MIRNY - FictionBook.ru
Transcription
MIRNY - FictionBook.ru
À.À. Ãîëüäìàí, Ì.Â. Âèøíåâñêàÿ, Ì.À. Ãëàçóí, Ð.Ï. Èâàíîâà English for Diamond Miners Ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîîðèåíòèðîâàííûé êóðñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå ÔËÈÍÒÀ•ÍÀÓÊÀ 811.111(075.8) 81.2-923 63 !": -# $. %, #&., '. *#+ / ; # < # , ### %# # % # %.&. ' ; -# $. %, . ## > ? + "$ '"$ % # # >> ' % *. +. / .. 63 English for Diamond Miners. *#& -# #"> %# > +" [Электронный ресурс] : %. + % / .. ', .A. A B+, .. %, .*. . – 3- ., стер. – . : , 2014. – 492 . : . ISBN 978-5-9765-1833-9 ' #" << + " '"<?> #'"B , "> # '% %#F > # < ''% "$ " %> '> # . &#' + +<?+ % + % ' #, # !, '+ %<? $ > > +". # + % # < (! ) «# » ! «#"> +"». 811.111(075.8) 81.2-923 ISBN 978-5-9765-1833-9 © ' .., A B+ .A., % .., .*., 2014 © Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2014 2 CONTENTS UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION 7 MIRNY – DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA 29 CONSTRUCTIONS THERE IS / THERE ARE, THE VERBS TO BE, TO HAVE UNIT 2. DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF MIRNY 43 REGION. ALROSA INDEFINITE TENSES UNIT 3. 61 TYPES OF MINING CONTINUOUS TENSES UNIT 4. 73 TYPES OF ROCKS PERFECT TENSES UNIT 5. TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS : KIMBERLITES AND LAMPROITES 85 PASSIVE VOICE UNIT 6. TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS: ALLUVIAL DIAMOND DEPOSITS 99 PARTICIPLE UNIT 7. TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS: MARINE DIAMOND DEPOSITS 113 GERUND UNIT 8. 125 MINING PROFESSIONS INFINITIVE UNIT 9. 139 MINING EQUIPMENT INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS UNIT 10. PROSPECTING DIAMONDS AND EXPLORATION OF 159 MODAL VERBS UNIT 11. MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN 173 MODAL VERBS (CONTINUATION) UNIT 12. POWER SUPPLY AND AUTOMATION OF MINES 197 REVISION OF TENSES 213 UNIT 13. ORE TREATMENT NOUN. ARTICLE UNIT 14. TYPES OF DIAMOND 5 231 ADJECTIVES UNIT 15. PROCESSING OF DIAMOND: CUTTING AND 241 POLISHING PRONOUN UNIT 16. WORLD DIAMOND TRADE 257 PREPOSITIONS UNIT 17. GLOBAL DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY 273 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES UNIT 18. SAFETY. DANGERS IN MINES 285 SEQUENCE OF TENSES UNIT 19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING 299 COMPOUND SENTENCES UNIT 20. ATTENDING A CONFERENCE 311 REVISION OF THE INFINITIVE UNIT 21. BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE 327 REVISION OF MODALS, INDIRECT SPEECH 347 UNIT 22. JOB APPLICATION REVISION OF IF-CLAUSES, PASSIVE VOICE READING SUPPLEMENT 363 GRAMMAR NOTES 433 GLOSSARY 470 REFERENCES 486 6 UNIT 1 MIRNY-DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA 29 UNIT 1. MIRNY – DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA God made the country, and man made the town. William Cowper I. Discuss the following: 1. How can you explain the name of the town “Mirny” to foreigners? 2. Do you know any interesting facts about Mirny? 3. What sights and famous people of Mirny can you name? 4. How do you see the future of Mirny? II. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations: Kilometre, be located, population, group of geologists, region, coded telegram, expedition, severe, navigable, electric station, industrial exploitation, accommodate, the first leader, industrial construction, produce, test, structure, multi-storied building, museum, hotel, cinema, stadium, serve, airport. III. Read and translate the text: MIRNY Mirny is a small mining town located in the western part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It is the centre of Russia’s diamond mining industry. The town was founded in 1959. However, the settlement of miners and geologists was there in 1955, following the discovery of the Yakutian diamonds. 31 Typically a camp is built on-site to accommodate miners, who work in fortnight or month-long fly-in – fly-out shifts. The Soviet government’s commitment to strategic development of distant regions resulted in rapid growth of the infrastructure. Mirny town was founded on April, 3rd, 1959, in compliance with the decision of the Soviet government and Communist party. There are the headquarters of Russia’s largest diamond mining company, Alrosa, and large high-grade diamond deposits in Mirny and nearby. The population is about 40,000; Mirny is an administrative centre of the Mirninskiy region. Mirny has all the necessary conveniences and community services, as well as educational institutions and cultural and sports facilities. Materials, machinery and essential commodities are delivered by air transport or by the river and road in summer (in large delivery trucks) or by an ice road in winter. Educational institutions of Mirny range from the nursery schools or daycare centres, to higher education institutions. There are a number of high schools providing free secondary education, as well as the Orthodox classical school (gymnasium) for the children of devoted Christians, and the Polytechnic Lyceum with advanced study of mathematics and physics. There are several higher education institutions; the most prominent of them is Mirny Polytechnic Institute of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University. The town provides excellent opportunity to go in for sports and hobbies. There are two indoor swimming pools, an indoor hockey ring, a stadium and numerous gyms and wellness centres in Mirny. There is a ski slope for the Alpine skiing and ski tracks for cross-country skiing just outside the town. There is a theater and a cinema for entertainment and a cul32 ture centre for leisure and hobby. The youth is involved in sports activities such as indoor football, boxing, biathlon, martial arts etc. supported by a number of sports groups and the Youth Sports School. Just as everywhere else, young people of Mirny like to party and hang out in bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Mirny is a young town, but it knows and prizes its history. There are three museums – the Alrosa Museum of History and Production, the Museum of Regional Studies, and the most special is the Savrasov Kimberlite Museum – the one and only kimberlite mineralogical museum. There are numerous memorials in Mirny, including architectural ensembles, such as monumental Viliuy Circus and picturesque Way to Temple. Naturally enough one has to look at both sides of the coin, and there are challenges and issues in this blessed part of the world. Living is expensive because all essential commodities are shipped here, and the competition in business is very limited resulting in high prices. Often, the supply is not sufficient, too. The region is distant and the only way to travel to other parts of Russia is by plane, and air tickets cost a fortune. The climate is harsh, with long and cold winter and short summer, and healthcare is poor. In spite of these challenges, the townspeople are optimistic and always hope for a better future. Though Mirny had emerged as a mining town, it evolved into a modern center of economic and cultural activity of Western Yakutia. 33 IV. Read the following words and expressions paying attention to the correct translation: Diamond mining industry – '"<?+ #'"B; typically – # , "; camp – $"> ; accommodate – +; fortnight – ; fly-in – fly-out shifts – $" '"; commitment to strategic development – (#' ) # '% # <; in compliance with the decision – #B '; headquarters – B-# #, > & ; conveniences and community services – %#> %%#"" %% ; essential commodities – #" #> $ ' ; nursery school – B # %#F ; daycare centre – > ; high school – #++ B; Orthodox – #">; classical school – ' +; devoted Christians – #%<? $# ; indoor hockey ring – #""> ; gym – #F#"> ; wellness centre – # -# "> !#; ski slope – #"F+ #; ski track – "F+; cross-country skiing – # " "F ; Alpine skiing – #" "F ; entertainment – # ; leisure – %; indoor football – ' -&%; martial arts – " %; Museum of Regional Studies – # > '%>; Savrasov Kimberlite Museum – %> '# '. F. . /#; the one and only – "> ' #; one has to look at both sides of the coin – % ' #"; issues – F , #"; challenges – #%" ; competition in business – + %#! +. V. Fill in the table using the information from the text and your own experience: Living in Mirny Advantages Disadvantages 34 VI. Read the text again and tick A, B, or C. 1. The first settlement for miners and geologists was founded after the discovery of a primary source of diamonds. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ 2. Mirny is a camp built on-site to accommodate miners, who work in fortnight-long fly-in – fly-out shifts. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ 3. The headquarters of Russia’s largest diamond mining company, Alrosa, are located in Moscow. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ 4. Materials, machinery and essential commodities are produced in Mirny. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ 5. Mirny features the whole range of educational facilities from the nursery schools, or daycare centres, to higher education institutions. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ 6. There is no railroad connection of Mirny region with other parts of Russia. A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY alluvial deposit – < (#") '#F commission – H%! < diamond deposit – '#F ' diamondiferous kimberlite – '"> '# exploration – # gem – #!"> ' geological prospecting expedition – + + H ! + gravel – # > overburden – #"B 35 pipe – #% placer deposits – #"" '#F + primary source – # '#F processing plant – + &# prospect – # VII. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the geographical position of Mirny? 2. When was the town founded? 3. What is the population of Mirny? 4. What educational institutions are there in Mirny? 5. What museums in Mirny can you name? 6. What are the tourist attractions of Mirny? The Orthodox Classic School (Gymnasium) and Holy Trinity Orthodox Temple VIII. Find English equivalents to the following expressions: * #+ ; #' "> #; # " #%F +; F , ; ">; ; ! + ; %#">; ' ! %F ; #F; ; "B % ; # # ; ' ; +; +; &%#, B> #% ; $ > !>; %% % ; #""> >. 36 IX. Fill in the following scheme with the words related to the sights of Mirny: X. Make up sentences about Mirny: There is There are There was There were There will be Monument Cinema Library Square Club Church Museum Institute Sport center Market Swimming pool Airport 37 XI. Translate the following text into Russian. Retell it: MIRNY POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Mirny Polytechnic Institute was set up in 1994 as the branch of Ammosov Yakut State University. Its foundation and the dynamic development took place due to the decision of Mikhail E. Nikolaev, the 1st President of the Republic of Sakha who proclaimed educational policy to be the priority in the development of the Republic for the decade. In 2010 Yakut State University obtained the status of a federal university (among other 8 federal universities of Russia). The Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) promotes the values of indigenous culture of the peoples of the north-east of Russia in a multiethnic environment. Today Mirny Polytechnic Institute is a prominent educational, scientific and cultural center of Western Yakutia. The institute trains students in 9 majors for the Specialist Degrees: - Mathematics - Philology (the English language and literature) - Law - Mining engineering - Underground Mining of Mineral Deposits - Mineral processing - Electrical engineering 38 - Mechanical engineering - Mining machines and equipment And 4 majors for the Bachelor’s degree: - Mathematics - Applied mathematics and computer science - Philology - Petroleum engineering The Institute has well-equipped laboratories, two comfortable dormitories and the library stock counting for more than 60, 000 items. Mirny Polytechnic Institute is headed by one of its founders - Professor Albina A. Goldman, Candidate of Sciences, Honoured Education Worker of the Republic of Sakha, Honoured Higher Education worker of the Russian Federation. Since its foundation the Institute has been training highly qualified specialists for diamond mining industry, education, law and research centers. The Institute successfully cooperates with leading universities of Russia in research programs and on-line distance learning. Professors of such universities as Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State 39 Mining University, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, SaintPetersburg State Mining University, Irkutsk State Linguistic University deliver on-line lectures on different subjects. Mirny Polytechnic Institute also collaborates with leading industrial enterprises and research institutes: Alrosa; Yakutian Geological Enterprise of Exploration, Research and Development; Yakutniproalmaz Research and Design Institute; Surgutneftegas. The Institute has good perspectives in further mineral resources development in Western Yakutia and in geological exploration works. XII. Put the verbs in the right tense: MIRNY HOLY-TRINITY ORTHODOX CHURCH There (to be) a beautiful temple in the centre of our town. There (to be) a fountain and a statue of an angel in front of it. It (to be) the Holy Trinity Orthodox church of Mirny. In 1996, the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Aleksii II and the Archbishop of Yakutsk and Lensk Germán sanctified the place for the construction of the temple and blessed the laying of its first brick. It (to be) the centre of religious and cultural life of all devoted Christians. It (to have) 5 domes and a bell tower. The temple (to be) very beautiful inside, and the bells sound wonderful. _________________________________________________ Holy-Trinity Temple – /+-# ! > $#'; The Orthodox Church – *#+ !#; to erect – ; to sanctify – +? , + ; Archbishop – #$ . 40 XIII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English: 1. *% . . # > .. " ##"+' #> '# > #% 1954 %. 2. A # ' #> $++ 15 '# "$ #%. 3. *# # ' #> $ # #+$. 4. A #' '+ # '%+: '%> '# , # -# "> '%>, # > '%>. 5. A B' # # > #'"> . 6. '# «A <> !» – H '+ ##"+' +% $ '. 7. A !# ''# #F '# -`% . #" H '%' – %#" G%# *$' { > !. 8. # – H # 80 ! >. 9. ; %+#"$ ' "$ #F – *? *". XIV. Read and translate the dialogue between the Museum Guide and the Visitor: Savrasov Kimberlite Museum in Mirny V.: - Good morning! This is a very special mineralogical museum, I’ve heard a lot about it. G.: - You’re right, Savrasov Kimberlite Museum is unique. It’s named after its founder, prominent geologist and mineralogist James Savrasov. V.: Did he start the collection? G.: - Yes, and for many years he alone collected the samples of kimberlitic ores from the deposits from all around the world. He passed away. Now Alrosa keeps the museum. V.: - Amazing! The collection is rather large, isn’t it? 41 G.: - Indeed. The samples of kimberlite are from different deposits: the Mir pipe, the Botuobinskaya pipe, Internatsionalnaya, Udachnaya, Zarnitsa, Dachnaya, Yubileynaya, and so on. V.: - What is on the labels? G.: - The type of the rock and the name of the deposit are indicated on the label. V.: - What is that, over there by the wall? G.: - This is a model of exploration drilling operations at Botuobinskaya pipe, Nakyn ore field. V.: - Is the big thing representing the ore body? G.: - Yes and the strings represent the drill holes. The small pyramids on top are the drill rigs. V.: - Awesome! And what is that, over there in the corner? G.: - That’s a mammoth’s tusk. V.: - Incredible! I can see the difference in kimberlite samples from various deposits. Look here: the samples from the Internatsionalnaya and from the Udachnaya pipes are completely different. Are they the same type of rock? G.: - The physical properties and composition of kimberlites may vary, but they are definitely the same type of rock. V.: - I am impressed! I’ll take a couple of pictures to show my family and colleagues... XV. Work in pairs. Imagine that you are a guide and a visitor in the Historical-production museum of Mirny. Make up your own dialogue. XVI. Imagine that you are a tour guide. Tell the foreigners about one of Mirny sights. Use the Power Point or similar software. 42 UNIT 2 DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF MIRNY REGION ALROSA 43 UNIT 2. DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF MIRNY REGION. ALROSA I. Discuss the following: 1. What is Mirny famous for? 2. What mines are located in Mirny region? 3. What is the biggest mine in Mirny region? 4. Do you know what was the first deposit discovered in the region? II. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations: Global production, special, popular, a diameter of excavated hole, to be associated with, to start, carat, per year, per ton, to stabilize, to operate, new techniques, new methods, mineral prospecting, geophysical, geochemical. III. Read and translate the following text. Fill in the table: Russia accounts for approximately one-third of global diamond production, most of which is mined in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Mirny is a small industrial town, which proudly bears the title of the capital of the diamond province. The richest diamond deposits and the largest diamond mines are located in the region. They are the source of national wealth and sustainable development of Yakutia. Mir Mine Mir kimberlite pipe is located in Mirny town. Diamond content of the pipe is high and the average diamond grade exceeds 3 carats per ton. The Mir mine started operations as an opencast mine. At the time of closure it was 525 metres deep and 1.2 kilometres in diameter. It is one of the world's largest opencast mines. The kimberlite pipe was discovered on June 13, 1955 and 45 was operational for 44 years (until June 2001). In the years of operation $17 billion worth of diamonds, and about 168.7 million cubic metres of rock mass were removed. In the 1960s the mine was producing 10,000,000 carats (2,000 kg) of diamond per year. The upper layers of the mine (down to 340 metres) had very high diamond content of 4 carats (0.80 g) per ton of ore. The yield decreased to about 2 carats (0.40 g) per ton and the production rate slowed to 2,000,000 carats (400 kg) per year near the pit bottom. The construction of underground mine started in 1999. The underground mine Mir was formally opened in August 2009. The estimated life of the mine is 50 years. This estimate was based on depth exploration drilling down to 1220 metres. Diamond output in 2012: 1.9 million carats. The average diamond grade: 3.7 carats per ton. International mine Internatsionalnaya (International) kimberlite pipe is located 16 kilometres southwest of Mirny town. Internatsionalnaya pipe was discovered in 1969. The International pipe is unique and characterized by larger average crystal size and higher diamond ore grade as compared to those of other deposits. This kimberlite body is a subvertical, oval in cross-section ore body, with known reserves to a depth of 1220 metres. The measurements of the ore body are 90$55 metres. Diamond extraction at the Internatsionalnaya using the open-cut method started in 1971. In 1980, the opencast mine reached a depth of 284 metres and mining was suspended until 2008. Construction of the underground mine started in the mid-1970s. Internatsionalny was the first underground mine of ALROSA Group. The mine uses two shafts. The cage shaft is 6.5 metres in diameter and 1,065 metres deep and is used for hoisting the personnel, cargo, equipment and feeding fresh air into the mine. The skip shaft is 5.5 metres in diameter and 1,025 metres deep, and is used for hoisting of ore and personnel in emergency situations and feeding backfill into the mine. The shafts were sunk using unique method with freezing of the subsoil. In 1999, the start-up complex was commissioned, and the underground mine formally opened on July 19, 2002. The mine is currently operating at 46