bq11 - Library - Conservation International

Transcription

B
Q
USHMEAT
UARTERLY
Issue Number 11
Newsletter of the
Bushmeat Crisis Task Force
Spring/Summer 2004
Bushmeat Working Groups
Around the World Update
FOCUS: Bushmeat & Primate Conservation / Health Impacts
Feature Stories
Policy Updates
1
Species Conservation
Groups and the BCTF
January – April 2004
4
Bushmeat & Health Impacts
6
HIV/AIDS and Biodiversity
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Conservation Linkages ►
9
Country Profile:
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BCTF News
11
12
January – May 2004
News to Use
Jobs and Grants
Calendar of Events
22
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Species Conservation Groups
and the Bushmeat Crisis Task Force
While unsustainable bushmeat hunting impacts a
diversity of wildlife, the threat to a few charismatic
species brought attention to the crisis in the late
1990’s. African great apes have been hit
particularly hard by the growing trade, and their
plight forced wildlife conservation groups to
evaluate what they were doing about the bushmeat
crisis. For many organizations, this concern has
evolved into action that benefits not only apes but
also other primates, elephants, duikers, rodents,
cats, civets, pangolins, reptiles, birds, and any
animal hunted for sale as food. Several groups are
also tackling root causes, such as poverty and lack
of information.
Organizations focusing on primate conservation
have been part of BCTF since the beginning. The
American Society of Primatologists (ASP), Bonobo
Conservation Initiative, Bonobo Protection Fund,
The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (DFGFI),
The Gorilla Foundation, International Gorilla
Conservation Programme, The Jane Goodall
Institute (JGI), The Primate Conservation and
Welfare Society, and The Primate Society of Great
Britain were all organizational signatories to the
February 1999 Consensus Statement calling for
immediate action to address the bushmeat crisis in
tropical African countries.
Primates, and great apes in particular, illustrate
many of the major concerns regarding bushmeat:
their reproductive rate is too slow to support
sustainable hunting, their closeness to humans
makes them vectors for diseases deadly to people,
Bushmeat Working Group Updates
15
October 2003 – January 2004
New reports for:
Bristol Zoo Gardens ◊ CITES BWG ◊ GRASP ◊
IUCN-ROCA ◊ Liberia BWG ◊ Oakland Zoo ◊
Bushmeat Crisis Africa (PAAZAB) ◊ UK Tropical
Forest Forum ◊ World Bank CEO Working Group
and orphaned infants and juveniles are frequently
offered for sale after the rest of the family is sold as
food. Public concern for these issues is high, and
every BCTF Supporting Member engages in primate
conservation or protection in some capacity. Many
BCTF partners – including the recently formed Pan
African Sanctuaries Alliance (PASA) and the Great
Ape Survival Project (GRASP) – are focused entirely
on this task.
Three current BCTF Supporting Members include
primate conservation in their core mission: ASP,
DFGFI and JGI. The following summaries provide a
glimpse of what these groups do to promote or
conduct research and work with communities to
stem the bushmeat trade.
American Society
of Primatologists
By Dr. Janette Wallis, Chair of the
ASP Conservation Committee
The American Society of Primatologists (ASP) is the
professional society within North America dedicated
to the study of primates. Our 650 members study
primates in the wild, in laboratories, in zoos, and in
sanctuaries. Our research covers every imaginable
topic, including cognition and intelligence, health
and husbandry, behavioral ecology and
conservation.
Although habitat destruction is still the leading
threat to most primate species worldwide, hunting
has become the primary concern for many species
– particularly in Africa and Asia. Thus, the
bushmeat crisis is of key importance to members of
the ASP. In 1997, before AZA’s formal interest led
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
to the formation of BCTF, ASP member Anthony
Rose conducted a special workshop at the annual
ASP conference entitled “The African primate
bushmeat crisis.” This was the first time many ASP
members were made aware of the severity of
hunting pressures on primates. The ASP’s
Conservation Committee took note of the topic and
sought ways to address it within the Committee. In
1999, the year BCTF was founded, another special
session was held at the ASP annual conference.
“The African bushmeat crisis: New findings, theory,
and solutions” was co-organized by ASP members
Tara Stoinski and Anthony Rose. Several of the
founding members of BCTF were present at that
ASP session to discuss plans for the future and to
invite ASP’s involvement.
When the BCTF was formed, ASP became a
Contributing Member, and in 2001 became a full
Supporting Member, with a seat on the Steering
Committee shortly thereafter. At the 2002 ASP
conference, a special session, “Solutions to the
African bushmeat crisis: The Bushmeat Crisis Task
Force and collaborative action planning,” was coorganized by Natalie Bailey, Dieter Steklis, Patrick
Mehlman, Tara Stoinski, Christina Ellis, and Janette
Wallis.
Thus, the ASP’s annual meetings have served as an
educational resource for the topic of bushmeat and
we support the BCTF’s activities. However, ASP
plays an unusual role within BCTF. Because we are
a professional society, we are made up of
members, officers, and committees that function
purely as volunteers. Thus, unlike other members
of BCTF, we do not have personnel employed to
carry out bushmeat research, education, awareness
or enforcement on behalf of ASP. Still, we play an
important role as a source of information and
expertise. We have facilitated BCTF staff and fellow
BCTF Supporting Members in various ways, such as
helping with the development of educational
materials, making referrals for habitat country
contacts, and editing the scientific content of BCTF
literature.
Beyond the financial support provided to BCTF, the
ASP’s Conservation Committee can directly aid
bushmeat projects through its annual Small
Conservation Grants. Competition for these grants
(maximum of $1500 each) has grown steadily over
the years; during 2001, we received 22 proposals,
in 2004, 45. Of the 11 grants awarded in 2003, 3
mentioned prevention of hunting or snare injuries
as a specific part of the project. Many of the grants
Issue 11 - Spring/Summer 2004
have been awarded for broad-based conservation
education projects that include hunting as one of
many threats to a primate population. Moreover, it
is well recognized that the mere presence of
researchers and field assistants can help to reduce
hunting pressures.
The ASP Conservation Committee is currently
planning a document that discusses the hunting
threat to nonhuman primates. Moreover, members
of the ASP, particularly the Conservation
Committee, remain ready to aid the BCTF in
whatever way we are able. For more information
about the American Society of Primatologists, visit
our web site at www.asp.org or feel free to contact
the Chair of the ASP Conservation Committee (and
BCTF Steering Committee Member, representing
ASP), Dr. Janette Wallis (janettewallis@sbcglobal.net).
The
Dian Fossey Gorilla
Fund International
Summary prepared by BCTF
The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (DFGFI,
or the Gorilla Fund), originally founded as the Digit
Fund, carries on the gorilla conservation legacy of
Dian Fossey. DFGFI is committed to gorilla
protection, science, field research, education and
awareness, and economic development. Activities
take place on many levels and places, involving
people from Rwanda and elsewhere in Africa, the
United States, and around the world.
Recently, DFGFI has begun to increase and diversify
its programs to address pressing conservation
challenges beyond the range of mountain gorillas,
including an area of eastern Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC) covering more than three million
hectares. This area has been identified as a unique
eco-region with worldwide conservation
significance. The area (referred to officially as the
Maiko Tayna Kahuzi-Biega Landscape) has a very
high level of species richness, many unique to this
area and highly threatened. It supports an unusual
combination of charismatic species, as well as about
97% of the distribution and population of eastern
lowland gorillas. Like many areas in the world
today, it is undergoing a biological and conservation
crisis, suffering from over-hunting, mining, and
expanding human population pressure as people
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BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
clear land for agriculture and large commercial
grazing. Recent surveys indicate the population of
eastern lowland gorillas has plummeted, from an
estimated 17,000 individuals in 1994 to 5,000
today.
Some of DFGFI’s most important activities include:
• Monitoring and protecting the mountain gorillas residing
Rwanda's Parc National des Volcans, through the
Karisoke Research Center's programs, including
tracking and anti-poaching patrols.
•
Sharing knowledge and experience to promote the use
of common gorilla monitoring protocols and practices.
•
Collecting demographic, behavioral and environmental
data, often in collaboration with universities in Africa.
•
Funding small-scale development activities in
communities near the gorilla habitat, in support of the
local people.
•
Training rangers and trackers.
•
Bringing GIS and remote sensing technology to
collaborating universities in Africa. Training students
and trackers in applying these powerful land use
planning technologies.
•
Promoting public awareness of gorilla conservation via
media and other communication projects.
•
Partnering with important gorilla conservation projects
in other areas, such as the Tayna Gorilla Reserve in
the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) has awarded the Gorilla Fund over a half
million dollars, as part of its Congressional Gorilla
Directive. These funds are now enabling DFGFI to
greatly expand and enhance its programs in the
Albertine Rift area of Africa, including high-tech
projects that will map out the mountain gorillas'
dwindling habitat, programs to assist with health
problems in populations living near the gorillas,
support for local conservation and development
initiatives, and new schools and other education
projects.
Since 2000, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund
International has been operating in eastern
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by supporting
a series of community-based conservation and
development projects. The flagship project, The
Tayna Gorilla Reserve, is a 700 km2, nationally
recognized Nature Reserve that is totally managed
by a system of traditional African governance.
Because of its success, seven other similar projects
covering a region of more than 10,000 km2 are in
development and have organized themselves into
an association called UGADEC (Union des
Associations de Conservation des Gorilles pour le
Développement Communautaire à l'Est de la
République Démocratique de Congo).
In partnership with Conservation International (CI),
DFGFI has just strengthened its conservation
program in eastern DRC. The new program will
protect a large portion of the range of eastern
lowland gorillas and the other fauna and flora found
in their habitat, through a group of unique
community-based preserves. This initiative is made
possible by USAID’s Central African Regional
Program for the Environment (CARPE), in support of
the Congo Basin Forest Partnership. Through
funding from CARPE and CI’s Global Conservation
Fund, DFGFI is expected to receive about $1 million
each year for three years. This grant award will
permit DFGFI to expand and support the UGADEC
programs, and also to begin support for the
rehabilitation of Maiko National Park, a 10,000 km2
park that has never received any international
support.
For more information about DFGFI and its work,
visit www.gorillafund.org.
The
Jane Goodall
Institute
Summary prepared by BCTF
The mission of the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) is to
advance the power of individuals to take informed
and compassionate action to improve the
environment of all living things. Specifically, JGI
works to:
•
Increase primate habitat conservation
•
Increase awareness of, support for and training in
issues related to our relationship with each other, the
environment and other animals (leading to behavior
change)
•
Expand non-invasive research programs on
chimpanzees and other primates
•
Promote activities that ensure the well-being of
chimpanzees, other primates and animal welfare
activities in general
JGI is a founding member of BCTF, and Jane
Goodall herself has a been a champion for raising
awareness about the bushmeat crisis in many of
her speaking engagements and as a keynote
speaker for BCTF events.
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BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
JGI understands that they must address economic
and social development needs for conservation to be
effective. JGI’s Africa Programs division works to
“ensure the long-term protection and survival of wild
ape populations through the empowerment of the
poor and disadvantaged people with whom they
share their homes.” Field personnel in Cameroon,
Congo, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa and – of course
– Tanzania (home of the Gombe chimpanzees first
studied by Dr. Goodall) work with communities to
improve agricultural yields, build capacity for
community-centered conservation and development,
and raise public awareness about conservation
issues.
JGI also supports chimpanzee sanctuaries, refuges
for the orphans of the bushmeat trade which are sold
as pets. The Institute operates sanctuaries in the
Repubic of Congo and Kenya, provides support to
Ngamba Island Sanctuary in Uganda, and has plans
to open a new sanctuary soon in South Africa.
Bushmeat activities conducted by JGI staff are
founded on the following guiding principles:
•
•
Humans have a responsibility to address the
conservation threats imposed by global politics,
industrial exploitation, population growth, economic
greed, and bad governance.
The best way to preserve our natural heritage is to invest
in meeting the needs of people. Clearly the
environmental challenges humanity faces in the 21st
century and beyond would be less difficult in a world
with slower population growth.
•
Sustainable livelihoods, development, and
conservation are possible and effective measures to
conserve biodiversity and human diversity.
•
Respect for local communities, culture, and heritage
guide field activities.
•
A transparent and flexible manner is used in creating
and implementing joint activities.
•
Partnerships will achieve greater results than acting
independently.
•
Every individual matters, and every individual can
make a difference.
Through their various programs, JGI strives to
eliminate the illegal commercial bushmeat trade in
endangered species, and to regulate the legal
trade—as part of an integrated approach toward
sustainable forest resource management. Their
objectives address the various stakeholders,
especially the role of women, with the ambition to
affect long-term sustainable change by increasing
the opportunity and ability to live sustainably.
JGI Africa Programs has a new website with more
details on all of the programs introduced here, as
well as many others. Visit www.janegoodall.org/
africa-programs to learn more about JGI’s work in
the field.
Bushmeat, Health
and Conservation Impacts
by Natalie Bailey, BCTF
In Africa and around the world, policy makers, NGOs
and the public are increasingly focusing attention on
the threat that zoonotic (cross species) disease
transmission poses to human health. Global
transportation of people, wildlife and livestock,
combined with increasing opportunities for crossspecies disease transmission has already resulted in
the global emergence of diseases such as SARS,
monkeypox, Ebola and HIV/AIDS. Evidence that
HIV/AIDS arose from the transfer of chimpanzeeborne SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) to
humans, probably through blood-to-blood contact
during the hunting and butchering of bushmeat was
first published in 1999 (Gao et al. 1999). More
recently, Ebola, monkeypox and SARS outbreaks
have demonstrated the ease with which humans can
contract and spread certain wildlife diseases,
particularly those of non-human primates.
Two major factors are at play in the spread of
emerging infectious diseases. First, demand for
bushmeat in Africa, Asia and other parts of the
world have increased the number of hunters and
traders as well as both meat and live animal
markets. In markets, viruses have millions of
opportunities to cross over to other species and
can potentially recombine into new viral strains
(WCS 2003). Second, global air transportation
allows for rapid movement of infected individuals
(whether animal or human), which may contribute
to the rapid spread of diseases. The SARS
outbreak of 2003 is a vivid example of a disease
that jumped across species borders into humans
and was rapidly spread around the world, infecting
individuals from approximately 30 countries. A
monkeypox outbreak in the U.S. in 2003
demonstrated the risks of importation of live
wildlife into the U.S. when prairie dogs housed
with imported monkeypox-carrying African rats
spread the disease to exotic pet owners.
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BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
HIV/AIDS
Researchers seeking information on the origins of
HIV/AIDS have demonstrated compelling evidence
that bushmeat hunting and preparation may have
introduced SIVcpz into human populations (Gao et
al. 1999). Published in the same month that the
Bushmeat Crisis Task Force was formed, this paper
demonstrated that Pan troglodytes troglodytes
(central chimpanzee) was the primary reservoir of
HIV1 and that the species had been the source of at
least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into
the human population. In this and subsequent
papers, authors noted that the prevalence of the
bushmeat trade and the blood-to-blood contact
common in hunting and preparation of bushmeat
may provide opportunities for future crossover
events from chimpanzees and other primates (Gao et
al. 1999, Hahn et al. 2000, Wolfe et al. 2000, Daszak
et al. 2000, Peeters et al. 2002, Wolfe et al.2004).
At least 18 different primate SIVs have been found in
at least 26 different primate species, putting humans
who hunt and prepare primate bushmeat at risk for
numerous genetically divergent viruses (Hahn et al.
2000, Peeters et al. 2002). Opportunities for
recombination of similar retroviruses (including the
newly-identified human infection of simian foamy
virus, or SFV) indicate an even greater potential
global health challenge (Wolfe et al.2004).
Ebola
Ebola is a rapidly spreading, devastating disease that
affects both human and primate populations.
Hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola can result in high
mortality as they spread through dense areas. On
several occasions, Ebola outbreaks have been first
observed in apes, only to infect humans when
infected apes are hunted or found dead in the forest,
and later consumed. The 2002 Ebola outbreak in
Republic of Congo and Gabon was explicitly linked to
bushmeat consumption; as a result, the Government
of Gabon began strictly enforcing bans on bushmeat
hunting (Lawson 2002). Ebola outbreaks have
occurred at least eight times in various African
countries since 1994; five outbreaks involving eight
different viral strains occurred in Gabon and Republic
of Congo since 2001, with each human outbreak
linked to the handling of a dead animal (gorilla,
chimpanzee or duiker) (Leroy et al. 2004).
Ebola outbreaks are catastrophic to apes as well as
to humans. Both bushmeat hunting and Ebola
outbreaks have contributed to a 50% decline in ape
populations in Gabon since 1983 (Walsh et al. 2003).
In addition, researchers have found indicators that
gorilla, chimpanzee and duiker populations may have
declined by as much as 50-88% during a 2003
outbreak in the Lossi Reserve, Republic of Congo
(Leroy et al. 2004). In response, veterinarians,
human health agencies and conservationists are
making urgent calls for control of bushmeat
hunting, health education and wildlife monitoring.
Actions Addressing Global Disease Risks
More recently, the global outbreak of SARS and
the emergence of monkeypox in the Midwestern
region of the U.S. have raised further concerns
from health professionals and conservationists
regarding the demand for and global
transportation of wildlife. SARS has been linked to
burgeoning wildlife markets in China, where
demand for masked palm civets and other species
of wildlife has increased with the growing
population (Bhattacharya and MacKenzie 2003). In
a matter of just a few weeks, the disease had
flown around the world on commercial airliners.
The monkeypox case demonstrated the many
ways that a disease could be transmitted, as it
moved from imported African giant rats to prairie
dogs to humans (CDC 2003).
Within the BCTF network, government agencies
and NGOs are working together to focus on the
importance of collaboration across sectors
(conservation, human health professionals, wildlife
veterinarians, policy makers, etc.) to encourage
integrated decision-making, public awareness,
fundraising and action regarding the bushmeat
trade and emerging diseases. A recent meeting
jointly held with the Africa Biodiversity
Collaborative Group (ABCG) and the Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS) brought together
representatives of each of these sectors to discuss
solutions to these issues, with bushmeat as a
major focus of the meeting. Further information
will be posted to the BCTF website as
developments continue.
References
Bushmeat, Health and Conservation Impacts
Bhattacharya, S and D. MacKenzie. 2003. Exotic market animals likely
source of SARS. New Scientist. Available online:
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993763.
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). 2003. Questions and
answers about Monkeypox. Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. Available online:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. 2000. Emerging Infectious
Diseases of Wildlife--Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health.
Science 287:443-9.
Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF,
Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn
BH. 1999. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
troglodytes. Nature 397:436-41.
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BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
References (continued)
Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM. 2000. AIDS as a Zoonosis:
Scientific and Public Health Implications. Science 287(5453):607-14.
Lawson, A. 2002. Monkey brains off the menu in Central Africa. Reuters. 1
January 2002. Available online:
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/13873/newsDate/
1-Jan-2002/story.htm.
Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquiere S, Kilbourne A, Froment JM,
Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE. 2004.
Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central
African Wildlife. Science 303(5656):387-90.
Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F,
Loul S, Liegeois F, Butel C, Koulagna D, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Shaw GM,
Hahn BH, Delaporte E. 2002. Risk to Human Health From a Plethora of
Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses in Primate Bushmeat. Emerging
Infectious Diseases 8(5).
HIV/AIDS and Biodiversity
Conservation Linkages
Walsh PA, Abernethy KA, Bermejo M, Beyers R, Wachter P, Akou ME,
Huijbregts B, Mambounga DI, Toham AK, Kilbourn AM, Lahm SA,
Latour S, Maisels F, Mbina C, Mihindou Y, Ndong Obiang S, Effa
EN, Starkey MP, Telfer P, Thibault M, Tutin CEG, White LJT, Wilkie
DS. 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa.
(NATURE | 6 APRIL 2003).
Wildlife Conservation Society. 2003. Press Release: The problem is,
pigs and other animals do fly. July 2003. www.wcs.org.
Wolfe ND, Eitel MN, Gockowski J, Muchaal PK, Nolte C, Prosser AT,
Torimiro JN, Weise SF, Burke DS. 2000. Deforestation, hunting and
the ecology of microbial emergence. Global Change and Human
Health 1(1):10-25.
Wolfe ND, et al. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central
African hunters. THE LANCET 363, 932-937. 2004.
www.thelancet.com
Adults and children estimated to be living
with HIV/AIDS as of end 2003
by Judy Oglethorpe, WWF US and Nancy Gelman,
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is having large
impacts on conservation in Africa through
loss of institutional capacity for
conservation, and increased use of natural
resources including bushmeat.
AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency
Syndrome which is the late stage of
infection caused by HIV, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus) is affecting every
person, organization, and sector in Africa,
and the disease is quickly spreading in Asia
and the Pacific, Latin America, and Eastern
Europe. It causes long periods of illness,
and is significantly reducing life expectancy. An
estimated 34-46 million people are living with
HIV/AIDS (see map diagram). Approximately 3 million
people died globally from AIDS in 2003, approximately
2.3 million in Sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is
impacting local and national economies, governance
structures, agricultural production, food security, and
education. The erosion of social structures and
increase in AIDS-orphans, who grow up without family
stability, could lead to future global insecurity. These
societal changes directly and indirectly impact
biodiversity conservation and natural resource
management, including the illegal hunting of
bushmeat.
Increased Natural Resource Use by AIDSImpacted Households
As rural households lose salary remittances from cities
or the capacity for heavy agricultural labor due to
HIV/AIDS, they turn increasingly to natural resources
as the ultimate livelihood safety net. In many areas
medicinal plants and wild foods are being
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
North America
520 000 – 680 000 1.2 – 1.8 million
East Asia & Pacific
790 000 – 1.2 million
700 000 – 1.3 million
North Africa & Middle East
Caribbean
South
350 000 – 590 000 470 000 – 730 000 & South-East Asia
4.6 – 8.2 million
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
25.0 – 28.2 million
Australia
1.3 – 1.9 million
& New Zealand
12 000 – 18 000
Total: 34 – 46 million
00002-E-4 – 1 December 2003
overcollected, bushmeat hunting has increased, and in
certain places timber consumption for coffins and
charcoal production is causing deforestation. This
unsustainable use erodes the resource base for the
future. Some protected areas face increasing threat
as people seek access to natural resources that are no
longer available outside. This occurs at a time when
park guards may be patrolling less as they are ill from
the disease, taking care of family members with
AIDS, or attending funerals.
Changes in Land Use Due to AIDS
Land management is changing as people rely on
practices such as fire or extensive farming that can
be more damaging to vegetation and wildlife.
Traditional knowledge of sustainable land
management and resource use is being lost as
parents die before passing it on to their children. It
is likely that resource control systems by traditional
leaders such as hunting of bushmeat are breaking
down. Land inheritance can be affected in places
where widows and orphans cannot inherit land
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BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
because of national land policies or traditional
practices. Even if national policies are in place for
them to inherit, they may be evicted because of
land-grabbing. All these factors can result in less
sustainable use of land and resources.
Loss of Conservation Capacity
Wildlife management is also affected directly
through loss of human capacity. The
conservation community has already lost key
champions, leaders and staff in government
agencies, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), communities, training and research
organizations, and private sector. National park
and wildlife conservation personnel are
especially vulnerable to HIV/AIDS as many
work in remote areas away from their families
for a large proportion of time. This makes
them more likely to have sexual relations with
other partners. They may not have access to
HIV/AIDS awareness information or condoms.
When staff are lost, the institutional experience
and memory of the conservation organization
suffers. Precious conservation funds are being
diverted to pay for AIDS costs such as funerals and
sick leave. The full scale of the HIV/AIDS problem
to conservation capacity and institutional
development has not yet been realized. This
situation is expected to get much worse as the
HIV/AIDS pandemic peaks in many countries in
Africa and grows more severe in other regions of
the world.
Sharing Coping Strategies to Deal with AIDS’
Impact to Conservation
The Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG)
(comprising African Wildlife Foundation,
Conservation International, The World Conservation
Union, Wildlife Conservation Society, World
Resources Institute and WWF US) has been working
with partners to identify the impacts of AIDS on
conservation and natural resource management,
and ways to mitigate them (www.abcg.org).
Partnerships have since been developed with
African organizations that have developed best
practices, such as KwaZulu Natal Wildlife, and the
Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi.
Several workshops and conference presentations
have been organized or catalyzed including at the
World Parks Congress where HIV/AIDS was
highlighted as “an emerging issue for conservation”
in the Durban Accord, the final communiqué of the
Congress (http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/
wpc2003). Other outreach has included
dissemination of a poster, and fundraising is
currently underway by WWF for a manual for
conservation organizations, and for further studies
and sharing of best practices. An HIV/AIDSconservation community of practice has recently
been established through FRAME (www.frameweb.org).
Women in Malawi using charcoal for cooking and cleaning.
Photo by Daulos Mauambeta
What can be done?
The conservation sector can play an important role
in helping to deal with the impacts of the HIV/AIDS
pandemic on the capacity of staff working on
protected area management and bushmeat trade,
and local communities involved in communitybased natural resource management. We can also
help AIDS-impacted households to use their natural
resources more sustainably. Activities include:
Develop organizational policies on HIV/AIDS
Many conservation organizations, such as African
Wildlife Foundation, Kwa Zulu Natal Wildlife, and
WWF-Eastern Africa have developed workplace
policies on HIV/AIDS. Activities include: developing
prevention, treatment, and care programs in the
workplace including HIV/AIDS awareness and
condom provision, wellness programs, provision of
anti-retroviral drugs if there is an adequate health
infrastructure, encouraging HIV testing, dealing
with stigma and low morale issues, and managing
benefits and life insurance.
Build conservation capacity
The conservation community must build capacity to
deal with the loss of staff due to the disease. We
can adapt training programs (e.g. train more people
in a broader range of skills on short courses rather
than investing heavily in a few people for higher
degrees; promote training at home base rather
then sending people away from families for training,
Page 7
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Collaborate with other sectors
The conservation sector needs to
collaborate with other sectors to
obtain technical assistance (e.g.
health sector for employee
HIV/AIDS awareness and health
programs) and to reduce
environmental impacts (e.g.
working with agriculture and food
security sectors to promote less
labor-intensive agricultural
production with low environmental
impacts, to keep pressure off
natural resources and reduce
harmful impacts such as too
frequent or extensive fires).
AIDS Orphans at Chiuzira Orphan Centre in Malawi.
Photo by Daulos Mauambeta.
such as through distance learning). We can also
incorporate HIV/AIDS into natural resource
curricula. Southern African Wildlife College, for
example, has a module on HIV/AIDS in their wildlife
management diploma course.
Work with AIDS-Impacted Communities on
Conservation-based Enterprises
Efforts by organizations such as the Wildlife and
Environmental Society of Malawi include targeting
AIDS-impacted communities in order to work with
them on conservation enterprise development
activities such as guinea fowl rearing, beekeeping
for honey collection, and the production and
marketing of indigenous fruit juices such as baobab
and tamarind, based on sustainable practices.
These activities are not labor-intensive, can be
undertaken by grandparents, AIDS orphans and
people in the early stages of AIDS. Such activities
take the pressure off other natural resources such
as bushmeat. We can also provide strategies for
the sustainable use of medicinal plants that are
used to treat some of the illnesses associated with
HIV/AIDS.
M
MO
OR
RE
E IIN
NFFO
OR
RM
MA
ATTIIO
ON
N
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG)
Information on the linkages between HIV/AIDS and natural
resource management in East and Southern Africa and examples
of coping strategies on how conservation organizations and local
communities practicing community-based natural resource
management (CBNRM) are dealing with the impacts of HIV/AIDS:
http://www.abcg.org or
http://www.frameweb.org/ev.php?ID=6786_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a multisectoral issue that must be
addressed by each sector of
society. The conservation sector can make an
important contribution as natural resources provide
alternative livelihood strategies to AIDS-impacted
households. We need to ensure that these
resources are used as sustainably as possible, and
at the same time try to maintain conservation
capacity. The AIDS pandemic threatens to
undermine achievement of our common
conservation mission in Africa, and we need to do
all we can to prevent this.
Guinea fowl rearing is a viable activity for AIDS-impacted households,
and can provide an alternative source of protein to wild bushmeat.
Photo by Daulos Mauambeta.
AIDS Brief on Community-Based Natural Resource
Management- http://www.afr-sd.org/Environment/AIDS%20Briefall-150%20res.pdf
HIV/AIDS and Community-Based Natural Resource
Management Toolkit - http://www.afr-sd.org/Environment/ AIDS
Toolkit-150 res.PDF
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) - http://www.fao.org/forestry/hiv-aids
Page 8
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Equatorial
Country
Profile:
Guinea
Article by Dr. Janette Wallis, BCTF Steering Committee
(Content in text boxes adapted from information provided by John
Fa and Lise Albrechtsen, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust)
In the fall of 2003, I had the unique opportunity to live
and work on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (E.G.),
Africa, as part of Arcadia University’s Education
Abroad Program. Arcadia faculty Gail Hearn (biologist)
and Wayne Morra (economist) have played an
important role on the island. Their Bioko Biodiversity
Protection Program (BBPP) employs local people to
conduct monkey censuses and monitor the bushmeat
trade in mammals and sea turtles. Their annual
expedition to the Gran Caldera de Luba brings
international attention to the tiny island. With this
long-standing association, it was natural that Arcadia’s
already impressive study abroad program be
expanded to include E.G. as an education site. I was
invited to teach a course for their fall ‘03 program at
the Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE).
leaders; though the presence of police and military is
readily apparent throughout the country, neither of
these are aimed at protecting animals and their
habitat. In fact, some hunting concessions may be
indirectly controlled by the military, making animal
protection work difficult and potentially dangerous.
On Bioko the only conservation activity comes
indirectly from BBPP; the presence of the census
takers likely provides some discouragement to
hunters. However, it is unclear whether the forest
census-takers are really capable of discouraging
hunting, since they do not carry arms and have no
official authority to enforce the law. More worrying is
that many of the turtle census-takers are ex-turtle
hunters, and have clearly indicated that they would
return to that profession if the funding for the census
runs out (which it may; see end of this article). It is
critical that these monitoring efforts continue into the
future, with careful oversight of and safety measures
in place for census personnel.
Conservation action is badly needed in Equatorial
Guinea. Of particular concern are the primates. There
are seven species of monkeys on Bioko:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bioko drill (Mandrillus leucopheaus poensis)
Preuss’s guenon (Cercopithecus preussi insularis)
Bioko red-eared guenon (C. erythrotis erythrotis)
Bioko putty-nosed guenon (C. nictitans martini)
crowned guenon (C. pogonias pogonias)
Bioko black colobus (Colobus satanas satanas)
Bioko red colobus (Procolobus penantii penantii)
Equatorial Guinea (E.G.) is a tiny central African
country, only 28,051 km2 (smaller than the state of
Maryland) and about a half million people. It consists
of a mainland block of land (Rio Muni), nestled
ALL seven subspecies are endangered, according to
between Cameroon and Gabon, and several small
the 2003 IUCN Red List, and a more comprehensive
volcanic islands near the coasts of Cameroon and
assessment of the island may result in some of these
Nigeria. The largest of these islands is Bioko, home of
being elevated to critically endangered. The island also
the nation’s capital, Malabo. A former Spanish colony,
has at least two endangered species of bushbabies
E.G. is unique in being
(Euoticus pallidus pallidus and
the only African country
Galago alleni alleni).
PROTECTED AREAS: After independence from
for which Spanish is the
Furthermore, the mainland
Spain in 1968, the protected area system established
national language. Much
during the Spanish rule was completely abandoned,
portion of the country of
of the world has never
leading to excessive deforestation and hunting of
Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni) is
heard of Equatorial
wildlife. In 1988, eight areas (three National Parks)
home to two endangered great
Guinea. Those who have
were formally accorded protection; two areas in Bioko
apes, central chim-panzees (Pan
know it as an
Island, five in Rio Muni, as well as the entire island of
t. troglodytes) and western
2
Annobón, for a total of 3167km . In 1999, Equatorial
uncommonly beautiful
lowland gorillas (Gorilla g.
Guinea participated in the Yaoundé Forest Summit in
place with a long history
gorilla), as well as the vulnerable
Cameroon,
and
following
on
commitments
made
of political turmoil - and
mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx).
there created the “Law on Protected Areas of
recent wealth from
Equatorial Guinea” in 2000. This increased the
offshore oil discoveries.
All told, E.G. has eleven
number of protected areas from eight to thirteen
2
endangered primate species or
zones covering a total area of 5860 km .
There are three official
subspecies With the exception of
National Parks in E.G.,
Madagascar, which is ecologically
one on Bioko and two on the mainland, and a number
distinct from mainland countries and not typically
of additional “protected areas.” Unfortunately, the
included in Africa-wide comparisons, Equatorial Guinea
designation of protected lands and signing of
has the highest number of endangered primate tax on
international agreements (CBD, CITES, etc.) have not
the continent. Unfortunately, this tiny country makes
translated into conservation action by the nation’s
little effort to protect them.
Page 9
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Photo diary
Equatorial Guinea, like its
neighbors Cameroon and
Gabon, struggles with
enforcing laws that ban
hunting of threatened
wildlife and animals
in protected areas.
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
CAMEROON
A western tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis)
and a red-eared guenon (Cercopithecus e.
erythrotis) for sale at the central market in
Malabo, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. If
bushmeat items do not sell within the first
couple of days, the market matrons smoke the
carcasses to reduce the rotting process (and
smell). These carcasses are several days old,
but were eventually purchased for
consumption. Photo by Janette Wallis.
GABON
Map created using www.MultiMap.com.
This giant pangolin (Manis gigantea)
was being carried by two men
walking just outside the boundary of
Monte Alen National Park, on the
mainland portion of Equatorial
Guinea. The men refused to say
whether the pangolin came from
within the Park. Notice the front left
foot of the animal is missing, likely a
result from a wire snare encountered
long ago. Sadly, he was still alive
when this photo was taken.
Photo by Janette Wallis.
Page 10
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
In 2002, a protected area demarcation plan for Bioko
was jointly sponsored by Conservation International
and the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program and
carried out by graduate students from Spain’s Alcalá
University (Javier García and David Fernández) and
personnel from UNGE and the Ministry of Forestry.
Several thousand yellow signs were posted in strategic
locations, warning that the area is protected and
hunting is illegal. Unfortunately, there has been no
follow-up to determine whether these signs have
made an impact. By all appearances, they have not,
but with no data, it is impossible to assess the efficacy
of this project. Moreover, the “protected” designation
is not supported by guards or wildlife management
personnel. Thus local hunters have little reason to
modify their behavior.
other words, we were standing in the middle of the
only National Park on the island and a government
employee openly displayed his illegally killed animal.
Later, the students practiced their census techniques
at another location within the National Park. We found
14 spent shotgun cartridges – and not one mammal –
on a 4 km census.
As the semester drew to a close, we flew from Bioko
to the mainland part of E.G. to visit Monte Alen
National Park. Our first bushmeat experience there
was very troubling: we discovered a red duiker
carcass in one of the university vehicles that had
carried us on our journey! It was said to be
purchased by the driver for a university official. Later,
as we drove along the Park’s border to our campsite,
we encountered two men carrying a giant pangolin out
A survey of hunters, conducted by David Fernández,
of the forest (i.e., out of the National Park; see
Claudio Posa, and UNGE students found that most
photo). Once inside the Park, we again found a
hunters keep only a few small, trapped, non-primate
number of spent shotgun cartridges - in the same
species for their families, because large mammals
general area where we later saw elephants, several
(monkeys, duikers) and preferred animals (porcupine,
monkey species, and
pangolin) can fetch better prices
chimpanzee and gorilla
at market. Assessment of the
WILDLIFE: There are currently about 141 mammal
nests.
bushmeat market in Malabo
species and 392 bird species recorded for Equatorial
Guinea. The current threats to biodiversity come from
indicates fewer adult monkey
How can Equatorial
changes in the habitat via logging and agriculture, and
Guinea’s students – the
carcasses are for sale, suggestthe offtake from hunting wild animals. The pressure on
country’s future leaders –
ing a potentially serious decline
the local fauna has led to twenty-one species being
in monkey populations (Hearn &
adopt a serious attitude
listed as critically endangered, endangered or
Morra, personal communication).
to wildlife protection if all
vulnerable on the IUCN’s Redlist. Of these 21, twelve
species are threatened due mainly to harvesting, or
around them they see
The study also determined that
with
hunting
being
one
of
the
main
factors.
their country’s authorities
almost all monkey carcasses are
ignore laws and particiobtained by shotgun – as
pate in the bushmeat trade? How can conservationists
opposed to snares. Hearn and Morra, along with other
concerned conservation-ists, have called for an
hope to make a contribution when cooperation and law
increased effort to enforce the national law prohibiting
enforcement is lacking? Arcadia University has pledged
to further develop its educational initiative through
gun ownership (with certain exceptions), which would
UNGE on Bioko, while reducing its conservation
greatly reduce the hunting threat to Bioko’s primates.
activity (pulling back support for the Bioko Biodiversity
The low priority given conservation was very apparent
Protection Program). Their hope is that conservation
during my brief stay in E.G. and, more importantly,
NGOs, with better funding and more staffing, will step
was consistently evident to the university students in
in to address habitat and wildlife protection. As part of
my charge. For example, during visits to the central
their commitment to the Congo Basin Forest
market of Malabo (see photo), we saw carcasses of
Partnership (CBFP), Conservation International (CI)
several mammals and reptiles, some of them known
has some long-range plans for E.G., primarily to train
to be endangered, all of them known to be illegally
guards for protected areas, but unfortunately their
obtained. Yet, the only uniformed person we witnessed
focus is limited to the mainland (NOTE: the Congo
interacting with the market matrons was in the proBasin Forest Project focuses activity on 11 landscapes
cess of purchasing a duiker, not enforcing the law.
in mainland Central Africa and excludes the islands off
During another field trip, we drove to the highest point the west coast.) In comparison, Bioko Island is in
on the island, Pico Basilé National Park. At 3000
desperate need of conservation action. Whether
meters, at the top of “Pico”, rests a state-operated
anyone will act quickly enough to save the endangered
antenna and telecommunications center. While the
primates, sea turtles and other animals of Equatorial
students visited with the center’s staff, an employee
Guinea – on the mainland or especially on Bioko appeared with a grey duiker shot earlier in the day. In
remains to be seen. I am not optimistic.
Page 11
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Policy Updates
January 2004 – March 2004
Select
HERE for Policy Updates archives and latest additions
NEW RESOURCE - CBD Forest Portal
www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/portal/home.shtml
CITES 13th Conference of Parties: 2-14 October
2004 in Bangkok, Thailand. Bushmeat Resolution
expected. Preparation documents are available at:
www.cites.org/eng/cop/index.shtml
Environment ministers from Benin, Burkina Faso,
Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Senegal meeting at a
roundtable organized by UNESCO on 26 January
2004, expressed concern for the ongoing
environmental degradation and increasing poverty
across the African continent, and committed to
promoting the use of biosphere reserves as
operational sites for sustainable development in the
fight against poverty and in implementing the
action plan of the environment initiative of the New
Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).
A project launched involving UNESCO’s Man and the
Biosphere Programme and UNEP will explore how
West African biosphere reserves can be developed
and maintained, while allowing human activities
such as ecotourism. The areas chosen include the
Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin, which is
ringed by 30 villages, the Mare aux Hippopotames
Biosphere Reserve wetlands in Burkina Faso, and
the Comoé Biosphere Reserve in Côte d’Ivoire,
which has about 210 people living in its core area.
Also included are the Boucle de Baoulé in Mali,
fringed by dense forests with many nearby ethnic
groups, the Niokolo-Koba Biosphere Reserve in
Senegal, as well as the million-hectare
transboundary ‘W’ Region Biosphere Reserve in
Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. Source: Sustainable
Africa Newsletter, received 8 May 2004.
Related links: UN Wire, 27 January 2004:
www.unwire.org/UNWire/20040127/449_12465.asp
On 19 February 2004, during the 7th Conference
of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(www.biodiv.org) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from
9-20 February, the Republic of Congo announced
plans to expand its protected area network to
further conserve the region’s immense biodiversity,
one of the key goals of the Seventh Conference of
the Parties for the Convention on Biological
Diversity.Congo’s Minister of Forestry Economy,
Henri Djombo, announced that Congo will officially
gazette the Bambama-Likana National Park, a
unique and spectacular mosaic of rolling savanna
and gallery forest inhabited by elephants,
chimpanzees, lions, and other forest wildlife, along
with plans to expand marine reserves along the
coast and the creation of new protected areas along
Congo’s southern border. The Bambama-Likana
park will form a trans-boundary protected area with
Bateke Plateau National Park in Gabon. The Congo
government also plans to connect the protected
areas of Conkouati-Douli National Park in Congo
and Mayumba National Park in Gabon to protect the
globally important beaches, swamps, and coastal
forests of Congo’s coastline, including some of the
most important sea turtle nesting areas in the
world. To the south, the government envisions the
creation of a trans-boundary protected area along
the borders of Angola and DRC. With support from
the WCS, the Republic of Congo has launched an
evaluation program for the country’s protected
areas, and it plans to create a national service for
protected areas and wildlife management. For more
information, see the Wildlife Conservation
Society website. Source: Congo Basin Forest
Partnership (www.cbfp.org)
From 1-2 March 2004, in Douala, Cameroon,
Global Forest Watch (GFW), in collaboration with
Interafrican Forest Industries Association (IFIA),
World Conservation Union (IUCN) and World Wide
Fund for Nature (WWF), brought together the key
forest stakeholders for a two day workshop to
select forest concession monitoring indicators for a
regional forest reporting system. This system will
independently document the industry's logging
practices in the region, and highlight the companies
that are making the most significant strides toward
sustainability. The workshop received support from
the German government (BMZ), World Bank, U.S.
Forest Service, and the USAID Central Africa
Regional Program for the Environment. Source:
www.globalforestwatch.org
Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB), a forest
industry headquartered in Pokola, Republic of
Congo, announced on 29 March 2004 that it will
work with the Tropical Forest Trust (TFT) towards
the goal of achieving certification according to the
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards. CIB
would become the first FSC-certified industry in
Central Africa. Source: www.tt-timber.com
Page 12
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Bushmeat Crisis Task Force News
January - April 2004
Select HERE for previous BCTF
updates to the Bushmeat Quarterly
Announcements
After much preparation, BCTF staff are moving their offices from the American Zoo and Aquarium
Association to the Wildlife Conservation Society (Washington, DC office) in July. Changes in contact
information will be posted to the website and circulated to our networks at that time.
The Bushmeat IMAP initiative has three notable pieces of news: (1) Global Forest Watch (GFW) has hired
a GIS analyst for our joint implementation of the GIS components of the project. The analyst will start
in July, gathering and compiling the initial datasets identified as relevant to bushmeat in Central Africa.
We expect the first analyses and map products at the end of this year. (2) The International Fund for
Animal Welfare (IFAW) is supporting BCTF travel to Cameroon to meet with targeted information
suppliers and users of the IMAP, to determine opportunities and protocols for data sharing. We will also
be following up with other contacts regarding education and public awareness at this time. (3) A Beta
version of the Bushmeat IMAP web portal should be available in late July 2004. Initial components will
include a searchable references database, project descriptions and locations, and existing baseline data
from the GFW interactive map server.
Highlights
The latest Staff and Supporting Member activities are reported ten times a year in the Bushmeat
Bulletin, a two-page newsletter available at www.bushmeat.org/bulletin. Issues are archived online
and include news back to October 2003. Highlights from January – April/May 2004 are provided below.
JANUARY 2004 - www.bushmeat.org/bulletin/04January.html
Innovative Conservation Support
Supporting and Contributing Members are the foundation of BCTF, providing funding for staff and offices.
Many have given above and beyond the minimum, and a few members and individuals have found
particularly creative ways to support BCTF, including public contribution boxes, earmarked gift-shop
receipts, and donated promotional items.
The Gift of Time: BCTF Volunteers & Interns
BCTF would not be able to function without the hundreds of hours given each year by volunteers. We
would like to recognize some of the contributions that our student volunteers and interns have made for
BCTF over the years and take this opportunity to thank them once again for their generosity, talent, and
hard work,
FEBRUARY 2004 - www.bushmeat.org/bulletin/04February.html
Sustainability Highlighted at Debate
On 10 February, BCTF Steering Committee member Elizabeth Bennett represented the Wildlife
Conservation Society at the Bushmeat Debate, a series of presentations on the sustainability of
commercial trade in bushmeat and the need to reconcile wildlife conservation with human needs.
Despite varied perspectives, the debate revealed there is more agreement than disagreement on the
nature of the bushmeat problem and the tools needed to solve it.
Student Research Addresses the Bushmeat Crisis
Since BCTF began, more than 100 students have contacted us for assistance with papers, presentations
or projects focused on the bushmeat crisis and its solutions. From 5th grade to graduate school, we have
helped students find reports, reach experts, and clarify questions. A few students have worked closely
with staff and SC to perform research which greatly enhances BCTF’s ability to quickly gather and
convey information on complex aspects of the bushmeat trade.
Page 13
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
MARCH 2004 - www.bushmeat.org/bulletin/04March.html
Health and Wildlife Conservation Linkages Demand Collaboration
On 8 March 2004, BCTF held a joint meeting with the Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group and the
Wildlife Conservation Society entitled “HEALTH MATTERS: The Importance of the Interface between
Wildlife, Domestic Animal and Human Health for Conservation Success in Africa.” The meeting was wellattended by individuals from a diversity of government agencies and NGO's, and provided an opportunity
to share information and discuss examples of their initiatives to address the connections at the wildlife
health/ domestic animal health/ human health interface.
Central African Timber Companies Agree to Independent Oversight
When European timber companies, environmental groups, research organizations, and African forestry
officials met from 1-2 March in Douala, Cameroon to negotiate the future of logging in central Africa, the
discussion took an unusual turn. After years of debating how to track logging practices in remote African
rainforests, timber companies agreed to be independently monitored by Global Forest Watch on more
than 30 performance measures.
APRIL/MAY 2004 - www.bushmeat.org/bulletin/04April-May.html
Film Student Works to Raise Awareness about Gorillas’ Plight among her Peers
While most BCTF-assisted student projects result in a class research paper, film student Sarah Nagy’s
senior project is a documentary film about gorillas and the threats to their survival. Inspired to raise
awareness and action among young people like herself, Sarah committed to making a film aimed at high
school students and college undergraduates about what is happening to gorillas, and what can be done
to help.
UPDATE: African Regional Wildlife Colleges
After a successful first bushmeat training session in July 2003, the École de Faune de Garoua in
Cameroon is revising the course for a second offering this July/August 2004. In other news, all three
regional colleges have recently affirmed their commitment to be regional centers for information
gathering and management in support of the Bushmeat IMAP.
Collaboration for Conservation
This spring, Conservation International’s 2004 annual meeting included a public session on collaboration,
organized to better understand why organizations form alliances, what elements contribute to success,
the challenges to cooperatively addressing an issue, and how and when to evolve or end a partnership.
BCTF’s Heather Eves was among five presenters invited to share their experiences with functioning
conservation collaboratives.
New on the BCTF Website
Media & Reports
Recent articles for which BCTF contributed or provided background support:
The Events page includes links to
information form the “Health Matters”
symposium co-organized by ABCG, WCS
and BCTF (www.bushmeat.org/events.htm)
Health Risks From Bushmeat May Reach U.S. Shores, Pacific News
Service, 29 April 2004, Amanda T. Hawn.
The look of the Documents page was
revised, and French and Portuguese
versions of the Southern African Wildlife
College Bushmeat Training Workshop (6-8
August 2002) have been added
(http://www.bushmeat.org/docs.html)
BCTF Steering Committee member Dr. David Wilkie (Wildlife Conservation
Society-Living Landscapes Program) and New York-based writer Kim Larsen
appeared on the Leonard Lopate radio show (WNYC - New York) on 12
March 2004 to discuss the bushmeat trade in Central Africa. The show is
archived: visit www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/03122004 and select the
third interview. Issue 11 - Spring/Summer 2004
Radio Interview on Bushmeat in Central Africa, Leonard Lopate Show on
NPR station WNYC, 12 March 2004
Page 14
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Bushmeat Working Groups
Around the World Update
October 2003 – January 2004
Select HERE for previous Bushmeat
Working Group updates to the BQ
In an effort to keep our networks and the general public informed, BCTF provides this quarterly update
on the activities of Bushmeat Working Groups (BWGs) from around the world. If you have any questions
or require additional information, please do not hesitate to contact BCTF or the contacts directly
associated with each BWG listed below. Past editions of the BQ and a history of news from individual
Bushmeat Working Groups can be accessed online at [http://www.bushmeat.org/bq.html].
LINKS:
@=contact information and previous updates to the BQ !=website for this group or organization
@ ! Ape Alliance – Bushmeat Working Group
No report for this period.
@ ! Bristol Zoo Gardens – Bushmeat Working Group
Support for the Cameroon Wildlife Aid Fund (CWAF) continues. The appointment of a full-time Education
Officer has been made possible by support from Givskud Zoo and also Oakland Zoo. This will result in the
development of structured programmes aimed at schools and the local community on the bushmeat trade,
as well as other conservation and wildlife-related issues.
We are seeking support for the second and third phases of our Community Engagement and Support
Programme in communities around the Dja Reserve. Phase I concentrated on how information flows
within and between these communities and the wider world, and how information is ‘trusted’ by local
people. Phases II and III are the development and implementation of the programme, based on
knowledge gained from Phase I.
@ ! Canadian Great Ape Alliance and Great Ape Fund
@ ! Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) - Bushmeat Crisis Working Group
No report for this period. However, CBSG may facilitate two bushmeat-related workshops in the near future: (1)
a Bonobo Population-Habitat Viability Assessment, and (2) an Ebola / great apes disease risk assessment.
@ ! CITES Bushmeat Working Group, Central Africa
Summary: In October 2003 – January 2004 the BWG with financial support from FAO organised three
national bushmeat action plan strategy workshops in Libreville, Gabon, Brazzaville, Congo and Douala,
Cameroon. On the 28-29th of January 2004, at the Hotel Parfait Garden in Douala, (Cameroon) the fifth
ordinary meeting of members and partners of the CITES-BWG took place. (NOTE: See IUCN-ROCA
update for results of the Cameroon National Bushmeat Action Planning meeting).
5th Ordinary Meeting of the CITES BWG, 28-29 January 2004
The main objective of the 5th meeting was:
a) To prepare projects on the resolution and decisions to be submitted during the next COP of the
BWG to be held in Bangkok, Thailand during the last semester of the year, 2004.
b) Make necessary proposals on the future of the group after COP 13.
The workshop participants came up with the following recommendations:
a) Place a ban on consumption of bushmeat species listed in annex 1 and a sustainable harvesting of
species in annex 1&11 of the CITES convention.
Page 15
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
b) Amelioration of management techniques of species found in the CITES annex and exploited for
consumption and commercialisation of bushmeat through enforcement of the legislation, means of
information and incitative measures at the socio-economic level.
c) Clear definition of the responsibilities of different government structures and agencies implicated or
concerned in the improvement of the regulation of trade especially import and export and transit
zones.
d) Clarify of establish rules on users or property rights on CITES species exploited or commercialised
as bushmeat and also implicate the local community in the follow-up of off-take on either sales and
consumption;
e) Identify alternative sources of protein and incitative measures to reduce pressure on bushmeat
especially species on the CITES list.
f)
Invite member countries and other countries involved in the bush meat trade to adhere to the
convention.
Future of CITES-BWG after COP 13
Discussions were focused on the results and progress made by the BWG during its mandate given during
COP12 .The following conclusions were made:
a) Acknowledging the bushmeat crisis in Central Africa, the experience of the group should be applied
so as to help countries in the sub-region find concrete solutions to the bushmeat crisis.
b) The achievements of the BWG should be capitalised and adapted by the different administrative
authorities through some sub-regional initiatives such as the COMIFAC or the Congo Basin Forest
Partnership.
c) The BWG should henceforth be called the Central African Bushmeat Crisis Task Force (CA-BCTF)
The resolutions and decisions were submitted to member states of the group for revision and adoption
prior to being forwarded to the CITES secretariat for submission to COP 13 (due May 13th 2004). One of
the states will submit the said project on behalf of the CITES secretariat members or if necessary it will be
submitted to COP 13 as a document of the secretariat.
BUSHMEAT ACTIVITIES IN GABON
A bushmeat strategic planning meeting took place at Lope, Libreville, Gabon from December 3-7, 2003,
and was organised by the Ministry of Forest Economics, Water and Fisheries, Gabon, with technical
assistance from the CA-BWG and funded by the Food and Agricultural Organisation. The workshop was
attended by International NGOs, local NGOs, representatives of academic and private institutions as well
as some government officials.
Main Objective: Elaborate a bushmeat action plan to be submitted to the government of Gabon for
approbation.
Specific objectives :
•
Harmonise participants level of information on current bushmeat issues in Gabon
•
Propose a technical approach for the setting-up of a legislative and institutional framework for the
implementation of the national bushmeat action plan.
•
Elaborate a national strategy taking into consideration priorities for the management of bushmeat
related problems and finance mechanisms.
BUSHMEAT ACTIVITIES IN CONGO
On the 29-31st October, 2003 at Hôtel Méridien Brazzaville, Congo, the first national workshop on the
bushmeat crisis was held in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Page 16
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Main Objective: Elaborate a national strategy and action plan for the sustainable management of the
bushmeat in Congo.
Recommendations:
•
Development of micro-projects in rural areas
•
Management of wildlife in community hunting zones
•
Creation of hunting zones
•
Putting in place of a follow-up committee on recommendations
•
Development of alternatives activities to bushmeat hunting
•
Creation of an autonomous structure for the management of protected areas
•
Creation of synergy between different actors.
@ ! European Association of Zoos & Aquaria (EAZA) Bushmeat Working Group
Update prepared by BCTF
On 14 January 2004, the European Parliament debated and voted on the draft Motion for a Resolution 'on
the protection and conservation of great Apes and other species endangered by the illegal trade in
bushmeat’, already adopted by the Petitions Committee at its meeting in September. The Bushmeat
Resolution was overwhelmingly supported, accepted as the ‘opinion of the Parliament’, and will be
forwarded to the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the EU Member States and the ACP
countries. Adoption of the Resolution will be the final stage of the petition campaign process through the
European Parliament. The petition campaign has been supported by IFAW's EU office throughout the
process, and we would like to acknowledge their contribution, which has been significant.
@ ! Great Ape Survival Project (GrASP)
Oct 1-4:
Ian Redmond of GRASP’s Technical Support Team gave a presentation at the 8th German
Primatology Congress in Leipzig. Numerous scientists offered to lobby their government on
behalf of GRASP.
Oct 3:
Lucilla Spini, a full-time UNESCO staffer working on GRASP in Paris, organized a GRASP side
event in the margins of the UNESCO General Conference.
Nov:
The TVE documentary “Blood Timber” aired on BBC TV early in the month. The
documentary looks at the plight of the Baka people of Cameroon and the apes that share
their habitat.
Nov:
The Brigitte Bardot Foundation and the courier company DHL came on board as GRASP’s
newest sponsors.
Nov 1-7:
GRASP Technical Support Team leader Ian Redmond visited Kinshasa (DRC) and Brazzaville
(Congo) to follow up on National Great Ape Survival Plan (NGASP) workshop outcomes and
discuss future activities.
Nov 5:
The Executive Director of UNEP, Dr. Klaus Toepfer, sent a letter on behalf of GRASP to the
heads on UN field-based agencies asking them to alert their staff to the illegality of trading
or consuming apes or ape products.
Nov 9-10:
Ian Redmond presented on GRASP at the 3rd SAGA symposium on great apes at Kyoto
University in Japan.
Page 17
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Nov 26-28:
GRASP held an intergovernmental preparatory meeting at UNESCO in Paris. Here for the
first time ever, representatives from 17 of the 23 great ape range states, 7 donor
governments, UN agencies and intergovernmental bodies, international NGOs and other
GRASP partners met to discuss the way forward to ensure the survival of the great apes.
Participants at the Paris meeting agreed upon a global great ape conservation strategy, a
five-year workplan and set of rules to govern the GRASP partnership’s activities, paving the
way for an intergovernmental ministerial meeting on great apes and GRASP scheduled for
2005. Media interest in the event and publicity of the plight facing the great apes was
enormous, with worldwide coverage. The range states are now fully integrated into the
GRASP partnership at the global level. The establishment of an interim Executive
Committee will lead preparations for the 2005 intergovernmental meeting. UNESCO is now
fully on board with GRASP, having hosted the Paris meeting and allocated one full-time staff
member to GRASP, with inputs from several others, including those senior in the Division of
Ecological Sciences.
Dec:
The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International and Care for the Wild became GRASP’s newest
NGO partners.
Dec:
GRASP secured funds for two National Great Ape Survival Plan workshops and the 2005
intergovernmental meeting from the Irish and German governments.
Dec 18:
GRASP launched its new fundraising strategy with letters from UNEP’s Executive Director to
donor governments.
Jan 14-23:
Ian Redmond of GRASP's Technical Support Team attended the Orangutan PHVA workshop
in Jakarta, Indonesia and subsequently met with GRASP key contacts including Focal Point
Pak Widodo and potential new NGO partners.
@ ! IUCN-ROCA (World Conservation Union - Central African Regional Office)
BUSHMEAT ACTIVITIES IN CAMEROON
National Bushmeat Action Plan for Cameroon
In November 2002, IUCN-ROCA with financial assistance from the Food and Agricultural Organisation
(FAO) organised a workshop to elaborate a National Bushmeat Action Plan for Cameroon. The workshop
was held from November 11-13, 2003, in Kribi, Cameroon, and had 25 participants from international
NGOs (WCS, IUCN, WWF) the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF) Cameroon, ECOFAC, as well
as national NGOs, academic institutions and representatives of indigenous people.
Objective of Workshop:
• Update participants on the current status of Bushmeat in Cameroon;
• Elaborate a bushmeat action plan for Cameroon and financial mechanisms;
• Propose a legal and institutional framework for the implementation of the national action plan
During the workshop participants were expected to:
•
•
•
•
Compile, analyse and present information on the actual situation of bushmeat in the national
territory;
Support the government of Cameroon and other partners to develop a participatory National
Bushmeat Action Plan
Identify problems and make recommendations for priority measures to be taken to ensure the
sustainable exploitation of bushmeat;
Exchange experiences amongst various partners on the degree of implementation of the bushmeat
policy;
Page 18
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
•
Facilitate the sharing of information on current wildlife policies and strategies for the effective
management of wildlife resources;
After 2 days of brainstorming, the workshop participants came up with the following recommendations:
a) Creation of an independent and operational structure known as ‘Agency for the management of
Wildlife and Protected Area.
b) Putting in place of a platform of collaboration between stakeholders
c) Putting in place of a monitoring and evaluation unit for the implementation of the national
bushmeat action plan
d) International committee should provide financial & technical support to MINEF in the
implementation of the BAP
e) Integration of the BAP in the 2004 Budget in Cameroon.
f) The availability from January 2004 of human and financial resources necessary for the
implementation of this strategy
g) Bring together different actors to ensure that necessary action is taken to implement the national
bushmeat action plan.
h) A wide distribution of the BAP to all stakeholders
i) The committee members should finalise by December 15, 2003 the Bushmeat Action Plan.
Fighting Illegal bushmeat trade: By the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF), Cameroon
The anti-poaching unit of the Ministry of Environment and forestry Cameroon, last year reinforced
activities to fight poaching in Cameroon. Bushmeat is becoming a cause for concern in Cameroon. With
the devaluation of the CFA and the currently unemployment rate coupled with poverty more and more
people are becoming involved in the bushmeat trade.
MINEF through its anti-poaching unit coordinated by Mr. Etoga Gilles has been combating the bushmeat
trade through several measures. A general operation was effected last year, which was aimed at cubing
the current rise in bushmeat trade.
The following activities were carried out:
The anti-poaching unit of MINEF in collaboration with WWF-CARPO organised a workshop that was aimed
at sensitising magistrates and the forces of law and order on wildlife laws and the role they can play in
fighting the illegal exploitation of bushmeat.
The anti-poaching operation which carried out by MINEF in the 10 provinces of Cameroon Protected Areas,
villages, towns etc was aimed at identifying some issues linked to the bushmeat crisis, notably:
•
•
•
•
•
Identification of areas of high pressure
What species are more vulnerable?
Who are the actors involved in the bushmeat trade and what procedures need to be taken to track
them down?
What sanctions are to be given to victims?
What strategies and actions should be put in place to curb the bushmeat crisis in Cameroon?
The report of this project is presently being compiled and will be made available to BCTF in due course.
BUSHMEAT ACTIVITIES IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Wildlife Policy Gap Analysis
The IUCN-ROCA through the IUCN/Low Guinean Forest Project funded a micro project submitted by
ABIGAGE and the Ministry of forestry in Equatorial Guinea.
Page 19
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Objective: Analyse the current gaps in wildlife laws and policies in Equatorial Guinea and amend the
existing laws that have to be integrated in the current wildlife laws to be submitted to the ministry of
forestry for approbation.
The project is ongoing and will be completed by June 2004.
@ ! Jane Goodall Institute – Community Centered Conservation (CCC), Congo Basin
No report for this period. See JGI profile in this issue.
@
Liberia Bushmeat Working Group
No report for this period. However, the following report on protein consumption in Liberia was completed
by Forest Partners International, a Liberia BWG member.
Report on Protein Consumption Survey - October 2003
By Reg Hoyt, Forest Partners International
In January 2002, the Philadelphia Zoo and its partners (Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia,
Forestry Development Authority, University of Liberia and Cuttington University College) conducted the
“Urban Bushmeat & Public Opinion Survey” in eight communities throughout Liberia, West Africa.
Approximately 1,900 interviews were conducted with individuals and marketers in an effort to better
understand the social and economic, as well as the biologic impacts of Liberia’s bushmeat trade.
Between 27 and 31 October 2003, the Philadelphia Zoo and its partner (Concerned Environmentalists for
the Enhancement of Biodiversity-CEEB) conducted a follow-up survey in Monrovia to evaluate protein
consumption. This survey was done immediately following the halt of hostilities that had isolated
Monrovia from much of the countryside since April of 2003.
Ten questions, identical to those used in 2002, and two new questions were asked of 360 persons
randomly selected on the streets of Monrovia. Sex ratios were roughly equal and the ages of participants
are comparable to those taking the 2002 survey. In exchange for their participation in the interview, each
person was given a “Protected Wildlife of Liberia” poster.
While bushmeat consumption rates remained the same, respondents reported slight declines in fish
consumption and a dramatic increase in domestic meat consumption. 18% reported eating domestic meat
7 days/week in 2002, while in 2003 it had gone up to 35%.
When asked what meat they most preferred, if price and availability were the same, fish declined in
preference from 48% in 2002 to 31% in 2003. The preference level for bushmeat remained relatively
unchanged (26%-2002, 29%-2003).
Although reported bushmeat consumption rates remained the
same, the amounts of money spent each week on bushmeat
increased dramatically in 2003. In 2002, 19% of the
respondents reported spending more than $100L (roughly $2
US) each week on bushmeat. That figured nearly doubled to
36% in 2003. A vast majority of the respondents (73%) also
reported that bushmeat was less available in 2003 than in
2002. While 77% of those interviewed in 2002 felt they could
do without bushmeat, only 56% respondent similarly in 2003.
We believe that these results are best explained in the
context of the civil conflict that gripped Liberia from April to
September 2003. During the conflict, the major bushmeat
production areas of the country were under rebel control and
market surveys in April confirmed that bushmeat had all but
disappeared from the markets.
% of Respondents in 2002 and 2003 who said
they COULD do without bushmeat
77%
56%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2002
2003
Page 20
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Although consumption rates have not appreciably changed, the amount spent per respondent has nearly
doubled. This is likely due to much higher prices, and perhaps due to higher exchange rates. No formal
market surveys were conducted, but local informants did report unusually high prices for bushmeat.
Witnessing the dramatic decline in the availability of bushmeat during the conflict may have stimulated a
great belief that respondents could not do without bushmeat.
During the civil conflict, the residents of Monrovia were dependent upon fish and domestic meat. Perhaps
this dependency on fish resulted in the decline in the number of those preferring fish over other sources of
meat protein.
The dramatic increase in domestic meat consumption (18%-35% eating domestic meat seven days/week)
may be due to an increase in availability. Respondents (51%) reported that it is more available now than
in 2002. However, only 22% reported spending more than $200L (approximately $4 US) during the
previous week on domestic meat, compared to 45% reporting to spend an equal amount on fish.
The comparison of the results of surveys conducted in 2002 and 2003 dramatically demonstrates the
impacts of the civil conflict on Monrovia’s protein consumption. It also supports the need for frequent
monitoring of protein consumption rates and the bushmeat trade. Monitoring is essential to
understanding the socio-economic factors influencing the bushmeat trade in Liberia.
I wish to thank Ralph Woods, President of CEEB, and the interviewers (Aaron Blackie, Kollie Korvayan,
Jonathan Kaipay, and Albert Davies) for collecting the data presented here from 2003. Special thanks go
to the Philadelphia Zoo for supporting this work.
@ ! Oakland Zoo – Bushmeat Crisis Action Group
We concluded our fundraising effort for a teacher's salary in Cameroon and sent $5,525 to the Cameroon
Wildlife Aid Fund (CWAF) to help fund the education program at Yaounde Zoo (now a CWAF ape
sanctuary). The money was raised through a number of innovative fundraising methods, including
“Cookies for Conservation” sales at the Bushmeat Education Station and at special events throughout the
spring and fall, money from a conservation ‘wishing well’ at the zoo, revenues from grocery store
purchases by individuals who designate a percent of their purchase towards the zoo, and a portion of the
proceeds from a Pepsi machine near an Oakland Zoo administrative building. was sent to CWAF via Bristol
Zoo to help pay for an educator at the Sanctuary($5,525)
In October, a lecture by Jo Thompson (with silent auction), as well as a “Discovering Chimps” special
event in the Zoo, collectively raised over $6,000 for the snare removal project in Budongo Forest, Uganda.
These funds were forwarded in December 2003.
We sent $400 to support Ngamba Island Sanctuary (Uganda) in caring for the bushmeat orphan
chimpanzees.
All told we distributed nearly $12,000 this period to bushmeat-related projects in Africa. The Bushmeat
Crisis Action Group met in January to decide this year's project to support and we chose to focus efforts
on Lola ya Bonobo (a bonobo sanctuary) in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
@ ! Pan-African Association of Zoological Gardens, Aquaria and Botanic Gardens
(PAAZAB) – Bushmeat Crisis Africa (BCA)
Update prepared by BCTF based on communications with BCA.
In early November 2003, after months of planning, 25 Uniforms and associated equipment for antipoaching patrols in the Cross River National Park were sent to Nigeria.
After several months of vacancy, the Bushmeat Crisis Africa Chair is Lara Mostert of Monkeyland Primate
Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. Lara has an ambitious set of goals for the group, starting with a
new website. Monkeyland’s web master Raquel has kindly offered to design the BCA website at no charge.
Lara is currently collecting information and photos for the site, with assistance from BCTF and PAAZAB
members. The website is anticipated to have a fundraising section, a ‘store’ for items whose purchase will
support BCA, and a ‘friends of’ department.
Page 21
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
@ ! Toronto Zoo— Canadian Association for Bushmeat Awareness (CABA)
@ ! UK Tropical Forest Forum – Bushmeat Working Group
Update prepared by BCTF
UKTFF Bushmeat Working Group met on 24 November 2003 and 29 March 2004. The minutes of the first
meeting are posted to their website (www.forestforum.org.uk) and the agenda included the following:
Presentation on links between human food security and bushmeat hunting in West Africa, by Justin
Brashares
!" Presentation on the Dja Reserve, Cameroon - community education programme, by Neil Maddison
!" Report back on the AFLEG process and meeting in Cameroon in October, Adam Matthews
!" Report on the EAZA petition for presentation to Parliament, 10 Jan 2004, Adam Matthews
!"
Discussion topic: Should the bushmeat issue continue to be dealt with under CITES, or would it be more
appropriately dealt with under the Convention on Biological Diversity? If the latter, how best can this
transfer be achieved to ensure continued international focus on bushmeat?
DEFRA's Global Wildlife Division, which co-sponsors the CITES Bushmeat Working Group, would thus like
the meetings views on the following:
What action needs to be taken internationally through CITES, CBD, UNEP etc
What action needs to be taken nationally to prevent illegal imports of bushmeat
!" What needs to be done on publicity and on research
!" How best to obtain coherence amongst the actions of the many different players in this field
!"
!"
@ ! World Bank CEO Tropical Africa Working Group
Bushmeat update paraphrased from input by Giuseppe Topa, Lead Forest Specialist for the Africa Region, World Bank
World Bank activities related to bushmeat have been focused in Cameroon in recent months. In March
2004, the Bank partially supported a forest concession indicators workshop in Douala, Cameroon,
organized by Global Forest Watch, Inter-African Forest Industries Association and World Wildlife Fund.
The workshop was a success, and when specific indicators are agreed to, a system for voluntarily sharing
measures of forest health and sustainable logging will be in place (see the March 2004 Bushmeat Bulletin
and/or www.globalforestwatch.org for more information).
Also in March, the Bank helped accelerate the review and conclusion of agreements between WCS and
Camrail, to restrict transport of bushmeat on trains. We also encouraged the government of Cameroon to
introduce a system of independent monitoring and follow-up of anti-poaching for protected species. Ofir
Drori of the the Last Great Ape Organization, a Cameroonian NGO, has pioneered the role of civil society
watchdog for wildlife law enforcement, conducting independent investigations of wildlife criminals then
working with authorities to impose penalties. The government seems to have accepted this concept, but
funding is still being sought to maintain and expand this operation. The Bank would be ready to support
this under the PSFE (Programme Sectoriel Forêts et Environnement) if asked by the government of
Cameroon.
Career and Funding Opportunities
Jobs, Grants, Fellowships and Training
Select
HERE for the latest opportunities
Information in this section is now only maintained on the BCTF website, at www.bushmeat.org/bq.html
Page 22
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Calendar of Events
Recent and upcoming meetings related to the Bushmeat Crisis
Select
HERE for the latest calendar
8-12 June 2004 - 27th Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists: Madison, Wisconsin
16-19 June 2004 - IFAW Forum: Wildlife conservation: In Pursuit of Ecological Sustainability:
Limerick, Ireland. BCTF keynote and poster presentation.
6 - 9 July 2004 – Wildlife as a Natural Resource – 6th International Wildlife Ranching
Symposium: Paris, France. This Symposium will provide a forum to interact and exchange information
and ideas on all aspects of wildlife conservation as a tool for sustainable development. Participants wishing
to present a paper/presentation are invited to submit their proposal in French or English by 31 January
2004. For more information contact: Symposium Coordinator; fax: +33-1-5659-7756; e-mail:
igf@fondation-igf.fr; Internet: http://www.iisd.ca/temp/6th wildlife symp announcement.pdf
30 July - 2 August 2004 - Society for Conservation Biology 18th Annual Meeting: New York City,
USA. Hunting and Wildlife Trade Session co-organized by BCTF.
23-27 August 2004 – International Symposium on Animal Welfare: Beijing, China. More info:
Marc.Bekoff@Colorado.EDU.
23-28 August 2004 - International Primatological Society XXth Congress: Torino, Italy
18 - 23 September 2004 - AZA Annual Conference: New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Two workshops coorganized by BCTF.
27 September - 1 October 2004 – First International Ecoagriculture Conference and
Practitioner’s Fair: Nairobi, Kenya. This event will be hosted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
and co-sponsored by the Equator Initiative, UNDP and IUCN. For more information contact: Sara J.
Scherr, Director, Ecoagriculture Partners; tel: +1-202-223-1313; fax: +1-202-223-3545; e-mail:
SScherr@futureharvest.org; Internet: www.ecoagriculturepartners.org/pdfs/Updates/EP%20Update%207-03.pdf
2-14 October 2004 - CITES 13th Conference of Parties: Bangkok, Thailand. Bushmeat Resolution
expected. Documents available at www.cites.org.
16 October 2004 – World Food Day: Worldwide. The theme of this year’s World Food Day is
“Biodiversity for Food Security.” For more information contact: e-mail: World-Food-Day@fao.org;
Internet: www.fao.org/wfd/index_en.asp
27-30 October 2004 – Mexican Zoological Association Conference. BCTF invited to present and
bring global focus to the bushmeat issue.
17-25 November 2004 - 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress, theme "People and Nature - only
one World": Bangkok, Thailand
24 - 28 January 2005 – International Conference on Biodiversity: Paris, France. Sponsored by
UNESCO, this conference is organized by the French Ministry of Research and New Technologies. For more
information contact: e-mail: biodiv2005paris@recherche.gouv.fr; Internet: www.recherche.gouv.fr/biodiv2005paris
Page 23
BUSHMEAT QUARTERLY
Call for news and articles for the Fall 2004 issue of the BQ
The planned focus areas for the next issue are:
The time periods covered by the next issue are:
Research Topic: Sustainability
Country Profile: Cameroon or South Africa
Working Group Updates: February - July 2004
BCTF News: May – August 2004
Policy Updates: April – August 2004
Please send information for
BQ #12 – Fall 2004 Issue
according to the following schedule:
Member highlights:
BWG Updates:
All other info:
by 16 August
by 23 August
by 30 August
Send submissions to Andrew Tobiason
atobiason@bushmeat.org
BCTF Staff
Heather Eves | Director
Natalie Bailey | Program Coordinator
Andrew Tobiason | Information Services Coordinator
The Bushmeat Crisis Task Force (BCTF) is operated in conjunction with, and
supported by, its task force members. BCTF is a project of the American
Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA), a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization
exempt from federal income tax under the Internal Revenue Code.
BCTF Steering Committee
BCTF Supporting Members
www.bushmeat.org/steering.html
www.bushmeat.org/support.html
Executive Committee:
African Wildlife Foundation
American Society of Primatologists
American Zoo and Aquarium Association
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science - Conservation International
Center for Conservation and Behavior – Georgia Tech
Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo
Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
Dallas Zoo
Detroit Zoological Park
Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International
Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund - Disney's Animal Kingdom
The Fund for Animals
Happy Hollow Corp./Happy Hollow Zoo
Houston Zoo
Humane Society of the United States
International Fund for Animal Welfare
The Jane Goodall Institute
Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens
Louisville Zoological Garden
Oakland Zoo
Oklahoma City Zoo
Sedgwick County Zoo
Toronto Zoo
Wildlife Conservation Society
World Wildlife Fund, USA
World Resources Institute
Zoo New England
Zoological Society of Philadelphia
Zoological Society of San Diego
Michael Hutchins, American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Co-Chair
David S. Wilkie, Wildlife Conservation Society, Co-Chair
Christine Wolf, The Fund for Animals, Vice Chair
Host Institution:
Michael Hutchins, American Zoo and Aquarium Association
Animal Protection:
Christine Wolf, The Fund for Animals
Kelvin Alie, International Fund for Animal Welfare
Ecosystem Conservation:
Elizabeth Bennett, Wildlife Conservation Society
Russ Mittermeier, Conservation International
Richard Carroll, World Wildlife Fund, US
Lynn M. Foden, African Wildlife Foundation
Species Conservation:
Janette Wallis, American Society of Primatologists
Christina Ellis, Jane Goodall Institute
Zoos and Museums:
Valerie Peckham, Philadelphia Zoo
Rebecca Rose, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
Kristen Lukas, Lincoln Park Zoo
Anne Warner, Oakland Zoo
At-Large SC Members:
David Wilkie, Wildlife Conservation Society
Kenneth N. Cameron, Jane Goodall Institute - Congo
Allard Blom, World Wildlife Fund, US
Dieter Steklis, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International
Rebecca Hardin, Harvard University
Tony Rose, Biosynergy Institute
Samuel Fopa, Bushmeat Crisis Discussion Group - Cameroon
J. Bryan Carroll, Bristol Zoo Gardens - UK
BCTF Contributing Members
Cheyenne Mountain Zoo
Folsom Children's Zoo and Botanical Gardens
The Little Rock Zoo
Saint Louis Zoo
San Antonio Zoological Gardens and Aquarium
Tulsa Zoo Conservation Committee
Page 24

bq11 - Library - Conservation International

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