Citrus longhorn beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771

Islamic Republic Of Iran
Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture
Plant Protection Organization
A Guide for
Diagnosis & Detection
Of Quarantine Pests
Citrus longhorn beetle
Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771)
Coleoptera: Cerambycidae
Edited by:
Ahmad Cheraghian
Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis
2013
Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771)
Coleoptera : Cerambycidae
Common name:
Black and white citrus longhorn,
Mulberry white spotted longicorn,
White-spotted longicorn beetle,
Synonyms:
citrus root cerambycid
citrus longhorned beetle
citrus longhorn beetle
Melanauster chinensis (Forster),
Anoplophora chinensis Breuning 1944
Melanauster macularius Kolbe 1886,
Melanauster malasiacus Aurivillius 1922
Melanauster perroudi Pic 1953,
Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson)
Anoplophora perroudi Pic 1953M
Anoplophora sepulchralis Breuning 1944
Callophora afflicta Thomson 1865,
Callophora luctuosa Thomson 1865
Calloplophora abbreviata Thomson 1865, Calloplophora malasiaca Thomson 1865
Calloplophora sepulcralis Thomson 1865, Cerambyx chinensis Forster 1771
Cerambyx farinosus Houttuyn 1766,
Cerambyx sinensis Gmelin 1790
Cerambyx pulchricornis Voet 1778,
Lamia punctator Fabricius 1777
Melanauster chinensis Matsumura 1908,
Melanauster chinensis var. macularia Bates 1873
Melanauster chinensis var. macularis Matsushita 1933
Melanauster chinensis var. Sekimacularius Seki 1946
Anoplophora malasiaca malasiaca Samuelson 1965
Melanauster chinensis macularius Kojima 1950
Economic impact:
A. chinensis is regarded as one of the most destructive cerambycid pests of fruit trees,
especially Citrus, in lowland areas of China where economic loss can be substantial
(Gressitt, 1942; Duffy, 1968; Wang et al., 1996). In a survey of Citrus orchards in six
regions of Japan, 66% of trees were found to have adult emergence holes. Across all
regions, there was a mean of 3.8 holes per tree although means between regions
varied from 2.2 to 5.9 holes per tree (Mitomi et al., 1990). Trees are weakened by
larval attack and are readily susceptible to diseases and wind damage. Serious
infestation causes tree decay and a decrease of fruit yield in orchards. Damage to
small young trees is most serious (Lieu, 1945; Kojima and Hayashi, 1974). Adult
damage to the fruiting shoots of fruit trees results in particular economic loss..
Hosts:
Major hosts:
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina), Citrus , Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus
aurantium (sour orange), Citrus deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin), Citrus limonia
(mandarin lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus natsudaidai (natsudaidai), Citrus
nobilis (tangor), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus
unshiu (satsuma), Malus domestica (apple), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange),
Populus (poplars), Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar), Populus maximowiczii (Japanese
poplar), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus sieboldii (japanese aspen), Populus
tomentosa (Chinese white poplar), Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Salix
gracilistyla (big catkin willow), Salix integra , Salix jessoensis , Salix laevigata (red
willow), Salix sachalinensis.
Minor hosts:
Acer negundo (box elder), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer pictum (painted
maple), Betula platyphylla (Manchurian birch), Broussonetia papyrifera (paper
mulberry), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Carpinus laxiflora , Castanea crenata
(Japanese chestnut), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Elaeagnus umbellata
(autumn elaeagnus), Fagus crenata (Siebold's beech), Ficus carica (fig), Fortunella
margarita (oval kumquat), Hedera rhombea (japanese ivy), Hibiscus mutabilis
(cottonrose), Juglans (walnuts), Lagerstroemia indica (indian crape myrtle), Litchi
sinensis , Mallotus japonicus , Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Morus alba (mora),
Persea thunbergii , Pinus massoniana (masson pine), Platanus acerifolia (London
planetree), Platanus orientalis (plane), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus mume
(Japanese apricot tree), Prunus pseudocerasus (chinese fruiting cherry), Prunus
yedoensis , Pyracantha angustifolia (Narrow-leaf firethorn), Pyrus communis
(European pear), Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree), Rosa multiflora (Multiflora
rose), Rubus microphyllus , Ulmus davidiana (japanese elm), Ulmus pumila (dwarf
elm), Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)
Wild hosts:
Acacia decurrens (green wattle), Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Albizia julibrissin
(silk tree), Alnus (alders), Alnus firma , Alnus hirsuta (Siberian alder), Alnus pendula ,
Alnus viridis (green alder), Aralia cordata (spikenard), Atalantia , Carya illinoinensis
(pecan), Castanopsis cuspidata (chinkapin), Casuarina stricta (coast she-oak),
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Lindera praecox , Psidium guajava (guava), Quercus
acutissima (sawtooth oak), Quercus glauca (ring-cup oak), Quercus petraea (durmast
oak), Quercus serrata (glandbearing oak), Rhus javanica , Rhus verniciflua , Robinia
pseudoacacia (black locust), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Sophora ,
Styrax japonica , Vernicia fordii (central China wood oil tree).
Geographic distribution:
Asia: China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Republic of, Korea, DPR, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippine, Vietnam
Europe: France, Italy, Netherlands (eradicated)
North America: USA
World distribution map of Anoplophora chinensis
Morphology:
Eggs
The egg is elongate, subcylindrical, white and about 6 mm long (Gressitt, 1942). The
chorion is off-white, turning yellowish-brown closer to hatching (Lieu, 1945)..
Larvae
The larva is elongate, cylindrical, up to 56 mm long and 10 mm at its broadest point
across the prothorax; it lacks obvious legs. It tapers gradually behind the prothorax
towards the end of the abdomen, but is then slightly broadened apically. It is pale
yellowish-white, with the anterior part of the head pitchy-black. There are some
yellow, chitinized patterns on the prothorax. The pronotum has a narrow orange
transverse band near the anterior margin and a large, orange, raised area posteriorly.
The ocelli, one on each side, are slightly chitinized on the surface and are ventrolateral to the antennae. The antennae are very short, three-segmented (Lieu, 1945;
Nakamura and Kojima, 1981). An illustrated description of the larva was provided by
Gressitt (1942) and by Duffy (1968). Duffy also keyed out all the known Oriental
cerambycid larvae, including A. chinensis.
Pupae
The pupa is light yellow, 24 to 35 mm long, with legs and long, coiled antennae
(Kawada, 1975).
Adults
Typically cerambycid in shape, adults are black and shiny, 21 (male) to 37 (female)
mm long, with long antennae, 1.7-2 times body length in males; 1.2 times body length
in females. The head, antennae, legs and underside are covered with very fine paleblue to white pubescence. The head is held vertically downwards, with maxillary
palpi tapering apically. Antennae are inserted on distinct prominences forming a
strong V on the top of the head. The basal segment of the antennae has a distinct
apical scar-like region. Antennal joints are black with a blue-grey base. The pronotum
is transverse, with a stout lateral spine at each side and a raised area medially in the
basal half. The legs appear to have four segments excluding the claws, but with the
third segment strongly bilobed and almost concealing the very small fourth segment at
the base of the true fifth, claw-bearing segment. Male fore tarsi are larger than those
of the female. Elytral pubescence form several irregular, white to blue spots and
usually covering the scutellum. The male has the elytra narrowed distally. The sides
of the female elytra are parallel and rounded distally. On mainland China, most A.
chinensis have white rather than blue pubescence, which is usually seen in Japanese
specimens although rarely some have neither white or blue patches on the elytra, and
resemble A. leechi (Duffy, 1968; Kusama and Takakuwa, 1984; EPPO, 1997b).
Adult of Anoplophora chinensis
Egg
Larvae
Adult
Egg, Larvae& Adult of Anoplophora chinensis
Thorax Side
Pronotum
Thorax Side
Thorax Above
Ventral
Head front
Elytra
Pronotum
Adult
Lateral
Dorsal
Ventral
Adult of Anoplophora chinensis
Biology and ecology:
Adults live for about 30 days in China and can be found from April to August, but are
most abundant from May to July. In Japan adults live about 70 days between June and
August. Adults are active during the daytime feeding on leaves, petioles and the
young bark of host trees. Sexual maturation occurs around 10 days after emergence
(Adachi, 1988). Adults fly readily and the rate of tree-to-tree movement tends to be
higher in males (Adachi, 1990b) presumably due to mate searching behaviour. When
a male encounters a female, the male has to touch the female with his antennae and/or
tarsi to detect a sex pheromone on the body surface of the female which stimulates
mounting and copulation Fukaya et al., 1999, 2000). Adults mate polygamously.
There are two peaks of mating activity, from 08.00 to 12.00 h and from 15.00 to 17.00
h. Mating occurs on the trunks and main branches at least 0.6 m from the ground. Egg
deposition begins a week after copulation. Females use their mandibles to cut a Tshaped slit in the bark of a living tree, several centimetres from the ground. Eggs are
laid singly under the bark of the trunk through the ovipositional cut. Females may also
oviposit on exposed roots (Wang et al. 1996). In Japan females lay around 190 eggs
with the peak rate of egg laying around 30 days after emergence (Adachi, 1988). At
20-30°C, eggs hatch about 10 days after oviposition. The feeding larva tunnels into
the trunk just under the bark and later enters and destroys the pith and vascular
systems of the lower trunk and root. If a tree is small, a single larva can remove much
of the heart wood. During this feeding process, large amounts of frass are ejected
through holes in the bark. Larvae spend several months without feeding before
pupation (Adachi, 1994). Pupation takes place in the wood, often in the upper part of
the feeding area. Four to eight days after adult eclosion, they exit through emergence
holes approximately 10-20 mm diameter about 25 cm above the oviposition site (Xu,
1997).
Adachi (1994) studied the development of A. chinensis under fluctuating seasonal
temperatures and at three constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C. With fluctuating
temperatures, more than 70% of the larvae survived and required 1 or 2 years to
complete their life cycle (from egg to adult eclosion). Adults emerged simultaneously
in June although there had been three different oviposition dates. At 20°C, 57% of the
individuals completed their development 306 to 704 days after oviposition. All larvae
died at 25 and 30°C. Adachi (1994) estimated that the lower developmental threshold
temperatures for eggs and young larvae were 6.7 and 11.6°C, respectively. A total
accumulated temperature of 1200°C was needed after overwintering to develop from
larvae into adults (Xu, 1997).
In tropical and subtropical regions there is one generation per year although further
north there may be one generation every 2 years. Xu (1997) reported that even where
A. chinensis had, on average, one generation per year, 15% had two generations in 3
years.
Oviposition
Oviposition
Egg
Larvae
Galleries in the phloem and external layer of xylem
Adult exit holes
Anoplophora chinensis
Symptoms:
A female will use her mandibles to cut a T-shaped slit in the bark of the tree trunk
close to ground level or on an exposed root, in which to lay an egg. Upon hatching the
larva bores into the stem and destroys the pith and vascular system of the host
(Adachi, 1989; Mitomi et al., 1990) but later enters the heart wood, tunnelling up and
down. Considerable amounts of frass (small cylindrical pellets of sawdust) and
woodpulp are ejected through holes in the bark (Gressitt, 1942). The piles of frass
accumulating at the base of an attacked tree are usually conspicuous when a tree is
undisturbed and give a good indication of infestation. Adults eat young leaves,
branches and bark of the tree (Kajiwara et al., 1986).
Symptoms by affected plant part
Leaves: external feeding.
Roots: internal feeding.
Stems: abnormal exudates; internal feeding; visible frass.
Whole plant: plant dead; dieback; frass visible.
Adult exit holes Anoplophora chinensis
Larvae and Adult of Anoplophora chinensis
Larvae and Adult holes of Anoplophora chinensis
Larvae and Adult holes of Anoplophora chinensis
Means of movement and dispersal:
A. chinensis can move via international trade. It is most likely to be moved as eggs,
larvae or pupae in woody planting material or finished minature plants (bonsai or
penjing). Individuals (larvae and adults) have entered Europe and the USA on bonsai
plants of Acer buergeranum, A. palmatum, Celastrus, Cydonia sinensis, Malus
micromalus and Sageretia from China and Japan Anon., 1986, 1988;EPPO, 2001,
2002a).
Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
- Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches: Eggs, Larvae, Pupae; borne
internally; visible to naked eye.
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
- Bark
- Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes
- Fruits (inc. Pods)
- Growing Medium Accompanying Plants
- Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
- Leaves
- Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants
- Roots
- True Seeds (inc. Grain)
- Wood.
Intercepted shipments/photo Joe Cavey, USDA/APHIS(*)
Phytosanitary significance:
A.chinensis is a quarantine pest for the European Union and EPPO. The species
presents a significant risk to Citrus-growing countries around the Mediterranean. A.
chinensis is also a quarantine pest in Canada (EPPO, 2002b) and A. chinensis is
quarantine pest for Iran.
Detection and inspection:
Bark around the base of trees should be examined for an ovipositional scar (3-4 mm
wide, 1-2 mm long) (Kojima and Hayashi, 1969). Trees should be inspected,
especially at the base of trunks, and any exposed roots, for signs of larval tunnels.
Frass and wood pulp extruding from holes are signs of infestation (Kajiwara et al.,
1986).
Dead of female and extracts of female stimulus of male for detection.
Detection and inspection host for Anoplophora chinensis
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Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,Tehran,822p.
Esmaile ,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,Tehran,366p.
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http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Anoplophora_chinensis.pdf
www.provincia.bz.it/agricoltura/frutti-vitico...
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Cheraghian-a10@hotmail.com