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!2 ''! Level 2 cache !%35,P'! Performance %. access disk )
'*%-2+$ RAM (#,,P/ +$&-/ %-+$ Cache  Cache $'+$&P/ +$#!'*
RAM "! Cache +2$ !-#-- Network-File-Server !$ Cache / (# %/ #!$
! Intel Pentium II Xeon !$ L2 Cache 512K  (# +!+$%%+/ - CPU
,- AMD K6, K6-2 & cache "!*- Mainboard "! %,*!,5 FSB +$& % K6-2 300 MHz Level 2 Cache #$ % +$ 100 MHz ( FSB 100 MHz ) ( Intel Pentium II - 300 MHz #$ Level 2 Cache +$
% 150 MHz (# Celeron 300A #$ Level 2 Cache +$$%
! 300 MHz "!,- AMD K6-2 - Pentium II
*2(!%+2 ( %3 Pentium II 400 # #$ Levl 2 Cache +$+!+$ 200 MHz &'D#+$ AMD K6-2
400 MHz !& Cache +$+!% 100 MHz %% %3,,P5!+$+&F Performance &
%! Memory Performance '! AMD  Intel Pentium II (# Celeron
(&,- AMD K6-3 +! AMD 2 Level 2 cache %'- Package %$- CPU % )%-g!2-'!
CPU %%$- Celeron ($'%3 2 %+ (# +!+$%%+/ - CPU "!+& AMD K6-3 $ L2 cache

! Celeron 2 %+ (# $ Level 2 cache +$%%3 2 %+'! Pentium II ( +$%%+/ )
*,P'! Levl 2 cache +!/ -!#- $%3+!'!+!-f+ Level 2 Company #- )& Program Ziff-Davis' Ver. 3.0 program MAC version ( +,--%! Mac ) )+,-- L2 cache
13
' 256 KByte (# 1024 KByte )F+$2$ %3 %3%"+$%.'+$2$ L2 cache
Processor
Graphics Mix
Publishing Graphics Mix
QuickDraw Routines
Copy Bits
Text
Lines
256 K
30%
27%
38%
1,024 K
57%
44%
95%
40%
47%
49%
70%
86%
117%
%3F2*/#- %.#%3F-%! Mac (F+$2,
&%3',532%
!,P '! Cache
2%
•
Cache &' 3 ( Level 3 cache )
AMD K6-III $5+$,&/ !! K6-III #$ Level 2 cache g!*& chip CPU  (&
'D#%$ Mainboard +$&,- AMD K6-III $ Cache & +& ! Cache - Mainboard / %3
Cache #- 3 ( Level 3 Cache )
+$$ %!* $ Cache #- 3 ( Performance #%.' !!2 (# ''! Cache #- 3
#!%3%+2 )*3$ %3+! Tom's Hardware %3$-%+$-&%
!F'!$ Cache #- 3 +$
'!/ )+,-- CPU AMD K6-III ( %.#%35%$&35-+$$&! Cache ! 3 #- )
w !#%
! Performance +$%.'%$ Cache #- 3 (# Performance +$%.' - ''! Cache
#- 3 (#- (#%3%$-+5D$2 %!%#*$#
F& %+$&&'*(!!/ %3!$
Cache #- 1
1 % ( Unit )
Cache #- 2
10 % ( Unit )
Cache #- 3 ' 512 K
100 % ( Unit )
Cache #- 3 ' 1,024 K
200 % ( Unit )
14
Cache #- 3 ' 2,048 K
400 % ( Unit )

1,000 % ( Unit )
% CPU !'*%.3#F #!'*+$!!%,$ & Cache #- 1 "!
.- #&%%.$! 2% 1  (
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#- 3 ' 512KB (#  211 ( 1+10+100 ) ,- Cache #- 3 ' 1,024 KB (#  411
( 1+10+400 ) ,- Cache #- 3 ' 2,048KB "!#,!%52 ,
'*.-& Cache #- 3 %
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'&P ),+$#+&'*+$! '
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CPU ! '*+$!& Cache #-&/ 2% #+& Cache #-
23 "!#$% ($
'&P (!2 & Cache #-
23 '2&P ),+$#'*+$!% $
( %.#$%+$  +&),+$#!'* RAM (!-+$! %3232 ) +& CPU
%,$% &23!,*P%3 ( &D$+$2.- ) (#+&F Performance  +$#%3
3( ,#%3#! Cache #-
 Cache #- #%3 4:1 % Level 2 Cache /Level 1
Cache '! Celeron #%3 128:32 ( 4:1 ) (# K6-3 #%3 256:64 ( 4:1 ) %'! Pentium II +$%3 512:32
( 16:1 )
+! AMD 2!  Cache 1Mb - Mainboard #+& Performance %.'
3-4 % ( L3/L2 = 1024/256 =
4/1 ) "! 35- $ Mainboard +$$ +! Cache 1M (# 512 K &% %.#E# $!%3&.D
!(#- ,-F*+$#& AMD K6-3 #& Mainboard #2$ ,- disable Level 3 Cache 
%3232 )F+! BIOS "!#$F& Overclock &2'
$%!-23*
!( +$F%3$-%+$-%! Cache -)!,5 %,532 ,!'!
%%3 Cache #- 1 %.#%(#%'2 3#)2+$+$,5 ,-%$ , nf !%!2( !$ !%',-(/ #(+!%2 (# %%,
+$#+!
+)2&,5%%/ Cache #- 2 %! (# -!+$& $%!+$,&/ )22 &3'$',P/+!,!2 Cache #- 3 %!%(#-  ''! Cache %3,!,P (# %'! Cache ,P% ( &%
#! Celeron 300A "!$ Level 2 cache 128 K +!+$%%+/ - CPU - Pentium II 300 +$$ L2 cache 512
K +!%3!! (!%+ &'D#+$ Performance &+$2%$- Business (+-2! '% Celeron #$ ( *!%# )
(!&! Business (# !#!% CPU +$$ Cache / 2 %.#
!( Cache #%
($' %3%"&'*.-& Cache ! !(#
*%% (+& Cache !
- _#+$'23
15
!'!!$ (,!
! Feature !/ '! L1,L2,L3 cache '! CPU &(#5
K6-2
K6-3
K7
Celeron
Xeon
PII
64kB
64kB
128kB
32kB
32kB
32kB
2
2
2
4
4
4
512kB+
256kB
512kB+
128kB
512kB+
512kB
FSB
1xCPU
1/3,1/2xCPU
1xCPU
1xCPU
1/2xCPU
L3 Size
-
512kB+
-
-
-
-
L3 Speed
-
FSB
-
-
-
-
Memory
Access
FSB
FSB
2xFSB
FSB
FSB
FSB
L1 Size
L1
'associativety'
L2 Size
L2 Speed
•
Relate Link
o
%!*%$%!*%$-
Intel Celeron
o
o
o
o
RAM
Cache and More Cache at OverClocker.com ... [Web Link]
Cache and everything about cache at PC Guide ... [Web Link]
Introduction about Cache at WebOpedia ... [Web Link]
o
What's Cache
)
L2 Company. ... [Web Link]
© Copyright 1999. BeyondXtreme-ByX's eXtreme. All Rights Reserved.
WebMaster@ByXtreme.com
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9'`&a>8; Intel Pentium Classic -' AMD 5x86 AMD K5
[ 11 Apr. 1999 ]
Intel Pentium ( Classic )
%.(3P!5'! CPU &' CPU %$(--+! AMD (# Cyrix +! Intel !,&',+z†
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*'! 2 CPU '! ( Intel ) (/
+! Intel 23#n CPU Intel Pentium &3 1993 )%. Cache _& L1 Cache %3 2 %+5 486 8
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%*fD#%/ '! Intel Pentium $
20
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
%3 Superscalar Architecture
Dynamic Branch Prediction ( %$-+F! )
,-3#F%'%%3 Pipeline ( 2 Pipeline )
3#F%'+n %3 Pipeline ( 1 Pipeline )
Improved Instruction Execution Time
(-! Cache %3 8 K ,-'* (# $ 8 K ,- ,!
&,'! Cache '* #%3 Cache (-- WriteBack
64-Bit Data Bus
Bus Cycle Pipelining
Address Parity
Internal Parity Checking
Functional Redundancy Checking
Execution Tracing
,-,5+!(-- Symmetric MuliProcessing SMP +&,
& Dual CPU 3#F2
(!2 &!+$ Pentium !2 $'+$+&+! Intel !,# &!33 ( 3#
% .‰n ) 1994 ( ..n. 2537 ) $.- Bug 'F.&%'+n "!%'-
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AMD 5x86 AMD K5
,- AMD %( Intel (# F CPU %$(-- CPU '! Intel )& Microcode '! Intel "!
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)+/23 &%$!- #- Intel Penium 75 %+$%$ (),
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AMD 5x86 $ Cache _& L1 Cache ' 16 K (# %3(-- Write Back %3 CPU (-- 32 Bit (# &
!'!%,+!'* 32 Bit !,
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4-issue core with full out-of-order execution and completion
(-! L1 Cache %3,!, 8 K ,- Cache '* (# $ 16 K ,- Cache ,!
&,'! Cache '* #%3 Cache (-- WriteBack
Dynamic, block-oriented branch prediction with speculative execution
5-stage RISC-like pipeline
6 parallel functional units
High-performance FPU
Validated software compatibility
Static clock control with AMD-patented Digital Phase Lock Loop (DLL) circuitry
64-bit Pentium-compatible (#& Socket 7 %%$- Pentium
& System Bus %3 60 (# 66 MHz
Compatibility with existing 586-class systems and supporting designs
&2w%$! CPU 3.52 MHz
F#'
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Superscalar Execution
22
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$ 2 Pipeline (#,
-,!(--2%$!-2
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Branch Prediction
64-bit bus
"!*/( %/ - +! Pentium (# AMD K5 % (!- !$* 2 5 +$%35% (# ,&'! Nx586
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RISC86 Microarchitecture .‹+!'! RISC #%(# $3#,+z_.) ,*!(-CISC ! %.3#,+z_.&- CPU #* x86 "!%3 CISC ) (3!,!'! RISC &-
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CPU %!% +&,
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%'!!23% 21. & Socket +$! Pentium (# K5 $+!!&2w%$! 4 Volt  +&!(-- Mainboard %E.#%
22. 2,-,5+!%!+n +&2 compatible - ,!%/ -!,!'! 486 DX (# 3#,+z_.
$!23
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Write Back - Write Through
%3z$%'$'*-! +$ )+$ Write Throught %$%'$'*!- Cache ( #+
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 Cache ) ( Write Back #! ) Write Back #%-'*- Cache &+$,5 %$ Idle !&%+$- Cache &%-'* !#+%'$'*/ !-  "!%!$
%+$%$
PR ( P-Rating )
P-Rating %3&3#,+z_.'! CPU +$!%'& "!%&‹
#! AMD, Cyrix, IBM (# SGS Thomson )&)3( Winstone %3+,-3#,+z_. ( &,
& Winstone
96 )
+2!%3 P-Rating?
%.# % Intel ,&',+z† Pentium ( AMD, Cyrix (# %/ 2,
#& Pentium 2 "!(5
286, 386 (( 486 +$F 2#'! Intel , AMD , Cyrix %2/ &$2 (%%%5D$' ,!!5!!(F*" 5&/ '! AMD, Cyrix #%23%+$-5- Pentium +$%+2 !%‹$'
+,-3#,+z_.%. PR +)& CPU Intel Pentium 3#,+z_. Winstone &#-!/ !
% CPU Intel Pentium ( % AMD K5 ( / ) &,!23(+ ( 3#,+z_.%3$-%+$- )+$53D/
!!%% !+$ CPU %+
23
 AMD K5 $ P-Rating %3 100 ( PR 100 )  CPU $3#,+z_.+$%+$-%+ % CPU '!
Intel Pentium +$% 100 MHz AMD K5 PR 133  $3#,+z_.&#-%$ Intel
Pentium 133 MHz %!
(!2 "PR" 2&%3-%+$(+!'! %'! CPU !+$2%(!'!'! AMD
35-$ %( CPU '! IBM (# Cyrix %+ +$!!& PR %3-5%'! CPU '!
Pipelining
(-!+$+!'! CPU %.%.3#,+z_.&+! )(-!/ %3 5 ' o
o
o
o
o
Instruction Fetch _-,! #++$-,!&/ +! & Instruction
Cache %' %.,!&_23
Instruction Decode _(3,! #++$((#,!!/ '! CISC "!&+$( %
+-( CISC &(#,! #$'+$2( !,$#+",!%3,!/ &$
%+/ &fD#%%$- RISC %$,!/  Micro Operation
Get Operands _-'* -'*+$#&&3#F%'%-2 %'+$ 2 %*
#& "-" !-+$#&&- $ 2  -!+$'$ *%'-'+$ 2
Execute _3#F %3'+$+3#F,!(# operand +$2-'+$ 2 (#
3 "! &'+$ 2 %3
,%3- '+$ 3 -+$#- '$ ( '+$ 4 ) #+-&2F
.z
Write Result _%'$'*- %+3#F%,, F.z+$2#23%-2&
register & Data Cache "!-!+$ '$ *!2-'+$ 4
!#%2 % CPU 2- ,!%'( #+(3!
,&%3,!+$ CPU %'& (!+!
,!/ "!&'D#+$+!(#,! !&+-+5'%,$ !#-,!&/ %'2 +!
(-- Pipelining #&!%&5 & CPU +!2%3#,+z_.!' )&'D#+$-,!%'#
+,!& _(3,! %,!& ( +-,!
23++$ (# % _(3,!2-,! #+
(3 (# ((#,! (,!&_-'*23 %3+/ "!+&,
+!2/ ,!&'D#
%%$ +!(-- Pipeline $ %.3#,+z_.'! CPU 2$%+$%$
Super Scalar
$z$!,-%.3#,+z_.'! CPU & CPU ,
+!/ ,!2./ & 1 ,PPDŠ
$/ Pipeline +&,
+!2/ ,!./ 2
%!'! Pipeline (# SuperScalar ,
#%$%.%2+$ Pipeline and SuperScalar -
<< Prev : Page 1
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24
6 ( CPU )
[ 11 June 1999 ]
Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )
BCMUag If`RCJ‚eZSU[C Oƒ _.‚. 1995 Intel SihfmIOufbVa CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRLbC kf[\G CodeName ajU "P6" noYLJV„CUPKFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCIJZY\IbZ\DoCH \URGS JR]\_aMeUS
Pentium Classic Pbjhfm\GSUM[mU[ Cache {U[CRS ( ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 2 , L2 Cache ) noYLOSbZPKmaeFaULR[NjQC Mainboard \UhamXGY PtjC Silicon IfG[aSVCSVQ
CPU IK[ ( Pbjh\jhfmR[Nj {U[BC CPU ) IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL L2 Cache PKF SUMIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMIDmUsoL PKFfoL DmR\NKeUSBC Cache ... PbjSifma[I^bpXGYbmRLMa\
IRU Cache IDmUhOfma[CGHIRL XTUB^mMU_UDRL CPU CVHC]NLIRU\USg
Intel hfmIOKGY[CPCa_ZfDRLbVaIRL kf[^VC\UBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ RISC BC CPU DRLbCQmUL fma[SUMfVfPOKLlpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ x86 DRLbCB^mIOWC lpf_TU]VYL DRL RISC XGYIKiSSajU
IMiaSajU PKF LjU[SajUIfZ\ IMG[SajUIOWClpf_TU]VYL RISC86
Pentium Pro \G lpf Pipeline 3 lpf noYL\USSajU Pentium Classic noYL\GIJG[L 2 lpf PKF\GSUMP[SDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCRRSIOWCsoL 14 DVHCbRC PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUM XTULUC
PQQ_UfIfU_TU]VLY XGYeFbmRLIMG[SBlmKjaL^CmUhfm noYLIMG[SajU Speculative Execution Pbj Intel IMG[SSUMXTULUCCGHajUIOWC Dynamic Execution
RGS]ZYL^CoYLXGYIOKGY[ChO Si_`R Interface XGYBlm noYLeUSIfZ\BlmQC Socket 7 Si^VC\UBlmXGY Socket 8 PXC XTUB^mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfmSVQ Mainboard DRL Pentium
Classic PCjCRC eFBlmMpjCCGH SibmRLn`HR Mainboard B^\jfma[
]ZYLXGYCjUPOKSBe ]TU^MVQ Pentium Pro R[jUL^CoYL Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 XGY[VL_L\GIJG[L 16 K IXjUCVHC IXjUg SVQ Pentium Classic IK[ Pbj
SilfIl[epffmR[bMLCGHfma[ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GDCUfB^|j PKF\GB^mIK`RS^KU[MpjC _`RMpjCXGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB, 512 KB ^M`R 1 MB PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMia
IfG[aSVQ CPU IJMUFR[NjQC Silicon IfG[aSVC
Pentium Pro CGH kf[\USeFsNSCTU\UBlmIOWC Server \USSajUXGYeFIOWC Desktop PC IJMUF \VC]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ SMP ^M`R Symmetric
MultiProcessing noYLXTUB^mBlm CPU hfm ^KU[bVa QC Mainboard bVaIfG[aSVChfm XTUB^mlja[IJZY\I]sG[M{UJBCSUMXTULUC ]CVQ]CpCIM`YRLDRL Fault Tolerant fma[ I\`YR
CPU bVaBfbVa^CoYLI]G[^U[ RGSbVa^CoYLSieFXTULUCPXCXGYhfm PKF[VLlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUCRGSfma[
Intel Pentium MMX ( P55C )
25
BCljaLbmCOƒ _.‚. 1997 Intel SihfmIOufbVaIX_kCkK[GB^\jDRLbC _`R MMX ^M`R MultiMedia eXtension DoHC\U kf[\GepfOMF]L_c IJ`YRB^mlja[IJZY\_aU\]U\UMsBC
fmUC Multimedia IJMUFBCOeepQVCCGH Computer PKFLUCfmUC Multimedia PXQeFP[SSVCh\jRRSPKma fma[I^bpCGHIRL XUL Intel eoLhfmMa\lpf_TU]VYL MMX IDmU\U
BC CPU bMFSNK Pentium DRLbCfma[ IJ`YRIOWCepfDU[B^\j PKF ]MmUL \UbM…UCB^\jDRLbCDoHC\U
\UfNSVCfGSajU_MVQ ajU Pentium MMX ^M`R P55C CGH \GRFhMIOKGY[CPOKLhOeUS Pentium Classic ^M`R P54C QmUL
RVCfVQPMSIK[ _`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX hLKF_MVQ RVCCGHDRLPCjR[NjPKma :-) bjR\U_`RDCUfDRL Cache {U[BC XGYIJZY\DoHC\UIOWCIXjUbVaeUSIfZ\ noYL\G Data Cache 8 K PKF
Instruction Cache 8 K SisNSIJZY\RGSIXjUbVaIOWC Data Cache 16 K PKF Instruction Cache 16 K BC]jaCXGYIOKGY[CPOKLRGSR[jUL Si_`R IM`YRLDRL
hrIKGH[L noYL Pentium Classic CVHC BlmhrIKGH[L 3.3 Volt Pbj Pentium MMX CVHC eFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.8 Volt XGY CPU core Pbj BC]jaCDRL CPU I/O
[VL_LIOWC 3.3 V.
BCMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[DRL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BC Sihfm\GSUMCTUIRUIX_kCkK[GQUL]jaCeUS Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRL Intel ( P6 ) XGYIOufbVaRRS\U
SjRC^CmUCGHh\jCUCCVS hfmPSj _aU\]U\UMsBCIlZLDRL Branch Target Buffer ^M`R BTB noYLISGY[aDmRLSVQSUMXTUCU[tKSUM_TUCaCKjaL^CmU ... lja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUM
OMF\aKtKhfmRGSXUL^CoYL
CRSeUSCGH[VL\GSUMJV„CU / OMVQOMpL BCIlZLDRL Return Address Prediction RGSfma[ RGSXVHL[VL]U\UMsXTUSUMsRfM^V] PKFP[SSUMXTULUCRRSIOWC 2 Pipe JMmR\g
SVChfm IOWC Pipe eTUCaCIbi\ PKF MMX noYL]U\UMsXTULUChOJMmR\gSVChfmIK[
]MpOMU[KFIRG[f DRL CPU Intel Pentium MMX
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 166 MHz soL 233 MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron
Cache MFfVQ 1 \GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Pentium Classic _`RIOWC 32 K
Die Size \GDCUf 141 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM
IJZY\eTUCaCDRLSUM Write Buffer eUS 2 IOWC 4
CTUIX_kCkK[GIM`YRL Branch Prodiction ( Branch Target Buffer ) eUS Pentium Pro \UBlm
JV„CUIM`YRL Return Stack noYLPMSIMZY\IfZ\XGCVHC\GBC Cyrix/IBM 6x86
IJZY\ step SUMXTULUCDRL U PKF V Pipeline RGS 1 step
JV„CUISGY[aSVQSUMXTULUCPQQDCUCDRL Pipeline U PKF V
lpf_TU]VYL MMX
BlmhrIKGH[LBC CPU core 2.8 V Pbj Blm]TU^MVQ CPU I/O IOWC 3.3 V.
Pentium MMX CGH [VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 DRL Intel eFeVfIOWCMpjCXGY 5.1 Si_Lhfm soLP\meFRRS\UXG^KVL Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL
Intel SibU\Pbj
AMD K6
26
BCaVCXGY 2 I\†U[C Oƒ _.‚. 1997 XUL AMD IRL SihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCDoHC\UQmUL IJ`YR^\U[eF\UPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX CVYCSi_`R AMD K6
[VL_LeTUIM`YRLDRL NextGen hfmh^\_MVQ QMZ†VXCGHsNS AMD n`HRPKFXTUSUMMa\IX_kCkK[GIDmU\Ufma[ noYLBCDEFXGYn`HRCVHC XUL NextGen SihfmRRSPQQ CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCham
PKma _`R Nx686 noYL AMD SiIK[hfms`Rk_ML]MmULXGYCjU]CBeDRL Nx686 \UMa\IDmUSVQ IX_kCkK[GDRLbC PKF IJZY\lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRLbCIRLIDmUhOfma[ XTUB^mhfm K6 RRS\U
MMX DRL AMD K6 CVHC soLP\meF\GeTUCaClpf_TU]VYLIXjUg SVC \G_TU]VLY I^\`RCgSVCSVQ Intel PbjSMFQaCSUMXTULUCSiPbSbjULSVChO IJMUF smUXTUBCSMFQaCSUMIfG[aSVC SieFs`RIOWCSUM
KjaLKFI\ZfKZD]ZXdZ‡DRL Intel noYLhfmefhamSjRCPKma
PbjR[jULhMSibU\ MMX DRL AMD SiBlmLUChfmSVQXpS Application XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL Intel MMX PKFB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmtK JRg SVC soLfGSajUfma[nHTU ]TU^MVQQULLUC
( AMD IMG[S MMX DRLbCajUIOWC MMX enhanced )
]TU^MVQBCMpjCPMSCVHC AMD hfmIOufbVaXGY_aU\IMia 166, 200 PKF 233 MHz noYL\G transistor {U[BC 8.8 KmUCbVa PKFBlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron PKFbjR\USihfm
IOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm^VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJ`YR^\U[eF
PDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC )
]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI^iChfmlVfg Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWC
IXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_`R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K
Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB^m AMD K6 h\jI^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_`R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYLBC
DEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB^m Intel Pentium
MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF )
Pbjfma[OeeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMs
BCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^C`RSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm R[jUL
KmCI^K`R ...
\UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
\G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron
eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD
IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUOb[SMM\fVLCGH
\G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC
]U\UMssRfM^V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL
]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction )
]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
\Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJ`YReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL
eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV‚\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6
SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUOb[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[
IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma
27
bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6
Processor Feature
AMD K6
RISC core
Superscalar
Speculative execution
Out of order execution
Data forwarding
Register renaming
Simple x86 decoders
Sophisticated x86 decoders
Long x86 decoders
Vector x86 decoders
Execution Pipelines
Branch prediction
Advanced 2 level branch prediction
Branch history table entries
Branch target cache entries
Branch prediction accuracy
MMX technology
High performance FPU
L1 instruction and data cache
Industry compatible SMM
Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZLY fG )
Yes / 6 issue
Pentium Pro Pentium MMX
Yes / 5 issue
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
1
1
6
No
No
No
No
1
1
2
2
1
5
Yes
Yes
8,192
16
95%
Yes
32K + 32K
2 clock
No
256
512
0
90%
No
Yes
8K + 8K
Yes
5-7 clock
75-80%
Yes
16K + 16K
2 clock
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
MMX
MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJ`YReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio)
{UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]`YR]UMtjUC
k\Ifi\
kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_`R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single
Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing
IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ
IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB^mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B^m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX IJ`YR
eFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E OeepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJ`YR MMX
RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\`RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSU‚IOufbVa MMX
QMZ†VXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si^VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRL
bCfma[ )
eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm Multimedia
\U]CVQ]CpCfma[
]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI^iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B^m upgrade Blm_UT ]VYL MMX hfm XTUB^mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMia
DoHCR[jULI^iChfmlVf
•
Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution )
28
IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoLY XULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order
Execution ) XTUB^mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ
•
Out-Of-Order Execution
29
6 ( CPU )
[ 11 June 1999 ]
Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )
BCMUag If`RCJ‚eZSU[C Oƒ _.‚. 1995 Intel SihfmIOufbVa CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRLbC kf[\G CodeName ajU "P6" noYLJV„CUPKFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCIJZY\IbZ\DoHC\URGS JR]\_aM
eUS Pentium Classic Pbjhfm\GSUM[mU[ Cache {U[CRS ( ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 2 , L2 Cache ) noYLOSbZPKmaeFaULR[NQj C Mainboard \UhamXGY PtjC Silicon
IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ ( Pbjh\jhfmR[Nj {U[BC CPU ) IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL L2 Cache PKF SUMIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMIDmUsoL PKFfoL DmR\NKeUSBC Cache ... PbjSifma[
I^bpXGYbmRLMa\IRU Cache IDmUhOfma[CGHIRL XTUB^mMU_UDRL CPU CVHC]NLIRU\USg
Intel hfmIOKGY[CPCa_ZfDRLbVaIRL kf[^VC\UBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ RISC BC CPU DRLbCQmUL fma[SUMfVfPOKLlpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ x86 DRLbCB^mIOWC lpf_TU]VYL DRL RISC XGYIKiS
SajU IMiaSajU PKF LjU[SajUIfZ\ IMG[SajUIOWClpf_TU]VYL RISC86
Pentium Pro \G lpf Pipeline 3 lpf noYL\USSajU Pentium Classic noYL\GIJG[L 2 lpf PKF\GSUMP[SDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCRRSIOWCsoL 14 DVHCbRC PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUM XTULUC
PQQ_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLIMG[SBlmKjaL^CmUhfm noYLIMG[SajU Speculative Execution Pbj Intel IMG[SSUMXTULUCCGHajUIOWC Dynamic Execution
RGS]ZYL^CoYLXGYIOKGY[ChO Si_`R Interface XGYBlm noYLeUSIfZ\BlmQC Socket 7 Si^VC\UBlmXGY Socket 8 PXC XTUB^mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfmSVQ Mainboard DRL Pentium
Classic PCjCRC eFBlmMpjCCGH SibmRLn`HR Mainboard B^\jfma[
]ZYLXGYCjUPOKSBe ]TU^MVQ Pentium Pro R[jUL^CoYL Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 XGY[VL_L\GIJG[L 16 K IXjUCVHC IXjUg SVQ Pentium Classic IK[
PbjSilfIl[epffmR[bMLCGHfma[ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GDCUfB^|j PKF\GB^mIK`RS^KU[MpjC _`RMpCj XGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB, 512 KB ^M`R 1 MB PKF XTULUCfma[
_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU IJMUFR[NjQC Silicon IfG[aSVC
Pentium Pro CGH kf[\USeFsNSCTU\UBlmIOWC Server \USSajUXGYeFIOWC Desktop PC IJMUF \VC]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ SMP ^M`R Symmetric
MultiProcessing noYLXTUB^mBlm CPU hfm ^KU[bVa QC Mainboard bVaIfG[aSVChfm XTUB^mlja[IJZY\I]sG[M{UJBCSUMXTULUC ]CVQ]CpCIM`YRLDRL Fault Tolerant fma[ I\`YR
CPU bVaBfbVa^CoYLI]G[^U[ RGSbVa^CoYLSieFXTULUCPXCXGYhfm PKF[VLlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUCRGSfma[
Intel Pentium MMX ( P55C )
30
BCljaLbmCOƒ _.‚. 1997 Intel SihfmIOufbVaIX_kCkK[GB^\jDRLbC _`R MMX ^M`R MultiMedia eXtension DoHC\U kf[\GepfOMF]L_c IJ`YRB^mlja[IJZY\_aU\]U\UMsBCfmUC
Multimedia IJMUFBCOeepQVCCGH Computer PKFLUCfmUC Multimedia PXQeFP[SSVCh\jRRSPKma fma[I^bpCGHIRL XUL Intel eoLhfmMa\lpf_TU]VYL MMX IDmU\UBC CPU
bMFSNK Pentium DRLbCfma[ IJ`YRIOWCepfDU[B^\j PKF ]MmUL \UbM…UCB^\jDRLbCDoHC\U
\UfNSVCfGSajU_MVQ ajU Pentium MMX ^M`R P55C CGH \GRFhMIOKGY[CPOKLhOeUS Pentium Classic ^M`R P54C QmUL
RVCfVQPMSIK[ _`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX hLKF_MVQ RVCCGHDRLPCjR[NjPKma :-) bjR\U_`RDCUfDRL Cache {U[BC XGYIJZY\DoHC\UIOWCIXjUbVaeUSIfZ\ noYL\G Data Cache 8 K PKF
Instruction Cache 8 K SisNSIJZY\RGSIXjUbVaIOWC Data Cache 16 K PKF Instruction Cache 16 K BC]jaCXGYIOKGY[CPOKLRGSR[jUL Si_`R IM`YRLDRL hrIKG[H L noYL
Pentium Classic CVHC BlmhrIKGH[L 3.3 Volt Pbj Pentium MMX CVHC eFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.8 Volt XGY CPU core Pbj BC]jaCDRL CPU I/O [VL_LIOWC 3.3 V.
BCMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[DRL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BC Sihfm\GSUMCTUIRUIX_kCkK[GQUL]jaCeUS Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRL Intel ( P6 ) XGYIOufbVaRRS\USjRC^CmU
CGHh\jCUCCVS hfmPSj _aU\]U\UMsBCIlZLDRL Branch Target Buffer ^M`R BTB noYLISGY[aDmRLSVQSUMXTUCU[tKSUM_TUCaCKjaL^CmU ... lja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMOMF\aKtKhfmRGSXUL
^CoYL
CRSeUSCGH[VL\GSUMJV„CU / OMVQOMpL BCIlZLDRL Return Address Prediction RGSfma[ RGSXVHL[VL]U\UMsXTUSUMsRfM^V] PKFP[SSUMXTULUCRRSIOWC 2 Pipe JMmR\gSVChfm IOWC
Pipe eTUCaCIbi\ PKF MMX noYL]U\UMsXTULUChOJMmR\gSVChfmIK[
]MpOMU[KFIRG[f DRL CPU Intel Pentium MMX
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 166 MHz soL 233 MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron
Cache MFfVQ 1 \GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Pentium Classic _`RIOWC 32 K
Die Size \GDCUf 141 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM
IJZY\eTUCaCDRLSUM Write Buffer eUS 2 IOWC 4
CTUIX_kCkK[GIM`YRL Branch Prodiction ( Branch Target Buffer ) eUS Pentium Pro \UBlm
JV„CUIM`YRL Return Stack noYLPMSIMZY\IfZ\XGCVHC\GBC Cyrix/IBM 6x86
IJZY\ step SUMXTULUCDRL U PKF V Pipeline RGS 1 step
JV„CUISGY[aSVQSUMXTULUCPQQDCUCDRL Pipeline U PKF V
lpf_TU]VYL MMX
BlmhrIKGH[LBC CPU core 2.8 V Pbj Blm]TU^MVQ CPU I/O IOWC 3.3 V.
Pentium MMX CGH [VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpCj XGY 5 DRL Intel eFeVfIOWCMpjCXGY 5.1 Si_Lhfm soLP\meFRRS\UXG^KVL Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL Intel Si
bU\Pbj
AMD K6
BCaVCXGY 2 I\†U[C Oƒ _.‚. 1997 XUL AMD IRL SihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCDoHC\UQmUL IJ`YR^\U[eF\UPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX CVYCSi_`R AMD K6
[VL_LeTUIM`YRLDRL NextGen hfmh^\_MVQ QMZ†VXCGHsNS AMD n`HRPKFXTUSUMMa\IX_kCkK[GIDmU\Ufma[ noYLBCDEFXGYn`HRCVHC XUL NextGen SihfmRRSPQQ CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCham
31
PKma _`R Nx686 noYL AMD SiIK[hfms`Rk_ML]MmULXGYCjU]CBeDRL Nx686 \UMa\IDmUSVQ IX_kCkK[GDRLbC PKF IJZY\lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRLbCIRLIDmUhOfma[ XTUB^mhfm K6 RRS\U
MMX DRL AMD K6 CVHC soLP\meF\GeTUCaClpf_TU]VYLIXjUg SVC \G_TU]VYLI^\`RCgSVCSVQ Intel PbjSMFQaCSUMXTULUCSiPbSbjULSVChO IJMUF smUXTUBCSMFQaCSUMIfG[aSVC SieFs`RIOWCSUM
KjaLKFI\ZfKZD]ZXdZ‡DRL Intel noYLhfmefhamSjRCPKma
PbjR[jULhMSibU\ MMX DRL AMD SiBlmLUChfmSVQXpS Application XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL Intel MMX PKFB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmtK JRg SVC soLfGSajUfma[nHTU ]TU^MVQQUL
LUC ( AMD IMG[S MMX DRLbCajUIOWC MMX enhanced )
]TU^MVQBCMpjCPMSCVHC AMD hfmIOufbVaXGY_aU\IMia 166, 200 PKF 233 MHz noYL\G transistor {U[BC 8.8 KmUCbVa PKFBlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron PKFbjR\USihfm
IOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm^VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJ`YR^\U[eF
PDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC )
]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI^iChfmlVfg Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWC
IXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_`R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K
Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB^m AMD K6 h\jI^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_`R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYL
BCDEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB^m Intel Pentium
MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF )
Pbjfma[OeeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMs
BCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^C`RSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm
R[jULKmCI^K`R ...
\UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
\G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron
eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD
IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUOb[SMM\fVLCGH
\G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC
]U\UMssRfM^V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL
]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction )
]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
\Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJ`YReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL
eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV‚\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6
SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUOb[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[
IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma
bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6
32
Processor Feature
AMD K6
RISC core
Superscalar
Speculative execution
Out of order execution
Data forwarding
Register renaming
Simple x86 decoders
Sophisticated x86 decoders
Long x86 decoders
Vector x86 decoders
Execution Pipelines
Branch prediction
Advanced 2 level branch prediction
Branch history table entries
Branch target cache entries
Branch prediction accuracy
MMX technology
High performance FPU
L1 instruction and data cache
Industry compatible SMM
Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZLY fG )
Yes / 6 issue
Pentium Pro Pentium MMX
Yes / 5 issue
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
1
1
6
No
No
No
No
1
1
2
2
1
5
Yes
Yes
8,192
16
95%
Yes
32K + 32K
2 clock
No
256
512
0
90%
No
Yes
8K + 8K
Yes
5-7 clock
75-80%
Yes
16K + 16K
2 clock
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
MMX
MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJ`YReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio)
{UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]`YR]UMtjUC
k\Ifi\
kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_`R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single
Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing
IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ
IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB^mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B^m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX
IJ`YReFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E OeepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJ`YR MMX
RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\`RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSU‚IOufbVa MMX
QMZ†VXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si^VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRL
bCfma[ )
eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm
Multimedia \U]CVQ]CpCfma[
]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI^iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B^m upgrade Blm_UT ]VYL MMX hfm XTUB^mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMia
DoHCR[jULI^iChfmlVf
•
Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution )
IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoLY XULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order
Execution ) XTUB^mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ
33
•
Out-Of-Order Execution
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Out-Of-Order Execution _MVQ
[ 07 August 1999 ]
Intel Pentium II ( Klamath/Deschute )
BCSKULOƒ 1996 Intel Sihfm]jLbVa CPU BCbMFSNK x86 bVaB^\jDRLbC RRS]NjXmRLbKUf CVYCSi_`R Intel Pentium II noYLeFajUhOPKma SiI^\`RC Pentium Pro XGYsNS
JV„CUDoHC\URGSMFfVQ^CoYLCVYCIRL IJMUFkf[]sUOb[SMM\XVYaghOPKma Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium Pro IK[ IJG[LPbj\GSUMOMVQPbjLQULR[jULB^m\G_aU\]\fpK[c PKF \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC
IljC\GSUMB]j_TU]VYL MMX IDmUhO PKF\G SUMOMVQPbjL Interface I]G[B^\j kf[eUSIfZ\CVHCBlm Interface PQQ Socket IljC Intel Pentium Pro Blm Socket 8 ^M`R
Intel Pentium MMX Blm Socket 7 ( PKF/^M`R Socket 5 ) Si^VC\UBlm Interface IOWCPQQ Slot PXC PKFIOKGY[C Package DRL CPU eUSXGYIOWC PGA
( Pin-Grid Array ) \UIOWC SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge ) noYL\GKVS†EF I^\`RCSVQ SKjRLaGfGkRIXO PKF hfm\GSUM[mU[bTUP^CjLDRL Cache
MFfVQ 2 RRS\UhambjUL^US soLP\majUeFR[NBj C SECC I^\`RCSVQ CPU PbjSih\jhfmQMMephamQC Chip DRL CPU R[jUL Pentium Pro PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL
_aU\IMia CPU ( IljC CPU _aU\IMia 300 MHz IemU Cache MFfVQ 2 CGH SieFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L 150 MHz IXjUCVHC ) PKF[VLhfmIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 IOWC
32K noYLIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Intel Pentium Pro IK[XGIfG[a
MNODmULKjULCGH P]fL Package DRL Intel Pentium II XVHLfmUC^CmU PKF fmUC^KVL
IMG[S Interface B^\jXGYBlmbjRIl`YR\MF^ajUL CPU SVQ Mainboard ajU IOWC Slot-1 ( ]KiRbaVC ) kf[]UI^bp^KVS XGY Intel bmRLIOKGY[C\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 CVHC XUL Intel
RmULajU IJ`YRKfO|^U_RDafMF^ajUL Cache MFfVQ 2 PKF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS noYLIOWCO|^U]TU_V| XGYIOWCbVa^CjaLOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLMFQQ
Pbjkf[_aU\I^iC]jaCbVaPKma _UfajUepfOMF]L_c^KVS eMZLg PKma CjUeFIOWCIJMUFIM`YRLDRLKZD]ZXdZ‡\USSajU ... IJMUFI\`YR Intel [mU[\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 PKmaSihfm\GSUMefKZD]ZXdZ‡hamXVCXG
34
QMZ†VXtNmtKZb CPU IemUR`YCg ^USbmRLSUMXGYeFtKZb CPU XGYBlm Slot-1 fma[ SibmRLejU[_jU]ZXdZQVbMB^mSVQXUL Intel IOWCeTUCaCh\jBljCmR[gIK[XGIfG[a
CPU Intel Pentium II CVHC \G 2 MpjC ... MpjCPMSXGYRRS]NjXmRLbKUfCVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.35 Micron PKF BlmhrIKGH[L ( Vcore ) 2.8 Volt \G Code Name
ajU Klamath noYL CPU MpjCCGHeVfajU\G_aU\MmRC]NL bjR\U XUL Intel eoLhfmXTUSUMKfDCUfDRLPtjCIaIrRMcKL ^VC\UBlmIOWCDCUf 0.25 Micron PXC PKFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.0
Volt PXC kf[MpjCCGHeF\G Code Name ajU Deschute
JMmR\SVCCVHC SihfmIOufbVa chipset bVaB^\jDRLbC noYL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCsoL 100 MHz fma[ ... CVYCSi_`R chipset Intel 440BX
IRUKF_MVQ KRL\UfN Spec MU[KFIRG[fDRL Pentium II SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\GbVHLPbjMpjC 233 MHz soL 450 MHz ( 233-333 MHz Blm FSB 66 MHz , 350-450 MHz Blm FSB 100 MHz )
Deschute Core CVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\sGYDRL core hfm\USDoHC PKF BlmhrCmR[KL
\G MMX fma[ PbjI^C`RlVHChOajU Intel Pentium MMX IJMUF]U\UMsXTULUChfmXGKF 2 lpf_TU]VYL MMX hfmJMmR\gSVC
\G]sUOb[SMM\PQQ Dual Independent Bus ( DIB ) kf[PQjLIOWC System Bus PKF Cache Bus IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\SamULDRLI]mCXULDmR\NK PKF IJZY\
OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\
MpjC 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC Blm_aU\IMiaQV]DRLMFQQ ( FSB ) IJZY\eUSIfZ\ 66 MHz IOWC 100 MHz IJ`YRfoLOMF]ZXdZ{UJB^mISZf\USXGY]pf
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYLRGS 16 K
Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC SECC IfG[aSVC DCUf 512 K XTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU
MpCj 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 GB
]U\UMsBlmMja\SVCIOWC Dual Processor hfm kf[eF]U\UMsRmUL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVShfmsoL 64 GB
PKF [VL\GMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[R`YCg XGYISGY[aSVQSUMbMae]RQ_aU\tZfJKUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 RGS^KU[R[jUL
CPU BC]U[SUMtKZbXGYBlm Code Name ajU Deschute CVHC XUL Intel hfm\GSUMOˆRLSVCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbC kf[hfm\GSUM Lock _jUbVa_NE B^m_LXGYbKRf h\j
ajUeFOMVQPbjLR[jULhM Sih\j\GtK ( Multiplier Lock ) IJ`YRKfO|^USUM Remark CPU DRLbC PKF IJ`YROufSVHCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbCRGSXUL^CoYL PbjSifNI^\`RCajU
eFhMmtK IJMUF Si[LV _L\GSUM OverClock CPU bMFSNKCGHSVCB^m]CpS\`RIK[XGIfG[a :-)
Intel Pentium II Xeon
Pentium II Xeon CVHC sNSJV„CUIJ`YRICmCB^mBlmLUC]TU^MVQ Server kf[IqJUF soLP\majU]sUOb[SMM\kf[XVYag hO eF_KmU[g SVQ Pentium II Pbj]ZYLXGYPbSbjULSVCR[jUL I^iC
hfmlVfCVHC Si\Gh\jCmR[IljCSVC fVLCGH
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Blm Interface B^\j IOWC Slot-2 ( ]KiRbXN ) PKF h\j]U\UMsBlmfma[SVChfmSVQ Slot-1
BlmLUCQC Mainboard XGYBlm chipset 440GX ( AGP set ) PKF/^M`R 440NX ( PCI set )
\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l L2 XVHLBCDCUf 450MHz 512 SZkKhQbc PKF 400MHz 512 SZkKhQbc ^M`R 1 I\SFhQbc
BlmDmR\NKMja\SVCSVQ]jaCXGYI^K`RDRLMFQQtjUCXULnZ]Ibi\QV]_aU\ep]NLXGYXTULUChfm_MVHLKF^KU[MU[SUM PKF\G_aU\IMia 100MHz
IJZY\^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 64 SZSFhQbc
nZ]Ibi\QV]]CVQ]CpCSUMO‰ZQVbZbU\_TU]VYL^KU[MU[SUMJMmR\SVC IJ`YRD[U[PQCfcaZd PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCkOMIn]InRMchfm]NL]pfsoL 8 bVa
PSE36 SUMD[U[SUM]CVQ]CpC^Cja[_aU\eTU B^mIOWCDCUf 36 QZbXGYXTUB^mMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMBlm^Cja[_aU\eTUDCUfB^|jSajU 4 SZSFhQbchfm noYLeFXTUB^mMFQQ \G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCPRJJKZI_lVYCXGYbmRLRjUCDmR\NK\USg PKFBlmJ`HCXGY^Cja[_aU\eTU\USBCSUMXTULUC
]CVQ]CpC_KV]IbRMc ^M`R_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMeVfMFQQI_M`YRLInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm kOMIn]InRMc 4 bVa^KU[MFQQIOWC]jaCIfG[aSVChfm
\GMFQQlja[bMaeeVQ_aU\MmRC kf[ Diode XGYR[NjQC PCB eFlja[bMaeeVQRpE^{N\Z PKF ]U\UMs^[pfSUMXTULUC ^USajURpE^{N\Z]NLISZChOhfm
\GMFQQbMae]RQ PKF PSmhDDmRtZfJKUfDRLDmR\NK ( ECC : Error Correction Code )
35
o
\GMFQQbMae]RQSUMXTULUCPQQnHTUnmRC ( FRC : Functional Redundancy Checking )
kf[J`HC…UCDRLMU_U PKF IOˆU^\U[XULSUMbKUfPKma SifNeFh\jI^\UFSVQ HomeUser ^M`RtNmBlmLUCMFfVQXVYahO KF_MVQ
Intel Celeron ( SEPP / PPGA 370 )
soLP\majU Intel Pentium II XGYRRS\UCVHC eF\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfNPKmaIfjC PKF CjU]CBe\USg PbjSibZfO|^UXGYMU_UCVHC eVfajU]NL\US XTUB^mh\j]U\UMsIDmU\U\G]jaCPQjLBCbKUfMFfVQKjUL
hfm ... XUL Intel eoLhfmIOufbVa Celeron DoHC kf[Blmk_ML]MmUL{U[BC\UeUS Intel Pentium II MpjC Deschute CVYCIRL IJG[LPbjbVfIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 RRS PKF IOKGY[C
Package IKiSCmR[ IOWC SEPP ( Singel Edge Processor Package )PKFhfmtKZbRRS\U 2 MpjC_`R XGY_aU\IMia 266 PKF 300 MHz kf[\G CodeName
ajU Covinton noYLMU_UCVHC SieVfajUsNSSajU Pentium II XGY_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC _MoYLbjR_MoYLIK[XGIfG[a
PbjfNI^\`RCajU SUMbVf Cache MFfVQ 2 RRShOCVHC \GtKbjROMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\IOWCR[jUL\US PKF [ZYLIOWCepfXGYXTUB^m _NjPDjLhfm\GkRSU]nHTUIbZ\bMLCGH PKF BlmDmRQSJMjRLbMLCGHDRL
Celeron \UJV„CU CPU DRLbCB^mIOWCepfIfjCPXC SiIK[XTUB^mXUL Intel bVf]ZCBeB]j Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOfma[ Pbjh\jhfmIRUhOhamQC PCB IfG[aSVC R[jUL Pentium II
^USPbj CTUhOaULhamQCPtjC Siligon IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ XTUB^m Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYIJZY\IDmUhOCVHC XTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVCSVQ CPU IK[XGIfG[a
PbjDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 CVHC ^USXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhO BCeTUCaCIXjUgSVQ Pentium II ( _`R 512 K ) tKSi_`R MU_UCVHC RUeeFJRgSVC ^M`R RUeeFPJLSajU
Pentium II nFfma[nHTU ... Intel h\jXTUIljCCVHCPCjg fVLCVHC DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY Intel B]jIJZY\IDmUhO eoL\GIJG[LP_j 128K ^M`RIOWC 1/4 DRLDCUfDRL Cache
MFfVQ 2 BC Pentium II IXjUCVHC
Celeron XGYIJZY\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOCVHC Si\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 300 MHz IOWCbmChO IJ`YRh\jB^m]VQ]CBCSUMIK`RSn`HR IJMUFBCMpjCXGYh\j\G Cache MFfVQ 2 Si\GMpjCXGY\G
_aU\IMia 300 MHz fma[ XUL Intel eoLIMG[Sl`YR Celeron MpjC 300 MHz XGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 CGHajU IOWCMpjC Celeron 300 A PXC PKF B^ml`YR]U[SUMtKZbCGHajU
Mendocino
bjR\U IJ`YRIOWCSUMKf_jUBlmejU[KLRGS XUL Intel eoLhfmbVf]ZCBetKZb Celeron Version B^\j XGYBlm Core IfZ\ ^USPbjIOKGY[C Interface ^VCSKVQ\UBlmIOWC Socket bU\IfZ\
PbjajU hfmRRSPQQB^\j ( RGSPKma ) IOWC Socket XGY\GeTUCaCDU 370 DU ( Socket 7 CVHC\G 321 DU ) PKFIMG[S Package DRL Celeron B^\jCGHajUIOWC PPGA
CPGA ( 321 Pin Socket 7 ) ! PPGA ( 370 Pin Socket 370 )
]sUOb[SMM\kf[XVYahOCVHC Si I^\`RCgSVQ Pentium II IJMUFBlm Core ^KVS IfG[aSVC \GSUMKiR_bVa_NE]V||UECUŠZSUI^\`RCSVC PbSbjULSVCSibMLXGY Celeron CVHC [VL_LBlm
_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQIOWC 66 MHz bKRf\U PKF BlmtKZbMpjCXGYIOWC SEPP ( Blm Interface IOWC Slot-1 ) eCSMFXVYLMpjC_aU\IMia 433 MHz eoLIKZStKZb PKF ^VChO
ICmCSUMtKZbPQQXGYIOWC PPGA PXC
36
! !
SEPP Celeron " Mendocino Core
SEPP, SECC # Celeron ( Covinton ) , Celeron ( Mendocino ) ! Pentium II ( Deschute )
AMD K6-2 3DNow!
^KVLeUSXGYJKUfXjU\UPKmaSVQ MpjC K6 noYL \G^Cja[OMF\aKtKfmUCX‚CZ[\CVHCfmR[SajUDRL Intel R[Nj bVHLPbj 1 - 2 MFfVQ ( OMF]ZXdZ{UJ FPU DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC JRg SVQ
Pentium MMX 233 MHz IXjUCVHC XVHLg XGY_aU\IMia^jULSVCR[NjsoL 2 MFfVQ ) XTUB^m CPU MpjC K6 CVHC h\jIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ ]TU^MVQ tNmXGYbmRLSUMJKVLBCSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCX‚CZ[\
IOWCR[jUL\US ... PCjCRC ... SVQIS\]c 3D XGYSTUKVLIOWCXGYCZ[\CVHC K6 XTU_FPCChfmh\jfGIK[ eVfajUP[jIRU\USg PbjsmUIOWCSUMXTULUCfmUCR`YCg CVHC kf[IqJUFSVQLUCfmUC Office
Application ^M`RLUCXGYbmRLSUMBlmSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ ( IS\]c 2D SiBlj ) CVHC K6 SKVQXTUhfmfGISZC_pm\IK[XGIfG[a
37
AMD SihfmIKiLI^iCsoLDmRQSJMjRLbMLCVHCDRLbC PKFSi_Zf^UXULPSmhD ... PbjSUMRRSPQQk_ML]MmULB^\jCVHC h\jBljLjU[g CRSeUSeFBlmIaKUh\jBljCmR[gPKma [VLbmRLXpj\XpCBCSUMJV„CURGS
\USfma[ noYL^US AMD IK`RSXULCGH SieFh\j\G CPU RRS\UPDjLSVQ Intel PKF OKjR[B^m Cyrix CVHCPDjLlZL_aU\IOWCIemUbKUfSVQ Intel IXjUCVHC ... noYLPCjCRCh\jajUtKSUMlZLCVHC eF
IOWCR[jULhM AMD Si_Lh\j[R\PCjg IJMUF bChfmPbjIJG[L\RLfNIDUlZLSVC ... AMD bmRLSUM\G]jaCMja\fma[ ... PbjeFXTUR[jULhM KjF BCI\`YR FPU DRL AMD CVHC ]NmSVQXUL Intel h\jhfm
IK[ PKmaeFXTUR[jULhMfG?
3DNow! eoLhfms`RSTUICZfDoHC\UIJ`YRSUMCGHkf[IqJUF kf[ 3DNow! CGH SiI^\`RCg SVQ lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRL Intel _`RIOWC _TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IDmU\UIJ`YRSUM^CoYLSUMBf ... Blj_MVQ
3DNow! CGH \G\UIJ`YRlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUM_TUCaCIlZL FPU IJ`YRBlmSQV IS\]c ^M`R Application XGY\GSUM_TUCaC{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) CVYCIRL
SiBljajU 3DNow! XGYISZfDoHCCGH eFMpLj PKF IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL CPU hfmIbi\XGYnFXGIfG[aCVS IJMUF 3DNow! CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC XGYeTUIOWCbmRL\G Driver PKF/^M`R Software
XGYBlmCVHC SibmRL\GSUMIMG[SBlm PKF\GSUMOMVQPbjLB^mIDmUSVQ 3DNow! fma[ eoLeFXTUB^m \VCBlmLUChfm\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf
PbjR[jULhMSifG \GQMZ†VXtNmtKZbIS\]c PKF tKZb Graphic Chip h\jCmR[IK[XGIfG[a XGYRRSbVaajUeFtKZbIS\]c ^M`R Driver DRL Graphic Chip B^m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL
3DNow! CGfH ma[ kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL I\`YRIemUbKUf Graphic Chip 3D IS\]cBCDEFCVHC noYLSi_`R 3Dfx hfmOMFSU‚PKFJV„CU Driver ]TU^MVQ Chip Voodoo DRLbC
B^m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL 3DNow! CGHfma[ SiXTUB^m CPU AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH IMZY\SKU[IOWCXGYSKjUaDaV|soLSVCR[jUL\US
OMFSRQSVQXUL VIA PKF ALI hfmRRS Chipset XGYBlmSVQ Socket 7 ( AMD K6-2 CGH[VL_LBlm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ) XGYBlmLUCXGY 100 MHz hfm Silja[XTU
B^m AMD K6-2 CGH \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLDoHCRGS
]TU^MVQXULfmUCMU[KFIRG[fXVYaghO CVHCSiDR]MpO_MjUagfVLCGH_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
Blm FSB XGY 66 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 266 , 300 MHz ( AFR-66 ) PKF 366 MHz
Blm FSB XGY 95 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 333 , 380 PKF 475 MHz
Blm FSB XGY 100 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 300, 350, 400 , 450 PKF 500 MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron PKFBlmhrIKGH[L CPU IOWC 2.2 Volt ( K6-2/III 400 MHz BCMpjCPMSg Blmhr 2.4 Volt )
Blm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( 321 Pin )
fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGY]NL PKF IfjCXVHLfmUCSUM_TUCaCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKF [VLIfjCBCfmUCIS\]c 3D ( soLP\meFh\jBljXGY 1 Pbj_pE{UJ SiR[NjBC DjU[XGY[R\MVQhfm ) QaSSVQ MU_UXGYeVfajUsNS\USg ...
SiXTUB^m AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH DU[fZQDU[fG IOWCIXCHTU IXXjU IK[KF_MVQ
^KU[_C kf[IqJUFXUL Intel _LPXQh\jIl`YR]U[bUbVaIRL XGYtKSUM]TUMaebKUfBCIf`RC\SMU_\ Oƒ 2542 XGYtjUC\UCVHC tKOMUS‰ajU [RfDU[ CPU kf[Ma\
DRL AMD CVHC]NLSajU IJMUF ]jaCPQjLDRLbKUfMFfVQKjUL PKF MFfVQSKULCVHC AMD PXQeF[of_MRLhamhfmIS`RQ^\f PKF BCIf`RCSp\{UJVCdcbjR\U ]jaCPQjLbKUf
DRL AMD Si[VL_LI^C`RSajU Intel RGSIljCIfZ\
IRUKF]Z PKmaR[jULCGH eVSMJMMfZeFXTUR[jULhM? I\`YRQVKKVLScsNSqSlZLhObjR^CmUbjRbU ... eVSMJMMfZeF]ZHCl`YRSi_MUaCGHCF^M`R? ... ]L_MU\QXCGH eFeQKLR[jULCGH^M`R? ... h\jPCjg ... Intel
_LbmRL^UXULkbmSKVQ\UPCjg PbjeFkbmSKVQR[jULhM PKF ]TUIMieh^\ ... PKma AMD CVHC \GSUMIbMG[\bVa BCSUMbVHLMVQSUMkbmSKVQDRL Intel hamR[jULhM? ... \UfNSVCbjRIK[_MVQ
38
T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:
Processor Features
Performance Benefits
Process Technology (micron)
Die size (mm2)
Smaller die size=lower
cost
Clock speed (MHz)
Faster clock speed
generally means faster
processing and apps
launching
AMDK6®-2
with
Pentium Celero
3DNo
®II
n
w!™
techno
logy
0.25
0.25
0.25
81
131
131 or
155
300
333
350/36
6/380
400
450
475
300
333
350
400
450
300/30
0A
333
366
400
433
466
500
L1 cache
Built-in feature that helps
the CPU retrieve even
faster
64K
Yes
32K
Yes
32K
Yes
L2 cache Support
Augments L1 cache,
making data retrieval even
faster
Yes
Yes
No
266/30
0 MHz
Yes
300A/3
33MH
z
Processor bus (max bus speed)
Moves data between CPU
and memory
MMX™ Technology
Enhances multimedia
applications and runs other
apps 10% faster
Yes
Yes
Yes
3DNow!™ Technology
Enables superior visual
and multmedia experience
Yes
No
No
100 MHz Bus Support
Moves data between the
CPU and the main
memory. L2 cache can't
improve performance
without a fast bus to move
the data. Faster bus
eliminates the data
bottleneck
Yes
Yes, but
only at
350MHz
and
above
No
Accelerated Graphics Port Support
Speeds up 3D graphics
Yes
Yes
Yes
X86 compatibility
Standard industry
architecture, essential for
running standard PC
applications
Yes
Yes
Yes
Super Slot 1
Slot
7™ 100MHz 1,Sock
100M 66MHz et 370
Hz
66MH
Socket
z
7
66MH
z
39
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
3DNow!
3DNow! CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYLB^\j XGYXUL AMD IOWCtNm_Zf_mC PKF JV„CU kf[eF\G_TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IbZ\IDmU\URGS _TU]VYLXGYBlmLUCBCPQQ SIMD ( Single Instruction
Multiple Data stream ) IJ`YR IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCfmUCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX‚CZ[\ Ma\soLhfmPSmhDO|^U_RDaf ( BottleNeck ) DRL 3D Graphics Pipeline
MF^ajUL CPU PKF 2D/3D Graphic Card fma[
XUL AMD IK`RSBlmadZ GCGH BCSUMPSmhDO|^UIM`YRLOMF]ZXdZ{UJfmUC FPU BCSUMIKjCIS\]c 3 \ZbZ noYL CPU DRLbCCVHCXTUhfmP[jSajUDRLXUL Intel XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECUŠZSU
IXjUgSVC
RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIM`YRLDRL 3DNow! PKF OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKDRL FPU bjULg hfmXGY JKVLP^jLSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX‚CZ[\ ( FPU Power )
•
Cache
Cache CVHC ]TU_V|hqC RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ
•
Stepping
_jU Stepping IOWC_jUXGYQjLQRSsoLeTUCaCSUMPSmhD CPU kf[ Stepping 0 ^\U[soL core XGYIOWC Original Product PKFI\`YR\GSUMJQDmRtZfJKUfBC]jaCDRL
MicroCode DRL core CPU ^M`RJQ CPU CVHCgh\j]\QNMEc SieFXTUSUMPSmhDB^\j I\`YRXTUSUMPSmhDB^\jIMG[QMmR[PKma SieFIJZY\ Stepping IOWC 1 PKFI\`YRJQDmRtZfJKUfPKF
hfm XTUSUMPSmhDRGSSieFXTUSUMIJZY\_jU Stepping IDmUhORGS noYL eFajUhOPKma Stepping CGH SiRUeIOMG[QhfmSVQSUMJZ\Jc^CVL]`R ... IOWCSUMJZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 1 ... JZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 2 ^M`R JZ\Jc
_MVHLXGY 3 IOWCbmC
kf[OSbZPKma eFJQajU CPU XGY\G_jU Stepping \USSajU 0 \VSeF Overclock h\j_jR[hfm ^M`R \GIORMcIniCbc]TUIMie BCSUM OverClock bYTUSajU CPU XGY\G Stepping IOWC 0
PbjajU \VCeF\G_aU\ Stable ]NLSajU ]MpOLjU[g Si_`R CPU XGY\G Stepping \US Si[ZYL OverClock Pbj\VCSi\USfma[_aU\ Stable
•
S-Code
S-Code ^M`R XGY Intel IMG[SajU S-Spec CVHCIOWC bVaRVS†M 5 bVakf[CTU^CmUfma[bVa "S" noYLXUL Intel Blm]TU^MVQMFQp_aU\PbSbjULDRLlCZfDRL CPU DRLbCXVHLBCfmUCDRL
lCZf, Stepping, Vcore ^M`RP\mPbj lCZfDRLSUM Package CPU ajUIOWC OEM ^M`R Retail kf[]U\UMsfNhfmXGYbVaDRL SEPP IK[ ^M`R smUIOWCMpjC Retail SieFfNhfm
eUSDmULSKjRLXGYQMMep
•
Multiplier Lock
_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL CPU CVHCsNSSTU^Cffma[_jU 2 _jU CVHCSi_`R _jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUŠZSU kf[ IMG[S_jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQajUIOWC _aU\IMia
{U[CRS IJMUFMFQQ Bus eFBlm_aU\IMiaCGHIOWC^KVS Pbj _aU\IMia{U[BCDRL CPU ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[Sg SVCajU CPU _aU\IMia 450 MHz CVHC ISZfeUS tK_NEDRL_aU\IMia Bus DRL
MFQQ SVQ _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUŠZSU IljC_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ IOWC 100 MHz PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUŠZSUCVHCIOWC 4.5 SieFhfm_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IOWC 450 MHz
IfZ\XGCVHC XVHL_jUDRL_aU\IMiaMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE eF]U\UMsOMVQPbjLhfmeUSSUM set QC Mainboard PbjIC`YRLeUS ISZfO|^UIM`YRL CPU remark \USI^K`RISZC noYLSiISZfeUSSUM
IJZY\_jUDRLbVa_NEB^m\USDoHC IljC eUSIfZ\IOWC 4.5 SiIJZY\IOWC 5 PKmaXTUSUM Screen bVa CPU I]G[B^\jajUIOWC CPU 500 MHz PKmaSiDU[BCMU_U 500 MHz ... PCjCRC ...
tNmI]G[^U[MU[B^|jCVHC_`R Intel fVLCVHC XUL Intel eoLhfm XTUSUMOMVQPbjLk_ML]MmULSUMSTU^Cf_jUDRL bVa_NEI]G[B^\j kf[\GSUM‹L_jUCVHChamBC]jaCDRL Package CPU IK[ PKFh\j
eTUIOWCbmRLRjUC_jUbVa_NEeUS Mainboard RGSbjRhO
•
OEM & Retail
CPU PQQ OEM ^M`RXGYIMUIMG[SSVCbZfOUSajU IOWCPQQ sUf ( Tray ) eFIOWC CPU XGY\GIJG[LP_jbVa CPU kffg h\j\G Heatsink ^M`R JVfK\eUSXULtNmtKZb CPU B^m ( XGY\G SieF
IOWCDRLXGYXULMmUCIJZY\B^mIRL ) SUMMVQOMFSVCeF\GB^mIJG[Lh\jCUCCVS noYLIOWCSUMOMFSVCkf[tNmDU[IRL h\jBljeUSXULtNmtKZbkf[bML
40
Retail ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[SSVCajU PQQSKjRL (BOX) noYLPQQCGH eF\G Heatsink PKFJVfK\bZf\UJMmR\SVCIK[ kf[XVHL^\feFsNSQMMepR[jULfGBCSKjRL JMmR\fma[_Nj\`R Ma\soLMVQOMFSVCeUS
XULtNmtKZbh\jbYTUSajU 1 Oƒ
kf[OSbZPKma PQQ OEM eF\GMU_UsNSSajUPQQ Retail R[NjJR]\_aM PKF BCbKUfQmUCIMUeFJQPQQ OEM hfm\USSajUPQQ Retail kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL CPU DRL AMD,
Cyrix PKF IDT noYLeFI^iChfmPbjPQQ OEM IXjUCVHC ( JReFJQI^iC CPU DRL AMD PQQ Retail QmUL ... PbjCmR[\US )
OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL OEM PKF Retail CVHC h\jPbSbjULSVC eF\GQmULSiBCIM`YRL_aU\]U\UMsBCSUM OverClock PKF I]sG[M{UJ noYLSih\jI^iClVfIXjUhMCVS
•
Empire Strike Back!
[ 07 August 1999 ]
Intel Pentium III ( Katmai )
Intel bRQkbm AMD SKVQ fma[SUMlZLIOufbVa Pentium III RRS\USjRC^CmU AMD K6-III kf[hfmIOKGY[CPOKLSTU^CfSUM B^mRRSIMiaDoHC PKF hfm]MmUL_aU\tZf^aVLJR]\_aM
SVQ SUMIMjLRRSeCISZChOBC_MVLH CGH
IJMUFRFhM? SjRC^CmUCGH Intel hfmOMFSU‚ajU Pentium III CVHC eFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.18 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 1.8 Volt PKF \G Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 K
fma[ PbjI\`YRsoLIaKUeMZLg CVHCOMUS‰ajU [VL_LIOWC IX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 2.0 Volt PKF [VL_L\G Cache MFfVQ 1 IJG[L 32 K IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium
II IK[
eUSDmR\NK^KU[gP^KjL SKjUaajU Pentium III CVHCBlm ]sUOb[SMM\PSC^KVS ( Core ) IfG[aSVCSVQ Pentium II CVYCSi_`RBlm Deschute Core IljCIfZ\ IJG[LPbjhfm
IJZY\IbZ\OMF]ZXdZ{UJR[jULR`YCIDmUhOPXC RUXZ SSE PKF Processor Serial Number ( IMG[S Core B^\jCGHajU Katmai Core ) noYL ^USbVf_aU\]U\UMsXVHL 2 R[jULCGH
RRSPKmaKFSi .. Pentium III Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium II IK[XGIfG[a
O|^U^CoYLXGYCjUeFISZfDoHCSVQ Pentium III ^CVSSajU Pentium II CVHCSi_`RIM`YRLO|^UfmUC_aU\MmRC IC`YRLeUS Pentium III CVHC \GeTUCaCXMUCnZ]IbRMcRVfPCjCR[Nj{U[BC
CPU SajU 9.5 KmUCbVa noYL\USSajU Pentium II soL 2 KmUCbVa PKF RVfSVCR[NjQCPtjCIaIrRMc DCUf 0.25 Micron tKSi_`R _aU\MmRCXGYISZfDoHCSVQbVa CPU CVHC ]NLSajU
Pentium II PCjCRC
41
]MpO]sUOb[SMM\kf[_MjUagDRL Pentium III
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb DCUf 0.25 Micron
Katmai Core CVHC JV„CUDoHC\UeUS Deschute Core kf[SUMIJZY\lpf_TU]VYL SSE
Interface XGYBlmbjRIDmUSVQ Mainboard IOWC Slot-1
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYL 16 K kf[\GSUMIDmUsoLhfm 4 XUL ( 4-Way Associative )
Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC PCB IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU BC SECC2 IfG[aSVC kf[\GDCUf 512 K PKFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU
BlmhrIKGH[L CPU Core 2.0 Volt
lpf_TU]VYL JZI‚†]TU^MVQlja[eVfSUMLUCfmUC Multimedia, Internet PKF Graphics 3D RGS 70 _TU]VYL ( SSE )
Processor Serial Number noYLIOWCKVS†EFIqJUFDRL CPU Pentium III PbjKFbVa
Blm FSB 100 MHz PKF [VL_L\GSUMKiR__jUbVa_NE]V||UECUŠZSU ( Multiplier Lock )
R[jULhMSibU\ Intel \GPtCSUMeFaULbKUf Pentium III bVaB^\jXGYBlm Core B^\j XGY\G CodeName ajU Coppermine BCMUaOKU[gOƒ 1999 CGH kf[_UfajU
Coppermine CGH eFBlm FSB XGY 133 MHz Ma\soLBlmIX_kCkK[GPQQ 0.18 Micron PKFIMZY\ bmCXGY_aU\IMia 600 MHz
Intel Pentium III Xeon
I^\`RCSVQIOWCtKMa\DRL Pentium II Xeon QaSSVQ_aU\]U\UMsB^\jDRL Pentium III _`R SSE PKF Processor Serial Number fVLCVHCkf[]sUOb[SMM\
^KVSPKma Si[VL_LJ`HC…UCIfZ\DRL Pentium II Xeon IljCIfZ\ IJMUFqFCVHC _aU\]U\UMsB^\jg XGYIfjCg Si\GIJG[L
o
o
o
o
o
o
Internet Streaming SIMD Extension XGYlja[B^m]U\UMsP]fLDmR\NKXGYIbi\hOfma[]`YRbjULg hfmR[jULMafIMia PKFI]MZ\B^mPRJJKZI_lVYCOMFI{X
Streaming Media PKF Application XGYbmRLBlmJ`HCXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTU]NLg ]U\UMsXTULUChfmfG[ZYLDoHC
]U\UMs XTULUCMja\SVCSVQPJKbrRMc\DRLIaZMSc ]IblVYC PKFInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm Pentium II kOMIn]InRMc hfm
IDmUSVChfmSVQMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMbjULg XVHLQCh\k_MnRrbc Windows NT ^M`RMFQQ UNIX hfm
\GB^mIK`RSDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm^KU[PQQ SKjUa_`R MpjC 500 MHz CVHC\G DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 B^mIK`RSsoL 3 MpjC _`R 512 KB, 1 MB ^M`R 2
MB PKFPQQ_aU\ep 512 KB ]TU^MVQMpjC 550 MHz
[VL_L_aU\]U\UMsbjULg XGY\GBC Pentium II Xeon IfZ\ IljC ECC, SMB PKF FRC noYLeTUIOWCR[jUL\US]TU^MVQ WorkStation ^M`R Server
_pE]\QVbZ Processor Serial Number
PKFSiIljCSVCSVQ Pentium II Xeon CVYCSi_`R CPU bVaCGH I^\UFSVQSUMBlmIOWC Server PKF / ^M`R WorkStation IXjUCVHC h\jI^\UFSVQ Home User XVYaghO PCjCRC
_MVQ XVHLfma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYISZC_aU\eTUIOWC PKF MU_UXGY]NLISZCRUeIR`HR\
AMD K6-III 3DNow! ( SharpTooth )
42
AMD ^\U[eFbRS[HTU_aU\IeiQlHTUB^mSVQ Intel noYLhfmI_[]MmULhamPKma I\`YR_MUa K6-2 fVLCVHC \U_MUaCGH AMD hfmMVQOMF]OSUMEcIM`YRL_aU\IMia Cache MFfVQ 2 \UeUS
Celeron SiIK[bVf]ZCBe Ma\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOBC CPU fma[ kf[IJZY\B^m\GDCUfIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Celeron _`R \GDCUfsoL 256 K PKF XTULUCfma[ _aU\IMiaIXjUg SVQ
CPU IK[XGIfG[a PKF [VL_LBlmSQV Mainboard Socket 7 XGY\G Cache QC Mainboard RGSfma[ SiIK[XTUB^m\VC\RL Cache QC Mainboard CVHC IOWC Cache
MFfVQ 3 hOkf[OMZ[U[
CPU bVaB^\jCGH IfZ\XG AMD eFB^ml`YR K6-3 PKF \G Code Name ajU SharpTooth PbjbjR\U {U[^KVLeUSXGYXUL Intel OMFSU‚bVa Pentium III PKF XUL AMD
IRLSi^\U[eFB^m CPU bVaB^\jCGHDRLbCIOWC_NjPDjLSVQ Pentium III SiIK[IOKGY[Cl`YR K6-3 CGHIKiSCmR[ \UIOWC K6-III PXC
o
o
o
o
o
fmUC]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SuperScalar
\G^Cja[OMF\aKtKXGY]U\UMsXTULUChfmJMmR\g SVCsoL 10 ^Cja[
Branch Prediction 2 MFfVQ
Speculative Execution
Out-Of-Order Execution PQQIbi\MNOPQQ
Register Renaming PKF Data Forwarding
XTULUCfma[lpf_TU]VYL RISC86 hfmsoL 6 lpf_TU]VYL bjR 1 ]V||UECUŠZSU
]sUOb[SMM\PQQ Tri-Level Cache ( Cache 3 MFfVQ )
Cache {U[BC \GDCUfkf[Ma\\USsoL 320 KB
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 KB PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 32 KB ( IOWC Write-Back Dual-Port ) PKF Cache lpf_TU]VYL
RGS 32 KB
\GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 1 hfm 2 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 2 Way -Associative )
Cache MFfVQ 2 ‹LR[NjBC Silicon lZHCIfG[aSVQ CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Write-Back )
\GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm 4 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 4 Way -Associative )
\RL Cache QC Mainboard IOWC Cache {U[CRS ( Cache MFfVQ 3 )
BlmIX_kCkK[G 3DNow! ( 21 lpf_TU]VYL SIMD FPU )
Package IOWC Ceramic Pin Grid Array ( CPGA ) noYL\G 321 DU IJ`YRBlmSVQ Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( Super 7 )
\GXMUCnZ]IbRMc 21.3 KmUCXMUCnZ]IbRMc QC Die Size DCUf 118 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PKFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron 5 Layer-Metal Silicon
fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfGJRg SVCBCSUMBlmLUCXVYaghO PKF \GDmRIfjCDmRfmR[ bjULSVC noYLI\`YReF\RLg hO SiCjUeFlfIl[]jaCfmR[SVChOhfm PKF MU_UCVHC AMD Si[VL_LsNSSajU Pentium III
E MFfVQ_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC ... LUCCGHSiIK[fNI^\`RCajU K6-III eF[HTUP_mChfm]TUIMie ... Pbj BC_aU\IOWCeMZL SKVQh\jIOWCIljCCVHC IJMUFI\`YR Intel OMFSU‚ IOufbVa Pentium III Sihfm
IOufbVa SSE PKF ]MmUL{UJKVS†EcB^mSVQ Internet SSE R[jUL\US IJ`YRB^m tNmBlm‹L BeajU ^USeFIKjC Internet B^mIMiag PKma SibRm LBlm Pentium III noYLIM`YRLCGH XUL Intel
Xpj\XpCBCSUMkOMk\XIOWCR[jUL\US RGSXVHL Intel hfmXTUSUM^VYCMU_U CPU Pentium III DRLbC KLR[jULMafIMia fVLCVHC tKKVJdc SiI^\`RCSVQajU XUL Intel CVHC IOWCeVSMJMMfZ XGY
SKVQ\UXaLQVKKVLSc_`C fma[Dp\STUKVLRVC\^U‚UKIK[XGIfG[a ...
PKma Intel eFXaLQVKKVLSc_`Chfmh^\? ^M`RajU IOWCP_jIJG[LSUMfZHCMCIŒ`RS]pfXmU[ ^M`R AMD \GSUMIbMG[\SUMkbmbRQR[jULhM ? SUKIaKUeFIOWCtNmB^m_TUbRQCGHhfmR[jULfGXGY]pf
T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:
Processor Features
Performance Benefits
AMD-K6®-III with Pentium®III
3DNow!™
43
technology
Process Technology
(micron)
0.25
0.25
Die size (mm2)
Smaller die size=lower cost
118
140
Clock speed (MHz)
Faster clock speed generally means
faster processing and apps
launching
400
450
450
500
550
Total System cache
(max)
Larger cache typically improves
overall performance
2368 KB
544 KB
*Internal cache
Built-in feature that helps the CPU
access data and instructions even
faster
320 KB
32 KB
L2 cache support
Augments L1 cache, making data
and instruction access even faster
256 KB (full speed)
512 KB (half
speed)
L3 cache support
Provides additional system cache
improving overall performance
Yes
(up to 2 MB)
No
Processor bus (max bus
speed)
Moves data between CPU and
main memory
100MHz
100MHz
MMX™ Technology
Improves quality and performance
of integer-based multimedia
applications
Yes
Yes
Advanced Floating
Point Multimedia
Technology
Enables superior visual and
multmedia experience
Yes
3DNow! technology
Yes
Streaming
SIMD
Extensions
Accelerated Graphics
Port Support
Speeds up 3D graphics
Yes
Yes
X86 compatibility
Standard industry architecture,
essential for running standard PC
applications
Yes
Yes
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
SSE : Streaming SIMD Extension
IOWClpf_TU]VYLPQQ SIMD XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhOBC CPU DRLbC noYLSiI^\`RCSVQ MMX PKF 3DNow! ( DRL AMD ) IJG[LPbj MMX CVHC IOWC SIMD ]TU^MVQSUM
OMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ Pbj SSE CVHC ICmCfmUC X‚CZ[\IOWC^KVS PKF [VLBlmLUChfmSamULDaULSajU 3DNow! DRL AMD RGS IJMUFh\jhfmeTUSVfP_j Application fmUC 3D
IXjUCVHC
SSE CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL 70 _TU]VYL XGY\G_TU]VYLBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX‚CZ[\ R[Nj 50 _TU]VYL ... IOWC lpf_TU]VYL MMX B^\j noYL Compat SVQ MMX IfZ\ 57 _TU]VYL RGS 12 _TU]VYL PKF
IOWClpf_TU]VYLXGYeVfSUMISGY[aSVQ Cache RGS 8 _TU]VYL
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL FPU Power : OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX‚CZ[\ _MVQ
•
PSN : Processor Serial Number
IOWC Feature B^\j XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IbZ\IDmUhOB^mSVQ CPU Pentium III DRLbC kf[PbjIfZ\CVHC BlmDmR\NKDCUf 32 Bit IXjUCVHC BCMFQplCZf DRL CPU PbjBC
Pentium III CVHC eF\G chip PROM ( Programable ROM ) DCUf 96 Bit ‹LR[NjBC Pentium III IK[ kf[eF\GSUMeVfISiQM^V]DmR\NKDRL CPU PbjKFbVaXGY
h\jnHTUSVCIK[ ( IOWC Uniqe Number ) DCUf 64 Bit PKFeFXTULUCkf[SUMIMG[StjUClpf_TU]VYL CPU_ID IJ`YRB^mBlmLUC PSN hfm
PSN CVHC XUL Intel RmULajU \Gham IJ`YRB^mtfNm NPKMFQQDRLRL_cSUM ]U\UMsBlm PSN BCSUMbZfbU\DmR\NKISGY[aSVQ I_M`YRL Computer XGYbjRR[NSj VQ Network XVHLBCfmUC bTUP^CjL
44
XGYbVHLDRLI_M`YRL, Configuration, Application XGYBlmLUCbjULg PKF R`YCg hfm
RGSI^bptK^CoYLSi_`R IM`YRLDRL Internet Security noYL Intel \RLsoLIM`YRLDRL E-Commerce kf[ PSN CVHCeFlja[OˆRLSVCSUM Access IDmUhOBlmLUC eUStNmXGYh\j\G]ZXdZ
kf[tNmBlm]U\UMsKLXFIQG[C PSN DRLI_M`YRLXGYBlmbZfbjRSVQIaiOhnXcXGYBlmQMZSUM E-Commerce CVHCg PKma I\`YR\GSUM Access IDmUhOIJ`YReFbZfbjRdpMSZe SiRUe\GSUMB^mB]j login
PKF password eUSCVHC MFQQSieF]jL PSN hOB^mSVQtNmB^mQMZSUMfma[ IJ`YRIOWCSUM[`C[VCRGSXUL^CoYL
•
Tri-Level Cache
]TU^MVQ AMD K6-III CVHC hfm\GSUMCTUIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmU\UhamBCbVa CPU IK[ IOWC Cache {U[BCXGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVQ _aU\IMiaDRL CPU PKF\RL Cache
{U[CRSXGYR[NjQC Mainboard noYLXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUgSVQ System Bus IOWC Cache MFfVQ 3 noYL tKXGYhfmCVHCSieFlja[KfSUMISZf Cache Miss KL PKF [VLXTUB^m
CPU foLDmR\NKXGYbmRLSUMBlmLUChfmLjU[DoHCRGSfma[ OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\SifGDoHC PKF SVQLUCXGY\GSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Cache \USg IljCJaS Presentation ^M`R Office
Application bjULg SieF[ZYLI^iCtKDRL Tri-Level Cache hfm\USDoHC
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ
20
[ 12 November 1999 ]
Intel Pentium !!! ( Coppermine )
Intel hfmOKjR[bVa CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\j XGYIMG[SajU Pentium !!! Coppermine kf[\GSUM
OMVQOMpL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BCRGSh\jBljCmR[ IJ`YRIOWCSUMPSmbVaeUSSUMXGYMGQOKjR[ Pentium !!! Katmai \USISZChO
eCXTUB^m Katmai XGYRRS\U tZfeUS Spec XGYI_[SKjUahamQmULJR]\_aM
epfIfjCbjULg DRL Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC ( ^M`R Coppermine Core )
Si\GfVLCGH
KfDCUfDRLljRLXULSUMIl`YR\bjRMF^ajULXMUCnZ]IbRMc{U[BCB^mCmR[KL XTUB^mbZfbjRSVChfmIMia
o
DoHC
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Blm Fluorine-Doped SiO2 ( SiOF ) IOWCDVHahrrˆU Dielectric XTUB^m\G
_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGYfGDoHC
\GlVHCkK^F\USDoHC ]TU^MVQ]jLtjUCDmR\NKeTUCaC\USg lja[]jLtKB^m Interface DRL
Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQC CPU ]U\UMsXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU
XTULUCfma[‚VS[chrrˆUbYTUKL _`RKfKL\UR[NjBCMFfVQ 1.1 - 1.7 Volt
SZChrbYTU ( BlmJKVLLUChrrˆUbYTU ) XTUB^mISZf_aU\MmRCCmR[
DCUfDRLPtjC Die KfKLeUS 128 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM ( Katmai Core ) I^K`RIJG[L
106 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PbjQMMepXMUCnZ]IbRMchfm\USDoHCIOWC 28.1 KmUCbVa
\G Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQCbVa CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Integrated On-Die
L2 Cache )
6 Metal Layer Process
45
IX_kCkK[GB^\jg XGYIOWCRUapdKVQRGS 2 lZHC XGYXUL Intel SKjUaajU eFlja[B^m Pentium !!! XGYBlm IX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb
0.18 h\_MRCCGH B^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJI^C`RSajU Katmai Core IfZ\ BCXpSgfmUC soL 20% I\`YRIXG[QSVCXGY_aU\IMiaDRL
]V||UECUŠZSUXGYIXjUSVCXGY 600 MHz Si_`R Advanced Transfer Cache ( ATC ) PKF
Advanced System Buffering ( ASB ) noYLeUSIX_kCkK[GB^\jXGYIJZ\Y DoHC\URGS 2 R[jULCGH XUL Intel Si
hfmRmULajU \VCeFXTUB^m Pentium !!! XGYBlm Coppermine Core \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYI^C`RSajU Katmai Core
R[NjsoL 20%
CRSeUSCGH XUL Intel [VLhfmIt[QMMep{VEcPQQB^\jDRL Pentium !!! _`R FC-PGA ^M`R Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array noYL]U\UMsBlm Plug IDmUSKVQ
Socket PQQ 370 pin hfmRGSfma[ kf[B^m_aU\I^iCajU IOWCSUMKfDCUfDRL CPU IJ`YRB^mbjRghO tNmtKZb PC ]U\UMsRRSPQQ Case ^M`RI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcB^m\G
MNOXMLSMFXVfMVf ^M`R POKSB^\jhfmLjU[DoHC
eUSSUMXGY CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\jXGYIOufbVaDoHC\UCGH QULMpjC Si\GMFfVQ_aU\IMiaXGYIXjUSVQMpjCIfZ\ ( Katmai ) noYLSiRUe]MmUL_aU\]VQ]CB^mSVQXVHLtNmn`HR PKF tNmDU[hfm
fVLCVHCXUL Intel eoLhfmSTU^CfB^mBlmbVaRVS†M E PKF B STUSVQham^KVLbVaIKDP]fL_aU\IMiaIJ`YRQjLQRSsoL_pE]\QVbZI^KjUCGH fVLCGH
o
o
bVaRVS†M E ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GBCSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC Die IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU
XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUSVCSVQ CPU ( noYLSiMa\soL\G Advance Transfer Cache fma[ )
bVaRVS†M B ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! MpjCXGYBlm FSB IOWC 133 MHz
IJMUFqFCVHCMpCj XGY\GXVHLbVa E PKF bVa B SieF^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! Coppermine XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 \G On-Die Full Speed
L2 Cache PKFBlm FSB 133 MHz
]jaCMpjCXGY\G_aU\IMia\USSajU 650 MHz DoHChO eFBlmSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC \G On-Die Full Speed L2 Cache PKF\G FSB 133 MHz
XVHL^\f fVLCVHCeoLh\jeTUIOWC bmRL\GbVaRVS†M E ^M`R B STUSVQham
AMD Athlon ( K7 )
_aU\J[U[U\DRL AMD XGYJ[U[U\eF^CGB^mJmCeUSIM`YRLXGYsNS\RLajU\GIX_kCkK[GbU\^KVL Intel R[NjI]\R fNI^\`RCeFsoL
epf]ZHC]pfPKma I\`YRXUL AMD hfmIOufbVa CPU bMFSNKB^\j ]U[JVCdpcXGY 7 DRLbC XGYl`YRajU Athlon kf[]KVf_MUQ
]sUOb[SMM\IfZ\XGY\G\UeCsoLMpjCXGY 6 eC^\f]ZHC I^K`RhamIJG[Llpf_TU]VYL 3DNow! IXjUCVHC XGY[VL_L\GR[Nj PbjSihfm\GSUM
OMVQOMpL PKFIJZY\IbZ\lpf_TU]VYLCGHB^\j IMG[SajU IOWC Enhance 3DNow! kf[]sUOb[SMM\^KVS_MjUag DRL
Athlon IOWCfVLCGH
o
o
o
o
o
o
IOWC Superpipeline 9 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKXULX‚CZ[\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order PKF
Superscalar 3 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order
PKF Superscalar 3 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[_TUCaC^UbTUP^CjL]TU^MVQSUMOMF\aKtKRGS 3 ]U[
lpf_TU]VYL Enhanced 3DNow! XGYMa\IRUlpf_TU]VYLIfZ\ 21 _TU]VYL PKFRGS 19 _TU]VYL
]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUMfmUC Cache PKF lja[BCSUMOMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKFRGS 5 _TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUM
OMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Singal Processing )
Blm Alpha EV6 Bus XGY_aU\IMia 200 MHz kf[ EV6 Bus CGHBlmIX_kCkK[G
DDR ( Double Data Rate ) XTUB^m \G_aU\IMia MHz ]NLSajU FSB R[NjIXjUbVa
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 K PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC Package IfG[aSVC
SVQ CPU ( Pbjh\jhfmR[NjQC Die IfG[aSVC )
Blm Interface PQQ Slot A BCSUM Plug IDmUSVQ Mainboard
PtjC Die \GDCUf 184 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 h\_MRC PKF\GeTUCaC
46
o
Transistor 22 KmUCbVa
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 6 Metal Layer
AMD Athlon IOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 7 DRL AMD noYLCVQIOWCIemUPMS XGYIDmU]Nj[p_XGY 7 IJMUFP\majU Intel eF\G Pentium !!! Coppermine RRS\U PbjSi[VL
eVfajUIOWCMpjCXGY 6 R[Nj
IM`YRL FPU DRL AMD XGYI_[fmR[SajU Intel IJMUFXUL AMD CVHCBlm Low Latency FPU BCMpjCSjRCg \UMpjCB^\jCGH XUL AMD Sihfm^VC\UBlmPQQ
Pipeline PKma PKFhfmBlm Pipeline ]TU^MVQOMF\aKtKfmUCX‚CZ[\soL 3 ]U[ Ma\soLSUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 soL 128K IJ`YRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJRGSfma[
CRSeUSCGH XUL AMD [VLhfmIOufkMLLUCtKZbP^jLB^\jXGY Dresden XGYIMG[SajUIOWC
Fab 30 ( Fab = Fabrication IOWCKVS†EFDRLkMLLUCaZe[V PKF tKZb
]jaCIKD 30 ^\U[soL AMD hfmSjRbVHL\UIOWCIaKU 30 OƒPKma noYLh\jhfm^\U[soLajU
IOWCkMLLUCtKZb]UDUXGY 30 PbjR[jULBf ) BChbM\U]]pfXmU[DRLOƒ 1999IJ`YR Blm
IOWCXGYtKZb PKF JV„CU Copper Athlon PKma[VLMa\hOsoLSUM_mC_amUaZe[V BC
aLeMR`YCg XGYISGY[aDmRLRGSfma[
Fab 30 XGY Dresden CGH bVHLR[NjQCJ`HCXGYDCUf 75 IRI_RMc XGYXULI^C`RDRL Dresden BCMV… Saxony OMFIX‚I[RM\EG kf[eFBlmIOWCkMLLUCtKZb^KVS]TU^MVQ
AMD Athlon XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G HiP6L ^M`RSi_`RIX_kCkK[G Copper DCUf 0.18 h\_MRC {U[Bbm DmRbSKLMja\SVQXUL Motorola PKF_UfajUeFIMZY\XTUSUM
tKZb Copper Athlon IJ`YR]jLRRS]NjXRm LbKUf BCljaL_MoLY ^KVLDRLOƒ 2000
;45@OW;X@OW;XZ3G39O@ 3DNow! T[\CD8YX@SC]E7[W Athlon 7[W ]VAZ^>U[S: Intel SSE
Functionality
Enhanced
3DNow!
SSE
Conclusion
SIMD floating
point functionality
21
50
]TU^MVQIM`YRLCGH XUL AMD RmULajU bCCVHCIOWCtNmMZIMZ\Y SIMD FPU
IOWCIemUPMS
kf[IX_kCkK[GfmUCCGHDRLXUL AMD PKF Intel bjULSi]CVQ]CpC
SUMOMF\aKtKfmUCX‚CZ[\XGKF 4 _TU]VYL bjR]V||UECUŠZSU PKFbjUL
Si]U\UMsXTUhfmsoLMFfVQ 2.4 GFlops XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia 600
MHz IXjUgSVC
jBCfmUCDRLlpf_TU]VYL AMD eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGYCmR[SajU PKF IMG[QLjU[
SajU ( IOWCKVS†EFDRL RISC ) PbjSUMXTULUCXGY]KVQnVQnmRC Si
eTUbmRLIDG[C Code ]TU^MVQSUM Optimize IRUIRL ]jaCXUL
Intel eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGY\USSajU PKF ]KVQnVQnmRCSajU ( IOWCKVS†EF
DRL CISC ) noYL BCSUMIMG[SBlmLUCeFXTUhfmLjU[SajU PbjBCSUM
XTULUCRUeeFbmRLI]G[IaKUBCSUMMRsoL 2 ]V||UECUŠZSU IJMUF
eTUbmRLBlmSUM_aQ_p\DRL MMX IDmU\UISGY[aDmRLfma[
MMX (integer)
augmentation
and data
19
20
XVHL_Nj bjULSi\Glpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUM Cache PKF lpf_aQ_p\
Streaming Control kf[XUL AMD hfmIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLIDmU
\UeUS 3DNow! IfZ\RGS 19 _TU]VYL ]jaCXUL Intel SSE CVHC
47
\GR[Nj 20 _TU]VYL kf[ 12 _TU]VYL eFXTULUCMja\SVQlpf_TU]VYL MMX
IfZ\ PKFRGS 8 _TU]VYL eFlja[BCSUMeVfSUMDRL Cache
movement
DSP
communication
extensions
5
h\j\G
IOWClpf_TU]VYLB^\jDRLXUL AMD XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\ SIMD SVQ
SUMOMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Signal
Processing ) ]TU^MVQBlmSVQ Soft Modem , Soft
ADSL , SUM_TUCaCXUL_EZb‚U]bMcXGYnVQnmRC , MP3 PKF
Dolby Digital
5,!
&+!
45
70
-
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[ Post : 12 November 1999 ]
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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]
[ Update 12 November 1999 ]
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SUMKL Software Internet Connection sharing SiI^\`RCSUMKL Software R`YCg DRL Windows IJZY\IbZ\_MVQ :
My Computer ---> Control Panel ---> Add/Remove Programs --->Windows Setup
68
Click IK`RS Internet Tools PKma Double click
Click IK`RS Intenet Connection sharing
OK ---> Apply
69
B]jPtjC CDROM Windows 98SE PKma OK
IK`RS DRIVE DRL CDROM PKma OK
STUKVLKL Software eUS CDROM
70
Click Next
IK`RSlCZfSUMbjRIDmU Internet PKma Next
SMEGBlm^KU[ Account IK`RS Account XGYbmRLSUM [ IOKGY[CXG^KVLhfm ] PKma Next
[ smU\G Account IfG[aSieFh\j\G ^CmUbjULB^mIK`RS lCZfSUMbjRIDmU Internet PKF Account ]
71
IbMG[\]MmULPtjC Client Configurstion Disk PKma Click Next
B]jPtjC Floppy disk XGYIbMG[\ham PKma OK
XTUPtjC Client Configuration Disk I]MiePKma
72
OK
Click Finish
Click IJ`YR Restart
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7>5 Set Network X@S Host
^KVLeUS Boot DoHC\U Si Logon IDmUWindows [bmRL Logon IDmU\U ^mU\ Cancel]
Click DaUXGY Network Neighborhood --->
73
Properties
IK`RSXGY TCP/IP DRL Lan Card PKma Click
Properties
XGY IP Address Tab eFhfm_jU IP Address IOWC 192.168.0.1
XGY Gateway Tab B^mOKjR[ajULham h\jbmRLB]jRFhM
74
eUSCVHCSiIK`RS TCP/IP DRL Internet Connection sharing PKma Click
Properties
XGY IP Address Tab IK`RS Obtain an IP address automatically PKma OK
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T[d:ZY>7>5C]E:>G Internet Connection sharing X@S;Z5cSQ: Host
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My Computer ----> Control Panel
75
Double Click XGY Internet Option
IK`RS Enable Internet Connection sharing [IJ`YRB^mI_M`YRL Client Blm Internet hfmfma[]
smUIK`RS Show Icon in Taskbar : eF\G IconDRL Internet Connection sharing
smU Click DaUXGY Icon eFI^iCajU\GbVaIK`RSB^mIMU]U\UMs Set _jUbjULghfmbU\bmRLSUM_MVQ
IljC smUIK`RSXGY Status [^M`R Double Click XGY Icon ICS IK[Sihfm] eFP]fLB^mI^iCsoL eTUCaC Computers XGYBlm Internet
Mja\SVC7>5TRAT[d:CG;Z5cSQ: Client
XGYI_M`YRL Client SjRCSUMKL Software eUSPtjC Client Configuration Disk
IMU_aM Set _jU Network B^mIMG[QMmR[SjRC fVLCGH
76
Click DaUXGY Network Neighborhood---> Properties
IK`RS TCP/IP DRL Lan Card PKma ---> Properties
XGY IP Address Tab IK`RS Obtain an IP address
77
automatically
XGY Gateway Tab h\jbmRLB]jRFhM
XGY WINS Configuration Tab IK`RS Use DHCP for WINS
78
Ressolution
XGY DNS Confoguration Tab IK`RS Disable DNS PKma Click OK
I\`YR\GSUMbZfbVHL_jUB^\j SieF\GSUM Restart DoHC\UB^\j
^KVLeUS Com. Restart DoHC\UPKma IMUSi Logon IDmU Windows
IOufPtjC Client Configuration Disk
Double Click XGY icsClient.exe noYLeFIOWCSUM Set _jUBC Browser kf[RVbkC\VbZ
[ DmR_aU\BC ReadMe.txt IOWC {U†UhX[ KRLIOufRjUCfNnZ_MVQ ]
79
Click Next
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Click Next
Click Finish
IOWCRVCI]Mie]ZHCSUM Set I_M`YRL Client _MVQ
KRLIOuffNXGY Internet Option BC Control Panel
81
Double Click XGY Internet
eFI^iCajUsNSbZfbVHL_jUR[NjXGY Connect to the Internet using a local area network
eUSCGHIMUSi]U\UMs IKjC Internet eUSI_M`YRL Client hfmPKma_MVQ
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Click XGYOpw\ Setup
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Lan
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Click XGYOpw\
Finish
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Norton Ghost 3456758]Y\O 6WZQ[<l>5gAARU7g ;7bWm\E;ncSQO>8oV7;oRG
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copy bVanRrbcPaMcbjUL g ISiQhamIOWCPQ_RVJ]TUMRLIRUham IJ`YRXGYIaKU\GO|^U eFhfmCTUIRUhrKcXGYXTUPQ_RVJCVHC\UBlm
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Windows SieFhfmh\jbmRL\UXTUSUMKLkOMPSM\B^\jXVHL^\f_MVQSjRCR`YC bmRL^UkOMPSM\ Norton Ghost CGH\UBlmLUC
SVCSjRC KRLfNeUS http://www.symantec.com/ CF_MVQ kOMPSM\eF\GDCUfh\jB^|j\USCVS ^KVLeUSfUaCck^Kf
\UPKmaSiB^mXTUSUM unzip PKFIDG[ChrKc B]jPtjCfZ]SchamSjRC eUSCVCH eFQNbI_M`YRLeUSPtjCfZ]ScXGYhfmCGH ^M`ReF copy
IqJUFhrKc ghost.exe ISiQhamBC krKcIfRMcbjUL^US IJ`YRXGYeFBlmLUCkf[bMLIK[Sihfm
90
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SjRCSUMBlmLUC Norton Ghost R[USeFB^mXTU_aU\IDmUBe MFQQSUMISiQDmR\NKPKFSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVCDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc SVC
SjRC IJMUFbMLCGHs`RIOWC]ZYLXGY]TU_V|\US g ^USIMUh\jIDmUBePKFXTUkf[B]jhfMcr^M`RJUMcbZlVCtZf DmR\NKbjUL g RUeeF
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PbjsNSPQjLRRSIOWC Drive C: PKF Drive D: kf[XGYnGfGMR\ SieFSTU^CfB^mIOWC Drive E: PXCIOWCbmC
Partition Si_`RSUMPQjLJ`HCXGYDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc RRSIOWC^KU[ g hfMcr ^M`RIMG[SajUSUMPQjLIOWC^KU[ g Partition CVYCIRL
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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]
[ Update 12 November 1999 ]
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PC Bus hfmfam [ IJMUF smU^USh\jIljCCVHCPKma Si_LeFDU[RRS[US KRL_ZffNajU smU^USRRS PC AT XGYBlm MFQQQV]B^\j
XVHL^\f PKF h\jIDmUSVCSVQ PC XT XGYRRS\USjRC^CmUCVHChfm I_M`YRL PC AT CVHCg RCU_bSUMbKUfSi_LMpjLhfm[US
PbjO|^UCGH IBM PSmhDhfmfGXGIfG[a CVYCSi_`R hfmXTU Slot \UbjRIJZY\eUS PC Bus IfZ\ RGS 36 Pin kf[XGYIJZY\I]mCXULDmR\NK
RGS 8 Pin Ma\PKmaSieFIOWC 16 Pin ]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmXGKF 16 Bit JRfG PKF IJZY\ 4 Pin ]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYRmULbTUP^CjL
eUS^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLSieFMa\IOWC 24 Pin PKF eFRmULhfm\USsoL 16 Meg. ( 2 [SSTUKVL 24 ) noYL SiIOWCDCUfDRL
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CRSeUSCGH Pin XGYIJZY\IDmU\U [VLlja[IJZY\SUMRmULbTUP^CjL DMA PKF _jUDRL IRQ IJZY\RGSfma[ noYLIM`YRLDRL DMA PKF
IRQ eFCTU\UIDG[C B^mRjUCSVCbjRhO_MVQ
Slot PQQB^\jCGH IMG[SajUIOWC Slot PQQ 16-Bit noYLbjR\USiIMG[SSVCajUIOWC AT Bus PbjIMUeFMNmeVSSVCBCCU\DRL ISA
Bus \USSajU kf[_TUajU ISA \UeUS_TUIbi\ajU Industry Standard Architecture
ISA Bus '# 8 Bit ! 16 Bit
112
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MB bjR aZCUXG
ISA Bus ( Continue )
BCOƒ 1985 XUL Compaq noYLh\j[R\CmR[^CmU IBM hfmOMFSU‚IOufbVa Computer DRLbC BCMpjC 286/12 kf[ 12
CVHC^\U[soL _aU\IMia_`R 12 MHz noYL BCDEFCVHC IBM \GP_j 286 XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia 8 MHz
BCDEFCVHC _aU\IMia eUS 8 MHz hO 12 MHz CVQajU]NL\USgIK[ IJMUFIJZY\DoHC\URGS _MoYL^CoLY IK[XGIfG[a ( smUIXG[QSVQ
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XTULUCXGY 12 MHz bU\hOfma[ PKmaO|^USiISZfDoHC
ISA Bus CVHC IMUXMUQPKmaajU\VCXTULUCXGY 8 MHz smUCTU\VC\UBlmLUCXGY 12 MHz SibmRL\GO|^UPCjg PKF CGY^KjF IOWC
O|^U]TU_V| IJMUF^USajU CPU XTULUChfmIMiaeMZL Pbjh\j]U\UMsBlm Card bjRJjaLIJ`YRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJB^mSVQ\VChfmIK[
smUIOWC_pE _pEeFn`HRh^\? CGY^KF_MVQ O|^UXGYXUL Compaq eFbmRLPSmB^mhfm PKF SiPSmhfmfGXGIfG[a
CVYCSi_`R BCMFQQQV] \VCXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU h\jhfm SiP[SSUMBlmCUŠZSU DRLMFQQQV] RRSeUS CPU hO
IK[ kf[XGY CPU PKF RpOSMEcR`YCg QC Mainboard eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 12 MHz Pbj XGYbVa Bus IRL eFXTULUC_LXGY XGY
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\VCSiIK[ XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[L 8 MHz IXjUCVHC PKF bjRg \U [ZYL\G CPU DCUf 16 MHz ^M`R 25 MHz BC[p_DRL
386 fma[PKma RAM SieFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[LP_j 8 MHz IXjUCVHCCjF^M`R?
XUL Compaq SiIK[bmRLPSmhDRGS_MVLH noYLBCbmCOƒ 1987 XUL Compaq Sihfm aULbKUf Compaq Deskpro 386 XGY
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113
MCA Bus
XVHL IBM PKF Compaq CVHC IOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUSVC fVLCVHC IM`YRLXGYeFB^m Compaq R[NjI^C`RbCIRL ]TU^MVQ IBM CVHC
IOWChOh\jhfm XUL IBM eoLhfmRRS\UbM…UCMFQQQV] DRLbCB^\j IMG[SajU Micro Channel Architecture ^M`R
MCA
I\`YRMFQQQV] hfm\GSUMPDjLDVCSVCDoHC PCjCRC MFQQXGYsNSCTU\UBlmIOWCbVaIOMG[QIXG[Q _`R ISA noYL Si\SG UMeVQbU\RLajU XUL
IBM CVHC eF^UXULPSmhDepfRjRCDRL ISA Bus DRLbCR[jULhM Pbj aZ‚aSMDRLXUL IBM CVHC \RLBC\p\XGYPbSbjULeUS
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soL 4 Gigabyte kf[\G_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 16 MHz noYL ISA Bus fNeFh\jI^\UFPKma SVQ CPU MFfVQCGH QMMfUtNmBlm PC
bjULSi\RLSVCajU XULRRSXGYfG _`R_aMeF\GMFQQQV]B^\jXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQBCepfCGHhfm
PbjR[jULXGYQRShOPKmaCVHCajU aZ‚aSMDRLXUL IBM \RLBCepfXGYPbSbjULeUS_CR`YCg XVYahO IJMUF PbjIfZ\CVHC IBM eVQ
bKUf Mainframe \USjRC PKF PCjCRC aZ‚aSMDRLXUL IBM SieFlZCPKF sCVfSVQ Mainframe \USSajU XTUB^m
aZ‚aSMI^KjUCVHC\RLajU PC Si_aMeFXTULUC PQQ ^KU[g task JMmR\g SVChfm ( Multiple task ) OMFSRQSVQ IBM
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^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS hfmR[jULMafIMia PKF [VLlja[BCSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL Card RGSfma[
]U\UMsSTU^Cf_jUbjULg XVHL IRQ, DMA, Port tjUCXUL Software hfm kf[h\jbmRLhO[pjLISGY[aSVQ Jumper
^M`R Dipswitch QC Card IK[ kf[_jUbjULg ]U\UMs set tjUCXUL Program IJG[LbVaIfG[a Si]U\UMs set hfm
SVQXpSg Card XGYBlmSVQ MCA
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IJZY\\USg IRQ SiRUeh\jIJG[LJR MCA ]U\UMs PlMcSUMBlmLUC IRQ Mja\SVCMF^ajUL Card R`YCg hfm
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]NL]pfsoL 20 Meg bjR aZCUXG IK[XGIfG[a PKF fma[ _aU\SamULDRL I]mCXULbTUP^CjLDCUf 32 Bit SiXTUB^m
]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjLQC^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmsoL 4 GigaByte
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SUMDU[ Card CVHC g ) noYLSih\jBljCmR[g IK[XGIfG[a bMLCGH^KjF XGYI^\`RCSVQ IBM STUKVLŽjUbVabU[ SVQaZdGSUMIljCCGH
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DmR\NKhfmsoL 64 Bit PKF ]U\UMsIJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhfmsLo 80 M/s PKF [VLhfmIJZY\]V||UECUŠZSUhOIOWC 20
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EISA Bus
eUSXGYhfmSKjUa\UPKma soLepfeQRVCh\jCjUQVL_aMDRL IBM XGYXTUSUMefKZD]ZXdZ‡ PKF IMG[SISiQ_jUKZD]ZXdZ‡ eUSMU[hfmXVHL^\f
5 % ( eUSMU[hfmXVHL^\fCF_MVQ h\jBljeUSSTUhMXVHL^\f ) Ps\[VLh\jB^m_aU\lja[I^K`RBCfmUCDmR\NKDRLMFQQCGHRGS XTUB^m
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PCjCRC Compaq noYLIOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUDRL IBM _Lh\jhOSm\^VaB^mSVQ IBM IJ`YRDRBlm MCA IOWCPCjPXm XUL
Compaq eoLhfmMa\XpCaZeV[MFQQQV]B^\j Mja\SVQRGS 8 QMZ†VX BCOƒ 1988 noYLIMG[SSVCajUIOWC "Gang of Nine" Pbj
JaSIDUSKVQIMG[SbVaIRLajU "WATCHZONE" IJMUF OMFSRQhOfma[QMZ†VX Wyse, AST Research, Tandy,
Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Zenith Data Systems, Olivetti, NEC PKF Epson PKFhfmJV„CU
Extended Industry Standard Architecture ^M`R EISA DoHC\Uhfm]TUIMie
EISA CVHC BlmJ`HC…UC^KVS\UeUS ISA PbjhfmIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsQULR[jULDoHC noYLQULR[jULSiJV„CU\UeUS MCA fma[ nHTU
[VLIDmUSVChfmSVQ MFQQ ISA MpjCISjUfma[ PKF I]G[_jUKZD]ZXdZ‡CmR[SajUXGYeFbmRLejU[B^mSVQ IBM RGSfma[
IMU\UfNepfIfjC/fmR[DRL EISA SVCfGSajU_MVQ
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RmUL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmsoL 4 Gigabyte
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IJZY\ Feature B^mSVQ MCA DRLbC fVLXGYhfmSKjUa\UPKma noYLXTUB^m RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKIJZY\hfmsoL 160 M/s PKF
PCjCRC XUL WATCHZONE Sih\j[R\CmR[^CmU hfmXTUSUMJV„CU EISA DoHCIOWC EISA-2 noYL\GRVbMUSUM]jLsjU[soL
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I\`YR_MUaXGY Compaq hfmIOufbVa Deskpro 386 CVHC XGYI_[SKjUahOPKmaajU hfmP[S]V||UECUŠZSUDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU
^KVS , Bus PKF CPU RRSeUSSVC noYL Compaq Sihfm IOufbVa MFQQ Bus B^\jDRLbChOfma[ IJMUF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS
DRLI_M`YRLCGH eFR[NjQC Slot DCUf 32 Bit noYLRRSPQQ\UIqJUFDRL Compaq IXjUCVHC noYL SiIOWCepfIMZY\bmC B^mtNmtKZbPbj
KFQMZ†VX IMZY\XGYeF^VChORRSPQQPKFtKZbMFQQQV] XGYIOWC\UbM…UC DRLbCIRLDoHC\U PCjCRC Intel SiIOWC^CoYLBCCVHC
MFQQQV]I^KjUCGH PbjIfZ\IMG[SajU IOWC Private Bus IJMUFBlmIOWCSUM]jaCbVaIqJUFQMZ†VXIXjUCVHC PbjbjR\USiIMG[SajUIOWC
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IC`YRLeUSMFQQ Local Bus CVHC eFlja[BCSUM]jLtjUC PKF IDmUsoLDmR\NKhfmIMia eoLhfm\GQMZ†VX^VaB] CTUIRUMFQQ Local
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116
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]jLtjUCDmR\NKsoL 133 M/s
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Texturing CVHC eFXTUSUM copy ^Cja[_aU\eTU DRLMFQQhOISiQhamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL Card ( ^Cja[_aU\eTUQCbVa
Card ) eUSCVHCeoLXTUSUMOMF\aKtKkf[foLDmR\NKeUSIrM\QVrIrRMcQC Card CVHCRGSXG noYLaZdGSUMCGH SiIOWCaZdGSUMXGYBlmQC
MFQQ PCI fma[ aZdGCGHeFJoYLDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUQC Card \US
119
AGP Texturing CVHC IOWCIX_CZ_B^\j XGYlja[KfOMZ\UEDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU ^M`R IrM\QVrIrRMcQC Display Card KL
hfm\US IJMUF]U\UMsXTUSUMBlmLUC ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQB^mIOWCIrM\QVrIrRMchfmIK[ kf[h\jbRm LfoLDmR\NK\UJVShamXGY
IrM\QVrIrRMcDRL Card SjRC ( ]U\UMsRjUCIM`YRLDRL AGP Texturing IJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Vision4D _MVQ )
! PCI /
! AGP +$"
+
* PCI Port 01
2, AGP
kf[OSbZPKma AGP eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLP\majUMFQQeFBlm FSB IOWC 100 MHz Pbj\VCSieF[VL_LXTULUCXGY
66 MHz ( noYLbMLepfCGH Mainboard QULMpjC QUL[GY^mR ]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUCGHhfm Pbj XVHLCGH PKF XVHLCVHC Si_aM_TUCoLsoL
DGfeTUSVfDRL Card PKF RpOSMEcR`YCg fma[ ) noYL BC mode OSbZDRL\VC SieF\G_aU\]U\UMsPXQeFI^\`RC SVQ PCI PQQ
66 MHz IK[ kf[eF\GRVbMUSUM]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLsoL 266 M/s PKF CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsXTULUChfmXVHLDRQDUDoHCPKFDRQDU
KLDRL 66 Mhz eoLIXjUSVQajU\VCXTULUCXGY 133 MHz noYLeFlja[IJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKDoHChfm]NLsoL 532 M/s
( PCjCRCajUXVHL Card XGYBlm PKF Chipset XGYBlm bmRL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQCGHfma[ ) noYLIMG[S mode CGH ajU mode 2X
PKF mode OSbZajUIOWC mode 1X
]TU^MVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKCVHC SiDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[ smU^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS IOWC lCZfXGYIMia SieF
[ZYLlja[IJZY\RVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[\USDoHC fVLCGH
120
o
EDO DRAM ^M`R SDRAM PC 66 hfm 528 M/s
o
SDRAM PC100 hfm 800 M/s
o
DRDRAM hfm 1.4 G/s
( "- "- Noko ' # )
RGS]UI^bp^CoYLXGYMFQQQV]PQQ AGP XTUhfmfGSajU PCI SiIJMUF IOWC Slot PQQ IRSIX‚ h\jbmRLhOBlm Bandwidth
Mja\SVQB_M ( IJMUFI_M`YRLg ^CoYL\G Display Card IJG[L bVaIfG[aSiIJG[LJRPKma fVLCVHC eoLBC Mainboard eoL\G Slot
AGP IJG[L Slot IfG[a )
Slot AGP
RGSh\jCUC chipset bVaB^\jDRLXUL Intel SieFRRS\UPKma noYLeFMRLMVQSUMXTULUCDRL AGP 4X noYLSieFlja[B^mIJZY\
RVbMUSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhfm]NLDoCH RGSIXjUbVaeUS 2 X IK[XGIfG[a
T>5>:U5V4;7@SO\7[W5PWWW[U
lCZf
OƒXGYIOufbVa
PC Bus 1981
ISA
1984
MCA 1987
_aU\SamULDRL Bus
_aU\IMiaCUŠZSU
8 Bit
16 Bit
32 Bit
4.77 MHz
8 MHz
10 MHz
121
EISA 1988
VL Bus 1992
PCI
1992
AGP
1996
32 Bit
32/64 Bit
32/64 Bit
32 Bit ( or Greater
Than )
8.33 MHz
50 MHz
33 MHz
66 MHz
QE>:QR:
Winn L. Rosch, Hardware Bible : Premier Edition , SAMS Publishing, 1997
Vincent P. Heuring, Harry F. Jordan, Computer Systems Design and Architecture ,
Addison-Wesley, 1997
Peter Norton, John Goodman, Inside the PC , Seventh Edition, SAMS Publishing,1997
]V||JL‚c ]U[aL‚cCaK, *
! '", PC , Fourth Edition, nGIRif[NI_lVYC, 1996
[ Web Link ] http://www.agpforum.org
[ Web Link ] http://developer.intel.com/drg/mmx/AppNotes/agp.htm
VGA Card 7 Display Adapter
$+$%3$,PPD digital &%3,PPD_. )$ Chip %3&
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122
Card VGA-VESA
Card VGA-PCI
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t\IDG[CPQQ Multi Config XGYt\IRU\UB^mfNIOWCDRLI_M`YRLt\CF_MVQ hOOMF[pSbcBlmSVQI_GYRL_pEhfm
PbmaZdGCGHbmRLPSmhrKc Config.sys fma[CF (^KVLI_M`YRL^\U[QaS_`R_TURdZQU[ PbjIaKUXTU^mU\h]j)
bVaR[jUL Config.sys
[MENU] +eTUIOWC
MENUITEM=WINDOWS98 +^KVL_TU]VYLMenuitem=bU\fma[l`YRI\CNBCXGYCGH_`R Windows98 SVQfR]bMVQ
MENUITEM=DOS
[COMMON] +eTUIOWC
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrunBCSUMIK`RSXVHL]RLI\CNCGH
[WINDOWS98] +eTUIOWCRmULsoLI\CNXGYh]jhamBC_TU]VYLmenuitem
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^m run BC]jaCDRLI\CNWindows98
;DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS
;device=C:\WINDOWS\emm386.exe
[DOS] +eTUIOWCRmULsoLI\CNXGYh]jhamBC_TU]VYLmenuitem
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^m run BC]jaCDRLI\CNDos
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS
devicehigh=C:\WINDOWS\emm386.exe
DEVICEHIGH=C:\CDPRO\VIDE-CDD.SYS /D:MSCD001 /P:1F0,14 /P:170,15 /P:1E8,12 /P:168,10
DEVICEHIGH=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\ANSI.SYS
DOS=HIGH,UMB
[COMMON] +eTUIOWCSMEGB^mrunXmU[hrKc
124
+B]jB^mrunXVHL]RLI\CN
bVLR[jULhrKc Autoexec.bat
GOTO %CONFIG% +bmRL\G RmUL]jaCDRLMulticonfig DRL Config.sys
:WINDOWS98 +mRmULI\CN
B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrun
@C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP
GOTO END hOQMMXVQXGY:END
:DOS +RmUL]jaCI\CN Dos
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrunBC]jaCdos
@C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP
\CREATIVE\SBLIVE\DOSDRV\SBEINIT.COM
LOADHIGH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001 /V /E
LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT
LH C:\AMOUSE\AMOUSE
LH C:\S3DRV\S3VBE20 /INSTALL
C:\STARTDOS\DOS.BAT
GOTO END
:END
SUMPSmhDPKFnjR\_R\JZaIbRMcfma[bCIRL
smU_pE\GO|^USUMBlm_R\JZaIbRMc ^M`RI_M`YRLJZ\Jc KRLbMae]RQO|^UeUS^VaDmRI^KjUCGHSjRC h\jPCjCF XjUCRUe
JQaZdGSUMPSmhDfma[bCIRL DmR\NKI^KjUCGH]jaCB^|jISZfeUSOMF]QSUMEcBCSUMnjR\_R\JZaIbRMckf[bML noYLJR]MpO
O|^Uhfm 2 KVS†EF _`R O|^UXGYISZfeUS Software PKFO|^UXGYISZfeUS hardware
1.4vwD>=>7Operating System Windows
O|^UCGH]jaCB^|j\UeUSSUMbZfbVHLkOMPSM\B^\jg ^M`RSUM Uninstall kOMPSM\PKmaXTUB^m File QULhrKc^U[hO
aZdGPSmhDLjU[g _`RSUMbZfbVHL WindowsXVQIDmUhOB^\j (ljUL]jaCB^|jPCFCTUSVCbjRg\U) h\jbmRLSKVaCF_MVQajUkOPS
M\XGY\GR[NjSjRCPKmaeF^U[hO !h\j^U[_MVQPKFSih\jeTUIOWCbmRLKLkOMPSM\R`YCg B^\jfma[Pbj_aMIbMG[\PtjC drive
DRL SUMcfeR nUafcSUMcf hamB^mJMmR\SieFfG
2. 4vwD>=>7 Application
IljCkOMPSM\SUMBlmLUCbjUL g hfm Microsoft Word, Excel, internet Explorer \G^KVS_KmU[ g SVC_`RB^mbZfbVHL
kOMPSM\XVQIDmUhOB^\j Pbjt\PCFCTUajUB^mKRLOufkOMPSM\XVHL^\f PKma Restart B^\jeFfGSajU RGSIM`YRL^CoYLXGY
CjU]CBe_`R kOMPSM\QULbVaRUeh\j support SUMBlmLUCQUL OS fVLCVHC RUeeTUIOWCbmRL\GSUMsRfSUMbZfbVHLRRS ^M`R
XGYIMG[SajU uninstall (]jaCB^|jkOMPSM\XGYIMUbZfbVHLeF\G\UB^mfma[) smUh\j\GKRLIDmUhOXGY Control Panel IK`RS Add/
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3. 4vwD>=>7m\5[U
O|^UCGHRUeJQRUSUMPOKS g IljC IOufkOMPSM\h\jhfm, \G^CmUbjULPOKS g P]fLDoHC\UXGY^CmUeR SUMPSmhDSiKRL
bMae]RQkf[BlmkOMPSM\Ili_haMV]fN IljC Norton Antivirus ^M`R McAfee.VirusScan IOWCbmC
125
4. 4vwD>=>7npCE ]E:>G
bVaR[jULIljC SfOpw\ Scroll Lock PKma^CmUeRIK`YRCXVHL^CmU (Microsoft Excel) IM`YRLOSbZ_MVQ h\j\GB_MXpS_CXGYeF
]U\UMsBlmkOMPSM\hfmISjLXpSR[jULQUL_MVHLSi\GJKVHLItKRQmUL IM`YRLCGbH mRLPSmhDkf[SUMn`HR^CVL]`R\URjUC_MVQ
IJ`YRXGYeFXTUB^mIMU]U\UMsBlmkOMPSM\hfm_KjRLPKFISjL
Disk Drive
RjUCDmR\NKh\jhfm -> B^mPSmhDkf[n`HRPtjCXTU_aU\]FRUf + CHTU[U KmULSieF]U\UMsPSmhDhfm
CD-ROM Drive
RjUCDmR\NKh\jhfm -> ]UI^bp\UeUS‹pwCXGYISUFR[Nj B^mn`HRPtjCXTU_aU\]FRUf]TU^MVQ CD-ROM PKF]UI^bpRGSR[jUL
^CoYL_`R PtjCXGYRjUC RUe\GO|^U\UeUSSUMQVCXoSsmUIOWChOhfm B^mXf]RQkf[CTUPtjChORjUC CD-ROM Drive I_M`YRL
R`YC g fN(_aU\IMia CD-ROM smUbYTUSajU 24x \VSeF\GO|^UBCSUMRjUC)
RAM-Memory
smUISZf‹pwCKFRRL ^M`R\GRUSUMMmRL -> B^mCTU[ULKQfZC]R\UXTU_aU\]FRUf PKmaCTUI]G[QKLhO
B^\j ^Cja[_aU\eTU OeepQVC\GMU_UsNSKL\US R[jULhMSibU\O|^UXGYJQ
ISGY[aSVQ Ram _`RSUMh\j]V\JVCdcMF^ajULPM\ISjU SVQPS\B^\j ^\U[_aU\ajU SUMIJZY\PM\_aMBlm[GY^mRIfG[aSVC MpjC
IfG[aSVC PKFDCUfIXjUSVCeFfGSajUXVHLCGHbmRLDoHCR[NSj VQI\CQRMcfDRLPbjKFMpjCfma[
Harddisk
XTULUClmUKL -> ]jaCB^|j\UeUSJ`HCXGYajULBC harddisk h\j\USJR]TU^MVQtNmBlmaZCkfa]c 95,98 _aM\GJ`HCXGYI^K`R
R[jULCmR[]VS 500 MB SUMPSmhD _aMXTUDisk Cleanup (XTUXpSaVC) bU\fma[ Scandisk (XTUXpSaVC) PKF Disk
Defragment (XTUXpSIf`RC)
Power Supply
hrh\jIDmU -> KRLD[VQOKVxSfNSRj C O|^UCGHISZfQjR[\US CRSeUSCGHRUeIOWCXGYrua]cDUf B^m^U\UIOKGY[C PbjsmUI]G[
PKma h\jPCFCTUB^mnjR\ n`YRbVaB^\jIK[fGSajU ]jaCIM`YRLSUMOˆRLSVCO|^U_`R B^m^UI_M`YRLIOwU \UIOwUR[jULCmR[ 3 If`RC
_MVHL DoHCR[NjSVQ^mRLXGYbZfbVHLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcfma[ajU\G‹pwC\USCmR[IJG[LBf
Mouse
I\mU]cIK`YRC]Ffpf -> O|^UCGHPSmhDLjU[ PKF\VSIOWCSVCQjR[g ^KVLeUSBlmLUChOhfm]VSJVS ]UI^bp_`RSUMh\j_jR[
CZ[\BlmPtjCMRLI\mU]c XTUB^m‹pwCeUSJ`HCIDmUISUFbZfhfmLjU[ ]TU^MVQSUMPSmhD _`R B^m^LU[I\mU]c PSF
bVaKiRS CTUKNSSKZHLfmUC^KVLRRS eUSCVHCB^mfNBCljRLfmUCBC eFI^iC‹pwCISUFIOWC_MUQR[NjB^mBlmCHTU[U
XTU_aU\]FRUfI\U]cIlif
XTU_aU\]FRUf
Monitor
O|^UXGYJQIljC ]GIJGH[C -> B^mKRLsRf]U[]V||UEDRLeRRRS PKmaI]G[QB^\j ^M`ReR{UJ\GPbj]G
DUafTU XVHLg XGYIOWCeR]G B^msRf]U[]V||UDRLeRPKFfNajUIDi\BfLR^M`Rh\j B^mPSmhD PKFKRLI]G[Q
B^\j
;Z5cSQ:<R8<g]GRAD[\;_b8 (Dot matrix)
126
<R8<gTRA_[A;4FG45P=^>
O|^UXGYJQ]jaCB^|j\GI‚†SMFfU† tLSMFfU† ^M`R Clip bSKLhO B^msRf\UXTU_aU\]FRUf PKFRGSR[jUL^CoYLXGY
\GO|^UQjR[_`R PtLSVHCMF^ajUL^VaJZ\JcSVQSMFfU†RUelTUMpf B^m^Un`HR\UIOKGY[CIRL (eFhfmMU_UsNSSajU h\jI]G[
_jUPMLfma[)
U@=>:8>7 X[d:r X@S;49@SOGT9[WnE>D8t7CD8Y
IM`YRLCGHt\SiJQQjR[I^\`RCSVC O|^UCGHPSmhDkf[SUMIK`YRC_VCk[S OMVQbTUP^CjLDRLSUMJZ\JcB^mR[NjBCMFfVQXGY
sNSbmRL
(IljC ^\U[IKD 0-1 ]TU^MVQSUMJZ\JcSMFfU† 1 PtjC , ^\U[IKD 2-3 SMFfU†\G]TUICU 2 PtjC IOWCbmC)
<R8<g75PA>aTYQ;GcSQ: 69E\m8Y;9cSQG
bMae]RQ_VCk[SajUOMVQbTUP^CjLBf OSbZeF\G 2 bTUP^CjL_`R PQQSMFfU† 1 PtjC PKFPQQSMFfU†bjRIC`YRL
D[\;_b8D[7 (Z:TEQ:UY:?YQ8)
]UI^bpXGYJQ\US_`R OMVQ_aU\BSKmhSKIaKUJZ\JcSMFfU†XGY\G_aU\^CUbjULg h\jsNSbmRL KRL‚oS†UeUS_Nj\`RfN PKF
RGSR[jUL^CoYLtmU^\oSsmUeULPKmaB^mMGQIOKGY[C R[jU‹œCBlm IJMUFeFXTUB^m^VaIDi\lTUMpfhfmLjU[
;Z5cSQ:<R8<g<YGD8t7 (Inkjet)
<R8<gm8YQQ7 m8Y8@U@
O|^UeUSSUMRpfbVCDRLbVabKVQ^\oS _aMIK`RSn`HRI_M`YRLXGY^VaJjC^\oSR[NjBCbKVQeFfGSajU IaKUIOKGY[CeFhfm
IOKGY[CJMmR\SVChO (MU_UeFPJLSajU]VSCZf) ]TU^MVQaZdGOˆRLSVCO|^UhfmQmUL_`R ^KVLeUS\GSUMIOKGY[CbKVQ^\oSPKma
_aMBlmB^m^\f h\j_aMsRfRRS\UIJMUFeFXTUB^mRpfbVC ]TU^MVQSUMXf]RQ PSmhDB^mKRLKmUL^VaIDi\ tjUC_TU]VYLBC
kOMPSM\ ^M`RtjUCXULI_M`YRLJZ\Jckf[bML(_LbmRLRjUC_Nj\`RfNPbjKFMpjCRGSXGCF_MVQ)
<R8<gQQ78>U@;<@dOG
^\oS^\f_MVQ ]GBf]G^CoYLRUe^\f XTUB^m]GXGYt]\RRS\Uh\j]\QNMEc SUMPSmhDB^mIOKGY[CbKVQ^\oS Inkjet QULMpjC
]U\UMsIOKGY[CbKVQ]GP[SIOWC]Gg hfmfma[ lja[B^mOMF^[VfILZChfm\USDoHC PbjsmUh\jBljIJMUF_pEIJZYLIOKGY[CbKVQ^\oS
B^mXf]RQkf[BlmaZdGSUMKmUL^VaIDi\ RUeKmULtjUC_TU]VYLBCkOMPSM\ ^M`RtjUCXULI_M`YRLJZ\Jckf[bML(_LbmRLRjUC_Nj\`R
fpPbjKFMpjCRGSXGCF_MVQ)
;Z5cSQ:<R8<g;9;?Q5g (Laser)
<R8<gm8YQQ7 U@=>:
O|^UR[jUL^CoYL_`R tL^\oSh\jR[NjBCPCaMUQ B^mIRUbKVQ^\oS\UID[jU g
(PCaMUQ) RmR! smUIOWCbKVQB^\j R[jUK`\foLPtjCJKU]bZSXGSY VHCtL^\oShafma[
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]UI^bpRUe\UeUSSMFfU†bZf_MVQ t\JQQjR[\USsoL\USXGY]pf B^mKRLsRf
bKVQtL^\oSRRS\U ]VLISbajU\GSMFfU†bZf^M`Rh\j smU\GB^mMFaVLIM`YRLSUMfoL
SMFfU†kf[fNeUS_Nj\`RIM`YRLXULIfZCDRLSMFfU† B^mfoLhObU\I]mCXULDRLXULIfZCSMFfU†
rCIrœRLDRLI_M`YRLJZ\JceFhfmh\j^VS (IrœRLPbjKFbVa MU_U_jRCDmULPJL_MVQ)
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bVaKNSSKZHL]SOMS B^mIOufI_M`YRL IRUbKVQtL^\oSRRS PKFXTU_aU\]FRUfKNSSKZHLfN ]UI^bpRGSR[jUL^CoYL_`RbVabKVQ
h\jhfm\UbM…UC (RUeISZfeUSbKVQXGY\GSUMCTU\UBlmB^\j) _aMbMaefNSjRC
CRSI^C`ReUSXGYSKjUaDmULbmCPKma SUMbMae]RQO|^UI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcRGSaZdG^CoYLXGY_jRCDmULjU[PKF\G
127
OMF]ZXdZ{UJR[NjBCMFfVQXGYCjUJRBe_`R SUMBlmkOMPSM\bMae]RQO|^U IljC Norton Utilities ^M`R First Aid IOWC
bmC IJG[LP_j_E
p bZfbVLH kOMPSM\I^KjUCGH eUSCVHC run kOMPSM\fN (I_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\G Brand fG g RUe\GkOMPSM\
bMae]RQO|^UPs\\UB^mfma[)
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_aU\IMia]NLsoL 100 MHz (AGP Port eF\GIJG[L 1 Slot IXjUCVHCQCI\CQRMcf)
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eFIOWCPQQ Linear noYL\GDmRfmR[_`Rh\j]U\UMsMRLMVQSVQnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia]NLhfm
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nmRSISib ^M`R]KiRbXGYBlmbZfbVLH nGJG[NCVHCeF\GDfKafXRLPfLXGYJVCR[NjQCPSCXMLaLP^aCR[jULCmR[
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bVHL_jU_aU\IMiaDRL]V||UECUŠZSUDRLMFQQQV]XGYBlmSVQnGJG[NPbjKFMpjCCVHC _`RSUMPemL^M`RSTU^CfB^maLeMSTUICZf
_aU\sGY]V||UECUŠZSSUCGHtKZb_aU\sGYXGYnGJG[NPbjKFMpjCbmRLSUMCVYCIRL noYLI\`YRhfmMVQ_aU\sGYXGYbmRLSUMPKma {U[BCbVa
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hfmMVQ\URGS_MVHL^CoYL IljCnGJG[N Pentuim II 450 MHz MFQQQV]IXjUSVQ 100 MHz bVa_NEXGYBlmeFIOWC
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SUMIOKGY[CPOKLBC]jaCCGHRUe\GQmULBC]jaCDRLJRMcbRCpSM\ noYLBC[p_PMSeFBlmlZJ UART 8255 ^M`R
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IljCk\Ifi\XGYBlmSUMIl`YR\bjRtjUCJRMcbRCpSM\CGHPKFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia]NLSajU 14.4 kbps XTUB^m\GSUMJV„CUlZJbVa
CGHhOIOWCMpjC16550 IJ`YRB^m]U\UMsMRLMVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCJRMcbRCpSM\hfmISZCSajU 14.4 kbps
10. =[8;4Q5g69PAR<U\RX]g
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• Primary IDE Connector IOWC_RCICi_IbRMcDCUf 40 DU BlmIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcXGYBlm\UbM…UCSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ EIDE ]U\UMsBlmLUCJMmR\SVChfm 2 bVa
• Secondary IDE Connector
IOWC_RCICi_IbRMcDCUf 40 DU BlmIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcXGYBlm\UbM…UCSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ EIDE ]U\UMsBlmLUCJMmR\SVChfm 2 bVa
138
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DVHa]TU^MVQMRLMVQDVHabjR]U[hreUSIJUIaRMcnVJJKU[ PQQ AT
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139
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7>5C]E:>G Defrag l>5gAARU7g ;<cSQ;<RS8Z\>8;5b\CDE7[W7>5X^>:>G_Q:5PWW
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\GSUMRjUCDmR\NK hfmIMiaDoHC [SbVaR[jULLjU[ g IljCsmU^US\GhrKcXGYISiQR[NjBCŒUMcffZ]Sc XGY\GSUMISiQDmR\NKPQQSMFeVf
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141
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This time only IK`RSsmUbmRLSUMB^mSUMbVHL_jUDmULQC \GtKIqJUFSUMIMG[S Disk Defragmenter BC_MVLH CGHIXjUCVHC
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142
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144
7>5;9cQ7ZY>TY>: r CG6WW Advanced
CRSeUSCGHPKma [VL]U\UMsXTUSUMIK`RS_jUbjUL g PQQ Advanced hfmfma[kf[SUMSfIK`RSXGYO\pw Advanced...
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Do not perform write-testing _`RSUMIK`RSB^mh\jbmRLXTUSUMXf]RQSUMIDG[CDmR\NKKLŒUMcffZ]Sc
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ham IK`RS_jUbjUL g PKmaSfXGY OK
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145
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'! IP Address & #22+$*&!'! Private IP ranges
The private IP ranges that will not be allocated on the Internet are:
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class A
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class B
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Class C
Do not choose an IP range that is not on this list. Also note that 0 and 255 are
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CPU Internal / External Cache [Enabled]
External Cache $ ECC SRAMs
' POST $# [Enabled]
179
Boot Sequence
Swap Floppy Disk
Boot Up Floppy Seek
Boot Up NumLock Status
Boot Up System Speed
Gate A20 Option
Typematic Rate Setting
Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec)
Typematic Delay (Msec)
Security Option
PS/2 Mouse Control
PCI/VGA Palette Snoop
Assign IRQ for VGA
OS Select for DRAM > 64M
HDD S.M.A.R.T capability
Video BIOS Shadow
Adapter ROM
- C8000
- CC000
- D0000
- D4000
- D8000
- DC000
- E0000
- E4000
- E8000
- EC000
%%'+0- C:, A: IDE-0, IDE-1 [C:
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-(+ Disk Drive *$ [Disabled]
''+ Key NumLock %-;
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'#+ Key [Enabled]
'#+ Key [6]
' delay + Key [250]
'
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[Setup]
' PS/2 Mouse [Disabled]
$,+(!" [Disabled]
' IRQ !- [Enabled]
'-'(' OS2 [Non-OS]
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! controller &8 [Disabled]
! LAN [/
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controller (' Disk Drive @C [Disabled]
, [Disable]
, [Disable]
, [Disable]
, [Disable]
, [Disable]
! controller SCSI [
, Disable]
180
System ROM
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Chipset Features Setup
Auto Configuration
Hidden Refresh
Slow Refresh
BIOS -
"
"
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DRAM %/
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Concurrent Refresh
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Burst Refresh
&-)6% DRAM % ',
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DRAM Brust at 4 Refresh -' Burst Refresh * 4 ' 1, [Enabled]
Staggered Refresh
&-)% DRAM Bank / [Enabled]
Refresh RAS Active Time %'()-&(/'
AT Cycle Wait State
%! ISA ,()'
16-Bit Memory, I/O Wait %:0
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8-Bit Memory, I/O Wait %:0
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DMA Clock Source
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Memory Remapping
;',-&' Shadows BIOS Cache Read Hit Burst &&+0%% L1 Cache ,()
SRAM Read Wait State '
Cache Write Hit Burst &&+0%% L1 Cache ,()
SRAM Write Wait State '
Fast Cache Read / Write $'"#(0 -&9%$+ 64 KB
256 KB
Tag Ram Includes Ditry $'"+"
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Ram 256 MB Dirty Bit
Non-Cacheable Block-1 '+-''$ [OK Disabled]
Size
RAS to CAS Delay Time %-&(%' RAS-CAS ,()
181
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CAS Width in Read Cycle '%:0-&+0% DRAM ,
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Fast Page Mode DRAM -''$ FPM "
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SDRAM CAS Latency
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Time SDRAM Cycle 2 RAM PC100 $%& 3 RAM Length
#$ PC66/83
Read Around Write
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[Enabled]
DRAM Data Integrity Mode % Non-ECC ECC ++ SDRAM
System BIOS Cacheable '$+ System BIOS ROM #F0000-FFFFF [Enabled]
Video BIOS Cacheable '$+ Video BIOS ROM [Enabled]
Video RAM Cacheable '$+ Video RAM #A0000-AFFFF [Enabled /
]
Memory Hole at 15M-16M -,(' ISA Adapter ROM [Enabled]
Passive Release
' CPU to PCI bus accesses passive release [Enabled]
Delayed Transaction
% Enable (' PCI version 2.1
AGP Aperture Size (MB) '++ AGP Aperture '*..+ RAM
,
Power Management
Max Saving
User Define
Min Saving
PM Control by APM
Video Off Method
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- DPMS
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'&%$ (0()
'&%$ ,
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182
Video Off After
Standby Mode
Supend Mode
HDD Power Down
Resume by Ring
Resume by Alarm
Wake Up On LAN
;-8+(0"&%$ Stanby Suspend
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'&&% BIOS -&)'+ HDD
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IDE HDD BLOCKS MODE
HDD -++0%,%&% Sector [Enabled]
IDE PIO Mode...
''$ Programe Input/Output [
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IDE UDMA...
''$ DMA UDMA [Enabled Auto]
On-Chip PCI IDE
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USB Keyboard Support
' Keyboard $ USB [Enabled]
Onboard FDC Controller
'( Disk Drive 0! [Enabled]
Onboard Serial Port 1
'$($%& IRQ COM1 3F8/IRQ4
Onboard Serial Port 2
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Parallel Port Mode
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232
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,!!$
1. Create Primary Partition
2. Create Extend Partition
3. Create Logical Partition
&%' 2 ( Enter %.%,! Extend !
#3™'! Extend
+! 50% ,+$%,! Primary %! &%+! )35 Enter % %,,! Extend
233
23%$,! Logical )35 ESC 1 !!#3™' No Logical
Drive Partition !'D#$!2$2w C #,!2w$2 #+
+!%32w D Enter 23% ,+$%+!#%32w D (&+$$& g(-!
/ 2w&..%'+$#,!%3 Logical D , E , F , G ((! )
#..%3%#2- % 2+$%,5+
#.(& Enter %%.$!
%+$%#22w%3+$%!
234
%%,,(-!2w( &35 ESC 2 ! %.-23!$
1. Create Primary Partition
2. Set Active Partition
3. Delete Partition
4. Display Partition
23&+%" Active Partition %.&2w+$#+!%3)%'+$ 2
( Enter !
%!#
#%2w&%32w+! &..%' 1 &
!%- (1) ( Enter !2w C %! !
#$
f A 3™&
STATUS !#-5&2w+!%,,( &35 ECS 3 !)3(
FDISK 23 Format !&)3(2%
'- Partition
$'*,P& Copy '*2
 %.#-.'
*#
*-+!!
!
+-'
$
1. Create Primary Partition
2. Set Active Partition
3. Delete Partition
4. Display Partition
%*+$&%'+$ 3 ( Enter !
#3™''!'+$ 3
!$
$ 4 '!$
1. Delete Primary
2. Delete Extend
3. Delete Logical
4. Delete Non DOS
235
&%%' 3 ( Enter - Logical !
#3™!%-.+!(,! Cursor
#.-*&..2
w+$#-&!!%-% (D) ( Enter %!#
$2w
2
 $&..2
w
2&$  Enter % ( Y Enter -23% / +5
2w
!
ESC -+$$!!$
1. Create Primary Partition
2. Set Active Partition
3. Delete Partition
4. Display Partition
&%'+$ 3 ( Enter !
#3™''!'+$ 3 !$
$ 4 '$!
1. Delete Primary
2. Delete Extend
3. Delete Logical
4. Delete Non DOS
&%%' 2 ( Enter - Extend !
#3™!%-.+!(,! Cursor
#.-* & Y ( Enter
!
ESC -+$$!!$
1. Create Primary Partition
2. Set Active Partition
3. Delete Partition
4. Display Partition
236
&%'+$ 3 ( Enter !
#3™''!'+$ 3 !$
$ 4 '$!
1. Delete Primary
2. Delete Extend
3. Delete Logical
4. Delete Non DOS
&%%' 1 ( Enter - Primary !
#3™!%-.+!(,! Cursor
#.-* & Y ( Enter
237
-1. &+- Logical & )-+$#2w
2. &- Extend
3. &- Primary%3-,5+
%5
'+$ 4 $2,--2w+$%!2* NON DOS š,%3 NON DOS #2
,
+#2-š,2% #(-!.
# Format #-.#+
#222
+!, #!- NON DOS !+!232(#+$#*š,%3 NON
DOS %%''! FDISK &%' 4 ( Enter &,!%& TYPE #$
NON DOS 3™*
&(F,! Partition
&(F DOS 6.22 ,! #%3 FAT16
&(F STARTUP 95 ,! #%3 FAT16
&(F STARTUP 98 ,! #%3 FAT32
%5
&)3( Partition Magic &(-! #,
%2 #%-'*%2 2%(#,
% FAT 2 #& FAT16 FAT32 ,
& Mouse2&'D#(-!(##2
$3P-š,'&P()3($%(-!('*#,*P(##
3P-š,'&P%%š,2--! %3 '#!
(-!.%
6 !(# Format +5! š,#%,$%.## %3+$%
(-! (
 (-!(2 Format %,$!(2%32(-!.
-(-!%.$!!
(+$3#-%!%,(#!)3(.!
%!$3P#!)3(&%.$!
Format š,!%$.
238
- Format ‡&&`
-
!+ Partition HDD ( #!+ Format š, +$#! OS %
Windows
)& Format š, ,
&!#-- FAT 2 2 *3(--
1. #-- FAT 16 (#&&(F-* DOS 6.22 %#,-!)3( Windows 3.11 ,
95 , 98 Windows NT
2. #-- FAT 32 (#&&(F Startup Windows 98 %#,-!)3( Windows
98, Windows 2000 , Windows ME
3. Format š, &.+(,
-*%!2&& ,!
C:\>format C:/s/c/u
,! /s ! &! Sysytem Files %.-*%!2
,! /c ! ,-š,(-- Complete %.(!%+$+$%,$ (Bad
Sector)
,! /u ! 2!*,
 !&-! Format (
Format š,#$
 5D! Format š, '*#,*P #+
2 - Y %.+ Format
4. ! Format %,,(&&, Volume Label (š,&,2 11 f) 2
!& Enter F23 !
,
! Windos (# )3(&! !
23
239
! Windows ! Format š, %+&.%- CdRom 2 )&(F Startup Windows 98 Boot (%' 1 Setup Driver '! CdRom (F Driver '! Cd-Rom !&š,)! ( Restart %!&%.!
Windows (F CD !'! Windows 23
-Bƒ9 !"B#s;$%‡&&`
-
v:-Bƒ
5š, =  x %"%&!2"% x 2-&!%"
% x 2"%
5&!2"% =  x %"%&!2"% x 2-&
!%"%
!%š,+$$ 4 $ 615 2"%/# 17 %"%/# 0.5 )2-(512
2-) #2
5š, = 4 x 17 x 0.5 x 615 = 20,910 KB 20 MB
5&!2"% = 4 x 17 x 0.5 = 34 KB
$
5D,
''!5'!(#.+2"%2
!% &.+$ 200 Cylinders #$' 6,800 KB %3 ,š,'!5D#$, 2"%, %"%&!2"% (#
2-&!%"%%3%+& &,-F*' %,+$(--š,
/+!#23- CAS Latency '!(&%3 23 #- (#2 ? F'
z-,/(#- $#%3'!%+$(#+!'*(,!23 ! chip set
240
)
!( #,!'*2%' (
,*!#!'*2(,!- F+$
#3#F'!#--#23 #%%/+#(#&3-%3 CL 2
2-2-2 %! ( 3+$ m/b # set +$ 3-3-3 )+!$'*- (#5D_.(+$&
#- #+$ cas 2 2%3 %.#(-!,
2%.$!+$ bus 100 cas 3 %+ (
.3-%3 cas 2 #+&%! boot 2' $ error 2 (
(2-2#+&
performance &,'!(%.' 5-10% +$%$- )F#+,-(,!+$ $ CL !
+$%&*3#%3('! micron pc133 )-#%3 CL 3(3-3-3) !#%3 CL 2 (2-2-2)
241
"$#%3 pc133 CL3 (#%'$ -7.5 ns $#%3 CL 2#%'$ -7e = 7ns "!,
#bus 2,*! 7.5 (
B!#=>% system
!"?@ &
'
m/b asus p3b-f
cpu PIII500e
Hd IBM dpta 20.5G
vga dimond viper 550 tnt1 8m
sdram ( micron pc133 CL 2 128M
&+,-F2 overclock 500e 23+$ 750 MHZ )3- fsb +$ 150 "!+$ fsb '$ #$(2$
$+$+$ CL 2 2 )&,! micron %! &5 pc133CL 3 $2,
+$ 150 CL2 2% F!
%%E.# pc133 cl2 +,-- )3-& 2-,*3
#=>%-H' 78 %s
%
8BH'8%% ?79$H !"'
7B$ chip set
configration '
-#$%' 3-4+$%$'! (#!+$%F,5!%3 CAS Latency $#- *3$3-(--3
3-3-3 -
242
,$#%33-(-- CL2 #- )#%' sdram wait state F#3-%3 fast 
!$%+3-F3-&((+-2!!'*% !2!!*F%3$-%+$-*#-
F sisolf 2000 &,'! memory bencmark +$ bus 150 CL3 (# sdram wait stage " normal "
243
$%3F+$ bus 150 CL2 sdram wait stage normal #% performance %.+$%$
244
,5+$%3F+$ bus 150 CL2 saram wait stage "FAST" - %$-3- (--,5/%+$%$ !
bus ,*!'$ +$F& bus 150 %.!&%(!%#- %.#% fsb !
(!#%3,,+&,&( micron pc133 CL3 $2+23.+. % busitek itec persolf %w,
- (
&,& micron pc133 cl 2 $F%$'+$ save way - ,!%%%!
#-
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) _`R Chip ROM (EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) Bios
IOWCkOMPSM\XGYXTU^CmUXGY_aQ_p\ŒUMcfPaMcBCSUM Boot _R\JZaIbRMc kf[XpS_MVHLI\`YR IMUIOKGY[CI_M`YRLRjUCDmR\NK h\j
ajU Floppy Disk Drive , Hard Disk Drive PKF Cd-Rom Drive kf[IqJUF ŒUMcffZ]Sc I\`YRbjRIJZY\^M`RsRfRRS eFbmRL
QRSB^m Bios MVQMNmIJ`YRBlmIOWCDmR\NKBCSUM Boot I_M`YRL IJ`YRIDmU]NjkOMPSM\ Windows ^M`R OS bjRhO
245
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
_[dGTQG7>5X^>:>G_Q: BIOS
_[dGX@S 1 I\`YRIOufI_M`YRL BIOS eFbMae]RQRpOSMEcJ`HC…UCXGYeTUIOWCbjRSUMBlmLUC IljC _GQRMcf, fZ]SchfMr¤,
eR{UJ, ^Cja[_aU\eTU ŸKŸ ^US\GRpOSMEcBfRpOSMEc^CoYLXTULUCh\jsNSbmRL eFPemLDmRtZfJKUfB^m
XMUQXVHLBCKVS†EFDmR_aU\ (^USeR{UJXTULUChfm) PKFI]G[L beep ^USeR{UJXTULUCh\jhfm
_[dGX@S 2 k^Kf_jUSTU^CfISGY[aSVQRpOSMEcbjULgDoCH \UBlmLUC kf[_jUbjULgI^KjUCGHeFsNSISiQhamBC CMOS noYL
tNmBlm]U\UMsIOKGY[CPOKLhfmkf[tjUC SETUP
_[dGX@S 3 k^KfMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMXGYbZfbVHLhamBCfZ]ScDoHC\UXTULUC
_[dGX@S 4 I\`YRMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMIMZY\XTULUC CVYC_`R_R\JZaIbRMcI_M`YRLCVHCeFR[NjBC]{UJXGYJMmR\]TU^MVQSUMBlm
LUCPKma ]jaC BIOS eFXTU^CmUXGYB^mQMZSUMbjULgbjRMFQQSUMO‰ZQVbZSUMR[NjIQ`HRL^KVL IljC SUMRjUCIDG[CDmR\NKeUSfZ]Sc, IOufeR{UJI\`YRtNmBlmh\jhfmBlmLUCIOWCIaKUCUCg ŸKŸ
_[dGX@S 5 \`YRbmRLSUMOufI_M`YRL BIOS eFOufSUMXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcbjULgXVHL^\fMa\soLbVfSMFP]hrXGYejU[B^m
power supply fma[ _jUSTU^CfbjULgXGYISiQhamBC CMOS eFh\j^U[hO I\`YRtNmBlmIOufI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^\j
I\`YRIOufI_M`RY L_R\JZaIbRMc BIOS eFIDmU]NjDVHCbRCXGYIMG[SajU POST (Power-On Self Test) noYLIOWCSUMbMae ]RQ
RpOSMEcbjULgXGY\GBC_R\JZaIbRMcI_M`YRLCVCH IRL ]UI^bpXGYbmRL bMae]RQSjRCSiIJMUF _R\JZaIbRMcPbjKF I_M`YRLeF\G
RpOSMEch\jI^\`RCSVC RGSXVHLtNmBlm[VL]U\UMsIOKGY[CPOKLRpOSMEcI^KjUCGHhfmkf[RZ]MFRGSfma[ fVLCVHC[jR\IOWCSUMfG XGY
eF\UbMae ]RQSVCSjRCIMZY\bmCXTULUC BCSMEGXGYIeRDmRtZfJKUf SiQVL]U\UMsMU[LUCB^mtNmBlmXMUQ PKFPSmhDhfmR[jUL
sNSbmRL
_[dGTQG7>5X^>:>G_Q: POST
SUM POST _`RSUMXTULUCDRL BIOS DEFIMZY\bmCMFQQ noYLJR]MpODVCH bRChfmfLV CGH
_[dGX@S 1 P]fLDmR_aU\IMZY\bmCDRLSUMcfP]fLtK noYLOSbZeFDoHCR[NjSVQlCZfDRLSUMcfP]fLtKXGYbZfbVHLR[NjBC
_R\JZaIbRMcCVHCg kf[RUeP]fLl`YRQMZ†VX-kKkSmDRLtNmtKZb, l`YRMpCj , DCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU ŸKŸ
^M`RBCQULMpjC RUeh\jP]fL DmR_aU\ BfgBCDVCH bRCCGHIK[Sihfm
_[dGX@S 2 P]fLMU[KFIRG[fISGY[aSVQ BIOS Ma\soL^\U[IKDRmULRZL]TU^MVQtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfPKFDmR_aU\R`YCg
eUS{UJXGY 2-2 IOWC BIOS DRL Award QCI\CQRMcfnoYLBlmlZOInib Intel 430HX
_[dGX@S 3 bMae]RQPKFCVQeTUCaC^CjU[_aU\eTU Ma\XVHLIMZY\SUMXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcOMFI{XfZ]SchfMr¤
_[dGX@S 4 I\`YR]ZHC]pfSUMXTULUCDRL POST PKma QC^CmUeReFP]fLMU[KFIRG[fISGY[aSVQŒUMcfPaMcJ`HC…UC
XVHL^\f eUSCVHCeoL k^KfMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUM eUSfZ]ScXSGY TU^Cf (tjUCXUL SETUP) \UXTULUCbjRhO
246
SUM Set Bios
kf[OSbZPKma IMUh\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS QjR[CVS [SIamCI\`YRIMU bmRLSUM
IOKGY[CPOKL SUMbVHL_jUbjUL g ^M`RI\`YR\GSUMIOKGY[C RpOSMEcB^\j g IljC CPU, RAM ^M`R Hard Disk IOWCbmC
7>5;_E>UpY BIOS Setup Mode
]TU^MVQaZdGSUMXGYeFIDmUhObVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmCVHC eFDoHCR[NjSVQMFQQDRL
PbjKFI_M`YRLfma[ kf[OSbZI\`YRIMUXTUSUMIOuf]aZXlchrDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc BIOS
SieFIMZY\XTULUCkf[XTUSUMXf]RQRpOSMEcbjUL g SjRCXGYeFIMG[SBlmLUCMFQQ DOS
eUSPtjC Floppy Disk ^M`R Hard Disk BCljaLCGHeFIOWCljaLXGYIMU]U\UMsIDmU
hOXTUSUMPSmhDIOKG[Y CPOKLSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmkf[Sf Key bjUL g
IljC DEL, ESC CTRL-ESC, CTRL-ALT-ESC XVHLCGHDoHCR[NSj VQajUPbjKFI_M`YRL
eFbVHLhamR[jULhM ]jaCB^|j eF\GDmR_aU\QRSIljC "Press DEL Key to Enter
BIOS Setup" IOWCbmC
\RB7@ >5 Clear/Reset Password _Q: BIOS
kf[OSbZPKma ^US_pEBlmI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc_CIfG[a Si_Lh\j\G_aU\eTUIOWCbmRLbVHL Password ]TU^MVQ
IDmUhO Setup BIOS ^M`RIOufI_M`YRL PbjsmU^UShfmI_[bVHLhamPKmaK`\ ^M`RhfmI\CQRMcf\Ukf[XGY\GSUMbVHL
Password hamPKFh\jMNmajUBlm Password RFhM Si\GaZdGSUMXGYeF Reset ^M`R Clere Password
noYLRUeeFbmRLKRL^KU[ g aZdGfNCF_MVQIXjUXGYt\hfmMaQMa\\UfVLCGH
1. 9Q:C]E Password 6WW Case Sensitive ZcQ6WWX@SGY>=P;4FG
2. X^>7>5 Reset 3AO7>5 Clear CMOS A[:G@d
• \RL^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS SjRCkf[fNeUS_Nj\R
` ^M`RRUeeF\RL^U
jumper BSKm g SVQPQbIbRMGYDRL CMOS Sihfm ]jaCB^|jeF\GKVS†EFIOWC jumper 3
DU
• aZdGSUM Reset _`RXTUSUM jump B^mbMLDmU\SVQOSbZ _`RsmU^USIfZ\\GSUM jump R[NjXGY
1-2 SiIOKGY[C\UIOWC 2-3 ^M`RsmUOSbZ jump R[NjXGY 2-3 R[NjPKmaSiIOKGY[CIOWC 1-2
• eUSCVC
H IOufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XZHLham]VS 5-10 aZCUXG OufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc
• IOKGY[C jumper SKVQ\UXGYIfZ\ Password eFsNS Reset
3. X^>7>5QA6WT;TQ5@S_Q: CMOS QQ7
smU^USh\j]U\UMs^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS hfmRUeeF\GRGSaZdG _`RXTUSUMsRfPQbIbRMGYDRL
CMOS RRS]VS 5 CUXGPKmaSiB]jIDmUhOB^\j eFIOWCSUMbVHL_jUXpSR[jULDRL BIOS SKVQhOIOWC Default hfm
PbjI\CQRMcfQULMpjC eF[VL\G Password R[Njkf[eFIOWC Default Password bU\fmUCQCCF_MVQ
^KVLeUSB]jPQbIbRMGYPKmaSismU[VLsU\ Password RGSB^mKRLB]j Default Password DmULQCfN
7>5 Set BIOS
247
]TU^MVQbVaR[jULbjRhOCGHCTU\UB^mfNPQQXVYa g hODRL BIOS noYL]jaCB^|jSieF_KmU[ g SVC IMZY\eUS^KVLeUSXGYSf
DEL ^M`R Key R`YC g DEFIOufI_M`YRLIJ`YRIDmU]Nj BIOS Setup Mode kf[OSbZPKma smU^USIOWCSUMbVHL_jU_MVHLPMS
^KVLeUSXGYXTUSUM
Reset CMOS PKma SiIK`RSXGYI\CN Load BIOS Default Setup ^M`R Load BIOS
Optimal-performance IJ`YRIK`RSSUMbVHL_jUPQQSKUL g DRLRpOSMEcXVYahOSjRC
eUSCVHCeoL\UXTUSUMIK`RSPSmhDIOKGY[CPOKLPbjKF_jU bU\I\CNbjRhOCGHIK[_MVQ
Standard CMOS Setup
Date 69P Time B]j aVCXGY PKF IaKU OeepQVC
Hard Disk STU^CfDCUfDRL HDD (Hard Disk) ajU\GDCUfIXjUhM kf[IK`RSbVHL_jUIRL PQQ User, PQQ
RVbkC\VbZ Auto ^M`Rh\jhfmbZfbVHLSiIK`RSXGY None
Primary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Master (1 IDE eFbjR HDD ^M`R CD-ROM hfm 2 bVa)
Primary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Slave
Secondary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbRj SVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Master
Secondary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Slave
noYLeFbmRLSTU^Cf Cyls (cylinders) Heads, Sectors PKF Mode ]TU^MVQ Mode \GfVLCGH
- Auto BIOS eFXTUSUMbMae]RQPKFbVHL Mode DRL HDD RVbkC\VbZ
- Normal ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G clys,heads,sectors h\jISZC 1024,16,63 ^M`RDCUfh\jISZC 528M.
- Large ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G cyls \USSajU 1024 Pbjh\j support LBA Mode
- LBA Logical Block Addressing ]TU^MVQ HDD B^\j g eF\GSUM]jLDmR\NKXGYIMiaSajU
(]TU^MVQ HDD smU^USXMUQ_jUXGYPCjCRCB^mB]jIOWC User PbjsmUh\jPCjBe B^mbVHL Auto ham)
Drive A: B: lCZfDRL Diskette Drives XGYbZfbVHLBlmLUC 360K, 720K, 1.2M ^M`R 1.44M
Video lCZfDRLeRP]fL{UJ (OSbZeFIOWC EGA/VGA)
Halt On STU^CfSUM Stop ^USJQ Error DEFXGY POST (Power-On Seft Test)
- All errors SUM POST eF^[pfPKFP]fL prompts B^mIK`RSSUMXTULUCbjRhOXpS Error
- All, But Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error
- All, But Disk SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Diskette Drive Error
- All, But Disk/Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error ^M`R Diskette
Base Memory kf[OSbZeFIOWC 640K ]TU^MVQ DOS
Extended _`R Memory BC]jaCXG]Y NLSajU 1M DoHChO
Other Memory ^\U[soL]jaCDRLMF^ajUL 640K soL 1M
248
BIOS Features Setup
Virus Warning SUMIb`RCI\`YR\GSUMIDG[CDmR\NKXVQ Boot Record DRL HDD [Enabled]
CPU Int / Ext cache SUMBlmLUC CPU Internal / External Cache [Enabled]
Quick Power On Seft Test SUMXTU POST PQQIMia [Enabled]
Boot Sequence IK`RSKTUfVQDRLSUMQNXIljCeUS C:, A: ^M`R IDE-0, IDE-1 [C: A:]
Swap Floppy Disk STU^CfSUM]KVQbTUP^CjL Drive A: IOWC Drive B: [Disabled]
Boot Up Floppy Seek SUMbMae]RQlCZfDRL Disk Drive ajUIOWCPQQBf [Disabled]
Boot Up NumLock Status STU^CfSUMXTULUCDRL Key NumLock ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [Disabled]
Boot Up System Speed STU^Cf_aU\IMia CPU ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [High]
Gate A20 Option SUMIDmUsoL Address memory ]jaCXGY]NLSajU 1M [Fast]
Typematic Rate Setting STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [Enabled]
Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec) STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [6]
Typematic Delay (Msec) STU^Cf_jU delay DRLSUMSf Key [250]
Security Option STU^CfSUMbVHLM^V]tjUCDRLSUM Setup BIOS ^M`R System [Setup]
PS/2 Mouse Control STU^CfSUMBlmLUC PS/2 Mouse [Disabled]
PCI/VGA Palette Snoop PSmO|^USUMIJGH[CDRL]GI\`YRBlmSUMcfaGfGkRR`YC g Mja\fma[ [Disabled]
Assign IRQ for VGA STU^CfSUMBlm IRQ B^mSVQSUMcfeR [Enabled]
OS Select for DRAM > 64M SUMSTU^Cf^Cja[_aU\eTU]TU^MVQ OS2 [Non-OS]
HDD S.M.A.R.T capability Self-Monitering Analysis and Reporting Technology [Enabled]
Video BIOS Shadow STU^CfB^mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfP]fLtK C0000-C4000 [Enabled]
Adapter ROM STU^CfB^mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfXGYI]G[QIJZY\IbZ\
C8000 BlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKlCZf MDA (eRIDG[a)
CC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller QULOMFI{X [Disabled]
249
D0000 BlmSVQSUMcf LAN [smUh\jBlmbVHL Disabled]
D4000 BlmSVQ controller ]TU^MVQ Disk Drive lCZfJZI‚† [Disabled]
D8000 bVHL [Disable]
DC000 bVHL [Disable]
E0000 bVHL [Disable]
E4000 bVHL [Disable]
E8000 bVHL [Disable]
EC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller lCZf SCSI [^USh\jhfmBlmbVHL Disable]
System ROM SUMXTU Shadow SVQ ROM DRL BIOS XGY F000 [Enabled]
250
Chipset Features Setup
Auto Configuration _`RB^m BIOS eVfSUM_jUbjULgkf[RVbkC\VbZnoYLeFIOWC_jUSKUL g
Hidden Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrDRL DRAM [Enabled]
Slow Refresh B^m DRAM Kf_aU\sGYBCSUMIbZ\OMFephrKL 2 - 4 IXjU [Enabled smUh\j\GO|^U]
Concurrent Refresh SUMRjUC-IDG[CDmR\NK hfmJMmR\gSVQSUMIbZ\OMFephrBC DRAM [Enabled]
Burst Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrKL DRAM hfm^KU[g MRQBCSUMXTULUC_MVHLIfG[a [Enabled]
DRAM Brust at 4 Refresh eTUCaCSUM Burst Refresh IOWC 4 MRQBCSUMXTULUC 1_MVHL [Enabled]
Staggered Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFepKjaL^CmUBC DRAM BC Bank sVfhOfma[ [Enabled]
Refresh RAS Active Time B^mXfKRLSTU^Cf_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLeF]U\UMsXTULUChfm
AT Cycle Wait State IaKUXGYMRB^mSUMcf ISA JMmR\ B^mbVHL_jUXGYCmR[]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLXTULUChfm
16-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm
8-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC B^mbVHLCmR[]pfXGYXTULUChfm
DMA Clock Source STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLRpOSMEc DMA kf[\G_jUOSbZ_`R 5 MHz
Memory Remapping ^USIOufSUMXTULUCCGHhameFXTU Shadows SVQ BIOS Bfg h\jhfm [Disable]
Cache Read Hit Burst ^M`R
SRAM Read Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\`YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B^mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
Cache Write Hit Burst ^M`R
SRAM Write Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\`YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B^mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
Fast Cache Read / Write B^mP_lXTULUCk^\f_aU\IMia]NL eF\GtKI\`YRP_l\GDCUf 64 KB ^M`R 256 KB
Tag Ram Includes Ditry B^mP_lXTULUCBCk^\fIDG[CXVQkf[h\jbmRL[mU[/KQDmR\NKIfZ\RRSSjRC
^US\G Ram CmR[SajU 256 MB _aMBlm Dirty Bit
Non-Cacheable Block-1 Size STU^CfDCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY^mU\XTUP_l [OK ^M`R Disabled]
RAS to CAS Delay Time _jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYeF]KVQSUMXTULUC RAS-CAS bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
CAS Before RAS SUM]KVQKTUfVQSUMXTULUCMF^ajUL RAS PKF CAS
CAS Width in Read Cycle STU^Cf_jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYnGJG[NeFIMZY\RjUCDmR\NKBC DRAM bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm
Interleave Mode B^mnGJG[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS DRAM BCk^\f Interleave
Fast Page Mode DRAM B^m^Cja[_aU\eTUXTULUCPQQ FPM kf[h\jbmRLRU‚V[ RAS PKF CAS noYLeFIMiaSajU
SDRAM CAS Latency Time ^M`R
SDRAM Cycle Length MF[FMRQSUMXTULUCDRL CAS latency BC SDRAM bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pf
^M`RBlm_jU 2 SVQ RAM lCZf PC100 PKFBlm_jU 3 SVQ RAM lCZf PC66/83
Read Around Write STU^CfB^mnJG G[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmBC_MUaIfG[aSVC [Enabled]
DRAM Data Integrity Mode IK`RS Non-ECC ^M`R ECC bU\DCZfDRL SDRAM System BIOS
Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL System BIOS ROM #F0000-FFFFF [Enabled]
Video BIOS Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video BIOS ROM [Enabled]
Video RAM Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video RAM #A0000-AFFFF [Enabled smUh\j\GO|^U]
Memory Hole at 15M-16M SUMeRLJ`HCXGY]TU^MVQ ISA Adapter ROM [Enabled]
Passive Release STU^Cf CPU to PCI bus accesses ljaL passive release [Enabled]
Delayed Transaction IK`RS Enable ]TU^MVQ PCI version 2.1
251
AGP Aperture Size (MB) STU^CfDCUfDRL AGP Aperture STU^CfIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL RAM XVHL^\f
Power Management
Max Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ ]NL]pf
User Define STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bVHL_jUIRL
Min Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bYTU]pf
PM Control by APM STU^CfB^m_aQ_p\SUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCtjUCXULnRrXcPaMc
APM Video Off Method STU^CfaZdGSUMOufeR{UJI\`YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUC
V/H SYNC + Blank eFOufSUMXTULUC V/H SYNC PKFfVQeR{UJfma[ Blank Screen
DPMS ]TU^MVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKFeR{UJXGY]CVQ]CpCk^\f DPMS
Blank Screen eFXTUSUMP]fL^CmUeRajUL g I\`YROMF^[VfJKVLLUC ]TU^MVQeRMpjCISjU g
Video Off After B^mOufeR{UJI\`YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ Stanby ^M`R Suspend
Standby Mode STU^CfMF[FIaKUI\`YRJQajUh\j\GSUMBlmLUC eF^[pfXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcQUL]jaC
Supend Mode eFbVfSUMXTULUCQUL]jaC_KmU[ Standby Mode Pbj^[pfRpOSMEcXGY\USSajU
HDD Power Down STU^CfMF[FIaKUSjRCXGY BIOS eF^[pfSUMXTULUCDRL HDD
Resume by Ring I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VLY B^mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm
Resume by Alarm I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMsbVHLIaKUXTULUCeUS Suspend Mode hfm
Wake Up On LAN I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VYLB^mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm
Integrated Peripherals
IDE HDD BLOCKS MODE B^m HDD RjUC-IDG[CDmR\NKhfm_MVHLKF^KU[ Sector JMmR\SVC [Enabled]
IDE PIO Mode... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ Programe Input/Output [bVHL]NL]pf^M`R Auto]
IDE UDMA... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ DMA ^M`R UDMA [Enabled ^M`R Auto]
On-Chip PCI IDE STU^CfSUMBlmljRLI]G[Q HDD IDE XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled]
USB Keyboard Support STU^CfB^mBlm Keyboard PQQ USB [Enabled]
Onboard FDC Controller STU^CfB^mBlmljRLI]G[Q Disk Drive XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled]
Onboard Serial Port 1 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B^m COM1 _jUOSbZ_`R 3F8/IRQ4
Onboard Serial Port 2 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B^m COM2 _jUOSbZ_`R 2F8/IRQ3
Parallel Port Mode STU^Cfk^\fSUMXTULUCDRLJRMcbDCUChfmBC 3 PQQ [EPP&ECP]
SPP (Standard Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f\UbM…UCI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCISjUg
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f 2 XZ‚XULI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCB^\j
ECP (Extended Capabilities Port) _`Rk^\f_aU\IMia]NL I\`YRbjRJjaLSVQ Scanner, Laplink ŸKŸ
ECP MODE USE DMA _`RSTU^Cf DMA ]TU^MVQ Port DCUCPQQ ECP noYL_jUOSbZ_`R 3
252
IDE HDD Auto Detection
]TU^MVQ_mC^UŒUMcffZ]ScPQQRVbkC\VbZ kf[eF_mC^U Primary Master , Primary Slave , Secondary Master ,
Secondary Slave bU\KTUfVQ kf[B^mIMUbRQ Y BCPbjKFDVHCbRCXGbY mRLSUM smUBCDVHCbRCCGHh\j]U\UMs _mC^U
ŒUMcffZ]ScXGYIMUbZfbVHLhamhfm bmRLbMae]RQSUMbjRŒUMcffZ]ScB^msSN bmRLRGS_MVHL
7>5T[d:ZY>QcSG r
Load BIOS Default Setup
I\`YRSfIK`RSXGYCGY BIOS eFXTUSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g B^mIOWCPQQSKUL g ]TU^MVQRpOSMEcXVYa g hO ^M`RIOWCSUMbVHL_jUPQQ Factory
Setup Sihfm
Load BIOS Optimize Setup
I\`YRSfIK`RSXGYCGY BIOS eFXTUSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g DRLRpOSMEc B^mhfmOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf
Password Setting
Blm]TU^MVQSUMbVHL Password I\`RY bmRLSUMeFIDmUhOIOKGY[CPOKLSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS ^M`RI\`YRbmRLSUMeFIOuf I_M`YRL kf[
OSbZI\`YRB]j Password MFQQeFB^mB]j Confirm nHTU 2 MRQIJ`YROˆRLSVCSUMB]jtZfJKUf (h\jB]jRFhMIK[ _`RSUM[SIKZS
password)
HDD Low Level Format
IOWCI\CN]TU^MVQXTU Low Level Format DRL Hard Disk noYLBlm]TU^MVQXTUSUM Format Hard Disk PQQMFfVQbYTU]pf noYLsmU^USh\j
\GO|^URFhMSVQ Hard Disk Sih\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTU
Exit with Save Setting D5cQ Exit without Save Setting
I\`YRXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDmR\NKSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g DRL BIOS PKmabmRLXTUSUM Save ISiQhamfma[CF_MVQ ]jaCB^|j I\`YRXTUSUM Save
PKmaeFQNXI_M`YRLB^\j _jUbjUL g XGYbVHLhameoLeFBlmLUChfm
CPU Setup
CRSeUSCGH BCI\CQRMcfMpjCB^\j g XGYIOWCPQQ Jumper Free (h\jBlm Jumper PbjeFBlmI\CNBC BIOS ]TU^MVQbVHL_jU bjUL g ) eF
]U\UMsbVHL_jUDRL_aU\IMia CPU, _jU multiple ^M`R FSB, _jUhr Vcore PKFR`YC g RGSPKmaPbjMpjCDRL I\CQRMcfCVHC g
7>5 Flash BIOS Si _` RSUM Update IOKGY[CPOKLDmR\NK^M`RnRrXcPaMcXGYQMMepR[NjBC BIOS ROM Chip
253
noYLeFIOWCnRrXcPaMcDCUfIKiS g XGYeTUIOWC]TU^MVQSUMQNXI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc SUMXGYIMUXTUSUM Update BIOS
Si_`RSUM Update nRrXcPaMcCGHCVYCIRL I^bptKXGYbmRL\GSUM Update BIOS \GfVLCGH
- IJ`YRB^m BIOS CVHC]U\UMsMRLMVQSUMXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcB^\j g hfm
- IJZY\IbZ\PKFPSmhD_aU\]U\UMsbjUL g B^m\USDoHCIljCSUM Auto Detect RpOSMEcbjUL g
- IJZY\SUM Support SVQ CPU B^\j g XGYIJZYLeFISZfDoHC\Ufma[
- IJZY\SUMMRLMVQSVQ Hard Disk DCUfB^|j g
- MRLMVQ^M`RPSmO|^U Y2K
- PSmhDO|^UQULR[jULXGYISZfDoHCSVQI\CQRMcf
- BCQUL_MVHL SiRUeeFlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJPKF_aU\I]sG[M{UJDRLMFQQkf[Ma\hfm
- PKFR`YC g RGS\US\U[
MU[KFIRG[fDRL BIOS PbjKF Version _LbmRL^UDmR\NKeUSIaOhnbcDRLtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfPbjKF[GY^mRCF_MVQ
ajUeF\GRFhMh^\j g QmUL
=^>;4FG8>76ZYmDG X@STEQ:X^>7>5 Flash BIOS
kf[XVYahOPKma ^US_pE]U\UMsBlmLUCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMchfmOSbZh\j\GO|^URFhMSi_Lh\j\G
_aU\eTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLXTUSUM Update BIOS CF_MVQPbjsmU^USaVCBfXGYbmRLSUMIJZY\RpOSMEcB^\j g
IDmUhOBCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDRL_pE IljCIOKGY[C CPU ^M`R Hard Disk B^\j PKFISZfO|^U
^M`Rh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfm SiRUeeF\G_aU\eTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLXTUSUM Update BIOS CF_MVQ
fVLCVHC _LeFDoHCR[NjSVQ_aU\eTUIOWCbjUL g DRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc ajUbmRLSUMXGYeFPSmhDRFhMBC BIOS
^M`Rh\j IJMUFeFajUhOPKma SUM Update BIOS h\jBljIM`YRL[USI[iCRFhMCVS Pbj^USISZfSUMtZfJKUf
MF^ajULSUM Flash BIOS SiRVCbMU[\US soLDCUfh\j]U\UMsQNXI_M`YRLhfmIK[IlG[aCF_MVQ
=PU>8>5D> BIOS CD8Y r mAE=>7X@SmDG
PCjCRC_MVQ SibmRLXGYIaOhnbcDRLtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfDRLPbjKF[GY^mRCVHC g PKFeFbmRLIOWC BIOS
DRLI\CQRMcfMpjCIfG[aSVCfma[CF_MVQ h\jDRPCFCTUB^mCTU BIOS DRLI\CQRMcfMpjCR`YC g ^M`R
XGYh\jPCjBe\UXTUSUM Flash IfifDUf ]jaCB^|jeFh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfm ^M`RRUeeFh\j]U\UMs
QNXI_M`RY LhfmIK[Sihfm RGSXGY^CoYL]TU^MVQ Award BIOS CF_MVQ smU^US^Uh\jhfmPKFbmRLSUM
Flash eMZL g SiKRLIDmUhO^UfNXGY http://www.award.com.tw/download CF_MVQeF\G Image
DRL BIOS R[Nj^KU[MpjC
254
7>5;T5@O8QV475ug7YQGX^>7>5 Flash BIOS
]ZYLXGYbmRLIbMG[\]TU^MVQSUM Flash BIOS \GfVLCGH
• IbMG[\PtjC Floppy Disk ]TU^MVQ Boot I_M`YRLIljC Windows Start Up Disk ^M`RPtjC Boot
DOS IJ`YRBlm]TU^MVQ Boot I_M`YRLIDmU DOS Prompt R[jULIfG[a (RUeeFXTUDoHC\UIRLLjU[ g kf[B]j
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• IbMG[\kOMPSM\]TU^MVQ Flash BIOS kf[XGYeF]U\UMs^UhfmeUSIaOhnbcDRLtNmtKZbI\CQRMcf
CVHC g CF_MVQ ]jaCB^|jeFIOWChrKcIKiS g IljC AWDFLASH.EXE ^M`R^USIaOhnbcCVHC
PCFCTUB^mBlmkOMPSM\bVaR`YC g SiDRB^mBlmbU\CVHCCF_MVQ
• IbMG[\ Image BIOS kf[XGYeF]U\UMs^UhfmeUSIaOhnbcDRLtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfCVHC g CF_MVQ
MNOPQQXVYahO]jaCB^|j eFIOWChrKcCU\]SpK .BIN CF_MVQ RVCCGDH RICmCRGS_MVHLajU bmRLIOWC
Image BIOS ]TU^MVQI\CQRMcfMpjCIfG[aSVCIXjUCVHCCF_MVQ
_[dGTQG7>5X^> Flash BIOS
^KVLeUSXGYbVf]ZCBeeFXTUSUM Update BIOS PCjCRCPKma PKFIbMG[\RpOSMEc^M`RnRrXcPaMcbjUL g
JMmR\PKma SiIMZY\bmCDVHCbRCbU\CGH
• IOufI_M`YRL PKFIDmUhOXTUSUM BIOS Setup kf[Sf DEL MF^ajULXGYI_M`YRLSTUKVLXf]RQ RAM R[Nj
XTUSUMbVHL_jUDRL System BIOS Cacheable Option BC BIOS B^mIOWC Disabled I]G[SjRC
XGYeFXTUSUM Flash BIOS B^\j
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B^mIOuf_Nj\`RDRLI\CQRMcfIJ`YR^UbTUP^CjLDRL jumper ]TU^MVQSUM Flash BIOS (^USh\j\G_Nj\R`
KRL\RL^UfN jumper BSKm g SVQ CMOS CF_MVQ ]jaCB^|jeFIOWC jumper 3 DUPKF\GSUMJZ\Jc
STUSVQSUMBlmLUCR[NjQCQRMcf) XTUSUMIOKGY[C jumper hOXGYbTUP^CjL Flash CF_MVQ noYLIXjUXGYXMUQ\U
I\CQRMcfQULMpjCRUeeFh\j\GSihfm B^mKRL^UfNSjRC
Boot I_M`YRLB^\j kf[XTUSUM Boot PQQ Clean Boot _MVQ _`RB^mSf F8 DEFXGYSTUKVLeFIDmU]Nj^CmUeR
Start Windows eFIDmU^CmUeRDRL Menu PKmaeUSCVHCIK`RS Save Mode MS DOS Prompt
PKmaeoLXTUBCDVHCbRCbjRhO ^M`ReFB^mfG_aMeF Boot I_M`YRLeUSPtjCfZ]ScXGY\GPbjIJG[L DOS R[jULIfG[a
kf[h\j\GSUM Load Driver RFhMbjUL g IK[
]VYL^M`RIMG[SkOMPSM\]TU^MVQ Flash IljC AWDFLASH ^M`RkOMPSM\]TU^MVQ Flash BIOS XGY
Download \U X kf[]jaCB^|jbMLCGH kOMPSM\eFsU\B^mXTUSUM Save BIOS Version ISjUXGY\GR[Nj
BCI_M`YRLISiQhamSjRC DRPCFCTUB^mXTUSUM Save BIOS B]jPtjCfZ]SchamCF_MVQ IJ`YR_aU\h\jOMF\UX
^M`RsmU^USISZfSUMtZfJKUfDoHC RUeeF[VLJRPSmhDhfm
B]jl`YRDRL file XGYIOWC Image BIOS XGYbmRLSUMeF Flash eUSCVHCXTUSUM Flash bU\DVHCbRC_TUPCFCTU
DRLkOMPSM\CF_MVQ
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^M`RXTUSUM Reset kf[IfifDUfCF_MVQ h\jIljCCVHC I\CQRMcf_pERUeeFh\j]U\UMs Boot hfmIK[Sihfm
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(bmRLMFaVLIM`YRLhrrˆUfVQfma[CF_MVQ J[U[U\R[jUXTUDEFXGYI]GY[LbjRSUMISZfhrrˆUfVQIOWCRVCDUf)
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^KVLeUSXGY Flash IMG[QMmR[PKma B^mOufI_M`YRL]VSOMF\UE 15 aZCUXG ^UShfmXTUSUMIOKGY[C jumper
]TU^MVQSUM Flash hambVHLPbjbmC SiXTUSUMIOKGY[CSKVQhOIOWCI^\`RCIfZ\fma[CF_MVQ
QUL_MVHL bmRLXTUSUM Clear CMOS jumper (_CKFRVCSVQ Flash jumper CF_MVQ) SjRCXGYeFIOuf
I_M`YRLB^\jfma[_MVQ
IOufI_M`RY LB^\j IDmUhOXTUSUM Setup BIOS kf[Sf DEL DVHCbRCPMS_`RIK`RSXGYI\CN Load Default
Setup ^M`R Load BIOS Setup SjRC eoLbVHL_jUbjUL g bU\bmRLSUM IK`RS Save _jUXGYbVHLham SieQDVHCbRC
SUM Flash BIOS _MVQ
]TU^MVQ Award BIOS ^USajUBCDEFXGYXTUSUM Flash BIOS B^\jCVHC ISZf Error Message \UajU
Insufficient Memory Sih\jbmRLbSBeCF_MVQ IJMUF \VCSieF[VLh\jhfmXTUSUM Flash BIOS B^mB^\j
fVLCVHC SiB^m_E
p Boot I_M`YRLB^\j PKmaIDmUhO set BC BIOS bML Chipset Feature Setup B^mIK`RS
Video BIOS Cacheable IOWC Disable nF PKma Save PKF Exit IJ`YR Boot B^\j Boot IDmU
Clean Boot PKmaXTUSUM Flash B^\j noYLSih\jCjUeFISZfO|^UCGHRGSPKma eUSCVHC I\`YRXTUSUMI]MiePKma Si
Reboot ^M`R OufI_M`YRLham]VSJVS PKmaIOufB^\j PKFI\`YR Boot IDmU\UB^\jPKma B^mIDmUhOPSmhDXGY
Chipset Feature Setup bML Video BIOS Cacheable IOWC Enabled I^\`RCIfZ\_MVQ
DmR_aMMFaVL]TU^MVQSUM Flash BIOS
• bmRLBlm Image BIOS XGYIOWCMpjCIfG[aSVQI\CQRMcfIXjUCVHC
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MFaVLhrbS hrrˆUfVQ ^M`RI_M`YRLPŒLSc DEFXTUSUM Flash IJMUFRUeeFXTUB^mh\j]U\UMs
Boot I_M`YRLhfmIK[
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smU\GSUMIb`RCajU Image BIOS XGYSTUKVLeF Flash CVHCh\j]U\UMsIDmUSVChfmSVQI_M`YRL
I^C`RI\CQRMcfDRL_pE MFaVL R[jUXTUSUM Flash kf[IfifDUf IJMUFIOWChOhfm\USXGY_pE
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Boot-Block
BIOS
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kf[IqJUFXGYBlmSVQ
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Enter IJ`YRIMZY\bmCSUMrRMcP\b MR]VSJVSRUeeFlmU^M`RIMiaDoHCR[NjSVQDCUfPKF_aU\IMiaDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc MReCI]MieeF\G
I\CNB^mB]jl`YR Volume Label SiB]jl`YRbU\bmRLSUM
^KVLeUSCVHC eFP]fLMU[KFIRG[fbjUL g IXjUCGHIOWCRVCI]MieDVHCbRCSUMrRMcP\b ]U\UMsCTUIRUŒUMcffZ]ScCGHhOBlmLUC
hfmXVCXG BCSMEGXGYhfmXTUSUMPQjLŒUMcffZ]ScRRSIOWC^KU[ g hfMcr SibmRLXTUSUMrRMcP\bXpS g hfMcr eC_MQbU\
bmRLSUMfma[
265
-B`97-H
 7 #d`B9:
BC]jaCDRLtNmBlm_R\JZaIbRMcXVYahO \VSJQSVQO|^UXGYISZfDoCH SVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcR[NjQjR[g ]jaCB^|jPKma
bmRLXTUSUMIMG[SljULIX_CZ_IJ`RY XTUSUMbMaenjR\ noYLsmU^USajUBC^Cja[LUCCVHC h\j\GljULIX_CZ_ ^M`RQp__KXGYXTUeFSUM
PSmhDO|^UCVHCg hfm eTUIOWCbmRLBlmQMZSUMeUSMmUCnjR\XVYahO noYLbMLCVHCeFbmRL\G_jUBlmejU[XGYIJZY\DoHC\U
IRS]UMlpfCGH IOWCSUMMaQMa\O|^UXGYISZfDoHCBCMF^ajULSUMBlmLUC_R\JZaIbRMc PKFPCaXULPSmhDO|^U
IQ`HRLbmCXGYeFXTUB^mI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc]U\UMsXTULUCbjRhOhfm kf[h\jeTUIOWCbmRLI]G[_jUBlmejU[BC]jaCDRLO|^UXGY
ISZfDoHC IOWCSUMOMF^[VfMU[ejU[hfmRGSXUL^CoYL
SUMMaQMa\O|^U eFIOWCO|^UXVYahOXGYh\jIeUFKoShOsoLXULfmUCIX_CZ_ IOWCO|^UXGY\VSJQI]\R]TU^MVQ
tNmBlmXVYahO (h\jMa\soLljULIX_CZ_) noYLI\`YRJQO|^UXGYISZfDoHCeFbmRLBlmIaKUBCSUMbU\ljULIX_CZ_B^m\UXTUSUMPSmhD
B^m P\majUO|^UCVHCRUefNLjU[BC]jaCDRLljULIX_CZ_ PbjtBNm lmXVYahO \VCIOWCIM`YRLB^|jI]\R
PCaXULBCSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFPSmO|^UBCIRS]UMCGH eFIOWCPCaXULIQ`HRLbmC]TU^MVQtNmBlmXVYahO IOWCPCaXUL
XGYeF]U\UMsXTUB^mI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXTULUCIOWCOSbZBCIQ`HRLbmCSjRCXGYeFXTUSUMPSmhDO|^UXGYISZfDoHCR[jULbjRIC`YRL
bjRhO
- %$%''#d`B9:
BCSUMXGYeFXTUSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFPSmhDO|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc eTUIOWCXGYtNmBlmXVYahObmRLXMUQsoL
SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMcSjRC bmRLXMUQajUI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcIMZY\XTULUCR[jULhM I\`YR\GO|^UISZfDoHCSieF
]U\UMsXGYeFaZI_MUF^chfmajUO|^UISZfDoHCXGY]jaCBf XTUB^mSUMSTU^Cf]UI^bphfmP_QKLSUMPSmO|^USi]U\UMsXGYeFXTU
hfmLjU[
$:-9`"# %$%''
#d`B9:
O|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc ]U\UMsISZfDoHChfmXVHLBC]jaCDRLŒUMcfPaMc PKFnRrXcPaMc SUMXGYeF
XTUSUMPSmhDO|^UCVHCg bmRLSMFXTUR[jULIOWCDVHCbRC kf[IMG[LKTUfVQhfm fVLCGH
• XTUSUMaZI_MUF^cajUO|^UISZfXGY]jaCBf
• XTUB^mMFQQbRQ]CRLSUMXTULUCB^mhfm
• XTUB^mI_M`YRL]U\UMsQNmbMFQQB^mhfmRGS_MVHL
]jaC\USPKmaeF\pjLhOXGY]jaC]pfXmU[noYLIOWC]jaCXGY\G_aU\]TU_V|CmR[XGY]pf SUMaZI_MUF^cO|^U
IOWC]jaCXGY]TU_V|XGYeFXTUB^mIMUXMUQsoLO|^UXGYISZfDoHCPKFXTUSUMPSmhDO|^UhfmLjU[DoHCkf[XGYRUeh\jSMFXQhOsoL
DmR\NKXGYR[N{j U[BCDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XTUB^m]U\UMsXGYeFMVS†UDmR\NKIfZ\hamhfm
SjRCR`YCbmRLXTU_aU\IDmUBeSjRCajU IMUSTUKVLJNfsoL_aU\tZfOSbZXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGYI_[XTULUC
hfmfG Pbj\UsoLbRCCGSH KVQXTULUCh\jhfmXVHLXGYSjRC^CmUCVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKLBfg IK[ (RUe\GtNmBlm\USSajU^CoYL_C)
$:-'v:9"%#d`B9:
266
smUI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDRLIMUR[NjBC]{UJXGYOSbZeF\GDVHCbRCSUMXTULUC fVLCGH
1. ŒUMcfPaMcXTULUC PKFeVfSUMbU\XGYMFQphamR[jULsNSbmRL
2. BIOS \GSUMk^Kf MBR(Master Boot Record)PKF]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hOXGY MBR
3. MBR XTUSUMk^Kf DBR(Dos Boot Record) PKF]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hOXGY DBR
4. DBR XTUSUMk^KfhrKcXGYnjRCham
5. hrKcXGYnjRCham_`R IO.SYS XTULUCPKFXTUSUMRjUC CONFIG.SYS PKFhrKc MSDOS.SYS
XTULUC
6. k^KfhrKc_TU]VYL COMMAND.COM DRLtNmBlmI_M`YRL
7. \GSUMXTULUCBC AUTOEXEC.BAT
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 1 : 7>5T5\=UQWl>5gA6\5g
DVHCPMSeF\GSUMbMae]RQŒUMcfPaMcajUXTULUCPKF\GSUMbRQ]CRLbjRMFQQR[jULsNSbmRL kf[ Controller
eFsU\soLŒUMcfPaMcajUR[NjXGYCVYC^M`RIOKjU kf[SUM]VYLB^mŒUMcfPaMcXTULUC ]TU^MVQŒUMcffZ]ScPKma I_M`YRLeF]VYLB^mXTUSUM
IK`YRC^VaRjUC/QVCXoS hOXGY Cylinder 0 SjRCPKma[mU[hOR[NjXGY Cylinder ]NL]pfPKmaSKVQ\U[VL Cylinder 0 RGS
_MVHL
SUMXTULUCeFIOWChObU\CGHI\`YR\GSUMSTU^Cf _jU Configuration R[jULsNSbmRL PKF]U[bjRbjULg R[NjBC
bTUP^CjLXGYsNSbmRLPKFPCjC^CU Ma\XVHLŒUMcfPaMcbmRLXTULUCR[jULsNSbmRL
75WpET_[dGX@S 2 : 3D9A MBR 69PT5\=UQWZ\>8p7TEQ:_Q:T>5>:<>5gTR][SG
smUSUMInibRVJŒUMcfPaMcIOWChOR[jULsNSbmRL I_M`YRLeFOMUS‰P]LXGYbTUP^CjLDRLŒUMcfPaMcDCoH \UBCljaL]VHCg
BCDEFXGYXTUSUMQNmbI_M`YRL BC]jaCDRLŒUMcffZ]ScCCVH P]fLB^mXMUQajUMFQQSTUKVLRjUC MBR noYLR[NjXGYbTUP^CjL head
0, cylinder 0, sector 1 smU_aU\J[U[U\BCSUMRjUCh\jhfmtK hfMaceFh\jhfmMVQ_aU\]CBeeUSMFQQ PKFRUe\G
MU[LUCajU “Drive 0 failure” XVHLCGHDoHCR[NSj VQ BIOS DRLMFQQXGYbZfbVHLR[NjBCMFQQIRL
MBR OMFSRQfma[bUMULJUMcbZlVCnoYLCVQajUIOWC]jaCXGY]TU_V|DRLŒUMcffZ]ScnoYLeFRdZQU[ajUŒUMcffZ]Sc\G
SUMPQjLIC`HRXGYR[jULhMPKFkOMPSM\]VHCg ]TU^MVQSUMbMae]RQ_aU\sNSbmRLDRLbUMULJUMcblZ VCCVCH fma[ smUbUMUL
JUMcbZlVCsNSbmRL \VCeFBlmMU[KFIRG[fBCbUMULJUMcblZ VC]TU^MVQ_mC^U PKFk^Kf DBR eUSJUMcbZlCV XGYXTULUC
BC]jaCDRLkOMPSM\]VHCg XGYR[NjQC MBR \G^CmUXGY 3 OMFSUMfVLCGH
1. bMae]RQajUbUMULJUMcbZlVCCVHCsNSbmRL
2. _mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm ^M`RXTULUCQChfMachfm
3. k^KfInSIbRMcPMSDRLJUMcblZ VCCVHC BCSMEGXGYIOWCJUMcbZlVCDRL DOS eFIMG[SInSIbRMcPMSajU
DBR(Dos Boot Record)
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 3 : T5\=UQW (DBR)
smUh\j\GO|^UBC]jaCDRL MBR MFQQeFXTUSUMk^KfDmR\NKXGYIOWCOMFk[lCc]TU^MVQInSIbRMcXGYIMG[SajU
DBR IDmUhOPKFXTUB^m DBR XTULUChfm
bUMULJUMcbZlVCeTUPCSbTUP^CjLDRL DBR kf[SUMlGHbTUP^CjLfVLSKjUa MFQQ_R\JZaIbRMc]jaC\USeF
QMMep DBR hamXGYbTUP^CjL cylinder 0, head 1, sector 1 IqJUFSMEGXGYBlmMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMbVaIfG[a PbjsmUIOWC
PQQR`YCRUeh\jIOWCfVLbVaR[jUL
267
DGE>X@S_Q: DBR 8@ 5 45P7>5A[:G@d
1. MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm
2. k^KfInSIbRMcPMSDRLhfIMi_XRMG^KVSIDmUhamBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
3. bMae]RQ 2 entries PMSajUIOWCl`YRDRLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj
4. k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjKLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
5. ]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj
DBR hfmQMMepk_ML]MmULXGY]TU_V|DRLDmR\NKXGYIMG[SajU BPB(The BIOS Parameter Block)
IC`YRLeUS DBR IOWCInSIbRMcPMSBCJUMcblZ VC BPB eoLOMFSRQfma[DmR\NKnoYLRdZQU[MU[KFIRG[fDRLJUMcbZlVCB^m
DOS MNm
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 4 : 3D9Amq9gX@S?YQGQOpY
DBR eFk^KfhrKcXGYIOWC^VaBeDRLMFQQSUMXTULUC 2 hrKcIDmUhamBC^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLhfmPSjhrKc
IO.SYS PKF MSDOS.SYS MFQQeFh\jQNmbsmUhrKcXVHL]RLCGHh\jsNSbmRL^M`Rh\j\GhrKcXVHL]RLCGHR[N(j h\jajUeFIOWC
]UI^bpeUSŒUMcfPaMc^M`RnRrXcPaMcSibU\)
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 5 : T5\=UQWZ^>U[S: CONFIG.SYS
MFQQeFfTUICZCSUMQNmbbjRhOkf[k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjhrKcPMS PKFB^m\VCXTULUC noYLeFXTUSUMk^Kf_TU]VYL
CONFIG.SYS PKmaB^m\GSUMXTULUCbU\_TU]VYLCGH _TU]VYLBC CONFIG.SYS XGY]TU_V|_`R_TU]VYL “DEVICE=”
noYLBlmBCSUMk^KffGhanchfMIaRMcXGYeTUIOWCBCSUMIDmU]NjhfMacbjULg XGYbfZ bVHLham
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 6 : 5PWW=PX^>7>53D9A COMMAND.COM
COMMAND.COM IOWC User shell ^\U[_aU\ajU\VCIOWCkOMPSM\XGYBlmRjUC_TU]VYLDRLtNmBlmI_M`RY L
PKFPOK_TU]VYLCVHChO]NjMFQQSUMXTULUC ]TUICUDRL_TU]VYL COMMAND.COM XGYh\jsNSbmRLeFXTUB^mMFQQh\j
]U\UMsQNmbhfm
SUMQNmbDVHCXGY 7 : Autoexec.bat XTULUC
Command.com eFIMG[S_TU]VYLbjULg BC Autoexec.bat bU\KTUfVQ smU_TU]VYLtZfOSbZeFXTUB^mI]G[MFQQ
SUMXTULUChOfma[
eUSDVHCbRCSUMQNmbI_M`YRLeFI^iCajU DVHCbRCXGYXTUB^mh\j]U\UMsRjUChfMachfmIK[_`RDVHCXGY 1 PKF DVHCXGY 2 noYL
IOWCDVHCbRCSUMbMae]RQŒUMcfPaMcPKF MBR BCDVHCXGY 3 DBR eF\G_aU\]TU_V|\USDoHC]TU^MVQ DOS IaRMclVYC
^KVLg PKFDVHCXGY 5 CONFIG.SYS \G_aU\]TU_V|]TU^MVQhfMacIJZY\IbZ\IljC CD-ROM IOWCbmC
-B`97---H
 7
9'%:
268
SUMaZI_MUF^cRUSUMPKFSUMPSmO|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcCVHC eFbmRLIMZY\bmCJZeUMEUbVHLPbjSUM
IMZY\bmCIOufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDoHC\U IJ`YRXGYeF]U\UMsbMae]RQhfmajUO|^UISZfDoHCBCljaLBfDRLSUMQNmbMFQQ kf[
JZeUMEUXGKFDVHCbRC
-:Bs
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^KVLeUSIOuf]aZXlcB^mMFQQXTULUC CPU eFsNSMGInibB^mhORjUCDmR\NKXGY BIOS IJ`YRXTUSUMbMae]RQ
ŒUMcfPaMcXGYIl`YR\bjRR[Nj{U[BCI_M`RY L_R\JZaIbRMc
BIOS : Basic Input Output System eFIOWCbVaPMSXGYXTULUCkf[eFIMZY\SMFQaCSUMXGYIMG[SajU
POST : Power On Self Test IJ`YRXTUSUMXf]RQMFQQbjULg DRL_R\JZaIbRMc kf[eFIli_MFQQbjULg ajU
XTULUCIOWCOSbZ^M`Rh\j
BCDVCH bRCCGHeFXTUSUMbZfbjRSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU hfMac _G[cQRMcf ŒUMcffZ]Sc eR{UJ PKFRpOSMEcBC]jaCR`YCg
smUISZfO|^UDoHC\UBCDVHCbRCCGHI_M`YRLeFXTUSUMIb`RCfma[DmR_aU\XGYeR{UJ(SMEGXGYbZfbjRSVQeR{UJhfm) PbjsmUbZfbjR
SVQeR{UJh\jhfmI_M`YRLeFPemLIOWCI]G[LPXC
$B#
&%B#y`&d&
DmR_aU\
CMOS BATTERY HAS
FAIL
CMOS CHECKSUM
ERROR
Disk Boot Failure, Insert
System Disk and Press
Enter
FDD Controller Failure
HDD Controller Failure
KB/Interface Error
Keyboard Error
System Halted(Ctrl-AltDel) to Reboot
O|^U
PQbIbRMGYPQSRVJ CMOS RjRCSTUKVL,PQb^\f
DmR\NK{U[BC CMOS h\jsNSbmRL noYL]jaCB^|jISZfeUSPQbIbRMGYBSKm
^\f ^M`R\GSUMsRfPQbIbRMGYRRS
BIOS h\jJQfZ]ScXGYSTU^CfB^mBlm]TU^MVQQNmbMFQQ ^M`RfZ]ScCVHCh\jhfm
XTUSUMbZfbVHLMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMBfg ham
MFQQMGInibrKROOƒ–fZ]Sch\jhfm RUeIC`YRLeUSSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\j
sNSbmRL, ]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^M`R^Ka\, ^M`R_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[
MFQQMGInibŒUMcffZ]Sch\jhfm RUeIC`YRLeUSSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\j
sNSbmRL, ]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^M`R^Ka\, ^M`R_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[
^VabjR_G[cQRMcfI]G[ ^M`R^Kpf/^Ka\
h\jhfmbZfbVHL_G[cQRMcf^M`R_G[cQRMcfI]G[
ISZfDmRtZfJKUfQULOMFSUMDoHC noYLMFQQeFJ[U[U\PSmO|^Ukf[SUM
MGQNmbI_M`YRLB^\j
7>5 POST ;U@O:_Q: BIOS
M^V]I]G[LDRL BIOS PbjKF[GY^mRRUeeFPbSbjULSVChO Pbj]jaCB^|jM^V]I]G[LeFBlm]RLKVS†EF _`RI]G[L
]VHC PKFI]G[L[Ua PKFBlmXVHL]RLPQQMa\SVC IJ`YRB^mhfm_aU\^\U[XGY\USJR
5D[U;U@O: BIOS Award
269
I]G[L
]VHC 1 _MVHL
]VHC 2 _MVHL
h\j\GI]G[L
I]G[LbjRIC`YRL
[Ua 1 ]VCH 1
[Ua1 ]VHC 2
[Ua 1 ]VHC 3
5D[U;U@O: BIOS AMI
I]G[L
]VHC 2 _MVHL
h\j\GI]G[L
I]G[LbjRIC`YRL
[Ua1 ]VHC 2
[Ua 1 ]VHC 3
[Ua 1 _MVHL
_aU\^\U[
POST tjUC XpSR[jULOSbZ
POST h\jtjUC \GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U ^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTU RAM \GO|^U
I\CQRMcf\GO|^U
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (MDA, CGA)
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (EGA)
_aU\^\U[
POST h\jtjUC \GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U ^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTU RAM \GO|^U
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (MDA, CGA)
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (EGA)
SUMXf]RQIMG[QMmR[ h\j\GO|^U
eUSbUMULM^V]bVaR[jULI]G[LDRL BIOS noYLIOWC [GY^mRXGYCZ[\Blmkf[XVYahOBCI_M`YRLXGYIOWCPQQ Home
User ]jaC[GY^mRR`YCg IljC BIOS Phoenix eF\GBlmBCI_M`YRLOMFI{XPQMCfcIC\ IOWC]jaCB^|j BC]jaCDRLM^V]
I]G[LSiBSKmI_G[LSVC XVHLCGtH NmBlm ^M`RtNmfNPKMFQQeFbmRLBlmSUM]VLISbIRUIRL
********************************************************
7>53D9A MBR 69PT5\=UQWZ\>8p7TEQ:_Q:T>5>:<>5gTR][G
DVHCbRCCGHeFSMFXTUbjRIC`YRLeUSSUMbMae]RQŒUMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma \VCeFXTUSUM_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm
DRLfZ]SchfMac BCDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCCGH smU\GO|^UISZfDoHCeF\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfDoHC\UDmR_aU\BfDmR_aU\
270
^CoYLfVLCGH Invalid partition table, Error Loading Operating system ^M`R Missing operating
system SUMaZI_MUF^cB^mfNbU\tVLSUMXTULUCDRL MBR
3Z5:U5E>:_Q: MBR
IOKGY[CM^V] MBR eUS 0:7C00 hOIOWC
RjUCbUMULJUMcbZlVCPbjKFbUMULIJ`YR_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmb
JQ entries R`YCXGYh\jBljhQbcXGY 80 ^M`R 00
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition
_mCJQ entry XGYQNmbhfm
Entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVC
XVHL^\fR[NjBC]{UJBlmhfmBlj^M`Rh\j
h\j\G entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVC h\jhfm_Cm ^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm
hOXGY ROM BIOS
h\jBlj
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition
Blj
RjUC Dos Boot Record soL
bTUP^CjLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
h\j]U\UMsRjUC DBR
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Error
Loading Operating
System
bMaefNajUhQbc]pfXmU[DRL DBR
IOWC AA55
h\jBlj
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\
Missing Operating
System
Blj
XTULUCkf[Blm DBR
7>5X^>:>G_Q: DBR
^KVLeUSMFQQXTUSUMk^Kf MBR I]MieIMG[QMmR[PKma eFXTUSUMIMG[SB^m DBR XTULUCIOWCbVasVfhO SUM
aZI_MUF^cO|^UBCljaLSUMXTULUCCGH]U\UMsaZI_MUF^chfmeUStVLSUMXTULUC
271
3Z5:U5E>:_Q: DBR
k^KfPKFXTUSUMOMVQOMpLbUMULP]fLKVS†EFIqJUFfZ]Sc
MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm
h\jhfm
MGInibhfmIMG[QMmR[^M`Rh\j
DmR_aU\ Disk Boot
hfm
_TUCaEInSIbRMceUShfIMi_XRMGPMSPKFInSIbRMc
DRLDmR\NK eUSCVHCRjUCInSIbRMcDRLhfIMi_XRMGPMS
hOXGY 0:500
h\jhfm
RjUChfm^M`Rh\j
DmR_aU\ Non
system disk
hfm
bMaefN entry PMSajUIOWChrKcnjRC^M`Rh\j _`R
hrKc IO.SYS PKF MO-DOS.SYS
^M`Rh\j
h\jBlj
DmR_aU\ Non
system disk
Blj
RjUChrKcnjRChOXGY
Km\I^Ka^M`Rh\j
QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: MRSUMPSmhD
Km\I^Ka
DmR_aU\ Disk Boot
h\j
tjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcnjRC
7>5X^>:>G_Q:34567585PWW
BCDVCH bRCCGHIOWCSUMXTULUCXGYISZfDoHC^KVLeUSSUMbMae]RQŒUMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma smUIOWCMFQQ DOS eF
\GSUMIMG[SBlmhrKc Config.sys IJ`YRXTUSUMk^KffGhanchfMIaRMcDRLRpOSMEcbjULg XGYeTUIOWC ^KVLeUSCVHCeoLXTUSUM
IMG[SBlmhrKc Command.com IJ`YRXTUSUMbZfbjRSVQtNmBlmLUC PKF]pfXmU[IOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Autoexec.bat noYL
IOWCDVHCbRCIMG[SBlmkOMPSM\XGYeTUIOWC]TU^MVQSUMIMZY\bmCMFQQ bjRhO ]jaCDRL Windows’95/98 CVHC eFbjULeUS
DOS bMLXGYhrKc Config.sys PKF Autoexec.bat eFh\j_jR[\G_aU\]TU_V|\USCVS PbjeFIOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC
Windows Registry noYLIOWC]jaCXGYISiQSUMIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcbjULg IDmUSVQMFQQham
BCDVCH bRCCGHsmU\GO|^UeFJQSVQDmR_aU\bjRhOCGH
DmR_aU\
O|^UXGYISZf
Bad or Missing ,Command
hrKc Command.com I]G[
Interpreter
272
Memory Allocation Error
Cannot Load Command,
System Halted
Key_
Press any key to continues
Command.com sNSXTUKU[ ^M`R\GkOMPSM\QULkOMPSM\J[U\Blm
^Cja[_aU\eTUBCbTUP^CjLXGY]LaCham]TU^MVQ Command.com
I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMs k^Kf Command.com hfmIC`YRLeUS Bug DRL
kOMPSM\ ^M`RMpjCDRL Command.com h\jbMLSVC
System file DRL Windows sNSXTUKU[
smUrˆRLhrKc XXX.Vxd eFIOWCXGYSUMbZfbVLH MFQQh\j]\QNMEc smUh\j
rˆRLhrKc xxx.vxd \GO|^UXGYhrKc Autoexec.bat
eFI^iChfmajUO|^UXGIY SZfeUSSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQeFISZfhfmBCXpSDVHCbRCSUMXTULUC kf[PbjKF]jaCO|^U
XGYISZfDoHCeFPbSbjULSVChOkf[KVS†EFDRLDmR_aU\XGYOMUS‰eFIOWCbVaQRSB^mIMUXMUQajUO|^UXGYISZfDoHCCVCH ISZfSVQ
]jaCBfDRLMFQQCVYCIRL
I\`YRBlmPCaXULBCIQ`HRLbmC]TU^MVQSUMaZI_MUF^csoLO|^UXGYISZfDoCH PKma PKFXMUQajUISZfDoHCSVQ]jaCBfDRL
MFQQ IMUSi]U\UMsXGYeFXTUSUMPSmhDhfmLjU[DoHCIC`YRLeUSIMUhfmSTU^CfO|^UB^m
P_QKL XTUB^mSUMPSmO|^UXTUhfmIMiaDoHCfma[ PKFIOWCSUMPSmhDO|^UhfmR[jULbMLepf
***************************************************
B %--H7
O|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc eFIOWCbValGHB^mI^iCsoLbTUP^CjLXGYQMMepDmR\NK]TU_V|g BCI_M`YRL
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XTULUCbjRhOhfm IljCsmU^USbUMULJUMcbZlVCI]G[^U[ IMUSieFh\jRUeIDmU]NjMFQQhfmP\majU]jaCXGYIOWC FAT eF[VL]\QNMEc
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POST(Power On Self
Test)
ROM BIOS
OMFI{XDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc
Controller QCI\CQRMcf
STU^Cf Configuration DRL
ŒUMcffZ]Sc
Partition Record(MBR)
Head 0/Cylinder 0/Sector
1 QCŒUMcffZ]Sc
FDISK/ XFDISK
DOS Boot Record(DBR)
Sector PMSBC Partition
FORMAT
MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL
SUMSTU^Cf
QMZ†VXtNmtKZb/tNmBlm
273
FAT(File Allocation
Table)
Root Directory
IO.SYS/MSDOS.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT
DmR\NKDRLtNmBlm
MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL
Format C: ^M`R C:/S
QNbIM__RMcfDRL DOS IOWC
Format C: ^M`R Format C:/S
XULRmR\ _`R DBR lGHbTUP^CjL
FAT PKFSTU^CfDCUfDRL
FAT PKF Root Directory R[Nj
sVfeUS FAT
Root Directory / FAT
Format C:/S ^M`R SYS C:
Root Directory / FAT Blm
tNmBlmI_M`RY L /SUMbZfbVHL Device
kf[ MSDOS.SYS
Driver B^mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg
Root Directory /FAT bValGH
Format C:/S ^M`R SYS C:
O|^U_`R Bad or Missing
Command Interpreter
Root Directory/ Sub
Directory FAT
Root Directory/ Sub
Directory FAT
tNmBlmI_M`RY L /SUMbZfbVHL Device
Driver B^mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg
tNmBlmI_M`RY L
eUSbUMUL XTUB^mIMUXMUQsoLbTUP^CjLDRLDmR\NKPbjKFbVa PKFSUMSTU^CfDmR\NKPbjKFlpfPKma SUMPSmO|^U
Si]U\UMsXTUhfmLjU[DoHCI\`YR\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDoHC\U
--$H7@B%:Bs
'‡&B
DmR_aU\
CMOS CHECKSUM ERROR
Disk Boot Failure, Insert System
Disk and Press Enter
FDD/ HDD Controller Failure
O|^U/SUMPSmhD
4vwD> DmR\NK{U[BC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL ]jaCB^|jISZfeUSPQ
bIbRMGRjRCSTUKVL ^M`R\GSUM Clear BIOS
7>567Em_ IOKGY[CPQbIbRMGB^\j XTUSUMPSmhDDmR\NKBC BIOS
B^msNSbmRL (fN^VaDmRSUMInibRVJ BIOS)
4vwD> BIOS h\jJQfZ]ScXGYSTU^CfB^mXTUSUMQNmbMFQQ ^M`RfZ]Sc
CVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMbZfbVHLMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUMBfg ham ]jaCB^|jeFISZf
eUSSUMB]jPtjCfZ]SchamBCI_M`YRLDVQ ^M`RRUeISZfeUS]U[bjR^Ka\
^M`R^KpfSiIOWChfm
7>567Em_ bMae]RQBCI_M`RY LDVQfZ]ScajU\GPtjCfZ]ScISib R[N{j U[BC
^M`Rh\j/ Ili_]U[bjR{U[BCDRLfZ]ScajUPCjC^M`Rh\j/ QNmbMFQ
QeUShfMac A: Blm_TU]VYL SYS C: ^KVLeUSDoHCDmR_aU\
System Transferred sRfPtjCfZ]ScRRSeUSI_M`YRLDVQ QNmb
I_M`YRLB^\jRGS_MVHL
4vwD> MFQQXTUSUMMGInib Floppy disk/ Hard Disk h\jhfm
RUeIOWCIJMUFSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL, _RCkXMKIKRMc
274
KB/ Interface Error(Keyboard
Error)
System Halted(Ctrl-Alt-Del) to
Reboot
I]G[, Pbj]jaCB^|jPKmaeFISZfeUS]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^M`R^Ka\
7>567Em_ bMae]RQ]U[I_IQZKajU^Kpf^M`R^Ka\^M`Rh\j/
bMae]RQ_jUBC BIOS B^msNSbmRL smU_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[bmRLXTU
SUMIOKG[Y CB^\j
4vwD> ^VabjR_G[cQRMcf^Kpf/^Ka\
7>567Em_ D[VQ^VabjRB^mIDmUXGY/ sRf^VabjRPKmaB]jSKVQIDmUhOB^\j
MGQNmbMFQQ
4vwD> ISZfSUMtZfJKUfQULOMFSUM MFQQeFJ[U[U\PSmO|^U
kf[SUMQNmbMFQQB^\j
&"(#$-
4vwD>
Chipset XGY_aQ_p\ Interrupt
I]G[ O|^UISZfXGYI\CQRMcf
Setup lCZfDRL HDD BC
BIOS tZf
DOS Partition I]G[
HDD Track 0 I]G[
Q>7>5
7>567Em_
CVQ Memory I]Mie PKma Hang hO MGQNmbI_M`RY LDoHC\UB^\jRGS_MVHL smU[VL
Iq[g h\j\GDmR_aU\Bfg DoCH \U
IOWCI^\`RCIfZ\ XTUSUMbMaeIli_XGY
I\CQRMcf
CVQ Memory I]MiePKmaDoHCDmR_aU\ bMaeIli_lCZfDRL HDD BC
Drive C: Failure ^M`R Drive
BIOS XGY^VaDmR STANDARD
C: Error
/ PRIMARY IDE : STU^Cf
lCZf HDD B^msNSbmRL smU\G^VaDmR
AUTO B^mSTU^CfIOWC^VaDmRCGH
Boot XGY Drive A: PKmaJZ\Jc C:
1. Boot XGY Dive A: JZ\Jc
Sys C: MReCDoHCDmR_aU\
h\jDoHCDmR_aU\ Invalid Drive
Specification
System transferred PKmaQNmbXGY
Drive C: RGS_MVLH smU[VLQNmbh\jhfm
2. Blm Norton Utilities
^VaDmR
Disk Tool Blm_TU]VYL Make
Disk Bootable XTUbU\DVHCbRC
DRLkOMPSM\ smU[VLh\j^U[
3. XTUSUM Format Drive C:
B^\jhfmIK[
1. Boot XGY Drive A: Blm_TU]VYL
IKGY[LhOQNmbXGYJUMcbZlVCPXCkf[SUM
Sys C: PKma[VLh\jhfmtK
STU^CfB^mIOWC]RLJUMcbZlVC PKma
2. Blm Norton NDD bMaefNPKma STU^CfB^mJUMcbZlC
V XGY]RLIOWC
\G Bad Sector XGY Track 0
DOS Partition smUBlm FDISK
3. Format C:/S h\jtjUC Pbj
STU^CfB^m Partition XGY]RLIOWC
Active
Format C: Iq[g tjUC
4. Format fma[ Low Level
DRL
275
Disk Manager rˆRL Track 0
I]G[
HDD Boot Record I]G[
1. DoHCDmR_aU\ Disk Boot
QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:
Failure ^M`R Hang hOIq[g
MGQNmbRGS_MVLH smUh\j^U[ Blm
2. DmR_aU\ Non-System Disk Disk tool BC Norton IK`RS
or Disk Error
Make Disk Bootable
&$3
4vwD>
Hang XGY Config.Sys ^M`R
Autoexec.bat ^M`RXGYkOMPSM\
Driver
Q>7>5
QNmbMFQQDoHC\UPKmaIDmUhOXGY Safe
Mode ^M`R\GDmR_aU\ Press
any Key to Continues
hrKcMFQQI]G[
DoHCDmR_aU\ Key_
(IO.SYS/ MSDOS.SYS)
(WINDOWS’98)
I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMsk^Kf
Command.com hfm IC`YRLeUS
Bug DRLkOMPSM\ ^M`RMpjCDRL
Command.com h\jbMLSVC
DoHCDmR_aU\ Cannot Load
Command, System Halted
7>567Em_
QNmbI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^\j PKmaSfOpw\ F8
IK`RS^VaDmR Step by Step
Confirmations IJ`YRXTUSUM
bMae]RQ Config.sys PKF
Autoexec.bat IJ`YRbMaefNajU\G
O|^UXGYepfBfPKmaXTUSUM Mark
ham eUSCVHCIDmUhOPSmhDBC Edit
Config.sys/ Autoexec.bat
QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:
PKmaXTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jBC
SMEGCGHsmUMFQQQNmbhOXGY C:\> bmRL
XTUSUMbZfbVHL(Setup)kOMPSM\
MFQQKLhOB^\j eoLeFBlmLUChfm
Ili_fNajUBCŒUMcffZ]Sc\GhrKc
Command.com ^M`Rh\j smUh\j
\GB^mXTUSUMQNmbeUShfMac A: PKma
Blm_TU]VYL Sys C: QNmbB^\jRGS_MVLH
smUh\jhfmtKB^mXTUSUMbMaeIli_XGY
RAM
hrKc Command.com BC
ŒUMcffZ]Sch\j\G RUesNSKQ^M`RsNS
XTUKU[kf[haMV]^M`R]UI^bpR`YC
hrKc Command.com sNS
XTUKU[ ^M`R\GkOMPSM\J[U[U\Blm
IC`HRXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY]LaCham
]TU^MVQ Command.com
DoHCDmR_aU\ Bad or Missing
Command Interpreter
DoHCDmR_aU\
File Allocation Error
QNmbMFQQeUS Drive A: PKmaBlm
_TU]VYL Sys C: PKmaQNmbMFQQDoHC\U
RGS_MVLH
XTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jkf[SUM
Reset smUh\jhfmtK
QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: PKmaBlm
_TU]VYL Sys C: Restart I_M`YRL
(+ #&6+ ;%5>
' "+$%&&'(%
(% &7> fdisk
#&;%5'>"+$%&&'(% !*"5"+ #&7>+"+ $%&&'(% 6"*"5" 3%5
&/( 16+ $%&&'(% /?""&56+ ) /;1"&77>+"2&7"56. Drive /;!8/?"
276
./+ />6" $%&&'(% "&/5< 8 GB ##.16+/?" Drive C: "& 3 GB /;7>(1
+ Windows .=35%8%56+ ) .16+/?" Drive D: (68""9+&7"&/?" 5 GB /;7>
(1/<" ) /?"5"
>"'&+;%5'>" #.6+5>"'&+ FAT 56+ ) 2&&+"*
•
•
•
FAT16 /?"#&;%5'>"(1 DOS, Windows 3.1 . Windows 95 ,6" ) #.+"&
+;%5'>"2&(+(,& 2 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"/6"*"
FAT32 /?"#&;%5'>"(1 Windows 95 OSR2 . Windows 98 (+"&+
;%5'>"2&# 512 KB 2#"9+ 64 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"
NTFS /?"#&;%5'>"(1 Windows NT
&+"*" #.1#&6+;%5'>" 77>+"$%&&'(%"&86 2 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"<5+1(+
;%5'>" FAT32 =9+#.(7>+"2&7". Windows 95 OSR2 Windows 98 9*"2/6"*"
=35%8% 7>(1#&6+ ;%5'>"+ $%&&'(% +6 ) <! FDISK 7
Windows 98 ""/+ &5+686 7> FDISK # Windows 98 #.((+;%5'>"
FAT32 2& 56/?" FDISK Windows 95 + DOS #.(12&/€;.. FAT16
/6"*"26(1/?" FAT32 2&
&5'8 *"5"#&6+;%5'>"+$%&&'(% 26#1/?"5+16" #.17"-5+
/"+ >"'&+ FAT 1"&"&+;%5'>"76/6"*" =9+*"5"#&;%5'>"76"*
,6+/<67" $%&&'(% #.2*+&&8 &+"*"5+.8+1/<(1+(1!4/<28
6" 7""*#.586++#& .6+;%5'>"+$%&&'(% &7>!1(+ FDISK Windows /;/?"/5$%&&'(%
6 "*"5"+ Windows 562
!1(+ FDISK #.(2&#06" Windows 98 Start Up Disk +26 5+1(+06"
Windows 98 Startup Disk 9*"6" +#"*" #9+1/!+!;'8/5% &/!+#06"
Windows 98 Startup Disk #"*" ;';%!1(+ fdisk 8& Enter
$%&&'(%"&74686 512MB #.!1865+(+;%5'>""&74626 /?"86
5+7>+" FAT32 26""/+ 5 [N] <#./?"1"&77>+" FAT16 /"
7> FDISK + DOS Windows 95 ,6"/62 565+6+;%5'>" FAT32 <7& [Y]
277
/"(17>+"56+ ) &5'8#.!6 4 5656$%&&'(%86 1 58 #.
/" 5 ! Change current fixed disk drive (1/86#.1+" $%&&'(% 582"7/&8 (&++ ;%5'>" 56+ ) 1&//" 4. Display partition information
/"+(&+;%5'>" (/#/" 4. #/") #.(&+56+ ) +;%5'>" 7"$%&&'(% #./<"
./&.1"&7>+"56+ ) 89+#&6+"&56+ ) &8 7"-/?" $%&&'(% +262&1#&;%5'>" <#.26(&+7/<" /(&,I ESC /;2/"
278
/"+;%5'>" (//" 2. #/") #./"7/;%5'>"56+ ) =9+:'
!8+56.;%5'>" &+"*
•
•
•
•
Primary DOS Partition /?";%5'>"+$%&&'(%
Extended DOS Partition /?";%5'>"&2+$%&&'8%
Logical DOS Drive(s) #./?"1"&"&56+ ) 67" Extended DOS Partition =9+
(1"&(+2& ) Drive 55+
Non-DOS Partition /?";%5'"7"." ) 267>6.+ DOS
7";%5'>" #.5+1&/+1&&8 />6"5+ Logical DOS Drive 7&6"#9+
#. Extended DOS Partition 2& .+#"*" #9+1 Primary DOS Partition 51&562
1;%5'>"56+ ) ,6+/<67";%5'>""*" ) #.2& &+"*"/#.1;%5'>"
#."" &77(6 Volume Label +$%&&'(%"*"6"&8 /;/?"{+"
&262&5*+7#0'&;%5'>" &+"*" #.1*"5""* 5+7>!8.&.8+.6"./&56+ ) 7
!6"
279
/"+(+;%5'>" (//" 1. #/") #./?"(+;%5'>"56+ ) =9+#.! ) /"+
;%5'>" !#.(+ Primary DOS Partion, Extended DOS Partition .(+ Logical
DOS Drive 7" Extended DOS Partition 5'8<#.(+/+51&55+
-/(+ Primary DOS Partition /?" #./"86 5+7>;*"*+&7"$%&&'(%(1
1/?" Primary DOS Partition 26 5+7>;*"*+&(+/?" Drive /&8</ [Y] 56
5+.,"&56+ ) +;%5'>"&858/+ </ [N] /;1"&"&/+
280
# /#.1"&"&+ Primary DOS Partition /+&/ [N] #*"5"8 #./"7
7(6"&+ Primary DOS Partition 55+ &##.7(6/?"58/#1"8"+ MB 7(6/?"58/
/%/=<"5%<2& #586+(5'861"&"&/?" 70% +#1"8"$%&&'(%*+& <7(6 70% 8& Enter
+#"*" <1(+ Extended DOS Partiton #(68"+;*"$%&&'(%/ &//" 2.
Create Extended DOS Partition 11"&"&+;*"55+ #586+!#.7>;*" 30% /*+& &1"&"&"*##.7(6/?58/#1"8" 7(6/?"58//%/=<"5% <2&8& Enter
281
+#(+ Extended DOS Partition 8#.(&+./&+6+;%5'>"56+ ) 7&5
7"(68"+ Logical Drive #./?"(+9*"P7"+ Extended DOS Partition =9+1"&"&
+;*"$%&&'(% <1"&"&55+ 5+6+7"(68"+ Extended DOS Partition
/?" ) Drive <(11"&6+2&#(68"+ Logical Drive "*
282
+#1(+.#&6+;%5'>"56+ ) /8 //" #.!1/5"86261"&
;%5'>"2" active 6/ 5+11"&;%5'>"(+9*"7/?" active partition &8/;7(
7>/!+2& 1"&1&//" 2. Set active partition
7(6/+ Partition 5+7/?" active partition .& Enter
283
///" 4. /;&./&56+ ) <#./<"k-.#&.6+;%5'>"7"$%&&'(% 89+;%5'>"5*+
7/?" active partition &8
+#11"&.6+ Partition 56+ ) /(<#/8 /# FDISK <#.!8
/5"86 71 Restart /!+!;'8/5%766" #&;%5'>"56+ ) #9+#.0.1 format
$%&&'(%562
#&6+;%5'>"+ $%&&'(%"* &5'8 #.26#1/?"5+1,!*++
Windows 76 =9+#.1#&;%5'>" <56/5+#&6+"&+
$%&&'(%76 5+ 7(.&#'+ ) /"+#/'&5'&28(
/!+!;'8/5% /6"*" .686 1 FDISK "*,6+
67"
$%&&'(% #.2*+&&8 #9+!8#.5+7>!8.&.8+ 7"1, )
*"5"
284
7>5U5E>: 9W D5cQ=[A6WY: <>5gTR][G_Q:l>5gAARU7g 3AOC]E fdisk
SUMeVfJUMcbZlCV DRLŒUMcffZ]Sc _`RDVHCbRCDRLSUM eVfMNOPQQSUMBlmLUCDRL ŒUMcffZ]Sc SjRCDVHCbRCSUM rRMcP\b
kf[XGYIMU]U\UMs XTUSUMPQjL ŒUMcffZ]Sc RRSIOWCDCUfbjUL g IJ`YRSTU^CfB^mBlmLUChfmBCPbjKF Drive IJ`YR_aU\IOWC
MFIQG[QDRLDmR\NK IljC ŒUMcffZ]Sc DCUfIbi\ 8 GB RUeeFXTUSUMPQjLRRSIOWC Drive C: DCUf 3 GB IJ`YRBlm]TU^MVQKL
Windows PKFnRrbcPaMcbjUL g PKFXTUSUMPQjLIOWC Drive D: RGS]jaC^CoYLkf[B^m\GDCUfIOWC 5 GB IJ`YRBlm]TU^MVQ
ISiQDmR\NKR`YC g IOWCbmClCZfDRLJUMcbZlVYC eFPQjLRRSbU\lCZfDRL FAT bjUL g hfmfVLCGFH AT16 IOWCSUMeVfJUMcbZlCV
]TU^MVQ DOS, Windows 3.1 PKF Windows 95 MpjCPMS g eFMRLMVQDCUfDRLJUMcblZ VChfm]NL]pfXGY 2 GB bjR 1 JUMc
bZlVYCIXjUCVHC FAT32 IOWCSUMeVfJUMcbZlVC]TU^MVQ Windows 97 OSR2 PKF Windows 98 ]U\UMsMRLMVQDCUfDRL
JUMcbZlVChfmeUS 512 KB hOeCsoL 64 GB bjR 1 JUMcbZlVC NTFS IOWCSUMeVfJUMcblZ VC]TU^MVQ Windows NT fVLCVCH
^USeFXTUSUMeVfPQjLJUMcbZlVC B^mBlmLUCŒUMcffZ]ScXGYDCUf\USSajU 2 GB bjR 1 JUMcbZlVCSibmRLXTUSUM]MmULJUMcbZlVC
PQQ FAT32 noYLeF]U\UMsBlmLUChfmBCMFQQ Windows 95 OSR2 ^M`R Windows 98 DoHChOIXjUCVHC nRrbcPaMc XGYBlm
]TU^MVQSUMeVfPQjL JUMcbZlVCDRL ŒUMcffZ]Sc PQQLjU[ g Si_`RkOMPSM\ FDISK XGY\G\UB^mSVQ Windows 98 CVYCIRL kf[
XGYbmRLR[jUK`\ajU SUMBlm FDISK eUS Windows 98 eF]U\UMs]MmULJUMcbZlVCPQQ FAT32 hfm PbjsmU^USIOWC FDISK
XGY\USVQ Windows 95 ^M`RDRL DOS eF]U\UMsXTUhfmIqJUFMFQQ FAT16 IXjUCVHCh\j]U\UMsXTUIOWC FAT32 hfmkf[
OSbZPKma DVHCbRCSUMeVfPQjLJUMcbZlVCDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc h\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTUQjR[CVS eFXTUBCSMEGXGYbmRLSUM IOKGY[CPOKL
MNOPQQ lCZfDRL FAT ^M`RSTU^CfDCUfDRLJUMcbZlCV B^\jIXjUCVHC noYLDVHCbRCSUMeVfJUMcblZ VCB^\jCGH DmR\NKXpSR[jUL
XGYISiQR[NjBC ŒUMcffZ]Sc eF^U[hOXVHL^\ffma[ fVLCVCH bmRLMFaVL^M`RXTUSUMISiQ]TUMRLDmR\NKXGY]TU_V|ISiQhamSjRC BCXGYCGH
eF[SbVaR[jULDRLSUMeVfSUM PKFSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVCDRLŒUMcffZ]Sc kf[SUMBlm_TU]VYL FDISK XGY\G\USVQ Windows IJ`YR
IOWCSUMIbMG[\ŒUMcffZ]ScSjRCDVHCbRCSUMKL Windows bjRhO
^KVSDRLSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVYCfma[ FDISKSjRCR`CY \UXTU_aU\IDmUBeIM`YRLDRL_TUXGYeFBlm PKF^KVSSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVYCfma[
FDISK SVCSjRC_MVQ kf[XGY\G^KVSSUMPQjL IMG[LbU\KTUfVQ IJ`YRB^mISZf_aU\IDmUBePQQLjU[ g PKFMafIMiafVLCG1H . DVHC
PMS bmRL]MmULJUMcblZ VYCXGYIOWC Primary DOS Partition SjRC kf[smU^USeFPQjLIOWChfMcrIfG[a SiIK`RSbMLCGHB^m\GDCUf
IOWC 100% hfmIK[ PbjsmU^USbmRLSUMPQjLB^mIOWC^KU[ g hfMcr SiSUT ^CfDCUfhObU\bmRLSUM
2. bjRhO bmRL]MmUL Extended DOS Partition kf[STU^CfDCUfB^mIXjUSVQJ`HCXGY XGYI^K`ReUSDmR 1. _MVQ bMLCGHeF[VL
h\jBljhfMcr^M`RJUMcbZlCVY bVaXGY]RL PbjeFIOWCSUMSTU^CfJ`HCXGY]TU^MVQ JUMcbZlVYCbVaXGY]RL^M`RbVasVfhOIXjUCVHC
3. XTUSUM]MmUL Logical DOS Drive(s) DoHC\URGS_MVHL (noYLeFBlmJ`HCXGYDRL Extend DOS Partition XGYhfm]MmULhamPKma) kf[
XGYbMLCGH eFSTU^CfDCUfDRLJUMcbZlVYCXGYbmRLSUM]TU^MVQhfMcrsVfhO IljCRUeeFSTU^Cf B^mBlmJ`HCXGY XGYI^K`RR[NjXVHL^\f
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DOS
Z^>U[S:_Q: DOS 8@QOpY 2 ]GRAZcQ
1. Z^>U[S:x>OCG (Internal Command) IOWC_TU]VYLXGYIMG[SBlmhfmXVCXGbKRfIaKUXGYI_M`YRLIOufBlmLUCR[Nj
IJMUF_TU]VYLOMFI{XCGHsNSQMMepKLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS (ROM) bKRfIaKU ^KVLeUSXGY Boot DOS
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5p46WW69P7>5C]E Z^>U[S:x>OCG 20 Z^>U[S:
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2. DATE PSmhD/fNaVCXGYB^mSVQ SYSTEM DATE
3. TIME PSmhD/fNIaKU B^mSVQ SYSTEM TIME
4. VER (VERSION) fN^\U[IKD (version) DRLfR] VER
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7. TYPE P]fLIC`HR^U^M`RDmR\NKBCPrˆ\DmR\NKXGYSTU^Cf TYPE [d:] [path] [filename.[.ext]]
8. COPY Blm_VfKRSPrˆ\DmR\NK^CoYL ^M`R^KU[Prˆ\DmR\NKeUSPrˆ\DmR\NKbmCXUL hO[VLPrˆ\DmR\NK
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[d:] [path] filename[.ext]]
9. REN (RENAME] IOKGY[Cl`YRPrˆ\DmR\NK (DmR\NKDmULBCPPrˆ\DmR\NK[VLI^\`RCIfZ\) REN [d:] [path]
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325
10. DEL (DELETE) KQPrˆ\DmR\NKRRSeUSPrwCfZ]Sc DEL [d:] [path] [filename[.ext]]
11. PROMPT COMMAND IOKGY[CMNOPQQbVaJMmR\MVQ_TU]VYL (system prompt) IOWCbVaB^\jbU\XGY
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$ ^\U[soLbVaRVS†M
t ^\U[soL IaKU
d ^\U[soL aVC If`RC Oƒ
p ^\U[soL I]mCXUL Directory OeepQVC
v ^\U[soL DOS VERSION NUMBER
g ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ >
l ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ <
q ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ =
12. MD (MAKE DIRECTORY) ]MmUL subdirectory (^mRL[jR[) IJ`YReVfISiQPrˆ\DmR\NK MD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]
13. CD (CHANGE DIRECTORY) IOWC_TU]VYLBCSUMIOKGY[ChOBlmLUC subdirectory XGYbmRLSUM CD [d:]
[path] [Dir_name]
CD\ (SUM[mU[SKVQ\U]Nj ROOT DIRECTORY
CD.. (SUM[mU[SKVQ\UXGY DIRECTORY)
14. RD (REMOVE DIRECTORY) KQ subdirectory (^mRL[jR[) XGY]MmULfma[_TU]VYL MD RD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]
Z^>U[S:x>OGQ7(EXTERNAL COMMAND)
_TU]VYL{U[CRS\G 2 CU\]SpK
1.CU\]SpKIOWC .COM IOWC file XGYQMMepDmR\NKXGYsNSPOKLIOWC{U†UI_M`YRLPKma
2.CU\]SpKIOWC .EXE IOWC file XGYQMMepDmR\NKXGYIDG[Ckf[Blm{U†UMFfVQ]NLPKFPOKLIOWC{U†UI_M`YRL
PKma
Z^>U[S: DGE>X@S 5p46WW
1. TREE P]fLMU[l`YR directory XVHL^\fBCPtjCfZ]Sc XGYSTU^Cf TREE [d:] [/f]
/f ^\U[soLMU[l`YRPrˆ\DmR\NKBCPbjKF subdirectory fma[
2. SYS (SYSTEM) IOWC_TU]VYL copy Prˆ\DmR\NKXGYBlmBCSUMIOufI_M`YRLKLBCPtjCfZ]Sc^M`RŒUMcffZ]Sc XGY
h\j\GMFQQ (IOufI_M`YRLh\jhfm) SYS [d:]
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I^K`RR[Nj Ma\soLIC`HRXGY QCPtjCfZ]ScXGYBlmhO PKFXGYI^K`RR[Nj CHKDSK [d:] [path] [filename[.ext]] [/f]
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326
/v ^\U[soL B^mP]fL directory PKF Prˆ\DmR\NKXGYnjRCR[Nj
4. LABEL IJ`YRSTU^Cfl`YR (volume label), IOKGY[C^M`RKQ volume label QCfZ]Sc LABEL [d:]
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SMEGXGYIOWC diskette XGY\GDmR\NKR[NjPKmaI\`YRBlm_TU]VYLCGHDmR\NKeFsNSKmULhO^\f JMmR\XGYIDG[CDmR\NKB^\j
FORMAT [d:] [/s] [/v]
/s ^\U[soL XTUSUM format kf[XTUSUM_VfKRS kOMPSM\MFQQfR] (BIO.COM, OS.COM,
COMMAND.COM)
/v ^\U[soL STU^Cf volume label B^mfZ]Sc
6. DISKCOPY (COPY DISKETTE IOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlm copy file XVHL^\feUSPtjCfZ]SceUSPtjC^CoYLhO
B]jRGSPtjC^CoYL PbjsmUPtjCfZ]ScRGSPtjC [VLh\jhfmXTUSUM format SieFXTUSUM format B^mkf[RVbkC\VbZ
DISKCOPY [d:] [d:]
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##.+6+0'&;&2&+ *+"*2&;(,/6 !8!8(#.;12& 8+/;+8676"
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1971 : 4004 Microprocessor ,6"+ Intel 7>+"7"/!+!'&/
1972 : 8008 Microprocessor ,6";…"56 7>+" "TV typewriter" dump terminal
1974 : 8080 Microprocessor ,6""*/?"7>+" Personal Computer ,6" )
1978 : 8086-8088 Microprocessor ,6" XT +/?" 8 bit /?" PC /'7>+"#'+#+
1982 : 80286 Microprocessor ,6" AT 16 bit /'/?"!;'8/5%7>+";6"8
1985 : 80386 Microprocessor /'/?" CPU 32 bit .(1+" Multitasking 2&
1989 : 80486 Microprocessor /(6,!+7>#( .5'&5*+ Math-Coprocessor 7"58
1993 : Pentium Processor !"+7>67"5""*!
1995 : Pentium Pro Processor (1/!+ Server . Work Station
1997 : Pentium II Processor h##,"+;2&6+
1998 : Pentium II Xeon(TM) Processor (1 Server . Work Station
1999 : Celeron(TM) Processor (15&.&6++ Intel 5&!8(+(68"
1999 : Pentium III Processor /?""'"
1999 : Pentium III Xeon(TM) Processor (1 Server . Work Station
7",!+ 80486 . Pentium (68"+ AMD </' CPU +8/6/!2&'"+<&+"* X86,
AM186, AM386, AM486 56"
,6 /';#./!2&'"<#./' 5x86, K5, K6, K6-II, K6-III, Athlon
h##,"68+ Spitfire . Thunderbird +8
,&+ ) <+ Cyrix "9+ /'#2"26"67# 56/!2&'"<#./?" 6x86, 6x86MX . Cyrix MII
=9+h##,""*+;/<"6+
& CPU 7"56.,"
6 //"&86
Brand
Model
Detail
Intel
8086
?
Intel
8088
?
Intel
80186
?
Intel
80286
?
Intel
80386 (SX/DX)
16-33 MHz Vcore 5.5V.
Intel
80486 (SX/DX2)
25-66 MHz L1=8K Vcore 5.25V.
Intel
80486 (DX4)
75-100 MHz L1=16K Vcore=3.6V.
Intel
80586 (Pentium)
60-100MHz L1=8+8K
330
Intel
Pentium Classic
(P54C)
100-166MHz L1=8+8K Vcore 3.3V
Intel
Pentium MMX (P55C)
166-233MHz MMX, L1=16+16K Vcore 2.8V
AMD
5x86
L1=16K
AMD
K5
L1=8+16K
AMD
K6
166-300MHz MMX L1=32+32K
Cyrix
6x86
PR166 Vcore 3.5V
Cyrix
6x86MX
PR200-233 Vcore 2.9V
Cyrix
M II
PR300-333 Vcore 2.9V
CPU ,6"h##,"
"*& CPU ,6"h##,""+ !+#./?"58/&(17!1++=* CPU 765""*
Brand
Model
Speed
FSB
Vcore
Interface
Intel
Pentium II
233-333
MHz
66 MHz
2.8 V.
Slot-1
0.35Micron MMX L1=32K
L2=512K Half Speed
Intel
Pentium II
350-450
MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Slot-1
0.25Micron MMX L1=32K
L2=512K Half Speed
Intel
Celeron
266-300
MHz
66 MHz
2.0 V.
Slot-1
0.25Micron MMX L1=32K no L2
Intel
Celeron
300-533
MHz
66 MHz
2.0 V.
Intel
Celeron II
533-766
MHz
66 MHz
1.50
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=128K Full Speed
Intel
Celeron II
800-1000
MHz
100 MHz
1.50
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=128K Full Speed
AMD
K6-II
266-366
MHz
66 MHz
2.2 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
L1=64K
AMD
K6-II
350-500
MHz
100 MHz
2.2 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
L1=64K
AMD
K6-III
400-450
MHz
100 MHz
2.4 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
L1=64K L2=256K Full Speed
AMD
K6-II+
500-550
MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Socket 7
0.18Micron MMX 3DNow!
L2=128K
AMD
K6-III+
450 MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Socket 7
0.18Micron MMX 3DNow!
L2=256K
AMD
Athlon K7
500-1000
MHz
200 MHz
DDR
1.60
V.
Slot-A
Cyrix
C3
700-933
MHz
?
?
Intel
Pentium III
450-600
MHz
100 MHz /
2.0 V.
133 MHz
Intel
Pentium III
500-733
MHz
100 MHz /
133 MHz
800-1130
MHz
Celeron II - 1.0A-1.3A
Intel
Tualatin
GHz
Intel
AMD
Pentium III
Duron
600-1200
MHz
133 MHz
100 MHz
200 MHz
DDR
Techonoly
Techonoly
FC-PGA 370 0.25 Micron MMX L1=32K
/ Slot-1
L2=128K Full Speed
0.25Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=512K Half Speed
Socket 370 ?
Slot-1
0.25 Micron MMX SSE L1=32K
ECC L2=512K Half Speed
1.65
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.70
0.18 Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.47
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.60
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=64K Full Speed
331
700-1533 200/266
MHz
MHz DDR
1.70
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
13331667 MHz
266 MHz
DDR
1.75
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
AMD Athlon MP 1200 MHz
266 MHz
DDR
1.75
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
SMP
AMD
Athlon TBird
AMD Athlon XP+
Intel
Pentium 4
1.3-1.8
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.70
0.18Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 423
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
Intel
Pentium 4
1.5-2.0
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.70
0.18Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 478
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
Intel
Pentium
4(A)
1.6A-2.2A
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.50
0.13Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 478
V.
L2=512K Full Speed
AMD
Advance Micro Device
MMX
MultiMedia eXtension
SSE
Streaming SIMD Extensions
PGA
Pin Grid Array
SECC
Single Edge Contact Cartridge
SEPP
Single Edge Processor Package
SMP
Symmetric Multi-Processor
FC-PGA
Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array
DDR
Double Data Rate
QDP
Quad-Pumped Techonology
L1
Cache Level 1 #.6P7">'
L2
Cache Level 2 67"">'
On die
Cache Level 2 67"58>'
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•
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http://www.intel.com
http://www.amd.com
http://www.cyrix.com
http://www.ibm.com
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[General]
Manufacturer=My Custom Computer
Model=Thunder Bird 800 MHz
[Support Information]
Line1= Built January 1,2001
Line2=
Line3= System Info
Line4= --------------------------------------Line5=
Line6= TB 800 MHz With Alpha PAL 6035 + Delta Fan
Line7= Run On Asus A7V Rev 1.04 Bios 1007
Line8= 320 Meg Of Ram <Micron 64meg & Infineon 256 meg>
Line9= Vga Msi Geforce 256 SDR Tv Out
Line10= Sound Blaster Vibra 128
Line11= Quantum Fireball Plus AS 20 Gig
Line12= Modem Supra Express 56.6 Internal
Line13= 6 Fans All over Case
Line14=
Line15= And So On.......
Line16=.......................................
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337
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1. _KZSI\U]cXGYOpw\ Start IK`RS_KZSXGY Run…
2. XGYSMRQkbmbRQJZ\Jc Msconfig _KZS OK.
3. XGYSMRQkbmbRQ_KZSI\U]cXGYOpw\ Advance
4. _KZSI\U]c[SIKZSIli_\UMcSXGYMU[SUM Disable fast shutdown RRS _KZSOpw\ OK
5. _KZSOpw\ OK. PKmaXTUSUM Restart I_M`YRLB^\jRGS_MVHL
^KVLeUSQNmbI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^mXTUSUMXf]RQkf[Blm_TU]VYL Shutdown fNajUI_M`YRL]U\UMsXGYeFXTUSUM
Shutdown hfm^M`Rh\j(OSbZPKmasmUh\j\GO|^UR`YCg RGS I_M`YRLeF Shutdown hfmbU\OSbZ)***
***
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340
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341
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342
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6. q9bQ44~ARU7gmA5\g (Floppy Disk Drive) IOWCRpOSMEcXGYBlmRjUC/IDG[CPtjC Floppy Disk XGYBlmISiQDmR\NKDCUfIKiS
345
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346
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CGH\UCUC^KU[Oƒ PbjSiBljajUI_M`YRLXpSg I_M`YRLeFbmRLBlmALTAIR BUS CGH IJMUFXUL APPLE IRLSiRRS\UbM…UCDRL
bVaIRLDoHC\U IMG[SajU APPLE BUSPKFXUL IBM IRL SihfmSTU^Cf\UbM…UC PC BUS DoHC\UJMmR\gSVQSUM IBM PC
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SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMc smUIOMG[QIXG[QSVQMFQQk_ML]MmULMjULSU[
DRL\Cp†[cIMUCjUeF IOMG[QIXG[QhfmLjU[PKFI^iC{UJlVfIeC IJMUFR[jULCmR[_CIMU]jaCB^|j_LeFJRMNmMFQQ
k_ML]MmULSUMXTULUC DRLMjULSU[DRLIMUIRLR[NjQmULh\j\USSiCmR[KjF fVLCVHCMFQQSUMXTULUCDRLQV]SieF_KmU[SVQI]mC
IK`RfBCMjULSU[DRL\Cp†[cCVYCIRL]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYBCSUM]jLsjU[SMFP]IK`RfhO^KjRIKGH[L]jaCbjULg DRLMjULSU[ noYL
SMFP]IK`RfBCMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMcSi_`RDmR\NK (Data)CVYCIRL QV] _`R XULIfZC^M`R ljRLXULMF^ajULRpOSMEcXGYBlmBCSUM
bZfbjR]`YR]UM{U[BC_R\JZaIbRMc
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XVHL^\f kf[tjUCQV] BCh\k_MkJMIn]InRMceF\GQV]bjULg fVLCGH QV]DmR\NK (DATA BUS) _`RQV]XGY h\k_M
kJMIn]InRMc
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BUS)
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ajUeFRjUCDmR\NKIDmU\U ^M`ReF]jLDmR\NKRRShOeUSbVanGJG[N kf[MFQQ{U[CRSeFbRQMVQbjR]V||UE_aQ_p\CVCH h\
k_MkJMIn]InRMch\jBljeF_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLQV]XVHL^\f QULSMEGBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NK{U[CRSfma[SVCIRL tjUC
QV]hfmIOWCSMEGJZI‚†I^\`RCSVC
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347
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DMA (DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS)
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\GljRLXULeMUeM\US Si[ZYLMFQU[_aU\MmRChfm\USPKF^\fIMia I\`YRIMUI]G[QSUMcfKLljRLI]G[QQCPtLaLeM^KVS
(]KiRb) SiIXjUSVQajUhfmIl`YR\bjRSUMcfCVHCIDmUSVQaLeMQV]kf[bML epfOMF]L_c^KVSDRLQV]Si_`R SUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhO
PKFSKVQeUSh\k_MkJMIn]InRMc^M`ReUSRpOSMEc^CoYL kf[XUL_RCkXMKIKRMc DMA SUMcfXpSbVaXGYI]G[QR[NjQC
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1.U>Omqq>(POWERLINE)eFB^mJKVLhrrˆUSVQSUMcfD[U[bjULg
2. U>OZ\WZV8 (CONTROL LINE ) Blm]TU^MVQ]jLtjUC]V||UEIaKU (TIMING SIGNG) eUSCUŠZSUDRLMFQQ PKF
]jL]V||UERZCIbRMcMVJbc
3. U>O6QA;A5U (ADDRESS LINE) DmR\NKBfgXGYsNS]jLtjUChO PRfIfM]IOˆU^\U[eFsNS]jL\UbU\]U[DmR\NKPKF
QRSB^mbTUP^CjLMVQDmR\NK(PRfIfM])MNmajUeF\GDmR\NKQULR[jULJMmR\XGYeF]jL\UB^m
4. U>O_EQ8p9 (DATA LINE) h\k_MI\bMeFbMae]RQajU\G]U[]V||UEP]fL_aU\JMmR\^M`R (QC]U[ I/O
CHANNEL READY) I\`YRXpSR[jULIOWChOfma[fGDmR\NKSieFsNS]jLtjUChObU\]U[DmR\NK eTUCaC]U[XGYMFQpsoLPRfIfM]
DRLQV] ^\U[soLeTUCaCDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUXGYRmULPRfIfM]hfmXVHL^\f IljC ]U[PRfIfM] 20 ]U[ ]U\UMsBlm
^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm 1 I\SFhQbceTUCaCDRL]U[QV]eF^\U[soLQV]DmR\NK noYLSi_`RDmR\NKXVHL^\f XGY]jLtjUChOBCQV]bU\
S—XGYbVHLha _aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGIY ^\UF]\eFIOWChOhfmSibjRI\`YR eTUCaC]U[DmR\NKIJG[LJRSVQeTUCaC]U[DmR\NK
DRLh\k_MkJMIn]InRMc eTUCaC]U[]jLDmR\NK\VSeFMFQpsoL_pE]\QVbZDRLQV]BCI_M`YRLJGnGCVHCg IljC QV] 16 QZb
^\U[soL QV]XGYBlm]U[DmR\NK 16 ]U[CVYCIRL
PC BUS I\`YR IBM hfmXTUSUMIOufbVa IBM PC(XT) bVaPMSnoYLBlm CPU 8088 IOWC CPU DCUf 8 BIT fVLCVCH I_M`YRL
_R\JZaIbRMcI_M`YRLCGHeoL\GI]mCXULDmR\NKIJG[L 8 I]mCXUL (8 DATA LINE) PKFI]mCXULXGYR[Nj 20 I]mCXUL (20
ADDRESS LINE) IJ`YRBlmBCSUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU CARD XGYCTU\UbjRSVQ PC BUS CVHCeFIOWC CARD
PQQ 62 PIN noYL 8 PIN Blm]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NKRGS 20 PIN ham]TU^MVQRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU noYL CPU 8088 CVHC
]U\UMsRmULRZL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmIJG[L 1 I\SFhQbc noYLBCPbjKF PIN CVCH ]U\UMs]jLDmR\NKhfmIJG[L 2 _jU _`R 0 SVQ 1
(^M`R ROW SVQ HIGH) fVLCVCH I\`YRBlm20 PIN SieFRmULRZLbTUP^CjLhfmXGY 2 _NESVC 20 _MVHL(^M`R[SSTUKVL 20)
noYLSieFhfmIXjUSVQ 1 MEGABYTE JRfG]jaC PIN XGYI^K`RSiBlmIOWCbVaSTU^CfSUMRjUC_jUajURjUCeUSbTUP^CjLDRL
^Cja[_aU\eTU ^M`RbTUP^CjLDRL INPUT/OUTPUT ^M`RQUL]jaC PIN SiBlm]TU^MVQejU[hr +5\ -5\ +12 PKF]U[
GROUND ]U[fZC IJ`YRejU[hrB^mSVQ GARD XGYbjRJjaLQC SLOT DRL PC BUS CVYCIRL PKF[VL\G PIN
QULbVaXGYXTU^CmUXGYIOWCbVa RESET^M`RIOWCbVa REFRESH ^M`RP\mSMFXVYL CLOCK ^M`R]V||UEDRLMFQQCVYCIRL
348
MFQQ BUS PQQ PC BUS CGH\G _aU\SamULDRL BUSIOWC 4.77 MHzPKF[VL]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pf
XGY 2.38 bjRaZCUXG
BC[p_DRL PC AT ^M`RbVHLPbj CPU MpjC 980286 IOWCbmC\Uhfm\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRLI]mCXULDmR\NKeUS 8
BIT IOWC 16 BIT XTUB^m IBM bmRL\UXTUSUMRRSPQQMFQQ BUS B^\jIJ`YRB^m]U\UMs]jLtjUCDmR\NKXGKF 16 BIT
PCjCRCajUSUMRRSPQQB^\jCVHCSibmRLXTUB^mISZf_aU\IDmUSVChfm[mRC^KVLfma[(COMPATBLE) SKjUa_`R
bmRL]U\UMsBlmLUCSVQ PC QV]hfmfma[ IJMUFsmU^USh\jIljCCVHCPKma Si_LeFDU[RRS[US KRL_ZffNajU smU^USRRS
PC AT XGYBlmMFQQQV]B^\jXVHL^\f PKFh\jIDmUSVCSVQ PC XT XGYRRS\USjRC^CmUCVHChfm I_M`YRL PC BUT IfZ\RGS 36
PIN kf[XGYIJZY\I]mCXULDmR\NK 8 PIN Ma\PKmaSieFIOWC 16 PIN ]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NK_MVHLKF 16 BIT JRfG PKFIJZY\ 4
PIN ]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYRmULbTUP^CjLeUS^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLSieFMa\IOWC 24 PIN PKFeFRmULhfm\USsoL 16 Meg. noYLSi
IOWCDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU]NL]pfXGY CPU 80286 CVHC]U\UMsXGYeFRmULhfm PbjR[jULhMSibU\SUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL
I/O PORTCVHCSi[VLsNSSTU^CfhamXGY 1024 R[NjfG IC`YRLeUSO|^USUMIDmUSVChfmSVQ PC BUS
CRSeUSCGH PIN XGYIDmU\U[VLlja[IJZY\SUMRmULbTUP^CjL DMA PKF_jUDRLIRQ SLOT PQQB^\jCGHIMG[SajUIOWC SLOT
PQQ 16-BIT noYLbjR\USiIMG[SSVCajUIOWC AT BUS PbjIMUeFMNmSVCBCCU\ ISA BUS \USSajUkf[_TUajU ISA \UeUS_TU
Ibi\ajU INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTUREIMU]U\UMsCTU CARD PQQ 8 BIT \UI]G[QKLljRL 16 BIT
hfm IJMUFBlm]sUOb[SMM\I^\`RCgSVC eFbjULSVCSibMLXGYIJZY\\U ]TU^MVQ 16 BIT IXjUCVHCnoYLeFBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm
CARD 16 BIT) ^M`Rh\jBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm CARD 8 BIT) SihfmMFQQQV] PQQ ISA BUS CGH\G_aU\SamULDRL BUS
IOWC 8 MHz PKF]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 8 MB bjRaZCUXG BCOƒ 1985 XUL COMPAG hfm
OMFSU‚IOufbVa COMPUTER DRLbC BCMpCj 286/12 kf[ 12 CVHC ^\U[soL_aU\IMia_`R 12 MHz noYLDEFCVHC IBM
\GP_j 286 XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia
8 MHz BCDEFCVHC _aU\IMiaeUS 8 MHz hO 12 MHz CVQajU]NL\USgIK[ IJMUFIJZY\DoHC\URGS_MVHL^CoYLIK[XGYIfG[a
(smUIOMG[QIXG[QSVQ]\V[CGHSiI^\`RCgSVQeUS
Pentium II 300 hOIOWC Pentium II 450 CVYCIRL) noYLPCjCRC BUS DRLMFQQ SibmRLXTULUCXGY 12 MHz bU\hOfma[
PKmaO|^USiISZfDoCH ISA BUS CVHCIMUXMUQPKmaajU\VCXTULUCXGY 8 MHz smU\VCXTULUCXGY 12 MHz eFXTUB^mISZfO|^U
XGY]TU_V|DoHC IJMUF^USajU CPU XTULUChfmIMiaeMZL Pbjh\j]U\UMsBlm CPU hfm SiP[SSUMBlmCUŠZSU DRLMFQQQV]
RRSeUS CPU hOIK[ kf[XGY CPU RpOSMEcR`YCgQC Mainboard eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 12 MHz PbjbVaXGY BUS IRLeF
XTULUC_LXGY XGY 8 MHz IJMUFBlm]V||UECUŠZSUP[SeUSSVC noYLaZdSG UMCGSH iIOWCaZdGSUMPSmnoYLSiBlmSCV eaQeCOeepQVC
CGH PbjBC]\V[CVHC ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS^M`R RAM eFR[NjQCExpansion Card XGYR[NjSVQ ISA BUS fma[IJMUFqFCVHC \VC
SiIK[XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[L 8 MHz IXjUCVHCPKFbjRg\U[ZYL\G CPU DCUf 16 MHz^M`R 24 MHz BC[p_DRL 386
fma[PKma RAM SieFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[LP_j 8 MHz IXjUCVHC XUL COMPAQ eoLhfmXTUSUMPSmhDRGS_MVLH noYLBC
349
bmCOƒ 1987 XUL COMPAQ SihfmaULbKUf COMPAQ Deskpro 386 XGY_aU\IMia 16 MHz kf[_MUaCGSH Pi [S]V||UE
CUŠZSUDRL RAM RRShOfma[ noYLSiIOWCbmCPQQXGY]TU_V|XGYBlmSVCbjR\UBCOeepQVCCGHkf[B^m ISA BUS XTULUCXGY
_aU\IMia_jU^CoYL RAM RGS_jU^CoLY PKF CPU RGS_jU^CoYL
XVHL IBM PKF COMPAQ CVHCIOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUSVC fVLCVCH IM`YRLXGYeFB^m COMPAQ R[NjI^C`RbCIRL]TU^MVQ IBM CVHC
IOWChOh\jhfm XUL IBM eoLhfmRRS\UbMU…UCMFQQQV]DRLbCB^\j IMG[SajU MICRO CHANNEL AECHITECTURE
^M`R MCA I\`YRMFQQQV]hfm\GSUMPDjLDVCSVCDoHCPCjCRCMFQQXGYsNSCTURRS\UIOMG[QIXG[Q _`R ISAnoYLSi\SG UMeVQbU\
RLajUXUL IBM CVHCeF^UXULPSmhDepfRjRCDRL ISA BUS DRLbCR[jULhM noYLaZ‚aSMDRLXUL IBM CVHC\RLBCPLj\p\XGY
PbSbjULeUS_CR`CY gI\`YR INTELhfmIOuf CPU DRLbCMpjC 80386 noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 32 BIT ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjL
^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 Gigabyte kf[\G_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 16 MHz noYL ISA BUSfNeFh\jI^\UFPKmaSVQ CPU MFfVQ
CGH QMMfUtNmBlm PC bjULSi\RLSVCajUXULRRSXGYfG _`R_aMeF\GMFQQQV]B^\jXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQBCepfCGHhfm eUSSUMXGYaZ‚aSM
DRL IBM sCVfSVQManinframe \USSajUXTUB^maZ‚aSMI^KjUCVHC\RLajU PC Si_aMeFXTULUCPQQ^KU[g TASK JMmR\g
SVChfm (MULTIPLE TASK) OMFSRQSVQ IBM bmRLSUMXGYeFB^m{UJJeCcMainframe DRLbCfN\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLSajU
PC eoLh\j_jR[hfmIJZY\^M`RIOKGY[CPOKLDGf_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQMFQQQV]B^\jB^mIfjCSajUIfZ\\USCVS
IOWCQV]XGY]MmULDoHCeUSSKpj\tNmDU[ 9 QMZ†VX CTUkf[QMZ†VX COMPAQ ]MmULDoHCIJ`YR]NmSVQ
]sUOb[SMM\h\k_MIlKPCKDRL IBM EISA CVHCBlmJ`HC…UC^KVS\UeUS ISA PbjhfmIJZY\DGf
_aU\]U\UMsQULR[jULDoHC noYLQULR[jULSiJV„CU\UeUS MCA fma[ nHTU[VLIDmUSVChfmSVQ MFQQ ISA MpjCISjU
fma[ PKFI]G[_jUKZD]ZXdZ‡CmR[SajUXGYeFbmRLejU[ IBM RGSfma[ QV] EISA MVCXGY 8 MHz PbjRRSPQQB^mSamUL
SajU 32 QZb ^\U[_aU\ajU PQCfcaZfdc DRL\VCIOWC 33 MHz bjRaZCUXG tjUCQV]{U[BbmIL`YRChDXGYfG
XGY]pf QV] EISA \GO|^USUMPRfIfM] PKFO|^U^CoYLXGYXTUB^mIKZSJV„CURpOSMEch\k_MPnCICK _`R
SUM_R\PJbXZIQZK[mRC^KVL _`RsmUn`HR_R\JZaIbRMcB^\jPQQh\k_MPnCICKeUS IBM IMUeFbmRLn`HR
ISA BUS
350
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SUMcf ISA RCp|UbB^m\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLRpOSMEcQULbVa ^M`RXVHL^\fDRLI_M`YRLISjU\UI_M`YRLB^\jhfm
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MCABUS
EISABUS
LOCAL BUSMFQQQV]I^KjUCGHPbjIfZ\IMG[SajU IOWC PRIVATE BUS IJMUFBlmIOWCSUM]jaCbVaIqJUFQMZ†VXIXjUCVHC Pbj
bjR\USiIMG[SajUIOWC LOCAL BUS ^M`R BUS IqJUFXGY IJMUFBlm]V||UECUŠZSUIfG[aSVQ CPU kf[h\jbmRLJoYL]V||UE
CUŠZSUMJZI‚†P[SeUS CPU IK[ DmRfGDRL\VC_`R ]U\UMsBlm]V||UECUŠZSUIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU
BCDEFCVHChfm noYLSi\VSeFCTUhOBlmSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS IJ`YRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\DRLMFQQ PbjSi\GSUMcf
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SVQ DISPLAY CARD hfmIMiaPKma SieFlja[KfO|^UIM`YRL REFRESH RATE bYTU IJMUF CPU eFbmRLXTU SUM
OMF\aKtKPKFCTU\UP]fLtKQCeR{UJ [ZYL^USajU\GSUMBlm DRLeR{UJ]NLg PKFIOWC MODE GRAPHICS fma[PKma
CPU Si[ZYLbmRLSUM SUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB^mIMiaDoHC IJ`YR{UJXGYhfmeFhfmh\jSMFbpS PKFh\jSMFJMZQ IC`YRLeUSMFQQ LOCAL
BUS CVHC eFlja[BCSUM]jLtjUC PKFIDmUsoLDmR\NKhfmIMia eoLhfm\GQULQMZ†VX CTUIRUMFQQ LOCAL BUS \UBlmSVQ
DISPLAY CARD fma[ bjR\Uhfm\GSUMXTUSUMSTU^Cf\UbM…UCMFQQQV]CGHDoHC\U kf[SKpj\XGYl`YR VIDEO
ELECTRONICSTANDARDS ASSOCIATION ^M`R VESA PKFhfmIMG[S\UbM…UCCVHCajU VESA LOCAL BUS ^M`R
IMG[S]VHCgajU VL BUS BCOƒ1992 MFQQ VL BUS CVHC ]U\UMsBlm]V||UECUŠZSUhfm]NLsoL 50 MHz XVHL[VL]CVQ]CpC
I]mCXULDmR\NKXVHL 32 BIT PKF 62 BIT Ma\soLRmULsoLbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 4 GIGABYTE RGSfma[ Pbj
R[jULhMSibU\
VL BUS Sih\jIlZLajUIOWC]sUOb[SMM\XGYfGCVS IJMUFh\j\GIRSKVS†Ec ^M`R_pE]\QVbZJZI‚†
CRSI^C`RhOeUS ISA \USCVS IJUF\VCI^\`RCSVQIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQ ISA \USSajUXGYeTUIOWCJV„CU
_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQ ISA IC`YRLeUS\VCSi[VL_LB^m CPU IOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCBlm BUS MASTERING h\jhfm PKF[VL
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351
VL BUSkK_RKQV]PQQ VESA RRSPQQkf[SKpj\XGYl`YR VIDEO ELECTRONIC STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
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KVS†EF_RCICibIbRMcI]G[QDRLSUMcfRpOSMEcJjaLbjRPQQaGPRKQV] _aMeTUhamajU _RCICibIbRMcI]G[QPQQ\UbM…UC
ISA 16 QZb R[NjfmUCDaUPKF\G_RCICibIbRMcI]G[QIJZY\PQQ kK_RKQV]fmUCnmU[ DmR]TU_V|XGYbmRLeTUhamajUSUMIJZY\]KiRb
kK_RKQV] IJG[L 1^M`R 2 ]KiRbB^mSVQMFQQh\jeTUIOWCajUeF]U\UMsOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQhfmeCh\jCjUIl`YR \VC
eFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCPbjSVQIJG[L]jaCOMFSRQXGRY RS\Ukf[IqJUFIXjUCVHC IljC I]G[QSUMcfP]fLtKXGYh\jBljSUMcfIMjL
_aU\IMiaBC]KiRb kK_RKQV] RUe\GtKXTUB^mSUMXTULUClmUKL\USSajUI]G[QSUMcfIMjL_aU\IMiaaZkbM]cKLBCQV] ISA
SUMRRSPQQ VL BUS eFIMG[SBlm_RCICibIbRMcXGYIJZY\eUS_RCICibIbRMcDRLEISA ^M`R ISA _aU\eMZLtNmDU[]jaCB^|j
XGYB]j]KiRb VL BUS BCI_M`YRLJGnGeFaULR[NjDmULg ]KiRb ISA ^M`R EISA QCQRMcfP\j KRLB^mMVCXGY_aU\IMianGJG[N PKF
KRLMVQDmR\NKPQQ 32QZb hfm VL BUS \GPQCfcaZfdc]NL]Nf 133 I\SFhQbcbjRaZCUXGKVS†EFDRL VL BUS h\jBljQV]XGY
RRSPQQ\UXfPXC ISA I^\`RCSVQXGY EISA PKF MCA hfmJ[U[U\\USjRCPKFOMF]Q_aU\Km\I^Ka ^USPbjIOWCQV]
]jaCD[U[XGYtNmtKZbIJZY\IDmUhOQCPtLaLeM^KVSDRLMpCj B^\jgeF\G]KiRbDRL VL BUSXGYbjR[`YCRRS\UeUS]KiRbIfZ\
DRL ISA noYLRUe\GbVHLPbj 1-3 ]KiRb bU\PbjKFQMZ†VXeFIOWCtNmtKZb _aU\IMiaBCSUMsjU[kRCDmR\NKBC VL BUS h\jhfm
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KfKL DmReTUSVfDRLaGPRKQV] PCFCTUajUh\j_aMbZfbVHLSUMcfISZCSajU 1 SUMcf I\`YRBlmnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia 40 MHz PKFh\j
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XGY\GeTU^CjU[kf[XVYahO_jRCDmULeTUSVfR[NjIJG[LSUMcfeR{UJPKFSUMcf_aQ_p\fZ]ScIXjUCVHC PCI BUSMFQQ PCI ^M`R
PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT SiIOWC LOCAL BUS RGSPQQ^CoYLXGYJV„CUDoHCkf[ INTEL kf[XGY
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CHIPSETDRLMFQQPQQ POINT-TO-POINT noYLeFlja[B^mSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL CARD AGP SVQ
CHIPSET DRLMFQQhfmIMiaDoHC PKF[VL\GI]mCXULIqJUF]TU^MVQbZfbjRSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSDRLMFQQ IJ`YRBlmXTU
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SUM RENDER R[Nj 2 PQQ _`R LOCAL TEXTURING PKF AGP TEXTURING kf[Blm LOCAL TECTURING
CVHCeFXTUSUM COPY ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQhOISiQhamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL CARD eUSCVHCeFXTUSUM
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DISPLAY CARD KLhfm\US IJMUF]U\UMsBlmLUC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQB^mIOWCIrM\QVrIrRMchfmIK[ kf[h\j
bmRLfoLDmR\NK\UJVShamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL CARD SjRCkf[OSbZPKma AGP eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYL
P\majUMFQQeFBlm FSB IOWC 100 MHz Pbj\VCSi[VL_LXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLBC MODE OSbZDRL\VCSieF\G
_aU\]U\UMsPXQeFI^\`RCSVQ PCI PQQ 66 MHz IK[kf[eF\GRVbMUSUM]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLsoL 266 M/s PKF
CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsXTULUChfmXVHLDRQDUDoCH PKFDRQDUKLDRL 66MHz eoLIXjUSVQajU\VCXTULUCXGY 133 MHz noYL
eFlja[IJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKDoHChfm]NLsoL 523 M/s noYLIMG[S MODE CGHajU MODE 2X PKF MODE OSbZajU
MODE 1X ]TU^MVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKCVHC SiDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[ smU^Cja[_aU\eTU
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- EDO RAM ^M`R SD RAM PC 66 hfm 528 M/s
353
- SD RAM PC 100 hfm 800 M/s
- DR RAM hfm 1.4 G/s
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BANDWIDTH Mja\SVQB_M
I\CQRMcf (Mainboard) ^M`RXGYIMG[SRGSR[jUL^CoYLajU "\UIdRQRMcf" (Matherboard) ^\U[soL PtLaLeMhrrˆUDCUf
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SVChfmI\CQRMcfXGYaULSVCR[NBj CXmRLbKUf eFIOWCI\CQRMcfXGYCTUIDmU\UeUSOMFIX‚hbm^aVCPKFRI\MZSU PbjI\CQRMcfXGY
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354
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lZO_RCkXMKIKRMc (Controller) XGYBlm_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCIqJUFR[jUL bjULSVQlZOInbXGYbmRL_aQ_p\XVHLI\CQRMcf kf[lZO
XGYCjU]CBe\GfVLCGSH ound Chip D5cQ Audio Chip IOWClZO Audio QCI\CQRMcfXGYIOWC^VaBeBCSUM_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC
PXCnUaCcSUMcf OeepQVCI\CQRMcf]jaCB^|jeF\G Sound Chip IS`RQXVHL^\f lZOXGYBlmhfmPSj ADL 1980, AC97 Audio
Codec PKF CMedia8738I/O Contreller IOWClZOXGYXTU^CmUXGY_aQ_p\SUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDRLI\CQRMcfSVQRpOSMEcbjRJjaL
tjUCJRMcbbjULg R[jULIljC _G[cQRMcf I\U]c I_M`YRLJMZCIbRMc IOWCbmC USB 2.0 Controller Chip lZO_RCkXMKIKRMcbVa
CGHeFXTU^CmUXGY_aQ_p\SUMBlmLUCJRMcb USB XVHL^\f noYL_pE]\QVbZXGYfGDRLJRMcbOMFI{XCGHSi_`ReFXTULUCXVCXGI\`YR\G
SUMI]G[Q]U[]V||UEIDmUXGYJRMcf USB CVCY IOWCIJMUFajUlZO_RCkXMKIKRMceFSMFbpmCkOMPSM\XVCXGI\`YRMVQMNmajU\GSUM
BlmLUCJRMcb USBRAID Controller Chip ]TU^MVQlZO RAID Controller eFJQhfmBCI\CQRMcfQULMpjCIXjUCVHC kf[
lZOfVLSKjUaeFXTU^CmUXGY_aQ_p\SUM]TUMRLDmR\NKBCMNOPQQDRL RAID noYLIOWC\UbM…UCSUM]TUMRLDmR\NKXGY\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF\G_aU\OKRf{V[]NLHardware Monitoring I\CQRMcfXGYfG\VSeF\GlZOXGY_R[bMae]RQ_aU\tZfOSbZ
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IOWCXGYXMUQSVCfGPKmaajUlZOInbeFOMFSRQfma[]jaCXGYIOWClZO North Bridge SVQlZO South Bridge noYLBCSUMXTUCVHC
lZOXVHL 2 ]jaCeFbmRL\GSUMVQ]jLDmR\NKMF^ajULSVCR[NjbKRfIaKU fVLCVHC_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCDmR\NKMF^ajULlZOXVHL]RLeoL
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ajU _pERUeeFhOn`HRPM\OMFI{X DDR XGY_aU\IMia 333 MHz \UBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpCPM\XGY_aU\IMia
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CVS PKFSi]ZHCIOK`RLkf[IOKjUOMFk[lCcRGSfma[XGYISMZYC\UDmULbmCIOWCIJG[LbVaR[jUL^CoYLIXjUCVHC PbjbRj eUS
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\UbMU…UCB^mIK`RSsoL 3 \UbM…UC hfmPSj SDRAM, DDR ,SDRAM PKF RDRAM noYLSibmRLIK`RSI\CQRMcfXGY
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FPM DRAM 658U^>D5[W;Z5cSQ: 286 FPM DRAM ( Fast Page Mode DRAM)
k\fNKPQQ SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 30 DU PKF 72 DU BlmSVQ
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EDO RAM 658U^>D5[W;Z5cSQ: Pentium EDO RAM (Extended Data Output) BlmSVQk\fNKPQQ SIMM 72 DU \G
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PC66,PC100 PKF PC133 MHz XGYXTULUCSVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 66, 100 PKF 133 MHz bU\KTUfVQ SDRAM sNSCTU\UBlm
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DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) IOWCPM\XGY\GSUMJV„CUbjReUS^Cja[_aU\eTUPQQ SDRAM B^m\G
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SDRAM kf[Blm_aU\sGYBCSUMXTULUCIXjUSVC eUSSUMXGY DDR SDRAM XTULUChfmIOWC 2 IXjUDRL SDRAM XTUB^m\GtNm
IDmUBetZfajU DDR SDRAM XTULUCXGY_aU\sGYIOWC 2 IXjUDRL SDRAM Pbj_aU\eMZLPKma DDR SDRAM Blm_aU\sGYBC
SUMXTULUCIXjUIfZ\ PbjCTU]V||UEXVHLDUDoCH PKFDUKL\UBlm eoLXTUB^mXTULUChfmIMiaIOWC 2 IXjU kf[_aU\sGYXGYkŽ†EUSVC
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SDRAM PC200 MVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm\USSajU SDRAM PC100 IOWC 2 IXjU eoLs`RSVCajU DDR SDRAM PC200 XTULUCXGY
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PKFDUKL\USTU^CfB^mPM\XTULUC IljCIfG[aSVQ DDR SDRAM P\majUI]mCXULSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK (Data Path) XGYP_Q Pbj
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Performance" noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 MpjC kf[BCMpCj PMSBlmPSCXGY\Gl`YRM^V]bU\]U[SUMtKZbajU "JUkK\GkC" (Palomino)
PKF "IdRkMIQMf" (Thoroughbred) PbjSjRCXGYeFXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQnGJG[NeUSIRIRi\fG B^mKRLXTU_aU\ IDmUBeSVQMNOPQQ
SUMPemL_aU\IMiaXGYXULIRIRi\fGIOKGY[CB^\jI]G[SjRC XULIRIRi\fGhfmIOKGY[CMNOPQQSUMPemL_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NPQQB^\j
kf[eFaVfbU\ PR Rating (Performance Rating) noYLSi_`R_jU_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMOMF\aKDRLnGJG[N kf[h\jhfmBlmIM`YRL
MHz/GHz I^\`RCIfZ\RGSPKma PbjSKVQ\UPDjLI_M`YRLOMF]ZXdZ{UDRLnGJG[NBCSUMOMF\aKtKPXC noYL_jU PR Rating CGH
eFIOWC_jUXGY IOMG[QIXG[QSVQ Athlon Thunderbird IfZ\ h\jBljIOWCSUMIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\IMiaSVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ Intel Pbj
R[jULBf noYLBCljULIOufbVf AMD hfm]jLRRS\UXVHL^\f4MpjChfmPSj
-AthlonXP 1500+ PR = 1.33 GHz
-AthlonXP 1600+ PR = 1.4 GHz
-AthlonXP 1700+ PR = 1.47 GHz
-AthlonXP 1800+ PR = 1.53 GHz
eFI^iChfmajUnGJG[NeUS AMD {U[Bbml`YR Athlon XP eF\GI_M`YRL^\U[QaSIJZY\IDmU\U IJ`YRQRSajU Athlon MpjCCGH\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJI^C`RSajUMpjC Thunderbird MpjCSjRC^CmUIXjUhM kf[bVaIKDIXG[QhfmSVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECUŠZSUDRLMpCj
Thunderbied XGYIXG[QSVQMpjC XP
AthlonXP 67G Palomino
epfIMZY\bmCDRL Athlon XP PSC Palomino eF_KmU[SVQ Pentium 4 MpjCPMSXGYBlmPSC Willamette _`ReFBlm
363
]sUOb[SMM\PQQB^\j PbjBlmDCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbIXjUIfZ\_`R 0.18 h\_MRC ]jaC Athlon XP bVaCGHSi I^\`RCSVC
_`R XTUSUMJV„CUbjReUS Athlon Thuderbied bVaIfZ\XGY\GDCUfSUMtKZb 0.18 h\_MRC Blm]sUOb[SMM\PQQB^\jXGY
IMG[SajU "QuantiSpeed Architecture" \UJMmR\SVQIX_kCkK[G3Dnow! Professional XGYIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLB^\j 72 lpf_TU]VYL
]CVQ]CpC FSB 266 MHz XGYXTULUCBCPQQ Double Data Rate (DDR) SVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 133 MHz \G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l
L1 DCUf 128 KB PKF L2 DCUf 256 KB
_aU\IMia
Speed)
(Core
1500+ - 2100+ GHz
_aU\IMiaQV]
(System Bus)
266 MHz FSB
hrIKGH[L (Vcore)
1.7 kaKbc
ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N
(Socket)
Socket A
DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTU P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 KB P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf
P_l(Cache)
256 KB
DCUfIX_kCkK[G
SUMtKZb
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.18 h\_MRC kf[\G
XRLPfLIOWCbVaIl`YR\bjR{U[BC
(Copper
Interconneet)
eUSI\`YRSjRCXGYBlmRFKN\ZICG[\
(Aluminium Interconnect)
]sUOb[SMM\
QuantiSpeed Architecture
lpf_TU]VYL
3Dnow ! Professional Technolgy (IJZY\ 27
lpf_TU]VYLeUS 3Dnow!)
AthlonXP67GThoroughbred
nGJG[N Athlon XP MpjCXGY 2 XGYIDmU\UPXC Palomino fma[PSCXGY\Gl`YRajU "Thoroughbred" XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G
SUMtKZbDCUf 0.13 h\_MRC IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium 4 Northwood DRLRZCIXK kf[IMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2200+ noYL
\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC 1.8 GHz PKF[VL_LBlm Socket 462 IljCIfZ\ ^M`RXGY_pmCSVCBCl`YR Socket A IfZ\kf[XVYahOPKma
Palomino PKF Thoroughbred h\j\G_aU\PbSbjULSVCBCIM`YRLDRL]sUOb[SMM\J`HC…UC eFbjULSVCIJG[LP_jIX_kCkK[G
BCSUMtKZbIXjUCVHCkf[KfeUS0.18\UIOWC0.13
AthlonXPThoroughbredW[U333MHz
ISZf_aU\IOKGY[CPOKLDoHCRGS_MVHLSVQnGJG[N Athlon XP Thoroughbred I\`YRXULIRIRi\fGhfm\GSUM IOKGY[CPOKLDCUf
DRL Die Size (PSC) IJZY\DoHCRGS 4 mm XULIRIRi\fGeFIMG[SajU Thoroughbred "B" PKFhfmIJZY\_aU\IMiaQV] FSB IOWC
333 MHz eUSIfZ\XGYBlm_aU\IMia FSB 266 MHz SiI^\`RCSVQXGYXUL Intel OKjR[nGJG[NQV] 533 MHz RRS\UPXCMpjCXGYBlm
QV] 400 MHz]TU^MVQnGJG[N Athlon XP QV] 333 MHz eFIMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2600+ noYL\G_aU\IMia 2.13 GHz PKF
bjR\USiIMZY\tKZb Thoroughbred "B" XGYMpjC _aU\IMiabYTU g R[jULMpjC 2000+,2200+,2400+,2600+,2700+ PKF 2800+Pbj
R[jUK`\ajUeFbmRLBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpC_aU\IMia333MHzfma[I\`YRfNeUSMNOeFI^iCajU^CmUbUDRLnGJG[N Athlon XP
BlmPSC Thoroughbred "B" eFI^\`RCIfZ\XpSR[jULPbjeF\GDCUfDRLDieSizeB^|jSajUIfZ\IKiSCmR[IXjUCVHC
364
T>5>:;45@OW;X@OWZVuU8W[TR_Q:?@<@Op AMD Athlon XP & Intel Pentium 4 Processor
Codename
AMD
Thunderbird
AMD Palomino
AMD
Thoroughbred
Intel Northwood
Micron
Process
0.18 micron
0.18 micron
0.13 micron
0.13 micron
266 MHz (133x2)
533
(QDRx133)
FSB operation 200 MHz (100x2)
266
(133x2)
Center
Size
128 mm
128 mm
80 mm
146 mm
256 KB
256 KB
256 KB
512 KB
Voltage Drain 1.75 V
1.75 V
1.65 V
1.5 V
L2 Cache
Die
MHz
MHz
IOWCRGS_jU[^CoYLXGYtKZbnGJG[NRRSeTU^Cja[PDjLSVQRZCIXKPKFIRIRi\fG Pbjfma[_pE{UJXGY[VLfmR[SajU _NjPDjLDVCR[Nj\US
nGJG[NeUSIaG[MceoLI^\UFSVQI_M`YRLMFfVQKjULIXjUCVHC
PbjSi\GepfIfjCbMLMU_UXGYsNS\USI^\UFSVQtNmBlmXVYahOnoYL\GMpjCXGYCjU]CBefVLCGV
H IA
Cyrix
III
Cyrix lll eUS VIA noYLaULSKpj\IOˆU^\U[B^mR[NjBCbKUfMFfVQKjUL \G_aU\IMiaIMZY\eUS 533 MHz hO
eCsoL 667 MHz kf[eFbZfbVHLR[NjQC Socket 370 BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbXGY 0.18 h\_MRC IOWCMpjCXGY\G
P_lMFfVQXGY 1 ]NLsoL 128 SZkKhQbc bZfbVHLPQQ on - die _`RtCaSR[NjQCPSCnGJG[NCVYCIRL Pbjh\j\PG _lMFfVQXGY 2
XTULUC
XGY_aU\QV] 100 I\SFIŒZMbnc I^\UF]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCXVYaghO IljC SUMBlmkOMPSM\h\k_MnRrbcRRrru‚ SUM^CVL
rLIJKL \Glpf_TU]VYL MMX SVQ3D Now! XGYlja[OMF\aKtKfmUCSMUruS PKF\VKbZ\GIfG[Pbjfma[SUMXGYh\j\GP_l
MFfVQXGY 2 XTUB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCfmUCSMUruS IKjCIS\ 3 \ZbZ PKFLUCXGYbmRLSUMSUMOMF\aKtK]NLXTUhfm
h\jfGCVSXVHL^\fCG_H `RnGJG[NeUS_jU[bjULgXGYSTUKVLRRS]NjbKUf_R\JZaIbRMcQmUCIMU
IC`YRLeUSDmR\NKPKFkOMPSM\bjULg CVHC\GDCUfB^|jISZCSajUXGYeFISiQKLPtjCfZ]Schfm^\f XTUB^mbmRL\GŒUMcffZ]ScIRUham
ISiQDmR\NKI^KjUCGHPXC ŒUMcffZ]SchfmsNSJV„CUB^m\G_aU\eF\USDoHCIM`YR[g eCsoLOeepQVC\G_aU\eF\USSajU 200
365
I\SSFhQbcPKmaCRSeUSSUMJV„CUXULfmUC_aU\epDRLŒUMcffZ]ScPKma BCfmUC_aU\IMiaSi\GSUMJV„CU_aQ_NjhOfma[
kf[IqJUFI\`YR\GSUMIOKGY[C\UbM…UCeUSIfZ\XGYIOWCPQQ Ultra ATA hO]Nj Serial ATA noYLSilja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUM
MVQ]jLDmR\NKMF^ajULŒUMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm\USsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG ]NLSajU\UbM…UCIfZ\XGY\G_aU\IMiaP_j 133
I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXGIXjUCVHC
ŒUMcffZ]Sc (Harddisk) IOWCRpOSMEcXG]U\UMsISiQDmR\NKhfm\USPKFISiQhfmR[jULsUaMkf[h\jeTUIOWCbmRL\GhrrˆU\U
^KjRIKGHR[LbKRfIaKUI^\`RCSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTUPM\ I\`YROufI_M`YRLDmR\NKSieFh\j]N|^U[hOh^C eUS_pE]\QVbZI^KjUMGH
IRLXTUB^mŒUMcffZ]ScsNSBlmIOWChfMac^KVSBCSUMISiQMFQQO‰ZQVbZSUM kOMPSM\PKFDmR\NKbjULg CRSeUSCGHJ`HCXGYDRL
ŒUMcffZ]ScQUL]jaC[VLsNSCTU\UeTUKRLIOWCPM\I]\`RC^M`R Visual Memory RGSfma[ noYLlja[B^mI_M`YRLXTULUChfmIMiaDoHC
OeepQVCŒUMcffZ]Sc\MG NOPQQSUMIl`YR\bjRR[Nj 3 \UbM…UC hfmPSj E-IDE, SCSI PKFKjU]pf_`R Serial ATA noYL
ŒUMcffZ]ScXVHL 3 PQQ\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF SUMBlmLUCXGYPbSbjULSVCfVLCGH
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G E-IDE
E-IDE (RjUCajU "RG-hRfGR"G ) [jR\UeUS_TUajU Enhances Integrated Drive Electronics IOWCŒUMcffZ]ScXGYhfmMVQSUMJV„CU
bjReUSŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) noYLIOWC\UbM…UCfVHLIfZ\XGY\GDmReTUSVfBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\ep_`R
\G_aU\epIJG[L 528 MB PbjŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE ]U\UMsepDmR\NKhfm\USsoLMFfVQSZSFhQbc KjU]pf]U\UMsJV„CU_aU\
ephfm\USsoL 200 SZSFhQbc BC]jaCDRLljRLXGYBlmIl`YR\bjRPQQE-IDE CGHeF\GeTUCaC 40 DU kf[eFIl`YR\bjRIDmUSVQ
]U[]V||UE^M`RXGYRUeeFIMG[SajU "]U[PJ" Sihfm I_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcPbjKF
I_M`YRLeF]U\UMsbjRŒUMcffZ]Schfm 4 bVa ŒUMcffZ]ScPQQE-IDE IOWC\UbM…UCXGYCZ[\BlmSVCkf[XVYahO IC`YRLeUS\GMU_U
sNS ^Un`HRLjU[ PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLh\j[pjL[US
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G SCSI
SCSI(RjUCajU "]SVn-nG") [jR\UeUS_TUajU Small Computer System Interface IOWCŒUMcffZ]ScXGY\GepfIfjCBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\
epXGY\G\USSajUPQQ E-IDE PKF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKSajUPQQ E-IDE CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsbjRJjaLSVChfm\US
fma[ (7-15 bVa) ŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI I^\UFXGYeFBlm]TU^MVQI_M`YRLOMFI{XI_M`YRLP\jDjU[ (Server RjUUCajU InZMcrIaRMc)
\USSajUI_M`YRLXGYBlmbU\QmUC IC`YRLeUS\GMU_UPJL PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLXG[Y pjL[USSajU IJMUFeFbmRL\GSUMbZfbVHLSUMcf_aQ_p\
IJZY\IbZ\ BCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 50 DU eFI^iCajU]U[]V||UEDRLŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI eFB^|jSajU
PQQ E-IDE XGY\GPJG[L 40 DU
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Serial ATA
]TU^MVQRŒUMcffZ]Sc\UbM…UCB^\jKjU]pfBCCU\ Serial ATA \GepfIfjCR[NjXGY]U\UMsJV„CU_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCDmR\NK
MF^ajULŒUMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm]NL SajU\UbM…UCIfZ\ Ultra ATA (E-IDE) XGY\UbVCR[NjXGY_aU\IMia 133 I\SSFhQbcbjR
aZCUXG DEFXGY\UbM…UC Serial ATA \G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG PKFIOWCXGY_UfajUeF]U\UMsJV„CU
_aU\IMiahfm]NL]pfsoL 600 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG
ŒUMcffZ]Sc IDE PKF E-IDE hfm\GSUMJV„CUBCIM`YRLDRLSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKR[NjR[jULbjRIC`YRL_aQ_NjhOSVQSUMJV„CU
366
_aU\IMiaBCSUM^\pCeUCfZ]Sc noYLk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK^M`R Transfer Mode XGYajUCGH lja[XTUB^mSUMXTULUC\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJDoHC noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 PQQ _`R
1. 6WW PIO (Programmed Input/Output ) IOWCk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCnGfG[N kf[ŒUMcffZ]ScXGY\GSUMXTULUCBC
k^\fCGHeFbmRLRU‚V[nGJG[Nlja[kRC
[mU[DmR\NKB^m XTUB^mI]G[IaKUSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[N
2. DMA (Direct Memory Access ) IOWCk^\fSUMXTULUCXGY]U\UMsXTUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm kf[bMLMF^ajULPM\SVQ
ŒUMcffZ]Sc kf[h\jbmRLtjUCnGfG[N noYLeFSZCIaKUBCSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[NCmR[KL IJMUFh\jbmRLDVfeVL^aFB^mnGJG[Nlja[
kRC[mU[DmR\NK
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eFIOWCnGJG[N PM\ SUMcfP]fLtK hfmsNSJV„CUB^m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCIJZY\DoHC OMFSRQSVQnRrbcPaMc
MFQQO‰ZQVbZSUM PKFkOMPSM\\GDCUfB^|jDCoH I^bpCGHIRLXGYXTUB^mbmRL\GSUMJV„CUŒUMcffZ]ScB^m\GSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm
\USDoHCIM`YR[ g fVLCVHCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\GRUMcffZ]ScXTULUCIMia g Si[ZYLXTUB^m_aU\IMiakf[Ma\DRLI_M`YRL]NLDoHChO
fma[
ŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE ^M`RRUeIMG[SajU ATA (AT Attachment) CGH]U\UMsbjRSVQŒUMcffZ]ScXGY\G
_aU\eph\jISZC 528 I\SSFhQbc XGYBlmSVCBC_R\JZaIbRMcMpjC 486 BlmSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO
(Programmed Input/ Output) Mode 0,1 PKF 2 h\j]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEc
R`YCghfm CRSeUSŒUMcffZ]ScIJG[LR[jULIfG[a bjR\UsNSJV„CUIOWCPQQ E-IDE IOWCSUMJV„CUbjReUS\UbMU…UC IDE
^M`R ATA XTUB^m]U\UMsMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmMafIMiaDoHCPKF]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQŒUMcffZ]ScXGY\GDCUfISZC 528 I\SSFhQbc
hfm PKFJV„CUB^m]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcRC`Y g hfmRSG IljC nGfMG R\hfMac ^M`RIXOhfMac kf[SUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ EIDE CGHeFBlmSUM]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO Mode 3 PKF 4 IMZY\BlmSVQ_R\JZaIbRMcBCMpjCIJCIXG[\IOWCbmC\U
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/33
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Access) noYLeFlja[KfMF[FIaKUSUMRjUC/IDG[CDmR\NKeUSQVrIrRMc (Buffer) DRLŒUMcffZ]Sc\GRVbMUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK
IXjUSVQ 33MB/S ŒUMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 eF\G_aU\epIXjUSVQ 1.0-8.4 SZSFhQbc
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/66
ŒUMcffZ]Sc\UbM…UC Ultra ATA/66 hfmJV„CUMFQQSUM]jLDmR\NKB^mMafIMiaDoHC PKFfK]V||UEMQSaCXULhrrˆU
kf[OMVQOMFL]U[]V||UE PKF_RCIC_IbRMcB^m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ\USDoHC h\jhfmJV„CUIX_kCkK[GDRLPtjCeUCfZ]ScBC
fmUC_aU\^CUPCjCDRLDmRL\NK Pbj_R\JZaIbRMcXGYeFBlm Ultra ATA/66 hfmCVHCeFbmRL\GlZOInbXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQ
_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDCUf 66 MB/S hfmfma[ PKFBCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mC Pbj
367
ŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ Ultra ATA/66 CVHC[VL_LBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 40 I]mCPQQISjUhfmI^\`RCIfZ\PbjeFXTULUChfmXGY
_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQŒUMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 IXjUCVHC
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/100
ŒUMcffZ]Sc\UbM…UC Ultra ATA/100 hfmJV„CU_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB^m]NLDoHChORGSDVHC^CoYL_`R]U\UMs
MVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S BCSUMbZfbVHL
Si[VLbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBC Ultra ATA/66 fma[_`R Blm]U[PQQ 80 I]mC\UbM…UCB^\jCGH[VLIDmUSVChfm
SVQŒUMcffZ]Sc\UbM…UCISjU PKF]U\UMsBlmhfmSVQI\CQRMcfMpjCISjUXGY]jaC_aQ_p\ŒUMcffZ]Sc (Controller) h\j]CVQ]CpC
Ultra ATA/33 ŒUMcffZ]ScSiXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 33 MB/S IXjUCVHC IJMUFqFCVHCsmUbmRLSUMB^mŒUMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/100
XTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S SibRm LBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpCPKFeFbmRLBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mCfma[
8>T5f>GZ\>8;5b\_Q:l>5gAARU7g SCSI
ŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI \G_pE]\QVbZXGYI^C`RSajUPQQ E-IDE \US h\j ajUeFIOWC_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NK
(Bandwidth) XGYOeepQVC\G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 160 MB/s DEFXGYŒUMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE \G_aU\IMiaIJG[L 133 MB/s Ma\soL
_aU\epBSKmI_G[LSVQPQQ SCSI \USDoCH XpSXG SUMJV„CU\UR[jULbjRIC`YRLI^\`RCPQQ E-IDE IljCSVC kf[\UbM…UCDRL
SUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \GfVLbjRhOCGH
8>T5f>G
Z\>8;5b\CG7>55[WUY:_EQ8p9
(;877PmWTgTYQ\RG>X@)
SCSI
5
Fast SCSI
10
Wide SCSI
10
Fast & wide SCSI
20-40
Ultra SCSI
40
Ultra Wode SCSI
80
Ultra 2 SCSI
80
Ultra 3 SCSI
160
eFI^iChfmajUSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \UbM…UCB^\jg CGHeF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKXGY]NL\US SUMBlmSUMIl`YR\bjR
PQQCGHeFXTUB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJSUM XTULUC ^M`R_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`YRL]NLDoHC\USPbjOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfG bmRL
PKS\Ufma[MU_UXG]Y NL RpOSMEcPKFSUMcfPQQ SCSI \GMU_UXGY_jRCDmULPJL eoLh\j_jR[CTU\UBlmLUCBCI_M`YRL
_R\JZaIbRMcXVYag hO eFI^\UFSVQSUMBlmLUC]TU^MVQLUCXGYbmRLSUMOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLeMZLg
\UbM…UCDRL SCSI Si\SG UMJV„CUXULfmUC_aU\IMiaIljCIfG[aSVQPQQ E-IDE _`R\GSUMJV„CUB^m\_G aU\IMiaBCSUM]jL
sjU[DmR\NKIMiaDoHC eUS SCSI-2 XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm
10 MB/s \UIOWC Ultra SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY 20 MB/sbjR\USiIOWC Ultra Wide SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm 40 MB/s
SCSI IOWCRZCIbRMcIr]XGYPbSbjULeUSRZCIbRMcIr]PQQR`YCg \US _aU\eMZLPKma SCSI h\jhfmIOWCRZCIbRMcIr]]TU^MVQ
ŒUMcffZ]Sckf[IqJUF DmRPbSbjULXGY]TU_V|XGY]pfhfmPSj RpOSMEcXGYeFCTU\UbjRSVQRZCIbRMcIr]PQQCGH eFbmRLIOWCRpOSMEc
XGY\G_aU\qKUf^M`R Intellihent JR]\_aM (\VSeFbmRL\G lZO_aQ_p\^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL
BCMFfVQ^CGYL) kf[XVYahOSUMcfPQQ SCSI eF]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEchfm 7 bVa PbjSUMcf SCSI QULMpjCRUebjRRpOSMEchfm
368
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2. + [386Enh] $%'(+ 2 [386Enh]
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•
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SVCXGKF^VaDmRIK[ PKmaIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\MNm]oSSVCfNajU Windows 98 DRL_pE eFIOKGY[CPOKLhOR[jULhMQmUL
•
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7>545[W6TY:mq9g Msdos.sys
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SUMOMVQPbjLkf[IJZY\_TU]VYLbjRhOCGHBChrKc Msdos.sys bU\DVHCbRCfVLCGH
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7>545[W6TY:mq9g System.ini CG C:\Windows
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404
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C]E7>5W@WQ[A_EQ8p9 (Compress Data) _Q:38;Ab8;<RS8Z\>8;5b\7>5;9YG;GbT
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7. RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIJZY\IbZ\eUSIM`YRL SUMbVHLBlmLUC virtual memory _MVQ
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405
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hfMacnGfGMR\ RjUCPtjChfmQmULh\jhfmQmUL ^UPtjCh\jIeR PSmO|^UR[jULhM
421
O|^UCGH\VSeFh\jISZfSVQhfMacnGfMG R\bVaB^\j g _MVQ Pbj]jaCB^|jeFISZfSVQhfMacnGfGMR\XGY\GSUMBlmLUC \UCUCPKma
^M`ROMF\UE 1 OƒDoHChO PKF]UI^bpXGYI^iCSVCQjR[Si_R` ^VaRjUC]SOMS ]jaCB^|jeFIOWCJaS‹pwC IDmUhOSVQPtjCnGfG
PKmaIMUSiCTU\VCIDmUhORjUCBChfMac ‹pwCSiIK[IDmUhObZfXGY^VaRjUC JR]F]\\US g IDmUSiIK[ XTUB^mISZf RUSUMfVLSKjUa
RjUCPtjCh\jhfmQmULKF ^UPtjCh\jIeRQmULKF aZdGSUMPSmhDSi_`RXTU_aU\]FRUf^VaRjUC kf[BlmPtjCnGfXG GYham]TU^MVQXTU
_aU\]FRUf^VaRjUC XGY\GDU[R[NjbU\MmUC_R\JZaIbRMcXVYahO\UBlm MVQMRLRUSUMfVLSKjUaeFh\jISZfDoHCPCjCRC
O|^UDRL CD Audio
smU_pEIKjCnGfGRRfZkRBC CD Writer PKma Windows Media ^M`R CD Playar P]fLDmR_aU\ "Please insert an audio
compact disk" ^M`R Data or no disk loaded RUe\G]UI^bp\UeUShfMIaRMc aZdGPSm_`R B^mIOuf Control Panel IK`RS Sound
&Multimedia _KZS Devices fVQIQZK_KZS XGY Media Control Devices PKF CD Audio Devices (Media Control) _KZS
Remove PKF Yes _KZS OK IJ`YROuf ^CmUbjULXVHL^\fPKFQNbI_M`YRLB^\j
RFhM_`R]UI^bp XGYXTUB^mPtjC CD-ROM IKjCIJKLeCPtjCPbS
SKU[IOWCIM`YRLOSbZdMM\fUhOPKma_MVQ IM`RY LhfMac CD-ROM XTUPtjCPbS noYL]UI^bpSiIOWCIJMUFhfMac XGYtKZbBC
OeepQVC\G_aU\IMia]NL XTUB^mI\`YRRjUCPtjCXGY\G_E
p {UJbYTU^M`RPtjCXG\Y GMR[DGfDjaCKoS g SiXTUB^mISZf]FfpfIOWCtK XTUB^m
PtjCPbS noYLO|^UCGHIMUeFh\jJQBChfMacMpjCISjU g IK[ XULPSmS_i `R^KGSIKGY[LSUMBlmPtjCXGY\G_E
p {UJbYTU ^M`RPtjCXGY
IOWCMR[\US g
agp pro OSbZIOWCDRLI\CQRMcf Asus _MVQ
IM`YRLDRL 2X PKF 4X CF_MVQ
RjUCCF IRU\UIXjUCGHSjRCCF
422
GA card PQQ AGP
===============
AGP [jR\UeUS Accelerated Graphics Port JV„CUkf[
Intel kf[RmULRZLR[NjSVQ\UbM…UC PCI 2.1 eoL\GPQCfcaZfXcR[NjXGY
66 MHz. epfOMF]L_cDRL AGP SiIJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMP]fL
tKkf[IqJUFSVQaVbsp 3 \ZbZPKFSUMXTUJ`HCtZaXGYIMG[SajU texture
XTUB^mSUMP]fLtK{UJaZfZkRXGYKFIRG[fPKFMUQM`YC\USDoHC
]TU^MVQSUMJV„CU AGP kf[RZCIXKIMZY\BlmbVHLPbj[_p DRL Slot-1 PKF
Pentium II BCOeepQVCSi[VL\GBlmR[NjMa\XVHLQRMcfDRLniR_ISib 7 XGY
IMG[SajU Super 7 Si]CVQ]CpC AGP fma[ AGP [p_PMSIOWC AGP
PQQ 1X bjR\U 2X PKFXGY]NL]pfbRCCG_H `RPQQ 4X XG\GBCI\CQRMcf
XGYBlmlZJInibMpjCB^\j g
SUM]MmUL{UJ 3 \ZbZeF\G]jaCOMFSRQXGY]TU_V| 2 ]jaC_`R SUM]MmULaVbsp
3 \ZbZPKFSUMXTUJ`HCtZa kf[XVYahO^CmUXGYSUM]MmULaVbsp 3 \ZbZeFIOWC^CmUXGY
DRLnGJG[NIC`YRLeUSnGJG[N]U\UMs_TUCaEIKDX‚CZ[\hfmeTUCaC\US g hfm
fGSajUlZJP]fLtK ]jaClZJP]fLtKXGYR[NjBCSUMcfaGeGIReFeVfSUMXULfmUC
SUMXTUJ`HCtZaPKFP]LILUbjUL g smU[ZYL\GSUMBlmJ`HCtZaDCUfB^|j eTUCaCQZb
]G\US g PKmaeFbmRL\GSUMkRCsjU[DmR\pKeTUCaC\US\U[PKFbjRIC`YRLIljCIS\]c
OMFI{X 3 \ZbZ SUMIKjCIS\]cB^mhfm_aU\IMia]NL g PRJJKZI_lVYCXULdpMSZe
aZ‚aSMM\k[dU PRCZI\lVYCbjUL g CGYSibmRLSUMPM\\\US g CF_MVQ R[jU_ZfajU
IMUh\jhfmXTULUCJaSCVHCCF_MVQSiRUeeFIOWCSUMIMG[C^M`RIRU\U‚oS†U_MVQ
kOMPSM\XGYbmRLSUMSUMOMF\aKtKXGYbmRLSUM_aU\IMiaCGY^US\G^Cja[_aU\eTU
\US g CGSY ieFlja[B^m_aU\]U\UMsXULfmUC 3 \ZbZfGPKFIMia_MVQ h\jbmRL\U\Va
CVYL_R[XM\UCR[NjCF_MVQ IljC ^US\GLUCJMGInCIblVYCXGYbmRLSUMB^mI^iC]ZC_mU
^M`RRpOSMEcXGYbmRLSUMI^iCBC^KU[\p\\RL^M`RXGYBSKm g SiJaSlUMcbDRL
IRiSInKXGYP]fLtKPQQPRCZI\lVYCCF_MVQXGYDCUfB^|j g CVHCbmRLSUM^Cja[
_aU\eTUBCSUMP]fLtK\USXGIfG[a_MVQ SUMIJZY\PM\QCSUMcfP]fLtKCVHC
IOWCSUMPSmO|^UXGY\GMU_UPJLIJMUFbmRCXpCBCSUMtKZbPM\XGY\GMU_U]NL s`RajU
IOWCSUM]ZHCIOK`RL SUMcfPQQ AGP RRSPQQ\UIJ`YRIOWCSUMPSmO|^UCGHkf[eF
\GljRLXULXGY]MmULDoHC\Ukf[IqJUF h\jDoHCR[NjSVQQV]Bf g \GSUMeVfSUMIOWCDRLbC
IRL ljRLXULXGY]MmULDoHCCGHeFXTUSUMbZfbjRMF^ajUL System Memory ^M`RPM\
XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcfbZfbjRSVQ Graphic Chip IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMsjU[DmR\NK
PKFfoLIRU]jaCXGYajULDRL System Memory \UBlmBCSUMOMF\aKtKDRL
Texture DCUfB^|jljRLXULCGH_R` AGP XTUB^mKfSUMBlmPM\eTUCaC\USQCbVaSUMcf
SUMcfaGeGIRPQQ AGP _pE]\QVbZDRLSUMcf AGP _`R DIME ^M`R Direct Memory
Excecute SUMOMF\aKtKtjUC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQ^M`RPM\kf[bML
I]\`RCajUIOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL XTUB^mh\jeTUIOWCbmRL\GPM\QCbVaSUMcfP]fLtK
423
XGY\US\U[
_aU\eTU^KVSCVHCeF]jLtKB^m\GSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRLSUMcfaGeGIR\G
_aU\MafIMiaDoHC SUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSeFDoHC
SVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUfVLCGH_MVQ
1. PQQ EDO DRAM.SDRAM eFhfm 528 MB/S
2. PQQ SDRAM PC100 eFhfm 800 MB/S
3. PQQ DRDRAM eFhfm 1.4 GB/S
fVLCVHCSUMXGYeFhfm_aU\IMiaDRLSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL AGP SGY X CVHC
SibmRLDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[_MVQ IljC _pEBlmI\CQRMcf
XGYMRLMVQ AGP4X PbjBlm SDram Sih\jhfmBlm_aU\]U\UMssoL 4X ^MRS_MVQ
IJMUFPM\\G_aU\hah\jsoL_MVQ
IDmUBeIM`YRLSGY X DRL AGP
=================
I\`YR\GSUMIMG[SBlmDmR\NKJ`HCtZa DmR\NKJ`HCtZaeFsNSRjUCeUSRpOSMEcefV ISiQDmR\NKIljC
ŒUMcffZ]Sc^M`RnGfGMR\IRUhOISiQhamBC System Memory eUSCVHC Graphic Chip
eFOMF\aKtK Texture eUS System Memory tjUCXULJRMcb AGP I\`YRhfmtKKVJdc
PKmaeF]jL\U[VLQVrIrRMcnoYLSi_`R Local Video Memory IJ`YRCTU\UPOKLIOWC]V||UE
{UJP]fLXGY\RCZIbRMcRGSXG^CoYL
AGP \G_aU\SamULDRLQV]IXjUSVQ 32 QZbI^\`RCSVQ PCI PbjPbSbjULbMLSVQXGY\C
V aZYLXGY
_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQ_aU\IMiaDRL FSB noYLbjULSVQ PCI XGYaZYLfma[_aU\IMia_MoYL^CoYLDRL FSB
^USIOWCQV]_aU\ha 66 MHz. SieFOMVQ_jU]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 1/1 QCQV]_aU\ha 100 MHz.
eFOMVQ_jU]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 2/3 ]jaCI\CQRMcfMpjCB^\jXGYBlmQVa 133 MHz. SieFOMVQ_jU
]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 1/2 XTUB^mSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NKDRL AGP \G\USSajU PCI soL 2 IXjU CRS
eUSCVHC AGP [VL]U\UMs]jLDmR\NKhfmsoL 2 _MVHLbjR 1 MRQ]V||UECUŠZSUkf[eFXTUSUM]jL
DmR\NKXVHLDRQDUDoCH PKFDUKLDRL]V||UECUŠZSU XTUB^m\GSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NK\USSajU PCI
soL 4 IXjU^M`R OMF\UE 528 MB./s PKFIC`YRLeUS AGP IOWCQV]PQQ pipeline noYLXTUB^m
lZJaGeGIR]U\UMsOMF\aKPKFkRCsjU[DmR\NKDmR\NKIOWChfmR[jULIbi\XGY RGSXVHL AGP [VLhfmIJZY\QV]
JZI‚†RGS 8 I]mCIMG[SajU Sideband Addressing ]TU^MVQB^mlZJaGeGIROMF\aKtK_TU]VYL
JMmR\SVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCXULI\CQV] 32 I]mChfm
++++++++++++++++++
424
_TU]VYL : Format
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGY]TU_V| BlmBCSUMeVfIMG[LPXMSIniSIbRMc ]MmULPKFPQjLJ`HCXGY]TU^MVQeVfISiQhrKc ^US\GDmR\NKR[Nj
BCfZ]Sc PKmaCTU\UrRMcP\b eFXTUB^m^U[hO]ZHC qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL\USBCSUMBlm_TU]VYLCGH
MNOPQQ_TU]VLY : format hfMr¤IljC C: D: A: /s /q /u
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : fotmat c:/s /u /q
RdZQU[RROlVYC :
/s = XTUB^mhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\bCVHC\GhrKcMFQQXGY]U\UMsQNbI_M`YRLR[Njfma[
/q = XTUSUMrRMcP\bPQQMafIMia SUMBlmRROlVYCCGHeFBlmSibjRI\`YRhfMr¤CVHCI_[sNSrRMcP\b\UPKma
/u = IOWCSUM[SIKZSrRMcP\bPQQ "sefe format" XTUB^mSUMrRMcP\bIMiaDoHCSajUIfZ\
IJZY\IbZ\ : ^KVLSUMrRMcP\bPKma IMUbmRLBlml`YRhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\b noYLeF]U\UMsB]jhfmh\jISZCSajU 11 bVaRVS†M
]VYL : Xcopy
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGYD[U[_aU\]U\UMsDRL_TU]VYL copy dMM\fU kf[_TU]VLY CGHIMU]U\UMsSROOƒ–hrKcBCkrKcIfRMc
hfmXGH^\f
_TU]VYLCGHeFBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUbmRLSUMSROOƒ–hrKceTUCaC\USg PKFh\jbmRLSUMIOKGY[C^M`R[mU[bTUP^CjL[jR[DRLhrKcCVHC g
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : xcopy hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[
I_UF^CoYL_MVHLPKmaJZ\JchfMr¤IOˆU^\U[IljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcIOˆU^\U[XGYbmRLSUM[mU[h\jeTUIOWCajUbmRL\GR[NjPKma /s /e
/v /w
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : xcopy c:\pos a:\mov /s /e /v /w
RdZQU[RROlVYC :
/s = SROOƒ–XVHLkrKcIfRMc^KVS PKFkrKcIfRMc[jR[XVHL^\fhO[VLIOˆU^\U[
/e = SROOƒ–krKcIfRMcXGYajULh\j\GhrKcRFhMR[NjhOfma[
/ v = bMae]RQDmR\NKfma[ajUsNSbmRL^M`Rh\j
/ w = ^[pfIJ`YRSfOpw\Bfg SjRCXGeY F\GSUMXTULUCbjRhO
IJZY\IbZ\ : smUOKU[XULDRLSUMSROOƒ–IOWCkrKcIfRMcXGY[VLh\jhfm]MmULDoHC\U eF\G_TUsU\DoHC\UajUeFB^m]MmULIOWChrKc
^M`R]MmULIOWC krKcIfRMc noYLPCFCTUB^mSf D IJMUFsmUSf F
_TU]VYL : Deltree
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlmSVCQjR[I^\`RCSVC_MVQ _TU]VYLCGHeFIOWCSUM]VYLB^mKQkrKcIfRMcXGYIMUSTU^Cf noYL^US\G
hrKcR[NjBCkrKcIfRMc
^M`RP\mPbjnVQ[jR[krKcIfRMcSieFsNSKQhO^\f_MVQ
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : deltree krKIfRMc ^M`RhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : deltree windows
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^KVLeUS]VYLKQ_TU]VYLCGHeFDoHCDmR_aU\ajU IMUPCjBeXGYeFKQ^M`Rh\j smUPCjBeSiSf y smUIOKGY[CBeh\jKQ
SiSf N _MVQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQfma[_TU]VYLCGH P\mPbjhrKcXGYsNSnjRCeFh\jMRfJmChOhfm qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL[ZYLBCSUMBlmLUC
_TU]VYL : Move
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLBlmBCSUMI_K`YRC[mU[hrKceUShfMr¤ krKcIfRMc^CoYL hO[VLhfMr¤krKcIfRMcRGSXGY^CoYL SUM
I_K`YRC[mU[CGH]U\UMs
STU^CfhfmajUeFI_K`YRC[mU[hOXVHL^\f ^M`RhOXGYKFhrKc CRSeUSCGHtNmBlm[LV IOKGY[Cl`RY hrKcDEFXGY[mU[hfmfma[
425
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : Move hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: bU\fma[krKcIfRMc ^M`RhrKcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[ hO[VLIOˆU^\U[ XGY
STU^Cf
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move C:\windows C:\win
RdZQU[RROlVYC : smUbmRLSUM[mU[hrKcBCkrKcIfRMc SiB^mJZ\Jcl`YRhrKcbjRXmU[ IljC C:\windows\win.exe
IJZY\IbZ\ : _TU]VYLCGHBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUeFKLaZCkfa]cB^\jPbj[VLh\jPCjBeajU DRLbVaISjU\GRFhMXGY[VLbmRLBlmR[NjQmUL SiB^mBlm
aZdGCGH_MVQ smUPCjBeajUbVaISjUh\j\GRFhMI^K`RR[NjB^mbmRLBlm PKmaSiKQ hfmIK[
_TU]VYL : Attrib
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGH Blm]TU^MVQSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZB^mhrKcajU]U\UMsXTURFhMSVQhrKchfmQmUL IljC h _`RnjRChrKc
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : attrib +r +h +a +s bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move +r +h jojo.txt
RdZQU[RROlVYC : _TU]VYLeF\GSUMSTU^Cf]sUCFDRLhrKcR[Nj 4 PQQfma[SVC_`R
+r ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB^mhrKc]U\UMsRjUChfmR[jULIfG[ah\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQ ^M`RIOKGY[Cl`YRhrKchfm
+h ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB^mhrKc]U\UMsnjRCbVaeUSSUM\RLI^iChfm
+a ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJ`YRP]fLB^mMNmajUhrKcCVHCg IOWChrKcXGYSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ kf[kOMPSM\
+s ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJ`YRP]fLB^mMNmajU hrKcCGHIOWChrKcDRLMFQQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : smUbmRLSUMB^m]sUCFDRLhrKcSKVQ_`C^M`R^U[hO B^mXTUSUMBlm_TU]VYLnHTURGS_MVHL^CoYLPbjBlmKQ IljC
hrKc\G]sUCF]TU^MVQRjUCR[jULIfG[a smUbmRLSUMPSm_`CIljC attrib -r jojo.txt
_TU]VYL : md
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]MmULhfIMSXRMGY (krKIfRMcCVYC^KF)
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : md bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGXGYbmRLSUM]MmUL
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : md kok
RdZQU[RROlVYC : h\j\G
IJZY\IbZ\ : IOWC_TU]VYLLjU[g _MVQKRLXTUfNnZ_MVQ
_TU]VYL : rd
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQKQhfIMSXRMGY
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : rd bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGYXGYbmRLSUMKQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : rd kok
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^U\GhrKcR[NjBChfIMSXRMGYeFh\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQhfmCF_MVQ bmRLXTUSUMKQhrKcXGYR[Nj{U[BCXZHL
I]G[SjRC_MVQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : ^USbmRLSUMKQhfIMSXRMGYPKma\GhrKcR[NjfmUCBC^M`R\GhfIMSXRMGYnmRCR[Nj Blm_TU]VYL deltree fGSajU_MVQ
_TU]VYL : del
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]VYLKQhrKc_MVQ
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : del bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ_MVQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : del jojo.txt
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^USbmRLSUMKQhrKcXGY\GeTUCaC\USg R[NjBChfIMSXRMGYIfG[aSVC _pE]U\UMsBlm_TU]VYL del *.*
IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQhrKc ^UShrKcCVHCbVHL attrib IOWC +r eFh\j]U\UMsKQhfm_MVQ bmRLPSm attrib CVHCI]G[SjRC