docPalms - Miami-Dade County Extension Office
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Palms - Miami-Dade County Extension Office
Jalil Vedaee, Extension Agent II - Horticulture Sandra Granson, Horticultural Technician UF/Broward County Extension Adrian Hunsberger, Extension Agent III - Horticulture UF/Miami-Dade County Extension Anatomy of a Palm Leaf or frond Crown Crownshaft Young inflorescence enclosed in bracts Inflorescence Old frond Ring scars Trunk Palm Leaf Shapes Costapalmate Pinnate or Feather Palmate or Fan Bipinnate Palm Leaf Shape Palms with costapalmate leaves • Bismarck • Sabal Palmetto • Dwarf Palmetto • Blue Latan • Red Latan • Chinese Fan Palm • Washington Palm Costapalmate Palm Leaf Shape Palms with Palmate leaves • Paurotis Palm • Florida Silver Palm • Florida Thatch • Licuala spinosa • European Fan • Lady Palm Palmate or Fan Palm Leaf Shape Palms with Pinnate leaves • Coconut Palm • Christmas Palm • Majesty Palm • Pindo Palm • Canary Island Date Palm • Royal Palm Pinnate or Feather Palm Leaf Shape Palms with Bipinnate leaves • Fishtail Palm (clumping) • Fishtail (solitary) • Wine or Jaggery Palm Bipinnate Clumping Palms Vs. Solitary Palms Self cleaning vs. persistent fronds • Palms that don’t drop their fronds – Don’t remove – Sabal – Remove – Queen palms • Self cleaning palms need careful placement – Cars – Traffic – People Alexander Palm Ptychosperma elegans • Native to Australia • Likes full to partial sun • Grows to 20 feet • Has low salt and moderate drought tolerance • Flowers are white and ripe fruit is red • Major pests are Scale, palm aphids and mites • Major disease problem is ganoderma • Propagation is by seed with germination in 2-3 months Alexander Palm Areca Palm Dypsis lutescens • Native of Madagascar • Likes full to light partial sun (will be yellow in full sun) • Grows to 30 feet • Highly drought tolerant with a moderate salt tolerance • Palm is a clumper and is used as hedging, shrub or specimen • Tendency for potassium deficiency • Major pest problems are caterpillars, mealybugs and banana moth. • Disease problems are phytophthora bud rot, ganoderma and graphiola false smut. Areca Bamboo Palm Chamaedorea seifrizii • Native to Mexico and Central America • Likes partial sun to shade • Grows slowly to a typical height of 7 feet, yet capable of growing to 12 feet. • Has separate male and female plants the flowers are yellow and ripe seeds are black • Mites can be a problem also mealybugs and scale • Disease problems are gliocladium blight and phytophthora bud rot. • Propagation is from seed with germination taking place 6 months or more Bamboo Palm Chamaedorea seifrizii Bismarck Palm Bismarckia nobilis • Native to Madagascar • Large solitary fan palm growing 40 to 80 feet • Likes full sun and well drained soil • High tolerance to drought • Used as a specimen tree and focal point • Does not transplant well until it has about 4 foot of trunk. • No Disease or pest problems of significance. Bismarck Canary Island Date Palm Phoenix canariensis • Native to the Canary Islands • Likes full sun but will tolerate drought and warm temperate zones • Grows to 60 feet and is considered massive in size (up to 3 feet in diameter) • Has separate male and female plants • Susceptible to magnesium deficiencies and fungal diseases • Major pest problem is the palmetto weevil • Susceptible to lethal yellowing, ganoderma, stigmina leaf spot, graphiola false smut, phytophthora bud rot • Propagation is by seed and germination is easy and quick Canary Island Date Palm Note the difference the climate makes Deficiencies appear when the palm is stressed Carpentaria Palm Carpentaria acuminatta • Native to the Australia • Likes full sun • Grows to 40 feet rapidly • Solitary palm but looks better in landscape if planted in groups • Separate male and female cream colored flowers on same inflorescence. The fruit is .5” long and red • Disease problem may be trunk rot possibly related to cold damage • Propagation is by seed and germination is ready and quick • Tree tends to be short-lived at a life-span of 40 years but most people do not mind because of their rapid growth Carpentaria Palm Cat Palm Chamaedorea cataractarum • Native to Southern Mexico • Likes partial sun to shade • Grows moderately to 6 feet and has a low salt and moderate drought tolerance if in shade. • Flowers are yellow and ripe fruit is black in color • Separate male and female plants • Slightly susceptible to mealybugs and mites (indoors) • Propagation is by seed with germination over several months Cat Palm Chinese Fan Palm Livistona chinensis • Native to China and Southern Japan • Likes full to light partial sun can be grown indoors • Grows slowly to 40 feet • Solitary palm that tolerates poor soil • Flowers are bisexual and cream colored. The fruit is .5-1” long and dark green • No major pest problems • Diseases problems are ganoderma and a mild susceptibility to lethal yellowing • Propagation is by seed and germination is ready and quick Chinese Fan Palm Livistona chinensis Note backward slant to spines usually along the lower half of the petiole Christmas Palm Adonidia merrillii • Native to the Philippines • Likes full to partial sun • Grows to 25 feet • Palm has moderate drought and salt tolerance • Solitary palm that can be found in double, triple and quadruple trunk containers • Fruits ripen to a bright red around Christmas hence its name • No major pest problems • Disease problem – very susceptible to Lethal Yellowing • Propagation is by seed and only takes a few weeks to germinate Christmas Palm Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera • Native to the Pacific Islands • Likes full sun • Grows 50 to 80 feet depending on the variety • Has a high drought and salt tolerance • Flowers are white and fruit is yellow to green when ripe depending on variety • Major pest problems are Palm aphids and coconut mites • Major disease problems are Phytophthora bud rot, ganoderma and tends to have Potassium deficiencies. Lethal yellowing is a serious problem on ALL coconut palms. The world’s most economically important plant Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera • Native to Near East • Likes full sun and welldrained soil, high drought and salt tolerance • Grows slowly to 70 feet • Separate male and female plants • Flowers are white fruit is golden when ripe and edible when dried • Major pest problems are scales • Major disease problems are fusarium, stigmina leaf spot , graphiola false smut. Moderate susceptibility to lethal yellowing • Not grown as a food crop in South Florida European Fan Palm Chamaerops humilis • Native to the Mediterranean region • Likes full to partial sun can be grown indoors in high light only best as a conservatory plant. • High drought and salt tolerance • Grows slowly to 20 feet and is a clumping fan palm • Palm is cold tolerant • No noted disease or pest problems • Propagation is by seed Fish Tail Palm Caryota mitis • Native to Southeast Asia • Likes full to partial sun • Grows 25 to 30 feet as a clumping palm. Can be grown as an indoor palm. • Blooms are white and ripe fruit is dark red to black. Individual stems decline after fruit is produced. • Fronds and fruit contain calcium oxalate crystals that are irritating to skin and eyes. • No noted pest problems but sensitive to fungal leaf spots and moderately susceptible to lethal yellowing. • Propagation by seed Fish Tail Palm Florida Thatch Palm Thrinax radiata • Native to South Florida and Caribbean region • Likes partial to full sun • Grows slowly to 20 feet • Has a high drought and salt tolerance • Flowers are white and ripe fruit is white • No major disease or pest problems • Propagation is by seed with germination is 2 – 3 months Florida Thatch Palm Fox Tail Palm Wodyetia bifurcata • Native to Australia • Likes full sun • Grows rapidly to 40 feet • Moderate salt and drought tolerance • Fronds have a foxtail appearance • No major pest problems • Sensitive to nutrition • Susceptible to leaf spot when over watered • Propagated by seeds and takes 2-3 months to germinate Fox Tail Palm Hurricane or Princess Palm Dictyosperma album • Native of the Mascarene Islands • Likes full sun with moderate salt and drought tolerance • Grows to 30 feet with a solitary trunk • Fronds have brown scales on underside • Blooms are creamy yellow to red and ripe fruit is purple-black in color • Drying winds can burn foliage needs supplementary irrigation in prolonged droughts. Lady Palm Rhapis excelsa • Native to southern China • Likes partial sun to shade • Grows slowly to 10 feet • Has a high drought and moderate salt tolerance • Separate male and female plants • Flowers are yellow, purple and ripe fruit is purple-brown and wooly • No major pest or disease problems • Propagation is by seed or division with germination occurring 6 months or more after planting Lady Palm Majesty Palm Ravenea glauca or rivularis • Native to Madagascar • Likes full to partial sun • Grows (glauca – rapidly 15 to 20 feet) (rivularis – 60 to 80 feet) • Can be used as an understory palm • Flower is white and fruit ripens to red • Separate male and female plants • No major pest or disease problems noted • Propagation is by seed germination tales 2-3 months Majesty Palm Paurotis Palm Acoelorrhaphe wrightii • AKA Everglades palm • Native to Florida and the Caribbean region • Likes full to light partial sun and moist (wet) soil • Clumping palm that grows to 20 feet • Flowers are white and ripe fruit is black • No major pest problems • Disease problems are Ganoderma, stigmia leaf spot, graphiola false smut and a tendency to have manganese deficiency • Propagation is by seed, germination takes 2-3 months. They can also be propagated by division Paurotis Palm Pygmy Date Palm Phoenix roebelenii • Native to southeast Asia • Likes full to partial sun • Grows slowly to 12 to 15 feet and has a low salt and high drought tolerance • Found in nature as a solitary palm but often sold by nurseries as multiple trunks plants • Most used palm in the United States and often is used as a container palm • No major pest problems • Disease problems are stigmina leaf spot graphiola false smut and is prone to potassium deficiency Pygmy Date Palm Queen Palm Syagrus romanzoffiana • Native to Southern Brazil and Argentina • Likes full sun • Grows rapidly to 40 feet and has a moderate salt and drought tolerance • Flower is creamy white and the ripe fruit is yellow to orange. • No major pest problems • Disease problems are ganoderma, phytophthora bud rot and a high susceptibility to manganese deficiency (Frizzletop) • Propagation is by seed germinating in 3-6 months • Tends to be weak-rooted and can topple in strong winds Queen Palm Sabal Palm Sabal palmetto • Native to Southeastern United States • Likes full sun • Grows slowly to 40 feet and has a high salt and drought tolerance • State tree of both Florida and South Carolina • Most common native palm in the United States • Transplants easily but survival is better if are leaves are removed at time of digging • Major pest problems are palmetto weevils and leafhoppers • Major diseases are ganoderma and graphiola false smut. • Propagation is by seed germinating in 2-3 months Sabal Palm Spindle Palm Hyophorbe verschaffeltii • Native to Rodrigues Island in the Mascarenes • Likes full sun • Grows slowly to 20 feet and has a high salt and moderate drought tolerance. • Flowers are cream colored and ripe fruit is orange to red in color • No major pest problems • Slightly susceptible to lethal yellowing, and tends to have potassium and magnesium deficiencies in Florida • Propagation is by seed with germination in 3-6 months Spindle Palm Sunshine Palm Veitchia macdanielsii (Princess Palm) • Native to the New Hebrides Islands • Likes full to partial sun • Grows to 50 feet • Moderate salt and drought tolerance • Flowers are white and ripe fruit is red • No major pest or disease problems • Propagation is by seed germination is in 1-2 months This palm has the most compact canopy with a smaller number of leaves and broader leaflets than other Veitchia such as Christmas Palms. Sunshine Palm Distinctive coloration on trunk Triangle Palm Dypsis deccaryi • Native to Madagascar • Likes full sun but can also tolerate lower light and can be grown indoors in high light • Grows to 25 feet • Extremely drought tolerant • New spears are covered with dark reddish-brown velvet and the leaf bases form a distinct triangular shape • No pest problems of note • Disease problems include a bacteria bud rot if over watered, a slight susceptibility to lethal yellowing and potassium deficiency. Triangle Palm
