SAGIR Report 2009-2010
Transcription
SAGIR Report 2009-2010
October 2011 SAGIR Report 2009-2010 Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O. SHEETS PER SPECIES : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. General points Mallard Red deer Roe deer Columbids European rabbit European brown hare Mountain ungulates Grey partridge Red fox Wild boar Other birds Other health news SAGIR NETWORK October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M, Mastain O.) GENERAL POINTS Introduction daver and good case histories, are a facilitated diagnosis. The method used is that described in the previous report 2006-2008 (Decors 2010) Indication of symptoms or TTT treatment Indication of discovery environment % of cases The SAGIR network is a collaborative network for the epidemiological surveillance of wild bird and terrestrial mammal mortality, which relies at the departement level on agents of the Departemental hunting federations, the departemental services of the National hunting and wildlife agency, and the departemental veterinary laboratoires. The observation and collection work carried out by agents in the field is the foundation of this surveillance. Accordingly, we studied first the case history recording and the collection aspects, to target avenues for improvement, an essential prerequisite for progress in the diagnosis. A good ca- Physiological state specified Mention of the sex Mention of age class Precise species Certainty on date of discovery Municipality specified 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Fields of the sagir sheet Figure 1 : Filling in of the SAGIR form In this issue SAGIR Form 1 Freshness of cada- 2 Number of alerts 2 SAGIR sample 2 Species richness 3 Box PNP 3 Filling in of the old SAGIR form Figure 1 shows a high level of information reported on the SAGIR form, with values close to 100% as regards the municipality, the date of discovery, the precise species, the environment of discovery and the bodily condition. Some information such as age or sex is sometimes difficult to determine in the field, some information such as sex dermination for example can be completed at the moment of necropsy by the laboratory. Information on clinical signs, biological indices or pesticide treatments is filled in in 45% of cases, this figure can be explained on the one hand by the fact that only 30% of animals are found alive (for which one can des- cribe clinical signs) and on the other hand by the difficulty of obtaining information on pesticide treatments, when one is in a surveillance and not in a survey process. GENERAL POINTS Freshness of the cadavers according to the species’ family Partridge cadaver (Source : Stéphane Bégon) PASSERIFORMES Species family Waterbirds and small sized birds are collected « fresh» in only 30% of cases. Passeriformes for example, are indeed less easy to detect and are less easily conserved than larger sized species. Besides, birds in a damp environment remain longer available in the environment but are generally discovered only when they are on the banks, and they have sometimes remained for a period of time in the water before their discovery. GALLIFORMES COLUMBIFORMES ANSERIFORMES LAGOMORPHA ARTIODACTYLA 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% % of individuals of the Family sampled fresh Figure 2 : Freshness of cadavers Number of alerts « The number of alerts has doubled between 2009 and 2010 » In 2009, 14 alerts were centralized at the national level against 32 in 2010. Three national « Flash infos » followed these alerts in 2010, they concerned an abnormal mortality according to field observers : of swallows, of European brown hares, of European rabbits The SAGIR sample from 2009 to 2010 2010, which can be related to the large collection of hares and rabbits in the 7000 autumn 2010 in some departements. Figure 3 :Number of SAGIR cases per year 6271 6000 Nombre de cas In two years, 4 436 SAGIR cases were collected. 1.51% of these cases were not exploitable (1.74% in 2009 and 1.31% in 2010). Figure 3 shows that the number of SAGIR cases is stable since 2008. A slight increase in the number of cases was observed in 5000 4000 3475 3043 3000 2320 2038 2328 2000 1000 0 2005 Page 2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 SAGIR NETWORK 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % % cumulative OTHERS SONG THRUSH ALPINE IBEX COMMON CRANE HOUSE SPARROW EURASIAN TEAL WHITE STORK HERRING GULL STOCK DOVE COOT HOUSE MARTIN SWALLOW SP. ROCK PIGEON MOUFLON PHEASANT COLLARED DOVE PERDRIX SP. BARN SWALLOW BADGER CARRION CROW MUTE SWAN RED PARTRIDGE COMMON BUZZARD EUROPEAN CHAMOIS RED DEER PIGEON SP. WOOD PIGEON MALLARD GREY PARTRIDGE RED FOX WILDBOAR RABBIT ROE DEER HARE In the following report, we superseded the wood piwill work mainly in on exgeon, which may be the ploitable SAGIR cases, that result of an increased colis to say 4 366 cases. lection of partridge cada30 % of animals were vers in connection with the found alive (either shot, Pegasus study, initiated in trapped or found mori2010. bund). 3% of SAGIR cases are viscera, coming from hunter-killed animals or large animals that cannot be moved. A diagnosis could be made from organs alone in 54.6% Figure 4 : (71/130) of cases. The predominant species in 2009-2010 were the same as in 2008. Howe- Table 1: The 7 predominant species in the database in 2006*, 2007 and ver, the grey partridge 2008 species Species distribution in the 2009-2010 sample * from Terrier et al. 2006 Species richness 2006 2007 2008 mallard brown hare brown hare brown hare roe deer roe deer roe deer mallard wild boar pigeon sp rabbit rabbit mute swan wild boar red fox starling red fox wood pigeon common buzzard mute swan mallard 100 90 80 Number of species The species richness is slightly lower than that observed in 2008 but is nonetheless significant, slightly less than 80 species in 2009 and in 2010. This richness can be partly explained by the implementation of a toxicovigilance operation, encouraging the collection of any cadaver in a state of being analysed, whatever the species. Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2009 2010 « In two years, 4 436 SAGIR cases were collected. 1.51% of these cases only were not exploitable » Figure 5 : Number of species per year References Terrier M.E., Barrat J., Guibé A., Rossi S., Hars J., Gaillet J.R. 2006. Bilan du réseau SAGIR, réseau ONCFS/FNC/FDC, Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage (ed), Paris, 48p. Decors A. et Mastain O. Epidémiosurveillance de la faune sauvage — Bilan des analyses effectuées de 2006 à 2008 dans le cadre du réseau SAGIR. Paris : oficce national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage. Juillet 2010. 48p. Accesible sur http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Reseau-SAGIR-ru105/Rapports-SAGIR-ar156 Page 3 The Mallard duck October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos) Salient facts Luc Barbier virus (2010). The case histories collected by observers of the network showed that the ducks came from a husbandry of the Loire where the disease was rife (letter 165). Herpesvirus infection The mortality of mallard ducks on a pond near the Rhine was attributed to a herpes Anticoagulant intoxications The increased mortality notified in July 2009 was related to a chlorophacinone intoxication in Gironde. Chlorophacinone is used for rodenticide treatment (fight against voles, garden dormouse, dormouse, field mouse, muskrat, black rat, house mouse and brown rat). Several incidents related to malicious acts were reported for this species. Chlorophacinone combined with bromadiolone, another anticoagulant, was also responsible for a grouped mortality of mallard ducks in the Tarn in March 2010, of malevolent origin. Figure 2 : Number of mallard duck cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. 25 20 15 2009 10 2010 Chloralose intoxixation Several cases of grouped mortality from chloralose intoxication, one of the major causes of intoxication of wild birds, were reported: in 2010 in the Nord departement, in 2009 in Isère and Aude (Figure 1). Botulism The large number of cases in August 2009 was attributed to notifications of waterborne botulism in the Sarthe and Pas-deCalais departements (Figure 1 and 2). A retrospective study on the network data from 1995 to 2007 shows that cases of waterborne botulism are notified all year round but with a clear preponderance during the summer and a peak in August. Dabbling ducks account for the vast majority of birds discovered in botulism outbreaks (Figure 3). 5 be r O ct ob er ? t Se pt em Au gu s Ju ly Ju ne ay M Ap ril ar ch M ry 0 Ja nu a number of cadavers collected Figure 1: Spatial distribution of animals collected in 2009 and 2010 Difénacoum caused mortality in the Hérault in January 2010. Month Figure 3 : Distribution of botulism outbreaks per group of wild species recorded by SAGIR from 1995 to 2007 The Red deer October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Red deer (Cervus elaphus) Salient facts Mortality in Sologne 14 12 2009 10 2010 6 4 2 Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be r De ce m be r Ju ly Ju nj e Ap ril M ar cf h 0 ry Fe br ua ry ITD of Cher, Loir-et-Cher and Loiret have passent on to the national team observations of red deer found dead or ill or weakened and caught by dogs. No typical necropsy picture was revealed. A heavy parasitic infestation was however noted on young animals coming from high density areas. It is recalled that as with MAC episodes in the roe deer, the health outcomes should not be disconnected from knowledge relating to the demographic trends of populations. Bovine tuberculosis 8 Ja nu a number of cadavers collected J.C. Boisguérin At the beginning of 2009, a winter mortality of red deer was reported in Sologne (SAGIR letter n°164) . Month Figure 1: Number of red deer cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. One case of bovine tuberculosis was detected in a young one year old red deer found dead on 21/04/2009 in Morbihan (SAGIR letter n°165). This animal was discovered in the municipality where a deer farm was subjected to a total stamping-out procedure due to the disease. This animal presented a generalized evolutive tuberculosis that could explain the death. An epidemiological link is thus obviously suspected between the two events. The epidemiological surveys carried out during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 hunting seasons on red deer and wild boar killed in the area did not reveal any case. The tuberculous red deer thus remained an isolated case. The situation of tuberculosis in wildlife is described in the sheet « other health news » In this issue Salient facts 1 Intoxications 2 Bluetongue 2 Intoxications EXPOSURE CHLORALOSE IF INTOXICATION BY ACORNS total number red deer Table1 : Red deer intoxications in 2009 and 2010 1 1 2 5 Intoxications recorded during this period are mainly alimentary, but a chloralose intoxication was observed, which is recurrent in cervids. Red deer Targeted survey : Bluetongue Moinet M., Rossi S. « Among the 22 red deer submitted within the SAGIR framework between 2007 and 2010 and tested for FCO, 7 were PCR positive, the macroscopic findings were little suggestive for 6 of them» The wild ungulates collected within the framework of the SAGIR network at the national scale are in the vast majority roe deer (Table I). Indeed, owing to difficulties of transport, large ungulates are much less collected. Hence, less than 20 red deer per year were necropsied between 2003 and 2007. But due to mortality episodes that occurred in 2009-2010 and a greater vigilance of the network following the emergence of the BTV8 virus in domestic ruminants (SAGIR 2008), 42 red deer were necropsied during the year 2009 and 29 during the year 2010. In 2009, the red deer were collected notably during winter mortality episodes observed in January and February 2009 in the Indre, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Doubs, Côte-d’Or and Hautes-Alpes (SAGIR 10). In 2010, red deer were collected in similar conditions in 19 different departements, mainly the Drôme, Indre, Dordogne and Savoie. However, in the absence of a specific funding, only 267 (~15%) of the 1824 wild ruminants collected between 2008 and 2010 were diagnosed for bluetongue. One can probably rule out the involvement of bluetongue in the roe deer year Cervus elaSKus 2009 1(/10) 4(/17) dont 0 positif 11(/42) dont 5 4(/5) positifs 2010 5(/5) 5(/29) dont 1 positif 2008 Page 2 Capra Ibex Cervus nippon mortalities observed during this period, given that no infected animal was detected among the 212 tested individuals (only 3 weakly positive results were observed by RT-PCR in 2008 and were considered as nonspecific results). No positive result was either observed in the few mountain ruminants, fallow deer and Sika deer tested since 2008, without any possibility of concluding on the impact of bluetongue in these species (very small sample, see Table I). Lastly, among the 22 red deer diagnosed for bluetongue between 2007 and 2010 (including two tested in 2007, not included in Table I), 7 were PCR positive (SAGIR 2010, Rossi et al. 2010, Moinet Pers. Com.) In 6 of these animals, the clinical picture was rather crude (loss of vigilance, thinness), the macroscopic findings were little suggestive of bluetongue (cerebral hemorrhage, congestive or purulent pneumonia, pulmonary strongylosis). One animal presented lesions compatible with an acute viral attack combined with a positive result in RT-PCR (BTV8), however bluetongue could not be confirmed as the cause of death. In areas where high red deer mortalities were reported in 2009, the necropsied red deer that have not Rupicapra rupicapra Capreolus capreolus been subjected to a bluetongue virus search were animals of all ages and sexes, generally thin, very parasitized (pulmonary or digestive parasitism), presenting sometimes diarrhea. These macroscopic findings, little suggestive of a particular disease, are potentially related to a combination of high density/low food availability. It is thus unlikely that bluetongue was the cause of mass mortality in red deer, although it could have contributed to the weakening of some animals in relation with other factors of wear. These results are consistent with the low mortality observed in Belgium in 2007-2008, while a high circulation of the BTV8 serotype was observed in red deer (Linden et al. 2008) as well as with the absence of clinical signs reported in Spain in red deer infected naturally or experimentally by BTV1 or BTV8 serotypes (López-Olvera et al. 2010, Falconi et al. 2011). Dama dama 1(/5) Ovis musimom 0(/1) 4(/67) 85 (/601) 1(/9) 1(/1) 8(/37) 78 (/500) 3(/11) 7(/31) 49 (/447) 0(/6) Table2: Number of wild ruminants collected by the SAGIR network and having been subjected to a diagnosis (serological or PCR) for FCO between 2007 and 2010 (after the emergence of the BTV8 virus in domestic ruminants). Red deer References Falconi C., López-Olvera J.-R., Gortázar C. (2011). BTV infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: A review. Vet. Microbiol. (in press). Linden A., Mousset B., Gregoire F., Hanrez D., Vandenbussche F., Vandemeulebroucke E., Vanbinst T., Verheyden B., De Clerck K. (2008). Bluetongue virus antibodies in wild red deer in southern Belgium. Vet. Rec., 162, 459-459. López-Olvera JR, Falconi C, Férnandez-Pacheco P et al. (2010). Experimental infection of European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet. microbiol.,145(1-2):148-52. Rossi S., Gibert P., Bréard E., Moinet M., Hars J., Maillard D., Wanner M., Klein F., Mastain O. Mathevet P., Bost F. (2010a). Circulation et impact des virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO) chez les ruminants sauvages en France. Bulletin épidémiologique, 35, 28-32. SAGIR (2008). Etude sur la circulation et l’impact du virus de FCO chez les ruminants sauvages. lettre SAGIR 162, ONCFS, St Benoist. SAGIR (2010). Surveillance de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO) dans la faune sauvage : quoi de neuf docteur ? lettre SAGIR 164, ONCFS, St Benoist. Page 3 The roe deer October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Salient facts Yvan Vilair Figure 1 : Spatial distribution of roe deer collected in 2009 et 2010 Tularemia (zoonosis) Francisella tularensis was revealed in 2009 from the spleen of a roe deer that presented a septicemic picture compatible with an acute bacterial attack. We have at this stage little hindsight on the clinical effect of F. tularensis in this species and we cannot conclude that there is a causal relationship. Erysipelas (zoonosis) An erysipelas diagnosis was made in 2009 in a roe deer of the Somme. The animal presented an infected rear, an ulcer at the abomasum NAV, a liver of abnormal colour, congested mediastinal ganglions and mesenteric ganglions of abnormal colour. The bacteria was isolated from mediastinal gan- glions. The individual was negative for pestiviruses. Keratitis in young male roe deer In August 2010 in the Meuse, 5 young male roe deer were observed alive with ocular lesions of the keratitis type and neurological symptoms. Similar cases were notified in Côte d’Or in September 2010. The epizootic form of the outbreak on young animals in the Meuse has led the network to further investigate the case. A search for Mycoplasma conjonctivae and Moraxella bovis, as well as a chlamydiosis, Q fever and mycoplasmosis serology were requested. All the analyses came back negative. No diagnosis could be made, owing to the lack of samples, FDC 55 Young roe deer suffering from keratitis and a motor coordination disorder but the main hypothesis remains listeriosis, which could not be searched for. Dermatology In November and December 2010, there were several notifications of roe deer presenting depilation, 3 cases of demodicosis and 1 case of dermatomycosis. Evolution of the main 4 diseases 2010 30 20 10 0 au gu st se pt em be r oc to be r no ve m be r de ce m be r Cyanobacteria: suspi- 4 cion of intoxination 2009 40 ju ly 3 50 ju ne Intoxications 60 Figure 2: Number of roe deer cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. ay 2 70 m Zoom sarcocystosis 80 ap ril 1 ja nu ar y fe br ua ry m ar ch Salient facts Number of cadavers collected In this issue: Month No signal of abnormal mortality appears on Figure 2. On the other hand, the collection of roe deer was substantial in the Jura but stable in 2009 et 2010 (Figure 1). Roe deer Zoom on sarcocystis infection of the roe deer Alain Viry (LDA39) In the course of the 2009-2010 hunting season, we observed on necropsied roe deer of the Jura departement, Sarcocystis cysts in large quantity and more frequently compared to previous years. It is customary to say that it is a necropsy discovery and that these parasites cannot be the cause of morbidity or mortality. What is this about? And what are these parasites? By flicking through a few documents, this is what emerges. Firstly, according to Euzéby [3], given the disappearance of the phylum Sarcosporidia in which coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis had been initially classified, one should avoid speaking of sarcosporidiosis and prefer the term sarcocystosis. Development cycle LDA 39 Muscle infested by sarcocysts « In most cases, sarcocysts have no pathogenic action for the roe deer » Sarcocystis infection is a protozoal infection caused by coccidia with a dixenous development (2 hosts) of the family Isosporidae, subfamily Sarcocystinae and genus Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882. The final host is a carnivore mammal and sometimes man, in which the oocysts sporulated in the intestine open and release sporocysts comprising 4 sporozoites. The intermediate host, a herbivore mammal for most Sarcocystinae species, becomes infected by consuming sporocysts. These sporocysts can resist for one year in humid environment, 2 to 3 months in dry environment. And they resist well to negative temperatures, as low as – 20°C for 48 hours. The sporozoites released in the intestine of the infected individual, pass in the circulatory system where they multiply within the vascular endotheliomas of different organs. The cycle then takes place at the level of the monocytes. Finally, the monocytes carry the parasites in the striated muscles where, round about the 2° month after infestation, sarcocysts or Miescher tubes are formed, i.e. whitish to greyish elongated cysts, that can be visible to the naked eye, measuring from 0,5 to 3 mm long and 0,3 mm wide, containing bradyzoites in the shape of bananas, measuring from 12 to 15 µm by 6 to 9 µm still called Rainey corpuscules. From this stage, sarcocystosis is chronic. According to the parasitized muscles, it can cause mastication difficulties (located in the masticatory muscles), myositis, or even a cardiac accident, but most often, it is asymptomatic. The final hosts become contaminated by consuming the muscles of intermediate hosts that are carriers of sarcocysts. They evacuate sporocysts after a duration of about 10 to 15 days and during a period of 3 to 5 months, much longer than for « classic » coccidiosis and related to the fact that immunological reactions caused by Sarcocystis are much weaker, allowing successive reinfestations. Sarcocystis infections in the roe deer According to Odening [7], there are 189 different Sarcocystis species known. The roe deer is one of the intermediate hosts of these parasites. At least four species are described in the roe deer in Europe : Sarcocystis gracilis Ratz, 1909 ; S. capriolicanis Erber, Boch and Barth, 1978 ; S. cf. hofmanni and a 4° non-specified Sarcocystis sp. type described by Kutkiené [4]. The distinction of these species is based on the observation of the morphology of sarcocysts and bradyzoites. Recently, the species S. oviformis n. sp. was revealed by molecular biology on a Norwegian roe deer. In any case, in optical microscopy, the species’ determination remains extremely difficult. The described prevalences which depend on ecological conditions, but also on the diagnosis methods used, are generally high : 80% on roe deer of Lithuania (Kutkiené, 2001), 86 to 93% in Germany (Erber et al. , 1978 – Partenheimer-Hannemann, 1991), 86% to 30/31 (?) in Poland (Wesemeier, 1995 – Tropilo, 2001), 86% in the north-west of Spain (Lopez et al., 2003) with a mean density of 15 cysts per gramme of muscle, 100% in central Italy on 22 roe deer studied (Santini et al., 1997). Prevalence varies also according to the age of animals : 69.4 % for those less than one year old, – 97% for those above one year old (Spickschen, 2002). Sarcocysts are numerous in muscles of the tongue, the oesophagus and the myocardium. They are easily observed on the masticatory muscles (after incision) or on the muscles of the costal wall or on the diaphragm. The main final host for sarcocysts of the roe deer is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). However, the hunting dog which consumes roe deer meat and can excrete sporocysts during hunting action can also play a role in the cycle. Page 2 The roe deer In humans Humans can become infested by consuming non-frozen and insufficiently cooked roe deer meat and contract a sarcocystic coccidiosis. But unlike sarcocysts coming from porc or beef meat, sarcocystis of the roe deer are not capable of developing in humans. Thereby, only the first phase called toxinic (linked to the presence in the cysts of a toxin, sarcocystine, which is thermolabile but resists up to 55°C) and is accompanied by nausea, abdominal pains, diarrhea, can be observed within 3 to 8 hours following the consumption of the parasitized meat. The symptoms can prolong for 24 to 48 hours. They should be distinguished from other intoxications due to staphylococcus (very short incubation of 3-4 hours and predominant vomiting), salmonelles (incubation of more than 24 hours, diarrhea, vomiting and hyperthermia) or Clostridium perfringens (incubation of 8-10 hours, diarrhea, no hyperthermia). In summary, four different Sarcocystis species whose final host is the red fox, are described in the roe deer, but their identification is extremely difficult in optical microscopy. Different studies show a very high prevalence in the roe deer, between 80 and 100%. Most of these studies are based on pepsic digestion methods. The observation of sarcocysts by visual examination at the moment of necropsy on masticatory muscles, muscles of the costal wall, the diaphragm or the heart, is probably indicative of a very heavy infestation of the analysed subject. A negative visual examination, even more so for sarcocysts than for other parasites, does not mean that the subject is not infested, it can be infected at a low level. In most cases, sarcocysts have no pathogenic action on their host. Exceptionally, during rupture of the cysts, an inflammation linked to this rupture causes myositis, mastication disorders, or even cardiac accidents. According to Karin Lemberger of VetDiagnostics, acute sarcocystosis, depending on the animal’s immune status and on the sarcocyst load, can also cause abortions, meningomyelitis or eosinophilic myositis. Histological examinations of affected muscles can enable one to distinguish quiescent forms from acute inflammatory forms. In humans, sarcocystosis, a minor zoonosis, can cause nausea and digestive disorders within 3 to 8 hours following the consuption of a non-frozen and insufficiently cooked roe deer meat. « Sarcocystosis is a minor zoonosis» Intoxications From May to September 2010 in the Tarn, 22 roe deer of all ages and sexes, in good bodily condition, were found dead. The mortality was observed in a restricted area of 700 ha. A goat and a horse were also found dead in the vicinity, in the same period. Among 5 roe deer analysed, one carbofuran intoxication, one chloralose intoxication (shaded area in Table 1) and one roe deer positive to ehrlichiosis were revealed. Following a field action of the SD and FDC81, the mortalities stopped, suggesting a malevolent origin. Page 3 EXPOSURE ALDICARBE ATRAZINE BROMADIOLONE CARBOFURAN CHLORALOSE CHLOROPHACINONE CYFLUTHRIN INTOXICATION BY MISTLETOE INTOXICATION BY ACORNS MEVINPHOS total number roe deer Table 1 : Intoxications of roe deer in 2009 et 2010 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 33 The roe deer Cyanobacteria : suspicion of intoxination Marc Hessemann (LVD25) In spring 2010, one roe deer was discovered dead in the river La Loue, in Franche-Comté. In the previous weeks, high fish mortalities and the presence of cyanobacteria (as well as toxoid) had been revealed. At the necropsy, the roe deer presented a non specific congestive picture. Complementary firstline examinations (mainly searches for bacteria) did not reveal anything particular. The gastric content analysis enabled one to isolate cyanobacteria that had the same aspect as those isolated in La Loue. To have a diagnostic certainty, it is necessary to complete this result by a search for toxins in the organism. Indeed, it is the intoxination (toxoid a) which causes nervous signs followed by a sudden death. Exhaustive investigations were thus launched in a second stage but did not reveal any toxins responsible for sudden death in the necropsy samples. This case illustrates well the methodological difficulties involved in revealing an intoxination due to cyanobacteria, and in the interpretation of results. Relative evolution of the main roe deer diseases 10 8 Enterotoxemia 6 Pasteurellosis 4 Traumatism 2 Oestrus ovis infestation 0 2009 2007 year 2005 Unspecified 2003 % of affected animals / total sample 12 Figure 3: Proportion of the main roe deer diseases in relation to the annual sample – 2003 to 2010 evolution This graph of Figure 3 shows the relative evolution of the main diseases diagnosed in the roe deer. All the diseases responsible for acute clinical signs in the roe deer are not shown. This graph serves to visualize trends and to detect the expansion in some years of diseases with a stake. It does not show the temporal evolution of a disease, and is not representative of the roe deer population owing to recruitment biases connected with the SAGIR network. No peak relating to these diseases was observed at the national level, for the years 2009-2010. On the other hand, this graph does not show the spatial heterogeneity : indeed, an upsurge in cases of Oestrosus sp. infestation was reported at the end of August 2010 in the Haut-Rhin. Page 4 Number of cases per syndrome The roe deer 160 nTOT = 601 140 nTOT = 500 120 ocular syndrome 100 respiratory syndrome 80 nTOT = 447 60 dermatosis digestive syndrome 40 20 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year Figure 4 : Number of cases collected per year from 2003 to 2010 To improve the detection of the emergence of a new disease, we have implemented the temporal monitoring of the number of cases without a diagnosis (see Figure 3 « unknown») and of some syndromes described in the database. Four main syndromes are shown on Figure 8 : ocular, digestive, respiratory or cutaneous (dermatosis). These syndromes summarize the macroscopic findings described by the laboratories when no diagnosis has been established with certainty. The occurrence of respiratory, cutaneous and ocular syndromes is stable and there was a decrease of the number of digestive syndromes in 2009, then in 2010. References 1 - ENTZEROTH (R.) - Light, scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscope Study of the Cyst Wall of Sarcocystis gracilis RÀTZ, 1909 (Sporozoa, Coccidia) from the Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) - Ark. Protistenk. 129 (1985) : 183-186. 2 - ENTZEROTH (R.) - Ultrastructure of Gamonts and Gametes and Fertilization of Sarcocystis sp. from the Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Dogs – Z Parasitenkd (1982) 67 : 147-163. 3 - EUZEBY (J.) - Les sarcocystoses zoonosiques : des coccidioses à Sarcocystis à la myosite éosinophilique sarcocystique. Congrès SPE de l’Ile Maurice, nov. 1996. 4 - KUTKIENÉ (L.) - The species composition of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Sarcocystis in Lithuania. Acta zoologica lituanica (2001) 11-1 : 97-101. 5 - DAHLGREN (S. S.), GJERDE (B.) - Sarcocystis in Norwegian roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) : molecular and morphological identification of Sarcocystis oviformis n. sp. and Sarcocystis gracilis and their phylogenetic relationship with other Sarcocystis species – Parasitology research (2009) 104 n° 5 : 993-1003. 6 - LOPEZ (C.) et al. - Sarcocystis spp. infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the north-west of Spain – Z. Jagdwiss, 49 (2003) : 211-218. 7 - ODENING (K.) – The present state of species – systematics in Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Protista, Sporozoa, Coccidia). Systematic Parasitol. 41 : 209-233. 8 - SANTINI et al. - Ultrastructureof the cyst wall of Sarcocystis sp. In roe deer – Journal of Wildlife Diseases – 33 (4) 1997 : 853-859. 9 - SPICKSCHEN (C.), POHLMEYER (K.) – Investigation on the occurence of Sarcosporidia in roe deer, red deer and mouflons from two different natural habitats in Lower Saxony. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft (2002) Vol. 48 (1) : 35-48. 10 - TROPILO (J.), KATKIEWICZ (M.T.), WISNIEWSKI (J.) - Sarcocystis spp. infection in free-living animals: wild boar /Sus scrofa L./, deer / Cervus elaphus L./, roe deer /Capreolus capreolus L./. - Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences year: 2001, vol: 4, number: 1, pages: 1518. 11 - GOLDOVA (M.) et al. – Sarcocystosis in cloven-hoofed game in Slovak Republic – Nat. Croat. Vol. 17 (4) – 2008 : 303-309. Page 5 Columbids October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Columbids Salient facts A. Levesque Suspicion of fowl pox in Guadeloupe SAGIR T. gallinae trichomonosis In this issue: Salient facts 1 Intoxications 2 Trichomonosis and stock doves 3 1. Fowl pox Fowl pox is an infectious disease of viral origin that affects many bird species. It is due to a poxvirus. The disease is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical countries. It is present in the Carribean, notably in Martinique. The virus enters the skin owing to a wound or can be transmitted by a biting insect. In 2009, we suspected fowl pox or a mycobacteriosis on a une turtle dove coming from Guadeloupe. The bird could not be necropsied nor undergo complementary examinations to confirm or reject the suspicion. In September 2010, fowl pox was revealed by histology in Vendée on 2 wood pigeons. There were also 2 suspicions on wood pigeons : 1 in 2010 in Figure 1 : Spatial distribution of columbids collected in 2009 and 2010 Ile et Vilaine and 1 in 2009 in particular in the Oise, Eure, Morbihan. Seine Maritime, Yvelines, Somme, Yonne and Maine et Digestive candidiasis Candidiasis is a disease that Loire (Figure 1). A high mortality of doves sp. in affects mainly the digestive system, notably the œsophagus and the crop. It is found essentially on debilitated birds. It is an opportunistic infection caused by a yeast Candida albicans. This yeast is a normal host of the intestinal flora of birds and mammals if it is in small quantity1. Candidiasis lesions in the crop, In the Eure in November 2009, a digestive candidiasis note the whitish coating was diagnosed (crop) on 2 wood pigeons from their crop. Martinique (20 individuals) was reported in the end of July. No It appears to be responsible diagnosis could be made with for a grouped mortality of certainty, but observed lesions wood pigeons. lead one to suspect a T. gallinae trichomonosis. T. gallinae Trichomonosis Many pisodes were reported affecting the wood pigeon, in Avian tuberculosis Two cases diagnosed in 2010 on wood pigeons : one in the Gard and one in Mayenne For more information, http://www.avicampus.fr/PDF/PDFpathologie/Candidose.pdf Unspecified cause of grouped mortality In 2009, 25 turle doves were found dead in Pas-de-Calais within a radius of 200 m . The cause of death could not be determined. Columbids Intoxications number columbids 1 3 1 17 19 1 4 3 57 Intoxications account for 20% of the mortality causes of columbids collected within the SAGIR framework. At least 4 grouped mortality events were described from 2009-2010, resulting either from malicious acts or from intoxication despite the compliance with good agricultural practices. Table 1 : Molecules to which columbids were exposed Figure 2 : Number of columbid cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. 30 25 20 2009 15 2010 10 5 Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r Ju ly Ju ne ay M ar ch M ry Fe br ua ry 0 Ja nu a « 3 grouped mortality events were related to the use of imidaclopride in compliance with the conditions of use » Number of cadavers collected EXPOSURE ALDICARB ANTHRACENES CARBOFURAN CHLORALOSE IMIDACLOPRIDE METALDEHYDE METHIOCARB TEFLUTHRIN total Ap ril ONCFS-SD82 Month In June 2010 (Figure 2), 23 pigeons sp. died following an intoxication by chloralose and methiocarbe in Meurthe et Moselle. The birds were discovered in an urbanized area and did not fly away at the approach. The presence of blue grains in the crop was noticed during the necropsy. A grass snake was found dead close to a young pigeon, 2 days after the discovery of the pigeon cadavers, but was not analysed. Imidaclopride (see box on the « grey partridge » sheet) : 3 important events in October 2010 were reported following the application of coated seeding in compliance with agricultural practices. In the Nord departement : 29 pigeons sp. were found dead in a good bodily condition. 25 birds very little eaten by predators were sent to the veterinary laboratory. The opening of the crops and gizzards revealed the presence of a large quantity of coated wheat. One of the birds was discovered dead at 60 cm from a heap of non-buried seeds, weak pigeons were attacked by crows according to the ITD SAGIR. 14 wood pigeons were discovered in Saône et Loire and 20 turtle doves in the Marne, and an exposure to imidaclopride was revealed (Figure 2). In 2009 : a grouped mortality of pigeons sp. on feeding grounds on winter cereals (barley and wheat) was detected in the Somme (letter 165) : it followed an exposure to a phytopharmaceutical substance used in seed treatment. Sowed in compliance with the authorization conditions, that is buried, the seeds were consumed by the pigeons. Two of the three substances (anthraquinone and tefluthrine) of this preparation were identified but only anthraquinone seems to have caused this intoxication, given its toxicity. In the Drôme and Jura, grouped mortalities of pigeons sp. were related to a chloralose intoxication. In May 2009 : within the framework of the maize toxicovigilance operation, 8 wood pigeons, 6 thrushes and 10 pigeons sp. were discovered dead near a maize crop in the Nord departement. One individual was analysed and the necropsy conclusion is death by methiocarbe intoxication. Page 2 Columbids Targeted survey : impact of trichomonosis on breeding success of the stock dove (Columba oenas) Context and method In 2008, 2009 and 2010, the ringer networks of Mayenne and Aisne observed a serial mortality of stock dove chicks in areas where trichomonosis was present in this species since 2-3 years. In 2008, following a high mortality of chicks at the nest, a necropsy was performed by the Mayenne laboratory. The laboratory had found evidence of trichomonosis (letter SAGIR n°162). The legitimate question of the role of T. gallinae trichomonosis in the breeding success of the stock dove was thus raised. To answer this question, a pre-study was initiated in 2010 in Mayenne with the aim of describing the epidemiology of the disease in stock dove chicks and measuring the apparent impact of the disease on breeding success. This pre-study was also an opportunity to develop a sensitive method for the detection of T. gallinae for departemental laboratories, an essential prerequisite to any epide- miological study in wildlife. This study is the result of a collaboration between the SAGIR network and the columbid ringer network of the ONCFS, the laboratory of Vectorial transmission and epidemiosurveillance of parasitic diseases of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, the departemental veterinary laboratory of Mayenne and Vetdiagnostics. Preliminary results 18 nests and 32 broods were monitored by the columbid correspondant of the ONCFS, Alain Giret. 5 nests resulted at least once in the fledging of the young. 34 % of the broods were unsuccessful, among which 65 % related to a mortality at the nest. Mortality in a nest affects the two chicks in 92% of cases. Chicks found dead are 5 to 12 days old. 6 chicks were sent to the veterinary laboratory to be necropsied. The submission rate of cadavers to the laboratory is relatively low (26%) since in this season, the nestling cadavers are quickly assimilated by their environnement (necrophagy) or autolysed. Five diagnoses out of 6 are in favour of trichomonosis, according to the macroscopic data. The presence of T. gallinae was only detected on 3 nestlings by direct examination (PCR was not performed on nestlings that were negative at the direct examination). It is supposed that T. gallinae is directly transferred from the oral cavity and the upper digestive tract of infested adults to the young doves during the regurgitation of dove milk produced in the crop of adults (Kietzmann 1990). Newly hatched chicks thus become infected as soon as their first feeding. The lesions usually decribed in the literature were revealed in nestlings with trichomonosis. The exploitation of re sults is still in progress and will be the subject of a complete communication in a SAGIR letter soon. Source : Michigan, Department of natural resources and environment « 34% of broods failed, among which 65 % related to a mortality at the nest, 5 of the 6 chicks submitted had lesions consistent with trichomonosis » References Kietzmann, G.E. 1990. Transmission of Trichomonas gallinae to ring doves (Streptotelia risoria). Proccedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 69 : 95-98. Page 3 The European rabbit October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Marchandeau S., Mastain O.) European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Salient facts : the new VHD variant Following the announcement of a high mortality of brown hares in the north of France, several cases of mass mortalities of European rabbits were reported. For example, in the Finistère, the case of a population estimated at 700800 rabbits reduced to about fifty individuals was registered. Figure 1 : Monthly distribution of rabbits collected in 2009 and 2010. 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2009 Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r ay Ju ne M Ap ril M Ja nu a ar ch 2010 ry Fe br ua ry Number of cadavers collected Yvan Vilair Month In this issue : Salient facts 1 RHD Syndrome 2010 2 Intoxications 2 These mortalities were due to VHD, and in particular to the emergence of a new viral strain that is very distant genetically from the strains known so far. It was first detected in livestock, then quickly in the wild by the SAGIR network. At this point, the origin of this strain is still unknown since it is not an evolution of known strains. It differs in two respects from classic strains. On the one hand, the test to identify the virus used in analyses conducted by the SAGIR network does not definitely detect this strain. On the other hand, the immunity induced by the classic strains only partially protects against this new strain. Its impact in the wild is rather mixed: some been spreading since to the departements of the southern half (Figures 2 and 3). The analysis of SAGIR cases will enable one to study the spread of this strain and to further clarify its impact on populations. Evolution of the main 2 diseases Figure 2 : Spatial distribution of rabbits collected in 2009 and 2010 populations are highly affected whereas others only experience low mortalities. Moreover, this strain also affects very young rabbits (4-5 weeks) which are usually mostly resistant. A study programme is currently being set up by the ONCFS and its scientific partners (Anses Ploufragan and ENVT). The aims include : to precisely describe this strain, to measure its virulence, to measure the effectiveness of current vaccines and to develop specific tests to identify it in SAGIR analyses. The first data collected through the SAGIR network and the CNERA PFSP seem to indicate that the phenomenon that was limited to the departements of the north of France in the autumn has SAGIR Hemorrhagic lesions of VHD on the lungs European rabbit The 2010 VHD syndrome (Marchandeau S. and Lefloch L.) SAGIR « Moraxella sp., the agent of keratitis, was isolated on a rabbit in the Cantal in March 2010. This rabbit presented purulent eyes, an acute inflammation of the trachea, a paralysis of the caecum and a spleen hypertrophy. » The ONCFS rabbit team has carried out a syndromic analysis of VHD (or RHD) cases censused by SAGIR since 2008. The factorial analyses were conducted on the whole dataset by including a period variable : before 30/06/2010 versus after 01/07/2010 (presumed date of emergence of the new variant). This study aimed at identifying possible evolutions of macroscopic findings, associated with the emergence of the viral variant RHDV 2010. With the emergence of the variant RHDV 2010, we note the appearance of 2 types of syndromes that were not noted during the period prior to 30/06/2010 : icterus (3% of rabbits analysed after 01/07/2010) œdema of the airways (lungs and trachea) (16%). Figure 3 : Spatial distribution of VHD cases due to the variant RHDV 2010 on 8 June 2011. Intoxications EXPOSURE BROMADIOLONE Table 1 : Molecules to which rabbits were expo- CARBOFURAN sed among the 24 rabbits CHLOROPHACINONE for which a toxicological DIFENACOUM analysis was performed. CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS Total number rabbits Three of the molecules responsible for intoxication are anticoagulants : 1 bromadiolone, 1 chlorophacinone, 3 difenacoum. 1 Most intoxications of rab2 bits are malicious intoxi8 cations. Carbofuran, a substance prohibited since 2008, continues to cause mortalities in wild birds and mammals. This demontrates that the ban on products is not always sufficient to reduce the number of incidents in wildlife. The effectiveness of these measures largely depends on the accessibility of these substances in other countries for example (Berny et al. 2011) Relative evolution of the main rabbit diseases 40 Page 2 2009 year 30 Pasteurellosis 25 myxomatosis 20 15 VHD 10 5 0 2007 2005 2003 35 unspecified proportion of cases /total sample of the year This graph shows the relative evolution of the main diseases of the rabbit. All the diseases responsible for acute clinical signs in the rabbit are not shown, we selected only those likely to have an impact on the rabbit population. This graph serves to visualize trends and to detect the expansion in some years of diseases with a stake for the rabbit. It does not show the temporal evolution of a disease’s prevalence and is not representative of the rabbit population owing to recruitment biases connected with the SAGIR network. Figure 4 : Proportion of the main rabbit diseases relative to the annual sample – 2003 to 2010 evolution e The European rabbit Figure 4 clearly highlights that that the disease with a stake for the rabbit in 2010 is VHD. The emergence of new strains always raises questions on their origin. Genetic analyses show that the 2010 variant of RHDV does not result from the evolution of a known strain (following a mutation or a deletion of an element of the genetic code), nor even from a recombination of several of them. It could come from the evolution of a non pathogenic virus that has never been detected until now. Another hypothesis would be a crossing of the species barrier : this virus could have evolved in another host than the rabbit and have passed from this host to the rabbit. To date, no evidence enables one to single out one of these hypotheses. The evolution of cases of rabbit myxomatosis remains difficult to objectivize, since outbreaks of the disease are not systematically subject to an analysis. Indeed, as the disease has rather characteristic macroscopic findings, it is often the subject of a field « diagnosis » . However, the clinical signs of this disease vary according to the strain and the virulence of the virus : there is a nodular form and an amyxomatous form, greatly underestimated. Idhesa Rabbit that died from VHD, the external examination reveals an epistaxis and food in the oral cavity. number of rabbits collected 450 400 Figure 5 : Number of rabbits collected per year from 2003 to 2010 350 300 250 SAGIR 200 150 100 50 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5 shows a slight increase in the number of rabbits collected within the SAGIR framework 2010, linked to the « flash info » of the autumn. The will of federations to to know the spatial distribution of the new variant of the virus responsible for VHD is at the root of the reinforcement of the collection effort in the autumn 2010. nomber of cases /year 120 100 80 genital syndrome 60 digestive syndrome ocular syndrome 40 Hemorrhagic syndrome 20 respiratory syndrome 0 2003 -20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year Figure 6 : Number of cases per syndrome and per year since 2003 References BERNY P, J VEIN, D VEY, O MASTAIN. Is banning of pesticide effective in reducing the number of pesticide poisonning incidents in wildlife? 60th Annual International Conference of Wildlife Disease Association. Québec City, Québec, Canada, 15 to 19 August 2011. Page 3 In order to improve the detection of the emergence of a new disease, we have implemented the temporal monitoring the the number of cases without a diagnosis (see Figure 4) and of some syndromes described in the database. Five main syndromes are represented on Figure 6 : genital, digestive, respiratory or hemorrhagic and ocular. These syndromes summarize the macroscopic findings described by the laboratories when no diagnosis has been made with certainty, for example when no complementary examination has been performed or confirms a coherent etiology. In the period concerning us, there was an increasing number of cases of rabbits with a hemorrhagic syndrome in 2010. One attribue this increase to the VHD episode that occurred in the autumn 2010. Indeed, during a VHD epizootic, a complementary examination is performed only on the first individuals to confirm the cause of the epizootic, then the diagnosis is based on macroscopic findings. The evolution of cases with a digestive syndrome is probably related to sampling fluctuations. The European brown hare October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., GuittonJ.S., Mastain O.) The European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) T. Quintaine « 2 cases of sarcoptic mange were reported in 2009 » *Epizootic : disease affecting abruptly a large number of animals at the same time in a given region (Toma et al.1991) Salient facts Myxomatosis EBHS In 2010, in a few departements of northern France, several cases of hares with a « myxomatous» aspect were reported. These hares were sometimes thin, and presented swollen eyes with lacrimation, and sometimes purulent. We thus decided, in cooperation with the ITD, the LDAV concerned and the hare team of the ONCFS to further investigate the subject. The disease, although it concerned several animals in a few departements, never took the form of an epizootic*. Histological (Vetdiagnostics) and virological (national veterinary school of Toulouse) results confirmed myxomatosis. The literature indicates that the brown hare can harbour the myxomatosis virus but develops only exceptionally the disease (in case of immunosupression for example). In autumn 2010, EBHS was responsible to a large extent for the hare mortality. EBHS outbreaks are frequently observed at this period of the year, but are generally of lower amplitude according to observers. The episode seemed limited to the north and west of France and was attributed to a known viral strain, G3, responsible in 2004 for significant mortality in the southeast. We have no information on cross immunity between strains or on their respective pathogenicity. One can for example suppose that the low prevalence of EBHSV in some years results in a lowered immune protection of populations, favouring the outbreak of an epizootic the following years, by the circulation of a known or new strain. It is however possible to limit their impact by knowing how to react. Hence in Ile et Vilaine, the recorded mortalities led the In this issue Salient facts 1 Tularemia : pathological aspects 2 Intoxications 2 Protostrongylosis 3 Evolution of the main diseases 4 Figure 1 : Proportion of EBHS cases among analyses performed by the SAGIR network in the autumn 2010. FDC not to open the hare hunting in 2010. The counts carried out this spring show that, in this departement, populations overall remained at the previous year levels. This management measure was thus effective, by preventing undoubtedly a strong density decrease that would have ruined the efforts made since several years. 15 % of animals with EBHS were found alive, some presented nervous signs, a keratitis and a conjonctivitis, rather suggestive of an acute course. It thus seems that two forms of the disease coexisted : acute and hyperacute. For 3 cases, no lesion was described. The exploratory analysis of confirmed cases revealed trends in the macroscopic findings, hence 3 main pictures emerged : 1– cooked aspect of the liver with spleen congestion and hemorrhage of the heart and 250 200 150 2009 100 2010 50 Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r Ju ne ay M Ap ril ar ch M ry Fe br ua ry 0 Ja nu a number of cadavers collected The European brown hare Month liver 2- hemorrhagic effusion in the abdominal and thoracic cavities with intestine hemorrhage and lung œdema 3- conjunctivitis with tracheitis and hepatomegaly EBHS is not associated with a particlular etiology. (see letter SAGIR n°171) Aknowledgement Ghislaine LeGall-reculé, AnsesPloufragan Figure 2 : Number of hare cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. Tularemia : results of the retrospective survey Pathological aspects (by Célia Lesage, ONCFS) « Atypical macrocospic findings of tularemia of European brown hare were revealed in France» This study is based on the 2003-2008 dataset. 20% of the 363 hares with tularemia were found alive and 80% of animals presented lesions. The organ most often affected is the spleen (88% of cases), with a splenomegaly in 23% of cases, followed by the lung (58% of cases). Most of the centralized cases correspond to acute affections with septicemia. A few cases however presented atypical macroscopic findings affecting mainly airways with for example : 1) a sinusitis with a puru- lent conjunctivitis, 2) a purulent tracheitis with pleurisy, pericarditis and a splenomegaly, 3) a laryngitis and a purulent tracheitis, with pleurisy, lung hepatization, petechiae on the stomach and splenomegaly, 4) epistaxis with a hemorrhagic tracheitis and pulmonary hemorrhage However, interpretation of these results requires caution since these lesions can also result from intercurrent diseases, that could not always be investigated (such as pasteurellosis on frozenlung for example). These atypical findings raise a question : does the clinical picture reflect the transmission route, as has been observed in humans ? Indeed, these cases suggest a contamination by the respiratory route. The inter-group factorial analyses performed did not reveal any difference in the macroscopic findings according to the season or state (dead/alive) of the animal. Intoxications 118 brown hares were subjected to a targeted, toxicological analysis according to case histories, 9 were positive. The exposure to a molecule does not necessarily mean that it is responsible for the animal’s death. To make a diagnosis, it is necessary to have an idea of the quantity ingested, to be certain of the exposure, to have clinical and epidemiological indications and to know the toxic dose. This information is sometimes difficult to obtain for wildlife. For example, traces of tefluthrine were revealed but were not responsible for the death of the animal. Table1 : Molecules to which brown hares were exposed EXPOSURE BROMADIOLONE CARBOFURAN CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS METALDEHYDE TEFLUTHRIN Total Number hares Carbofuran, a substance prohibited since 2008, continues to cause mortalities in wild birds and mammals. This demonstrates that the ban on products is not always sufficient to reduce the number of incidents in wildlife. The effectiveness of these measures largely depends on the accessibility of these substances in other countries for example (Berny et al. 2011) Page 2 1 4 2 1 1 9 The European brown hare Targeted survey : protostrongylosis Protostrongylosis is a respiratory parasitosis, caused by nematodes of the Protostrongylidae family. In France, the number of notifications of cases has increased on brown hares killed during hunting in the south of France, since 3 - 4 years. Contrasting situations have been described by field agents, according to years and territories, with clinical symptoms ranging from very few symptoms to severe apathy*. Even if protostrongylosis seems to affect more acutely populations of the south of France, it is a national concern. There is very little information on the epidemiology of pulmonary strongylosis of the European brown hare in the literature, in particular concerning the identification of parasites, the modalities of its transmission to the brown hare and the role played by parasites in the health of individuals and populations of the European brown hare. A prestudy was conducted in 2010 in response to hunters’ concern, to describe protostrongylosis in the southern departements. Two species of co-parasites have already been identified (URCA) in a same lung . Besides, observed prevalences are high in the studied departements, in the order of 67% [54-80] in Ardèche, 42 % [34-50] in Tarn, 38 % [28-48] in Hérault and 28% [18-38] in Gard**. In 20% of the cases, more than 50% of the lung presents lesions and in 8% of cases, 75% of the lung is affected. The results have not yet all been centralized owing to the delay linked to analyses but should be yielded soon. The first results show presence of larva in hare droppings in municipalities that were thought to be unaffected. Besides, we could observe the resis- tance of these larva, as they remained alive even after freezing. This is a methodological tool since we can thereby work on frozen samples. The lifecycle of parasites of the Strongylus genus requires the presence of a mollusc. The mollusc samples were all found to be negative and did not enable one to identify the intermediate host. Indeed, there is a seasonality of the cycle, so it would be interesting to collect molluscs in a more favourable season. Figure 3 : Lesions of pulmonary prostrongylosis (source : J. Befort/ LVD30, N.Keck/LVD34) « Protostrongylosis is a disease of the brown hare that is apparently emerging in the south-east of France » Figure 5 : Study territories in 2010 * Apathy: indolence, absence energy, incapacity to react ** Non-definitive results Figure 4 : Epidemiological cycle of protostrongylosis (from an iconography of Boch et al. 1988) Page 3 The European brown hare Relative evolution of the main brown hare diseases 20 15 10 nomber of hares collected/year EBHS pulmonary strongyliasis pseudotuberculosis Pasteurellose tularemia unspecified 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 0 2005 2004 year 2003 5 proportion of cases/annual sample 25 2000 Figure 6 : Proportion of the main brown hare diseases relative to the annual sample– 2003 to 2010 evolution (above) 1500 1000 500 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 7 : Number of cases collected per year from 2003 to 2010 (to the right) year This graph of Figure 6 shows the relative evolution of the main diseases of the brown hare. All the diseases responsible for acute clinical signs in the brown hare are not shown, we selected only those likely to have an impact on the hare population or presenting a risk for human health. This graph serves to visualize trends and to detect the expansion in some years of diseases with a stake for the brown hare or human health. It does not show the temporal evolution of a disease’s prevalence, and is not representative of the hare population owing to the recruitment biases connected with the SAGIR network. Figure 6 clearly highlights that the disease with a stake for the brown hare in 2010 is EBHS. The amplitude of the peaks of 2004 and 2010 cannot be compared, since in 2010, a « flash info » had been sent to support the disease surveillance. The consequence of this flash could have been a greater collection of brown hares with EBHS. There was also an increase in the proportion of pulmonary strongylosis cases. This result reflects the feeling in the field. The share of pulmonary strongylosis in the SAGIR sample remains low for two reasons : the first is that it is an apparently localized phenomenon (in the south) on the one hand, and on the other hand, SAGIR cases are only the tip of the iceberg, they do not reflect the real importance of the disease since SAGIR does not enable the detection of sublinical effects. Indeed, hunters’ parallel watch on carcasses of hares killed during hunting provided the largest number of cases. This increase in the proportion of pulmonary strongylosis cases has led to the implementation of a targeted surveillance programme in the departements of the south. The increase of pasteurellosis cases at the national level, and of 7 to 11% from 2007 to 2009 is probably related to the sampling fluctuation. This frequent disease in the brown hare does not occur in the form of a severe epizootic, and does not currently appear as a threat for the health of populations. In 2009 and 2010, there was no apparent increase in cases of zoonosic disease (tularemia, pseudotuberculosis). Page 5 The European brown hare 400 number of cases 350 300 genital syndrome 250 digestive syndrome 200 hemorrhagic syndrome 150 respiratory syndrome 100 50 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year Figure 8 : number of cases /syndromes and by year since 2003 To improve the detection of the emergence of a new disease, we have implemented a temporal monitoring of the number of cases without a diagnosis (see Figure 6) and of some syndromes described in the database. Four main syndromes are shown on Figure 8 : genital, digestive, respiratory or hemorrhagic. These syndromes summarize the macroscopic findings described by the laboratories when no diagnosis was established with certainty, for example when no complementary examination was performed or confirmed a consistent etiology. In the period concerning us, there was an increasing number of cases of brown hares with a hemorrhagic syndrome in 2010. This increase was attributed to the EBHS episode that occurred in the autumn 2010. Indeed, during an EBHS epizootic, a complementary examination is performed only on the first individuals to confirm the cause of the epizootic, then the diagnosis is based on macroscopic findings. Among the brown hares with a hemorrhagic syndrome collected in autumn 2010, a few were found to be negative for EBHS (n=15). These cases with a suggestive picture but with negative results can be falsenegatives* but they can also be considered as the result of another affection. The main hypotheses include : toxoplasmosis, anticoagulant intoxication, tularemia, a coagulation disorder linked to a septic shock, etc. The hypothesis of an anticoagulant intoxication is relevant since the SAGIR network records each year a peak of mortality from anticoagulant intoxication in the autumn. Intoxications are mainly suspected in the Doubs and Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne and Franche-Comté being among the regions most affected by intoxications. The hypothesis of toxoplasmosis for the other departements is also relevant. Indeed, in Finland, Jokelainen et al. (2010) showed that 14 European brown hares among 173 found dead were affected by an acute generalized toxoplasmosis (letter SAGIR n°169). A study conducted from 1937 to 1947 on about fifty cases shows that the brown hare dies from this infection rather in winter and that the disease can take both an enzootic and an epizootic form (Bouvier et al., 1954). An important fact to note is that the 15 cases « unspecified with hemorrhagic syndrome » of the autumn 2010 form a geographic unit with adjacent departements (45, 41, 37, 49, 85 and 72) (letter SAGIR n° 171). References BERNY P, J VEIN, D VEY, O MASTAIN. Is banning of pesticide effective in reducing the number of pesticide poisonning incidents in wildlife? 60th Annual International Conference of Wildlife Disease Association. Québec City, Québec, Canada, 15 to 19 August 2011. BOCH J. ET SCHNEIDAWIND H. 1988. Krankeiten des jagdbaren Wildes. Hambourg, Verlag Paul Parey. BOUVIER G, H BURGISSER ET PA SCHNEIDER 1954. Monographie des maladies du lièvre en Suisse. Service vétérinaire cantonal et institut Galli-Valerio, Lausanne. JOKELAINEN P, M ISOMURSU, A NAREAHO, A OKSANEN. Toxoplasma gondii killing European brown hares and mountain hares in Finland : Proportional mortality rate, seroprevalence and genetic characterization. 9th Biennal Conference of the European Wildlife Disease Association, Vlieland, The Netherlands, 13 to 16 September 2010. TOMA B, JJ BENET , B DUFOUR et al. 1991. Glossaire d’épidémiologie animale. Editions du point vétérinaire. Page 5 *false-negative : affected subject for which the result of a diagnostic or screening test is negative Mountain ungulates October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Gibert P., Mastain O.) Mountain ungulates J. Appolinaire Salient facts The Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.) A keratoconjunctivitis episode was reported in 2009 in the Sancy massif (63), during which 18 mouflons were found dead. One case was also recorded in Hautes-Pyrénées in 2009. Mycoplasmosis 2 Ju ly Ju ne ay M Ap ril ar ch 2010 Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r 1 2009 M Salient facts 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ry Fe br ua ry In this issue number of cadavers collected Figure 1: Number of mountain ungulate carcasses collected per month in 2009 and 2010. Ja nu a L. Barbier The Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) The caseous disease was detected on 3 chamois : in March 2009 in the Drôme, in September 2009 and December 2010 in Isère. Two clinical cases of contagious ecthyma were detected by PCR, in January 2009 in Isère and Haute-Savoie. The animals presentred crusts on the lips. There was also a suspicion in the Jura in October 2010. Salmonella Dublin was revealed for the first time on 2 chamois in the Doubs and Jura, and was associated for one of them with a septicemia and a digestive syndrome. A prevalence survey carried out by the SAGIR network on chamois killed during hunting did not show any evidence of a carriage phenomenon. Month The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) A paratuberculosis diagnosis was made in March 2009 on ibex in the Savoie departement. The mortality differences between 2009 and 2010, in March and September, are mainly due to a larger number of collected ibex cadavers. It was not a grouped mortality and the described affections for these individuals were diverse. Mountain ungulates Targeted survey : Mycoplasmosis From F. Tardy et F. Poumarat / Anses « M. agalactiae could be a new agent involved in the respiratory disease of mountain ungulates » During the 2007-2008 winter, a mortality of Alpine ibex that was considered abnormal was detected in the Vanoise and Encombes massifs. The counts carried out in 2008 confirmed a demographic impact only in the Vanoise. The cadavers coming from the two massifs were transported to the LDAV73 for necropsy. The clinical pictures, from about fourty necropsies, were dominated by two types of lesions : keratoconjonctivitis and pneumonia. Detailed bacteriological analyses performed by the LDAV73 and Anses, Lyon laboratory, revealed the presence of mycoplasmas in some lungs of the necropsied ibexes, notably Mycoplasma agalactiae and to a lesser extent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. The other diagnostic clues explored to explain these lung diseases revealed notably M. Chaffaut Page 2 Pasteurella sp. and heavy parasitic infestations by Protostrongylus, but no respiratory virus was found. Following this mortality episode, a study programme was launched, aiming at specifying the geographic extent and the epidemiology of this episode, improving the tools for monitoring these pathologies, specifying the role of Mycoplasma agalactiae in mortalities as well as the origin of isolated strains. All the data obtained suggests that the infection with these very particular strains of Mycoplasma agalactiae preexisted since a long time enzootically in the ibex population. Mycoplasma agalactiae could be a new agent identified involved in the respiratory disease of mountain ungulates. However, the exceptional mortality episode observed in 2007-2008 cannot be attributed directly to the sole outbreak of Myco- plasma agalactiae. It is likely that another factor, probably environmental, or possibly viral non identified, affected momentarily the resistance of animals, favouring the colonization by pathogens, parasitic or bacterial agents such as pasteurella or mycoplasmas, leading to a fatal outcome. M. Nowak The grey partridge October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) Luc Barbier Salient facts Figures 1 and 2 show that in 2010, the observed mortality of grey partridges was higher from March to October (Figure 2), over the whole distribution range of the grey partridge (Figure 1). This increase of the collection can be attributed to the higher observation pressure in connection with the Pegasus programme (see box page 2). Figure 1 : Spatial distribution of collected partridges in 2009 and 2010 The presence of the disease in adults could be indicative of an immune system problem. SAGIR Gapeworm infestation (« red worms ») The parasite was identified in large quantity on two adult partridges discovered dead in October 2009 and March 2010 in Seine Maritime. Gapeworm infestation usually affects young birds (between 3 and 6 weeks), while in adults immunity is normally acquired. In this issue Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r Ju ly Ju ne 0 ay 3 5 M Pegasus 2010 10 Ap ril 2 2009 15 ar ch Imidaclopride : retrospective study 20 M 2 25 ry Fe br ua ry 1 Ja nu a Intoxications 30 nb of cadavers collected Salient facts Presence of « red » or « forked» worms in large quantity in the trachea Month Figure 2 : Number of grey partridge cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. Grey partridge Intoxications EXPOSURE BROMADIOLONE CHLORALOSE IMIDACLOPRIDE METALDEHYDE TEFLUTHRIN total number grey partridges « a case of metaldehyde impregnation was detected for the first time in 2010 » 1 1 7 1 1 11 Table 1 : Molecules to which partridges were exposed The exposure to a molecule does not necessarily mean that it is responsible for the animal’s death. To make a diagnosis, one needs to have an idea of the quantity ingested, to be certain of the exposure, to have clinical and epidemiological indications and to know the toxic dose. These elements are sometimes difficult to obtain for wildlife. For example, traces of tefluthrine were identified on a grey partridge but are not responsible for the death of the animal. 60% (7/10) of cases of intoxication with clinical signs are caused by imidaclopride (see box below) A case of metaldehyde impregnation was detected for the first time in November 2010 in a young grey partridge in Indre et Loire. Metaldehyde does not belong to a toxicological class and is used in agriculture and by private individuals to fight against snails and slugs. This substance is mainly presented in the form of granulates (letter 166). Imidaclopride : results of the retrospective survey LVD10 Between 1rst January 1995 and 31 December 2010, the SAGIR network recorded 71 mortality outbreaks in wild birds, associated with the use of imidaclopride as seed treatment. 35 involved partridges. In nearly a third of the outbreaks, animals were observed moribund, with neurologic signs, for example in the form of a reduced flight distance and falls in flight. On the basis of a clinical and epidemiological diagnosis approach, a causal relationship was demonstrated between the agricultural use of imidaclopride and the health problem revealed by SAGIR in exposed birds. Page 2 Several avenues can explain the occurrence of these outbreaks and their amplitude. The network’s observations and results will refine the assessment scenarios of the acute toxic risk associated with the use of imidaclopride as cereal seed treatment. The following parameters should eventually be taken into account in the reassessment of the substance : Toxicity for the grey partridge compared with that calculated for the model species, The presence of treated seeds on the surface in conditions of agricultural practices, The reality of consumption of treated seeds by birds in the field, The feeding ecology of the species, The conservation status of the wild bird species, The sublethal effects of an exposure to imidaclopride for wild birds. (Letters 168 and 173). The grey partridge Pegasus : summary of necropsy results Within the framework of a "population-environment" study, in partnership with hunters called PeGASUS1 environ, 240 grey partridges were radio-tracked in 2010. The cadavers of these birds were actively searched for necropsy according to the normal Sagir protocol. The aim was to describe the state of health of birds in the field and to bring complementary information to the field indices concerning mortality causes (ultimate causes, predisposing causes). In addition to this necropsy, samples of organs (liver/kidney/crop/gizzard/ brain/reproductive organs) were systematicallly taken to perform toxicological analyses (and in some cases histological). Toxicological analyses, still in progress, were targeted thanks to the phytosanitary programmes recovered for each plot by farmer survey. chinery, manipulation). Among these 23 "trauma", 4 also presented liver problems (2 hypertrophy, 2 muddy consistency of the liver with icteric4 carcass) of which the etiology was unspecified. One of the cases of hypertrophy presented in addition a marked vascular congestion of the brain. All of these partridges that died from traumatism were in a good bodily condition, except 1 that presented as well as cachexia, a deformity at the crest of keel-bone (ancient injury or deficiency?). 5 of infectious causes : - 3 cases of listeriosis including 2 associated with coccidiosis. - 1 staphylococcus infection with as main lesions hemorrhagic lungs, an enteritis with diarrhea and an average fatness. - 1 suspicion of avian leucosis with as main lesions a hyperFrom March to August 2010, trophy of the liver and spleen 50 radio-tracked + 7 non accompanied by whitish noradio-tracked2 grey partriddules with a tumorous aspect ges were sent to the veterias well as a cachexia. nary laboratories, that is to say slightly more than 40% 1 of drowning (resulting of mortality cases of radiofrom capture stress). tracked partridges. Among these cadavers, 9 For the 8 other cases, the were mortality cause remained "uninterpretable3" (16%), 29 unspecified : "whole" (51%) and 19 - for 3 cases, the necropsy "partially eaten" (33%). showed a congestiveIn the end, 37 of these cada- hemorrhagic picture with for 2 vers could undergo a cases a strong suspicion of « complete » necropsy: traumatism (unspecified) and 23 partridges died of trau- in one case a suspicion of matic causes (predation, intoxication via field indices collision, agricultural ma(negative results to anticoagu- lants and chloralose). - 3 cases showed lesions on the liver. 1 case of liver hypertrophy associated with respiratory problems (grey lungs) and an important coccidial burden. 1 case of steatosis associated with a congestive picture (marked congestion of lungs and kidneys). 1 case with only lesions on the liver ( heterogeneous aspect of the liver with discolouration zones and of rather crumbly consistency). - 1 case presented only a degeneration of the brain and a digestive vacuity. Suspicion of intoxication via field indices (negative results for neonicotinoides and pyrethrinoides). - 1 case showed no significant lesion allowing one to determine an etiology. In these 8 last cases, the birds presented all a satisfactory degree of fatness For 62 % of the necropsied ani« 62% of necropsied mals, the cause of death was animals died from traumatic (predation, collision, manipulation during the transmit- traumatism and were ter fitting). 4 of the partridges that in a good bodily died of traumatism also presented condition» liver lesions of non-traumatic origin. The systematic toxicological examinations will allow us to check that no sublethal process of toxicological origin facilitated the traumatisms of the birds. 1. For more information: www.oncfs.gouv.fr/PeGASE-Etude-nationale-perdrix-grise-2010-2011-ru430/PeGASE-Etudenationale-perdrix-grise-2010-2011-ar910 2. the cadavers of 19 other animals found dead or moribund on the study sites were also necropsied (grey partridges (7), red partridges (2), non specified partridges (2), brown hares (4), pheasant (1), wood pigeon (1), owl (1) and weasel (1)). 3. These cadavers could be submitted to the baboratories for example for the brain to be sampled. 4. These were 2 young birds from the same covey that died from collision Page 3 Cadavers of radio-tracked partridges collected within the Pegasus framework (source : Florian Weber) The red fox October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Salient facts L. Barbier Sarcoptic mange Many departements have notified sarcoptic mange episodes in 2009 and 2010, such as the Yonne in 2009 , Bouches du Rhônes in 2010, who sent several individuals. Some federations are concerned by the disease progression, the Oise in particular who decided to reinforce the surveillance of this disease of the red fox (letter 168). of cutaneous lesions : early stage, chronic stage evolving towards death, remission stage. There are differences in the cutaneous expression of mange according to the geographic location. Animals with a severe form are fewer in areas where the disease has been circulating since a long time and foxes that died from mange appear to be rare in areas with a long history of mange (this is the case of Valais in Switzerland for example) (Duerr et al. 2010) Red fox mange cases can be classified into three categories according to the aspect The rise in the number of cases in January, February, March 2009 is mainly due to: traumatism (injury?), sarcoptic mange and intoxications (carbofuran, bromadiolone) 16 14 12 FDC21 Mangy foxes 10 2009 8 2010 6 Figure 2 : Number of red fox cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. 4 2 Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r Ju ly Ju ne ay M Ap ril M ar ch 0 ja nu ar y Fe br ua ry Number of cadavers collected Figure 1: Spatial distribution of foxes collected in 2009 and 2010 Month The red fox Intoxications EXPOSURE BROMADIOLONE CARBOFURAN CHLORALOSE DIFENACOUM HEPTACHLOR CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS LINDANE total number foxes 1 7 1 1 1 3 1 15 Two of the incidents have also led to the intoxication of dogs. Two other incidents mentioned at the same time the intoxication of buzzards: in one case 7 buzzards were notified, in the other case 2 buzzards and one rabbit. In the great majority of cases, the intoxication is caused by a malicious act. Carbofuran, a substance prohibited since 2008 , is detected in half of the intoxication cases. Table 1 : Intoxications of red foxes in 2009 and 2010 References Duerr S. et al., 2010, Assessment of factors influencing the occurrence and pathological picture of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 9th European Wildlife Disease Association meeting, Poster presentation. Page 2 The wild boar October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) The wild boar (Sus scrofa) sions, with in particular the presence of mucopus in the trachea and a lung inflammation. The animal, blind due to keratitis, was captured alive. The diagnosis was based on the results of culture and those of PCR. It is difficult with a clinical case to say that this individual died from tularemia, however these atypical macroscopic findings have aleady been described in the brown hare in France. Swine erysipelas (zoonosis) A clinical swine erysipelas was revealed on 18 July 2010 in Haute-Loire, and the agent of erysipelas, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, was isolated from the lung. The individual presented an abnormal colouration of the skin, a purulent inflammation of the pleura and an intestine inflammation. Listeriosis (zoonosis) Five specimens were collected in the Lot and Listeria monocytogenes (food-borne zoonosis) was revealed. The increased number of wild boar collected in July 2010 was related to 5 cases of death from traumatism in the 42 20 15 2009 2010 10 5 Ju ly 0 Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be De r ce m be r Figure 1 Number of wild boar cadavers collected per month in 2009 and 2010. 25 Ju ne 3 ay Trichinellosis M 2 Ap ril Intoxications Tularemia (zoonosis) Francisella tularensis, the bacterial agent of tularemia, was isolated on a young wild boar in the Indre that presented septicemia le- ar ch 1 Number of cadavers collected Salient facts M In this issue Mange In 2009: 4 wild boar with clinical demodicosis were collected, over a period of time of a week, in Haute-Marne (letter 170). Demodicosis is a non contagious mange, transmitted from the mother to offspring. Generally, the carriage is healthy, but in case of immunizing deficit, the disease can appear. Several questions thus arise in case of demodicosis : does it reflect a reduced immunity of isolated individuals or of a population? The occurrence of the disease could be due to a food availability problem for example. Other causes can be at the origin of immunodeficiency, such as the occurrence of an immunosuppressive disease for example. Cases of sarcoptic mange, potentially zoonotic, were also described in the wild boar in 2009, mainly in the departements of the northeast of France as well as in Savoie and Drôme. One case was reported in the Sarthe in 2010. ry Fe br ua ry D. Breton, FDC52 Salient facts Ja nu a Luc Barbier Month The wild boar Figures 1 and 2 show an increased number of individuals collected in July 2010 in the Loire. This apparent increase can be related to a grouped mortality of wild boar (5 cases) from traumatism. The apparent increase of mortality in 2009 in Haute-Marne can be related to cases of demodicosis. In 2010 in the Jura, several cases of pasteurellosis were diagnosed. Figure 2 : Spatial distribution of wild boar collected in 2009 and 2010 Intoxications « Brodifacoum was detected in 2010 for the first time in a wild boar » Anticoagulant intoxications remain a constant for this species and represent half of the confirmed intoxication cases (Table 1). Brodifacoum was detected in 2010 in a wild boar for the first time by the network. This molecule, an anticoagulant, is used to control garden dormouse, EXPOSURE BRODIFACOUM BROMADIOLONE CARBOFURAN CHLORALOSE DIFETHIALONE HEPTACHLOR CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS total Page 2 dormouse, rat and mouse (letter 165). on the accessibility of these substances in other countries (Berny et al. 2011). Carbofuran, a prohibitedMost wild boar intoxicasubstance since 2008 , tions reported in 2009 and continues to cause mortality 2010 were due to maliin wild birds and mammals. cious acts. This shows that the banning of products is not always sufficient to reduce the number of incidents in wildlife. The effectiveness of these measures largely depends number wild boar 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 13 Table 1 : Wild boar intoxications in 2009 and 2010 The wild boar Trichinellosis Jean Hars In wildlife, the presence of Trichinella was more particularly revealed during autochtonous human outbreaks related to the consumption of wild boar meat, particularly in the south of France (129 cases since 1952) (Dupouy et al. 2008). Accordingly, the screening of this zoonosis is compulsory on any wild boar venison intended for marketing or consumption during hunting meals. As regards pig farms, in application of the regulation (EC) n°2075/2005, fixing the rules that apply to official controls of Trichinella in meat, the systematic screening is performed in breeding pigs and pigs in the open air. To derogate from the obligation to systematically screen the presence of the parasite in pigs, France must evaluate the risk posed by wildlife for pig breeding. To meet this requirement, the DGAl entrusted in 2009 to the ONCFS, in collaboration with the Anses-Lerpaz (LNR Parasites transmitted by food) and the national hunting federation (FNC), the conducting of a study of trichinellosis in wildlife in five pilot departements (Aveyron, Finistère, Ille et Vilaine, Nord, Pyrénées Atlantiques) chosen in the intensive and/or extensive pig production areas (Payne et al. 2011) The parasite was searched in the wild boar and the red fox, species known as good sentinels of Trichinella spiralis presence in wildlife, to provide epidemiological information on risks of contamination of pig holdings by wildlife. 2442 wild boar and 1235 red foxes were tested between September 2009 and August 2010. The results, all negative, cannot confirm the absence of the parasite but allow one to say that there is at worst a low grade circulation of the parasite in wildlife and that the risk of contamination of pig holdings is extremely low in these departements and by extrapolation in most of the large pig production areas of western France. During this study, only one red fox sampled « off-protocol» in the Pyrenees National Park (Upper Pyrenees), was found to be infected. This case, in addition to the positive results previously observed on red foxes and wild boar living in mountainous areas of the southern half of France, suggests a circulation of the parasite and a greater risk of human contamination following the consumption of insufficiently cooked wild boar meat in these regions. 3 References BERNY P, J VEIN, D VEY, O MASTAIN. Is banning of pesticide effective in reducing the number of pesticide poisonning incidents in wildlife? 60th Annual International Conference of Wildlife Disease Association. Québec City, Québec, Canada, 15 to 19 August 2011. DUPOUY CAMET J, T ANCELLE , H TALABANI. Surveillance de la trichinellose en France. Rapport du Centre National de Référence des Trichinella. 2008 : 13p PAYNE A,S ROSSI , S LACOUR , I VALLEE , B GARIN-BASTUJI , G SIMON, S HERVE, N PAVIO, C RICHOMME , C DUNOYER, A BRONNER, J HARS. Bilan sanitaire du sanglier vis à vis de la trichinellose, de la maladie d’Aujeszky, de la brucellose, de l’hépatite E et des virus influenza porcins en France. Bull. Epidémiol. Santé Anim. Alim. 2011 ; 44 :2-8. Other birds October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 (Decors A., Moinet M., Mastain O.) Other birds Salient facts ONCFS-SD77 Larids In 2010, a mass mortality was reported on Tatihou island in the Manche, associated with the mortality of Shelducks (Tadorna tadorna). The death cause could not be elucidated. Gull with ascending paralysis ONCFS Blackbird In this issue: Salient facts 1 Zoom on European greenfinches 2 In 2010, a mass mortality in Seine et Marne was passed on to the national team. This mortality was concentrated around a basin (old quarry bordered by the Marne). Since several years, mass bird mortalities have been observed there. The mortalities affect mainly the larid (gulls and seagulls of all ages) population. The cadavers of a swan, a raptor and a coypu showing signs of disease were also detected. No mortality was observed on coots (Fulica atra) and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) although they use the area. Only opportunistic species seemed to be affected. The national team supported the ITD in the field. On 22 December 2010, 73 cadavers were observed (population estimated at about 2000 larids). No diagnosis could be made with certainty owing to the difficulty of having fresh samples in an aquatic environment and the high predation pressure on cadavers (wild boar population). The surveillance is continuing, but the symptoms observed on living animals and the epidemiologiical context suggest a slightly atypical botulism, as it would occur all the year. pass area. The mortality occurred at night, following a storm with fog. The mortality was likely due to a collision in the wire fence related to In July 2010, in SeineMaritime, 10 gulls of all ages poor visibility conditions. The were found dead over 200 m, necropsy corroborates this hypothesis, as many fractuat the foot of a cliff, near a treatment plant. At the necrop- res were observed. sy, no fractures were detected, the only lesions were intestinal In October 2010 a hundred petechiae. Salmonella kottbus or so robins were found dead at Lacanau, likely due to colliwas isolated for the first time sions related to unsuitable in the SAGIR network. lighting. Botulism D In 2009 in the Hérault, a high mortality of waders, ducks was reported. A botulism D diagnosis was made, associated with the circulation of a low pathogenic AI strain. Common cranes In February 2010, 14 cranes were found dead or moribund in the Landes, then 10 cranes in March in the Landes, and histology revealed lesions characteristic of gavage ! Nocturnal migrators : In Octobre 2010 : the Pyrénées Atlantiques departement notified the mortality of about fifty thrushes, blackbirds, robins, redstratrs, skylarks, blackcaps, meadow pipits, Eurasian reed-warblers and common starlings. They were found around a wire fence and a lamppost, in a mountain Blackbirds In 2009, a mass mortality of blackbirds was reported in the Bas-Rhin (letter 165). Several tens of cadavers were observed over a month on a line 10 km long and 500m wide, in the vineyards. The etiology of mortalities could not be identified. Other birds Zoom on European greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) Intoxications In October 2009 : a mass mortality of fringillids (about 70 individuals, among which greenfinches) were intoxicated with carbofuran in the Yonne ; and yet this molecule is prohibited since 2008 but continues to cause mortalities in wild populations( Figures 1 and 2). « Trichomonosis was diagnosed or suspected on greenfinch in two departements in 2010 » In June 2010 in the Eure et Loire, 30 greenfinches were found dead in 3 weeks in a farm yard, near a feeding point. Chloralose is at the origin of this high mortality. In May 2010, there was also an intoxication of greenfinches in the Loiret with chloralose. Figure 1 : Spatial distribution of European greenfinches collected in 2009 and 2010 Listeriosis In May 2010 in the Orne : a mortality of 7 greenfinches was notified. Two greenfinches could be analysed. They presented brain suffusions, a congestion of the liver and the intestinal mucosa and an empty giz- 60 50 40 30 2009 20 2010 10 r Oc t ob e t Au gu s ly Ju ne Ju y Ma Ma rua feb r ch 0 ry number of cadavers collected Figure 2 : Number of fringillid cadavers collected per month in 2009 and in 2010. Month This graph reflects the incidents but not systematically the amplitude of mortality. Page 2 zard. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated on these 2 birds. Unspecified cause In August 2009 in the Eure : 40 greenfinches were found dead or alive, the diagnosis remained unspecified with however the exclusion of an intoxication by cholinesterase inhibitors. In June 2009 in the 62: the mortality was spread over the month, the cause remained unspecified but a chloralose intoxication could be ruled out. In May 2010 in the Loiret : 50 or so passerines (European greenfinches, goldfinches) were found since February. Only a few greenfinches were necropsied but the cause of death remained unspecified. The birds had ruffled feathers, could no longer fly and had the edge of the beak dirty. Trichomonosis (T. gallinae) In May 2010, in the Eure et Loire, 20 greenfinches, 2 goldfinches, 1 house sparrow, were found in 1 month 1/2 to 200m from a cereal crop. The birds had ruffled feathers and could no longer feed. 10 greenfinches were submitted and a trichomonosis diagnosis was put forward based on the observed lesions. In July 2010 : there was a suspicion in the Loiret. Other health news October 2011 SAGIR REPORT 2009-2010 Other health news Bovine tuberculosis Jean Hars Wildlife tuberculosis is a particularly interesting subject because it is an emergent or pseudo-emergent problem (in case it is ancient but recently revealed) in some wildlife species, concerning a suspected contagious animal disease (maladie animale réputée contagieuse (MARC)) on the brink of eradication in the French cattle population and entailing a long term risk of recontamination of domestic animals and humans. It was discovered for the first time in wildlife in France in 2001, on red deer killed by hunters in the Brotonne forest (Seine-Maritime). The risk of contamination of hunters and other forest users or professionals, and the notification, between 1996 and 2006, of a dozen or so cattle outbreaks around the forest, involving the same bacterial strain (SB 0134) as that isolated in wild animals, have led the health authorities to require the total culling of the red deer population, considered as the primary reservoir of the infection, and a significative reduction of the wild boar population, a priori secondary reservoir (spill-over host). In 2010 and 2011, while there remained only a few red deer in the forest, the results of this control plan are very encouraging since the disease tends to disappear in the wild boar (a single case among the 150 tested in 2010) which, as it is very receptive to M. bovis, is In this issue : Bovine tuberculosis 2 Avian influenza 2 Surveillance by the PNP 2 Inside article 3 Inside article 4 Inside article 5 Inside article 6 an excellent epidemiological sentinel. In Côte d’Or, the disease developed in the wild boar as from 2007, in particular in the Ouche massif where wild boar are very abundant, where the prevalence reached 16.5% in 2009. Besides, 19 cases of tuberculosis have been found in 2009 (n = 284) and the same number in 2010 (n = 300) in badgers living near infected cattle farms. No badger was found to be infected outside of the cattle infected zone, indicating that tuberculosis in this species is correlated with cattle outbeaks. As a precaution, in the infected zones of the departement, a considerable reduction of badger and wild boar densities has been undertaken to reduce the risks of recontamination of cattle (Hars et al. 2011). In Dordogne, as in Côte d’Or, a spectacular upsurge of tuberculosis has occurred in cattle herds since 2004. M. bovis has never been isolated among the 500 or so red deer, roe deer and wild boar analysed in the areas « at risk » until January 2010 when one red deer with tuberculosis was discovered. Since this date, a sample of badgers harvested near infected cattle farms has revealed the presence of 25 badgers among the 211 tested in infected cattle zone, knowing that no badger was positive (n = 63) in the disease-free zone. Moreover, in the infected zone, 10 wild boar (n=252) were found positive and 1 roe deer (discovered incidentally during the venison inspection). This shows a development of tuberculosis in wildlife, with a time lag relative to the cattle epizootic recorded in 2006. In Charente, neighbour departement, 4 badgers (n=10) were found infected in 2010 around a cattle outbeak. Among the infected badgers in Dordogne and Charente, several presented a different necropsy picture from that observed in Cote d’Or, with evolutive lesions, sometimes extended to several organs and ganglionic sites. Stabilized caseous-calcareous lesion in a wild boar Other health news Avian influenza Jean Hars BMI 78 « Since 2007, there has been an epidemiological calm in Europe » SD 21 Page 2 Since 2003, influenza viruses have been the object of an active surveillance in the wild avifauna, conducted by the ONCFS in collaboration with the Anses, with the analysis of swab samples taken on water birds belonging mainly to the anatid (ducks and geese), wader (shorebirds) and larid (seagulls and gulls) families captured or hunter-killed in several French wetlands. This surveillance targeting birds in apparent good health has never enabled the isolation of the highly pathogenic influenza virus on more than 10 000 tested birds, but low pathogenic H5 and H7 strains, which could be potentially dangerous for domestic poultry following mutations, are regularly isolated with low prevalences, usually lower than 1%. Comparable results have been obtained on more than 25 000 call ducks held by waterfowl hunters, which have been the subject of a virological surveillance between 2006 and 2010 (Hars et al. 2010). In 2006, during the « avian influenza crisis », 3426 dead birds were analysed in France, including 734 in the Ain department. The H5N1 HP virus was detected for the first time on 13 February on common pochards (Aythya ferina) cadavers collected on a pond of the Dombes. A single turkey farm in the vicinity was contaminated a few days later (Michel et al. 2007). In total, 66 dead birds were found to be positive, including 63 from the Dombes, 2 from the banks of the Lake Léman and one from the Bouches du Rhône (5 ; 15). 80 % of infected dead birds were mute swans (Cygnus olor). The epidemiological analysis of the epizootic suggests that the virus was introduced in the Dombes by common pochards or other migratory ducks pushed towards the west in January-February by a cold spell, from the countries already infected on the edge of the Black Sea. The swan subsequently served as an excellent sentinel species for signaling the infection, as it is very sensitive to the infection and very visible on the ponds. In the end, mortalities in wild birds remained very moderate and the epizootic, of short duration (two months), was on the whole restricted to the Dombes. A very similar scenario was observed in the summer 2007 when seven cases of H5N1HP virus infections (5 swans and 2 mallards) were detected on the ponds of Moselle (Lindre Estate) some time after common pochards had assembled there for moulting. These observations suggest that the H5N1 HP virus of Asian strain that circulated in France in 2006 and 2007 was in the end not very pathogenic and not very contagious in wild birds and that prevention and control measures implemented in poultry farms were effective (Afssa 2008). Since this period, there has been an epidemiological « calm » in Europe where the virus has only been rarely isolated in wild birds (once in Switzerland in 2008, once in Germany in 2009, once in Bulgaria in 2010). However, the virus is still circulating with great intensity in holdings in Asia, as well as in Egypt,with notifications of human cases. Accordingly, vigilance remains the rule, even if the risk in France is currently negligible. The hindsight that we have gained allows us to say that avian influenza remains for the moment a rare zoonosis since the pandemic dreaded in 2006 has never occurred, but the risks of contamination of poultry holdings from the avifauna still exist. Other health news Surveillance in the Pyrenees National Park Corinne Vial Novella / Pyrenees Laboratory of Lagor In 2008, the Pyrenees national park finalised the implementation of a health monitoring programme in close collaboration with the Pyrenees laboratoiries of Lagor (technical coordinator of the action) and many partners (actors of animal health (GTV, GDS, DDPP, ANSES) and of the environment (DREAL, hunting federations, ONCFS, etc.). This health monitoring aims at : - improving the knowledge of the health status of targeted species and its evolution in time and space (mortality causes; infectious, parasitic, toxic, traumatic disorders…), - identifying and assessing the impacts of human activities on wildife pathology, and knowing the possible wildlife-domestic species interrelations and their consequence, - quickly detecting the occurrence of an unusual mortality phenomenon, - monitoring the potential role played by wildlife in the circulation of suspected contagious diseases that can play a role in the safety of property and persons, to be able to answer questions of users and the general public on the health of animal populations and the risks and consequences both on public health of property and persons, and on the future of the park’s biodiversity. Two monitorings are carried out in parallel : - A passive monitoring, based on the recovery and analysis of cadavers discovered incidentally, the recovery of individuals in distress, and observation of anomalies on live animals (atrophy of the wings in a few vultures for example); - An active monitoring, by the targeted study of a given pathogen and sampling on a defined population (serological monitoring of the Pyrenean chamois population of Cauterets for example). 127 cadavers, collected from 2006 to 2010, have thus been analysed during the years 2009-2010. The extent of these analyses varied according to the case histories and the species. The salient facts of theses two years of necropsies : - the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (agent of erysipelas) on a griffon vulture, invalid owing to the union of bone fractures in abnormal position, of Salmonella (Hessareck strain) on an undernourished juvenile buzzard, - the identification of acid-alcohol-fast bacillus in favour of avian tuberculosis (associated splenic lesions) on a kestrel, - the confirmation of the infection of wild cats by the virus Felv with FiV negative, - the identification of the presence of Trichinella britovi on a fox at altitude (100m.), - the presence of bromadiolone, DDE, malathion on a few diurnal raptors, of bromadiolone, difenacoum, DDE, IDC (non identified) on small mammals, - the presence of lead and cadmium on some raptors and small semi aquatic mammals as well as the presence of PCB at low dose (found also in a bearded vulture egg shell), of traces of arsenic and mercury on a few semi aquatic mammals. Regarding toxicology, a single mortality case could be attributed to an anticoagulant intoxication, the isolation of the other molecules had more to do with the exposure without necessary clinical consequence but revealed the problem of the still current use of molecules that are currently prohibited and/or an environmental pressure, although it has not yet been possible to define whether it was related to human activities or only soilborne. In parallel : - a monitoring and an active study is conducted in collaboration with the CNRS of Moulis and the European programme RACE on chytridiomycose (pathogenic mushroom) of amphibia, - an important study on keratoconjonctivitis affecting mountain ungulates has been set up in 2009, with the participation of different mountain national parks, the university of Berne and Spanish partners, and has confirmed the involvement of Mycoplasma conjonctivae in the process. Page 3 Other health news Address : Réseau SAGIR Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Direction des études et de la recherche BP20 –78 612 Le Perray-en-Yvelines Cedex Telephone : 01 30 46 54 28 Fax : 01 30 46 60 99 E-mail : sagir@oncfs.gouv.fr SAGIR is a network for the epidemiological surveillance of wild birds and terrestrial mammals in France. This surveillance, based on a constant partnership between the Hunting federations and the National hunting and wildlife agency has been carried out since 1955, it was consolidated in 1972 and has taken its present dimension in 1986 under the name SAGIR. « SAGIR, surveiller pour agir! » http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/ Reseau-SAGIR-ru105 References AFSSA. Rapport sur l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène à virus H5N1 d’origine asiatique. 2008 : 190 pages HARS J, A SCHMITZ, A CAIZERGUES, L SIMON, T GEORGES, E NIQUEUX, FX BRIAND, V JESTIN. Les virus influenza placés sous haute surveillance dans l’avifaune sauvage. Ornithos. 2010 ; 17 (5) : 329-333. HARS J, C RICHOMME, ML BOSCHIROLI. La faune sauvage : réservoir de tuberculose bovine en France ? Ed du Point Vétérinaire. 2011; 313 (42) : 8-9 MICHEL V, J HARS, M CHERBONNEL, V JESTIN. – Influenza aviaire et oiseaux sauvages dans l’Ain en 2006: impact sur l’élevage et enseignements à tirer. Bull. Groupements Tech. Vet. 2007 ; 40 : 43-48