analysis of the current status

 BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources Central Finland Project 245438 WP2.1 c and d
Biomass resources, production, use, processing and logistics in Central Finland – analysis of the current status Eija Alakangas, Janne Keränen, Martti Flyktman, Petri Jetsu, & Pirkko Vesterinen, VTT Jaakko Tukia & Jyrki Kataja, JAMK Public September 2010, Jyväskylä BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table of Contents 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................7
2
THE OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT AND METHODS OF THE STUDY.................9
3
BIOMASS RESOURCES IN CENTRAL FINLAND....................................................................11
3.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................11
3.2 BIOMASS RESOURCES DIRECTLY FROM THE NATURE ......................................................................11
3.2.1 Forest resources ........................................................................................................13
3.2.2 Agrobiomasses ..........................................................................................................13
3.2.3 Peat resources ...........................................................................................................14
3.3 BIOBASED BY‐PRODUCTS AND RESIDUES .....................................................................................15
4
WOODY BIOMASS ...........................................................................................................17
4.1 PULPWOOD AMOUNT AND USERS .............................................................................................17
4.1.1 Pulpwood harvesting and transport..........................................................................18
4.1.2 Direct carbon dioxide emissions from pulpwood harvesting and transport .............19
4.2 SAW TIMBER AMOUNTS AND USERS ..........................................................................................19
4.2.1 Saw timber harvesting and transport .......................................................................19
4.2.2 Direct carbon dioxide emissions from saw timber tree harvesting and transport....21
4.2.3 Employment impacts of pulpwood and timber harvesting and transport................21
4.3 ENERGY WOOD .....................................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Users and used amounts of energy wood, forest residues and stumps....................22
4.3.2 Energy wood harvesting and handling......................................................................23
4.3.3 Energy wood chipping and logistics – supply chains.................................................24
4.3.4 Employment impacts of energy wood harvesting, use and logistics ........................26
4.4 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF FOREST INDUSTRY.................................27
4.4.1 Carbon dioxide emissions from forest industry .........................................................27
4.4.2 Employment impacts of forest industry ....................................................................27
5
PEAT ................................................................................................................................28
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6
AGROBIOMASSES ............................................................................................................31
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7
GENERAL .............................................................................................................................31
PRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................31
AGROBIOMASS USERS ............................................................................................................32
EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF AGROBIOMASSES ..............................................................................33
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES................................................................................................35
7.1
8
PEAT PRODUCTION AMOUNTS ..................................................................................................28
PEAT USERS AND USED AMOUNTS .............................................................................................28
PEAT PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS ............................................................................................29
EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF PEAT PRODUCTION ............................................................................29
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM PEAT PRODUCTION, LOGISTICS AND USE ......................................30
DOMESTIC ANIMAL MANURE ...................................................................................................35
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES..............................................................................................36
BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 1 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 8.1 BIODEGRADABLE WASTES ........................................................................................................36
8.1.1 Amount of biodegradable wastes in Central Finland................................................36
8.1.2 Treatment of separately collected biowastes ...........................................................37
8.1.3 Employment impacts of treatment of biodegradable wastes...................................38
8.2 SLUDGES FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ......................................................................38
9
INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS AND RESIDUES......................................................................40
9.1 BY‐PRODUCTS AND RESIDUES FROM FOREST INDUSTRY ..................................................................40
9.1.1 By‐products and residues from chemical forest industry..........................................40
9.1.2 By‐products and residues from mechanical forest industry......................................40
9.2 INDUSTRIAL SLUDGES .............................................................................................................41
10
SUMMARY OF THE BIOMASS RESOURCES ....................................................................42
11
FUTURE OF THE USE OF BIOMASS RESOURCES .............................................................44
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................46
ANNEX 1. TECHNICALLY USABLE PEAT RESOURCES IN FINLAND (MILLION PEAT‐M3)..............49
ANNEX 2: TYPICAL RESIDUE AMOUNTS ORIGINATING FROM THE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL FOREST INDUSTRY ...........................................................................................50
ANNEX 3: DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF FOREST INDUSTRY IN CENTRAL FINLAND, 2000 – 2007 ............................................................................................51
ANNEX 4: FIGURES DESCRIBING THE OPERATION OF FOREST AND FOOD INDUSTRIES IN CENTRAL FINLAND IN 2007 ....................................................................................................52
ANNEX 5: TRANSPORT COSTS OF DIFFERENT TRANSPORT MODES AND DISTANCES. .............54
ANNEX 6: FOREST INDUSTRY PRODUCTION PLANTS IN FINLAND ...........................................55
ANNEX 7: OPERATIONAL CONNECTIONS AND ENERGY FLOWS OF THE FOREST INDUSTRY IN ÄÄNEKOSKI............................................................................................................................56
ANNEX 8: WASTES IN CENTRAL FINLAND ...............................................................................58
ANNEX 9: FARMS IN CENTRAL FINLAND .................................................................................60
ANNEX 10: RESIDUE AMOUNTS AND VALUE OF BIO‐BASED RAW MATERIALS IN PRODUCTION CHAIN IN CENTRAL FINLAND..................................................................................................65
ANNEX 11: COMPANIES OF THE SUBJECT MATTER IN CENTRAL FINLAND...............................66
BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 2 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Terminology and units Agricultural residues, biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas. Agrofuels, biomass fuels obtained as a product of energy crops and/or agricultural residues. Bark, organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium) as a shell for the woody core. Biodegradable, capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition. Biodegradable is understood as material capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition under conditions naturally occurring in the biosphere. Bioenergy, energy derived from biofuels. Biogenic, produced by living organisms in natural processes but not fossilised or derived from fossil resources. The term biogenic is used to denote CO2 ‐neutral material when degraded under aerobic conditions. Biomass, material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and transformed to fossil. Refers to the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances) forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Biomass fuel, fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass. The fuel may have undergone mechanical, chemical or biological processing or conversion, or it may have had a previous use. Biofuel refers in EU terminology to liquid biofuels. Black liquor, alkaline spent liquor obtained from digesters in the production of sulphate or soda pulp during the process of paper production. The energy content mainly originates from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process. Cutter chips, wood chips made as a by‐product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark. Demolition wood, used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations. Demolition wood is classified as solid recovered fuel (SRF). Energy forest trees, woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry. Energy grass; fuel grass, herbaceous energy crop, e.g. reed canary grass. Firewood, cut and split oven‐ready fuelwood used in household wood burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems. Firewood usually has a uniform length, typically in the range of 150 mm to 500 mm. Forest fuel, wood fuel produced from raw material that has not previously had been in another use. Forest fuel is taken from the forest and processed directly for energy use. Forest fuels can be derived from logging and thinnings. Forest residues, woody residues consisting of branches, tree tops, brushwood and small trees not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial wood stands, as well as material resulting from forest management operations. Fuel peat, peat product intended for energy production. Fuel peat is a local, indigenous, solid fuel, which is used as milled peat or sod peat as well as peat briquettes and pellets. Fuel wood; energy wood, wood fuel where the original composition of wood is preserved. Green chips, wood chips made of fresh logging and thinning residues, including branches and tops. Grinding dust, dust‐like wood residue formed from grinding timber and wood boards. Herbaceous biomass, biomass from plants with a non‐woody stem which die back at the end of the growing season. Hog fuel, fuel wood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails. Log wood, cut fuel wood, in which most of the material has a length of 500 mm or more. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 3 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Logging residues, woody biomass residues created during harvest of merchantable timber. Logging residues include tree tops with branches, and can be salvaged fresh or after seasoning. Milled peat, fuel peat produced by milling peat from the surface of the peatland and by drying it. Drying is normally done at the peat site by solar energy. Milled fuel peat is non‐homogeneous in particle size and contains mainly pulverous peat as well as peat particles of various sizes. In addition to peat material, milled peat may also contain limited amounts of non‐decomposed or poorly decomposed coarse plant parts (bog wood, shrubs, sheathed hare's‐tail cotton grass, etc.) as well as limited amounts of impurities. Particle board residues, residues from particle board, which is a panel product produced by densifying small particles of wood or similar lignocellulosic materials while simultaneously bonding with an adhesive. Peat, peat is decomposed material, which has accumulated in waterlogged conditions. A substantial proportion consists of dead organic, plant‐based matter. It is a slowly renewable natural resource for which there are many uses, particularly in energy and horticulture. Its carbon content and calorific value, particularly those of highly decomposed peat, make peat suitable for use in energy. Also the cellular structure, low pH and low nutrient status, particularly those of slightly decomposed sphagnum peat, make peat suitable for use in horticultural growing media. Peat is fibric organic sedentarily accumulated material with virtually all of the organic matter allowing identification of plant forms consisting of at least 30 % (dry weight) of dead organic material. Plywood residue, woody biomass residues formed in plywood industry. Pellets, fuel in the form of short cylindrical or spherical units. Pellets are usually 8–12 mm in diameter and 10–40 mm in length, with moisture content of less than 10%. Pellets are usually produced from woody, herbaceous and fruit biomass or peat. Recovered construction wood, used wood arising from construction of buildings or from civil engineering works. Recycled wood fuels, recycled wood fuels include post‐society wood fuels, such as demolition wood, wood casings and other waste wood. Refined fuel, biomass fuel that has been treated mechanically or chemically to homogenise its properties, e.g. pellets, briquettes and pyrolysis oil. Renewable energy sources (RES), refers to renewable non‐fossil sources (wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogas). In Finland peat is classified as a slowly renewable biomass fuel. Residues include: 1) agricultural, aquacultural, fisheries and forestry residues; and 2) production/processing residues. A production/processing residue is a substance that is not the end product that a manufacturing process directly seeks to produce. It is not a primary aim of the production process and the process has not been deliberately modified to produce it. Sawdust, fine particles created when sawing wood. Most of the material has a typical particle length of 1 to 5 mm. Sod peat, fuel peat produced by extracting peat from the peatland, by processing it mechanically to sods (e.g. cylindrical, wave‐like). The sods are dried out by solar energy, mainly at the peat site. Peat sods are fairly homogeneous in diameter or shape, while the length of the sods may vary. Sod peat also contains variable amounts of fines formed in the production and treatment stages, as well as coarse particles and limited amounts of impurities. Solid recovered fuel (SRF), solid fuel prepared from non‐hazardous waste to be utilised for energy recovery in incineration or co‐incineration plants, and which meets the classification and specification requirements laid down in EN 15359. “Prepared” here means processed, homogenised and up‐graded to a quality that can be traded amongst producers and users. Stump, part of the tree stem below the felling cut. Waste is any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. Raw materials that have been intentionally modified to count as waste (e.g. by adding waste material to a material that was not waste) should not be considered as qualifying. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 4 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Wood chips, chipped woody biomass in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools, such as knives. Wood chips have a subrectangular shape with a typical length of 5 to 50 mm and a low thickness compared to other dimensions. Wood fuels, wood based fuels, wood‐derived biofuels, all types of biomass fuels originating directly or indirectly from woody biomass. Wood processing industry residues, woody biomass residues originating from the wood processing and the pulp and paper industry, e.g. bark, cork residues, cross‐cut ends, edgings, fibre board residues, grinding dust, particle board residues, plywood residues, saw dust, slabs, and wood shavings. Wood shavings; cutter shavings, shavings from woody biomass created when planning wood. Woody biomass, biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs. Forest wood, wood processing industry residues, fibre board residues, particle board residues, plywood residues, and used wood are woody biomass. Used wood, wood substances or objects which have performed their intended purpose. The terminology is based on European standard EN 14588 for solid biofuels, Nordtest NT ENV 009 ‐ Fuel Peat guidelines, European standard EN 15357 for recovered fuels and "Wise use of mires and peatlands". Energy units Unit toe MWh GJ Gcal toe 1 11.63 41.868 10 0.086 1 3.6 0.86 0.02388 0.2778 1 0.2388 0.1 1.163 4.1868 1 MWh GJ Gcal For example: 1 GJ = 0,2778 MWh, 1 MWh = 3,6 GJ 1 TWh = 3 600 GJ T = tera = 1 000 000 000 000 G = giga= 1 000 000 000 M = mega = 1 000 000 k = kilo = 1 000 solid m3 (sob, solid over bark, bark included) ( 2.5 chip‐m3)  2 MWh = 7,2 GJ BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 5 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Preface This report is part of the BIOCLUS project (task WP2.1 c & WP2.2 d). The objective of the task is to analyze the operational environment related to the biomass production, use, processing and logistics in Central Finland. Biomass use is considered regarding both raw material and energy use. Biomass resources and use are examined from economical, ecological and social viewpoints, i.e. according to the definition of sustainable development. The biomass resources in Central Finland include biomass harvested directly from forests, peatlands or fields, industrial by‐products and residues, and biodegradable fractions of wastes. The use of biomass resources covers the use of above mentioned resources in production of pulp, paper, cardboard and wood products, as well as food and energy production. The report has been prepared by VTT and Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences (JAMK). Ms Pirkko Vesterinen and Eija Alakangas from VTT has produced English version based on the Finnish report: Alakangas, E., Keränen, J., Flyktman, M. Jetsu, P. (VTT), Tukia, J. & Kataja, J. (JAMK), Keski‐Suomen biomassavarat, tuotanto, käyttö, jalostus ja logistiikka – nykytilan analysointi, BIOCLUS‐projekti, D 2.1.1, syyskuu 2010, 70 s. Jyväskylä, 13 September 2010 Authors BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 6 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 1 Introduction With ca. 270 000 inhabitants, the province of Central Finland represents about 5% of the population of Finland. The gross domestic product per inhabitant is 82% of the national average. Additional information regarding the province is presented in other BIOCLUS project reports. According to the population forecast, the number of inhabitants in Central Finland will not exceed 300 000 before 2030, instead it will start decreasing in around 2025 (figure 1). During the same time period, the population is expected to grow older. The municipalities in Central Finland are: Hankasalmi, Joutsa, Jyväskylä, Jämsä, Kannonkoski, Karstula, Keuruu, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Konnevesi, Kuhmoinen, Kyyjärvi, Laukaa, Luhanka, Multia, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Pihtipudas, Saarijärvi, Toivakka, Uurainen, Viitasaari and Äänekoski. These municipalities are presented in figure 2 and links to their websites can be found in the list of references. The most important lines of business in Central Finland are forest industry, production of machines and equipment, information technology and bioenergy. The region is also an important concentration of bioenergy and forest industry related research and education. Research services for bioenergy and forest industries are provided by VTT, University of Jyväskylä and Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences. Important companies of these branches are operating in the region, e.g. Metso, UPM Kymmene, M‐Real, Botnia and Vapo Oy. The challenges in Central Finland are the structure of the inhabitants and labour availability; population is ageing and the number of working inhabitants is decreasing in all areas expect the centre of province. In the business sector the share of industrial production is decreasing and service sector is increasing. The most important target is to increase the knowhow and education. There are remarkable differences in education levels in different part of the province. The targets of the Central Finland is to have attractive environment for inhabitants, successful business environment, to gain success by know how and wellbeing of the inhabitants. 100 %
90 %
65+
80 %
70 %
60 %
15‐64
50 %
40 %
30 %
20 %
0‐14
10 %
0 %
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
Figure 1. The province of Central Finland. Population forecast until 2040. The share of working population will decrease and the ratio of working population to children and old people will get worse. Source: Statistics Finland 2010. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 7 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Figure 2. The municipalities of Central Finland. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 8 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 2 The objective, description of the subject and methods of the study The objective of the study was to present the biomass resources, sustainable production, related processing and use chains, as well as information on the operational environment based on publicly available data sources and VTT’s own studies. Figure 3 illustrates the operational environment of BIOCLUS project and the way different studies are related with each other. In addition to this report, the studies on innovation and research environment as well as business opportunities are presented in separate reports. Analysis of operational context
Biomassresources
resources
Biomass
directfrom
from
direct
nature:
nature:
Wood
Wood
Herbaceous
Herbaceous
(Peat)
(Peat)
By-productsand
and
By-products
residuesand
and
residues
biodegradablefraction
fraction
biodegradable
of
waste
of waste
agriculture
agriculture
municipalities
municipalities
Production,processing,
processing,
Production,
logistics
logistics
anduse
useof
ofbiomass
biomass
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solid,liquid,
liquid,gaseous
gaseous
solid,
Biomassproducts
productsand
and
Biomass
residues
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residues from industry
pulp
pulp
paperand
andboard
board
paper
timber,particle
particle
timber,
andfibre
fibreboards
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wooden
houses
wooden houses
Other(food
(foodindustry)
industry)
Other
Bioenergyuse
use
Bioenergy
käyttö
käyttö
Households
Households
Industry
Industry
Servicesector
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Service
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Transport
Energyutilies
utilies
Energy
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Biomass-based products
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Business opportunities
New products and
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Analysis of innovation and R&D environment
Figure 3. Review of the parts of the biomass production, processing and use chain in Central Finland according to the approach of the BIOCLUS project. In the study, information has been collected also directly from companies, and annex 11 presents companies in Central Finland with more than 5 employees in 2008. The biggest companies in Central Finland are UPM, M‐Real and Metsä‐Botnia. Annex 3 presents the operational environment of forest industry in 2000 – 2007 using a couple of different parameters, which show increase in transport costs, decrease in the number of employees, gross value and value added. Noteworthy is the great annual variation in research and development costs, the general trend being decreasing. Biomass types harvested directly from the nature include woody and herbaceous biomass and peat. Regarding biobased by‐products and residues and wastes, communities and agriculture are considered. In biomass products and respective by‐products and residues, the scope covers also pulp, paper and cardboard, as well as sawn wood, board industry products and prefabricated houses. Food products are an example of other separately treated biomass fractions. The residues from food industry are not included, because of the minor importance of this branch in Central Finland. Logistics has been estimated regarding transportation costs, but partly also production costs. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 9 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Data was gathered from public databases (e.g. company databases, forest industry’s own database services, company websites, websites of regional administration authorities and databases of Statistics Finland). When adequate information was not available, the work was focused using company visits and telephone conversations. The methods used included data acquisition and fast processing with simple calculations using branch knowledge of the authors as background information. Employments effects include only direct employment effects. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 10 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 3 Biomass resources in Central Finland 3.1 General In this study, the biomass resources have been divided to those coming directly from the nature on one hand, and in‐direct biobased by‐products and residue flows originating in Central Finland. The report examines the production and use amounts as well as the processing sites and methods of the biomass resources originating in Central Finland. The direct carbon dioxide emissions are estimated for production, processing and transportation. The analysis is based on the place of origin. Biomass amounts are reported using the units which are commonly used in the use and trade of the biomass in question (e.g. t/a, solid or loose m3/a). Also the average dry matter contents of the biomasses have been defined to make it possible to convert all biomass amounts to common units (tonnes of dry matter, tdm/a) when necessary. In the study, the biomass handling and use have been delimited up to their processing site. The direct employment and environmental impacts have been delimited to cover only biomass production and transportation to the processing site in cases for which this information was possible to be calculated. The employment and environmental impacts of handling, transportation and processing are not estimated. In addition, the study does not assess the use or employment and environmental impacts of processed biomass products like energy, paper, sawn timber, foodstuff, etc. (see annex 4). 3.2 Biomass resources directly from the nature Regarding peat, the study has estimated the annual amounts of harvested peat, peat user sites and used amounts in Central Finland. Both environmental/horticultural peat and energy peat have been taken into account. Herbaceous biomass is considered to cover all field biomass by crop (grass, cereals, oil plants and straw) produced in the region of Central Finland. The amounts of straw from cereal and oil plant fields have been estimated. In the calculations, only the biomass flows from agricultural land have been taken into account. The currently produced biomass fractions directly from the nature are compiled by main species in figure 4. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 11 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Figure 4. Production amounts of biomasses harvested directly from the nature in Central Finland. Photo: JAMK BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 12 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 3.2.1 Forest resources The forest resources in Central Finland are presented in table 1. Table 1. Forest resources in Central Finland (Source Forestry Centre of Central Finland) Forest land hectares (ha) 1 376 000 Protected forests hectares (ha) 28 000 Volume of growing stock 1 000 m3 166 753 Annual growth 1 000 m3/a 3
8 334 Commercial cuttings 1 000 m /a 4 813 Total roundwood use 1 000 m3/a 5 773 m3 refers to solid cubic meters. According to table 1, the annual growth of the growing stock clearly exceeds the total use of roundwood. The annual use of roundwood has been less than 70% of the annual growth. The energy wood resources of Central Finland have been estimated based on different sources. The Forestry Centre of Central Finland has estimated that with current methods, about 1.45 million solid cubic meters of energy wood can be harvested annually according to the forest management recommendations. This equals to about 2.9 TWh of fuel per year. If all conceivable wood were used in energy production, about 6.7 TWh of energy would annually be reached from forests of the province. In the new study from autumn 2010 the Forestry Centre of Central Finland has estimated that the economic‐ecological potential of logging residues from tops and branches from final cutting is 0.63 mill. solid cubic meters (about 1.3 TWh) and from stumps 0.52 mill. solid cubic meters (about 1 TWh). The Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) has in its study (Helynen et al. 2007) concluded a bit lower estimation of energy wood resources, 1.33 mill. solid cubic meters (2.7 TWh). A study by Pöyry PLC for the Ministry of Employment and the Economy has resulted at the level of 1 mill. solid cubic meters (2 TWh) (Kärhä et al. 2009). On the other hand Metsäteho and Pöyry have carried out a study commissioned by the Finnish Ministry of Employment and the Economy. According this study the techno‐economical potential of forest residues is 1.1 – 1.3 TWh, stumps 1.3 – 1.6 TWh and small‐sized trees 0.9 – 1.4 TWh. The total forest wood potential is 3.3 – 3.8 TWh (about 2 mill. solid cubic meters). 3.2.2 Agrobiomasses In 2009, the agricultural land in use in Central Finland was about 99 400 ha (Matilda database). The land use in Central Finland breaks up as follows: 
feed grain about 34 700 hectares 
grasslands about 39 000 hectares 
fallow land about 14 200 hectares The remaining about 11 000 hectares is divided to several species, the most important being reed canary grass, turnip rape and cumin, the share of which is more than 7 500 hectares. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 13 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Using the average yield levels during 2006 – 2009, the cereal yield can be estimated to be over 110 000 tonnes. The cereal straw yield can be estimated, using average yield of 1800 kg/ha, to be about 67 000 tonnes, which is about 0.3 TWh in energy units. Regarding the grasslands, the total yield is composed as follows: 
dry hay 25 400 tonnes 
fresh fodder 5 000 tonnes 
ensilage in total 439 300 tonnes The total hay yield is 610 000 tonnes. The largest field areas are in the municipalities of Jämsä, Laukaa, Saarijärvi and Pihtipudas. The ensilage is already utilized. If the fallow land area, ca. 14 200 hectares, is used for reed canary grass cultivation, the resulting energy would be about 0.2 TWh. 3.2.3 Peat resources Peat consists mainly of dead organic, plant‐based matter, which has accumulated in waterlogged conditions. The layers near the surface are recently formed, while layers deep down are older. Availability and security are improved, and the cost of fuels and harmful environmental impacts are reduced, through the cofiring of woody or herbaceous biomass with peat, which is very common in Finland. As an energy source peat closely resembles wood, and the two are often used together in cofired applications especially in fluidized bed boilers. Peat is used as energy source in combination with solid biofuels in order to improve combustion by reducing corrosion and slagging. With the help of peat the steam temperature can be increased and the efficiency of electricity generation significantly improved (NT ENVIR 009, Joosten 2004, Veijonen et al. 2005). The total peatland area in Central Finland is about 350 000 hectares (Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 2008). The amount of useful peat resources is estimated to be over 43 800 hectares, having total peat volume of more than 1 100 million cubic meters with estimated total energy content of about 560 TWh (Geological Syrvey of Finland; The peat reserves of Finland in 2000). The total protected peatland area is 12 800 hectares. The greatest peat reserves in Central Finland can be found in western and northern parts of the province, in the municipalities of Karstula, Pihtipudas, Kyyjärvi, Multia and Keuruu. In 2009, about 3 900 hectares was in peat production in Central Finland, of which about 3 600 hectares (1.5 TWh of energy annually) was used for energy peat production and about 300 hectares for production of horticultural and environmental peat. Environmental peat includes peat for animal bedding, absorption peat, compost peat, filter peat and densified peat. In the third plan of Central Finland the total reserved area for peat production is 9 000 hectares (106 bogs). Most of these are already in peat production or has got the environmental permission for peat production. Central Finland as a province is not self‐sufficient in peat production, important share of the utilized peat is procured from other provinces (Flyktman 2009). The technically usable peat resources in Finland are presented in annex 1. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 14 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 3.3 Biobased by‐products and residues Considered biobased by‐products and residues include agricultural, municipal and industrial residues produced in the region of Central Finland. Agricultural residues consist of only animal manure, because straw is included in herbaceous biomass and other important agricultural residue flows were not identified. Municipal residues flows cover biodegradable wastes and municipal sewage sludge originating in the region of Central Finland. Industrial by‐products and residues flows include secondary flows of industrial plants operating in Central Finland and producing remarkable amounts of secondary biomass residues. The secondary flows of smaller industrial plants are directed to municipal wastes. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 15 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Figure 5. Biobased by‐products and residues flows in Central Finland. Picture: JAMK BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 16 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 4 Woody biomass Wood biomasses are considered to include all wood biomass harvested in forests (also harvesting residues and stumps). Other biomasses available in forests like berries, mushrooms, etc. are not considered. The consideration of wood biomasses is divided into three fractions: pulpwood, saw timber tree and energy wood. 4.1 Pulpwood amount and users Pulpwood and firewood were harvested 2.98 million solid cubic meters in Central Finland in 2008. The annual harvesting amount has increased during the recent years in Central Finland. The share of pulpwood for forest industry was about 2.5 million solid cubic meters in 2008 (Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 2009). Pulpwood applications are production of fibre pulp and use of wood chips from pulpwood in energy production. Pulpwood harvested for firewood is mostly used as chopped firewood in households and small buildings. In Central Finland, there are three mills using pulpwood, which use almost all pulpwood that is harvested in Central Finland. Two of them, UPM Jämsänkoski and UPM Kaipola, are located in Jämsä and produce mechanical pulp. The third one, Metsä‐Botnia mill, is located in Äänekoski and produces chemical pulp. Table 3 presents the annual amount of pulpwood used in chemical forest industry in Central Finland. The amount of pulpwood usage has been calculated using pulp production amounts and wood usage ratio, based on the statistics of 2008 (The production of Finnish pulp and paper mills 2008 and Yearbook of Forest Industry 2009). This calculation does not take into account small wood amounts which move outside the province, but estimate the pulpwood balance of the province. The total use of raw pulpwood, i.e. unprocessed wood, by the pulp industry of Central Finland was 2.97 million solid cubic meters, of which domestic wood covered 2.89 million solid cubic meters (Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 2009). Chemical forest industry purchases round wood from outside Central Finland 0.4 – 0.5 million solid cubic meters, of which 0.085 million solid cubic meters are imported from foreign countries. UPM Jämsänkoski uses annually about 0.93 million solid cubic meters of round wood, while UPM Kaipola uses mainly chips from sawmills and recycled fibre in its pulp production. The capacity of the deinking plant at UPM Kaipola mill is 580 tonnes per day, i.e. about 0.21 million tonnes per year (UPM‐Kymmene website). It has been assumed in the calculations that in UPM Kaipola mill only recycled paper and sawmill chips are used as raw material. The Metsä‐Botnia pulp mill in Äänekoski used 2.03 million cubic meters of wood in the production of chemical pulp. The total use of wood biomass in the three above mentioned mills was 3.82 million solid cubic meters, of which the share of round wood was 2.97 and chips from sawmills 0.85 million solid cubic meters. In addition, recycled fibre produced from recycled paper is used as raw material. More detailed introduction of the mill and related energy supply can be found in annex 7. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 17 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 2. Estimation of pulpwood use in pulp production in Central Finland in 2008. Pulp mill UPM, Jämsänkoski UPM, Kaipola Metsä‐Botnia, Äänekoski Pulp production 1 000 t/a Wood use ration m3/t (final product) Pulpwood 1 000 m³/a Sawmill chips 1 000 m³/a Recycled fibre 1 000 t/a Total wood use 1 000 m³/a 334 * 2,8 940 935 467 * 2,8 850 208 1 308 432 1 4.72 2030 2 030 n. 850 208 4 273 Total 1 233 2 970 1
Source: Environmental statistics of forest industry 2008 2
Source: Presentation of Metsä‐Botnia Äänekoski for BIOCLUS project 18.2.2010 m3 refers to solid cubic meters. 4.1.1 Pulpwood harvesting and transport Pulpwood is defined to include stem parts with breast height diameter of more than 6 – 7 cm but less than the diameter of saw timber tree. Pulpwood is harvested at thinning stands, and also in final fellings using stem parts smaller than saw timber tree. Typically lighter harvesting machines are used in thinning than in final felling. Harvesting machine fells the trees at the thinning stand, prunes them and cuts them to suitable length. Forwarder loads the trees and transports the stem wood from the stand to the roadside storage. At the roadside storage, the trees are sorted by timber assortment. In long‐distance transport, the trees are transported by trucks to a terminal for railway or water transport, or directly to the user plant. In Central Finland most of the timber is transported by truck directly to the user plant. The transport costs in Central Finland for loads of 5 – 20 tonnes are estimated to range between 5 – 24 €/tonne (figure 4 and annex 5, in which transport costs have been estimated for different transport distances and methods). When transporting fuel, it needs to be noticed that the fuel moisture content impacts on the transport costs per energy unit. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 18 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Estimated transport costs, €/t
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
20
Transported amount, tonnes
Figure 6. The transportation costs for energy use in the region of Central Finland. The range of estimation refers to the range of average transport distances in the municipalities of Central Finland, so that 70% of the transportations set in the presented range of costs. 4.1.2 Direct carbon dioxide emissions from pulpwood harvesting and transport The carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 emissions) from thinning operations have been calculated based on the fuel consumption of the machines. In thinning, so called medium heavy or light harvesters are used, the fuel consumption of which varies between 8 – 15 litres per solid cubic meter of wood, depending on the machine and performance. The carbon dioxide emission of a medium heavy machine has been calculated using carbon dioxide emission value 2 660 g/l (TraFi – Road transport) and based on typical performance. The carbon dioxide emission varies a lot, but in average it is about 5 750 g per solid cubic meter. The carbon dioxide emission of forest transport has been calculated to be about 2 950 g per solid cubic meter, based on fuel consumption and average performance. The carbon dioxide emissions of forest transport vary a lot depending on transport distance, terrain and machinery. The carbon dioxide emission of long‐distance transport has been estimated based on the average truck load (about 45 solid cubic meters) and the average fuel consumption. The average fuel consumption with full load is about 45 l/100 km. The calculatory carbon dioxide emission of truck transport is 26.6 g/km per solid cubic meter (Sormunen, T). 4.2 Saw timber amounts and users 4.2.1 Saw timber harvesting and transport Saw timber tree was felled in Central Finland in total 2.19 million solid cubic meters in 2008 (Forest Statistical Bulletin 2009). The forest industry in Central Finland used 2.28 million solid cubic meters of saw timber tree in 2008 (Statistical Yearbook of Forestry). Table 3 presents the BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 19 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 saw timber tree yields from felling stands in Central Finland by assortment. Most of the hardwood timber is birch logs. Table 1. Yield of saw timber trees in Central Finland in 2008 (Forest Statistical Bulletin, 2009) Amount, 1 000 m3 Species Spruce logs 1 250 Pine logs 800 Hardwood logs 140 m3 refers to solid cubic meters In tables 4 and 5, the use of saw timber trees is presented by user group and production amounts are calculated for different purposes. In Central Finland, saw timber trees are processed to plywood and sawn timber (sawmill products and building timber products). The use of saw timber trees divides almost equally between plywood industry and sawmills. Three biggest users of saw timber trees are a plywood mill of UPM‐Kymmene Wood Oy in Jyväskylä, Finnforest plywood mill in Äänekoski and a sawmill of Vapo Timber Oy in Hankasalmi. These plants use over 75% of all saw timber trees used in Central Finland. Loghouse producers are estimated to use about 0.08 million solid cubic meters of pine timber annually, of which the biggest log house producer Honkarakenne uses about 0.05 million solid cubic meters per year (Honkarakenne Oyj). Saw timber trees from outside the province (0.09 million solid cubic meters per year) are all birch logs (Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metinfo information service). The calculations have been based on the 2008 data on wood consumption in mechanical forest industry and production amounts of the mills (table 5). Missing data has been calculated using typical yields of mechanical forest industry (see annex 2). Saw timber trees are exported and imported across the province borders much more, but in the calculations only the use based balance in the province has been estimated. Table 2. Estimation of the use of saw timber trees and production amounts in mechanical wood processing in Central Finland in 2008. Raw wood 1000 m³/a Production 1000 m³/a Plywood industry 1 170 350 Sawmills 1 030 490 80 50 2 280 890 User Log house industry Total m3 refers to solid cubic meters Users of saw timber trees in Central Finland include sawmills and plywood mills. There are two plywood mills in Central Finland, three log house producers and eight sawmills. In addition, there are a couple of small sawmills and log planing mills. The producers of prefabricated houses use sawmill products according to the grouping of table 4. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 20 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 3. Biggest plywood mills, sawmills and log house producers in Central Finland in 2009. Plywood mills Sawmills Log house producers UPM‐Kymmene Wood, Jyväskylä Vapo Timber Oy, Hankasalmi Honkarakenne Oy, Karstula Metsäliitto FinnForest, Suolahti Kurikka Timber Oy, Äänekoski Syötehuvilat Oy, Saarijärvi FM Timber team Oy, Pihtipudas A‐Puu Oy, Muurame ER‐saha Oy, Viitasaari Kannonpuu Oy, Kannonkoski Haka‐Wood Oy, Viitasaari Multian saha, Multia Kyyjärven saha Oy, Kyyjärvi Myllyahon saha Oy, Kivijärvi More comprehensive list can be found in annex 11, which presents companies of the branch. 4.2.2 Direct carbon dioxide emissions from saw timber tree harvesting and transport Based on the fuel consumption and average performance, the carbon dioxide emissions from forest transport have been calculated to be about 2 950 g per solid cubic meter. The carbon dioxide emissions of forest transport vary a lot depending on the transport distance, terrain and machinery. The carbon dioxide emissions of long‐distance transport have been estimated based on the average truck load (ca. 45 solid cubic meters) and average fuel consumption. The average fuel consumption with full load is about 45 l/100 km. The calculatory carbon dioxide emission of truck transport is 26.6 g/km per solid cubic meter (Sormunen, T). The carbon dioxide emissions of final fellings have been calculated based on the fuel used in the machinery. In final fellings, so called heavy harvesters are normally used, the fuel consumption of which varies between 12 – 18 liters per solid cubic meter of wood depending on the felling machine and performance. The carbon dioxide emission of a heavy harvester has been calculated using carbon dioxide emission of 2 660 g/l (TraFi – Road transport) and typical performance. 4.2.3 Employment impacts of pulpwood and timber harvesting and transport The felling, forwarding and long‐distance transport of pulpwood and timber employs in Central Finland about 430 persons with the current harvesting amounts. The man‐years have been calculated using the harvested wood amounts and the average performance of the most commonly used working method. Table 6. Employment impacts of pulpwood and sawn timber harvesting and transport in Central Finland Working phase Man‐years (pulp wood) Man‐years (timber) Felling 120 55 Forwarding 80 65 Long‐distance transport 110 100 Total 310 120 BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 21 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 4.3 Energy wood 4.3.1 Users and used amounts of energy wood, forest residues and stumps In Central Finland, about 1.58 million loose cubic meters of forest chips are used annually (Raitila Jyrki, 2010). This amount of forest chips includes chipped or crushed wood produced from small trees, harvesting residues and stumps. These wood raw materials were harvested in total 0.66 million solid cubic meters in Central Finland in 2008. Solid cubic meters can be converted to loose cubic meters using a conversion factor of 2.5. In Central Finland, the production of forest chips was 1.65 million solid cubic meters per year (Forest Statistical Information Service). Calculatory, a bit more chips are produced than used in Central Finland, but the difference is only 70 000 loose cubic meters. The forest chip users in Central Finland are listed in table 6. Of this amount, about 1.4 million loose cubic meters, i.e. 89%, are used in four power plants in Jämsä, Jyväskylä and Äänekoski. These biggest plants also use all stump chips produced in Central Finland. Table 7. Amounts of forest chips in energy production by users in Central Finland in 2008. User CHP plants District heating plants Heat entrepreneurs 1000 loose m3/a 1000 solid m3/a 1 400 560 170 70 6 2 Total 1 576 632 CHP (combined heat and power) plants produce both heat and electricity. According to the Energy balance of Central Finland the use of forest chips in 2008 was 1.2 TWh (Penttinen, L. 2010). The use of forest chips is estimated to increase in Central Finland when the new Keljonlahti power plant starts its energy production. The main fuels of this plant will be peat, forest residues and chips. The boiler capacity will be 484 MWth, which is 150% compared to the thermal capacity of the current Rauhalahti power plant. The maximum electrical capacity will be 210 MWe and for district heat 200 MWth. (Jyväskylän Energia). The wood consumption of the Rauhalahti and the Keljonlahti power plant will be 0.5 – 0.6 million solid cubic meters. The total use of fuels in Keljonlahti and Rauhalahti plant will be 3 – 4 TWh, of which share of wood will be 30% (1 – 1.2 TWh). Part of the wood consumption of the Rauhalahti power plant will probably transfer to Keljonlahti. Figure 7 presents the locations of heating or CHP plants with capacity above 1 MW in Central Finland. The energy wood harvested in the province is mostly used in these plants. The location of the forest industry plants in the province are presented in annex 6. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 22 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 > 25 MW
5 MW
6 MW
6 – 25 MW
Pihtipudas
Kinnula
< 6 MW
20 + 1 MW
4 MW
Kivijärvi
Kyyjärvi
2,5 MW
1 MWx3
6+10 MW
Viitasaari
Kannonkoski
Karstula
Saarijärvi
157+66+ 3x1 MW
1 MW 5,5 MW
Konnevesi
3,3 MW
Äänekoski
4 MW 1+1 MW 9+1 MW
Multia
10+10,5 MW
Keuruu
Uurainen
4 MW 180 MW
Petäjävesi
Jämsä
Laukaa
Hankasalmi
25 MW
1 MW
Muurame
Jyväskylä
185 MW
10 MW
Toivakka
4 +484+290 MW
7,9 MW
Luhanka
Joutsa
105+7 MW
Kuhmoinen
Figure 7. Heating and CHP plants above 1 MW capacity in Central Finland. 4.3.2 Energy wood harvesting and handling Several different harvesting methods are in use in energy wood harvesting, depending on different harvesting stands, properties of the harvested energy wood and different users. The wood biomasses to be harvested can be limbed and unlimbed energy stems, felling residues and stumps. Harvesting limbed energy stems often reminds closely thinning harvesting of pulpwood, in which felling machine both fells and limbs the trees and forwarder takes the stems to the roadside. The typical length of the stems is 2.7 – 5.0 m and the top diameter 4 – 5.5 cm. This working method suits well for thinning stands in which the average size of the trees is big enough. The advantages of limbed stems are good storability and transport efficiency in long‐
distance transport. Limbed stems are flexibly suitable for different users from small buildings up to the size of power plants. The yield of limbed stems is about 20 – 30% lower than for BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 23 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 unlimbed stems. Harvesting often requires advance clearing (Forests for full use project brochure 2010). Harvesting of unlimbed stems, so‐called whole tree stems, is often done using felling machine with a special energy wood grab. Harvesting can also be carried out with normal felling machine, provided that it is equipped with a bunch handling grab. The method suits best in young forests, in which the seeding stand management has not been done. The typical length of harvested stem is 6 – 7 m. The whole tree stems are transported with a forwarder to the roadside storage, where they usually are chipped after drying for long‐distance transport. In harvesting of whole tree stems, also integrated felling machines can be used, with which the trees can be both felled and transported to the roadside (Forests for full use project brochure 2010). Energy stem bundling is a new method in energy wood harvesting. In this method, the felling machine is equipped with a bundler which bundles the harvested energy wood directly into bundles. Forest transport takes place with normal forwarder, which collects the bundles and transports them to the roadside storage. This method enables efficient forest and long‐distance transport (Forests for full use project brochure 2010). The bundler can bundle also pulpwood. Harvesting residues are typically collected at spruce dominated final felling stands. Felling machine limbs the trees to heaps. Forwarder collects the residues and transports them to the roadside storage. To improve the transport efficiency, the harvesting residues are often chipped at the roadside storage before long‐distance transport. This so‐called roadside chipping method is the most common in Finland. In Central Finland, both harvesting residue bundling and chipping at the stand have been used. Also stumps can be collected from final felling stands. Most often stumps are harvested at spruce dominated rich soils. The stumps are lifted with an excavator, which is equipped with a lift device specially designed for stumps. The excavator lifts and chops the stumps and the forwarder takes them to the roadside storage. At the roadside storage the stumps can be dried and chopped before the long‐distance transport, so that the amount of soil in the stumps decreases. The stumps are usually transported with trucks directly to the user site, where they are crushed. In Central Finland, the stumps are used as fuel in big CHP plants. These plants often have a stationary crusher suitable for crushing stumps. 4.3.3 Energy wood chipping and logistics – supply chains Energy wood is supplied to power and heating plants using different supply chains. The harvesting, handling and logistics methods for energy wood differ depending on the wood biomass used as energy wood (small trees, harvesting residues and stumps). The most commonly used methods are roadside chipping, terminal chipping and chipping at the user plant (Metsäteho, Hakkila 2004). In roadside chipping, the harvested energy wood is transported as forest transport to the roadside storage, where a mobile chipper chips the energy wood directly to the trucks, which transport the chips to the user site. Roadside chipping is the most commonly used production chain for energy wood chipping in Central Finland (figure 8). This production chain is used BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 24 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 especially in small tree and harvesting residue chipping. In 2008, 60% of all harvesting residues in Finland were produced using roadside chipping production chain (Metsäteho, Hakkila 2004). Figure 8. Alternatives for harvesting small‐sized trees. Figure 9. Harvesting of forest residues using terminal chipping method. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 25 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 In terminal chipping, the energy wood is transported to fuel terminals, where the wood is chipped or crushed. The fuel is transported from terminal to the user plant with trucks or trains. In Central Finland, there are in total 17 solid biofuel terminals or storages of different sizes, most of which are located close to a highway or railway (figure 9). The share of terminal chipping is expected to increase in the future. TERMINALS IN CENTRAL FINLAND
Jyväskylän Energia
Kotimiaset Energiat
KS Laatuenergia
Pihtipudas
L & T Biowatti
Kinnula
Metsäliitto
Vapo
VR
Kivijärvi
Kyyjärvi
Viitasaari
Kannonkoski
Karstula
Saarijärvi
Äänekoski
Konnevesi
Multia
Uurainen
Laukaa Hankasalmi
Keuruu
Petäjävesi
Muurame
Toivakka
Jämsä
Jyväskylä
Luhanka
Joutsa
Kuhmoinen
Figure 10. The locations of the terminals and wood storages in Central Finland (Lähdevaara et al. 2010). In chipping at the user plant, the wood biomass is transported by trucks directly to the heating or power plant. The wood is chipped at the plant with either chipper or crusher. This supply chain is most commonly used only at the biggest power plants, and it is used mainly for chipping harvesting residues and stumps. In Central Finland, a crusher is in use at the user plant in Jyväskylä, Jämsä and Äänekoski. About 70% of the stump chips produced in Finland is crushed at the plant and about 30% in terminals (Kärhä et. al 2009 and Lähdevaara et al. 2010) 4.3.4 Employment impacts of energy wood harvesting, use and logistics The employment impacts of energy wood harvesting vary a lot depending on the technology used and the wood biomass to be harvested. According to the studies, the direct and indirect employment impacts of forest residue harvesting vary between 0.3 – 0.5 man‐years per 1 000 BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 26 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 solid cubic meters. For whole tree chips, the employment impacts are with mechanical felling about 0.6 man‐years per 1 000 solid cubic meters and with lumberjack work about 0.8 man‐
years per 1 000 solid cubic meters. In heat entrepreneurship plants the employment impact is 1.4 man‐years per 1 000 solid cubic meters (Ahonen 2004). 4.4 Carbon dioxide emissions and employment impacts of forest industry 4.4.1 Carbon dioxide emissions from forest industry The Energy Market Authority publishes annually the carbon dioxide emissions of all production plants which have received emission credits. In 2008, the carbon dioxide emissions of the forest industry in Central Finland were 243 282 tonnes for non‐wood fuels (e.g. peat). The average emissions in Finland (fossil CO2) were 284 kg per tonne produced (Environmental statistics of forest industry 2008). CO2 emissions of Central Finland considering that the paper and cardboard production in Central Finland has been estimated to be in total 1 845 000 tonnes. The share of Sappi Jyväskylä mill has been excluded from the calculations, because the mill has been closed in the end of 2009. Regarding Central Finland, the emissions declared by the production plants are more precise than the estimation calculated on the basis of average figure of Finland which results in more than double amount of carbon dioxide emissions, compared to the figure given by the production plants (table 8). The emission factor for wood is 109.6 t/TJ, but these emissions are not included in net emissions. The emissions resulting from peat use are presented in chapter 5.5. Table 8. Carbon dioxide emissions by production plant in 2008. Plant Emissions, tonnes per year UPM, Kaipola 94 539 UPM, Jämsänkoski 135 787 Metsä‐Botnia, Äänekoski 18 164 Äänevoima, Äänekoski 32 644 (Sappi, Jyväskylä) (12 956) The operation of Sappi has been terminated. 4.4.2 Employment impacts of forest industry In Finland, the paper industry employed in its own mills 25 000 persons and indirectly in other branches over 50 000 persons in 2008. Considering the total production of almost 25 million tonnes of paper, cardboard, pulp and mechanical pulp, the industry employed in its own plants about one person per 1 000 tonnes and in other branches indirectly about 2 persons per 1 000 tonnes. In 2007, the forest industry employed in total about 5 250 persons in Central Finland, of which about 2 700 worked in chemical forest industry and 2 600 in mechanical forest industry. The places of employment are concentrated in Central Finland in three locations, namely Jämsä, Äänekoski and Jyväskylä. In these towns, also the Central Finland’s pulp, paper and plywood mills are located. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 27 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 5 Peat 5.1 Peat production amounts In 2009, peat production in Central Finland covered about 3 911 hectares, of which about 3 600 hectares was used in energy peat production and about 312 in production of horticultural and environmental peat. As a province, Central Finland is not self‐sufficient in peat production, an important part of the consumed peat is procured from other provinces. The province would need about 5 000 hectares of peat production areas. More than 2 700 hectares will be withdrawn from peat production by 2020, and the need of new production areas is almost 6 000 hectares (Flyktman 2009). According to expert estimations, the average peat yield in Central Finland is 400 loose cubic meters per hectare (Flyktman 2009). Based on this figure, the annual peat production in Central Finland can be calculated to be about 1.56 million loose cubic meters. The share of milled peat is about 1.33 million loose cubic meters per year, while the share of environmental peat is about 0.12 million loose cubic meters (table 9). The share of sod peat is estimated to be about 0.11 million loose cubic meters (Vilkkilä, Vapo Oy). The headquarters of the world’s biggest peat producer is located in Jyväskylä. Table 9. Annual amounts and shares of peat production in Central Finland. Peat quality mill. loose‐m3 per year Milled peat 1.33 Environmental peat 0.12 Sod peat 0.11 Total 1.56 5.2 Peat users and used amounts According to the 2008 energy balance of Central Finland, the energy production from peat was in total 1.8 TWh (Central Finland Energy Agency 2009). The average energy content of peat is 0.93 MWh per loose cubic meter. Calculated on the basis of the average energy content, 2.15 million loose cubic meters of peat was used in a year. According to the calculations, peat is used in Central Finland 0.59 million loose cubic meters more than is produced in the region. VTT has estimated that the peat consumption will increase to about 3.7 TWh. Table 10 presents estimations of peat consumption per user location as calculated on the basis of municipal‐wise energy balances of 2004. In the energy balance of Central Finland, the energy production from peat has increased between 2004 and 2006 by one terawatt‐hour (Central Finland Energy Agency, energy balances). The peat consumption in Central Finland has been estimated to increase along with the new Keljonlahti power plant. The annual milled peat consumption of the new plant is estimated to be about 1.6 million loose cubic meters. The biggest users (more than 200 GWh) are Jyväskylän Energia Oy and Äänevoima Oy (Flyktman 2009). BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 28 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 10. Consumption of energy peat by municipality in Central Finland. Municipality GWh Consumption 1000 loose‐m³ per year Jyväskylä 1 111 1 195 Jämsä 224 241 Jämsänkoski 374 402 Konnevesi 9 10 Kyyjärvi 1 1 Saarijärvi 12 13 Äänekoski 119 128 Muurame 16 17 1 866 2 007 Total 5.3 Peat production and logistics Most of the produced peat is milled peat. Also environmental peat and sod peat is produced in minor amounts. Peat production is started by preparing the peatland for peat production by e.g. drying and removing trees and other surface vegetation. During the production phase, the peatland surface is milled and the milled peat is dried on the peatland surface. To intensify the drying, the milled peat is turned with equipment assembled in the rear of a tractor. Before collection, the dried peat is collected into a rick in the middle of the strip. Dry peat is collected from the peatland surface with a suction or mechanical wagon and transported to the peatland side to be stored in heaps. The storage heaps are covered in autumn with heap plastics, which hinders moisture from absorbing in the peat. The peat is transported by trucks directly from the storage heaps to the user plant. Currently all delivered peat in Central Finland is transported as road transportation with trucks. The average transport distance in Central Finland is about 120 kilometers. In the future, raw material can be transported to the Jyväskylän Energia Keljonlahti power plant also by railway and possibly also by waterway. 5.4 Employment impacts of peat production In Central Finland, the peat production employs 190 persons in production, transport and power plants (Flyktman 2009). BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 29 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 5.5 Carbon dioxide emissions from peat production, logistics and use According to the Energy Market Authority, in 2008 the carbon dioxide emissions from Central Finland’s power and heating plants with over 20 MW capacity were in total 823 000 tonnes. These emissions do not include carbon dioxide emissions from combustion of renewable fuels (woody and herbaceous), because they are not calculated in net emissions. The fossil emissions of peat production machinery are 0.28 g/kWh. The annual energy production from milled peat in Central Finland is about 1 866 GWh. The emission factor for milled peat is 105.9 g/MJ, for sod peat it is 102.0 g/MJ. The annual carbon dioxide emissions from peat combustion in Central Finland are in total about 711 000 tonnes. Most of the fuel peat is used in the power and heating plants of Jyväskylän Energia, and in forest industry’s power plants in Jämsä and Äänekoski. The carbon dioxide emissions from the long distance transportation of peat have been calculated based on average load volume (120 loose cubic meters) and fuel consumption of a truck (45 l/100 km). The carbon dioxide emissions from the long distance transportation of peat are calculated to be about 10 g/loose‐m3/km. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 30 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 6 Agrobiomasses 6.1 General According to the agricultural statistics of Tike, the information service centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 84.5% of all agricultural land in Central Finland was used in cultivation during 2005 – 2009. During this period, the cultivated field area in production, on which raw materials for food, feed and energy were actively produced, was in average 85 096 hectares. According to the statistics, in 2007 there was an important increase of 6 240 hectares in the cultivated field area in Central Finland, most of which was located in the region of the city of Jyväskylä (www.maataloustilastot.fi, annex 9). 6.2 Production During 2005 – 2009, 45.0% of the cultivated field area in Central Finland was used for grain growing, 53.0% for grass growing and 2.0% for growing of other plants, e.g. turnip rape and potatoes (Table 12). 6.3% of the grain growing area was used for growing bread grain. The annual harvest has been in average 111 740 tonnes of storage‐dry grain and 76 600 tonnes of straw. The grass harvest has been in average 610 332 tonnes, calculated using 32% dry matter content (www.maataloustilastot.fi, table 11). Table 11. The annual harvest of grain crops in Central Finland, based on the years 2006 – 2009 (Agricultural statistics). Variety of grain Cultivation area, ha Yield level kg/ha Total yield t/a 1 875 3 074 5 670 560 2 010 1 160 Barley 14 460 2 962 42 660 Malting barley 1 040 3 412 3 500 Oat 17 380 2 824 49 000 760 3 010 2 320 Other grain crops 2 268 5 436 9 840 Total 38 343 2 977 114 150 Wheat Rye Mixed grain BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 31 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 12. Use of cultivated field area in Central Finland and total harvest by use of yield during 2006 – 2009 (www.maataloustilastot.fi). Cultivation Cultivation area ha Yield level kg/ha Total yield t/a Bread grain 2 420 2 810 6 820 Feed grain 35 850 2 906 107 360 Straw 2 000 76 600 Grass 45 110 15 640 610 332 Turnip rape 1 460 1 290 1 880 220 14 273 3 140 85 096 806 132 Others (potato) Total 6.3 Agrobiomass users Based on the agricultural statistics by the information service center Tike of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, it can be calculated that in average 72.5% of the bread grain harvest in Finland during 2006 – 2009 was sold to food and feed industry. Farmers sold 3.6% of their bread grain harvest directly to other farmers and the remaining 23.9% were used at own farm for food, seeds, feed or energy. 43.1% of the feed grain was sold to feed industry and 11.7% to other farmers. 45.2% of the feed grain harvest was used at own farm (www.maataloustilasto.fi, table 14) Table 13. Average use of agrobiomasses in Central Finland during 2006 – 2009. Tonnes/a Sale to industry Sale directly to farms Sale to energy companies Farm’s own use Total Bread grain 4 900 245 1 633 6 820 Feed grain 46 300 12 638 48 652 107 630 Straw 76 600 76 600 Grass 16 500 577 031 610 331 Total 51 200 12 823 16 500 703 916 801 831 Straw is used at the farms to maintain the content of organic substance in the cultivation field by chopping and tilling it into the field, and as drying agent at animal husbandry farms. Regarding bread and feed grains, the share of own seed grain is 6.5% of the total harvest. The remaining share of agrobiomass at farms is used as animal feed. Central corporations and processing industry transport the bread and feed grains outside the province for processing. The nearest processing plants are located in Seinäjoki, Ylivieska and Kouvola. Provided that the transportation is directed from different parts of the province to the most nearby processing plant, the average transport distance can be estimated to be 160 km. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 32 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Farms specialized in grain growing sell parts of their production directly to the nearby animal husbandry farms to be used as animal feed. This trade of ca. 12 880 tonnes of grain is normally local, so the transport distances are short. For this grain batch, the estimated transport distance is 35 km. The grass harvest which is sold to energy companies comes from contract cultivation of reed canary grass. The farms can use low quality oat and rye in their own heat energy production. Data on energy use of grain is not available by province, but according to the agricultural statistics of Tike, during 2006 – 2008 in the whole country 0.37% of the rye harvest and 0.33% of the oat harvest were used in energy production. In the level of Central Finland, this would correspond to annual use of 4.3 tonnes (17.2 GWh) of rye and 160.1 tonnes (0.7 GWh) of oat in heat energy production at farms. 6.4 Employment impacts of agrobiomasses Field cultivation is seasonal work from the beginning of May to the end of September. The peaks in workload during the grain seeding and harvesting periods as well as grass harvesting period are dependent on the prevailing weather. In Central Finland with commonly used grain cultivating technology the employment impact is 4.0 persons/ha and in grass growing respectively 9.6 persons/ha. The work load varies a lot between farms, due to the available technology and how the production has been organized. With the above mentioned assumptions, the employment impact of agrobiomasses in Central Finland can be estimated to be 369 man‐years, of which the share of grain cultivation is 34.6% and grass feed production 65.1%. This is only 17.4% of the estimated total employment impact of agricultural production in Central Finland, because 41.9% of the farms in the province practice animal husbandry which is more labour intensive. The estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from agrobiomass production is based on the studies by Mäkinen et al. (2006) and Tuomisto (2006). Important uncertainty factors are connected with both soil carbon balance impacts of agrobiomass production and formation of nitrous oxide in the use of fertilizers. The total annual amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Central Finland can thus be estimated to be 251 770 tonnes CO2. The greenhouse gas emissions of grass cultivation are 51% and of other cultivation 49% of the total amount. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 33 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Operations on the fields and fuel consumption
9 %
Influence of the lime on the fields
7 %
Changes of carbon stock
38 %
Production and transportation of lime
4 %
Influence of the fertilizers on the fields
20 %
Production and transportation of fertilizers
22 %
. Figure 11. The estimated mode of origin of the greenhouse gas emissions from agrobiomass production in Central Finland. Based on the studies by Palonen and Oksanen (1993) and Mäkinen et al. (2006), the fuel consumption of the agrobiomass production in Central Finland is estimated to be 7 345 600 litres per year, of which 3.3% (252 400 litres) is estimated to originate from transportation of bread and feed grains. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 34 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 7 Agricultural residues Animal manure can be considered to be the only important biobased agricultural secondary flow. According to the 2008 data of the Matilda information system, the total yield of manure was about 840 000 tonnes. Almost all of the manure is utilized as fertilizer in field cultivation. Small amounts of chicken dung are refined to be sold as fertilizer product. Marginal amounts of cattle manure are used in biogas production before spreading on the fields. 7.1 Domestic animal manure In 2008, the domestic animals in Central Finland were as follows (www.maataloustilasto.fi, Matilda‐database): 
cattle 53 000 
pigs 23 000 
sheep 7 000 
poultry 130 000 
horses 2 500 
and goats 100 Using the average manure amounts of different domestic animals, the total manure amount can be calculated to be about 840 000 tonnes. Most of the manure, more than 90%, originates from cattle. Today all of the manure is utilised. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 35 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 8 Municipal solid wastes In Central Finland, all municipal wastes except sewage sludges are treated in three common waste treatment plants in Jyväskylä, Jämsä and Saarijärvi (figure 10). Most of the municipal solid wastes originating in Central Finland are funneled to these treatment locations. WASTE CO‐OPERATION IN CENTRAL FINLAND IN 2008
Pihtipudas
Kinnula
Viitasaaren region implemented in
1998 and 2002
Co‐operation with Jätehuoltoyhtiö
Millespakka Oy
Kivijärvi
Viitasaari
Kyyjärvi
Kannonkoski
Saarijärven region implemented
in 2002 and 2005
Äänekoski: dry waste to Sammakkokangas
waste handling centre
Karstula
Saarijärvi
Äänekoski
Keuruu‐Multia
implemented in 1996
Konnevesi
Multia
Co‐operation with Jätekukko Oy
Uurainen
Laukaa
Hankasalmi
Keuruu
Petäjävesi
Keuruu and Multia dry waste to Metsä‐Kivelä, Jämsä
biowaste: to plant of Erkki Salminen Oy Jämsänkoski
Jämsän region implemented in 1995
Jyväskylä
Muurame
Toivakka
Korpilahti
Jämsä
Kuhmoinen
Luhanka
Jyväskylän region
implemented in 1998 – 2005
Kangasniemi: biowaste: to Mustankorkea Oy
waste handling centre
dry waste: to Jämsä
Joutsa
Sysmä
Lahti
Hartola, (dry waste to Mustankorkea Oy waste handling centre)
Landfill operating for municipal
solid waste
Figure 12. Co‐operation in waste management in Central Finland in 2008 (Central Finland Regional Environment Centre). 8.1 Biodegradable wastes 8.1.1 Amount of biodegradable wastes in Central Finland According to an estimation made in 2006, biodegradable solid municipal waste arose in total 84 161 tonnes, of which 39 105 tonnes was collected separately (biowaste, paper, cardboard and wood in total). Of the separately collected amount, about 20 000 tonnes has been calculated to be paper and cardboard wastes. The annual amount of separately collected biowaste is about 15 000 tonnes. Other biodegradable waste materials are collected in total BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 36 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 about 4 000 tonnes per year. In 2005, the amount of biowaste in home composting was estimated to be about 3 000 tonnes (29 400 dwellings) (Central Finland’s regional waste plan until 2016). Recycling as material; 36 753; 44 %
Landfilling; 39 077; 46 %
Energy use; 8 311; 10 %
Figure 13. Biodegradable municipal solid wastes in Central Finland (Central Finland’s regional waste plan until 2016). In long term, the biowaste in landfills degrades anaerobically, which generates landfill gas with high concentration of methane. Landfill gas is recovered e.g. at the Mustankorkea landfill and used in the district heat production of Jyväskylän Energia. In 2008, the energy production from the biogas of Mustankorkea landfill was about 16.5 GWh. 8.1.2 Treatment of separately collected biowastes Separately collected biodegradable municipal solid wastes are collected dwelling‐wise using compacting waste trucks and transported to centralized treatment plants. The waste treatment centers are located in population focus areas, but the longest transport distances of biodegradable wastes in sparsely populated areas can be more than 100 kilometers. In Central Finland there are no so called transfer depots, but all wastes are transported with compacting trucks with average load size of 10 – 15 tonnes of waste. All separately collected biowaste in Central Finland is composted. Most of it is treated in closed processes at composting plants, small part in open compost heaps. In 2008, biowaste was treated in Central Finland at six locations. Most of the treated biowaste was composted at the Mustankorkea waste treatment plant. Other treatment locations were Sammakkokangas waste plant in Saarijärvi, composting plant of Erkki Salminen Oy at Jämsänkoski, old landfill area of the municipality of Pihtipudas, and wastewater treatment plants of Viitasaari and Joutsa. In BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 37 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Jyväskylä and Jämsä, the biowastes are composted in plants, in other treatment locations in open heaps. In addition, the separately collected biowastes from the municipality of Kangasniemi outside the province are transported to Central Finland for treatment. Biodegradable municipal wastes are transported out of the province from Kyyjärvi (Millesbacka Oy composting plant), Konnevesi (Jätekukko Oy composting plant) and Luhanka (composting plant of Päijät‐Häme Waste Disposal Ltd in Lahti). Table 14 presents the treatment locations of separately collected biowastes. Table 14. Treatment locations, amounts and methods of separately collected biowastes in Central Finland. Treatment location Mustankorkea Oy, Jyväskylä Tonnes per year Use of compost Soil improvement and construction of green areas Construction of green areas, landscaping and soil improvement Erkki Salminen Oy, Jämsä Sammakkokangas Oy, Saarijärvi 1500 Tunnel composting Container composting 1000 Heap composting Landscaping of the landfill Viitasaari 200 Heap composting Landscaping of the landfill Pihtipudas 100 Heap composting Landscaping of the landfill Municipality of Joutsa 200 Heap composting Construction of green areas 15 500 Total 13 000 Treatment method 8.1.3 Employment impacts of treatment of biodegradable wastes The treatment of biodegradable municipal solid wastes is estimated to employ about 10 persons in Central Finland. Separate collection and transport of the wastes have the greatest impact on the employment. 8.2 Sludges from wastewater treatment plants There are in total 29 wastewater treatment plants in Central Finland, and additional about 20 small wastewater treatment plants of less than 2 000 dwellings. The annual amount of sludges from wastewater treatment in Central Finland is in total about 35 000 tonnes (wet weight). The total amount in table 15 is bigger, because some of the figures of small municipalities are based on the treatment capacities in their environmental permits. All sludges from wastewater treatment are composted and used in soil improvement or landscaping, or as raw material in topsoil production. About 16 500 tonnes of the sludges are treated by composting at the Mustankorkea composting plant, and the rest by composting in heaps in several different treatment locations. The sludge originating from the Nenäinniemi wastewater treatment plant in Jyväskylä (12 200 tonnes per year) is digested before composting. The biogas from the digestion is used in the energy production of the wastewater treatment plant. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 38 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 15. Treatment locations, amounts and methods of the sludges from the wastewater treatment plants in Central Finland (development of sludge amounts in annex 8). Municipality Treatment location Hankasalmi Hankasalmi Tonnes per year 1 500 Treatment method Heap composting Joutsa Joutsa 1 500 Heap composting Jyväskylä Mustankorkea 16 400 Digestion (12 200) and tunnel composting
Jämsä Mustankorkea Sludge Mustankorkea Tunnelikompostointi Kannonkoski Kannonkoski 200 Heap composting Karstula Karstula 500 Heap composting Keuruu Keuruu 5 000 Heap composting Kinnula Kinnula 500 Heap composting Kivijärvi Kivijärvi 300 Heap composting Konnevesi Kuhmoinen Kuhmoinen 300 Heap composting Kyyjärvi Kyyjärvi 200 Heap composting Laukaa Trasfer drain, Jyväskylä Sludge Mustankorkea Digestion and tunnel composting Luhanka Multia Transfer drain, Keuruu Muurame Transfer drain, Jyväskylä Sludge Mustankorkea Digestion and tunnel composting Petäjävesi Mustankorkea Keuruu Heap composting Tunnel composting Pihtipudas Pihtipudas 500 Heap composting Saarijärvi Saarijärvi 3 500 Heap composting Toivakka Mustankorkea Uurainen Transfer drain, Jyväskylä Sludge Mustankorkea Digestion and tunnel composting Viitasaari Viitasaari 800 Heap composting Äänekoski Äänekoski 3 250 Heap composting Total 38 050 Sludge Mustankorkea Tunnel composting BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 39 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 9 Industrial by products and residues 9.1 By‐products and residues from forest industry 9.1.1 By‐products and residues from chemical forest industry The biggest residue flows of chemical forest industry are bark and black liquor, which cover more than 90% of all secondary flows. Almost all secondary flows are used in energy production, but small part of the total secondary flows is refined to new products (annex 7 and annex 10). These secondary flows include e.g. tall oil and turpentine. Table 16. By‐products and residues from chemical forest industry Material flows of chemical forest industry Share of raw material consumption Pulp 45% Secondary flows (black liquor and tall oil) 45% Bark 10% 9.1.2 By‐products and residues from mechanical forest industry The most important residues flows of mechanical forest industry are presented in tables 17 and 18. The secondary flows have been calculated on the basis of average by‐product percentages. The bark from sawmill industry is utilized locally as energy or sold for energy use to power and heating plants. The sawdust from sawmill industry is used either directly in energy production, or as raw material in pellet or pulp production. For example, all of the sawdust from the Vapo Timber Hankasalmi sawmill is used in pellet production. The chips from sawmills are used either as raw material in pulp mills or directly in energy production. The secondary flows of plywood mills are utilized in energy production. Sawdust from sawmills are also refined to pellets in Keuruu and Suolahti. The production capacity of Keurak Oy pellet mill is 4 000 tonnes and the production capacity of of Kurikka Timber Oy Suolahti mills is 6 000 tonnes. In addition, PR‐
Briketointi Oy in Pihtipudas produces wood briquettes from wood residues of Timber Team Oy and reed canary grass. Table 17. Secondary flows of Central Finland’s sawmills and log house producers in 2008. Bark 1 000 m³ per year Sawdust 1 000 m³ per year Chips 1 000 m³ per year 113 133 287 9 4 13 122 137 300 Sawmill industry Log house production Total m³ refers to solid cubic meters. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 40 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 18. By‐products and residues from Central Finland’s plywood industry in 2008 Plywood industry 1 000 m³ per year Rounding residues and veneer cores 131 Bark 183 Sawdust, sawing edges and log ends 161 Veneer residues m³ refers to solid cubic meters. 204 9.2 Industrial sludges Industrial sludges are generated in Central Finland about 250 000 tonnes per year (wet weight), of which about 75 000 tonnes (30%) are used in landscaping and about 175 000 tonnes (70%) in energy production (Central Finland’s regional waste plan until 2016). Greatest shares of the industrial sludges are generated in the processes of pulp production and in wastewater treatment plants of forest industry. The sludges utilized as energy are used at power plants in connection with chemical forest industry in Jämsä and Äänekoski. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 41 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 10 Summary of the biomass resources Tables 19 – 22 summarise the results of the report. Table 19. Land area and estimation of the biomass resources used in 2008 in Central Finland Biomass resource (area in use, %) Forest (of which annual production area 2%) Field (of which in production 84%) Peatland (of which production area 1,2%) Total Total area (production area) 1.38 (0.03) Statistics, use and unit 4.80 mill. solid m3 Dry matter mill. tonnes 1.90 0.10 (0.08) 0.58 mill. tonnes 0.22 0.34 (0.004) 2.50 mill. loose m3 0.83 1.671 2.95 1
1.67 million hectares is based on the source ”National Land Survey of Finland, Land area by municipality in Finland 1.1.2010” – in this report the presented figures are partly overlapping (peat and forest land). Table 20. Estimation of the wood biomass fractions produced and used in Central Finland in 2008 and energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the production chain 2.2 Production in forest and forest transport l/m3 8 – 15 Average long‐
distance transport, km 120 Long‐distance transport, two‐way, consumption l/m3 1.3 Diesel consumption in total, mill. litres ~25 1.03 8 – 15 160 1.3 ~12 31 000 1.0 12 – 18 160 1.3 ~11 28 000 0.4 12 – 18 30 – 50 0.3 ~6 15 000 0.64 8 – 15 160 – 200 1.5 ~8 21 000 0.25 0.52 6.0 9 – 15 8 – 15 30 – 50 10 – 50 0.3 0.3 ~3 ~0.02 8 000 1 800 185 000 Production amount 2008 mill. m3 Stemwood for sawmill industry Part of stemwood for pulp industry Thinning wood for pulp industry Thinning wood for energy Forest chips, final fellings Stumps Firewood Total Total carbon dioxide emissions, tonnes 64 000 3
m refers to solid cubic meters. The carbon emissions from forest industry are 240 000 tonnes. N.B., the figure also includes emissions from peat combustion. Table 21. Estimation of the agrobiomass produced and used in Central Finland in 2008 and energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the production chain Grass Animal feed Straw Others (bread grain, turnip rape, potato) Total Used amount, average of the figures Total carbon dioxide for 2006‐2009, 1 000 tonnes emissions, tonnes 610 128 000 110 124 000 77 12 809 252 000 Calculations of carbon dioxide emissions are based on the results by Mäkinen et al (2006) and Tuomisto (2006). BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 42 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Table 22. Estimation of the peat produced and used in Central Finland in 2008 and energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the production chain Used amount 2008 mill. loose m3 Producti
on litres/ loose m3 Average long‐
distance transport, km Milled peat (for energy) Sod peat (for energy) Horticultural peat Total 1.33 0.5 – 1.0 0.11 0.12 1.56 0.5 – 1.0 0.5 – 1.0 Diesel consumption in total, mill. litres 120 Long‐
distance transport, two‐way, consumption l/m3 1.0 ~2,5 6 400 120 120 1.0 1,0 ~0.2 ~0.2 500 500 7 400 Total carbon dioxide emissions, tonnes The carbon dioxide emissions from peat combustion are 711 000 tonnes. Table 23. Summary of the employment impacts in production chains Statistics, use Employment impact Forest 4.8 mill. m3 Field 0.58 mill. t Pulpwood 310 Saw timber 120 Energy wood 0.3‐0.6 man‐yrs/1 000 m3 0.7 mill. m3 Grass 9.6 man‐yrs/a Grain 4 man‐yrs/ha 0.1397 h/MWh 1 800 h/man‐year 2,5 mill. loose m3 Peatland Total Total employment impact, man‐years 310 + 120 + 420 = 850 369 130 – 190 ca. 1 500 Processing of wood biomass to forest industry products employs 5 250 man‐years, so the total employment impact of using biomass resources is almost 7 000 persons. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 43 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 11 Future of the use of biomass resources The target of Central Finland is to increase the use of bioenergy by 4.0 TWh by 2015 from the level of 2006. The peat use was about 2.0 TWh in 2006 and the aim is to increase this amount by 1.2 TWh. The share of black liquor was 2.5 TWh and the use of forest chips in heat and power plants was 1.0 TWh in 2006. The use of other solid wood fuels (bark, sawdust, industrial wood residues, recycled wood, firewood) was 2.5 TWh and the use of recycled fuels was 0.01 TWh in 2006. According to the Central Finland Energy Agency, in 2008 solid wood fuels (forest chips, firewood, industrial wood residues) were used in total 4.0 TWh, black liquor 2.2 TWh, peat 1.8 TWh and recycled fuels 0.02 TWh. The purpose is to increase the use of forest chips by 1.0 TWh (0,5 million solid m3) and wood pellets by 0.6 TWh (ca. 128 000 tonnes of pellets). The use of agrobiomasses has been minor in Central Finland, and the target is to increase it by 0.7 TWh. Also the use of solid recycled fuel is insignificant, and the target is to increase the use by 0.5 TWh. Of these targets, the most challenging ones are the increases in the uses of wood pellets, agrobiomasses and recycled fuels. The use of forest chips has increased faster than anticipated, and the targets for that part will be reconsidered. In 2009, the use of forest chips in Central Finland was 1.6 TWh (0,8 million solid m3), so the use as increased 1.6‐fold in three years and 60% of the target has already been achieved. The use of firewood in households is rather constant, being 0.7 TWh per year. The techno‐ecological potential of forest energy (forest residues, stumps, small trees) in Central Finland is 3.3 – 3.8 TWh, so the current use is a bit more than 40% of the potential. If the current straw harvest is used as energy, the resulting energy would be 0.3 TWh, and if reed canary grass is grown on set‐aside areas, the energy from those would be 0.2 TWh. The realistic target for agrobiomass has been estimated to be 0.4 TWh, of which part is used for biogas production. The annual forest growth is 8.3 million solid cubic meters and the commercial fellings 4.8 million solid cubic meters. 3 million solid cubic meters of raw pulp wood is used in pulp production. The total woody biomass consumption of pulp industry is 4.3 million solid cubic meters (including pulpwood, residues from sawn mill industry and recycled fibre). Pulpwood is also imported from outside the province. The harvest of sawn timber trees has been about 2.2 million solid cubic meters, the use has been somewhat higher. Energy wood harvesting has been about 0.8 million solid cubic meters (1,6 TWh), thus most of the wood energy in Central Finland comes from industrial by‐products and residues. In case Vapo Oy decides to build a biodiesel plant in Äänekoski, the use of wood may increase even by 1 – 1.5 million solid cubic meters annually, depending on the share of peat in the production. In addition, the new Keljonlahti power plant increases the use of wood by ca. 0.4 – 0.5 million solid cubic meters (0.8 – 1.0 TWh). The peat production in Central Finland is about 1.6 million loose cubic meters (ca. 2 TWh), and the use is 0.6 million loose cubic meters higher than the own production in the region. VTT has estimated, that the energy use of peat will increase in the near future up to 3.7 TWh, in which case almost 6 000 hectares of new production area will be needed by 2020. The usable peat BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 44 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 resources in Central Finland are almost 44 000 hectares. The reservation land area for peat production is 9 000 hectares and most of it is under production or environmental permission has been granted. In addition to energy peat, also horticultural and environmental peat is produced on about 300 hectares. Vapo Oy has studied the use of peat also in biodiesel production, and Äänekoski is one option for biodiesel production location. The peat consumption of Keljonlahti power plant has been estimated to be 1.6 million loose cubic meters per year. VTT has estimated that the use of peat will increase in Central Finland to 3.7 TWh, which means doubling the use from the level of 2008 by 2020. The use of recycled fuels was about 0.02 TWh in 2008. 39 000 tonnes (46%) of biodegradable municipal wastes in Central Finland end up in landfills. Landfill gas is collected in Mustankorkea landfill and Nenäinniemi wastewater treatment plant in Jyväskylä. Biosludges from forest industry are utilized at the mills. The amount of wastes from food industry is very small. The biggest potential comes from utilising municipal solid wastes. The own biomass resources of Central Finland are already now utilized in diversified way for forest industry products and energy. As regards wood and peat, also the biomass resources of nearby provinces are utilised in Central Finland. New products for the use of both woody biomass and peat are developed in different research programmes and projects. Regarding peat, the peatland strategy currently in preparation is seeking also non‐energy uses for peat. Peat can be used e.g. in agriculture as drying agent, as absorption matter, in composting, as substrate in garden and open land cultivation, in landscaping, as filter peat, in oil destruction activities, as bath peat, as treatment peat, in peat textiles, in peat cosmetics, by utilising the peat microbiology, as filling material in composites, and as reinforcing component. New second generation transport biofuels, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals and chemicals are developed for biomass and biodegradable wastes. Also companies and research organizations in Central Finland are involved in these projects. The EU renewable energy directive (RED Directive, 2009/28/EC) defines sustainability criteria of transport biofuels, and also sustainability criteria for solid and gaseous biomasses in heat and power production and cooling are currently being studied by the EU. These EU measures impact on the use of biomass especially in energy production and in production of liquid transport biofuels. Nowadays the Finnish forest certification system, which is based on the PEFC system, defines sustainability criteria also for forest biomass. Peat producers have committed to follow the principles of wise use of peatlands and certification system is under discussion. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 45 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 References Ahonen, A. Pienpuuhakkeen ja hakkuutähdehakkeen energiakäytön sosioekonomiset vaikutukset. Tuloskalvosarja. 2004. (Sosio‐economical effects of wood chips produced from small‐sized trees and logging residues – Slides of the results) Aho, P., Mustankorkea Oy, 2010, e‐mail message 30.4.2010 Annual report of Metsäliitto concern, 2008 Central Finland Forestry Centre: http://www.kase.fi/metsakeskukset/ks/metsavarat/energiapuuvarat/ municipal summaries (last visit 4.5.2010) Energy Market Authority, http://www.emvi.fi (last visit 27.4.2010) Energy statistics 2006, Statistics Finland Environmental statistics of forest industry 2008, 2009. Finnish Forests Industries: http://www.metsateollisuus.fi (last visit 4.2.2010) Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metinfo – information system, http://www.metla.fi/metinfo (last visit 29.4.2010) Finnish Forest Research Institute, Forest Statistical Bulletin 14/2009. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. 2009. Finnish Environment Institute: www.ymparisto.fi (last visit 3.2.2010) Finnish Transport Safety Agency – TraFi: http://www.trafi.fi/liikenteen_turvallisuusvirastoFinnforest: www.finnforest.fi Forests for full use project brochure (in Finnish). 2010. Flyktman, M. 2009, Energia‐ ja ympäristöturpeen kysyntä ja tarjonta vuoteen 2020 mennessä, 2. edition, 11/2009, VTT‐R‐07128‐09, 20 s.+ app. 1 p. (Demand and supply of energy and environmental peat by 2020, in Finnish.) Flyktman, M. 2010, Turveala työllistää – kansantalouden näkökulma, Eneregy days of the Trade Association of Finnish Forestry and Earth Moving Contractors 26 – 27.3.2010, Jyväskylä, 18 p. (Peat business employs – viewpoint of the national economy, in Finnish.) Hakkila, P. 2004, Developing technology for large‐scale production of forest chips. Wood Energy Technology Programme 1999‐2003, Technology Programme Report 6/2004, Final Report, Tekes, 99 p. Helynen, S., Flyktman, M., Asikainen, A. & Laitila, J, 2007. Metsätalouteen ja metsäteollisuuteen perustuvan energialiiketoiminnan mahdollisuudet, VTT Research Notes 2397, Espoo, 66 p. (Possibilities of energy business based on forestry and forest industry, in Finnish.) Honkarakenne Oyj: www.honka.fi Inoa: http://www.inoa.fi/ (visited during 19.1.‐28.1.2010) Joosten, H. & Clarke, D, Wise use of mires and peatlands – Background and principles including a framework for decision‐making. International mire conservation group and International Peat Society. Saarijärvi 2002, 304 p. Jyväskylän Energia Oy, presentation of Risto Ryymin for the BIOCLUS project 18.2.2010 Kautto, M., Vapo Oy, 2010, Telephone conversation 2010 Kovanen, S., 2010 Telephone conversation 21.4.2010 Keski‐Suomen energiatase 2006, Central Finland Energy Agency, 2010. (Energy balance of Central Finland, in Finnish.) Keski‐Suomen alueellinen jätehuoltosuunnitelma vuoteen 2016, Central Finland Regional Environment Centre, 2009. (Central Finland’s regional waste management plan until 2016, in Finnish.) BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 46 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Kärhä, K. Elo, J., Lahtinen, P., Räsänen, T. Keskinen, S., Saijonmaa, P., Heiskanen, H., Strandström, M. & Pajuoja, H. Kiinteiden puupolttoaineiden saatavuus ja käyttö Suomessa vuonna 2020, Metsäteho Oy, Pöyry, The Ministry of Employment and the Economy publications 2010, 53 p. (Availability and use of solid wood fuels in Finland in 2020) Kärhä, K. Elo, J., Lahtinen, P., Räsänen, T. Metsäteho: tuloskalvosarja 9/2009, 59 s. (Metsäteho series of result slides, in Finnish.) Kärhä, K. Elo, J., Lahtinen, P., Räsänen, T., Pajuoja, H., Kiinteiden puupolttoaineiden saatavuus ja käyttö Suomessa 2020, Bulletin of TTS research – Domain of natural resources: forest 10/2009 (736), 8 p. (Availability and use of solid wood fuels in Finland in 2020, in Finnish.) Leinonen, A. (ed). Turpeen tuotanto ja käyttö – yhteenveto selvityksistä, VTT‐R‐02591‐10, Jyväskylä 3.9.2010, 79 p.(Peat production and use – summary of the different studies). Lähdevaara., H, Savolainen, V., Paananen, M., Vanhala, A., Mailta ja mannuilta, soilta ja saloilta. Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences, 2010. (Study regarding the logistics of biomass transport in Central Finland, in Finnish.) Metsä‐Botnia Äänekoski, presentation for the BIOCLUS project 18.2.2010 Mustankorkea Oy: www.mustankorkea.fi Mäkinen, T. Soimakallio, S., Paappanen, T., Pahkala, K. & Mikkola, H. 2006. Liikenteen biopolttoaineiden ja peltoenergian kasvihuonekaasutaseet ja uudet liiketoimintakonseptit. VTT Research Notes. 141 p. + app. 18 p. (Greenhouse gas balances and new business concepts of transport biofuels and agroenergy, in Finnish.) NT ENVIR 009: Quality guidelines for fuel peat, Fuel classification and quality assurance, sampling and analysis of properties, Nord test method NT ENVIR 009, Nordic Innovation Centre, 2005, p. 24 p. Palonen, J. & Oksanen, E. H. 1993. Labour, machinery and energy data bases in plant production. TTS Publications 330. Helsinki: TTS Institute. 106 s. Penttinen, L. Keski‐Suomen energiatase 2008, Keski‐Suomen energiatoimisto, kalvosarja, 2010. (Energy balance of Central Finland). 19 p. 20. Forest academy for decision makers / Petri Jantunen, Sopuisaa rinnakkaiseloa Äänekosken integraatissa (Harmonious coexistence at Äänekoski integrate, in Finnish.) Raitila, J. VTT, oral information and email, 2010 Soimakallio, S.; Hongisto M.; Koponen, K.; Sokka, L.; Manninen, K.; Antikainen, R.; Pasanen, K.; Sinkko, T.; Thun, R. EU:n uusiutuvien energialähteiden edistämisdirektiivin kestävyyskriteeristö ‐ Näkemyksiä määritelmistä ja kestävyyden todentamisesta, VTT‐WORK‐1459‐7683, Espoo 2010, 153 s.Sormunen, T. Vapo Oy, oral information, October 2009 (Sustainability criteria for EU renewable energy directive – Viewpoints for definitions and verification of sustainability) Statistics Finland: http://www.stat.fi/ (last visit 4.2.2010) Statistical service centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, http://www.mmmtike.fi (last visit 29.4.2010) Tuomisto, H. 2006: Peltobiokaasu liikenteen biopolttoainevaihtoehtona energia‐, kasvihuonekaasu‐ ja ravinnetaseiden kannalta. University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 83 p. (Agrobiogas as an option for biofuel from the viewpoints of energy, greenhouse gas and nutrient balances, in Finnish.) http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/ymparisto/5Avn4qOA1/Biokaasuprogradu_Hanna_Tuomisto_2006.pdf Torvelainen, J. Pientaloissa poltetaan lähes 7 miljoonaa kuutiometriä puuta vuodessa, Metsätilastotiedote 2/2009, Metsätutkimuslaitos, 2009, 4 p. (Almost 7 million solid cubic meters wood burned in single family houses) UPM‐Kymmene: www.upm‐kymmene.fi Veijonen, K, Vainikka, P., Järvinen, T. & Alakangas, E. Biomass co‐firing – an efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. VTT, March 2003. 28 p.(www.eubionet.net see EUBIONETII – Publications). Vilkkilä, T., Vapo Oy, Telephone conversation 2010. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 47 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Äijälä, O., Kuusinen, M. & Koistinen, A. Energiapuun korjuu‐ ja kasvatussuositukset, Tapio, 2010, 29 p. (Guidelines for growing and harvesting of energy wood). Websites of the municipalities in Central Finland http://www.hankasalmi.fi/ http://www.joutsa.fi/ http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/ http://www.jamsa.fi/ http://www.kannonkoski.fi/ http://www.karstula.fi/ http://www.keuruu.fi/ http://www.kinnula.fi/ http://www.kivijarvi.fi/ http://www.konnevesi.fi/ http://www.kuhmoinen.fi/ http://www.kyyjarvi.fi/ http://www.laukaa.fi/ http://www.luhanka.fi/ http://www.multia.fi/ http://www.muurame.fi/ http://www.petajavesi.fi/ http://www.pihtipudas.fi/ http://www.saarijarvi.fi/ http://www.toivakka.fi/ http://www.uurainen.fi/ http://www.viitasaari.fi/ http://www.aanekoski.fi/ BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 48 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 1. Technically usable peat resources in Finland (million peat‐m3) BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 49 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 2: Typical residue amounts originating from the production of mechanical forest industry Industrial branch Residue Sawmill industry bark 11 sawdust 13 chips 28 yield of main product 48 bark 16 slaps and veneer cores 7 rounding residues and veneer cores 11 dry veneer residues 17 sawing edges and sawdust 7 yield of main product 42 sawing and lump residues 6 yield of main product 94 Plywood industry Fibreboard industry Share of raw material use, % Source: Finland’s environmental administration (environmental permissions) and Metla. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 50 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 3: Development of the operational environment of forest industry in Central Finland, 2000 – 2007 140
Productionvalue (brutto)
Production value (processing)
120
Number of clerical staff
100
Number of labour
Purchased goods
80
Total energy costs
60
R&D costs
Costs of storage and
transport
40
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Development of selected parameters of forest industry in Central Finland during 2000‐2007. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 51 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 4: Figures describing the operation of forest and food industries in Central Finland in 2007 Pulp and paper industry Mechanical forest industry Food industry Gross value of the production, 1 000 € 1 660 490 582 778 317 720 Added value of the production, 1 000 € 403 799 167 468 79 276 Number of officers 584 379 286 Number of workers 2 091 2 196 998 Salaries of officers, 1 000 € 29 483 13 848 11 372 Salaries of workers, 1 000 € 94 987 60 926 28 847 Procured materials and supplies, 1 000 € 750 465 316 344 148 223 2 277 000 430 000 180 000 Total amount of wastes, tonnes 670 914 348 728 978 Use as energy, tonnes 486 570 217 352 173 Use as raw material, tonnes 6 986 125 506 377 Use as soil conditioner and in landscaping, tonnes 100 554 337 130 Use somewhere else, tonnes 1 808 76 512 3 527 821 292 198 321 Estimated production, tonnes Landfill, tonnes Hazardous waste, tonnes Because information on residue amounts in different phases is not sufficient alone, the information was completed first as a whole, and then by picking the residue amounts of each of the presented industries (chemical forest industry, mechanical forest industry and food industry). Information on added values, numbers of employees and production in these industries was also collected in the same table. This makes the comparison between branches easier. The relative shares give a better picture regarding the relative importance of different parts in the province. Differences in production amounts, residue amounts and numbers of employees exist between branches. The distributions of waste fractions are quite different in different industrial branches. Based on the tonnes presented in the table, it is worth noticing that the total waste amounts of food industry are small, 978 tonnes. The share of mechanical forest industry wastes which is used as raw material, is nowadays used in the energy production of chemical forest industry. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 52 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 100 %
Food industry
80 %
60 %
Mechnical wood
industry
40 %
20 %
Pulp and paper
industry
0 %
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Distributions between different bio‐product industries in Central Finland. 100 %
90 %
80 %
70 %
60 %
Hazadous waste
Landfilling
50 %
40 %
30 %
20 %
10 %
0 %
Recycling (outside)
Fo
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Energy use of residues
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Distribution of residues and wastes inside the industries. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 53 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 5: Transport costs of different transport modes and distances. Kulu (€/t)
0‐25
25‐50
50‐75
75‐100
100‐125
125‐150
150‐175
175‐200
400
200
juna
80
40
Määrä (t)
auto
20
10
5
1
10
20
40
80
120
160
200
1
250
Etäisyys (km)
Estimation of transport costs, when exact data is not available. Transportation of big mass volumes using truck and train transport. Kulu (€/t) = costs, €/ton), määrä (t)= amount (tons), etäisyys (km)= distance (km) Transport costs are important items of expenditure for export industry, and impact also on the prices of raw materials and wastes. Estimation of the magnitude of transport costs is presented next. Estimated magnitude of transport costs with different transport modes, amounts and distances, in cases when exact information is not available. Regarding Central Finland, it is notable that there is no direct sea connection and harbour available for the export industry. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 54 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 6: Forest industry production plants in Finland FOREST INDUSTRY PLANTS IN FINLAND
paper mills
board mills
pulp mills
mechanical pulp and semi-mechanical pulp producers
processing of paper and board
plywood, particle board and fibreboard mills
sawn mills
Pihtipudas
Kinnula
Kivijärvi
Kyyjärvi
Viitasaari
Kannonkoski
Karstula
Saarijärvi
Äänekoski
Konnevesi
Uurainen
Multia
Laukaa
Keuruu Petäjävesi Jyväskylä
Hankasalmi
Muurame
Toivakka
Jämsä
Luhanka
Joutsa
Kuhmoinen
Based on the turnover, the share of five biggest forest industry actors in Central Finland was 35% of the total manufacturing industry of the province in 2007. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 55 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 7: Operational connections and energy flows of the forest industry in Äänekoski ÄÄNEKOSKI ‐ FOREST INDUSTRY COMPANIES CO‐OPERATION
M‐REAL
ÄÄNEKOSKI PAPER
CMC
PCC
HUBER
steam
electricity
water
pressurised air
pulp
steam
electricity
water, pressurised air
district heat
electricity
steam
electricity
water
pressurised
air
water
steam
electricity
BOTNIA
bark
steam
electricity
ÄÄNEVOIMA
CMC
pulp
CO2
pulp
wood
PCC
M‐REAL
ÄÄNEKOSKI BOARD
ÄÄNESEUDUN
ENERGIA
METSÄLIITTO
OSK
ÄÄNEKOSKI MILLS/ÄÄNEVOIMA OY
ENERGY FLOWS, Gwh
ÄÄNESEUDUN
ENERGIA
HUBER
M‐REAL MILLS
Board and Paper
SPECIALITY
MINERALS
NORDIC
electricity 14
steam 309
steam 546
electricity 303
Purchased
fuels
solid biofuel 250
peat 200
(oil 70)
district heat 65
ÄÄNEVOIMA OY
Energy production
‐ steam
‐ electricity
bark 550
steam 265
METSÄ‐BOTNIA
Surplus energy
electricity 161
electricity 45
M‐REAL
Energy
electricity 97
electricity 40
SMI
PCC‐plant
Energy flows (below) and operational connections (above) of the Äänekoski mills. The Metsä‐Botnia Äänekoski mills produce annually in total 2.1 TJ (583 GWh) of fuels (bark, wood residues and sludge). The heating value of bark and wood residues is 8 GJ/tonne (2.2 MWh/tonne), heating value is not defined for sludge. The production of black liquors is 6.5 TJ BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 56 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 (1 806 GWh), the heating value of black liquor is 10 GJ/t (2.8 MWh/tonne) and the content of organic matter in black liquor is about 50%. Tall oil, which can be used also to replace heavy fuel oil, is produced 0.5 TJ (139 GWh). The wood consumption of the mill is 2.3 million solid cubic meters, of which 35% is softwood and 65% hardwood. The wood is transported to the mill by trucks (75%) and railway (25%). The wood procurement distance is about 160 km. 10% of the raw material flow is bark, 45% biomass fuels and 45% pulp. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 57 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 8: Wastes in Central Finland Yhdyskuntajäte (t) =municipal solid waste (tons), Rakennus‐ ja purkutoiminnan jätteet (t) = Construction and demolition waste (tons), Teollisuuden jätteet (t) = industrial residues (tons) yhteensä =total, loppusijoitukseen = landfilling, hyötykäyttöön = recycling A= unstabilised slugge, B = composted sludge (stockpiled), C = composted sludge (tunnel), D = digested and composted (tunnel), E = decayed sludge, F = digested sludge. Lietemäärä t (märkäpainosta) = Amount of sludge (tons, wet basis). The share of biodegradable fractions in municipal solid wastes is about 75%, i.e. about 105 000 tonnes (less than 300 GWh). The amount of municipal sewage sludges has remained almost constant during the presented period (1997 – 2005). When calculated per inhabitant, about 25 kg of sewage sludge was generated in 2005. In the figure, the shares of biodegradable municipal solid wastes in 2006 are presented (Central Finland Regional Environment Centre: Central Finland’s regional waste management plan until 2016). The figure presents the total amount of municipal solid wastes in Central Finland and their use for recycling and processing. (Central Finland’s regional waste management plan until 2016). The share of municipal solid waste recycling has increased from the 1994 level of 20% to more than 50% during a bit more than ten years. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 58 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Yhdyskuntajätteet = municipal solid waste, Hyötykäyttö = recycling, Käsittely = processing, jätemäärä 1 000 t = amount of waste (1 000 tons) Waste paper and board; 19 639; 23 %
Wood waste; 475; 1 %
Biodegradable fraction of dry waste; 45 056; 53 %
Biowaste; 18 989; 23 %
Biodegradable municipal solid wastes in Central Finland (tonnes).
BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 59 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 9: Farms in Central Finland Farms by production sector in Central Finland Municipality Dairy cattle husbandry Other cattle Pig houses Poultry farms Sheep and goat farms Horse management Grain growing Hankasalmi 70 29 14 4 18 60 7 8 32 242 Joutsa 34 22 4 3 34 6 3 16 122 Jyväskylä 21 11 3 6 16 34 5 24 4 124 Jämsä 34 10 3 3 11 125 6 13 24 13 242 Jämsänkoski 8 3 26 13 4 54 Kannonkoski 21 13 3 4 33 3 4 81 Karstula 43 24 13 4 81 11 4 38 218 Keuruu 37 25 9 3 9 51 9 21 4 168 Kinnula 53 13 5 16 16 3 106 Kivijärvi 21 9 77 12 6 55 Konnevesi 34 13 6 38 31 3 129 Korpilahti 40 17 17 38 5 3 38 3 161 Kuhmoinen 16 10 4 34 3 4 7 6 84 Kyyjärvi 39 7 6 4 13 30 99 Laukaa 49 31 6 3 25 110 8 33 9 274 Leivonmäki 14 4 6 5 29 Luhanka 16 7 13 8 44 Multia 18 11 3 9 6 25 3 75 Muurame 8 6 3 3 7 6 15 48 Special Garden Other Other Total plant plant plant production production production production BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 60 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Municipality Dairy cattle husbandry Other cattle Pig houses Poultry farms Sheep and goat farms Horse management Grain growing Petäjävesi 23 23 9 9 3 38 14 119 Pihtipudas 88 15 4 6 15 38 45 211 Pylkönmäki 14 3 3 3 14 12 49 Saarijärvi 95 26 5 5 97 4 4 42 3 283 Sumiainen 7 4 27 4 7 49 Suolahti 5 5 Toivakka 14 4 4 23 18 5 68 Uurainen 29 19 7 8 27 90 Viitasaari 57 20 6 79 3 30 195 Äänekoski 17 17 6 3 5 8 71 3 5 9 11 151 Central Finland 920 398 74 34 189 1 106 45 100 615 91 3 575 Special Garden Other Other Total plant plant plant production production production production BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 61 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND The numbers of cattle and other domestic animals by municipality in 2006 and the amounts of manure produced by them Municipality Cattle Other domestic animals Domestic animals in total Manure produced by cattle, tonnes Manure produced by other domestic animals, tonnes Manure amount in total, tonnes Hankasalmi 3 494 10 186 13 680 51 362 11 823 63 185 Joutsa 2 468 460 2 928 36 280 610 36 890 Jyväskylä 1 245 6 266 7 511 18 302 4 226 22 528 Jämsä 1 687 5 790 7 477 24 799 2 580 27 379 Jämsänkoski 331 286 617 4 855 456 5 332 Kannonkoski 1 974 1 246 3 220 29 018 2 754 31 772 Karstula 3 107 10 040 13 147 45 673 4 522 50 195 Keuruu 3 279 5 487 8 756 48 201 5 564 53 765 Kinnula 2 610 118 2 728 38 367 433 38 800 Kivijärvi 1 211 364 1 575 17 802 798 18 600 Konnevesi 1 803 57 1 860 26 504 479 26 983 Korpilahti 2 310 984 3 294 33 957 2 443 36 400 997 47 787 48 784 14 656 1 291 15 947 Kyyjärvi 1 694 1 997 3 691 24 902 4 237 29 139 Laukaa 3 816 5 788 9 694 56 095 6 298 62 393 Leivonmäki 737 73 810 10 834 187 11 021 Luhanka 800 75 875 11 760 211 11 971 1 370 2 228 3 598 20 139 390 20 529 653 188 841 9 599 411 10 010 Kuhmoinen Multia Muurame BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 62 13.9.2010 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND Municipality Cattle Other domestic animals Domestic animals in total Manure produced by cattle, tonnes Manure produced by other domestic animals, tonnes Manure amount in total, tonnes Petäjävesi 2 033 1 357 3 390 29 865 1 674 31 559 Pihtipudas 5 251 3 953 9 204 77 190 5 528 82 718 Pylkönmäki 671 95 765 9 854 180 10 044 Saarijärvi 4 384 45 352 499 736 54 445 62 103 68 548 Sumiainen 283 19 302 4 160 160 4 320 Toivakka 1 085 263 1 348 15 950 905 16 655 Uurainen 2 320 109 2 429 34 104 404 34 508 Viitasaari 3 392 1 015 4 407 49 862 1 155 51 017 Äänekoski 1 189 1 808 2 997 17 478 3 459 20 937 Central Finland 56 134 153 332 209 586 826 052 67 024 893 075 BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 63 13.9.2010 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Total cultivated area in 2002 – 2006 (ha) Municipality Total area, 2002 Total area, 2003 Total area, 2004 Total area, 2005 Total area, 2006 Hankasalmi 6 662 6 753 6 870 6 878 6 871 Joutsa 3 514 3 505 3 549 3 419 3 392 Jyväskylä 3 123 3 151 6 305 3 173 3 138 Jämsä 7 389 7 494 7 448 8 564 8 582 Jämsänkoski 1 387 1 385 1 384 1 424 1 451 Kannonkoski 2 090 2 085 2 087 2 139 2 134 Karstula 5 524 5 524 5 560 5 785 5 963 Keuruu 4 771 2 779 4 881 4 957 5 002 Kinnula 2 605 2 617 2 619 2 675 2 711 Kivijärvi 1 162 1 157 1 148 1 217 1 219 Konnevesi 2 788 2 806 2 872 2 839 2 872 Korpilahti 4 101 4 098 4 125 4 127 4 149 Kuhmoinen 1 951 1 937 1 942 1 923 1 960 Kyyjärvi 2 573 2 582 2 590 2 632 2 645 Laukaa 7 975 7 971 7 987 8 151 8 184 772 781 772 868 937 Luhanka 1 072 1 061 1 037 1 007 1 008 Multia 1 621 1 632 1 641 1 722 1 705 Muurame 970 956 954 957 953 Petäjävesi 2 645 2 614 2 609 2 643 2 722 Pihtipudas 6 927 7 015 7 131 7 295 7 271 Pylkönmäki 1 158 1 194 1 199 1 297 1 234 Saarijärvi 7 284 7 287 7 337 7 530 7 468 Sumiainen 1 059 1 124 1 130 1 130 1 130 Toivakka 1 685 1 657 1 666 1 680 1 725 Uurainen 2 322 2 325 2 476 2 509 2 575 Viitasaari 5 746 5 733 5 788 5 809 5 664 Äänekoski 3 949 4 009 4 073 5 328 5 346 Central Finland 94 827 95 232 96 029 99 678 100 009 Leivonmäki The price of bio‐based raw material in different phases of the production chain illustrates the profitability of the operation, but also the difficulty and labour‐intensivity of the operation. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 64 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 10: Residue amounts and value of bio‐based raw materials in production chain in Central Finland Forest industry
Recyclable residues
Wood (fibre)
‐50kg/t (forest residues)
Paper/Board
Sawmill/Board/Pulp
Pulp/Timber
‐pulp 500kg/t (black liquor)
‐paper 50kg/t (reject)
‐board 50kg/t (reject)
‐sawn timber 100‐300kg/t
‐board 150kg/t
‐100‐300kg/t (sawdust/wood chips/
bark)
Final products
‐news paper 30‐50kg/t (misprinted paper) ‐elements 100kg/t ‐furniture 100kg/t
‐board boxes 100kg/t
Food industry
Landfill waste
Cereal/Meat/
Milk
Shop/Consumer
products
Processing
‐cereals 4kg/t
‐meat 4kg/t
‐milk 4kg/t
‐cereals 1kg/t
‐meat 1kg/t
‐milk 1kg/t
‐cereal products 3kg/t
‐meat products 3kg/t
‐milk products 3kg/t
Estimated amounts of biobased residues in different processing phases. In different phases of the chain, different amounts of residues are generated. The residue amounts have been estimated so that for forest industry the exploitable residues are included, while for food industry the residue amount illustrates the amount of landfilled waste. For some individual operators, the amounts can be lower or higher than the average amounts presented in the figure. The numbers have been calculated as averages of the figures given by the operators in Central Finland, in cases when no figures were available, the numbers of some nearby operator on the same branch were used. As an example of final product partition, a box (referring to cardboard‐based box) can be mentioned, for which no figure was available regarding Central Finland. Forest industry
Wood (fibre)
‐birch ~80€/t
‐spruce ~125€/t
‐pine ~100€/t
Paper/Board
Sawmilling
Board/Pulp
Pulp/timber
‐pulp wood 150‐175€/t
‐timber 250€/t‐330€/t
‐pulp 500‐550€/t
‐paper 500‐670€/t
‐board 600‐750€/t
‐sawn timber 800‐1000€/t
‐ Board 1500‐2000€/t
Final products
‐news paper 5000‐15000€/t ‐magazine 18000‐60000€/t
‐wood elements 4000‐10000€/t ‐furniture 2000‐5000€/t
‐board boxes 750‐5000€/t
Selling prices
Stumpage price
Food industry
Cereals/Meat
/Milk
‐cereals ~80‐120€/t
‐meat ~1000‐2700€/t
‐milk ~330‐400€/t
Processing
‐cereals 320‐4000€/t
‐meat 2800‐8000€/t
‐milk 600‐8500€/t
Shop/Consumer
products
‐cereal products 400‐6000€/t
‐meat products 3500‐10000€/t
‐milk products 700‐10000€/t
Prices of biobased raw material in different processing phases. BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 65 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Annex 11: Companies of the subject matter in Central Finland The study covered the following operators, which are using bio‐based raw materials. The table presents the location of the operator in the municipality level, number of premises in Finland, website address, number of employees (category), turnover category, and the result of the financial period of 2008. Source: Inoa (searched during 19.1. – 28.1.2010). Company Location Alfa‐Kodikas Talot Oy A‐Puu Oy / Muuramen Hirsirakenne Atena Kustannus Oy CP Kelco Oy Suolahti Muurame Jyväskylä Äänekoski 1 1 1 1 Elonen Oy Leipomo Jämsä 1 www.elonen.fi Erical Oy ER‐Saha Oy Eskopuu Oy Etumies Oy EURENCO Vihtavuori Oy Äänekoivisto Viitasaari Jyväskylä Muurame Vihtavuori 1 1 5 1 1 Fazer Leipomot, Jyväskylä bakery Fenestra Oy Forcit Oy Ab Vihtavuori mill Genencor International Oy Jyväskylä Viitasaari Vihtavuori Jämsänkoski 10 12 10 3 Hikinoro Oy Honkarakenne Oyj Karstula mill Vaajakoski Karstula 1 www.hikinoro.com 25 www.honka.com Kahvila‐Konditoria Herkkumestarit Kannonpuu Oy Keski‐Suomen Painotuote Oy Keski‐Suomen Sivu Oy Keuruun Laatupaino KLP Oy KirjaKeuruu Saarijärvi Kannonkoski Äänekoski Jyväskylä Keuruu Keuruu Premises 2 1 1 1 1 1 website address Category of employees Turnover category www.alfa‐kodikas.com www.a‐puu.com www.atenakustannus.fi www.cpkelco.com 20‐49 employees 5‐9 employees 5‐9 employees 100‐249 employees 100‐249 employees 5‐9 employees 20‐49 employees no data 5‐9 employees 100‐249 employees 20‐49 employees no data 50‐99 employees 100‐249 employees 20‐49 employees 100‐249 employees no data 20‐49 employees 5‐9 employees 10‐19 employees 5‐9 employees 5‐9 employees 2‐10 mill. euros 1‐2 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros 100‐200 mill. euros 10‐20 mill. euros 190 42 65 ‐10 677 1‐2 mill. euros 20‐100 mill. euros no data 0.4‐1 mill. euros 10‐20 mill. euros ‐37 ‐434 77 22 ‐1 392 no data no data no data 20‐100 mill. euros 46 312 ‐13 172 25 065 1 004 10‐20 mill. euros no data 626 ‐1 050 no data 2‐10 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros 1‐2 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros 10 179 60 116 3 51 www.erical.fi no data no data www.etumies.fi www.eurenco.com www.fazerleipomot.fi www.fenestra.fi www.forcit.fi www.genencor.fi www.herkkumestarit.fi www.kannonpuu.fi www.kspaino.fi www.keskisuomensivu.fi www.keuruunlaatupaino.com www.keuruskopio.fi BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 66 Result of the financial period (1 000 €) (2008) ‐93 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Company Location Kirjapaino Oma Kurikka Timber Oy Kyyjärven Saha Oy Laukaan Laatulavat Oy Lehtisepät Oy Jyväskylä Suolahti Kyyjärvi Kuusa Jyväskylä 2 1 1 1 3 Leipomo Herkkumestarit Oy MacPine Oy Metsä‐Metsä‐Botnia Oy Ab Äänekoski mill Metsäliitto / Suolahti mill Saarijärvi Karstula Äänekoski 2 www.herkkumestarit.fi 1 www.macpine.fi www.metsaMetsä‐Botnia.com Metsäsuomen Saha Oy Minerva Kustannus Oy M‐real Oyj Äänekoski Board Keitelepohja Jyväskylä Äänekoski M‐real Oyj Äänekoski Paper Äänekoski Multian Saha Oy Muurametalot Oy Muuratpuu Pohjonen Oy Nammo Lapua Oy Vihtavuori mills Niemenharju Hirsitalot Otavan Kirjapaino Oy Multia Jyväskylä Muurame Vihtavuori Pihtipudas Keuruu Palokan Puutuote Oy Panda Oy Ab Palokka Vaajakoski 1 www.palokanpuutuote.fi 2 www.panda.fi Printcenter Oy Vaajakoski 5 www.printcenter.eu Pyroll Jyväskylä Oy RPN‐Wood Oy Saarijärven Offset Oy Jyväskylä Kannonkoski Saarijärvi 1 www.pyroll.fi 1 www.rpn‐wood.fi 1 www.saarijarvenoffset.fi Premises no data Suolahti website address Category of employees Turnover category www.siirtopaino.com www.kurikkatimber.fi www.ponttiset.com no data www.lehtisepat.fi 20‐49 employees 20‐49 employees 10‐19 employees 5‐9 employees 100‐249 employees 10‐19 employees 5‐9 employees 500‐999 employees 100‐249 employees 10‐19 employees no data 250‐499 employees 250‐499 employees 10‐19 employees no data 20‐49 employees 20‐49 employees 10‐19 employees 100‐249 employees 10‐19 employees 250‐499 employees 250‐499 employees 20‐49 employees 20‐49 employees 50‐99 employees 1‐2 mill. euros 10‐20 mill. euros 1‐2 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros 20‐100 mill. euros 143 www.finnforest.fi no data 1 no data www.minervakustannus.fi 17 www.m‐real.com 17 www.m‐real.com no data 1 www.multiansaha.fi www.muurametalot.fi 1 www.muuratpuu.fi 3 www.nammo.com 1 www.niemenharju.com 2 www.otavankirjapaino.fi BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) Result of the financial period (1 000 €) (2008) 19 353 ‐50 ‐81 1 432 0.4‐1 mill. euros 0.4‐1 mill. euros no data 10 ‐48 32 436 no data ‐1 055 0.4‐1 mill. euros no data no data ‐166 227 ‐535 000 no data ‐535 000 10‐20 mill. euros no data 2‐10 mill. euros no data 1‐2 mill. euros 10‐20 mill. euros ‐3 1 694 70 8 901 ‐72 139 2‐10 mill. euros 20‐100 mill. euros 296 2 601 10‐20 mill. euros 1‐2 mill. euros 2‐10 mill. euros 2‐10 mill. euros 67 5 ‐30 ‐39 127 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Company Location Premises website address Saarioisten Lihanjalostus Oy Jyväskylä 1 www.saarioinen.fi Sanomalehti Keskisuomalainen Oy Jyväskylä 6 www.keskisuomalainen.fi SeriMedia Oy Sisäsuomi Oy Specialty Minerals Nordic Oy Ab Sydänpuu‐Ikkunat / Puusepänliike Tamminen Oy Syöte‐Huvilat Oy T.J.Koivukoski Oy Tammijärven Perinneovet Oy Muurame Vaajakoski Äänekoski Joutsa 1 2 4 1 Kolkanlahti Tikkakoski Kivisuo 1 www.syotehuvilat.fi 1 www.tj‐koivukoski.fi 1 www.perinneovet.fi Timber Component Oy Timber Team Oy Tuotantolaitos Vanajanmylly Tuotantolaitos Venekoski UPM Metsä UPM Raflatac Oy Jyväskylä mill UPM‐Kymmene Oyj Jämsänkoski Pihtipudas Pihtipudas Hankasalmi Veneranta Konginkangas Jyskä Jämsänkoski 1 1 3 3 106 4 106 UPM‐Kymmene Oyj Kaipola Kaipola 106 www.upm‐kymmene.com UPM‐Kymmene Oyj Metsä Jämsänkoski district UPM‐Kymmene Wood Oy Jyväskylä plywood mill VAASAN Oy, Jyväskylä bakery Vaissi Oy Valio Oy Jyväskylä dairy Jämsänkoski 106 www.upm‐kymmene.com Valio Oy Äänekoski mill Vapo Timber Oy Hankasalmi sawmill Äijäsen Kotileipomo Oy www.serimedia.fi www.sisasuomi.fi www.mineralstech.com www.sydanpuu.com www.timbercomponent.fi www.fmtimberteam.fi www.savontaimen.fi www.savontaimen.fi www.puukauppa.com www.upmrfid.com www.upm‐kymmene.com Säynätsalo 15 www.upm‐kymmene.com Jyväskylä Keuruu Jyväskylä 16 www.vaasan.com 1 www.vaissi.fi 23 www.valio.fi Äänekoski Hankasalmi as Saarijärvi 23 www.valio.fi 7 www.vapo.fi 1 www.kotileipomo.com Category of employees Turnover category 250‐499 employees 100‐249 employees 5‐9 employees 50‐99 employees 5‐9 employees 20‐49 employees 20‐100 mill. euros 19 20‐100 mill. euros 4 688 0.2‐0.4 mill. euros 2‐10 mill. euros no data 2‐10 mill. euros 28 360 1 813 ‐11 10‐19 employees 20‐49 employees 5‐9 employees 2‐10 mill. euros 2‐10 mill. euros 0.2‐0.4 mill. euros 151 ‐95 65 10‐19 employees 20‐49 employees 5‐9 employees 5‐9 employees no data 50‐99 employees 500‐999 employees 500‐999 employees 20‐49 employees 2‐10 mill. euros 20‐100 mill. euros no data no data no data no data no data 1 202 397 397 137 000 ‐900 137 000 no data 137 000 no data 137 000 250‐499 employees 50‐99 employees 50‐99 employees 100‐249 employees 50‐99 employees 50‐99 employees 10‐19 employees no data 15 303 no data 2‐10 mill. euros no data 1 092 236 ‐4 869 no data no data 1‐2 mill. euros ‐4 869 ‐128 14 BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 68 Result of the financial period (1 000 €) (2008) BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND Characteristics of different fuels Net calorific value in dry matter kWh/kg (moisture 0%) qp,net, d Moisture content (Mar) Net calorific value as received (actual moisture content) kWh/kg qp,net,ar Loose density (BD) kg/loose m3 Energy density Ear 7.75 10 6.89 ‐ ‐ 14 Heavy fuel oil 11.39 ‐ 11.47 0.3 ‐ 0.5 11.36 ‐ 11.44 920 ‐ 1 020 ‐ 0.4 Light fuel oil 10.2 kWh/litre 0.01 ‐ 0.02 11.78 870 ‐ 0.01 Milled peat 5.78 46.5 2.78 330 0.91 5.9 Sod peat 5.90 39.0 3.33 380 1.30 4.5 Peat pellets 5.48 ‐ 5.83 14 ‐ 18 4.20 – 5.20 680 – 750 3.0 – 3.7 2.0 ‐ 6.0 Sawdust 5.28 ‐ 5.33 45 ‐ 60 0.6 – 2.77 250 – 350 0.45 – 0.70 0.4 – 0.5 Birch bark 5.83 – 6.39 45 – 55 2.22 – 3.06 300 – 400 0.60 – 0.90 1.0 – 3.0 Softwood bark 5.14 – 5.56 50 ‐ 65 1.38 – 2.50 250 – 350 0.50 – 0.70 1.0 – 3.0 Fuel Hard coal (MWh/loose m3) BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 69 Ash content, (A) of dry matter, % 13.9.2010 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND Net calorific value in dry matter kWh/kg (moisture 0%) qp,net, d Moisture content (Mar) Crushed plywood 5.28 – 5.33 Wood pellets Fuel Ash content, (A) of dry matter, % Net calorific value as received (actual moisture content) kWh/kg qp,net,ar Loose density (BD) kg/loose m3 Energy density Ear 5 – 15 4.44 – 5.00 200 – 300 0.9 – 1.1 0.4 – 0.8 5.24 – 5.42 6 – 9 4.70 – 5.05 600 – 650 2.8 – 3.3 0.1 – 0.5 Stem chips 5.14 – 5.56 40 – 55 1.94 – 3.06 250 ‐ 350 0.7 – 0.9 0.5 – 2.0 Firewood 5.14 – 5.28 20 – 25 3.72 – 4.03 240 – 320 1.35 – 1.7 MWh/stacked‐m3 0.5 ‐ 1.2 Felling residue chips 5.14 – 5.56 50 ‐ 60 1.67 – 2.50 250 – 400 0.7 – 0.9 1.0 – 3.0 Whole tree chips 5.14 – 5.56 45 – 55 1.94 – 2.78 250 – 350 0.7 – 0.9 1.0 – 2.0 Reed canary grass (spring harvest) 4.8 – 5.2 10 – 25 3.5 – 4.6 60 ‐ 80 0.3 1.0 – 8.0 Energy grains 4.8 11 4.3 600 2.6 2 Straw, chopped 4.83 17 – 25 3.44 – 3.89 80 0.3 – 0.4 5 Solid recycled fuel (SRF) 4.72 – 10.28 15 – 35 3.61 – 9.72 150 – 250 0.7 – 1.0 3 – 7 Dry household wastes 5.14 – 6.50 25 – 36 3.25 – 4.69 150 – 200 0.7 – 1.0 5.3 – 16.1 3
(MWh/loose m ) 1 kWh/kg = 1 MWh/t BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 70 13.9.2010 BIOMASS RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, USE, PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL FINLAND – ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS – D2.1.1 – CENTRAL FINLAND 13.9.2010 Chemical properties of fuels Carbon, C (w‐%, d ) Hydrogen, H2 (w‐%, d ) Sulphur, S (w‐%, d ) Chlorine, Cl (w‐%, d) Sodium, Na (w‐%, d) Potassium, K (w‐%, d) 68 – 78 (average 71.5) 3.5 – 5.0 (average 4.5) < 0.5 0.8 – 1.5 (average 1.3) 0.10 0.012 0.003 Heavy fuel oil 88.4 10.1 0.8 – 0.95 0.3 – 0.4 ‐ <0.0004 ‐ Light fuel oil 86.2 13.7 0.1 0.01 – 0.03 ‐ ‐ ‐ Fuel peat 52 – 56 5.0 – 6.5 0.05 – 0.3 1.0 – 3.0 0.02 – 0.06 0.007 0.02 Sawdust 48 – 52 6.2 – 6.4 <0.05 0.3 – 0.4 0.01 – 0.03 0.001 – 0.005 0.02 – 0.15 Bark 48 – 52 6.2 – 6.8 <0.05 0.3 – 0.5 0.01 – 0.05 0.007 – 0.020 0.1 – 0.5 Crushed plywood 48 – 52 6.2 – 6.4 <0.05 0.1 – 0.5 < 0.05 0.25 – 0.50 0.7 Wood pellets 49 ‐ 50 6.0 – 6.1 <0.007 < 0.16 0.01 – 0.03 0.001 – 0.002 0.02 – 0.15 Firewood 48 – 52 6.0 – 6.5 < 0.05 0.3 – 0.5 0.01 – 0.03 0.001 – 0.002 0.02 – 0.15 Stem chips 48 – 52 5.4 – 6.0 <0.06 0.3 – 0.5 0.01 – 0.03 0.001 – 0.002 0.02 – 0.15 Felling residue chips 48 – 52 6.0 – 6.2 <0.05 0.3 – 0.5 0.01 – 0.04 0.075 – 0.0300 0.1 – 0.4 Whole tree chips 48 – 52 5.4 – 6.0 <0.05 0.3 – 0.5 0.01 – 0.03 0.001 – 0.002 0.02 – 0.15 Reed canary grass (spring harvest) 45 – 50 5.4 – 6.2 0.04 – 0.17 0.3 – 2.0 0.01 – 0.09 <0.002 – 0.04 <0.08 – 0.6 45 6.5 0.14 2.0 0.04 0.002 – 0.005 0.4 – 1.0 Straw, chopped 45 ‐ 47 5.8 – 6.0 0.01 – 0.13 0.4 – 0.6 0.14 – 0.97 0.01 – 0.6 0.69 – 1.30 Solid recycled fuel (SRF) 45 ‐ 56 5 – 9 0.05 – 0.20 0.2 – 0.9 0.1 – 0.9 0.001 – 0.005 0.001 – 0.002 47.1 – 53.5 6.1 – 7.2 0.08 – 0.22 0.67 – 1.07 0.2 – 1.5 0.001 – 0.005 0.001 – 0.004 Fuel Hard coal Energy grains Dry household wastes Nitrogen, N (w‐%, d ) Source: Alakangas, E. 2000, Characteristics of fuels used in Finland, VTT Research Notes 2045 (In Finnish, www.vtt.fi), Alakangas, E. Properties of wood fuels used in Finland, VTT Project report PRO2/P2030/05 (Project C5SU00800), Jyväskylä 2005, 90 p. + app. 10 p. (www.bio‐south.com), Alakangas, E. & Virkkunen, M. Biomass fuel supply chains, EUBIONET II. (www.eubionet.net). BIOCLUS – Developing Research and Innovation Environment in five European Regions in the Field of Sustainable Use of Biomass Sources (245438) 71