Probable Liquefaction Map for Purbachal New Town, Dhaka

Transcription

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016)
Probable Liquefaction Map for Purbachal New Town, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Mohammad Atikur Rahman1, A S M Woobaidullah2, Chowdhury Quamruzzaman3, Md. Mahfujur Rahman4,
Asad Uz Zaman Khan5, Fansab Mustahid6
1,4,5
M.S. Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Professor, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
6
M.Phil Student, Department of Disaster Science and Management, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
2,3
Ground failures generated by liquefaction had been a
major cause of damage during past earthquakes e.g., 1964
Niigata, 1971 San Fernando, and 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquakes. The loss of soil stiffness and strength in looseto medium-dense, saturated sandy soils due to liquefaction
has been the leading cause of damage to bridge foundations
during earthquakes. Soil liquefaction can result in a variety
of failure modes that compromise (a) loss of foundation
stability due to reduced bearing capacity, (b) deep-seated
instability and damage to deep foundations, (c) increased
lateral earth pressures on earth retention structures, (c) loss
of passive soil resistance against walls, anchors, and
laterally loaded piles, (d) reduction of axial capacity of
piles, and (e) post-liquefaction settlement of soils.
Liquefaction generated ground failure can affects citizen in
various way such as damaging building, bridge, buried
pipeline, train station, lifeline facilities etc. Historical
earthquake data and recent seismic activity of Bangladesh
and adjoining area indicate that Bangladesh is at strong
seismic risk. There are few active fault identified in and
around Bangladesh, one of which is ―Modhupur Fault‖
close to purbachal area.
Earthquakes history of this subcontinent indicate that
destructive earthquake regularly occure around Bangladesh
(Bilham and England, 2001; Ambraseys and Bilham, 2003;
Bilham and Wallace, 2005). The occurred historical
earthquakes in and around Bangladesh are listed in Table I.
Some of these earthquakes such as the 1885 Bengal
Earthquake (Middlemiss, 1885), 1897 Great Indian
Earthquake (Oldham, 1899) and 1918 Srimangal
Earthquake (Stuart, 1920), caused serious damage to
buildings and other infrastructures of Bangladesh.
Although significant damage was reported in Dhaka City
during the 1897 Great Indian Earthquake and 1885 Bengal
Earthquake, there was no document on the extent of the
damage in Dhaka during the 1918 Srimangal Earthquake.
Abstract— Preparation of liquefaction potential map of
prone area has high importance for decision makers or city
planners to reduce loss of lives and resource. The research
gives a primary approach to grab attention on liquefaction
hazard in Purbachal New Town. In this study, liquefaction
hazard map of Purbachal New Town is prepared using
geomorphic data, PGA (peak ground acceleration) at ground
surface, Mw (moment magnitude) of a scenario earthquake
and groundwater depth is used. For area-wise evaluating
liquefaction susceptibility are suitable in this study. There are
2 steps for the liquefaction analysis in accordance with
HAZUS. At first, liquefaction susceptibility is evaluated by
geologic / geomorphic data and information of geological age.
Secondary, liquefaction probability is estimated by inputting
PGA, Mw and groundwater level into the above evaluated
liquefaction susceptibility map. In this thesis Geomorphic unit
map edited by GSB (2008) is used to have geomorphological
data and “Edushake” software is used to calculate PGA (peak
ground acceleration, at surface). To have share wave velocity
which is used in PGA calculation by “Edushake” ohta-goto
(1978) equation is used. Earthquake moment magnitude 7.5
(Mw) and .15 g peak ground acceleration of bed rock (as
study area fall into seismic zone 2, Figure ۶) has taken in this
study. After data processing and analysis a liquefaction
probability map is produced which shows that the Purbachal
New Town under low level of liquefaction hazard.
Keywords— Liquefaction, Peak Ground Acceleration
(PGA), Plasticity Index, Share Wave Velocity, Standard
Penetration Test (SPT), Unit Weight.
I. INTRODUCTION
Earthquake risk is a public safety issue that requires
appropriate risk management measures and means to
protect citizens. Earthquake induced liquefaction problem
became important when it started to affect human and
social activities by disturbing the function of facilities and
also after rapid urbanization by expanding the cities in
reclaimed areas.
345
TABLE I
HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN AND AROUND BANGLADESH (Ms and MMI are after Sabri, 2001; MODIFIED FROM MORINO, 2009)
MMI
Depth
Year
Ms
Source Area
(km)
Dhaka
Chittagong
Sylhet
Bangladesh
1548?
?
?
Sylhet
1664?
?
?
Shillong Plateau?
1762
?
?
Chittagong-Arakan
3?
8?
2?
8?
1
1858
6.5
?
Sandway, Myanmar
-
5?
-
6
2
1869
7.5
48
Cachar, India
5
4
8
8
3
1885
7.0
72
Sirajganj, Bangladesh
7
3
4
8
4
1897
8.1
60
Assam, India
8
6
8
9
5
1906
5.5
?
Calcutta, India
3
_
_
5
6
1912
7.9
25
Mandalya, Myanmar
?
2
?
?
7
1912
7.6
14
Srimangal, Bangladesh
5
5
7
8
8
1930
7.1
60
Dhubri, India
5
4
5
8
9
1934
8.3
33
Bihar, India-Nepal
?
?
?
?
10
1938
7.2
60
Mawlaik, Myanmar
_
5
_
5
11
1950
8.6
25
Assam, Himalya
7
3
7
8
12
1954
7.4
180
Manipur, India
5
4
6
6
13
1975
6.7
112
Assam, India
4
3
5
6
14
1984
5.7
4
Cachar, India
_
_
3?
3
16
1997
5.6
35
Sylhet, Bangladesh
5
3
6
7
17
1997
5.3
56
Bangladesh-Myanmar
4
6
3
7
Therefore, moderate to high earthquakes magnitudes
may occur in this region due to continuing tectonic
deformation along the plate boundaries and active faults
(CDMP, 2009). Purbachal New Town is a residential city
which is under development by RAJUK and it is situated
close to the seismically active zone. Study area is an
alluvial plain consisting of fine sand and silt deposits with
shallow ground water table in most places. Although the
older alluvium is less susceptible to liquefaction, the
deposits along the river flood plains may liquefy during a
severe earthquake. Human-made soil deposits also deserve
attention.
Loose fills, such as those placed without compaction, are
very likely to be susceptible to liquefaction. The aim of this
research is to investigate earthquake induced liquefaction
potentiality of foundation soils in the Purbachal New Town
area of Narayangonj district based on PGA Method. The
investigation was conducted based secondary SPT
(Standard Penetration Test) data. From Earthquake zoning
map 0.15g (PGA) is used, with an earthquake magnitude of
M =7.5, the liquefaction potential maps in the study are a
have been estimated and results of the analyses are
discussed.
346
According to the legal framework of many countries,
regular building is restricted in areas adjacent to active
faults.
Similar restrictions apply to soils susceptible to
liquefaction due to strong earthquakes, to areas with slope
stability problems, to unconsolidated embankments, etc.
(e.g. Greek Earthquake Resistant Design Code, 2000).
Figure ۱. Map showing location of the study area.
Therefore, building should be away from liquefaction
susceptible area. However exceptions are also possible, in
special cases, when special research and damage scenario
analysis are conducted and advanced engineering
technology are available. In the case of Purbachal area of
Dhaka, we mainly focused on the investigation of
liquefaction hazard. Information derived from Standard
Penetration Test was incorporated into the evaluation of
safety factor of the liquefaction hazard at specific sites,
since evidence was found for susceptibility to soil
liquefaction.
II. LANDFORMS
The study area is divided into two major physiographic
or landform units (FAO/UNDP, 1998) 1) High land, 2)
Low land, 3) Medium land.
The dissected well-drained Madhupur Tract has the
highest proportion of highland from the surrounding
flooding. High terraces composed of the Madhupur clay
dissected by valleys containing younger clays. Sangui,
Banar – Sitalakhya and Buriganga rivers, roughly delimits
the red surface of the Madhupur tract.
347
Unlike the adjoining floodplains, the surface features of
Madhupur tract are not determined by the original
sedimentary patterns, but rather by the depth of weathering
and subsequent erosion and probably also the interaction of
the latter two processes with movement on the many faults
that bound or bisect the tract on a regional scale.
Madhupur Tract has been divided into three sections by
Alam (Alam M.K, 1988).
The Madhupur Garh has higher elevation and consists of
elongated hillocks. The Bangsi, Turag, Banar and Khiro
rivers dissect it. The topography of the Bhawal Garh is less
pronounced and broad flat terrace areas are characteristics.
Figure ۲. SPT borehole location map of study area.
Tributaries of the Turag and Sitalakhya drain the area.
The Dhaka terrace is the lowest part of the Madhupur
Tract. It is on south of the Tongi Khal and slopes to the
south and southeast. Tributaries of the Turag, Buriganga
and Balu Rivers have dissected the Dhaka terrace. The
study area falls within the Dhaka Terrace. The sites for
conduction of the SPT tests were distributed throughout the
Purbachal New Town. 19 boreholes were drilled for SPT
under required observation and all of them were available
for this study.
III. TECTONIC SET-UP
As Bangladesh is located northeastern part of Indian
sub-continent at head of the Bay of Bengal but tectonically
Bangladesh lies at the junction of three tectonic plates - the
Indian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Burmese
microplate, near the edge of the Indian craton.
348
These form two boundaries where plates converge– the
India-Eurasia plate boundary to the north forming the
Himalaya Arc and the India-Burma plate boundary to the
east forming the Burma Arc. The moving rate of Indian
plate is ~6 cm/yr in a northeast direction and subducting
under the Eurasian (~ 45 mm/yr) and the Burmese (~ 35
mm/yr) plates in the north and east, respectively (Sella et
al., 2002; Bilham, 2004). This continuous motion of plates
is taken up by active fault which is responsible for
earthquakes. There are few regional Active faults are
present in and around Bangladesh which can generate
moderate to great earthquakes.
N
Figure ۴. Drainage pattern of the study area.
Bangladesh
V. AQUIFER SYSTEM OF THE STUDY AREA
In the study area the Mio-Pleistocene sediments of the
Dupi Tila Formation, which form the aquifer systems, lie
beneath the Pleistocene Madhupur Clay Formation, (Table
II) Master Plane Organization (MPO) in 1986, have divided
the Mio-Pleistocene and Holocene aquifers of Bangladesh
into upper and lower aquifer sequences on the basis of
differing hydro-geological characteristics. The upper
aquifer sequence is a heterogeneous assemblage of sands,
silts and clays all essentially in hydraulic continuity. This
upper aquifer has three subdivisions and the lower aquifer
sequence may be subdivided into five aquifers separated by
impervious clay layers, shown in (Table II) below.
The upper aquifer sequence is annually refilled by
recharge from rainfall, floods and rivers. The lower aquifer
sequence is recharged from outside Bangladesh plains on
its eastern unconfined outcrop in the Tripura and Sylhet
hills. In the study area the upper aquifer sequence as
groundwater storage reservoir has three sub-units:
- An Upper silty clay layer;
- A middle composite aquifer of fine to very fine
sands;
- At bottom, the main aquifer of medium, medium
to coarse sand with layers of clay and silt.
The main and composite aquifer divisions are connected
together hydraulically and lie under the upper silty clay
cover.
Figure ۳. Regional tectonic setup of Bangladesh with respect to plate
Configuration and Fault.
IV. DRAINAGE OF THE STUDY AREA
Drainage system of study area is dominated by one river
of national importance- the Sitalakhya. The Turag river
borders western boundary of the area. The Sitalakhya river
flows from the north and joins with Meghna river further
south of the study area. The Balu river also flows from the
north and joins with Sitalakhya river near Demra. The area
is traversed few small khals and beels. Most of the Khals
are seasonal and feed by the rainwater.
349
TABLE II
AQUIFER SYSTEM OF BANGLADESH (MPO, 1986)
Aquifer
Sequence
Sub-units
TABLE III
Susceptibility for Geomorphic Unit (CDMP, 2009)
Thickness (m)
Upper Aquifer
Sequence
Silty Clay
Composite Aquifer
Main Aquifer
0 to +120
3 to 60
30 to +60
Lower Aquifer
Sequence
Clay Aquitard
Aquifer No. 2
Clay Aquitard
Aquifer No. 3
Clay Aquitard
Aquifer No. 4
Clay Aquitard
Aquifer No. 5
Clay Aquitard
Aquifer No. 6
20 to 80
60 to 120
0 to 170
140 to 180
110 to 140
100 to 170
100 to 160
80 to 150
30 to 50
110 to 190
VI. GEOMORPHIC MAP RIVISION
Geomorphic unit map edited by GSB (2008) is used to
evaluate geomorphological data of study area. Moreover,
liquefaction hazard depend on rock density, because these
areas are high risk for the liquefaction hazard due to
distribution of loose sand caused by uncompacted work and
high groundwater level. Purbachal New Town fall into
upper modhupur terrace and show very low level of
liquefaction susceptibility (Table III).
Figure ۵. Surface geomorphological map of Purbachal New Town
(modified from GSB, 2008).
350
Geological
Geomorphic
Unit
Type of
Deposit
Meander
Channel
River
channel
Modern
Very High
Back Swamp
Flood plain
Holocene
Moderate
Swamp /
Depression
Flood plain
Holocene
Moderate
Flood Plain
Flood plain
Holocene
Moderate
Shallow Alluvial
Gully
Colluvium
Holocene
Moderate
Deep Alluvial
Gully
Colluvium
Holocene
Moderate
Gully Head
Talus
Holocene
Low
Valley Fill
Colluvium
Holocene
Moderate
Channel Bar
Dunes /
Delta and
fan-delta
Modern
High
Point Bar
Dunes /
Delta and
fan-delta
Modern
High
Natural Levee
Dunes /
Delta and
fan-delta
Modern
High
Lateral Bar
Dunes /
Delta and
fan-delta
Modern
High
Lower
Modhupur
Terrace
Residual
soils
Pleistocene
Very Low
Upper Modhupur
Terrace
Residual
soils
Pleistocene
Very Low
Modhupur Slope
Talus
Modern
Low
Age
Susceptibilit
y
VII. SEISMISITY
In 1979 Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB)
through an inter-ministerial national committee prepared a
seismic zoning map of Bangladesh and outline of a code
for earthquake resistant design of structures based on
historical earthquakes. Latter on a revised seismic zoning
map (Figure ۶) is papered in 1993. This map is included in
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC, 1993). In
BNBC map Bangladesh is divided into three zones based
on maximum ground acceleration. The zones are Zone 1,
Bangladesh has only few of seismic networks such as
network of DUEO, BUET etc., but their history is short.
Some Bangladeshi researchers have summarized seismicity
data using the data of India and world observatory.The
seismicity classified in depth and historical earthquakes by
Bilham (2004) shows that seismicity in Bangladesh is high
along the plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian
Plate and the Dauki Fault.
Figure ۶. Seismic zoning map of Bangladesh (BNBC, 1993)
351
Zone 2 and Zone 3 where the ground accelerations are
0.075g, 0.15g and 0.25g respectively.
The Zone 1 which is the seismically least active zone
includes Rajshahi, Pabna, Koshtia, Faridpur, Jossore,
Khulna, Barisal, Noakhali and Patuakhali. Dinajpur,
Pnchagarh, Thakurgaon, Nilphamari, Bogra, Tangail,
Dhaka, Munshigonj, Comilla, Rangamati, Chittagong and
Cox’s Bazar are included in Zone 2. Sylhet, Mymensingh,
Jamalpur, Netrokona, Kishoreganj, Kurigram and
Lalmonirhat are in included in Zone 3 which is the most
seismically active zone.
Purbachal New Town fall into Zone 2, thus bed rock
acceleration 0.15g is used to calculate peak ground
acceleration by ―Edushake‖ software.
VIII. CALCULATION OF PGA
To calculate peak ground acceleration of surface rock
layer ―Edushake‖ software is used. To have PGA one has
to input layer number, lithology, ground water table,
thickness, unit weight, share wave velocity, plasticity index
and damping ration 5% for all rock layer. In ―Modulus
Reduction Curve‖ option ―Vucetic- Dobry‖ is used for clay
and silt; ―Seed and Idriss 1970‖ is used for sand and soil
and ―Linear‖ for bed rock. ―TREAS.EQ‖ for ―File Name‖
option was taken as study area fall in ZONE-2 in the
Seismic Zoning Map of Bangladesh. Then have averaged
all peak ground acceleration value to have a single value
for a borehole.
Figure ۷. An output window of “Edushake” software with calculated PGA.
352
IX. EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION PROBABILITY AND
RESULT DISCUSSION
Evaluation of liquefaction potential requires two sets of
parameters: parameters for the seismic loading and
parameters to represent the characteristics of soil deposit.
Each parameter influences the evaluation of liquefaction
potential to a different degree, and there is considerable
uncertainty associated with each of them. Youd and Perkins
(1978) have estimated the liquefaction susceptibility of
different types of soil deposits by assigning a qualitative
susceptibility rating based on general deposit environment
and geologic age of the deposit. The Historical liquefaction
at a specific location is strongly influenced by the
susceptibility of the soil, the amplitude and duration of
ground shaking and the depth of ground water. Thus, the
probability of liquefaction for a given susceptibility
category can be determined by the following relationships
[HAZUS97].
[
]
[
|
Chart ۱. Conditional Liquefaction Probability Relationships for
Liquefaction Susceptibility Categories (after Liao, et. al., 1988).
KM: MW correction factor, calculated by the following
equation
KM= 0.0027Mw3 – 0.0267MW2 – 0.2055MW + 2.9188
Where,
MW = Moment magnitude of the seismic event
]
Where,
P[Liquefactionsc|PGA=a]:
Conditional
liquefaction
probability for a given susceptibility category at a specified
level of PGA (Table IV). Purbachal New Town fall in
upper modhupur terrace (Geomorphic map edited by GSB,
2008). So ―very low‖ susceptibility category is used in this
research.
TABLE IV
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY RELATIONSHIP FOR LIQUEFACTION
SUSCEPTIBILITY CATEGORIES
Susceptibility Category
Very High
High
Moderate
Low
Very Low
None
Chart ۲. Moment Magnitude (M) Correction Factor for Liquefaction
Probability Relationships (after Seed and Idriss, 1982).
P[Liquefaction|PGA=a]
0 ≤ 9.09a – 0.82 ≤ 1.0
0 ≤ 7.67a – 0.92 ≤ 1.0
0 ≤ 6.67a – 1.00 ≤ 1.0
0 ≤ 5.57a – 1.18 ≤ 1.0
0 ≤ 4.16a – 1.08 ≤ 1.0
0.0
KW: Groundwater depth correction factor, calculated by
the following equation
KW = 0.022dW + 0.93
Where,
dw: Groundwater depth in feet
353
TABLE V
PROPORTION OF MAP UNIT SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION (AFTER
POWER, ET. AL., 1982)
Mapped Relative
Susceptibility
Very High
High
Moderate
Low
Very Low
None
Chart ۳. Ground Water Depth Correction Factor for Liquefaction
Probability Relationships.
Proportion of Map Unit
0.25
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.00
With all these processed data, peak ground acceleration
―a‖ has been generated by ―Edushake‖ software in purpose
of liquefaction hazard analysis. Then, ―a‖ of 0 to 15 meter
of soil profile is used to have conditional liquefaction
probability for a given susceptibility category at a specified
level of PGA. Corresponding KM (MW correction factor)
and KW (Groundwater depth correction factor) is also been
calculated for 15 meter depth. Afterwards, probabilities of
liquefaction have been evaluated for every borehole with
this depth range.
Pml: Proportion of map unit susceptible to liquefaction
(Table V)
Study area fall into Upper Modhupur Terrace (Table III)
which shows very low liquefaction susceptibility. So ―very
low‖ susceptibility in taken to have proportion of map unit
(Pml) from table V.
TABLE VI
CALCULATED LIQUEFACTION PROBABILITY
Bore
Hole No.
PBH-01
PBH-02
PBH-03
PBH-04
PBH-05
PBH-06
PBH-07
PBH-08
PBH-09
PBH-10
PBH-11
PBH-12
PBH-13
PBH-14
PBH-15
PBH-16
PBH-17
PBH-18
PBH-19
a
(avg)
(g)
0.3
0.38
0.26
0.39
0.42
0.28
0.37
0.34
0.34
0.42
0.36
0.42
0.32
0.31
0.42
0.48
0.39
0.45
0.28
dw
P[Liquefactionsc|PGA=a]
0.1680
0.5008
0.0016
0.5424
0.6672
0.0848
0.4592
0.3344
0.3344
0.6672
0.4176
0.6672
0.2512
0.2096
0.6672
0.9168
0.5424
0.7920
0.0848
MW
7.5
354
KM
1.015
KW
(ft)
19.03
22.31
23.29
24.61
21.33
19.23
15.75
20.67
18.70
18.37
17.71
17.06
11.81
13.78
17.72
18.70
22.31
24.93
25.59
1.35
1.42
1.44
1.47
1.39
1.35
1.27
1.38
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.18
1.23
1.32
1.34
1.42
1.48
1.49
Pml
P[Liquefactionxsc]
.02
0. 002455177
0. 006947064
0. 000021863
0. 007265393
0. 009397962
0. 001235250
0. 007090178
0. 004759640
0. 004913422
0. 009856681
0. 006237171
0. 010074306
0. 004161160
0. 003350024
0. 009963475
0. 013470769
0. 007524137
0. 010558244
0. 001119484
Figure ۸. Liquefaction probability map of Purbachal New Town.
The whole analysis procedure has been done with MS
Excel. The calculated value demarcate according to rank,
from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). Threshold of each rank
from 1 to 5 are set as less than 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and
equal to / more than 0.20, respectively. Hence all calculated
value laid bellow 0.05 (Table VI) show very low
liquefaction susceptibility. For convenience of the result
discussion, the liquefaction probability is presented visually
by probability map by using the ArcGIS-10 software.
and map has been drawn by interpolation method ArcGIS10 software.
The probability map can either be used to estimate the
area of coverage that is expected to show surface
manifestations of liquefaction or the conditional probability
of liquefaction at any specific zone (Holzer et al., 2006).
Liquefaction probability map of the 15 meter subsurface
geological materials of Purbachal New Town is prepared
for a earthquake having a magnitude of 7.5 (Mw) and a
horizontal peak ground acceleration of 0.15 g. Map Shows
no variation in liquefaction probability of the city and it is
very low for entire city. As a first time approach, the map
prepared in the present study using PGA is considered as a
preliminary liquefaction hazard map of Purbachal New
Town. Finally, this type of map can be used as additional
guidelines for future planning and development of the city
with the site specific seismic hazard analysis.
X. CONCLUSIONS
The liquefaction Probability map of Purbachal New
Town offers a quantitative approach for mapping
liquefaction Probability. The liquefaction potentiality of a
specific location has been predicted by probable
liquefaction susceptibility values at each borehole location
355
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Probable Liquefaction Map for Purbachal New Town, Dhaka

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