Zenergy Power Inc.

Zenergy Power Inc.
The superconductor energy technology company
Helping the Smart Grid Perform
Quick Updates on Recent Protection and Power Flow Work
NEETRAC Smart Grid Technologies Workshop
Georgia Tech – 18 November 2009
www.zenergypower.com
[1]
Smart Grid Trends and Directions
• Recent DOE SGIG Awards Emphasized AMI and Ancillary Systems
• Gratifying to See Some Awards for Advanced Substations and PMU
• Smart Grid Initiatives Like NIST Roadmap, Gridwise Alliance and Others Seem
Overly Focused on HAN, AMI and Data Collection
• Bulk of Venture Capital Flowing into HAN and AMI (Green Box, Tendril, Alert Me,
etc.) with Little Tangible to Show for It (Some Discrete Pieces of Systems)
• Lots Has Been Promised, But Little Has Been Delivered
• Most of It is Expensive ($150+ Thermostats, $2K-$3K Home Automation Systems)
[2]
Smart Grid Trends and Directions
• A Lot of Attention on Renewable Power – Both Deployment and Manufacturing Base
• Energy Production and Investment Tax Credits for Green Power
• Accelerated Depreciation and Direct Subsidies
• Direct Funding and Grants
• Loan Guarantees for Projects (Deployments) and Manufacturing Plants
• Very Optimistic Mandates and Timetables for RPS Compliance
• Special Tariffs and Other Incentives for Operators
[3]
Concerns About the Smart Grid
• We Will End Up Knowing Everything About How Energy Is Consumed and
Produced, But Have the Same Old Grid to Manage the Electric Economy
• We Will Have Tremendous Stranded Investment In Renewable Power Because
the Same Old Grid Cannot Move It Effectively
• The Reliability and Security of the Grid Will Actually Decrease Due to Data
Overload, IT System Frailties, Conflicting Autonomy and Security Vulnerabilities
• Social Injustices Will Occur as “Grid Egalitarianism” Diminishes With Increasing
Costs (of RPS Power and the Essential Tools to Exploit “the Smart Grid”)
[4]
Where Do We Need to Go
• Lots of Opportunities and Needs for Grid Investment at All Levels and Technologies
• Three Stand Out: Storage, Protection and Power Flow Control
• Why – Many Issues with the Grid Are Fundamentally Constraints
• We Have Lots of Power Now; It Would Be Helpful If We Could Store Some for When
We Need It Later, But We Cannot (Cost Effectively)
• A Meshed Network Increases Delivery Options and Reliability, But Complicates Fault
Isolation and Increases Fault Currents
• We Typically Underutilize Grid Assets, But Are Limited by the First Critical
Component; If We Could Control Power Flows, We Could Protect Critical Components
[5]
Zenergy Is Working on Two Fronts
• High-Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (FCL)
• Smart Wires Power Flow Control Technology – Distributed Series
Reactance (DSR)
[6]
Zenergy Support to FCL Organizations
• CIGRE Working Group A3.23 "Fault Current Limiters“ is Developing a Set of Guidelines
to Help Operators Specify an FCL for Their Network
• Two Previous Working Groups in the Series Produced Technical brochures:
• WG A3.10: Technical brochure 239, 2003, "Fault Current Limiters in Electrical
Medium and High Voltage Systems" (System Demands, Testing and Status)
• WGA3.16: Technical brochure 310, 2008,"Guideline on the Impacts of Fault
Current Limiting Devices on Protection Systems"
• All Activities Are Under the Auspices of the CIGRE "High-Voltage Equipment„
Series – A3
[7]
Zenergy Support to FCL Organizations
• “IEEE Task Force on FCL Testing” - Established 2008
• Purpose of Proposed Standard: To Provide Guidelines for Testing of Fault Current
Limiters Operating on Condition-Based Impedance Increases for AC Systems
1000 V and Above
• Joint Sponsors:
• IEEE Power Electronics Standards Committee
• IEEE Power and Energy Substations Committee
• Scope of Proposed Standard: All Types of Condition-Based Impedance Increase
Fault Current Limiters; Does not include series reactors and single fuses
[8]
Saturating Reactor HTS FCL Basic Concept
•
•
•
•
Two Laminated Steel Cores Surrounded by a single HTS DC Magnet
Conventional Copper Coils Wound in Opposite Magnet Sense on Each Outer Core Limb
Copper Coils Connected in Series in AC Circuit to be Protected
Small DC Power Supply Creates a Large Number of Ampere-Turns to Saturate Cores
[9]
Typical B-H Curve for the Magnetic Steel in the HTS FCL Cores
• Relative Permeability is Near “1” at the Normal Operating Point – Magnetic Cores are Saturated
• Magnetic Cores De-Saturate During Fault – AC Coil Impedance Increases Instantly to a High Value
• Maximum Fault Reduction Occurs when the Operating Point Transitions from First to Third Quadrant
[10]
Detail of the HTS FCL Magnetic Operating Point
• During Non-Fault Conditions, the HTS FCL Operating Point Oscillates on the Flat Portion of the B-H Curve
• Under Fault Conditions, the HTS FCL Operating Point Moves Instantly Past the B-H Curve “Knee”
• Each Fault Cycle, the HTS FCL Operating Point Transitions the Entire Range of Relative Permeability
[11]
Original Three-Phase HTS FCL “Spider” Design
• By Combining Six Rectangular Cores in the Middle, One Can Make a Three-Phase Device
• A single HTS DC Magnet in a Single Cryostat Saturates All Six Cores
• The AC Coils are Arranged Radially Around the Structure
[12]
The First Full-Scale HTS FCL Prototype
• Built at Delta Star, Inc. in 2007; Nominal 15 kV, 1,200 Amperes Steady-State
• Tested at Pacific Gas and Electric Laboratories, San Ramon, California, October 2007
• Tested at Powertech Laboratories, Surry, British Columbia, Canada December 2007
[13]
First Large-Scale FCL Testing
• Tested for Voltage Drop and Steady-State Heat Rise
• Tested for Dielectric Withstand
• Tested for Fault Current Reduction
•
54 Total Test Events
•
12 Fault Tests
•
Average 2% Steady-State Voltage Drop and 19% Fault Reduction
[14]
Testing the First Full-Scale HTS FCL at Powertech Laboratories
[15]
Schematic of the Second Full-Scale HTS Prototype – The “CEC” HTS FCL
• Variable Geometry Iron Cores, Larger HTS DC Magnet, Active Closed-Loop Cooling, Cast AC Coils
• Significantly Improved Performance Over the First Prototype
• Built at T&R Electric Company in 2008; Tested at Powertech Laboratories October 2008
[16]
Detailed Test Requirements Used for HTS FCL Testing
• Developed in Cooperation with NEETRAC and SCE
• Provided to IEEE and CIGRE FCL Working Groups
#
Test Requirement
Reference
1
Winding Resistance
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
2
Impedance
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
3
Total Loss
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
4
Temperature Rise
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
5
Applied Voltage
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
6
Insulation Power Factor
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005
7
Insulation Resistance
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005
8
Fault Current Performance
Engineering Specification ZP-ES-08-05
9
Turn-to-Turn Dielectric
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005
10
Lightening Impulse at 110 kV
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005
11
Chopped-Wave Impulse
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005
12
Audible Sound
Engineering Specification ZP-ES-08-05
13
Partial Discharge
IEEE Std C57.16-1996
14
Seismic Verification by Analysis
IEEE Std 693
IEEE Std C57.16-1996 Standard Requirements, Terminology and Test Code for Dry-Type Air-Core Reactors
IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005 IEEE Standard Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
[17]
CEC Device Testing
• Nominal 15 kV, 1,250 Amperes Steady-State Device
• Less than1% Voltage Drop at Full-Load
• Designed to Limit a Symmetrical 23 kA Steady-State Fault by 20%
• 65 Test Events, including 32 Fault Tests
• Nominal Test Routine – Full Power Steady-State Voltage and Current, 30-Cycle Fault,
Clear Fault and Return to Steady-State
• 60 kA Maximum First Peak Fault
[18]
The CEC HTS FCL Undergoing Testing at Powertech Laboratories
[19]
The CEC HTS FCL in the SCE Shandin Substation, San Bernardino, California
• First HTS FCL Installed in the U.S. Commercial Electric Grid
• Installed in the Avanti Circuit, “the Circuit of the Future” at the Shandin Substation
• On-Line March 9, 2009; Collecting Data Continuously Since Installation
[20]
The Compact HTS FCL – An Improved Design Evolution
•
•
•
•
•
The Success of the CEC FCL Led Zenergy Power to Evaluate New Design Options
Oil-Filled Dielectric Design and Cryogen-Free, Conduction-Cooled HTS Magnets Reduced HTS FCL Size
Compact HTS FCL is Approximately 1/3 the Volume and 1/3 the Weight for Equivalent Performance
Four Full-Scale Compact FCL Prototypes Built by T&R Electric in 2009
Comprehensive Full-Load Steady State and Fault Testing Performed at Powertech Laboratories July 2009
Parameter
Units
FCL # 1
FCL # 2
FCL # 3
FCL # 4
Line-to-Line Voltage
kV
12.47
12.47
12.47
13.8
Number of Phases
#
3
3
1
1
Line Frequency
Hz
60
60
60
60
Prospective Fault Current
kA
35
46
80
25
Limited Peak Fault
kA
27
30
40
18
Prospective Fault Current RMS Symmetrical
kA
20
20
40
11
Limited Symmetric Fault Current
kA
15
11.5
18
6.5
Load Current Steady-State RMS
kA
1.25
1.25
1.25
2.5 – 4.0
Voltage Drop Steady-State Maximum
%
1
1
1
2
Line-to-Ground Voltage
kV
6.9
6.9
6.9
8.0
Asymmetry Factor
#
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.6
Ohms
0.346
0.346
0.173
0.724
%
25
43
55
41
Source Fault Impedance
Fault Reduction
[21]
Assembling a Compact HTS FCL, T&R Electric, May 2009
Assembling a Compact HTS FCL on the Portable Test Trailer
• Test Trailer Used for All Four Compact HTS FCL Prototypes at T&R Electric and Powertech Laboratories
[23]
Completed FCL Ready for Testing
[24]
Typical Compact HTS FCL Test Results – Fault Current Testing
• Black Signal is Prospective Fault; Red Signal is Limited Fault; Blue Signal is FCL Induced Voltage Drop
• 15 kA Symmetrical Fault with Approximately 30 kA First Peak and 1.6 Asymmetry
COMPACT FCL - 15kArms PROSPECTIVE FAULT LIMITED TO 10.7kArms - 32% REDUCTION
VOLTAGE in Blue [kV]
40
30
20
10
CURRENT [kA]
0
-10
-20
-30
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME [sec]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
[25]
Typical Compact HTS FCL Test Results – Voltage Drop (Insertion Impedance) Tests
[26]
Typical Compact HTS FCL Test Results – Fault Current Testing
• Black Signal is Prospective Fault; Red Signal is Limited Fault; Blue Signal is FCL Induced Voltage Drop
• 25 kA Symmetrical Fault with Approximately 32 kA First Peak
[27]
Typcial Compact HTS FCL Test Results – Effect of AC Fault Current on DC HTS Coil
• HTS Current Recorded for 3 kA, 5 kA, 8 kA, 11 kA, 15 kA, 25 kA and 30 kA Peak Fault Currents
• Maximum Observed Change in HTS DC Coil Current During 30 kA Peak Fault Current Only 5%
[28]
Typical Compact HTS FCL Test Results – AC Load Current - Voltage Waveform
• AC Voltage Waveform Measured at 100 Ampere Increments of AC Load Current
• Voltage Wave Form in Steady-State FCL Operation is Very Clean with Low Harmonics
• Total Harmonic Distortion Satisfies the Criteria of IEEE 519-1996
[29]
Interest in Power Flow Controls
• Networked Systems Can Provide Inherently Higher Levels of Reliability
• It is Difficult to Control where Current Flows in a Networked System
• Loop Flows, Congestion and Poor System Utilization can Result
• Typically, the First Thermally Limited Line Sets the Power Transfer Capacity
• Other Lines May Still Be Operating Below Their Thermal Capacity
• Requirements for (N-1) and (N-2) Contingency Conditions Can Make It Worse
• Insufficient Transmission Capacity Can Necessitate Greater Generation Reserves
• Transmission Constraints Can Limit Access to Low-Cost Generation
[30]
Smart Wires History
• Smart Wires was proposed by Prof. Divan while at Soft Switching Technologies
• The proof of concept project was co-funded by TVA and a demonstration unit
was designed, built and tested at Soft Switching in 2004
• Smart Wires – Phase 1, has been completed with funding from TVA,
Department of Energy, Con Edison and ABB at Georgia Tech
• Commercialization agreement for Smart Wires technology signed with Zenergy
Power in April 2009
• Smart Wires Phase 2-A Begin May 21, 2009
• Signed FI Agreements: TVA, Southern, NRECA, BG&E, DOE and Zenergy
Power. ($320K)
• Previous Interest: Ameren, FP&L, SCE, CEC, ABB, GE, EPRI, CEATI, B.C.
Transmission
[31]
The Appeal of Smart Wires
• Traditional Solutions (New Lines, New Substations, Interconnections, etc.) Are
Expensive and Subject to Permitting and Right of Way Delays
• New Lines Can Also Make System Utilization Worse
• Shunt VAR Compensation Provides Voltage Support – Has Little Impact on
Controlling Power Flows
• Technology Solutions Such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Are
Expensive and Can Require Significant Space in Crowded Stations
• Reliability and Cost Can Be Problematic
• Merchant Transmission and Other “Market Solutions” Have Not Emerged
• Distributed Control of Line Impedances Can Control Power Flows in Networked
Systems and Facilitate Greater Reliability and Utilization
[32]
The Smart Wires Distributed Series Reactance (DSR) Operating Principle
• Smart Wires Enables Power to Be Diverted Away from a Line that Is Approaching
an Undesirable Loading Level
• Smart Wires Consists of a Fleet of DSR Modules, Each Capable of Injecting a
Small Amount of Reactance into a Power Line
• Each DSR Module Is Clamped Around an Overhead Conductor, Making the Line
the Electrical Equivalent of a Variable Inductor
• Each DSR Module Is a Single-Turn Transformer (STT) with the Conductor
Forming the Single Turn
• When the Secondary Is Shorted (Normal Operation) a Small Leakage Reactance
Is Injected into the Line
• When the Secondary Is Open (DSR Active), the Magnetizing Inductance of the
STT Is Injected into the Line
[33]
Basic DSR Employment Example
• One DSR Per Phase Per Mile Can Increase the Line Impedance by 2%
• In the Simple Figure Below, the Low Impedance Red Path Is Overloaded
• Deploying DRS Increases the Red Path Line Impedance
• Power Is Diverted to the Low Impedance Path and System Capacity Increases
[34]
DSR Modules in a Meshed Network
• DSR Module Deployment is Scalable to Meshed Networks
• In the IEEE 39 Bus System Below, DSR Modules are Deployed in the Red Paths
• Each DSR Monitors Line Current; the STT Secondary is Opened at a Preset Current Value
• Load Increases from 1904 MW to 2542 MW and Utilization Increases from 59% to 93.3%
[35]
DSR Basic Circuit Design and Operating Principles
[36]
Regulated DC Power Supply and Lightening and Fault Protection
[37]
First Operational Prototype with Split Machined Housing
[38]
First Operational Prototype “Deconstructed” Out of Housing
[39]
Prototype Device Testing – Corona Inception on Un-Optimized Housing
[40]
The DSR Engineering Development Model
[41]
Current Status of the Smart Wires Project – Phase 2A
• Task 1: Identify Partner Utility and Line for Pilot Project – Validate Impact on Line
with Simulation
• Task 2: Redesign of Passive Smart Wires Module Based on Research – Design
for Manufacturing, Installation, O&M and Data Collection Requirements – Work
with Utilities
• Task 3: Build Alpha Prototype and Validate with Testing
• Task 4: Build 10 Beta Prototypes - Validate with Installation, Testing and Data
Collection – Release Model for System Simulation and Manufacturing
• Task 5: Advanced Topics:
• Integrate Active Smart Wire Functionality into Existing Module
• Explore Suitability for Distribution Level Meshed Drid
• Task 6: Project Meetings, Workshop and Interim Report
[42]
Future Plans – Additional Participants Invited
• Phase 2-B: Build and Deploy Pilot on Utility System
• Task 7: Subcontract to Build ~300 Units for Pilot – Test, Install and Monitor
for a Year (Estimated for 25 mile line with 15% impedance change)
• Task 8: Phase II Project Report
• Phase 3: Smart Grid Unsolicited Proposal to DOE
• Task 9: Build and Install Units on Selected Lines for Each Participating Utility
• Task 10: Monitor Performance for One Year
• Task 11: Final Project Report
[43]
Thank You – Questions?
[44]