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Under the editorship of Dayton D. Mckean, University of Colorado,secondedition, Houghton Mitlin, Houghton Mifflin
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.
I
John Clarke Adams and Paolo Barile, op.cit., p. 49.
'pierre Milza, Serge Berstein, L' Italie la Papaut6 (1870-1970) (Paris : Premier cycle
histoire, Collection " ~ sikle
n
d7histoire)l,Masson et Cie., 1970). p. 3.
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1
Jacques Blanc, Jean-Marc Virieux, Philippe Waguet, Grands reqimes politiques
etrangers (Paris : Sirey, 1988). pp. 29-30.
,
a s s
9)
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1
Stephane Rials, Textes constitutionels etrangers. (Paris : Que sais-je? no.2060, Presses
Universitaires de France, 1982), p. 90.
1
Jacques Blanc, op.cit., p. 31.
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Jacques Blanc, op.cit., p. 37.
' ~ a c ~ u Blanc.
es
op. cit., pp. 38-39.
' ~ a c ~ u eBlanc,
s
op. cit., p. 41
1
U l R % l 138, Stephane Rials, op.cit., p. 99.
1
9119l51 dcn. Stephane Rials.
2
Ibid., p. 94.
Op. Cit., p. 93.
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Jacques Blanc. Op. Cit.m p. 46.
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Jacques Blanc. Op. cit., p. 55.
8
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Richard Mayne. Op. Cit., p. 11 7.
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Jacques blanc, op.cit., pp. 63-68.
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1
Francois Borella, Les partis politiques en Europe (Paris : Seuil, 1984), pp. 150-151
n j u d i ~ q ~ u i g n n i ~ f i u a ' i 6 n n i a z v ~ ~ w 5 5 n n i 5 ~un6Tunju
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mA-f~ii (NATION-PROLETARY) mrdod'iu
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r
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a
4
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tleufiaoof~"dqmwssn
168
PS 130
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m a l l i ~ J i u o ~ n ~ u ~ a ~ w " u u ~ ~ r a u ~ ~ ~ t55.6
u u ~%3 ui~a:ihhlunrn
01fl#
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~ !Arllllulilu4 13% fl4a.J Republican i3% n@J
~ g ' 5.2%
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~
socialist
% nrmoondr:uiol
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Y
Y
Y
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u I a1915
n ~1mrnouha~nn~nriuotiiq131#
u~
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h $ a d AIL. 1918-1922 ~ n n ~ m ~ o i m ~ n i r t d o o ~ ~L~~A'IYUU
1uu~~~a~1~
nrm1un~ju1w~i/fii1~n~u~a~w"uu6~udo~~~uo1~d
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lla:I#ini3
'
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stun0 kRrrrrn PPI (The Italian Popular Party) ~Sun~rnuo~n~umaoBn
ldldl$
I
Francois Borella, op.cit., pp. 153-154.
.
d r r &
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PPI
v i m
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qlu
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Y
A
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lum~liioniidgnn. 1919 i1a:
1921 W 5 5 f l PPI ! 8 r ' ~ ~ , ' l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ < ~ ~ ~ ~ 0PSI
4 511nzY8funz~iuu
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lfiutih
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1dlun"~iillmn~lunllazYxi~iui5nfl9~wuiwluwi~ni51d~~lmum5~ui~
d~u~u7dlXni5uooJfunioJvo~
Mussolini ~Girhn%76
I
1
w a w
daunsm PSI &n~ijni.inoJmanuun~
ijuuai~utlouimrncuffdazl<i
Y
I
I
i~uni.iJ~:qunoJ"II'11i~zn<i.jd5z~~nnr'~~
3 4h Lenine ?&inumvuC;?u luliiou
nqlmuu nn. 1919 n55n PSI n a i u l B u ~ ' ~ ~ n d ? f i n z ~ ~ u u ~ f33%
i u ~1mz
~.j~m~o
lauwr~n8~6u~ud~vo.~d5z~wn~
ni.idrzqu~arliri~s~~iun~o
CGL (General
Confederation of Workers) ~ $ 6 w u m fh%~%~@ildid
i
5 ~ y ~ d2,000,000
d
nu
nn.
1920 ~ 1 5 ~ 5 ~ ~ ? d ~ ~ ~ 4 1 ~ ( ; ~ ~ d ~ ~ a n ~ 1 4 ~ ~ 1 4
B
u
w
'~rnjwjluia(vdiguiauwz&norguiaqmvoduiu
oiolitti) iiu@innmwli.i~41u
11nzrc5sPSI
lunisdrrqu~oJ'~~i~5sni~n~i~dzz~wnni'~B
3 d4lau'ul9u{fmudulu
! # ~ ~ o J n . i inn.
n ~ 1921 i4lijo.r Livoume n5rn PSI 'IAinuolnmm1.i 21 (io$triil~
i ~ u a w i ~ v o ~ n ' ~ ~ m ~ m n3 o BI
oUn ~ ~l run z f i l ~ i ~ m n i . i ~ R ~ w 5 5 n n o u ~ a ~ " n i ~ m i ~
Y
Y
I
(PCI) ~~ltlflklh
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? ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '
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9
d u
wzrniiumunluor
Naples
laiium d?udlio4 Turin
I
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4
a
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Francois Borella, op.cit., pp. 153-154.
m i u ~ y u l Xjurt~cciuGun9~iilunirnauqun"onirXa
n
tdonrrm PCIi4idmrtdon-
&luq mnn.
1921 liar 1924 ~ f u m z l t u u ~ u
3.5%
u liar 3.8%
aiuiii~u
drruiat 60,000 muluq nnn. 1922'
6 o u d Fascists
A'
O Z U U ~ S O U F I ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~U 3I O3 ~n~
PSI
I l i i j l i ~ 3 ~ l a n l 3
doafkm'ullau naian'o w5sn PSI dflmrnQoziaa~lluani~n'uwrrn
PPI dq.rtSuniu
ni~oiindillu?niqdfi~~drzvi3d1au
nrrn PSI eioiYiurruuvpQuu iicIriiaullua
n1tn'unrju~diiuuuo.a
Giolitti #a" lulia.rnir~don&nnn.~d~Q
BqGnni~naiunrzc
nrzaiuvotniunirliiojo~Eu Mattwtti IXnuiuiu~nmfqdozrauniu'6vt~uaa"ni
5aii?lN*ISuSnlld~ I I P ~ ~d11Xaldoq01n
~Y
Mussolini ~ 8 ~ & u i n r o u n r o ~ 6 i u i o 1 ~ ~ a
I I R ~ G R H ~ R ~ I U U ~ ~ ~ ~Mussolini
U ~ L ~I ~~ i ~R kI q ~n iTUFascists
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~ ~ I ~
ido4~iaia~w'ol#idriudriun~u~~r~~iudinirdrz~a.j
lu~R"ouwqdniuu
n.a. 1921
1~~mRnsrn~ar~n6du~lazaqao~"mr~'ul~onBq
llaznrrn$~#ful~on~q~i~q~u
Y
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Mussolini I
qP1nl.J f7.n. 1922 ~ 3 z l b Victor-Emrnanucl
i
#
.
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njuiiuau~uiu~uu~iw~~ndin8n68~u"~n~i~ui~u~u'i~w"~ulunaii~1iu~lu~
Y
d.4
Y
4
u n m u n.q. 1923 Mussolini ia8~no~6i~~did8nma~u5zuu~(liui~uaiiuni5o'm~~nss
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n n. 1923 1#ini~ai~uim~m~1u~nindgiii1.n"ini5oonng9
,
,
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2 Iu 3 vo~~rnnaiutdun~o~iinz~iuu~~u~iM'iiiu
1lu 4
iM'i$u jund 6 i u ~ i u un.n. 1924 ~#inni~ooRu~znrjun'1~~uni5n~"un~u
YM 9%, n~uwrrn1viGun
~ n h o ~ n r j u r a u f i u10.7%
v iiazw5rnnouiaQn6 I#
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n5m PPI
n - i r u ~ k a i n d r ~ r n a ~ ~ u ~ u s ' u n~unui%nnni
w a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ 127
n~~
nu8~do8iurn.ri~i
uivoqvhnJnR"18~a
MUSSOLINI drzniffdanainR'iiit1d~nui?narai~iiwod~i~~5
I
~ u % 3i uminu n.n. 1925 MUSSOLINI dllrzmnlv?6imsnirrhn3nm'
hllszmn nrinn'o nvninlir.r.riuuarw55nni51io~qnnrj~~nqu1a"nIdvunun~fu
Y
Y
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?ll%~ln'€lDUCE 6 $ l h
9 019
n r r n d i n ~ n i l ~ u n r r n t i r n nUr- rJ~~~F~J ~~~ ~
u~::uuIJ~ 3~1
LI~IYUUVOJ
'4'
vhn3na"lui5zuuwr5nni51doq gmuoiraivhn~nm'iuMussolini h(6ivuavu
i4u naiuvuiuvoti3l~uko4vo~naiu2ntmla
iiirainqnnuluad wrmn'onju%a'a.r
d4
inn'nleio&.iiwunuim
9
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n'o iu uazciiunomimm~oond~naiuZmiiazd~n~ui
9
9 9
9
9 0 1
u o ~ $ C hw ~ r n e . - 4 0 a t ~ u ~ n - ~ u ~ u ~ 1 ~ a l w m n - ~ u u l nuiGnwrrn~.riiun
un~uuanau
r n m m d o u i i ~ a ~ i m z ~ v i ~ ~ a z ~ a ~ ~ ~ i a d n. f l ~ ~ ~ z u u ~ ~ a z ~ ~ i
1
Franqois Borella, op.cit., p. 158.
8~u~d~q~nrhn~n6Eu~oi16iau
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iiioduq iilun'lua n o j a n ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ i u e i i ~ u ' ~ n ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ i a 6 i i 3 u n i ~ o u ' i ~ a ' u
Y
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uonoiniu Mussolini iia:ih~naiSfi~l#fiu'oana~n'ud~un4i
m e Lateran
-4 or
Pacts
~
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~
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Mussolini #?u
ludauuornj d u iJu njsin?iiclu iiagnojaknau^ua d1qiiu'qn.riini.i
tadoiiulu-i:wiiq$ii55ali'qfiiulutia:fiiuuond5:inniJun'u
\
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da
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m5eiohuiia~m~eio~n'urra~adin3nauuuodi~3mi~ulu~
n.n. 1943
Mussolini ~ ~ ~ d l u l Q ~ n.n.
~ ~1943
~ ~i J~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ P5 ~n u ~A l P ~U 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~
T
dd
go,
ii~unoiumrdXaam5Cmk~5'guia1u~muiu
Badoglio udnojadoii in4nanlmru
1
~.au:ihnau~anniuni5w?flflua.n.1944
Y
n x ua u n ~ s d a ~ d d e u G a i ~ l w ~ ~ a i ~ i n n i ~ ~ a a ~ a v ~ ~ n ~ ~ n
"A'
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n.n. 1943 Tmuii~ingiuai~innOjU
mnui1dudau8iiity n ~ m n o a i i a i i n 6 ~ ~ a ~ a l w o i i ~ u i ~ ~ ~ n ' u n ~ ~ n 4 ~ n ~ u ' ~
lwlj~nnhlu'~
n.n 1963 iuiau
-
luiiiouu'quiuu n . . 1944 ns5nmsirjoqi;aaaqidiuluni54mkqiiua5'aa
dB
n
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iiuu w5rn Action Party
~'l'lfln~~i~~~6~f~iifI5~
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nn.dda uiu Alcidc De Gasperi
flawu'iwrmdn~uuim~aiia5n!6i~uir'aw~i5'guia
kndn'lf
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~~au~i~~~u"o
niairwil Xaunzl~uuliiu.r55.3% Pio 44.7% 09miii~q1diuu7dd5zuounin15~1i~
901
01
01
A
Y
d a u m . r a ~ u ~ l ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ n n i ~ w ~ i i ~ i ~ n ~ ~ u ~n.rsnn3aluuaTuq~~w'~nini~wi~u'u
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n~du~u~pI~~~~
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q addl
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d~~uui~nnilldr
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uimsid 49 votizn.rsuyql
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w'su"
d A
9
d
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m~~io~uuuwrm~Guaynvim
Iu3n.n. 1974 'IXiinQnrnuiH'u~u~uI:oqni5~ljvoq
w.rsnms1iio~~murz~l~w~~nni~1u"o~~~&;iu~~~lunniniui~n1&;s'u~
ill#
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1
Francois Borella, op.cit., p. 160.
8.
~anrmuainaniazrn.r~~a~1~"n~~~az3.r~1~
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munkm~dur~d5rmnwa'~n~nsiu
',
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&i8~~uhdynln~ugSoynl~d
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luuolz~lu#iumm5n55u
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d
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d5zvinsluninmmsn55u
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q k uo~dsznnsluninm~m5n55uuo~
EEC nfod.rzn8'
nulcnugn^ayl.rd&nu01
Iwmnqmrnnnss.u~~uuquG~uiini5w'~ui!dou'i~uin
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d
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(nl~unqn6A'onq'u
B
4-
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wjlo Institute of Industrial Reconstruction vq~buus~nn~~~unqqu~fiu~ugud
14
Wt4fmdugn.~.1974 L(ilfiuufiu IBM lmz General Electric UolSlfu) odl~!'ffimiu
Gmsinu~i~~iufiu'~!ol~nua01a~~~azu'~1dniui~~~~~v!#ni~owuw~n~~~5~
a
a
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4
(Confederazione Gcnerale Italiana dei Lavoratori) $ 4 ~~ ~ u ~ ; ? u €wI3~'In
T~u
,
d
4
nouuauai (Catholic trade union organization) iirmiqnnii 1.5 Riunu ~laznrjunsiu
n'o mrnwwqrnubiii nfo
a Zunione Italiana del
4 w
hvoro) ~ $ U I ~ U T ? U ~ J ~ Y
4 w
w .r.rnlvl$ualmlulln5nllazw 5 5 f t 5 1 1 ~ 1 5 f(Trade
l~
union association of the Center-Left,
including Socialists, Social Democrats and Republicans) Bnui9ndr:uiar 800,000
n.ai947
4
4
~rmnouuaua6~niiRoonoin~r5nia?g~ia~mvo~ui
Gasperi naiu
mboulaaaintiioq Salem0 ifi~rYwrmPCI 1diuuuil$unr5naao(~u1u~zg~'~i~
njunssn Socialiste ~imnsi?l.iutu$8 nrjutiu~dij;idJiImouiuSaragat
Y
n u ' Y t f y ~ ~ ~ i E i v 8Gasperi
4 ~ 1 ~ ~ I R , ' ~ ~ ~ W SItalian
S ~ I Social Democratic Party
(PSD1,Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano) I / ? U ~ ~ $ U ~ G ~ I RNermi
U
a<Ytfyufl15
rauiiuwrsnnouria~ai~'onq14~35fi~~u
k i u luqn.cl. 1948 wr3n PCI
176
w
~ I ~ ~ P s I
'PS 130
- n.a. 1947-1963 6 f l u i ? ~ n i i ~ n n s ~ ~ n i u ~ ~ 6 6 n u ~ i DCI
a ~ i Imu
~~vo~w~sn
~~~?i?OJ'U~4nj¶JnRlrv?l
nt$JSocial Democratic, Republican IlR: Liberal unlfun@~
h u h n'a PC1 uR: PSI
I~:fl~~111'I-b
R'Q fl@ Monarchostes IIR: Neo-Fascistes
- n.a. 1963-1976 f ui~~nisnlnnso~niuI~nisGiua.jwssn
DCI I~UIAU i ~ d
-"
iilIu?r'?OJ~otnj~nRl4#1~
60 W33fl PSI, Social Democratic flR:
Republican u n ~ h
njunouii?u'n6, niu Liberal 11a:nduv7itm
- ain3n.a. 1976 I S U ~ ~ . I V Q ~ ~ ~ UDCI
~ Awssnliiuq
W S ~ A udAiun:lluulf
~irlacinwssn PCI 11~~wssndu~~n~fu~ssnn~u4iuo"m~~a:vaitm
nisWnuflniu
4
9
dpl
smii~n4uwssnnouu?una~viu~luniun?ar~~uu1mIu~~nsnEulXQno"n~m?uudu~~a:
iibana-ai?uriuldoiund6 nsnQinu ~ . n 1977
. d~dunisan~ti?uriuvoqi?nnwssn
t
~~iioRniaisruigvu
(nduwssni?uki?qignssuqq)~m:l#~uiiun~iu~uuouIunni
ii
nisanari~uriuIuuIuuiu~nni'q~uTud
7 iiuinu A.R: 1978l
nrju13utd~ulw~nsjudnlsznun"il~~~ini~l4n~iu~u11s.jainnl~nSuin~u
h u hnfonotniui~mqiuzo mrtu;~&iwrrn
DCI ~ ' o u i o~ l d oMoro AlRzQnwia
nrsuluiui 9 wquninu n. n. 1978 oiouih ~ l s r n i u i ~ u ~ l ~ f i i o o n ~ i o ~ o i n ~ o n a i i a
Y
Y
niqa?a i~uialm~~~uqfin~dowssnn~uCa~~~~o.jno~~aaan~innisaroa"uac1$
iguia nisA~'onitnui~nnni~11nusiu~s1u~ud
3 iquiuu n.n. 1979 wrsn PCI !A.
nzuuuiiuu8oua.r huwarn DCI t-an.rlAirii~ku
buiin~~um"ru'uv~ua~n'i~u"iuiuin
CP
a,
e
do,
vu nzlluuda~d!#?uu"uuanu~1:~0i$m~au
msk$q?2uiaa.ru~nuru:6~d do
w~mDCI 6~uwr
m~RiYumplnrri7un"u Social-Democratic,LiberaI, Republican
IP:
C1
w
Socialist ~ Q J ~ u ~ I I I I U ? ~ R ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ " ~ ~ R ~ ~ # ~ U
1
Francois Borella, op.cit., p. 164.
~iiouliiuluvn.n 1981 wrm DCI dr:nuiiuflty~~n:lluu~3uqmndiaq5n
~ o i o . m o u ~ i e 1 n n l ~ l ~ u ~ 0 ' m k ~ ~ y u i a ~ f l u n i ' 1945
~ ~ ~ rifluCuui&dilluoq
n~uk~~~m~n.a
9w
w w
wrrn Republican iii) G.Spadolini ~ ~ ~ # l f l U Y Q ~ ~ ~ y U l f i W ~ O J q n d l U Q l n n ~ ~ W 5 5 ~
A'
i ~ r i i a r r u y q ml3uwrrn
l
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prnu 5 wrrndalulsn~riiudo~doq!d'I#3 qm tuazdr:awwad~ffelunirfn~ifiaiu
~ u ~ q u o a ' ; l ~ o b ; ~ ~ n i r l 4 n a ~ u 4 u ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ n n ~ u~4l ~d ul uou"im
n n~ b
~ lau: r~za~~u~ m
wrrnr~a:rzuunni~t~a8~ui1~flurzuud!niIun~wrm
PSI driimui~mmrrnnu
dlgql do Bettim Craxi ! h ~ 1 ~ l ~ l ~ 1 ~ l ~ u M ~ 1 ~ l f l ~ ~ ~ 1 l l a ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 5 6 1 ~ 1 ~ $
ludqm
Y
Y
w
Y
d
4
iud 2 Gquiau ~ . n1983
. wamrl8onknrtu no wrrn DCI 'Ib:lluu
mnhdqa~uRitmin.n.194srfludiuul nrrn PCI A'I#n:ttuuamn~lbuiiuu lwvolrd
A'
'I#~:UUUUI~VU
{qdu f Z ~ 1 ~ q m
44dI ~ ~ ~ ~ I T I ~ P I T ~ B A I ~ ~ '
PSI
~ a ~ ~ u ~ s ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ l o i n w ~ ~ n ' b c h1 16~d~ Bettino
~ a a "craxi
~ ~ ~ nf ll r~~nkfq~ r n
a a v o
ad
igu~awnu$kn~~flufyulawau
5 wrrn~dulh-ciauwrrndmKiun'o PCI, ndu
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o(iidr6~1um~O'~n~uwrrnn1r1do~9189'Ifloiuin~n
~~rirllun'IAiflum~
9
u
iluaTuunollua$l'la~~a:~~uauai
~n$~ukou~.rua
lu'3n.a.
lk
1976 ~ ~ a u l u r m i
4
W
dC1
dr:nouhu 9 wrmrziiualt6lar ~utnrrnr:@qiimn mn;r.o
nrrn Rolitarian
Democra&, Communist Party, Socialist Party, Radical, Social Democratic, Republican,
Christian Democratic, Liberal, Extreme Fight !La: Monarchist
2 4 4
1~'Jfl.n
1946 n i ~ l l ~ ? d l ~ d i U j j n ~ l l ~ ~ I 8 ~40%
9d9
IU(~U?U
~ ~ 1 1 P I fl5PHU.I
d d
4
4
u~e~nnsmnouiiau'am
onnr~nu.rlnoinnrs'bc11~3uaa"ni
1u'Jn.s. 1976 n ~ u ~ ~ u a # ~ u
dd
I d
diUjjnr~tuu~#u.rdr:wo14a% 1~dn:r~uut~ute1nw~rnfc11~3u~a"a~1uo~~wu~~d~lu~~
~ i a u d m f i o w r r a n o u ~ a ~ " n ~ ~ i u ~ i u u70%
i ~ n u1uiai?Jt~uaiiuijwrrnn3a,~nni
~ u u ~ m ~ u u n r n ' I 8 f u n z ~ ~ u u ~65.2%
~ u ~ u~rflu
~ ~ u e38.7%
in
~I~~QI~R~I~~~U~SLIUU
~3u.rlu'Jn.n.1946 6erAfuiinzju PC, PS llaz DC iin:~~uuiilu.rrauiiu'I&i'n".a
7546 I I ~
2
uoneiniu ~ m r i z ~ d r l l s - m n ~ r m n i ~ ~ d ~ ~ e i n w ~ d g i ~ l u ~ i ~ d ~ z a ' Z
uazlluannun'ah 8szdu;iiinotndu iioniuninok nionrjudnui $nzjuuon
a~mrmnuinju*iauilklti
w55n Italian Cllristian Democratic, Monarchist (MSI-
DN) I I Z South Tyrolian d a ~ n i ~ P d ~ n ? ~ f l l l ~ ~fllju#iub,
a ~ l ~ # l lPCI,
f i PSI, PSDI,
PRI. PLI, llarniu Radicals ~ ~ S S ? U ~ ~ ~ S W P I O J ~ ~ U ~ ~ P ~ 1946
~ ~ ~ P ~ I # ~ ~ ~
i%dn.~.i972 ~ u d r z ~ ~ ~ l f f ~ a n ' u i ~ i l ~ m n i r ~ d
ngnuiuduaku'umr
i?i~~~azni~~i~~~~
9 8
wdiri~rclSublnuouoqw'irnD ~ ~fiuiilauiinirwrra
I
% A.Farifani '1#iuilnuo
aodrz.aiuZlutiiouwq~ninun.s. 1974 ~ ~ n ~ u u o n a c n i r m a u i ~ # a ~ u ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~
l#fuazlluuilu~Uiquin~fi~ou
iio 49.1% do 40.9% duwn~~s'~$u~uuzCi~mto~duo~
W I S n PC1 l l ~ z n ~ u l l u ? ~ ~ ~ ~ o n ? 9 n l ~
(Anti-clericalism)
fllffPd1
A u
uicwr5n~#wuiuiu~A~~~da~au~o~n~u~don~1inui~womiu~uwr
asswrrn Go wrrn DCI llaz PCI ~~djflninwwadilte
48
401
1fiunldld? rzuunaiuw~muo~5miar~uan~mzni~imniu11ua~~u,
ii
.a8
w
fguio~lni~un.r~ m z n m ~ ~ u w m s ~ ~ u n e z ~ S u n u ~ ~ u I u n ~ unir
t~uu~~~~iaz
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9
d
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rzuuwrrnmrlhqnmu
d
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a u ~ nAtlantic
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Organization NATO)
i6~lfl~j#fJql
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(European
Economic Community
-
EEC) nisism~Y8ifiuwu"q1uds:ip1~iauaquiufiokq
nui~~~i~jnzii?&noqw~uiinfiq~w"ldua'i~midEuY&i'funisuouS'ua'iifiud~u
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notciiulwi 60 1lu3i?ulunq'udr:~wfi~ZawS'~o~u?ni~8uiii
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~ 1trade)
~ ~66g:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 i
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<
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