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Bagpipe Reader Help
Bagpipe Reader Help
Bagpipe Reader Help
Inhalt
Contents
Overview
Introduction
Contact Information
Software License
Product Version
Trademarks
Acknowledgments
Features
Page Layout and Printing
Screen Layout
Play Options
Other Features
Minimum System Requirements
How to..
Installation
Installing Real Bagpipe Sounds
Uninstall
Starting the Program
Opening a Sample Tune
Navigating Around the Music Window
Printing
Playing
More Playing Options
Playing Using Real Bagpipe Sounds
Writing Your First Tune
Understanding the Codes
The Naming Conventions
Staff Formatting Symbols
Time Signatures
Accidentals
Melody Notes
Rests
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Dots
Fermatas
Grace Notes and Embellishments
Ties – New Format
Ties – Old Format
Irregular Groups
Runs of 3 (Triplets) - Old Format
Time Lines
Piobaireachd
The Naming Conventions
Cadences
Abbreviations
Throws
Grips
Echo Beat Grace notes
Miscellaneous Movements
Leumluaths
Taorluaths
Triplings
Crunluaths
Singling and Doubling Timelines
The Bis Timeline
Fine and Da Capo al Fine
Coda, Da Capo al Coda, and Coda Section
What if I can't find the symbol I need?
Screen Elements / Menus
Screen Elements / Menus
The Main Screen
File Menu
Edit Menu
Configure Menu
View Menu
Player Menu
Window Menu
Help Menu
Formatting the Page
Formatting the Page
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The Page Setup Screen
Placing & Formatting Text
Placing & Formating Text
The Set Font Screen
Adjusting Playing Options
Adjusting Playing Options
The Play Options Screen
Special Features
Special Features
Working on More Than One Tune at a Time
Printing More Than One Tune on a Page(s)
Object Linking and Embedding
Time Signature Changes in a Tune
Tempo Changes in a Tune
Singling and Doubling Tempo Changes
Using Bagpipe Reader Responsibly
Introduction
B
agpipe Reader is a Microsoft® Windows program for engraving music for
the Great Highland Bagpipe. It comes in two versions: a 32 bit version for
Windows 95, 98, 2000, Windows NT 3.5x, and 4.x; and a 16 bit version for
Windows 3.1x.
Contact Information
1996-1999 Doug Wickstrom
Suite 1202, 1770 Barclay St.
Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6G 1K5
Phone 1-604-608-0757
Email mailto:dougwick@bc1.com
World Wide Web http://home.istar.ca/~dougwick/
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Software License
This is a legal agreement between you, the end user, and Doug Wickstrom. By
installing this software, you are agreeing to be bound by the terms of this
agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this agreement, promptly return the
disk package and the accompanying items (including written materials and binders
or other containers) to the place you obtained them for a full refund.
1.GRANT OF LICENSE. Doug Wickstrom grants to you the right to use one
copy of the enclosed Bagpipe Reader software program (the "SOFTWARE") on a
single terminal connected to a single computer. You may not network the
SOFTWARE or otherwise use it on more than one computer or computer terminal
at the same time.
2.COPYRIGHT. The SOFTWARE is owned by Doug Wickstrom and is protected
by Canadian copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Therefore, you
must treat the SOFTWARE like any other copyrighted material (e.g., a book or
musical recording) except that you may either a) make one copy of the
SOFTWARE solely for backup or archival purposes, or b) transfer the
SOFTWARE to a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup
or archival purposes. You may not copy the written materials accompanying the
software.
3.OTHER RESTRICTIONS. You may not rent or lease the SOFTWARE, but you
may transfer the SOFTWARE and accompanying written materials on a permanent
basis provided you retain no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this
Agreement. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the
SOFTWARE. If SOFTWARE is an update, any transfer must include the update
and all prior versions.
Product Version
Version 1.00 Jan. 29, 2000
Trademarks
Bagpipe Reader is a trademark of Doug Wickstrom. Other trademarks are property
of their respective companies.
Acknowledgments
Software created by Doug Wickstrom with features designed by Doug Wickstrom.
Music symbol fonts and help file were created by Doug Wickstrom.
(including abbreviations) on a Windows compatible printer.
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Can include any of the following text items with the music: tune title, tune type,
composer/arranger, footer (for page numbers), in-line text, text at a fixed
location, and comments.
Prints in portrait or landscape on any paper size supported by a Windows
printer driver.
Allows top, bottom, left and right margin settings.
Allows each text item to be formatted with font, font style, font size, color,
underline, strikeout, and alignment (left, right, centered or absolute location).
Scales music horizontally and/or vertically on the page.
Allows music to be printed on multiple pages or fit to one page.
Bars can be vertically or not vertically aligned.
Aspect ratio and size of music symbols and symbol spacings can be adjusted.
Screen Layout
Split screen with music codes in bottom window and displayed music in the top
window. Bar separating the windows can be adjusted vertically.
Zoom level on music window can be adjusted (10-200%).
Supports Multiple Document Interface (i.e. can open several tunes at the same
time)
Icons for new tune, open existing tune, save tune in current window, print
music, preview music, refresh music.
Play Options
Can play light music (including flats, naturals, and sharps) and piobaireachd
(including abbreviations) on sound card or PC's internal speaker.
Sound card output includes sounds and independent volume controls for
chanter, tenor drone, and bass drone. Duration of drone introduction (in
milliseconds) can be set.
VCR style controls (Play, Stop/Pause, Rewind, Continuous Play) for music
play. Can select a portion of the music to play either once or multiple times.
Can enable or disable a Moving Music Pointer that shows the current note or
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embellishment being played.
Can set absolute tempo (in beats per minute) and grace note duration (in
milliseconds) for the tune.
Fine control over duration's for 12 different grace note types.
"Smooth Playing Factor" adjustment for reducing the abruptness of melody
notes following complex embellishments.
Tempo and time signature changes can be inserted anywhere in the tune.
Can select the MIDI device and MIDI instrument for playing the music.
Real bagpipe chanter and drones sounds available (requires a Creative Labs
AWE32, AWE64, Sound Blaster LIVE! sound card).
MIDI notes can be set for each note from Low G to High A (including flats,
naturals, and sharps) and for tenor and bass drones. MIDI note test mode
available.
PC speaker frequencies can be set for each note from Low G to High A
(including flats, naturals and sharps). Frequency test mode available.
Repeat symbols and multiple endings (i.e. 1st Time, 2nd Time, etc.) correctly
interpreted.
Standard music symbols (segno, dal segno, fine, and da capo al fine) available
for denoting and playing piobaireachd singling and doubling variations and for
returning to and playing the first line of the ground.
Music can be saved to a MIDI format file.
Three MIDI note & Frequency configurations for sound output (Low A at B flat,
Low A at A natural, or User Defined).
Other Features
Bagpipe Reader is OLE compliant. Music can be placed into other Windows
applications by linking or embedding a BWW extension file.
Music can be saved to image files in BMP or PCX file formats. Resolution is
adjustable.
Users can create new symbols (requires a font editor).
Long file names for tune code files (only with 32 bit version).
Tune code files are ASCII based.
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Minimum System Requirements
32 bit version: Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT 3.51, or 4.0, 486-33MHz or faster
processor, 8MB RAM, 5MB free disk space, VGA or higher resolution display
card, Microsoft compatible mouse. Sound card recommended. (Note: Windows
NT requires greater hardware resources).
16 bit version: Microsoft Windows 3.1x , 486-33MHz or faster processor, 8MB
RAM, 5MB free disk space, VGA or higher resolution display card, Microsoft
compatible mouse. Sound card recommended.
Installation
Before opening the diskette package, read the Software License at the front of
this manual. If you agree to the License, continue otherwise return the product
to the place of purchase for a full refund.
Turn on your computer and start Windows. Close all application programs that
are currently running. For Windows 3.1x or Windows NT 3.5x ensure that
Program Manager is running.
Open the diskette package and insert the 3.5" 1.44Mb diskette into the floppy
drive. The following steps assume that A: is the floppy drive. Replace A: with
B: if it is the floppy drive.
For Windows 95, 98 and NT 4.x, click on Start, Run then type in a:\setup then
click OK. For Windows 3.1x or NT 3.5x, click on File, Run then type in a:\setup
then click OK.
Once InstallShield is loaded, at the Welcome screen click Next. After reading
the copyright notice, click Next. Read the Software License Agreement and
click Yes to accept, No to exit the installation process.
Enter your name, pipeband/company, and serial number (on the install disk)
then click Next.
For Windows 95, 98 and NT 4.x, the default directory is c:\Program
Files\Bagpipe Reader For Windows 3.1x and NT 3.5x, the default directory is:
c:\bmwgold Click Browse to change this directory and/or drive letter or click
Next to continue.
Confirm Bagpipe Reader is the program folder. Click Next. Confirm that the
current install settings are correct then click Next. Wait for the program files and
fonts to be installed.
Before the program can be run, the computer must be restarted. Remove the
disk from Drive A. Click on either Restart Now or Restart Later then click on
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Finish.
If Restart Now was selected, the computer will be restarted. Bagpipe Reader
can then be run.
If Restart Later was selected, click Finish to exit the installation. Click Start,
Shutdown, Restart the computer before running the program.
Installing Real Bagpipe Sounds
If your computer's sound card is a Creative Labs ® AWE32, AWE64, or.
Soundblaster® LIVE! or any other sound card that supports EMU SoundFonts®,
you can install a sound font to produce Real Bagpipe Sounds (professional
piper quality chanter and drones sound) when playing tunes.
To install the Real Bagpipe Sounds sound font, you must have previously
installed the accessories programs that come with your sound card. The
installation example described below is based on a Creative Labs® AWE64
Gold sound card running under Window 95.
Click on Start, Programs, AWE 64 Gold, AWE Control. Click on Synth. Under
Instrument, select General MIDI.
Click Browse. In List Files of Type, select SFont Bank (*.sbk, *.sf2). Double
click on C:\ and navigate to the folder where you installed Bagpipe Reader.
Click on bagpipe.sbk then click OK.
Click Apply, then click on OK. You will see the memory allocated to the
bagpipe sound font. Click Quit.
Uninstall
Bagpipe Reader can be uninstalled. Uninstalling removes all Bagpipe Reader files
including the sample tunes. If you have made modifications to the sample tunes
and want to retain them, copy them to another directory.
Follow these steps to uninstall the product.
Click on Start, Settings, Control Panel., Add/Remove Programs Click on
Bagpipe Reader, then click on Add/Remove.
Click Yes to remove the application and all its components. Click Yes to All to
remove all shared files. Click Yes to proceed. After uninstall successfully
completes, click OK.
Click OK to close the Add/Remove Program Properties dialog box. Click on
File, Close to close Control Panel.
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To ensure that all Bagpipe Reader files are removed, the computer must be
restarted. Click Start, Shutdown, Restart the computer.
In Program Manager, open the Main group. Double click on File Manager icon.
Navigate to the directory where Bagpipe Reader is located. Double click on
UNINSTAL.EXE.
After uninstall successfully completes, click OK.
Click on File, Exit to end File Manager.
To ensure that all Bagpipe Reader files are removed, the computer must be
restarted. From Program Manager, exit Windows using File, Exit. Restart the
computer and run Windows.
Starting the Program
For Windows 95/98 and NT 4.x: Click on Start, Programs, Bagpipe Reader.
For Windows 3.1x and NT 3.5x: Open up the Bagpipe Reader group. Double
click on Bagpipe Reader icon.
Opening a Sample Tune
Click on File, Open, then double click on Tunes folder. You will see the
following screen. Then double click on "Scotland The Brave.bww" to open the
tune.
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Navigating Around the Music Window
On the screen you only see a portion of the music for "Scotland The Brave".
Use the horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the Music Window to pan right and
left. Use the vertical scroll bar at the right of the Music Window to pan down
and up.
To "fly around the music", position the cursor anywhere in the Music Window.
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Click the right mouse button and observe that the cursor changes shape. Move
the cursor down and up, right and left and observe how the Music Window
moves to show music in the direction that you move the cursor. Click the right
mouse button again in the Music Window to exit "fly mode".
If you want to see more of the music on the screen, click on the down arrow
next to the Zoom combo box and then click on a lower Zoom (lower
magnification) value such as 60%. Next change the Zoom level back to 100%.
First check on the page layout parameters. Click on File, Page Setup to reveal
the following screen.
Select the printer and adjust the page size, orientation, margins, then click OK.
Next click File, Print, OK to print the music.
Printing
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Playing
First set the play options. Click on Configure, Set Play Options to show the
following screen
Adjust the tempo, grace note duration, drone introduction time, and other
parameters. Bagpipe Reader uses MIDI instrument 71 for Bagpipe Chanter and
Bagpipe Drone; it produces a smallpipe sound. Generally MIDI Instrument 109
(Bagpipe) on most sound cards produces an inferior bagpipe sound. Then click
OK.
Next, locate the VCR style controls (Rewind, Stop/Pause, Play, and Continuous
Play) near the top of the screen. Select the appropriate MIDI Device from the
drop down list to the left of these controls.
To the right of these controls are the volume controls. Try adjusting the tenor
and bass drone volumes.
Then click the Play button. Click the Stop/Pause button to pause the tune. Click
Play again to resume playing. Click Rewind to start from the beginning of the
tune.
You will notice a small ball that is positioned over notes and embellishments
that are currently playing. This is called the "Moving Music Pointer" and, if
desired, it can be turned off in the Configure, Set Play Options dialog box..
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More Playing Options
You can select portions of a tune to play. For example, to select the first two
bars of the second line of "Scotland The Brave", position the cursor in the
Music Window at the top left corner of the first bar in line 2. Press the left
mouse button down and drag the cursor to the bottom right hand corner of the
second bar on line 2. During dragging, a box will be drawn around the selection
as shown below. Releasing the left mouse button will cause the music in the
box to become red.
Click the Play button. Only the selected bars of music are played. Click the
Continuous Play button. The selected bars of music are played over and over.
Press the Stop button.
You can also select music from a particular line down to the end of the music.
Position the cursor in the Music Window in the margin to the left of the line you
want the selection to begin at. Click the left mouse button and observe how that
line and each line of music below it becomes red.
Click the Play button. Only the selected music plays. Press Stop button.
To unselect music, click left mouse button anywhere in Music Window.
Playing Using Real Bagpipe Sounds
If you have previously installed the SoundFont for Real Bagpipe Sounds, this
section describes how you can set the MIDI device, MIDI Instruments, and MIDI
Notes to play music using the Real Bagpipe Sounds. The following example is
based on a Creative Labs AWE64 Gold sound card.
At the main screen, select the MIDI device "AWE64G MIDI Synth".
Next, click on Configure, Set Play Options. In Note Mapping Defaults section,
click on the Set button next to "Low A at B flat". In the Instrument Settings
section, enter 109 for the Chanter Instrument and 109 for the Drone Instrument.
The following figure shows these settings. Click OK.
Click Play and enjoy the performance.
Writing Your First Tune
Creating a New Code File
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Important Screen Areas
Initial Entries in the Code Window
Entering Codes for Notes and Embellishments
Veiwing Your Work (turning codes into music)
Using Copy and Paste to Quickly Enter Codes
Changing the Title, Type, Composer, and Footer
Saving the Codes in a File
Finishing the Tune
Creating a New Code File
T
his chapter will show you how to transcribe your first tune. The example we
will use is the first part of "Scotland The Brave". We start by running Bagpipe
Reader. When it is loaded, click on File, New to bring up the following screen.
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Important Screen Areas
Code Window
The window at the bottom is the "Code Window" where codes for the various
melody notes, gracenotes, embellishments, and other symbols of a tune are entered.
Music Window
Directly above the Code Window is the "Music Window". The Music Window
displays bagpipe music based on the codes entered in the Code Window. The
Music Window is updated whenever the Refresh button (G clef on staff icon next
to the Zoom combo box) is pressed (or when View, Refresh Music is clicked).
Separator Line
The horizontal line that separates the Code and Music Windows is called the
"Separator Line". The Separator Line can be adjusted to make the Code Window
larger (and correspondingly the Music Window smaller) or vice-versa. To do this
drag the Separator Line up or down (i.e. hover over the line, click and hold down
the left mouse button, move the line to the desired location then release the left
mouse button). In the following screen shots, we have adjusted the Separator Line
so the Code Window is larger.
Initial Entries in the Code Window
On opening a new tune using File, New, the Code Window contains the following:
Bagpipe Reader:1.0
MIDINoteMappings,(54,56,58,59,61,63,64,66,68,56,58,60,61,63,65,66,6
8,70,55,57,59,60,62,64,65,67,69)
FrequencyMappings,(370,415,466,494,554,622,659,740,831,415,466,52
3,554,622,699,740,831,932,392,440,494,523,587,659,699,784,880)
InstrumentMappings,(71,71,45,33,1000,100)
GracenoteDurations,(20,40,30,50,100,200,800,1200,250,250,250,500,20
0)
FontSizes,(100,100,100,100)
TuneFormat,(1,0,F,L,500,500,500,500,P,0,0)
TuneTempo,90
"Title",(T,L,0,0,Times New Roman,16,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)
"Type",(Y,C,0,0,Times New Roman,14,400,0,0,18,0,0,0)
"Composer/Arranger",(M,R,0,0,Times New Roman,14,400,0,0,18,0,0,0)
"Footer",(F,R,0,0,Times New Roman,10,400,0,0,0,0,0,0)
& sharpf sharpc
These lines form the header for a tune file and contain significant formatting and
playing setup information. They can be ignored for the time being. Later it will be
shown how to modify these parameters.
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Entering Codes for Notes and Embellishments
It is now time to enter music. Using the mouse move the cursor into the Code
Window and place it at the end of the initial entries. Click to place the cursor. Then
type in the following characters:
(denotes Space Bar key, denotes the Tab key, and denotes the
Enter/Return key )
4_4I!E_8
The codes on the last line represent the music symbols to the end of the
introductory bar: G clef (&), F sharp (sharpf), C sharp (sharpc), 4/4 time
signature (4_4), starting double bar lines(I! which is uppercase I exclamation
mark), E eighth note (E_8 which is uppercase E, underscore, 8). The significance
of the spaces, tabs and enters will be explained later.
Now enter the first complete bar of the tune on the next line using the Right
Mouse Button Menus. In the Code Window move the cursor to the start of the
next blank line after the above entries. Click to place the cursor.
Click the right mouse button, hover over Staff Formatting, then hover over
Barline. The screen should appear as show in the next picture. Click Barline to
select it.
Now, using the steps described above, select each listed code and insert it.
Tab/Next Beat
Single Gracenote, Gracenotes, High G
Melody Notes, Quarter, LowA
Tab/Next Beat
Embellishments, Taorluaths, with D gracenote
Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, Low A
Dots, Low A
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Melody Notes, Sixteenth, Left Tail, B
Tab/Next Beat
Embellishments, Doublings, Regular, C
Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, C
Single Gracenotes, Gracenotes, High E
Melody Notes, Eighth, Left Tail, Low A
Tab/Next Beat
Embellishments, Doublings, Regular, C
Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, C
Melody Notes, Eighth, Left Tail, E
The resulting codes should be
!ggLA_4tarLAr_8'laBl_16dbcCr_8egLAl_8dbcCr_
8El_8
Note that a Tab character is always placed before the start of a beat and the Return
character is always placed at the end of a bar. Spaces are used in all other cases to
separate codes.
On the next line, type in the second bar of the tune.
!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!t
Note the terminating bar line (!t). This code is placed at the end of a line of music
that is not the end of a part. However, we place it here because a terminating
barline, or an ending double barlines (!I) or an ending double barlines with repeats
(''!I) must appear at the end of a line of music to show the music on the screen. A
terminating bar line is always placed flush with the end of the staff.
Veiwing Your Work (turning codes into music)
Click on the Refresh Music icon.
Now in front of the terminating barline (!t), enter bars 3 and 4 as follows:
!thrdD_4ggFr_8'fDl_16dbcCr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!grpB_4dbeE_4strlaEr_8'eFl_16ggEr_16'eDl_32ggC
r_16'c Bl_32
!t
Note the terminating bar line (!t) must now appear at the end of bar 4. Press the
Refresh
Drag the horizontal scroll bar in the Music Window to the right to see bars 3 and 4.
You can also click on the Play icon to hear the first line of music.
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Using Copy and Paste to Quickly Enter Codes
In bagpipe music, it is very common to see bars of music repeated in other parts
and within the same part (e.g. typically in a part, bar 5 is the same as bar 1, bar 6 the
same as bar 2. Also, the ending phrase (bars 7 and 8) in each part is the same).
Examining the music of the first part of Bonnie Dundee we find that bars 5, 6, and
7 are the same as bars 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
The Code Window has cut/copy/paste features of a simple text editor. Thus, to
copy bars 1, 2 and 3 to bars 5, 6 and 7 do the following:
In the Code Window, insert a new staff line on the next blank line using the right
mouse button menu item New Staff
Highlight the codes for bars 1, 2 and 3 (click at the start of bar 1 and drag to the
end of bar 3)
Click on the Copy icon, or hit Control C, or click on Edit, Copy.
Click on the next blank line after the codes for bar 4, then click on the Paste
icon, or hit Control V, or click on Edit, Paste. You should have enter and pasted
in the following text.
&sharpfsharpc
ggLA_4tarLAr_8'laBl_16dbcCr_8egLAl_8dbcCr_8
El_8
!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!thrdD_4ggFr_8'fDl_16dbcCr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
Because bar 5 is the beginning of a new line of music, it is necessary to place a G
clef and F sharp and C sharp symbols at the start of the line. However, because it is
in the middle of a part of music, it does not need an opening barline. Thus, delete
the first exclamation mark at the start of bar 5. Then after bar 7, type in the codes
for bar 8 as follows:
!grpB_4ggLAr_8'laBl_16strlgLA_4dbcCr_8El_8!I
The codes for bars 5, 6, 7, and 8 should now appear as:
&sharpfsharpc
ggLA_4tarLAr_8'laBl_16dbcCr_8egLAl_8dbcCr_8
El_8
!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!thrdD_4ggFr_8'fDl_16dbcCr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!grpB_4ggLAr_8'laBl_16strlgLA_4dbcCr_8El_8!I
Note the ending double bar lines (!I which is exclamation mark, uppercase I).
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These are placed at the end of parts that are not repeated.
Now click on the Refresh Music icon. Click on the down arrow to the right of the
Zoom list box and click on 75%. Drag down the Separator Line to see the two
lines of music in the Music Window and the corresponding codes in the Code
Window.
Click on the Play icon to hear the first part played twice through.
Changing the Title, Type, Composer, and Footer
To change a tune detail element (such as Title, Type, Composer or Footer), do the
following:
In the Music Window click on the text of the element.
Click on Configure, Set Font.
The Font dialog box will appear. In the Text Setup section, enter the correct text
in the Text box.
Adjust the font, style, point size, and alignment of the text, if desired.
Click on OK to set the new parameters.
Shown below is the Font dialog box with "Bonnie Dundee" entered as the Tune
Title, (before OK is clicked).
Using the above steps, set the following information:
Scotland The Brave as the Tune Title
March as the Tune Type.
Trad. as the Composer
Tutorial October 1999 as the Footer. Also, change the alignment of this
element to Right Aligned.
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Saving the Codes in a File
It is important to frequently save your entered codes. To do this, click on the Save
icon, or click on File, Save.
The first time the codes are saved, the Save As dialog box appears with the default
folder being the Tunes folder where Bagpipe Reader is installed. For the codes
entered so far, continue as follows:
Ensure that you are in the Tunes folder.
For new files, the default file name is taken from the tune title. Click Save to
save Scotland The Brave.bww
The following screen shows the Save As dialog box before Save is clicked.
It is also important to include the BWW extension on the code file names. This will
allow you to open BWW files by double clicking on them in Windows Explorer or
File Manager.
Also, you can include bagpipe music in other Windows applications, by inserting a
BWW file as an OLE object in the Windows application (see the chapter on
Advanced Topics).
Finishing the Tune
To finish Scotland The Brave, enter the second part as shown below. Use some of
the shortcuts described above to simplify the task.
&sharpf sharpc
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I!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbc Cr_8 eg LAl_8
!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbcCr_8El_8
!dbhaHA_4strhgHAr_8'haHGl_16tgF_4dbhaHAr_8'ha
HGl_16
!tgFr_8HAl_8strfHGr_8Fl_8dbeEr_8Dl_8dbcCr_8Bl_8
!t
& sharpf sharpc
ggLA_4tarLAr_8'laBl_16dbcCr_8egLAl_8dbcCr_8El_
8
!dbhaHA_4strhgHA_4grpHAr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!thrdD_4ggFr_8'fDl_16dbcCr_8El_8dbcCr_8egLAl_8
!grpB_4ggLAr_8'laBl_16strlgLA_4'la!I
Once the codes are entered, click on the down arrow to the right of the Zoom
combo box, click on the value 60%, then click on the Refresh Music icon. Adjust
the Separator Bar so that the whole tune appears on screen as shown below.
Finally, check your work by playing the tune, printing it, and saving it.
The Naming Conventions
T
he previous chapters have introduced several codes in constructing a
simple, well known tune. In this chapter you will learn the codes for all the bagpipe
music symbols in Bagpipe Reader used for light music.
First, here are the general naming conventions for the codes.
Melody notes are in upper case letters (LG, LA, B, etc.).
Grace notes and embellishments are in lower case letters (gg, dbc, etc.)
All other codes, except for a few special symbols, are in lower case letters.
Codes are classified into "playing" (i.e. that will produce a sound; melody notes,
grace notes, embellishments) and "non-playing" (i.e. will not produce a sound;
used for music formatting (G clef, bar line, time signatures, etc.) or music
modifying (dots, runs of three, ties, etc.)).
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Staff Formatting Symbols
The G clef is coded by the "and" symbol (&) and MUST appear at the start of
each staff line. It is used to mark the symbols that appear on a line of staff.
There are two Start of Parts symbols. The code I!'' (uppercase I,
exclamation mark, and two apostrophes) is used to begin a part that is
repeated. The code I! (uppercase I, exclamation mark) is used to begin a part
that is not repeated.
There are two End of Parts symbols. The code ''!I (two apostrophes,
exclamation mark, and uppercase I) is used to end a part that is repeated. The
code !I (exclamation mark, uppercase I) is used to end a part that is not
repeated. These symbols are mirror images of the Start of Part symbols. They
are required to ensure that the symbols occur flush with the end of the staff.
Bar lines are coded by the single exclamation mark (!).
A special bar line called a "terminating bar line" !t (exclamation mark followed
by lowercase t) is used to code the end of a bar of music that is the last bar on
the staff but not the last bar of the part. An example of this would be the bar line
at the end of bar 4. The use of the terminating bar line is required to ensure that
the line occurs flush with the end of the staff.
& I!
&
!
!
't
& I!''
't
&
!
!
't
''I
Time Signatures
Time signatures are coded by one or two digits for the "numerator", followed by
the underscore character (_), followed by a digit for the denominator (e.g. 2_4
indicates a "two-four" tune, 12_8 indicates a "twelve-eight" tune). Two special
symbols C and C_ denote common time ("four-four") and cut common time
("two-two"), respectively. Typically, the common time signature is used in
strathspeys and the cut common time signature in reels.
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& 2_2 3_2 2_4 3_4 4_4 5_4 6_4 7_4 C
C_
& 2_8 3_8 4_8 5_8 6_8 7_8 8_8 9_8 10_8 11_8 12_8 15_8 18_8 21_8
& 2_16 3_16 4_16 5_16 6_16 7_16 8_16 9_16 10_16 11_16 12_16
Accidentals
Accidentals are symbols used to indicate a change in pitch of a note. They
include flats, naturals and sharps . The codes for these accidentals consist of
the type of accidental followed by the note (e.g. flatb, naturalc,
sharpf).
Accidentals can be placed at the start of a staff directly after the clef to denote
the key signature. On the Great Highland Bagpipe, the F and C are actually F
sharp and C sharp, respectively. Thus, the F sharp and C sharp symbols (in
that order to properly denote the D Major key signature) should be placed
directly after the clef.
Historically, bagpipe music has not included the F sharp and C sharp accidentals.
However, there are several reasons why they should be used:
an increasing number of new bagpipe compositions are including F
natural and C natural notes (created by cross-fingering the notes) and
they need to be properly represented on the staff.
bagpipe music is increasingly being used by non-pipers (folk groups,
fiddlers, etc.) and should be written according to standard music theory so
that these musicians can correctly read and interpret the music.
with computer programs, like Bagpipe Reader, using MIDI devices to
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create bagpipe sounds, the correct MIDI notes must be played to achieve
the F and C sharps and naturals.
For these reasons, Bagpipe Reader defaults to using the F sharp and C
sharp accidentals at the beginning of a staff.
Accidentals can also be placed before notes on a staff to affect their pitch. If an
accidental is placed before a note, it affects the pitch of that note and all the
other same notes until the end of the bar. Beginning in the next bar, the note
reverts back to the pitch set at the start of the staff line.
e.g. If a staff line begins with the G clef, F sharp, and C sharp symbols, then F's
and C's throughout the line will be played as F sharp and C sharp respectively. If
however a C natural accidental is placed before a C in a bar, then that C and all
other C's after it in the bar will be played as C natural. In the following bar, the C's
revert to C sharps.
Flats, Naturals and Sharps
flatlg flatla flatb flatc flatd flate flatf flathg
flatha
naturallg naturalla naturalb naturalc naturald
naturale naturalf naturalhg naturalha
sharplg sharpla sharpb sharpc sharpd sharpe sharpf
sharphg sharpha
Melody Notes
Melody note codes begin with the melody note in upper case (e.g. LG, B, HA
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for Low G, B, and High A, respectively), followed by the flag direction (r for right
facing, l for left facing, and no character for single melody notes or notes
greater than an eighth), the underscore character (_) and then the value of the
note (1 for whole note, 2 for half note, 4 for quarter note, etc.). At least one
melody note must always be on a staff. Some examples of melody notes are
LG_4 HA_8 Fr_16 Dl_32 denoting a Low G quarter note, High A eighth
note, F sixteenth note with right facing flags, and D thirty-second note with left
facing flags, respectively.
Whole and Half Notes
LG_1
LG_2
LA_1 B_1
LA_2 B_2
C_1 D_1
C_2 D_2
HG_1
E_1 F_1
HG_2
E_2 F_2
HA_1
HA_2
Quarter and Eighth Notes
LG_4
LG_8
LA_4 B_4
LA_8 B_8
C_4 D_4
C_8 D_8
HG_4
E_4 F_4
E_8
F_8 HG_8
HA_4
HA_8
Sixteenth and Thirty-Second Notes
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LG_16
LG_32
HA_16
HG_16
F_16
E_16
C_16 D_16
B_16
LA_16
HA_32
HG_32
F_32
E_32
C_32 D_32
B_32
LA_32
Eighth Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags
LGr_8 LAr_8 Br_8 Cr_8 Dr_8 Er_8 Fr_8 HGr_8 HAr_8
LGl_8 LAl_8 Bl_8 Cl_8 Dl_8 El_8 Fl_8 HGl_8 HAl_8
Sixteenth Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags
LGr_16 LAr_16 Br_16 Cr_16 Dr_16 Er_16 Fr_16 HGr_16 HAr_16
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LGl_16 LAl_16 Bl_16 Cl_16 Dl_16 El_16 Fl_16 HGl_16 HAl_16
Thirty-Second Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags
LGr_32 LAr_32 Br_32 Cr_32 Dr_32 Er_32 Fr_32 HGr_32 HAr_32
LGl_32 LAl_32 Bl_32 Cl_32 Dl_32 El_32 Fl_32 HGl_32 HAl_32
Rests
Rests are silent periods in music. They are coded like melody notes. e.g. REST_4
is a quarter note rest.
REST_1
REST_2
REST_4
REST_8
REST_16
REST_32
Dots
Dots are coded by the apostrophe (') followed by lowercase letters for the note.
e.g. 'la is a dot on Low A. Dots increase the duration of the preceding melody
note by half its duration. Effectively, they increase the duration of the melody
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note by 50%. The codes for dots must be placed after the codes for the
preceding melody note.
Double dots are coded with two apostrophes. e.g. ''la is a double dot on Low
A. Double dots act like a "dot on a dot" i.e. they effectively increase the
duration of the preceding melody note by 75%. The codes for dots must be
placed after the codes for the preceding melody note
Single and Double Dots
'lg
'la
'b
''lg
''la ''b
'c
'd
'e
'f
'hg
'ha
''c
''d
''e
''f
''hg ''ha
Fermatas
A fermata is an indefinite pause or extension of a melody note. It is coded by
the word fermat followed by the note (e.g. fermatla is a fermata over Low A).
The code for the fermata must be placed directly after the melody note. During
playing, Bagpipe Reader interprets fermatas like double dots, increasing the
duration of the preceding melody note by 75%.
fermatlg
fermatla
fermatb
fermatc
fermate
fermatf
fermathg
fermatha
fermatd
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Grace Notes and Embellishments
The codes for grace notes and embellishments must always be in lowercase
letters and must appear before the code for a melody note.
The codes for single grace notes begin with the note of the grace note followed
by the letter g for grace note (i.e. gg dg eg tg for High G, D, E, and Thumb
(High grace notes, respectively).
The codes for embellishments (multiple grace notes) begin with the type of
movement (db for doubling, hdb for half doubling, etc.) and generally end with
the letter denoting the major note of the embellishment (e.g. tdbd for thumb
doubling on D, gstb for G grace note strike on B, etc.)
Generally, g and t are the first letters of the codes for embellishments that begin
with a High G or High A grace note, respectively. h is the first letter for
embellishments that are "half" versions of the embellishment.
Strikes are special exceptions for the coding of single grace notes. Strikes are
coded with the characters str followed by the note that is being struck (e.g.
strlg denotes a single grace note striking Low G).
Some embellishments are played the same no matter what the starting and
ending melody notes are (e.g. grp for grip, tar for taorluath, etc.)
Single Grace notes
ag
bg
cg
dg
eg
fg
gg
tg
Regular, Thumb and Half Doublings
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dblg
dbla dbb
dbc
dbd
dbe
dbf
dbhg dbha
tdblg tdbla
tdbb tdbc tdbd tdbe tdbf
hdblg hdbla
hdbb hdbc hdbd hdbe hdbf
Single Strikes
strlg strla
strb strc strd stre strf strhg
G Grace note, Thumb and Half Strikes
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gstla gstb gstc gstd lgstd
gste gstf
tstla tstb tstc tstd ltstd
tste tstf tsthg
hstla hstb hstc hstd lhstd
hste hstf hsthg
Regular Grips
grp
hgrp grpb grpb
G Grace note, Thumb and Half Grips
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ggrpla
ggrpe
ggrpb
ggrpf
ggrpc
ggrpd
ggrpdb
tgrpla
tgrpe
tgrpb
tgrpf
tgrpc
tgrphg
tgrpd
tgrpdb
hgrpla
hgrpe
hgrpb
hgrpf
hgrpc
hgrphg
hgrpd
hgrpha
hgrpdb
Taorluaths and Bublys
tar
tarb htar bubly
hbubly
Birls
brl
abr
gbr
tbr
Light, Heavy and Half D Throws
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thrd
hvthrd
hthrd
hhvthrd
Regular, Thumb Grace note and Half Peles
pella pelb pelc peld lpeld
pele pelf
tpella
tpele
tpelb
tpelf
tpelc
tpelhg
tpeld
ltpeld
hpella
hpele
hpelb
hpelf
hpelc
hpelhg
hpeld
lhpeld
Regular Double Strikes
st2la st2b st2c st2d lst2d
st2ha
st2e st2f st2hg
G Grace note, Thumb and Half Double Strikes
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gst2la
gst2e
gst2b
gst2f
gst2c
gst2d
lgst2d
tst2la
tst2e
tst2b
tst2f
tst2c
tst2hg
tst2d
ltst2d
hst2la
hst2e
hst2b
hst2f
hst2c
hst2hg
hst2d
hst2ha
lhst2d
Regular Triple Strikes
st3la st3b st3c st3d lst3d
st3ha
st3e st3f st3hg
G Grace note, Thumb and Half Triple Strikes
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gst3la
gst3e
gst3b
gst3f
gst3c
gst3d
lgst3d
tst3la
tst3e
tst3b
tst3f
tst3c
tst3hg
tst3d
ltst3d
hst3la
hst3e
hst3b
hst3f
hst3c
hst3hg
hst3d
hst3ha
lhst3d
Double Grace notes
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dlg
dla
db
dc
elg
ela
eb
flg
fla
fb
fc
fd
fe
glg
gla
gb
gc
gd
ge
gf
tlg
tla
tb
tc
td
te
tf
ec
ed
thg
Ties – New Format
Ties are used to extend the playing of a note across a beat. New codes for ties
have been introduced that will be compatible with a future "drag and drop"
version of a bagpipe software product (Dreaming).
Ties are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the lowercase letter t,
followed by the lowercase letter s (for start) or e (for end) (e.g. ^ts is the start
of a tie between two melody notes and ^te is the end of the tie)
The starting tie code must be placed BEFORE the first of the two melody notes
to be tied. The ending tie code must be placed AFTER the second of the two
melody notes to be tied. e.g. ^ts LA_4 LA_4 ^te ties two Low A quarter notes
together.
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Some examples of
^ts
and
^te
Ties – Old Format
These following codes apply to the previous version for coding ties and are not
recommended for current use. Their use is supported only for compatibility with
previous versions of bagpipe software.
Ties are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the lowercase letter t,
followed by lowercase letters indicating the note to be tied (e.g. ^tc is a tie
between two C melody notes.
The tie code must be placed BETWEEN the two melody notes to be tied. e.g.
LA_4 ^tla LA_4 ties two Low A quarter notes together.
^tlg
^tla ^tb
^te
^tf
^tc
^td
^thg ^tha
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Irregular Groups
Irregular groups are used to denote the playing of a certain number of notes in
the time of a different number of notes. The most common irregular group is a
"Triplet" or "Run of 3" which is 3 notes played in the time of 2 notes.
Bagpipe Reader supports the following irregular groups:
Duplets: The value of 2 notes played in the time of 3 notes
Triplets: The value of 3 notes played in the time of 2 notes
Quadruplets: The value of 4 notes played in the time of 3 or 6 notes
Quintuplets: The value of 5 notes played in the time of 3 or 4 notes
Sextuplets: The value of 6 notes played in the time of 4 notes
Septuplets: The value of 7 notes played in the time of 4 or 6 notes.
Duplets are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the number 2,
followed by the lowercase letter s (for start) or e (for end) (e.g. ^2s is the start
of a duplet and ^2e is the end of the duplet).
Triplets are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the number 3,
followed by the lowercase letter s (for start) or e (for end) (e.g. ^3s is the start
of a triplet and ^3e is the end of the triplet).
The other irregular groups are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the
number of notes played, followed by the number of notes in the time of,
followed by the lowercase letter s (for start) or e (for end) (e.g. ^53s is the
start of a quintuplet played in the time of 3 notes and ^53e is the end of the
quintuplet).
The starting code for an irregular group must be placed BEFORE the first of the
notes in the group. The ending code must be placed AFTER the last of the
notes in the group. e.g. ^3s Cr_8 Fl_8 gg LAl_8 ^3e is a triplet over C, F, and
Low A melody notes).
^2s ^2e
^3s ^3e
^54s ^54e
^64s ^64e
^43s ^43e ^46s ^46e ^53s ^53e
^74s ^74e ^76s ^76e
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Runs of 3 (Triplets) - Old Format
The following codes apply to the previous version for coding runs of 3 (triplets)
and are not recommended for current use. Their use is supported only for
compatibility with previous versions of bagpipe software.
Runs of 3 are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the digit 3, followed
by the lowercase letters for the highest melody note that the run should clear
(e.g. ^3f is a run of 3 that will provide adequate clearance over a F melody
note).
The run of 3 code must be placed AFTER the three melody notes in a run (e.g.
Cr_8 El_8 gg LAl_8 ^3e )
^3lg
^3la ^3b
^3e
^3f
^3c
^3d
^3hg ^3ha
Time Lines
Time lines are the lines that appear over bars of music to denote music variations
when a part is repeated. Typically there is a "1st Time" and a "2nd Time" to a
repeated part. Time lines are coded by a "Start of Time Line" code and an "End of
Time Line" code.
Start of Time Line
Time lines are coded by the apostrophe (') followed by the number 1 or 2
(denoting whether it applies to the first time or second time), followed by
additional digits indicating other parts that these bars apply to (if no additional
digits appear it applies only to the current part).
Some examples of Start of Time Lines are '1 which indicates that the following
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bars apply only to the first time through the current part, and '224 which
indicates that the following bars apply to the second time through the current
part AND the second time through the second and fourth parts.
A Start of Time Line symbol must be placed directly BEFORE the first code
coming under the time line.
End of Time Line
The end of a time line is coded with an End of Time Line code, an underscore
character (_) followed by the apostrophe ('). Its presence causes a horizontal
line to be drawn over the music from the Start of Time Line code to the current
position.
The End of Time Line code can be placed on the current line of music or it can
be placed on the next line of music, if it needs to extend that far. However, it
must be placed directly AFTER the last code coming under the time line.
Also, an End of Time Line code must be placed somewhere BEFORE a part
ending code (such as !I or ''!I) and never after a part ending code.
For every Start of Time Line code there must be a corresponding End of Time
Line code.
'1
_'
'2
_'
'22
_'
'23
_'
'24
_'
'224 _'
'intro
'25
_'
'26
_'
'27
'28
_'
_'
_'
Examples of Correct Implementations of Time Lines
There are many ways time lines can be implemented so that they result in
correct play of the first time and the second time music. The following examples
illustrate correct implementations of time lines. Because they are taken from the
sample tunes, the codes can be examined.
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First and Second Times in the same line
"The Balmoral Highlanders" - first part. Although it appears like the time lines
are run together, they are in fact separate. '1 _' '2 _'
First and Second Times in the same part
"The Gold Ring" - sixth part. Note that the music for the second time must
appear directly after the music for the first time. The music for the second time
must end with an ending double bar line code but without the repeat mark.
First and Second Times across parts
"The Rakes of Kildare" - first and second parts. In these cases, the music for
the second time appears before the music for the first time. This example also
illustrates how time lines can continue across lines within the same part.
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The Naming Conventions
T
he previous chapter presented the codes available for constructing light
music. In this chapter you will learn the additional codes needed for writing
piobaireachd in Bagpipe Reader. The symbols used are based upon the
Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections.
Cadences
Cadences are coded by the lowercase letters cad followed by the letters for the
grace notes in the cadence. e.g. cadged is a cadence with High G, E and D
grace notes. Cadences with fermatas begin with fcad
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cadged
cadge
caded
cade cadaed
fcadged
fcadae
fcadge
fcaded
fcade
cadgf cadaf
fcadgf
cadae
fcadaed
fcadaf
Abbreviations
Many piobaireachd movements also appear as abbreviations (gives more
space on the staff & easier to learn the tune's patterns). The codes for the
abbreviations are the same as the movement but begin with the letter p
Unless indicated otherwise, the code for an abbreviation must be placed before
the code for a melody note. The abbreviation will then be centered over that
melody note.
Throws are coded, as closely as possible, to their canntaireachd vocables.
Throws
E, F and High G Throws
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embari
endari
chedari
hedari
pembari
pendari
pchedari
phedari
High A and D Throws
tra8 (ptra8) with longer Low Gs would be used with D echobeats.
dili
tra
htra tra8
pdili ptra phtra
ptra8
G Grace note, Thumb and Half Throws
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gedre gdare
tedre tdare
tchechere
dre
hchechere
hedale
Grips
Like throws, Grips are coded, as closely as possible, to their canntaireachd
vocables.
Regular Grips
grp
deda
pgrp
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Half Grips
enbain
otro odro adeda
penbain
potro
podro
padeda
G Grace note and Thumb Grips
genbain
gotro
godro
gadeda
tenbain
totro
todro
tadeda
Echo Beat Grace notes
Echo beat grace notes are the second grace note strikes used in echo beat
sequences. They are played longer than the first strike and as such they are
written as 1/16th grace notes rather than 1/32nd grace notes.
Echo beat grace notes are coded with the lowercase letters echo
followed the note that is being struck. e.g. echola is an echo beat grace note
that strikes Low A. Here is a F echo beat sequence:
gg Fr_16 stre Fl_8 'e echoe E_4
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echolg
echoe echof
echola
echob
echohg
echoc
echod
echoha
Darodos
The darodo movement is like the bubly movement in light music. The darodo16
and pdarodo16 movements have longer first and last Low Gs.
darodo
darodo16
hdarodo
pdarodo
pdarodo16 phdarodo
Miscellaneous Movements
The following movements are also used in piobaireachd. Of note is din which
is typically used in the ending phrase of a line. It is different from a strlg
because it is a 1/16th grace note and is played. However, the din is less in
duration than echolg.
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hiharin
phiharin
rodin
chelalho
din
Leumluaths
Leumluaths are used in Leumluath (grip) variations. The code for the full
notation leumluath begins with lem. The leumluath using a B grace note is
coded as lemb The code for the lemluath abbreviation is pl
The code for the abbreviation for the leumluath is placed after the code for the
melody note (e.g. LA_4 pl). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol
under that melody note.
During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the leumluath abbreviations as
follows:
If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a
High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High
G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote
is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special E gracenote (as
opposed to the E melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.
As shown below, there are two ways of playing the leumluath from Low G . The
first (D grace note on Low A) is the style used in the Piobaireachd Society and
Kilberry collections. The second (D grace note on Low G) is the style several
well-known pipers over the years have promoted because it is the actual
leumluath movement with the first Low G grace note removed. For consistency
with the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for Low
G leumluath is for the first style.
Regular Leumluaths
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lem
lem
lem
lemb hlemla
pl
pl
pl
plb
hlemlg
phlla
Leumluath "Breabach"
Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a Leumluath Breabach. However,
the term is used here to denote a leumluath with no special E grace note
played at the end of the movement. This permits a longer E melody note
(usually with a fermata over it) to be played. The music example below
illustrates the use of the "leumluath breabach".
lembrea
lembbrea
hlemlabrea
plbrea
plbbrea
phllabrea
Taorluaths
Taorluaths are used in the Taorluath variations.
The code for the abbreviation for the taorluath is placed after the code for the
melody note (e.g. LA_4 pt). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol
under that melody note.
During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the taorluath abbreviations as
follows:
If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a
High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High
G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote
is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special Low A gracenote
(as opposed to the Low A melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.
As in the Leumluath section above, there are two ways of playing the taorluath
from Low G to Low A.: the D grace note on Low A style and the D grace note
on Low G style. Again, for consistency with the Piobaireachd Society and
Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for the taorluath from Low G to Low A is
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for the first style.
Regular Taorluaths
tar
tar
tar
tarb htarla
pt
pt
pt
ptb
htarlg
phtla
Closed Taorluaths
tarbrea
tarbbrea
htarlabrea
ptbrea
ptbbrea
phtlabrea
Taorluath a Machs
The code for the abbreviation for the taorluath a mach is placed before the
code for the melody note (e.g. ptmb B_4). Bagpipe Reader places the
abbreviation symbol under that melody note.
Taorluath a Machs are played the same as a regular embellishment.
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(The codes shown here are for the second line)
ptmb
ptmc ptmd
Triplings
Triplings variations are found in piobaireachds of fosgailte construction. They
are like a taorluath variation.
The code for the abbreviation for a tripling is placed before the code for the
melody note (e.g. ptripla LA_16). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation
symbol under that melody note.
Triplings are played the same as a regular embellishment.
G Gracenote Triplings
(The codes shown here are for the second line)
ptriplg
ptripla
ptripb
ptripc
Thumb Gracenote Triplings
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(The codes shown here are for the second line)
pttriplg
pttripla
pttripb
pttripc
Half Triplings
(The codes shown here are for the second line)
phtriplg
phtripla
phtripb
phtripc
Crunluaths
Crunluaths are used in the Crunluath variations.
The code for the abbreviation for the crunluath is placed after the code for the
melody note (e.g. LA_4 pc). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol
under that melody note.
During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the crunluath abbreviations as
follows:
If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a
High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High
G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote
is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special E gracenote (as
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opposed to the E melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.
As in the Leumluath section above, there are two ways of playing a non-closed
crunluath from Low G: the D grace note on Low A style and the D grace note
on Low G style. Again, for consistency with the Piobaireachd Society and
Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for the non-closed crunluath from Low G is
for the first style.
Regular Crunluaths
crunl crunl
hcrunllgla
pc
pc
crunl
pc
pcb
crunlb
hcrunlla
phcla
Closed Crunluaths
crunlbrea
crunlbbrea
pcbrea
pcbbrea
hcrunllabrea
phclabrea
Crunluath a Machs
The code for the abbreviation for the crunluath a mach is placed before the
code for the melody note (e.g. pcmb B_4). Bagpipe Reader places the
abbreviation symbol under that melody note.
The abbreviations for Crunluath a Machs are played the same as regular
embellishments. However, Bagpipe Reader then plays the code for the melody
note that follows (which is entered as a B, C, or D quarter note) to an "E".
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edrelg
edrela
pedrelg
pedrela
Crunluath Fosgailte a Machs
edreb edrec
pedreb
edred
pedrec
pedred
Singling and Doubling Timelines
The start of singling and doubling timelines are denoted by the codes 'si and 'do
respectively. The end of the singling and doubling timelines is denoted by the
code _'
If singling and doubling timelines are used in a variation, then codes for the
standard music theory symbols segno and dalsegno must be used to
properly indicate the start and end of the variation for playing. The segno code
must be placed at the start of the variation before the starting double barlines.
The dalsegno code must be placed at the end of the variation after the ending
double barlines.
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segno 'si
_'
'do
_'
dalsegno
The Bis Timeline
"Bis" is the standard music theory symbol used to denote a passage that is
played twice. Playing a certain phrase twice is quite common in piobaireachd.
The use of the bis timeline is denoted by the start code 'bis and the end code
bis_'
'bis
bis_'
The bis timeline rises above the singling and doubling timelines as well as the
first and second time timelines.
Fine and Da Capo al Fine
In piobaireachd, it is standard practise to play the first line of the Ground
variation after finishing the final Crunluath variation. To properly represent this
in the music, the codes for the standard music theory symbols dacapoalfine
(meaning "return to the beginning of the piece and play until the word fine") and
fine (meaning "final or end") are used.
The dacapoalfine code is placed after the ending double barlines of the last
variation. The fine code is placed after the last note to be sounded in the first
line of the Ground variation.
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I. Ground
X. C runluath a Mach
fine
dacapoalfine
Coda, Da Capo al Coda, and Coda Section
The standard music theory symbol coda does not normally appear in standard
bagpipe music. However, some bagpipe music arrangements that are set for
playing with other instruments, use the coda symbol. Thus, it is included here
for completeness. The following music example illustrates how coda can be
used.
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I. Ground
X. C runluath a Mach
A little f louris h at the end before stopping
coda
dacapoalcoda
codasection
Line 1 (Ground) is played. The coda symbol is ignored during this pass.
Line 2 (Crunluath A Mach) is played. When dacapoalcoda is encountered,
Bagpipe Reader branches backward to the beginnning of the music.
Line 1 is played (again). When the coda symbol is encountered during this
pass, Bagpipe Reader branches forward to the codasection.
Line 3 ("A little flourish…") is played to the end of the music.
What if I can't find the symbol I need?
Bagpipe Reader symbols are contained in seven Windows TrueType font files
(BMW1.TTF to BMW7.TTF). An eighth TrueType font file (BMW8.TTF) has
been created to hold User Requested Symbols.
If you cannot locate a particular bagpipe music embellishment among the available
symbols, contact us to request the symbol. We will either inform you of an existing
symbol combination that will meet your needs or we will create the symbol for you,
assign it a code, place it in BMW8.TTF and post it to our homepage. It will be
available for you and other Bagpipe Reader users to download.
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Check our homepage for the most recent version of BMW8.TTF. It may already
contain the symbol you desire.
Screen Elements / Menus
I
n previous chapters, you were introduced to several elements of the main
screen and its menus. This chapter identifies all the screen elements and the main
menu choices. The Dialog Boxes resulting from some of these menu choices are
described in more detail in the next chapter.
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The Main Screen
More:
Title Bar
Menu Bar
Toolbar
Music Window
Code Window
Separator Line
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Title Bar
Displays the phrase "Bagpipe Reader" and the file name of the tune currently open.
Menu Bar
Displays the Top Level Menus.
Toolbar
The toolbars provide quick access to the most common operations.
Music Window
The top window is the "Music Window" which displays bagpipe music based on
the codes entered in the Code Window.
Code Window
The bottom window is the "Code Window" where codes for the various melody
notes, gracenotes, embellishments, and other symbols of a tune are entered.
Separator Line
The horizontal line that separates the Code and Music Windows is called the
"Separator Line". The Separator Line can be adjusted to make the Code Window
larger (and correspondingly the Music Window smaller) or vice-versa. To do this
drag the Separator Line up or down
File Menu
New
Opens a new tune window.
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Open
Opens an existing tune file into a new window.
Close
Closes the current tune windows and closes the associated file.
Save
Saves the codes in the current Code Window to the associated file. BWW is the
default extension and it is recommended that people use this extension for two
reasons:
The BWW extension is associated with the Bagpipe Reader program. This
means that you can double click on a BWW file in Windows Explorer or File
Manager and Bagpipe Reader will run and open the file.
The BWW extension is the primary, visible method used to identify files created
by the Windows version of Bagpipe Reader compared to files created by an
older DOS version of a bagpipe software product.
The first time a tune is saved, Bagpipe Reader uses the words in the Tune Title as
the file name. Before pressing OK to save the file, ensure that there are no illegal
characters in the file name (e.g. \ / : * ? " < > | ) as an error will be produced.
Save As
Permits a different filename to be specified and defaults to the BWW extension.
Codes in the current Code Window are saved to that file.
Save As MIDI
Used to save the music as a MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) format
file. MIDI files are very compact (a four part 2/4 competition march is typically 810Kbytes) and can be played on any computer with a sound card using the
Windows MediaPlayer program.
Permits a new filename to be specified and then saves the music in MIDI format.
To ensure that the tune name, composer and any copyright information gets
included with the music in the MIDI file, Bagpipe Reader writes the following text
strings into the MIDI file:
The text in the Tune Title.
"Composed By: " followed by the text in the Composer/Arranger field, followed
by the text in the Footer field.
See the chapter on Responsible Use of Bagpipe Reader for details on how to
respect and acknowledge composer's copyrights and intellectual property.
Save As Image
Used to save the music as a monochrome BMP or PCX format file. All Windows
versions can read and write BMP files. Earlier Windows versions can read and
write PCX files but later Windows versions can only read PCX files. However, a
PCX file of bagpipe music is 3-5 times smaller than the BMP file of the same
music.
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Permits a filename and graphics file format (BMP or PCX) to be specified and then
saves the music in the file in the chosen graphics file format.
The resolution of the resulting file depends on the value in the Zoom combo box..
Zoom values of 100% and 200% produce images with approximately 150 dpi and
300 dpi respectively.
Print Setup
Allows selection of the printer to send print output to. Defaults to the Windows
default printer. Paper size, source and orientation should be set in Page Setup.
Page Setup
Opens a dialog box for configuring the page. See chapter on Page Setup for details.
Print Preview
Displays the music on screen as it would appear on a printed page. In this mode,
the cursor is a magnifying glass and clicking the left mouse button zooms in (can
zoom in twice then goes back to regular magnification).
Print
Send print output to the currently selected printer. Allows the number of copies to
be specified. If a tune is long enough to span several pages and if the multiple
pages option is set in Page Setup, a range of page numbers can be specified for
print.
Most Recently Used Files
The filenames of the four most recently used files are in this section. Clicking on
one of these filenames opens the file.
Exit
Exits Bagpipe Reader. Prompts are displayed to close any open files that have not
been recently saved.
Edit Menu
Note: The Edit Menu commands only work in the Code Window. Make sure that
you have clicked on a point inside the Code Window for these commands to work.
Undo
Reverses the last action performed.
Cut, Delete
Cut removes the current highlighted text and transfers it to the Clipboard. Delete
removes the current highlighted text without transfering it to the Clipboard.
Copy
If the "Code Window" is selected, it transfers a copy of the current highlighted text
to the Clipboard.
If the "Music Window" is selected, it transfers a copy of the music to the Clipboard
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for insertion into a file as an OLE object. For example, if you had an MS Word
document open after a copy, a paste operation would insert a copy of the "Music
Window" display into the document.
Paste
Inserts the contents of the Clipboard at the point where the flashing cursor is.
Because of the repetition of bars and phrases in bagpipe music, Cut, Copy, Paste
and Delete can be used to duplicate the codes for these bars and phrases from one
part to the next OR from one open tune window to another open tune window.
Find
Allows a text phrase to be located in the Code Window from the flashing cursor
point downward. The function is useful in locating mis-spelled symbol names that
Bagpipe Reader reports when a tune's Music Window is refreshed.
Find Next
Allows the next occurence of the text phrase to be located in the Code Window
from the flashing cursor point downward. The function is useful in locating
multiple occurences of mis-spelled symbol names that Bagpipe Reader reports
when a tune's Music Window is refreshed.
Replace
Allows one text string to be replaced with another. The replacement operation can
be done in two modes: user prompt before initiating the replacement or automatic
replacement of all located text strings.
The Replace function allows multiple occurences of a mis-spelled symbol to be
replaced with the correct spelling of the symbol.
Select All
Highlights all text in the Code Window.
Word Wrap
Causes all the text to appear in the visible part of the Code Window.
Configure Menu
Set Font
Note: This command only works on text items that have been selected (i.e. clicked
on) in the Music Window.
Allows the font, font style, point size and other effects to be modified for the
selected text. In addition, the text type (e.g. Tune Title, Tune Type,
Composer/Arranger, etc.) and text alignment (e.g. Left, Center, Right, Absolute) of
the selected text to be modified. See the chapter on Text Formatting for details.
Set Play Options
Allows modification of gracenote durations, tempo, MIDI notes and frequencies
for bagpipe chanter notes & drones, MIDI instrument to play out on, MIDI note
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mappings (e.g. Low A at B flat, Low A at A natural, or User Defined), Smooth
Playing Factors, Drone Introduction duration, and Moving Music Pointer. Also,
includes Sound Tests for PC Speaker and MIDI Note. See chapter on Setting the
Play Options for details.
Volume
Allows MIDI volume of chanter, tenor drone, and bass drone to be set from 0 to
100% in 10% increments.
View Menu
Toolbar
Displays a toolbar for the common commands on the File and Edit menus just
below the Top Level Menu Bar. This toolbar is dockable, i.e. can be moved to a
different location on the screen.
Status Bar
Displays a status line at the bottom of the screen.
Set Tab Stops
Sets the location that tabs will jump to (i.e. if set to 8, tabs will jump to the 8th,
16th, 24th, etc. character locations in the Code Window).
Refresh Music
Converts the codes in the Code Window into bagpipe music in the Music Window.
There is a Refresh Music icon to the left of the Zoom combo box that does the
same operation.
Player Menu
Note: Player menu commands work as follows:
If music has been selected in the current Music Window, the Player commands
work on the selected music. Music can be selected by dragging a box around
the particular music passage or by clicking in the left margin next to a line of
music (the music is then selected from that point forward). Selected music
appears in a different colour (default is red).
If music has not been selected in the current Music Window, the Player
commands work on all music in the Music Window.
Each of these player menu commands has a corresponding VCR controls style
icon.
Play
Plays the music on the sound device shown in the MIDI Device list box.
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Continuous
Repeatedly plays the music on the sound device shown in the MIDI Device list
box.
Stop
Pauses the playing at the point in the music this menu choice was selected.
Selecting Play resumes playing of the music from the paused point.
Rewind
Resets the playing start point to the beginning of the selected music or the
beginning of the music in the Music Window.
Window Menu
Note: Bagpipe Reader conforms to the Windows Multiple Document Interface.
This means that multiple tunes can be opened up, each in their own window, and
worked on at the same time. Also, codes from one tune's Code Window can be
copied to the Clipboard and then inserted into the Code Window of another
opened tune.
Cascade
Arranges the open windows in an overladen fashion, with just the title bar of each
tune's window visible.
Tile
Arranges the open windows so that each window is visible.
Arrange Icons
If each open window is minimized, arranges the minimized windows along the
bottom of the screen.
Open Windows
This section of the Window Menu lists the title bar of each open window. By
clicking on the appropriate name, that tune's window is brought to the front.
Help Menu
Help Topics
Displays the various Help Topics for Bagpipe Reader.
About Bagpipe Reader
Displays identifying information and acknowledgements for Bagpipe Reader.
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Formatting the Page
T
he strength of the DOS version of Bagpipe Reader was the high quality of
its printed music. It was used to produce twelve professional pipe music
collections. Bagpipe Reader continues this tradition and adds more options for
laying out one or more tunes on a printed page(s).
These options are included not just for composers who want to produce a
collection of pipe music but also for pipers who want their personal music or band
music to look as good as that found in collections. This chapter explains the
various parameters that can be adjusted to give your music the desired look.
The Page Setup Screen
Page Layout
Paper
Orientation
Margins
Spread Tune to Fit
Scale Options
Justify
Buttons
Page Layout
Graphic of Page
Shows how the page layout will look. As you change the orientation options, the page layout example
changes.
Paper
Size
Source
Specifies the size of the paper or envelope you want to use..
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Specifies where the paper you want to use is located in the printer. Different printer models support
different paper sources, such as the upper tray, envelope feed, and manual feed.
Orientation
Portrait
Landscape
Shows how the tune is positioned on the page.
To see an example on the sample page, click Portrait or Landscape.
Shows how the tune is positioned on the page.
To see an example on the sample page, click Portrait or Landscape.
Margins
Left
Right
Top
Bottom
Sets the printing area of the page. The margins you set here are never printed on.
This specifies the left edge margin on the page.
Note that this margin value is assigned the top edge value when changing from portrait to landscape.
Sets the printing area of the page. The margins you set here are never printed on.
This specifies the right edge margin on the page.
Note that this margin value is assigned the bottom edge value when changing from portrait to
landscape.
Sets the printing area of the page. The margins you set here are never printed on.
This specifies the top edge margin on the page.
Note that this margin value gets assigned the right edge value when changing from portrait to
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landscape.
Sets the printing area of the page. The margins you set here are never printed on.
This specifies the bottom edge margin on the page.
Note that this margin value gets assigned the left edge value when changing from portrait to
landscape.
Spread Tune to Fit
Horizontally
Vertically
Align Bars
Space
Adjusts the staff width to fit between the left and right margins for a given page size.
Adjusts the vertical spacing between staffs to fit the music evenly between the top and bottom margins
for a given page size.
This setting only works if "To Fit Print Area" in Scale Options is selected.
Enables bars of music to be vertically aligned across staffs i.e. Bar 1 of Line 1 is vertically aligned with
Bar 1 of Line 2, 3, 4 etc. Alignment begins with bars on the right side of the staff and proceeds
leftward. The width of each bar is based on the bar widths in Line 1.
Allows the horizontal spacing between melody notes to be adjusted from its automatically calculated
value (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage will push the melody notes closer together.
Increasing the percentage will push the melody notes further apart.
Generally, this value should be decreased from 100% for dense tunes (i.e. many symbols on a staff).
Scale Options
To Fit Print Area
Multiple Pages
X Scale Symbols
Y Scale Symbols
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Staff Height
Scales the music horizontally and vertically to fit on the selected page between the set margins for the
selected paper size.
Allows the music to span across multiple pages. This option should be selected when printing
piobaireachd or many tunes of a medley on small paper sizes (to avoid very small music rendering).
Allows the horizontal width of the music symbols to be adjusted from their automatically calculated
values (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage "squishes" the symbols horizontally. Increasing
the percentage expands the symbols horizontally.
Generally, this value should be decreased from 100% for dense tunes (i.e. many symbols on a staff).
Allows the vertical height of the music symbols and the staff to be adjusted from their automatically
calculated values (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage "squishes" the symbols and staff
vertically. Increasing the percentage expands the symbols and staff vertically.
Generally, this value should be increased from 100% to make the music appear larger.
Allows the staff height to be set to a particular value in inches. The default value is 0.25". This setting
is used when preparing tunes for pipe music collections to ensure that the music is presented on staffs
of the same height.
If the staff height is set to zero (0), Bagpipe Reader automatically calculates the staff height based on
the other page setup parameters. This will cause music with not many symbols and staffs to be printed
quite large. This is appropriate when printing music for children and for people with reduced vision,
where the need to show large embellishments and melody notes is desired.
However, a zero setting for staff height will also cause music with many symbols and staffs to be
printed quite small. Making the music print larger in this situation involves adjustments to each of the
Spacing, X Scale Symbols, and Y Scale Symbols percentages and requires experimentation to find
the right set of values for a tune.
It is generally recommended to use a fixed staff height and then to adjust the Spacing and X Scale
Symbol percentages to fit the music between the left and right margins.
Justify
Left
Right
Center
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These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled.
It is used to left align a segment of music on the page between the margins.
These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled.
It is used to right align a segment of music on the page between the margins.
These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled.
It is used to center a segment of music on the page between the margins.
Buttons
OK
Cancel
Printer..
Closes this dialog box and saves any changes you have made.
Closes this dialog box wihout saving any changes you have made.
Enables you to change printer options.
Placing & Formating Text
B
agpipe Reader has a variety of text placement and formating options needed
for typesetting both light music and piobaireachd. This chapter illustrates these
options and provides information on how to use them to the best effect.
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The Set Font Screen
More:
Font
Font Style
Size
Strikeout
Underline
Sample
Color
Text Tags
Text
Text Type
Alignment and Coordinates
Lists the available fonts.
Lists the available styles for the specified fonts.
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List the available point sizes for the specified fonts.
The size (in points. There are 72 points to 1 inch) to render the font and its style. The combo box lists
several choices however a number can be typed into the field to render the font and its style at that
specific size.
Specifies whether the font should appear with strikeout effects
Specifies whether the font should appear with underline effects.
Shows a sample of how text will appear with the specified font settings.
Lists the available colors for the specified font.
A listing of various colors that the font and its style will be rendered in. Colors will only be shown on
color printers; images created using Save As Image appear in black and white only.
Text Tags
Bagpipe Reader uses "Text Tags" to contain text strings and placement and formating information.
They are inserted into the Code Window and made visible in the Music Window using the following
steps:
Click the left mouse button in the Code Window at the location to insert the Text
Tag.
Click the right mouse button. Select Text then the appropriate Text Type.
Click on the Refresh button to make the formatted and placed text appear in the
Music Window.
Once inserted and made visible in the Music Window, the formating and placement of the Text Tag
can be modified as follows:
In the Music Window, locate the appropriate text item and click on it with the left
mouse button. A box will be drawn around the item.
Click on Configure, Set Font to bring up the placement and formating dialog
box.
Text Tags are identifiable in the Code Window as a text string starting and ending with a double quote
character (") followed by formatting codes starting with the opening round bracket "(" and ending with
the closing round bracket ")" e.g.
"Scotland The Brave",(T,L,0,0,Times New Roman,16,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)
Generally, Text Tags are placed before the beginning of the codes for the music, except for In-Line
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Text Tags. Note: Any Text Tags can be deleted from the Code Window without consequence i.e. the
tune still can be printed and played with no Text Tags used.
A listing of the installed TrueType fonts (work on any printer) as well as the printer specific fonts (work
on only the currently selected printer).
The actual text. It can be modified by changing the contents in this field.
Text Type
The categories of typical bagpipe music text types. The following is an explanation of each type.
Tune Title
The name of the tune.
Tune Type
The type of music e.g. March, Reel, Jig, etc. This field is used to determine the default tune tempo, if
no tempo indicator is specified.
march – 84 BPM
reel – 98 BPM
jig – 132 BPM
retreat march – 94 BPM
slow air – 46 BPM
gaelic air – 46 BPM
slow march – 46 BPM
strathspey – 130 BPM
hornpipe – 94 BPM
air – 46 BPM
Composer
The name of the composer. The name of the arranger can be placed in this field however it should be
preceeded by "Arranged By: ".
Footer
Text that appears at the bottom of each page.
Fixed
Text that appears at an exact location horizontal and vertical location (x,y), in inches, on each page.
The coordinate (0,0) is the top left of the page.
In-Line
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Text that appears between two staff lines and is placed above and left aligned with the left edge of the
music symbol that follows this Text Tag. In-Line text is frequently used in piobaireachd e.g. Ground,
Variation 1, Taorluath Doubling, etc.
Comment
Text that appears in the Code Window but does not appear in the Music Window or on the printed
sheet. The Comment text tag does not appear in the Set Font Dialog Box (because the text does not
appear in the Music Window) but does appear on the Right Mouse Button Menus. Comments are used
to provide descriptions about the music passages e.g. "First Part", "Third Part", etc.
The horizontal alignment of the text: Left, Center, Right, or Absolute aligned.
More:
Left
Right
Center
Absolute
Coordinates
Coordinates Y
Alignment Examples
Left aligned means with aligned with the Left Margin
Right aligned means aligned with the Right Margin
Center aligned means centered in the printable area between the left and right margins
Absolute aligned means located at a given point on the page
Coordinates are in inches, apply only to Absolute alignment, and are referenced from the left edge and
top edge of the page.
Coordinates are in inches, apply only to Absolute alignment, and are referenced from the left edge and
top edge of the page.
Alignment Examples
The following table shows the horizontal alignments that can be applied to each Text Type.
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Left
Tune Title
Tune Type
Composer
Footer
Fixed
In-Line
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes**
Center
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Right
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Absolute
No
No
No
No
Yes*
No
* Fixed text is left aligned with the "From Left" position on the page.
** In-Line text is left aligned with the left edge of the symbol following the Text Tag.
Vertical alignment of the various Text Types is as follows:
Tune Title, Tune Type and Composer are all vertically aligned on a baseline
such that the top of the tallest character in the three strings touches the top
margin.
Footer is vertically aligned such that the baseline for its text touches the bottom
margin.
Fixed text is vertically aligned so that the top of the tallest character in the string
touches the "From Top" line given in the coordinates.
In-Line text is vertically aligned between two staffs.
Placement of In-Line Text
The following example illustrates how In-Line text can be placed over any symbol
on the staff. Note how the phrase "I. Ground" is left aligned over the G clef and
how "podro" is left aligned over the C eighth note.
I. Ground
podro
"I. Ground",(I,L,0,0,Times New Roman,12,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)
& sharpf sharpc C
I!gg E_4 'e
podro "podro",(I,L,0,0,Times New Roman,10,700,255,0,18,0,0,0) C_8
gg B_4
pdare F_4
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Bagpipe Reader Help
Adjusting Playing Options
W
hile producing publication printed output, Bagpipe Reader also produces
high quality playing of both light music and piobaireachd. As discussed earlier, with
the right type of sound card, tunes can be played using a professional piper quality
bagpipe sound. This chapter explains how to adjust various playing parameters to
make the performance as good as the sound.
The Play Options Screen
Note that the values shown on these screens are saved with the tune. This allows
each tune to have its own custom playing options.
More:
General Settings Section
Midi Note Mapping Section
Note Mapping Defaults Section
Drone Settings
Sound Test Section
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Bagpipe Reader Help
General Settings Section
Gracenote Duration
The duration in milliseconds of a single gracenote or gracenotes in embellishments
in light music.
Tempo
The beats per minute for a tune. This value adjusts the tempo in the first
TuneTempo tag encountered in the tune.
Smooth Playing Factor A
The percentage of an embellishments duration that is subtracted from the melody
note that follows an embellishment. This parameter is used to smooth out stilted
playing in light music and some piobaireachd embellishments.
A value of 100 causes the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted from
the melody note that follows it. Tunes are played exactly in time but may sound a
bit stilted at faster tempos.
A value of 0 causes none of the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted
from the melody note that follows it. Each embellishment and melody note is
played to its full duration but the tempo of the tune speeds up in passages with not
many embellishments and slows down in passages with several embellishments.
A value of between 60 and 70 generally achieves a good flow to the tune without
noticeably changing the tempo.
Smooth Playing Factor B
The percentage of an embellishments duration that is subtracted from the melody
note that precedes an embellishment. This parameter is used specifically to smooth
out stilted playing only for piobaireachd abbreviations for leumluaths, taorluaths,
and crunluaths.
A value of 100 causes the total duration of the embellishment to be subtracted
from the melody note that precedes it. Tunes are played exactly in time but may
sound a bit clipped.
A value of 0 causes none of the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted
from the melody note that precedes it. Each embellishment and melody note is
played to its full duration but the tempo of the tune wanders if non-leumluath,
taorluath or crunluath embellishments are in the music passage.
A value of between 60 and 70 generally achieves a good flow to the tune without
noticeably changing the tempo.
Drone Introduction
The duration (milliseconds) the drone notes are played before the chanter notes
begin.
Moving Music Pointer
Enables a small colored ball to hover over the note or embellishment that is
currently being played. Enabling the Moving Music Pointer and reducing the tempo
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Bagpipe Reader Help
is helpful for beginners to match the displayed music with the sound being emitted.
Midi Note Mapping Section
A matrix of Midi notes for each note of the chanter with its flat, natural, and sharp
sounds. These values will change depending on the Note Mapping Default chosen.
Note Mapping Defaults Section
Low A at B flat
Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to
change to values based upon Low A Natural at a B flat pitch of 466 Hz.
Low A at A natural
Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to
change to values based upon Low A Natural at an A natural pitch of 440 Hz.
User Defined
Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to
change to values programmed in by the user. See the section below on
"Programming User Defined Values" for details on how to program your own
values for Midi notes and frequency values.
Drone Settings
Chanter Instrument
The Midi Instrument number for the Chanter's Midi notes to be played on. The
numbers begin at 0 and end at 127. The number for the Bagpipe is 109 however on
most sound cards this results in a very poor imitiation of a bagpipe sound.
Bagpipe Reader defaults to instrument 71 (Clarinet) which produces a sound
similar to a small pipe. Other value to try are 70 and 111.
Drone Instrument
The Midi Instrument number for the Drone's Midi notes to be played on. The
numbers begin at 0 and end at 127. The number for the Bagpipe is 109 however on
most sound cards this results in a very poor imitiation of a bagpipe sound.
Bagpipe Reader defaults to instrument 71 (Clarinet) which produces a sound
similar to a small pipe. Other value to try are 70 and 111. The Drone Instrument
can be different from the Chanter Instrument number.
Bass Drone Note
The Midi note for the Bass Drone sound. This should be set two octaves (24 Midi
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Bagpipe Reader Help
notes) below the Low A natural Midi note.
Tenor Drone Note
The Midi note for the Tenor Drone sound. This should be set one octave (12 Midi
notes) below the Low A natural Midi note.
Sound Test Section
PC Speaker
Clicking the Test button emits a sound from the PC Speaker at the given frequency
value. The value can be adjusted to determine which frequencies match the notes
on your practise chanter. Once determined, these values can be programmed into
the User Defined Settings.
MIDI Note
Clicking the Test button emits a sound from the Sound Card at the given Midi
note.
Frequency Mappings Button
Clicking this button brings up the dialog box on the following page. The frequency
settings (in Hz) can be modified for each note on the chanter and its flat, natural,
and sharp sounds. Clicking OK preserves these settings.
Gracenote Durations Button
Clicking this button brings up the dialog box on the following page. It is used to
adjust the durations of the various gracenotes used in light music and piobaireachd.
Clicking OK preserves these settings. A table of the categories, their description
and default values is given below.
Programming User Defined Values
Clicking the User Defined button (next to the Cancel button) stores the Midi Note
Mappings (including Bass and Tenor Drone Notes) and Frequency Mappings in a
User Defined Profile section. This profile can be recalled by pressing the Set User
Defined button in the Note Mapping Defaults section.
Note: If you do not want to use the F sharp and C sharp symbols in printed music
but want the F and C to produce their proper bagpipe note sound when playing,
copy the values from the C sharp and F sharp fields in the C natural and F natural
fields, respectively, then program this setting by pressing the User Defined button.
Saving the tune will also save these settings in the tune file. However, changing the
MIDI notes in this manner is NOT recommended because it produces a nonstandard tune file.
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Bagpipe Reader Help
Category Description
Default Duration (ms)
none
Standard gracenote (light music)
20
*
Extended
length gracenote
(light
music)
(used to "thicken" the sound of bottom hand
embellishments like D throws, grips and taorluaths)
40
1
Standard gracenote (piobaireachd)
30
2
Extended
length
gracenote
(piobaireachd)
(used to "thicken" the sound of bottom hand
embellishments like D throws, grips and taorluaths)
50
3
Standard 1/16th note gracenote in piobaireachd
embellishments
100
4
Standard 1/8th note gracenote in piobaireachd
embellishments
200
5
E or F 1/8th note gracenote in piobaireachd cadences
800
6
E or F 1/8th note gracenote with fermata in
piobaireachd cadences
1200
7
E 1/16th note that is played after a leumluath in
piobaireachd (only used in the playing of a leumluath
abbreviation)
250
8
Low A 1/16th note that is played after a taorluath in
piobaireachd (only used in the playing of a taorluath
abbreviation)
250
9
E 1/16th note that is played after a crunluath in
piobaireachd (only used in the playing of a crunluath
abbreviation)
250
0
E 1/16th note that is played after a crunluath a mach in
piobaireachd (only used in the playing of a crunluath a
mach abbreviation)
500
~
Reserved
200
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Bagpipe Reader Help
Special Features
B
agpipe Reader has several special features for printing and playing multiple
tunes. The features are ideal for producing band sheet music, a professional
bagpipe music collection, or listening to tune combinations for a new medley. Also,
Bagpipe Reader's ability to handle multiple tempo and time signature changes in a
tune (or tunes) makes it very appropriate for many contemporary compositions and
piobaireachds.
This chapter explains how to utilize these features to achieve profound printed and
audible music effects.
Working on More Than One Tune at a Time
Bagpipe Reader supports the Multiple Document Interface which allows multiple
documents (tunes) to be open at any one time. To accomplish this, just click File,
Open and select the tune to open. Repeat these steps for as many tunes as you
desire.
To move between open windows, click Window on the Main Menu bar and then
select the desired window. With multiple tunes open, codes for tunes can be easily
copied from one tune to another.
Printing More Than One Tune on a Page(s)
As described above, open each tune that you want to place on a page(s) into a
tune window.
Change the File, Page Setup parameters in each tune to the same page layout
settings. Use To Fit Print Area to compress the tunes onto a single page,
otherwise select Multiple Pages.
Click File, New to open a new tune window. In the Code Window, highlight the
codes and press Delete to remove all codes from the window.
For the first tune to appear on the page, highlight all the codes in its Code
Window and press Ctrl-C to copy the codes.
Change to the new tune's Code Windows and press Ctrl-V to paste the tune
into the window.
Change to the window for the second tune to appear and highlight and copy the
contents of its Code Window. Change to the new tune's Code Window, & paste
the second tune's codes following the first tune's codes.
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Bagpipe Reader Help
Repeat the above step for as many tunes as you want to fit on a page(s).
Save and print the multiple tune file.
Object Linking and Embedding
Bagpipe Reader is an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) compliant application.
This means that bagpipe music contained in BWW extension files can be linked or
embedded in another application (such as Microsoft Office Word, Microsoft
Office PowerPoint, Adobe Pagemaker, Corel Draw, etc.) using the Insert, Object
menu command.
Once linked or embedded, the bagpipe music will appear in that application. It can
then be repositioned or resized. It can even be editted in place by double-clicking
on the music. The OLE feature can be used to produce tutor books, exercise
sheets, or even professional music collections, where more extensive text or
graphics is desired to surround the music.
The most appropriate testament to the power of this feature is this help file. The
manual was prepared using Microsoft Office 2000 with all music segments inserted
as BWW objects into the document.
Note that the OLE capability of Bagpipe Reader only works with 32 bit Windows
applications, not older 16 bit applications.
Time Signature Changes in a Tune
Time Signature changes can be placed anywhere in the music of a Bagpipe
Reader file and will be correctly interpreted during playing.
Tempo Changes in a Tune
Tempo changes can be placed anywhere in the music of a Bagpipe Reader file
using the TuneTempo,xx tag (where xx is the desired tempo in beats per
minute).
Singling and Doubling Tempo Changes
The VariationTempo,(ss,dd) tag can be used to indicate a particular
tempo (ss beats per minute) during the Singling variation and a different tempo
(dd beats per minute) during the Doubling variation. The Variation must begin
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Bagpipe Reader Help
with a segno code and end with a dalsegno code.
Using Bagpipe Reader Responsibly
Bagpipe Reader was built for exchanging and sharing of musical ideas. Information
was meant to be shared. In this spirit, please pass along this program to others so
they might benefit from musical idea sharing.
PDF created by
Thanks Doug for this great program
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