral setae;
segment X with 7 setae in a ventral row; segment XI with 7 setae, 2 lateral setae and 5 ventral setae; segment XII
with 14 setae, 2 dorsal setae and 12 setae in a ventral row. Segment XII without posterodorsal process. Respiratory
spiracles large and oval, slightly sclerotized and darker than sternites. Sternites I–II with approximately 7 rows of
microsetae, III–IX each with 1 row of transverse microsetae.
FIGURES 23–31. Calima valenciorum gen. and sp. nov. Male holotype. 23–28. Flagellum: 23, 26. Ventral view. 24, 27.
Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm. 25, 28. Lateral view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. 29–30. Chelicerae: 29. Movable finger, mesal view;
30. Fixed finger, mesal view. 31. Right pedipalp, ectal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
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FIGURES 32–41. Calima valenciorum gen. and sp. nov. Female paratype. 32–37. Flagellum: 32, 35. Ventral view. 33, 36.
Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. 34, 37. Lateral view. Scale bar: 0.15 mm. 38–39. Chelicerae: 38. Movable finger, mesal view.
39. Fixed finger, mesal view. 40. Right pedipalp, ectal view. Scale bar: 0.3 mm. 41. Spermathecae. DO= duct openings; Ldm=
distolateral microsetae; SD= sclerotized duct.
Flagellum (Figs 23–28). Dorsoventrally flattened, sub-rhomboidal shaped and short, 1.6 times longer than
wide and 5.7 times longer than pedicel length. Setation: Vm1 at same level as Dm1; pair Vm2 absent; pair Vm4
proximal to Dl1 level; Dl1 positioned proximal respect to Vl1; Vm5 proximal to Dm4; Vl2 at same level of Dl3. One
pair of lateral microsetae at Vm1 level; 1 pair between Dm1 and Dl1, and 1 irregular “patch” compost of 5-6
microsetae since level of Vm5 to Vl2. With one pair of dorsosubmedian depressions between Dl1 and Vm5; without
any dorsal swelling.
Chelicerae (Figs 29–30). Movable finger (Fig. 29) sharp and curved distally, serrula, composed of 20 hyaline
teeth (1 small and 19 large), increase in size toward distal region, guard tooth elongated. Lamella tricuspid and
small. Fixed finger (Fig. 30) with 5 similar sized teeth between 2 large outer teeth. Setation: G1 with 3 spatulate
setae, 1 (most dorsal) with basal surface almost smooth, 2 remaining with basal surface cover with almost 4
longitudinal rows of spinose spicules. G2 composed of 5 feathered setae, all subequal longer than movable finger
length; G3 with 4 setae, each one consisting of dorsal feathered and ventral serrated surfaces; G4 consisting of 2
setae, smooth, short and thick with thin apex; G5 with 7 similar sized feathered setae and G6 with 1 smooth setae
longer than half of movable finger length. Setal group formula: 3-5-4-2-7-1.
Pedipalp (Fig. 31). All segments smooth, without spinose setae. Trochanter: With mesal spur present, 1 ventral
row of 5 large setae with an intermediate row of small setae, with a frontal process rounded, not projected. Femur:
subcylindrical 1.7 times longer than high; dorsal edge 3.5 times longer than ventral edge, thinner at base and wider
in apex, lateral external surface with 2 large setae and 2 small setae. Patella: cylindrical, 2.1 times longer than
higher, distal edge 1.2 times longer than basal edge of segment, at least with 2 rows of dorsal setae, 1 row on lateral
and 2 rows on ventral. Tibia cylindrical, 3.2 times longer than high, base as higher as patella; thin and longer than
patella, with at least 2 ventral, 1 lateral, 2 dorsal, and 3 ventral rows of setae. Tarsus: approximately half length of
tibia, with numerous setae; tarsal claw sharp and curved, slightly larger than half tibial length, tarsal spur present.
FIGURE 42. Distribution map of South American species with a four-segmented female flagellum, showing the type localities
of Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. and C. valenciorum gen. and sp. nov. in Colombian Central and Western Andes,
respectively.
11
FIGURES 43–45. Habitat of the new species. 43–44. Calima bremensis gen. and sp. nov. 45. C. valenciorum gen. and sp. nov.
Female description. Paratype (MUSENUV- 23554). Coloration and setation same as male, differs only in
sternites I–II which have 4 rows of microsetae.
Flagellum (Figs 32–37). With 4 segments, 5.8 times longer than wide; with same setal pattern as C. bremensis.
Chelicerae (Figs 38–39). Similar to male, lamella is small with only 1 cusp present; setation similar to male,
except for setal group formula 3-5-4-2-9-1.
Pedipalp (Fig. 40). Simple, similar to male.
Spermathecae (Fig. 41). Consists of 1 pair of lobes, with thick stalks “C”-like curved, whose bases are in
contact; with apex directed to median region; stalks with distinct terminal large semi-oval sclerotized bulbs
(receptacula) more thicker than stalk with a basal membranous and rounded eminence pronounced dorsally; with a
sclerotized “duct” connecting receptacula to ventral region of stalks, ventral region of receptacula covered with
numerous duct openings; chitinized arch barely evident and slight developed, only with their lateral triangular
points strongly sclerotized; gonopod absent.
Distribution (Fig. 42). Only know from it type locality, located in Western Colombian Andes.
Natural history. All individuals were collected at night under and inside of rotten logs in an Andean forest
fragment of 4 ha in extension. This fragment was completely surrounded by coffee and banana plantations under
intensive management, therefore probably will be destroyed (Fig. 45). Juveniles were found inside a rotten log at
daylight approximately to 30 cm of deep, not ant or termite were found nearby of any observed individual; one
male and one female (holotype and paratype respectively) were captured together.
Comparisons. Calima valenciorum sp. nov. can be differentiated of C. bremensis sp. nov. by the following
combination of characters: (1) male flagellum length/ width ratio of 1.6 vs. 1.3; (2) pair of setae Vl2 in male
flagellum at same level of Dl3 vs. Vl2 proximal to Dl3 level; (3) spermathecae with basal contact between their
lobes, while in C. bremensis are separated; distal semi-oval receptacula more thicker than stalk vs. receptacula of
subequal thickness than stalk, and presence of sclerotized “duct” connect receptacula to ventral region of stalks vs.
absence of sclerotized “duct”.
Discussion
In the absence of explicit hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships within Hubbardiidae, generic diagnoses
have been made from unique character combinations. The shape of the male flagellum has been frequently used to
delimit genera, although its use as a unique character cannot always be diagnostic, there are cases in which male
flagellum shape can be variable inside a same genus (e.g Stenochrus palaciosi Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1986, and S.
valdezi Monjaraz-Ruedas, 2012 vs. S. “goonightorum” group) and others in which generic separation is extremely
difficult with use only the male flagellum shape, like: Piaroa Villarreal, Giuponni et. Tourinho, 2008 vs. Stenochrus
“goodnightorum” group. In this sense, alternative highly informative characters such as female internal genitalia and
the number of segments of the female flagellum appear to be quite useful (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1985, Reddell &
Cokendolpher 1991, Harvey 1992, Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995, Cokendolpher & Reddell 2000, Armas 2002,
Armas & Teruel 2002, Teruel & Armas 2002, Armas & Colmenares 2006, Villarreal et al. 2008), and recently
molecular techniques have been applied successfully to elucidate cryptic genera (Harvey et al. 2008).
The female flagellum number of segments is an interesting character because its invariable inside each genera,
and therefore can be a highly informative character in generic definitions. The three-segmented female flagellum
condition was considered as plesiomorphic among New World genera (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995), in South
America are present the three-segmented Stenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (S. portoricensis),
Stenoschizomus Gonzalez-Sponga, 1997 and Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Armas 2010).
Calima gen. nov. have a distinct spermathecae, clearly distinguishable to others genera (see generic Diagnosis),
however are similar to Pacal Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, which also have one pair of lobes with prominent
sclerotized receptacula (bulbs), but can be differentiate by their spermathecal “C”-like shaped stalks, absence of
gonopod and presence of four-segmented female flagellum.
For his part, Teruel (2007) comments the absence of setae pair Vm2 in female flagellum and pair Vm3 in males,
both Cokendolpherius and Heterocubazomus. We believe necessary a material revision, however, based on figures
(Figs 1–4, Teruel 2007: pags 40–41), allow us to propose an alternative chaetotaxy interpretation according with the
synapomorphic familiar pattern. Considering that pair Vm3 are not present in Hubbardiidae (Cokendolpher & Reddell
1992), setae interpreted in Teruel (2007) should be referred as Vm2 (Tables 2–3), this leads to suppose a lost of this
pair in both Cuban genera, probably homoplasically with Calima gen. nov.
13
TABLE 2. Taxonomic characters of New World Hubbardiidae genera. Male Characters. (-): absent, (+) present, (?) unknow;
Abbreviation(s): pedipalp segments: Tr (trochanter), Fe (femur), Pa (patella) and Ti (tibia); others: (PDP)= posterodorsal
process, (PCH)= paired complete holes, (PSD)= paired submedian depressions, (PSS)= paired submedian swellings; (PSP)=
paired submedian pits, (MD)= median depression, (MS)= median swelling, (MLD)= median longitudinal depression. Notes:
Characters states might be change subsequently, with increasing knowledge about generic diversity and descriptions be
improved on each species; characters are almost stated basing on a literature review; approximate positions of the dorsal
eminences and depressions of the male flagellum are based in ranges, in which different variations of each species may be are
present, taking into account total length of him (including the pedicel lenght); in Rowlandius, characters are based only in their
type species (Rowlandius viridis "Sensu Stricto"), a decision based on the fact that Rowlandius is a highly variable genus whose
monophyly must be rigorously tested.
TABLE 3. Taxonomic characters of New World Hubbardiidae genera. Female Characters. (-): absent, (+) present, (?) unknow.
Spermathecae: "complete" refers when chitinized arch is closed, "incomplete" opposite. Abbreviation(s): (Ld)= laterodistal;
according with Armas & Teruel (2009) female of Cubacanthozomus Teruel 2007 probably was mismatched. Notes: same as
previous table.
The presence of a three-segmented female flagellum, are shared with the New World genera: Antillostenochrus
Armas & Teruel, 2002; Belicenochrus Armas & Viquéz, 2010; Cokendolpherius Armas, 2002; Cubacanthozomus
Teruel, 2007; Cubazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995; Heterocubazomus Teruel, 2007; Luisarmasius Reddell
& Cokendolpher, 1995; Mayazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995; Pacal Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995;
Reddellzomus Armas, 2002; Sotanostenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1991; Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922;
Stenoschizomus González-Sponga, 1997; Stewartpeckius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995; Surazomus Reddell &
Cokendolpher, 1995 and Troglocubazomus Teruel, 2003 (Table 3), therefore Calima gen. nov. is easy to separate
from all of these genera by their four-segmented female flagellum. Basing on above reasons, and unique
spermathecae shape of Calima reggard within three-segmented genera, we choose scope comparisons on foursegmented genera, which apparently could form a shared lineage with Calima gen. nov.
The presence of a four-segmented female flagellum seems to be common especially in South American
hubbardiids, (found in at least six genera) (Table 3). On the another hand, four spermathecal lobes in Neotropical
schizomids has been considered to be a derived condition and the loss of the medial pair of lobes is presumably
secondary (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995); the absence of the medial pair of lobes has occurred at least in Piaroa
and likely also in Adisomus Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000. Calima gen. nov. and Tayos Reddell & Cokendolpher,
1995 also have only one pair of lobes that could well be lateral lobes or medial lobes. It is unknown if this
hypothetical loss has occurred homoplasically and future phylogenetic studies may address this question.
Calima gen. nov. can be differentiated from other New World genera with a four-segmented female flagellum
by the shape of the spermathecal lobes, the chitinized arch barely evident and slightly developed, and the absence
of a gonopod, among other features (see generic diagnosis). It differs from Wayuuzomus Armas & Colmenares,
15
2006 by the male flagellum lacking blunt dorsal swellings and the spermathecae have only a single pair of lobes.
Additionally Calima has lost the ventral pair of flagellar setae Vm2 in both sexes, a condition here considered an
independent loss (shared with Cokendolpherius and Heterocubazomus). A reanalysis of the chaetotaxy of W.
gonzalezspongai Armas & Colmenares, 2006, based on a ventral view image of the holotype, allows us to conclude
that the absence of Vm2 is a shared character with males of this species, but not in their females, which apparently
retain Vm2. Moreover, while the chaetotaxy of the female flagellum has been studied in several taxa (Cokendolpher
& Reddell 1992, Harvey 1992, Harvey et al. 2008), it is unknown for a large number of New World species. We
believe that providing illustrations and descriptions of this structure and their setation pattern will provide critical
information in future phylogenetic studies.
TABLE 4. Taxonomic characters of New World Hubbardiidae genera. Non-sexual Characters. (-): absent, (+) present, (?)
unknow. Notes: same as previous tables.
Calima gen. nov. differs from Tayos in the absence of elongated male palps, the absence of holes passing
completely through the male flagellum, and the absence of Vm2. However shares with Tayos the presence of a
single pair of spermathecal lobes with large and rounded receptacula, but Tayos lacks the chitinized arch, and has
stalks with a medial expansion which are absent in Calima gen. nov.
Differs from Adisomus by the lack of: a pointed tubercle (or spur) on the ventromesal margin of the pedipalpal
femur and trochanter in males, and the male flagellum lacks of dorsal depressions. Although a single pair of
spermathecal lobes are present in both genera, they can be distinguished by the completely sclerotized and well
marked mask-shaped chitinized arch, and the presence of thin lobes which are slightly rounded distally in
Adisomus; while Calima gen. nov. has a barely evident and slight developed chitinized arch, with only their lateral
triangular points strongly sclerotized; and thick lobes with large rounded or semi-oval receptacula, subequal or
thicker than the stalk, with a basal rounded eminence pronounced dorsally. Calima gen. nov. differs from
Caribezomus Armas, 2011; Guanazomus Teruel & Armas, 2002; Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995;
Heteronochrus Armas & Viquez, 2010 and Rowlandius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 by the absence of: a
distinct gonopod, any blunt dorsal swelling on the male flagellum, and two pairs of spermathecal lobes (Tables
2–3), and from Hubbardia Cook, 1899 by the absence of: a spermathecae with three or more pairs of short, broad
lobes, and a propeltidium with three apical setae (one pair on anterior process and one seta at base of process)
(Tables 3–4).
Calima gen. nov. shares with Piaroa the presence of (1) spicules on the stalk of cheliceral setae G1, (2) a single
pair of “C”-like shaped spermathecal lobes (also found in some species of Piaroa), and (3) presence of dorsal
depressions on the male flagellum. However differs by (1) spermathecae with a mask-shaped and well sclerotized
chitinized arch (shared by Piaroa and Adisomus), and (2) a reddish-brown coloration pattern (commonly present in
the known Piaroa species). Remarkably Calima gen. nov. has a distal well-developed rounded or semi-oval
receptacula (larger and more expanded that species of Piaroa) with a basal membranous eminence pronounced
dorsally in their also has a male flagellum with one pair of dorsosubmedian depressions wide and not marked
(positioned in the posterior half), without Vm2 setae in both sexes, while in Piaroa the male flagellum have one pair
of dorsosubmedian pits, smaller, circular and well marked (positioned in the anterior 2/3) (present in all described
species, as same in 10 undescribed Colombian species), and Vm2 setae is always present. Based on the loss of one
pair of lobes, their “C”-like shape, and the presence of spicules on the stalk of setae G1 in the chelicerae, we
suggest a possible relationship between Piaroa and Calima gen. nov. However without a phylogenetic analysis it is
difficult to establish a definitive hypothesis of relationships.
The presence of two spermathecal lobes understood as a derivate condition in neotropical schizomids are
present in Calima gen. nov., however, at present is impossible to define if they are median or lateral lobes, because
interpretation of their relative positions can be change, between two known species of Calima gen. nov. Equally,
the lack of details of the cheliceral morphology of Adisomus, Caribezomus, Guanazomus, Hansenochrus,
Heteronochrus, Hubbardia, Rowlandius, Tayos and Wayuuzomus (including most three-segmented genera)
precludes knowledge on the presence of spicules on setae G1, known only from Calima gen. nov. and Piaroa
(Tables 3–4) (Villarreal & Garcia 2011, Armas & Delgado-Santa 2012) as same in some African genera (Lawrence
1969) which calls for greater attention to the cheliceral morphology in future taxonomic and systematics studies.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Anderson Arenas (Sección Entomología, Univalle, Colombia) for their constant help in field
collections who provided the specimens studied for this contribution. We are especially grateful to Carlos
Valderrama (Universidad ICESI, Colombia) for his indispensable help in providing access to laboratory facilities
and the Nikon stereoscope, that permitted the Z-axis images to be obtained; Carmen Elisa Posso (Sección
Entomología, Univalle, Colombia) for access to laboratory And to Inge Armbretch (Sección Entomología,
Univalle, Colombia) and the Valencia Family for their logistical support during Andinápolis, Trujillo field trip, also
to the Universidad del Valle; Mark Harvey (Western Australian Museum, Australia) kindly helped improve our
manuscript with criticism and comments on the content and language; Jimmy Cabra (Universidade de São Paulo,
Brazil) for his useful recommendations on early drafts of the manuscript; Luis F. de Armas (Instituto de Ecología y
Sistemática, de La Habana, Cuba) for his kind help in obtaining pictures of Wayuuzomus gonzalezspongai and his
suggestions on the manuscript; also to the anonymous referee for their useful recommendations; and Jurg
DeMarmels (Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, U.C.V., Venezuela) for his suggestions regarding the
etymology of the species.
17
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