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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia Georgian Comparative Literature Association iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University sjani yovelwliuri samecniero Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT literaturaSi Sjani Annual Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature 9 redaqtori irma ratiani Editor Irma Ratiani saredaqcio kolegia Tamar barbaqaZe levan bregaZe Teimuraz doiaSvili maka elbaqiZe gaga lomiZe Tamar lomiZe revaz siraZe bela wifuria malxaz xarbedia Editorial Board Tamar Barbakadze Levan Bregadze Teimuraz Doiashvili Maka Elbakidze Gaga Lomidze Tamar Lomidze Revaz Siradze Bela Tsipuria Malkhaz Kharbedia saredaqcio kolegiis sapatio wevrebi rudolf kroitneri (germania) manfred Smelingi (germania) sadao cukui (iaponia) Honorary Members of Editorial Board Rudolf Kreutner (Germany) Manfred Schmeling (Germany) Sadao Tsukui (Japan) pasuxismgebeli mdivani solomon tabucaZe Responsible Editor Solomon Tabutsadze sjani Sjani 9, 2008 9, 2008 redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. #5 telefoni: 99-63-84 faqsi: 99-53-00 www.litinstituti.ge E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge ISSN 1512-2514 Address: 0108, Tbilisi M. Kostava str. 5 Tel.: 99-63-84 Fax: 99-53-00 www.litinstituti.ge E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge Sinaarsi Content pozicia irma ratiani qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba? Position 7 literaturis Teoriis problemebi ivane amirxanaSvili saswaulis kompozicia Tamar CixlaZe `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika (XX saukunis dasavleTevropuli romanis mixedviT) rusudan canava metafora da metamorfoza solomon tabucaZe avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi Problems of Literary Theory 11 19 41 60 poetikuri praqtikebi Temur kobaxiZe sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hi popotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ Ivane Amirkhanashvili Composition of a Miracle Tamar Chikhladze “Subjective Narrative and Cited Speech”: History, Theory and Practice (according to XX century West-European novel) Rusudan Tsanava Metaphor and Metamorphosis Solomon Tabutsadze Author and Character within the Scope of Historic Historical al Poetics Poetical Practices 69 literaturaTmcodneobis qrestomaTia mixail baxtini karnavalizebuli literatura Irma Ratiani Kartvelology (Georgian Studies) – Self-aim or Necessity? Temur Kobakhidze Dichotomy of Body and Soul:T.S.Eliot’s “The Hippopotamus” and “Whispers of Immortality” Chrestomathy of Literary Theory 85 Mikhail Bakhtin Carnivalized Literature Sinaarsi leqsmcodneoba Theory of Poetry Teimuraz doiaSvili sikeTis yvavilebi akaki xinTibiZe Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis 102 Tamar barbaqaZe galaktionis monoriTmi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) giorgi lobJaniZe arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi (momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni) 109 105 117 filologiuri Ziebani laura grigolaSvili kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis 127 Laura Grigolashvili Towards Periods and Boundaries of Old Georgian Literature Critical Discourse 137 Targmanis Teoria nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi da sakiTxis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri aaspeqtebi speqtebi Giorgi Lobzhanidze The II Stage of the Battle for the Renewal of Arabic Verse: Supporters and Opponents Philological Works kritikuli diskursi nona kupreiSvili 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde Teimuraz Doiashvili Blossoms of Kindness Akaki Khintibidze Towards Understanding Excessiveness of Rhyme Tamar Barbakadze Galaktion’s Mono-Rhythme Nona Kupreishvili Criticism of 70-80s: from “Reconstruction” to Innovation Theory of Translation 149 Nana Mrevlishvili, Eka Chikvaidze The Challenge of Translation in Ancient Georgia and Main Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Issue Sinaarsi folkloristika _ Tanamedrove kvlevebi dalila bedianiZe amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani dominik irtenkaufi `SedarebiTi miTologia. germania-saqarTvelos Soris sazRvris monacvleoba – amirani interesTa centrSi~ Folkloristic – the Modern Researches 168 174 kulturis paradigmebi kaxa kacitaZe epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi Paradigms Pa radigms of Culture 185 debiuti maka germisaSvili qarTuli komediis sawyisebi Dalila Bedianidze Compositional Peculiarities of Amirani’s Myth Dominik Irtenkauf Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland und Georgien - Amirani im Zentrum des Interesses Kakha Katsitadze The Death of the Epic Hero and Some Aspects of the War Perception in Archaic Culture Debut 215 memoria Maka Ge Germisashvili rmisashvili Bases of Georgian Comedy Memoria Mem oria emzar kvitaiSvili mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb Rimilis Rimi lis da leqsis kaci 228 nodar alania `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ 234 Emzar Kvitaishvili I always Recollect it with Pleasure A Man of Smile and Poetry Nodar Alania Let the God Bless Your Lyre... Sinaarsi gamoxmaureba, recenzia venera kavTiaSvili literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi nana gonjilaSvili revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ saxismetyveleba~ Reviews, Comments 241 Venera Kavtiashvili Literary Theory – Basic Concepts and Methodological Tendencies of XX Century 250 Nana Gonjilashvili Revaz Siradze – “Culture and Imagology” moamzada gaga lomiZem 274 Prepared by Gaga Lomidze SoTa rusTavelis qarTuliliteraturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili 280 Style of Academic Publications In Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature axali wignebi New Books pozicia irma ratiani qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba? dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebulia samecniero-kvleviTi centrebis roli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis saqmeSi. es roli gacilebiT mniSvnelovania mcirericxovani da originaluri kulturis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic iRvwian TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. miCneulia, rom aseTi TviTdamkvidrebis erTerT seriozul berkets warmoadgens ganaTlebatevadi da mecnierebatevadi ekonomikuri da kulturuli sivrcis Seqmna da ganviTareba. Sesabamisad, samecniero-kvleviTi sistemis srulyofa, misi xarisxis amaRleba msoflio standartebis doneze SeiZleba qveynis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad iqnas moazrebuli. am miznis realizaciaSi qarTvelologiur mecnierebebs, rogorc erovnuli identobis upirveles maCvenebels, gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. qarTvelologiuri mecnierebebi, romelTa kvlevebis praqtikaSi danergva ar asocirdeba maRalSemosavlian ekonomikur SedegebTan (gansxvavebiT sabunebismetyvelo, ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri mecnierebebisgan), nacvlad amisa, gansazRvravs da inarCunebs eris identobas, mis sulierebas, enas, literaturas, kulturasa da istorias. qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi aris is sayrdeni, romelzedac dgas qarTuli Rirebulebebi, Sesabamisad, qarTvelologiis – saxelmwifo enis, erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis movla-patronoba saxelmwifoebriv strategiad unda iqces im mniSvnelovani faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erovnuli kvlevebi msoflios masStabiT ganixileba kulturuli dialogis umTavres berketad, xolo kulturuli dialogi warmoadgens komunikaciis sayrden formas Tanamedrove msoflioSi. ra adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove msoflio kulturul rukaze? rogoria misi roli msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi? ra kulturuli kodis matarebelia qarTveli? ras niSnavs `patara eris~ kulturuli gamocdileba `didi erebis~ kulturuli gamocdilebis fonze? ramdenad inarCunebs `nacionaluri literatura~ TviTmyofadobas mimdinare globalizaciis procesSi? ras niSnavs `literatura sazRvrebs gareSe~ da rogor muSaobs es formula Tanamedrove SedarebiTi kvlevebis konteqstSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema qarTvelologiuri anu erovnuli samecniero kvlevebis prerogativaa, sadac erT-erTi centraluri adgili literaturaTmcodneobiT kvlevebs uWiravs. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi 7 irma ratiani kvlevebi, erTi mxriv, qarTuli identobis sazomi da maCvenebelia, xolo, meore mxriv _ msoflio kulturul procesebTan qarTuli kulturuli procesebis faseuli integraciis winapiroba. Tanamedrove kvlevebis misia aris ara marto kvleva qarTuli literaturisa, miTologiisa Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi procesebisa, aramed am kvlevebis danergva praqtikaSi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso masStabiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebis CarTvas msoflo literaturul dialogSi (imave sapasuxismgeblo misiiT, Tav-TavianTi kompetenciis sferoSi, aRWurvilni arian sxva qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi). magram CarTva ar gulisxmobs martivad Serevasa da, miT umetes, ganlevas. dResdReobiT, moicva ra farTo politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli sferoebi, Tanamedrove politikuri da akademiuri debatebis erT-erT yvelaze popularul terminad globalizacia iqca, xolo `kultura sazRvrebs gareSe~ _ misTvis niSandobliv konceptualur logod. literatura kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia, Sesabamisad, dgeba arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone kiTxva: ras niSnavs termini `sazRvrebs gareSe~ da ramdenad qmediTia igi nacionaluri literaturebisa da erovnuli kvlevebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli literaturisa da qarTvelologiuri klevebis TvalsazrisiT? mogvwons Cven es Tu ara, literaturas aqvs erovneba, vinaidan, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavda ilia WavWavaZe `literatura eris sarkea”. yoveli nacionaluri literatura myarad dgas sakuTar tradiciebze, romelTa Sorisac upirvelesi misi nacionaluri mexsierebaa, gamoxatuli arqetipuli modelebis saxiT. „saRi azrisadmi~ erT-erT yvelaze negatiurad ganwyobil mweralsac ki, vladimer nabokovs, swored erovnuli da literaturuli mexsiereba miaCnda identobis upirveles sazomad. magram, sakiTxis analizi mxolod am erTi mimarTulebiT ar amoiwureba: meores mxriv, literaturis erovnuloba, rogorc identobis msazRvreli, ar SeiZleba iqces izolirebis da, miT ufro, TviTizolirebis motivaciad da gamarTlebad. am ukanasknel mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, zurgs umagrebs evropuli da msoflio literaturuli procesebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria, romelic uxvad gvTavazobs nacionalur literaturaTa faseuli konceptualuri da stilisturi integraciis magaliTebs: Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, romantizmisa Tu modernizmis (da sxva) epoqaTa esTetikurma sistemebma SeZles nacionalur literaturaTa mobilizeba saerTo konceptebis garSemo, mxolod _ sakuTari identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. aRniSnul epoqebSi, miT ufro, renesansis, romantizmis, realizmisa da modernizmis wiaRSi literaturam Tavi daaRwia kulturul da dro-sivrcul preskrifciulobas da masStaburad ganivrco farTo istoriuli da kulturuli konteqstis mimarTulebiT. Tamamad Sei8 qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba? Zleba paralelis gavleba Tanamedrove literaturul procesTan: ar axalia, Zvelia, mxolod _ saxecvlili da modernizebuli: SedarebiTi literatura. SedarebiTi literatura me-20 saukunis evropul da amerikul literaturaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi SemuSavebuli multiinterpretaciuli da interdisciplinaruli meTodebis nacionaluri literaturebis doneze swrafi ganvrcobis logikuri Sedegia. swored mis wiaRSi aRmocenda cneba: `literatura sazRvrebs gareSe~. magram komparativistuli kvlevebi ar gulisxmobs literaturuli sazRvrebis ugunurad gaxsnas, arc calkeuli nacionaluri literaturebis SepirispirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis realizebas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul literaturul nawarmoebs, anu cdeba nacionaluri maxasiaTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da literaturebis integraciis xarisxs maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. es principi arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove globalizaciis Seuqcevad procesSi. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi da qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis upirvelesi amocana swored am urTulesi procesis marTva da gaZRolaa. am misiis kvalificiurad SesrulebaSi qarTvelologiur centrebs, garda sakuTari resursebis optimalurad gadanawilebisa da organizebisa, esaWiroebaT qmediTi mxardaWera da daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan, vinaidan qarTvelologia arc TviTmizania da arc axireba, aramed _ saWiroeba. sasurvelia, mkveTrad ganisazRvros qarTvelologiuri centrebis misiis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi da SesaZleblobebi, anu ganisazRvros qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis strategiuli gezi. swori strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi Camoyalibdeba samecniero kvlevebis Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamis organizaciebad da saSualebas miscems qarTvelologiur skolas integrirdes msoflio humanitarul procesebSi. Irma Ratiani Kartvelology (Georgian Studies) – Self-aim or Necessity? Summary Kartvelology or Georgian Studies is a valuable measure of National identity. Even it is not associated with a high economical income (like some natural, economical or technology sciences) or commercial effectiveness, it is very important for a small country like Georgia 9 irma ratiani to preserve its national identity, language, literature, history and culture. Katrvelology is a strong background of Georgian National values. Therefore, it has to be the strategy of Georgia’s State to take care of Georgian Studies, studies of National Language, literature and history. Undoubtedly, National researches, all over the world, guarantee the cultural dialogue as a main form of communication. What place is defined for Georgia on the map of contemporary cultural world? What part it plays in the history of world civilization? What is the cultural code of Georgian? What does the cultural experience of a “Small nation” means in the context of a “Big nations” experience? How “National literature” does survive within the on-going process of Globalization? What does the formula “Literature without boarders” means and how it works in the context of comparative literature? To answer those questions is one of the main aims of Kartvelology. Though the goal of Georgian Studies is not only to preserve its national identity, but, also, to put Georgian science together with contemporary world researches and to integrate it in the world scientific dialogue. But integration does not means to disappeared. Foe example: when we are talking about the literature, we should admit that literature (we do like it or we do not) has Nationality, because literature is always associated with tradition and memory and text, itself, is always about reconstruction. But nationality of literature does not mean or could not possibly mean the isolation or self-isolation. One of the basic methodologies of contemporary literary studies – comparative literature is gently regulating the process. Comparative studies imply the realization of that universal method which interprets the concrete literary text in wide general perspective, i.e. goes beyond the boundaries of national characteristics and establishes the rate of integration of different national cultures and literatures on the condition to preserve their cultural identity. The same process is available in other fields of Katrvelology and the basic function of Georgian Studies is to regulate this valuable process on a high scientific level. Though ,Kartvelology is not a selfaim, but – necessity, which must be replaced under the Governmental care. 10 literaturis Teoriis problemebi ivane amirxanaSvili saswaulis kompozicia `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ WeliSur redaqciaSi gvxvdeba erTi rigiTi agiografiuli pasaJi, romelic marTlac sruliad Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli adgili iqneboda, sagangebo paTetikiT gamarTul teqstSi CvenTvis saintereso azris konturebi rom ar SeimCneodes, rac, winaswarve unda iTqvas, ar warmoadgens raime gansazRvrul koncefcias, Tumca neba-uneblieT iZleva miniSnebas raRac mowesrigebuli Tvalsazrisis arsebobaze. kerZod, saubaria frazaze, romelsac abiaTar mRvdeli warmoTqvams astiron mTavarTan saubarSi: `misgan (wmida ninosgan – i.a.) vixilen sakvirvelebani kurnebaTani da niSni sazarelni da saswaulni saSinelni~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Tavi `b~). martivi definiciis xerxs Tu moviSveliebT, aq mocemuli predikatebis `gansazRvris areebi~ ase dalagdeba: kurneba – sakvirveli; niSani – sazareli; saswauli – saSineli. didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imis danaxvas, rom aq daxasiaTebulia iseTi metafizikuri subieqtebi, romlebic Cveulebrivobis miRma samyarodan, adamianuri yofierebis gare sferoebidan, zesinamdvilidan movlenil faqtebad unda miviCnioT da vinaidan es marTlac asea, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT, rom Cven mier aRebul samive logikur wyvils aerTianebs erTi ram, rasac ubralod saswauls uwodeben. saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi saswaulis sinonimadaa miCneuli niSanic, kurnebac da TviT sakvirvelebac, Tumca bibliuri tradiciis mixedviT, TiToeuli es cneba damoukidebeli Sinaarsis mqone erTeuladac moiazreba. magaliTad, moses xuTwigneulSi saswauli gagebulia rogorc niSani; axal aRTqmaSi _ ZiriTadad rogorc kurneba; agiografiaSi yvelaze xSirad sakvirvelebis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli, saerTod ki saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi niSanic aris, kurnebac da sakvirvelebac. abiaTaris `sistemac~ TiTqmis asea dalagebuli, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT pirvel wyvils, romelSic erT-erT subieqts (`sakvirveleba~) predikatis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli. TavisTavad sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ratom aris saswauli saSineli, an niSani – sazareli, magram amjerad sakiTxis sxva mxare gvainteresebs, 11 ivane amirxanaSvili kerZod, ra aris saswauli da ra rols asrulebs is agiografiuli nawarmoebis teqstis agebaSi. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom naratiuli TvalsazrisiT saswauli Txzulebis sruliad Tavisebur, damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone erTeuls warmoadgens da amitom msjeloba misi teqstTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb ar aris dazRveuli TviTmiznuri manipulirebis sacTurisagan. garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa windawinve ganisazRvros, Tu ras vgulisxmobT zogadad teqstis cnebaSi – wmida werils, saRvTismetyvelo koniunqturaTa sistemas Tu ubralod sityvierebis faqts. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom samive momenti erT mTlianobas warmoadgens da TiToeulis axsna-gaazreba swored saerTo analizis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, magram, amave dros, arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisaTvis, rom cnebaTa gamijvnis principi miviCnioT amosaval wertilad, romelic saSualebas mogvcems calkeulSi davinaxoT mTeli da mTelSi – calkeuli. jer erTi, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT es aris erTaderTi gza da meorec, swored es mimarTuleba gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gamovricxoT iZulebiTi manipulaciebi da SesaZlo ideologiuri aberaciebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sawyis formulad unda miviRoT teqsti rogorc sityvieri Semoqmedebis Sedegi, rogorc yvelaze obieqturi mocemuloba, rac subieqtis, anu avtoris RvTaebrivi inspiraciis gziT iSva. sityva aris pirveladi esTetikuri konstruqcia, romelzedac igeba yovelgvari ideologiuri zednaSeni, amitom am zednaSenis Sinaarsobriv xasiaTs teqsti gansazRvravs. teqstis raobasa da mis xarisxzea damokidebuli ara marto avtoris Canafiqris, aramed yvelanairi koniunqturis, paradigmis Tu sxva savaldebulo kliSeebis axsna, gageba, saerTod – recefciis wesi. rogorc zemoT iTqva, saswauli teqstSi avtonomiuri figuris saxiT aris CarTuli, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi savsebiT Tavisufalia saerTo kompoziciuri kavSirebisagan. bolos da bolos, igi teqstis nawilia, teqsti awesrigebs mis Sinaarss. Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, saswauli aris uflis nebis gamoxatuleba, niSani, uwyeba. sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebul moses ufali uboZebs kverTxs, romelic gvelad gadaiqceva. es saswauli niSania. am niSanma unda daarwmunos faraoni, rom mose RvTis warmogzavnilia. saswaulebrivma kverTxma, rogorc niSnis momcemma, sisxlad unda aqcios nilosis wyali (gamosvla, 7,20), egviptes unda mohfinos gombeSoebi (iqve, 8,5), gaamravlos mumli (8,16). buzankaliT aavsos qveyana (8,21), moiyvanos setyva (9,24), yanebs Seasisos kalia (10,12), Suaze gaapos mewamuli zRva, kldidan wyaro gadmoadinos (17,6) da a. S. yvela es movlena aris niSani, rom ufali aq aris, rom uflis neba moqmedebs. ufali pirdapir ambobs: `da saswaulebi igi da 12 saswaulis kompozicia niSebi Cemi, romel vyav magaT zeda, gulisxma-hyoT da uwyodeT, rameTu me var ufali RmerTi~ (gamosvla, 10,3). saswauli aris ufalsa da adamianebs Soris dadebuli aRTqmis erT-erTi elementi. sinais mTaze ufali aRuTqvams moses, rom xalxis Tvalwin moaxdens iseT saswaulebs, rogoric arcerT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. risTvis aris saWiro saswaulebi? _ imisaTvis, rom adamianebma dainaxon, Tu ra saSinelia, anu raoden mosafrxilebelia saqme, romelsac ufali ukeTebs moses (gamosvla, 34,10). rodesac sadResaswaulo karavs uflis Rrubeli dafaravs, es niSnavs, rom savane uflis didebam aavso da am dros iq mosec ki ver Seva (gamosvla, 40,34-45). e. i. niSani saSinelia. Zveli aRTqmis saswaulebis teqnika zogjer jadoqrobis elementebs imeorebs. magaliTad, magiuri formebi mJRavndeba iseT saswaulebSi, rogorebicaa aaronis kverTxis gadaqceva gvelad (gamosvla, 7,10), iso naves mier locviT caze mzis SeCereba (iso nave, 10,12-13), elisesgan puris gamravleba (meoTxe mefeTa 4,43), samsonis Tmis ambavi, ricxvebis magiis roli ieriqonis dacemaSi da sxv. magram es aris mxolod formaluri msgavseba, Sinaarsobrivad ki aRniSnuli saswaulebi sxva aris imdenad, ramdenadac yvela saswauli RvTis nebiT xdeba. saerTod, biblia mkacrad krZalavs nebismier magias Tu jadoqrobas da ar scnobs kavSirs uflis nebasa da magias Soris (gamosvla 22,17; 2 sjuli, 18,10). bibliis mkvlevaris iehezkel kaufmanis azriT, Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi gamovlenili magiuri teqnikis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mas gamoclili aqvs miTologiuri bazisi, magiur ileTebs asrulebs RvTis kaci da ara TviT RmerTi. es aris arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic cxadyofs, rom bibliuri saswauli warmarTul analogebTan SedarebiT sul sxva faseulobebzea orientirebuli. Zveli aRTqma magias ganmartavs rogorc mistikur codnas im bunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelsac jadoqari amoxsnis. rogorc i. kaufmani wers, es faqtiurad kerpTayvanismeblobaa, radgan masSi RmerTi ar aris, magram sul sxv suraTs vxedavT RvTis kacis qmedebaSi: saswauls warmoSobs ara misi moqmedeba an Selocva, aramed uflis xeli. `marTalia, bibliurma tradiciam aiTvisa egvipturi saswaulis koloriti, magram warmarTuli masala sruliad axali, arawarmarTuli simbolizmiT daitvirTa~ - dasZens i. kaufmani (kaufmani 1997: 64). amasTan erTad, saswauli ar unda gavigoT pirdapir, misi materialuri gamovlinebiT. saswauli aris sulieri movlena. vladimir soloviovi lev tolstoisadmi miweril werilSi, romelSic macxovris mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswaulis WeSmaritebas asabuTebs, wers: 13 ivane amirxanaSvili `Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT saganTa saerTo mdinarebis sawinaaRmdego da amitom SeuZlebel faqts, maSin mkvdreTiT aRdgoma sruliad saspirispiroa saswaulisa – es aris upirobod aucilebeli faqti saganTa saerTo mdinarebaSi; xolo Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT pirvelad momxdar, manamde ararsebul faqts, maSin `SesvenebulTagan pirvelis~ mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, raRa Tqma unda, iseTive saswaulia, sruliad iseTive, rogoric pirveli organuli ujredis gaCena araorganul samyaroSi, anda cxovelis gamoCena pirvelyofil mcenareTa, xolo pirveli adamianisa – orangutanebs Soris. es saswaulebi ar eeWveba sabunebismetyvelo istorias, aseve ueWvelia mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswauli kacobriobis istoriisaTvis~ (soloviovi 2001: 15). materialuri da sulieri sawyisebis Sepirispireba am SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi gamosavalia, rom damtkicdes saswaulis aramaterialuri buneba, rac SesaZloa Zneli gasagebi iyos skeptikurad ganwyobili gonebisaTvis, Tumca gasagebia maTTvis, vinc saswaulis materialur faqtologiaSi Sinagan logikur kavSirs xedavs. saswauls aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs fantastikasTan am sityvis im gagebiT, rogoradac is dRes esmiT. saerTod, es ori cneba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. agiografiis konteqstSi fantastikis xseneba dabneulobis mets arafers moitans. movlenis araCveulebrioba Tu arabunebrioba fizikuri TvalsazrisiT fantastikaa, metafizikuri TvalsazrisiT ki – saswauli. erTi sityviT, ar SeiZleba saswauli materialur movlenad CaiTvalos, is aris sulieri movlena, anu, soloviovisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Sinagani sulieri srulyofilebis aucilebeli bunebrivi Sedegi~. Teizmis tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba saswauls ganixilavs bibliuri rwmenis saerTo paradoqsis, anu pirovnuli absolutis konteqstSi, sadac RvTaebrivi usasruloba xorcieldeba konkretul, sasrul, calkeul sxeulSi da es paradoqsi, Tavisi materialuri formis miuxedavad, simbolur Sinaarss atarebs. rogorc sergei averincevi wers, mTavari is ki ar aris, rom wiTeli zRvis talRebi Suaze gaipo israelis ZeTa winaSe (gamosvla, 14,21), aramed is, rom TviT `ufalTa ufalma~, `saukuno mefem~ adamianTa jgufis saqme Tavis saqmed aqcia; ara is, rom ieso qalwuli dedisagan iSva da avadmyofebs kurnavda, aramed is, rom mis sasrul da xrwnad sxeulSi `damkvidrebul ars yovelive savsebaÁ RmrTeebisa xorcielad~ (kolaselTa mimarT, 2,9) (averincevi 2000: 204). aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, saswaulis azrs, mis Sinaarss gansazRvravs ori winapiroba, romelTa gareSe saswauli sruli uazroba iqneboda. pirveli, 14 saswaulis kompozicia s. averincevis azriT, es aris cnobieri an qvecnobieri rwmena imisa, rom konkretuli `me“ zogadTan mimarTebaSi ar iyos ubralod rogorc nawili mTelTan mimarTebaSi; da meore – unda vaRiarebdeT saswaulis simbolur azrs. `amgvarad, _ wers s. averincevi, _ marTalia, saxarebiseul kurnebaTa mizani an Sedegi pirvel yovlisa gankurnebulTa janmrTelobad gaiazreba, magram Tavisi azriT aranairad ar daiyvaneba janmrTelobamde: TviT Jesti gankurnebis saswaulisa naCvenebia ara marto rogorc erTeulTa mimarT gamoCenili mowyaleba, aramed rogorc yvelas winaSe movlenili niSani~ (averincevi 2000: 204). danarCeni, rac saswaulis azris gagebas Seexeba, Teologiis sferos warmoadgens da am Temaze, cxadia, mravalnairi da urTierTgamomricxavi interpretaciebi arsebobs, magram amjerad Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs saswaulis mxatvruli funqcia, ra daniSnuleba akisria mas Txzulebis saerTo struqturaSi da ras warmoadgens igi – mtkicebulebas Tu ambavs? umravles SemTxvevaSi saswauli gamoiyeneba rogorc mtkicebuleba wmidanis saRvTo misiis dasafiqsireblad; saswauls moixmoben magaliTad da nimuSad imisa, Tu raoden did Zalas aniWebs adamians suliwmidis madli. roca SuSanikis CareviT ganikurneba `ganborebuli~ dedakaci, es aris imis mauwyebeli faqti da mtkicebuleba, rom wamebuli ukve aRivso wmidanobis madliT, xolo giorgi aTonelis Sexvedra cecxlisfer da TeTrad mosil WabukebTan ki aris ambavi, romelic gviCvenebs wmidanobis gzaze Semdgari moRvawis arCevanis siswores. ymawvilobisas mdinare qciaSi banaobis dros giorgis gamoecxadeba cecxlisferi yrma, romelic mas saTamaSod iwvevs, am dros gamoCndeba `spetakiT mosili~ yrma, romelic mokidebs xels giorgis da etyvis, CemTan iyavi, radgan ukeTesi moyvasi varo. Txzulebis avtori giorgi mcire iqve ganmartavs, rom pirveli yrma aris eSmaki, romelsac giorgis daRrCoba surs, meore ki – angelozi, romelic mas dabadebidanve miuCina RmerTma sicocxlis mcvelad. epizodi nawarmoebSi CarTulia rogorc mTavari personaJis mier pirvel pirSi monaTxrobi ambavi, romelic ise erwymis avtoris msjelobis xazs, rom diskursi ar irRveva, epizodi Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs da Sinaarssve mihyveba msjelobis logikur finalamde, sadac unda damtkicdes, rom marTalni iyvnen giorgis mSoblebi, roca Svili dabadebisTanave RmerTs aRuTqves da sworia moRvaweobis is gza, romelsac giorgi adgas. `ganborebuli dedakacis~ epizodi iakob xucess mohyavs rogorc ganyenebuli faqti, magaliTi, anu mtkicebuleba; qciis epizodi ki aris siuJeturi monakveTi, anu ambavi. 15 ivane amirxanaSvili qarTul agiografiaSi mtkicebulebidan ambavze evoluciuri gadasvlis tendencia ar SeiniSneba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom iq, sadac saswauli ambis funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli, avtors meti saSualeba eZleva beletristuli wiaRsvlebisTvis. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mesame Tavis bolo nawili, romelic saswaulis agiografiul misteriad unda miviCnioT. saswaulis esTetikazea agebuli `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ siuJetis ganviTareba. Txrobis ZiriTadi qarga gamoikveTeba Txzulebis meoTxe TavSi, roca miqel parexels Ramis locvis dros `gankvirveba raime~ daecema da RvTis angelozi etyvis, Seni mowafeebi serapioni da ioane axlave samcxes waravline, raTa RvTis mier miniSnebul adgilas monasteri aRaSenono. faqtiurad mTeli Txzuleba aris svla im sakvirveli niSnisaken, sadac saRmrTo brZanebiT unda aSendes zarzma. miqelis gamocxadebaSi, rogorc Txzulebis kompoziciur preludiaSi, miniSnebulia yvela is adgili, anu orientiri, romelmac saswaulamde (niSamde) unda miiyvanos berebi. ase, rom Txzulebis cnobili toponimebi _ beras jvari, ZinZe, cxroWa, saZmo, goderZi, drosi, saTaxve, SeSisTavi, babgeni, bobxa da TviT zarzma warmoadgenen ara marto niSebs, aramed siuJetis struqturul erTeulebs, romlebic aqtiurad arian CarTuli Txrobis dinamikaSi da rom araferi iTqvas am originaluri faqturis mxatvrul funqciaze, pirdapiri, bukvaluri recefciis TvalsazrisiTac cxaddeba avtoris Canafiqri: berebis msvleloba aRTqmuli adgilisaken warmoadginos rogorc gza saswaulisaken. am gzis bolo da mTavari niSi – zarzma etimologiuri SinaarsiTac saswauls ukavSirdeba, radgan zari da SiSi, razedac aRmocendeba saxelwodeba zarzma, saswaulis, ase vTqvaT, atributebia. basil zarzmeli amas TviTonve ganmartavs Txzulebis mecxre Tavis bolos, sadac wers: `rameTu ewoda zarzma erTa maTgan, romelni zarTa da SiSTa miuTxrobeliTa Sepyrobil iyvnes~. berebi asruleben `niSTa da saswaulTa mier ganbrwyinvebuli~ miqel parexelis miTiTebas, romelic faqtiurad RvTis nebaa, anu rogorc basil zarzmeli wers, `brZaneba ars saRmrTo~ da arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom giorgi CorCanelisa da berebis Sexvedra sakvirvelebis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. sakvirveleba, sakvirveli niSani, rogorc wesi, cxaddeba maSin, roca movlenaTa ganviTareba zRvrul wertils aRwevs da situacia TavisTavad moiTxovs ara formalur, aramed arsebiT ganmuxtvas sruliad axal, gansxvavebul gradaciaSi gadasvliT, rac usaTuod da erTmniSvnelovnad unda moaswavebdes vertikalur moZraobas qvemodan zemoT, miwidan zecisken, sikvdilidan sicocxlisaken, rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebis~ mecamete TavSi, sadac mZafri seniT Sepyrobil, sikvdils 16 saswaulis kompozicia miaxlebul yrma efTvTimes RvTismSobeli gamoecxadeba, xels SeaSvelebs, suliwmidis madliT aRavsebs da ganamzadebs aRsrulebad didTa saqmeTa, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobas da, sxvaTa Soris, analizs Tu bolomde gavyvebiT, imis Tqmac mogviwevs, rom aq saqme gvaqvs agiografiuli TxzulebisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebel movlenasTan, roca gamocxadeba xorcieldeba ara marto zogadi saRvTismetyvelo mimarTulebiT, aramed erovnul-kulturologiuri niSniTac. `aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi~ - RvTismSoblis piriT naTqvam am sityvebSi giorgi mTawmideli xedavs aTonis literaturuli skolis istoriul misias qarTuli kulturis winaSe. saberZneTSi gazrdili yrma, romelmac qarTuli TiTqmis ar icis, RvTis nebiT ubrundeba mSobliuri enis wiaRs da iwyebs umagaliTo mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas, ris wyalobiTac saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba dasavleTis inteleqtualur areals. saswaulis erT niSanSi ormagi Sinaarsi devs – gamocxadebis saswaulma efTvimes daubruna janmrTeli gvami da erovnuli suli, rac mTlianobaSi sakmarisi unda yofiliyo imisaTvis, rom gacxadebuliyo mocemul niSanSi dafaruli azri. avtori sagangebod arCevs saswauls imisaTvis, raTa paraleli gaavlos wminda werilTan da Seqmnas STabeWdileba, rom wmindani iesos saswauls imeorebs (daTaSvili 1998: e-4). Tumca, rogorc grigol noseli SeniSnavs, agiografoss zomierebis gamoCena marTebs nawarmoebSi saswaulTa CarTvisas, raTa ar gaafuWos gemovnebiani mkiTxvelis STabeWdileba da, amave dros, eWvi ar gauCinos mciredmorwmunes. am mosazrebas exmianeba berdiaevis Tvalsazrisic. saswauli gveZleva rwmenis gamo da ara imisaTvis, rom rwmena warmoSvas. saswauliT gaCenili rwmena Zaladoba, iZuleba iqneboda (berdiaevi 1989: 57). amrigad, saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, atarebs gansazRvrul funqcias, romelic xasiaTdeba gamokveTili niSnebiT. kerZod, igi gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebad wmidanis saRvTo misiis fiqsaciisaTvis. Txrobis saerTo struqturaSi is CarTulia rogorc magaliTi, an rogorc mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gairCes saswaulis faqtologiuri da esTetikuri funqciebi. saswaulis agiografiuli gageba bibliur sazriss eyrdnoba, gansxvaveba Tavs iCens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca avtori beletristul wiaRsvlebs mimarTavs, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi saswaulis bibliuri koncefciisa ucvleli rCeba. 17 ivane amirxanaSvili damowmebani: averincevi 2000: Аверинцев С. София – Логос. Словарь. Киев: «Дух и литера», 2000. berdiaevi 1989:. Бердяев Н. Философия свободы. М.: “Правда”, 1989. daTaSvili 1998: daTaSvili l. saswaulni da Cvvenebani `wmida makrines cxovrebis~ magaliTze. `axali qarTuli gazeTi~, 19. VIII. Tb.: 1998. kaufmani 1997: Кауфман И. Религия древнего Израиля. Библейские исследования. Сборник статей. Академичесская серия. Выпуск 1. М.: 1997. soloviovi 2001: soloviovi v. werili l. n. tolstois. 28 ivlisi – 2 agvisto, 1894. peter�������������������������������������������������������� b������������������������������������������������������� urgi��������������������������������������������������� . ������������������������������������������������� Targmna������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������� nana������������������������������������� ������������������������������������ axobaZem���������������������������� . �������������������������� gaz����������������������� . ��������������������� `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 13-19 aprili, Tb.: 2001. Ivane Amirkhanashvili Composition of a Miracle Summary What is a miracle and what is its role while constructing the Hagiographic text? From narrative viewpoint, a miracle represents a distinctive unit, possessing independent meaning and therefore, discussing its relation towards the text is not secured from self interpretations. To avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to define what we mean in the concept of text in general– a sacred letter, a system of theological conjuncture or simply a fact of verbality. As an initial formula, text should be regard as a result of verbal creativity. At the same time, it should be noted that a miracle is not completely isolated from a text. In hagiographic texts miracle acquires definite function, which is characterized by distinguished signs. It is used as a proof for fixing Saint’s divine mission. In the general structure of narration it is included as an example or as a statement. Therefore, we should distinguish between factologic and aesthetic functions of a miracle. Source for hagiographic understanding of a miracle is biblical; the difference arises only when the author uses belletristic means, though the essence of biblical conception of miracle remains unchanged. 18 Tamar CixlaZe `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika (XX saukunis dasavleTevropuli romanis mixedviT) XX saukunis evropis rTuli epoqa srulad aisaxa literaturaSi, romlis gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formad iqca romani. literturuli procesebis axsna, ZiriTadad, fsiqologias daekisra. modernisti mwerali Seecada, siRrmiseuli `me~-s warmoCeniT Tavisi wignebisaTvis gansxvavebuli STagoneba mieca. `obieqturi~ Txroba `subieqturi~ midgomiT Seicvala. Tanamedrove romanis sawyisebis Zieba albaT servantesidan iwyeba, rodesac misma personaJma _ erTma gamxdarma da uqonelma keTilma kacma _ don kixotma _ Tavgadasavlebis saZieblad wasvla gadawyvita. rainduli romanebis kiTxviT gabruebuls dro Secvlili dauxvda, amitom misi ambavic sasacilod iqca. adamianis ocnebas aRar SeeZlo samyaros Secvla, magram is amas daJinebiT iTxovda. individisa da sazogadoebis aseTi gaxleCa badebs Tanamedrove romans. ema bovari _ floberis romanis personaJi _ ocnebobda ra daqorwinebuliyo iseT adamianze, romelic valss acekvebda sasaxleSi, don kixots Zalian hgavs. servantesi da floberi TavianT qmnilebebs romanul saxes aZleven. Cndeba termini `romanuli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs, erTi mxriv imas, rom Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRoT SeSlili meocnebis an fuqsavati gogonas warmosaxva da, meore mxriv, mTxroblis azri. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xanmokle krizisis Semdeg, dasavleTevropuli romani literaturuli gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul formad gadaiqca. amjerad man asaxa adamianTa pasuxismgebloba, zraxvebi Tu mwuxareba, rasac odesRac epopea, qronika, moraluri traqtati da nawilobriv, poezia emsaxureboda. dasavleTevropeli kaci yvelafers ipovnis Tanamedrove romanSi, rac ki mis sve-beds Seexeba. romanma SeZlo erTdroulad SemoeTavazebina `ambis~ fsiqologiuri, socialuri, ontologiuri, esTetikuri da simboluri rezonansebis uzarmazari registri. XX saukunis Suaxanebis literaturas daudga `eWvis era~, romelic jer kidev stendalma iwinaswarmetyvela, Tumca gamudmebiT icvleboda. gazrdili tragizmis fonze mweralTa axali Taoba gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare gaxda samyaros absurdulobis mimarT. maSin gadaisinja literaturis daniSnulebis sakiTxi. rogorc cnobilia, froidisa da iungis moZRvreba imdroindeli lit19 Tamar CixlaZe eraturis saSen masalad iqca. daaxloebiT imave periodSi, rodesac prustis pirveli romani qveyndeba (1912w.), literaturaSi Cndeba axali termini _ `subieqturi Txroba~. igi miesadageba iseT romanebs, romlebic meti TaviseburebiT Tu Txrobis TavisuflebiT gamoirCevian. iq adgils ikavebs fantazia, miTi, jadosnoba. amgvari Txroba SeiZleba gaurkvevelic iyos da musikaluri tonalobis Semcvelic, ris misaRwevadac mwerals iSviaTi metaforebis gamoyeneba uxdeba. aseTi stilis romanad SeiZleba CaiTvalos magaliTad, a. furnies `didi molni~, T. manis `jadosnuri mTa~ an o. l. haqslis `geniosi da qalRmerTi~. XVII saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, dasavlur romans yvelaze metad izidavs adamianis sulis wiaRis xilva, misi yvelaze Rrma da idumali intimurobis ufskrulebi. maTSi siamovnebiT eSveba am jadosnobas aracnobierad damorCilebuli mkiTxveli. rusodan moriakamde an natali sarotamde, dostoevskis gavliT, es cduneba akviatebad iqceva, `da kargi mweralic isaa, vinc Cveni cxovrebis im nawilis Secnobasa da gamoTqmaSi dagvexmareba, romelic erTi SexedviT gaugebari da ganze myofi gveCveneba~. (diuameli 1925: 34) maSasadame, Tanamedrove epoqaSi mkiTxvels ufro meti swadia, miiRos romanidan, vidre aqamde Rebulobda, anu surs cnobierebis im sivrceSi SeRweva, romelic TiToeuli adamianis sulis siRrmeSi mdebareobs. is cdilobs gaigos gemo SigniT mdebare emociebis, mogonebebis, fiqrebis, naRvelis da martoobis erTobliobisa, rasac Jan-pol sartri `gulzidvis~ gansazRvrebas aZlevs. mas miaCnia, rom is cxovreba, riTac adamiani arsebobs, sabolood gaRaribda, rom sxvis anu romanis gmiris cnobierebaSi SeRweviT nugeSs hpovebs. XX s. romans eqsperimentebis Catareba swadia. kafka, prusti, muzili, joisi kiTxvis qveS ayeneben romanis gansazRvrebas da daniSnulebas. romani aRaraa `moTxrobili~, vinaidan `TxrobaSi~ yvelaferi winaswar aris axsnili da ganWvretili, mTxrobelma winaswar icis dasasruli. romani gaurbis tragikuls da romantikuls. adamiani aRar warmoadgens misi Seswavlis sagans. mwerals romanSi Seaqvs uwesrigoba, idumaleba, naRveli, paTetika, rac Sinagani samyaros siRrmidan momdinareobs. dostoevski, nervali da kidev bevri sxva winaswar grZnobdnen am axali tipis romanis dabadebas. icvleba mwerlis damokidebuleba momxdari ambisa da moqmedi pirebis mimarT. `imis magivrad, rom zemodan da Soridan gaanaTos mkiTxvelis cnobiereba da gaafarTovos, iTamaSos Tavis mxriv, jadoqris an reJisoris roli, masTan aigivebs Tavs da masTan erTad xetialobs arsebobis nacrisfer peizaJebSi~ 20 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika _ wers kritikosi r. alberesi mwerlis Sesaxeb. (alberesi 1990: 133) erTaderTi ram, rac SeiZleba specifikuri iyos Tanamedrove romanSi, aris ena. romanis dargSi, rogorc bevr sxvaSi, ukve yvelaferi iTqva. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaunaTlebel publikas SeuZlia bevri siaxle aRmoaCinos, ganswavluli adamiani advilad SeigrZnobs im kavSirebs, romlebic ama Tu im ambavs aqvs warsulis did nimuSebTan. dasavluri romani mivida im wertilamde, saidanac daiwyo dumili _ ambis moyolis SewyvetiT gamowveuli siCume. damTavrda iseTi romanis xana, romelic raRacas gvixsnida. mwerali amoefara mTxrobels, romelic TviTonve aris da arc aris. romanisti iwyebs qaragmebiT, miniSnebebiT laparaks, swavlobs mkiTxvelTan TanamSromlobas. TiTqmis 3000-wliani arsebobis manZilze literaturam yvelaferi amowura. romanmac droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTari wesiT da logikiT aRmoaCina arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqti da aseTi daskvna gamoitana: samyaro kompleqsuri da orazrovania, rac metad miiwevs win, miT naklebad uaxlovdeba simarTles. sinamdvile mxolod SefardebiTi, nawilobrivi da winaaRmdegobrivia. XX saukunis dasavlel mwerlebTan yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvecnobieris determinizmia. am sakiTxs xom araerTi Semoqmedi utrialebs, maT Soris a. Jidi. Tavdapirvelad es ukanaskneli `sotie~-is Jans mimarTavs, rac misTvis Tavisufal Txrobas ganasaxierebs, romelsac determinizmis SezRudvebisgan gaTavisufleba SeuZlia. misi `vatikanis jurRmulebi~ am axali esTetikis magivrobas swevs, rac gansakuTrebulad umotivo qmedebis TeoriaSi gamoixateba. `yalbi fulis mWrelebi~ afarToebs personaJTa wres im mizniT, rom ganasaxieros zneobrivi poziciebi da cxovrebis arCevani; romani daskvnis gakeTebaze uars ambobs da mkiTxvels tovebs daumTavrebeli Txrobis Sua gzaze. XX saukunis II naxevris romansac erTob rTuli peizaJi aqvs daxatuli. is aqrobs yovlisamsaxvel Txrobas, magram ar ZaluZs, daiviwyos, rom realobas Txzavs. amitomac gafarToebul realizmSi eqcevian iseTi mwerlebi, romlebic TavianT romanebSi iyeneben cnobierebis nakads, Sinagani molologis teqnikas, asociaciebs, kinematografiuli montaJis xerxebs, bibliur motivebs da Txrobis sxvadasxva eqsperimentul saSualebebs. realizms miakuTvnes naturalisturi faqturisa da metafizikuri da transcendentaluri mimarTebis Tu eqspresionistuli elementebis Semcveli romanebi. XX s. mTeli literatura, mainc antimimeturad rCeba, vinaidan aRar mimarTavs mimsgavsebis meTods. is aRar baZavs, ar amsgavsebs Tavis fiqcias xilul, grZnobiT aRsaqmel sinamdviles. es literatura cdilobs, gamosaxos da mxatvrul saxeebad aqcios yofierebis sinamdvilis arsi. masSi aRwerili sagani aRar hgavs empiriulad arsebul sagans. man deformacia ganicada da 21 Tamar CixlaZe groteskiT, igaviTa Tu sxvadasxva `SifriT~ gamoisaxa. aq mTavari principi is ki araa, moxda Tu ara ambavi sinamdvileSi, aramed is, rom SesaZloa, asec momxdariyo. es pirobiTi samyaroa. mTxrobeli darwmunebuli ar aris imaSi, rasac gadmoscems. amgvar `varaudisa~ da `eWvis~ poetikas aSkarad vxvdebiT, magaliTad, maqs friSTan. dasavlur romanSi myarad moikida fexi parodiam.. parodiuli nawarmoebi Tu manamde iwvevda sicils, Tanamedrove epoqaSi tragediad iqca. parodiulobam aCvena Zveli sulieri, ideuri Rirebulebebis gaufasureba da rwmenis gaqroba. mweralic xatavs Zvelis gaufasurebis suraTs. amitomaa dRes Seqmnili istoriuli romanebic parodiuli. isic unda vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove literaturis tendenciebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa miTosis teqnikis gamoyeneba. miTosi literaturul fenomenad iqca. XX s. romans, asaxavs ra samyaros mTxroblis cnobierebis mixedviT da ara realurad, mTeli yuradReba personaJis sulier samyaroze gadaaqvs, amitom araerT wigns `centriskenuli~ an `Caketili~ romani uwodes. masSi wamyvani elementi gmiris individualurobaa da ara moqmedeba sivrceSi. sulieri procesebisTvis romanis formis misacemad saWiroa Caketili sivrcis Seqmna, realurobidan mowyveta. ase miiRweva hermetizacia, rac XX s. mwerlebma: T. manma, fr. kafkam da sxvebma SesaniSnavad moaxerxes. `hermetuli romani~, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebis transmutacias, misi sulieri ganwmendisa da amaRlebis Cvenebas, cxadad iCens sinamdvilidan gaqcevis, empiriulobis daZlevis midrekilebas. swored es Tavisebureba ganasxvavebs aseTi tipis romans `cnobierebis nakadis~ romanisagan, romelic sruliad empiriulia. cneba _ `centriskenuli~ dostoevskidan modis. is Seecada, eCvenebina, Tu raoden marTali iyo mis mier gadmocemuli ambebi da rogor ukavSirdebodnen isini mis namdvil, sulier gancdebs. XIX s. mwerlebi iseT gamonaTqvamebs, romlebSic maTi gulwrfeloba da piradi gancdebi vlindeboda, `unebur aRsarebebs~ uwodebdnen. e. gonkurma aRniSna, rom XIX s. bolos moxda fsiqologiuri romanis ganaxleba. mogvianebiT romanma specifikuri realoba aRwera da aRar ganviTarda. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosi, maT Soris baxtini, miiCnevs, rom romanuli Janri uSreti ganaxlebis unaris mqonea. (baxtini 1973: 24). ukeTesia, daveTanxmoT baxtins, vinc fiqrobs, rom romani ar Sewyvets ganviTarebas, miT ufro maSin, rodesac masTan erTad kritikac ase intensiurad viTardeba. Cndeba axali terminebi, romlebic romanTan mimarTebaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba da mkiTxvels exmareba, ukeT gaerkves axleburi romanis labirinTebSi. erT-erTi aseTi termini gaxlavT `subieqturi Txro22 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika ba~, romlis Seswavlac didi xani araa, rac daiwyes. saerTod, es termini aRniSnavs romanistis Zalisxmevas, warmoaCinos Tavisi gamonagonis elementebi erTi an ramdenime personaJis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT. personaJis aRwera romanis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTad, stendalis an Tekereis gmirebis umravlesoba avtoris subieqturi aRweris niSnebs atarebs. subieqturobaze damokidebuli aRweriloba personaJisa, damtkicebulia, rom ukeTesad axasiaTebs TviT aRmwers, vidre mas, visac aRweren. sayuradReboa, rogor xdeba ambis moyola `subieqtur romanSi~. amas gansazRvravs mTxroblis garkveuli pozicia am ambis mimarT. romanistma, rogorc moriaki uwodebs, `RmerTis niSnis matarebelma~, vinc es personaJebi Seqmna, miiTvisa yovlismcodnis privilegia: Tavisi RvTiuri niWiT, man zondireba gaukeTa Tirkmlebs da gulebs da imaze ukeT gaicno Tavisi qmnilebebi, vidre TviT isini icnobdnen sakuTar Tavso, ambobs moriaki. SemTxvevas, rodesac mTxrobeli ufro mets ambobs personaJebze, vidre TviT SeuZliaT, rom Tqvan, literaturis Teoretikosebi ganixilaven Txrobis pirvel saxed. meore SemTxvevad miiCneven iseT Txrobas, rodesac mTxrobeli Tavs Zalas atans, mxolod is Tqvas, rac icis personaJma da aCvenos is, rasac es personaJi grZnobs. am movlenas frangi kritikosi Jan puioni uwodebs `xedviT~ (vision) Txrobas, romelic dakavSirebulia subieqturi Tvalsazrisis SezRudvis dacvasTan da `keTilsindisierad~ dakvirvebasTan, rogorc ambobs TviT mkvlevari. (koni 1981: 86) mesame SemTxveva is aris, rom Txroba `obieqturia~, anu mTxrobeli kmayofildeba personaJis qcevebis garedan daregistrirebiT. subieqturi realizmis teqnikas gansazRvravs swored `xedva romelime personaJiT~ (vision avec), ramac daipyro Tanamedrove romani. a. Jidi, malro, folkneri iyeneben mxolod faqtebis gamoxatvas personaJis Sexedulebidan gamomdinare. `subieqturi realizis~ principi, rogorc es sartrma aRniSna, gamoricxavs sxva xmas, garda personaJisa. miuTiTebs, rom personaJis xasiaTi TandaTan ixateba, roca is asrulebs moqmedebebs an warmoTqvams sityvebs. subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba mkiTxvelis mier romanSi adamianis Tvalsazrisis povnas da masTan SeTavsebas, mkiTxvelis personaJad gadaqcevasac ki. bolo cda imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxveli miiwvios romanSi monawileobis misaRebad. frangi Teoretikosi Jan huioni naSromSi `dro da romani~ `romelime personaJis xedvas~ (vision avec), romlis meSveobiTac, mkiTxvelic calke gamoyofs personaJis Tvalsazriss, ganasxvavebs `zurgidan xedvisagan~ (vision par derrière), romelic varaudobs romanistis aSkara Carevas. magaliTad `vision avec~-is nimuSad stendalis `sentimentaluri aRzrdaa~ 23 Tamar CixlaZe miCneuli, xolo `vision par derrière~ ilustrirebulia balzakis sxvadasxva romanSi, sadac mravladaa Tavmoyrili romanistis sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. balzaki, icnobs ra Tavisi personaJis Sinagan samyaros, Tavisuflad gadadis erTi Tvalsazrisidan meoreze, rasac Tavis Tvalsazriss umatebs, anu rogorc mTxroblis, filosofosisa da istorikosis Tvalsazriss. aseTi yovlismcodneoba balzakis romanebs ayenebs tradiciuli romanis rigebSi maSin, roca flobers modernuloba Semoaqvs. igi emorCileba imas, rasac sartrma `subieqturi realizmi~ uwoda. (puioni 1996: 45) maS, rogor xdeba romanistis mier subieqturi realobis asaxva? sazogadod, mTxroblis Carevis xarisxs im ambavSi, rasac is gadmogvcems, gansazRvravs distancia. saWiroa, ganisazRvros is, Tu ramdenad `axloa~ mTxrobeli gadmocemul faqtebTan an piriqiT, `distancias ikavebs~, gvTavazobs nakleb faqtebs, vidre TviT misTvisaa cnobili. magaliTad, suraTs sxvadasxva manZilidan sxvadasxva sizustiT vxedavT. aseve, ambavic ar gamoCndeba erTi da imave moculobiT im distanciis mixedviT, rasac mTxrobeli irCevs. Tu is `axloa~ masTan, SemogvTavazebs zust da detalur Txrobas, mogvcems ra didi sizustis STabeWdilebas, anu obieqturobas da piriqiT, mTxrobeli `Sordeba~ ra faqtebis realobas, SemogvTavazebs bundovan Txrobas _ ese igi arazustsa da subieqturs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Txroba yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs ambavze, meoreSi ki _ mTxrobelze. `siaxlovisa~ da `siSoris~ winaaRmdegobas mivyavarT `obieqturobasa~ da `subieqturobas~ Soris arsebul Seusabamobamde. e. jeimzis azriT, saqme exeba `Cvenebas~ da `Tqmas~. (Juvi 1997: 29) cnobilia, rom monaTxrobi Seicavs sam Sres: movlenebs, sityvebs anu metyvelebas da fiqrebs. gansxvaveba romanebs Soris am Sreebis gamoxatvis distanciaSi iqneba. Tu mTxrobeli irCevs `siaxloves~, is `gviCvenebs~, vidre `gviyveba~. is uars ambobs mokle mimoxilvaze detaluri scenebis sasargeblod. mkiTxvels SeuZlia `uyuros~ movlenas. samagierod, `Sors~ myofi mTxrobeli lakonurobas da faqtebis komentarebs gvTavazobs. floberi emas sikvdilis scenas `axlo myofi~ aRwers, xolo patara bertas beds ramdenime StrixiT iZleva avtori, vinaidan `Sors~ aris. rac Seexeba metyvelebas, aq mTxrobeli ganagebs teqnikaTa mTel serias. kritikos J. Jenetis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba moxdes distanciis kibeze asvlis klasifikacia maqsimumidan minimumamde. TxrobiTi metyveleba, sadac erTveba personaJis saubaric, mas igive doneze ayenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebs. distanciis SemTxvevaSi Txroba Sors rCeba sinamdvileSi warmoTqmuli sityvebisagan. aq Txroba kmayofildeba bundovanebiT. am sakiTxis ganvrcobamde, ganvsazRvroT ra aris metyveleba da ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis diqcias. metyvelebis manera aris procesi, romelic qmnis winaswar gansazRvrul 24 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika da mwyobri mniSvnelobis teqsts. Tvalsazrisi wesebis erTobliobaa, romelic miznad isaxavs, orientacia gaukeTos da Seferiloba misces metyvelebas. is Txrobisa da aRweris elementebs swavlobs. Tvalsazrisi miCneulia, rogorc metyvelebis Semadgeneli sintaqsuri da semantikuri nawilebis ganmsazRvreli. rac Seexeba teqstiT gamoxatuli emociurobis Seswavlas, is literaturuli analizis nawilia. Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania metyvelebisTvis emociuroba da misi gadmocema, amas fsiqologiuri analizi da gamoxatvis lingvistika gviCvenebs. grZnobismieri mdgomareoba mainc sityvebis saSualebiT unda gadmoices. es lingvistika moiTxovs specializebul leqsikas da morfologias, romelic miukuTvneba e.w. `gamomxatvel modalizacias~. aq gamoiyofa grZnobebis gadmomcem modalizaciaTa klasi, romelic subieqtis `sulis mdgomareobas~ gamoxatavs. esenia: zmnebi, sazogado saxelebi, zedsarTavebi da zmnizedebi. zogadad, grZnobismieri modalizacia emyareba gamoxatuli sagnebisa Tu situaciis dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas. mgrZnobiaroba-emociuroba rTuli fenomenia da SeiZleba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT ganixilos, ufro metad, aRweriTi da teqstis analizis gziT. Tu masTan fsiqologiuri analiziT midgoma SeiZleba, is unda daeyrdnos semio-lingvistikur analizs. `sulis mdgomareoba~ warmodgenilia Sesabamisi leqsikiT, magaliTad, vnebis gamomxatveli sityvebiT: siyvaruli, survili; magram aseve zogadi nomenklaturis terminebiT: grZnoba, emocia, ltolva... da Tu am saxelebs maT zmnur, zedsarTavur Tu zmnizedur derivaciebs davumatebT, mainc ver movixelTebT mgrZnobelobis sidides da siZlieres. metyvelebis globalur struqturebs SeuZliaT gansazRvon leqsikuri da frazeologiuri lokaluri struqturebi. mgrZnobelobis sidide metyvelebis dones Seesabameba. mgrZnobelobas gamoxatavs xatovani kodebi _ somaturi gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic aRniSnaven, magaliTad, personaJis gawiTlebas. somaturi gamonaTqvami miemarTeba pirvel rigSi im personaJis saxes, romelic wiTldeba. e.i. sityvebis nacvlad Cndeba somaturi aqti. sityvebis gareSec, is emsaxureba azris gadmocemas. aqedan gamomdinare, mgrZnobelobis sidide mxolod metyvelebas ar exeba, aramed mTel teqts. Sinagani Tvalsazrisis gadmosacemad avtors sWirdeba specialuri gamoTqmebi, rac aRwers Sinagan mdgomareobas. magaliTad: `man gaifiqra~, `man igrZno~, `moeCvena~, `gaixsena~ da a.S. SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes gareSe damkvirveblis TvalsazrisisaTvis iseTi sagangebo sityvebi, rogoricaa: `etyoba~, `Cans~, `TiTqos~ da a.S. isini maSin ixmareba, rodesac mTxrobeli aRwers imas, rac sinamdvileSi man ar SeiZleba icodes. es gmiris gancdebi da fiqrebia gareSe meTvalyuris Tvalsazrisidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom damajereblad da sabolood jer ar gadawyveti25 Tamar CixlaZe la TxrobiTi literaturis kuTvnili sityvis (lexis) irgvliv arsebuli problemebi. romanistebi mTavari gmirebis Sinagan metyvelebaze akeTeben aqcents. erTi sityviT, Txrobis (frangulad – recit ; inglisurad – telling) da metyvelebis (frang. – discours ; ing – speech) dapirispireba grZeldeba. erTaderTi periodi, rodesac maT Soris Tanxmoba da wonasworoba SeiniSneboda, XIX s. klasikuri xana iyo – balzakisa da tolstois obieqturi TxrobiT gamorCeuli. `Tanamedrove epoqam gaaZliera imis SesaZlebloba, rom adamianis metyvelebamdeli, Znelad misawvdomi cnobiereba mwerlisaTvis gamxdariyo naTeli da zusti~. _ aRniSnavs J. Jeneti. (Jeneti 1973b: 24) `Figures III~-Si Jenetma dabneulobis gasafantavad kidev erTxel daazusta cnebebi: `recit~ da `narration~, rac qarTulad Txrobas niSnavs. is ambobs, rom termini `recit~ aris metyveleba anu TviT moTxrobili teqsti _ Txrobis Semcveloba, xolo `narration~ _ Txrobis aqti. rogorc vTqviT, XX s. evropul mwerlobaSi sametyvelo stili I adgils ikavebs, mkvidrdeba axleburi naratiuli stili _ jer grZeli Sinagani monologebi, Semdeg maTi Canacvleba distanciidan TxrobiT. monologis an Tundac Sinagani monologis teqnika arc XIX s. literaturisTvis iyo ucxo. Sinagan monologebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis yvela romanSi vxvdebiT. isini ufro tradiciuli monologebia, vinaidan personaJis metyvelebaSi aSkarad Cans yovlismcodne avtori-mTxrobeli. rac Seexeba XX s. modernistul literaturaSi damkvidrebul Sinagan monologs, aq personaJis fiqrebis formireba xdeba TviT am personaJis mier da adgili aqvs misi cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiur gamoxatvas. Sinagani metyvelebis ganviTarebis sazRvrebi da formebi Tanmimdevrulad icvleboda imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor viTardeboda mecnieruli Tu eTikuri warmodgena adamianis fsiqikaze da TviTanalizis SesaZlo xarisxebze. am tipis metyveleba niSnavs dauqvemdebarebel irib Tu pirdapir naTqvamSi personaJis fiqrebis aRweras maTi warmoSobis droidanve mTxroblis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. is cvlis e. w. fsiqologiur analizs. es aris personaJis cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiuri gamoxatva, cda martomyofi adamianis fsiqikuri moZraobis xelaxla Seqmnisa. Tanamedrove mxatvrul literaturaSi yuradRebas iqcevs iribi metyvelebis axali forma, romelsac frangulad Le style indirect libre-s uwodeben, rusulad – Несобственно-прямая речь. zemoT Cven is pirobiTad `dauqvemdebarebel irib stilad~ movixsenieT, radgan is irib naTqvamSi auqmebs yovelgvar daqvemdebarebas. am tipis metyvelebaSi ori `xma~ Tavsdeba – avtorisa da personaJisa. is icavs droTa SeTanxmebas da gancxadebiTi formiT gamoirCeva. igi zogjer avtonomias aRwevs. fr. moriaki xSirad iyenebs `dauqvemdebarebel irib stils~, rac per26 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika sonaJis fiqrs warmoadgens. roca romanisti ereva pirdapiri naTqvamis pasaJebSi, raTa qcevebze miuTiTos, is Tavs ar izRudavs, bihevioristuli* xasiaTis komentaris gakeTebiT. moriakis stilis progresi mdgomareobs personaJis saqmeSi ukanonod Carevisgan Tavis Sekavebasa da romanistis logikuri metyvelebis Sinagan metyvelebad gadaqcevaSi. gadataniTi anu iribi metyveleba, Seicavs ra personaJis naTqvams iribi formiT, axloa warmoTqmuli sityvebis sizustesTan: personaJis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi TxrobiTi kilos mier ifiltreba. vfiqrobT, am mxriv, CvenTvis sayuradReboa moriakis romani `tereza dekeiru~, romlis introspeqtul TxrobaSi terezas Tvalsazrisi dominirebs. Txroba mxolod mis mogonebebs mihyveba, raSic CarTulia mTavari personaJis fiqri Tu warmosaxva. marto myofi tereza Tavis TavSia Caketili da sakuTar Tavs uRrmavdeba. amdenad, mis cnobierebis nakads didi adgili eTmoba TxrobaSi. fiqrebi gadmocemulia xan iribi naTqvamiT (`terezas eCveneba, rom~) da xan dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stiliT (`ras etyoda is mas~). romanis moqmedebis warsulsa da awmyos terezas meSveobiT vigebT. mis Tvalsazriss mwerali aZlierebs erTi mxriv imiT, rom ukan ixevs Tavisi gmiris aRwerisas, Tan zogjer Tavis mosazrebasac urTavs (`terezas axsovs, rom~), xolo meore mxriv, Txrobis `kerebs~ amravlebs. xdeba isec, rom moriaki uyuradRebod tovebs Tavis gmirs da sxva personaJze gadadis, vinc Tavis fiqrebs gadmoscems. mwerali zogjer Tamamad urTavs iq sakuTar msjelobas maqsimebis saxiT. movitanTT avtorisa da personaJis Tvalsazrisebis urTierTSerwymis magaliTi, sadac I piris III piriT Canacvleba bevrs arafers cvlis da avtoris mier gamoyenebuli `dauqvemdebarebeli iribi naTqvami~ isev Sinagani metyvelebis erTgvari gagrZelebaa: `tereza kvlav fiqrTa xlarTebs mihyveba: «rogor STavagono bernars, rom me is vaJi arasodes myvarebia? [...] rogorc yvela adamians, visTvisac siyvaruli ucxoa, hgonia, rom Cem mier Cadenili danaSauli vnebiT iyo nakarnaxevi». bernarma unda gaigos, rom imJamad tereza misadmi ar ganicdida siZulvils. es kia, rom xSirad autanlad eCveneboda, magram fiqradac ar hqonia dardis gaqarveba sxva mamakacTan~. (moriaki 1983: 47) Cveni msjelobis Tema – citirebuli metyveleba, sakuTar TavTan saubris erT-erTi saxe, rac ase xSirad gamoiyeneba XX s. romanis personaJebis mier, aris sityvis dialoguri ganzomilebidan gadaxveva, romelic gamomdinareobs literaturaSi subieqtis bed-iRblis Seswavlidan. is wamoWris araerT teqnikur da Teoriul problemas, romlis nawilobriv gadaWras qvemoT SevecdebiT. * bihevioristuli – adamianis yofaqcevis obieqturi kvlevismieri. 27 Tamar CixlaZe fiqrebis gadmocemis sakiTxis irgvliv sakmaod mwvaved kamaToben Teoretikosebi. maT Sromebs Soris gamoirCeva frangi d. konis `Sinagani gamWvirvaleba~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom fsiqikuri cxovrebis gamoxatva Txrobis mxriv specialur midgomas saWiroebs. J. Jeneti miiCnevs, rom TxrobisaTvis mxolod movlenebia cnobili, metyveleba movlenebis gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa da SeuZlia pirdapir citirebuli iyos sityvier TxrobaSi. misi azriT fiqrTa Txroba ar ganirCeva sityvieri Txrobisagan. `fiqri Cumi sityvaa, rogor aRdgeba fiqrebi sityvebis gareSe?~ – aRniSnavs kritikosi. (Jeneti 1973: 97) aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, d. koni Tavis gamokvlevebSi ganmartavs, rom e.w. fsiqoTxroba (psychorécit) warmodgenilia personaJis Sinagani samyaros mcodne avtorisagan. SemTxvevas, rodesac is distancias aniWebs upiratesobas, konis azriT, SeiZleba ewodos `SesamCnevi disonansi~. am dros mTxrobeli naTlad emijneba subieqturi SefasebiT personaJs, romlis Sinagan samyaroSic aRwevs; xolo SemTxvevas, rodesac mTxrobeli irCevs `siaxloves~, ewodeba `SesamCnevi konsonansi~. aq mTxrobeli neitralur poziciazea. SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori winadadeba: 1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~. 2. `man ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~. pirvel magaliTSi avtori subieqturad aRwers movlenas da personaJsac uaryofiTad afasebs (sabralo kaci), meoreSi ki, icavs ra neitralitets, araviTar msjelobas ar iZleva masze. `naratiuli monologi~ (frang. – monologue narrative)* gadadis dauqvemdebarebel irib stilze imisda mixedviT, mTxrobeli `siSores~ irCevs Tu `siaxloves~. `citirebuli monologi~ (frang. – monologue rapporté) aRniSnavs personaJis Sinagan saubars ucvlelad, romelic SeiZleba gadmoices ironiulad an neitralurad. magaliTad: 1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (ironiuli) 2. `man ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (neitraluri). koni aseTi tipis monologs akavSirebs `avtonomiur monologTan~ (frang. – monologue autonome) anu `Sinagan monologTan~ (frang. – Monologue intérieur). aq yovelTvis saqme exeba personaJis fiqrebis pirdapir citirebas, magram ar Cans mTxrobeli, romelsac isini mkiTxvelamde miaqvs. isev ganvixiloT magaliTi: `is uceb gaCerda. me daRupuli var~. konteqstidan gamomdinare, meore fraza SeiZleba daemTxvas personaJis * termini ekuTvnis J. Jenets. (Genette Gerard. Figures III. Seuil. 1973). 28 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika fiqrebs. aqac es aris manera, romliTac personaJi saxeldeba zemoT motanil magaliTSi da romelic nebas gvaZlevs, gamovavlinoT SesaZlo ironia an neitraliteti mTxroblisa. qvemoT warmovadgenT fsiqikuri cxovrebis asaxvis xerxebs konis mixedviT. (koni 1981: 232). fsiqo-Txroba (Sinagani cxovrebis asaxva yovlis-mcodne avtorisagan) naratiuli monologi Sinagani monologi (personaJis fiqrebis zusti citireba) distancia (SesamCnevi disonansi) siaxlove (SesamCnevi konsonansi) distancia (ironiuli tonaloba) siaxlove (araironiuli tonaloba) distancia (monologis ironiulad gadmocema) siaxlove (ironiis gareSe gadmocema) aRniSnul msjelobaze dayrdnobiT da sxva kvlevebis damowmebiT, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT citirebuli monologisa (monologue rapporté) da Sinagani monologis (Monologue intérieur) msgavseba-gansxavebaze, SevecdebiT, gavarkvioT, ramdenad axlo dganan isini erTmaneTTan da movixmoT Sesabamisi magaliTebi. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, subieqturi Txroba mTlianad aris damokidebuli personaJis Tvalsazrisze, mis fiqrsa da metyvelebaze. rogor SeiZleba warmogvidginos mTxrobelma personaJi, romelic mTlianad ikavebs subieqturi romanis Txrobis areals? sazogadod, vfiqrobT, rom romanis personaJi oTxi saxiT SeiZleba iqnes warmodgenili: 1. Tavisive Tavis mier, 2. sxva personaJis mier, 3. mTxroblis mier, 4. Tavisive Tavis, sxva personaJebisa da mTxroblis mier erTad. maTgan subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba pirvels, personaJis warmodgenas Tavisive Tavis mier. imisaTvis, rom personaJma sakuTari Tavi warmogvidginos, is mas kargad unda icnobdes. SeiZleba mkiTxveli mowme gaxdes imisa, Tu rogor iwyebs personaJi Tavisi Tavis Secnobas. TviTanalizis gakeTeba erTob Znelia, vinaidan is subieqturobis viwro sazRvrebSia datyvevebuli. mas ar ZaluZs, ganze gadges Tavisive Tavidan da gansajos igi. `romel Tvals SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi dainaxos?~ _ kiTxulobs stendali `anri briularSi~. adamians ar ZaluZs Tavis Tavs miapyros is civi mzera, rogorc amas sxvaze gaakeTebda, da Tu es SeeZleboda, misi erTaderTi mzera damaxinjdeboda, TvalTagan dahkargavda figuris erTianobas da win wamoswevda imgvar Strixebs, romelic SesaZloa, ar yofiliyo dominanturi. mwerali sakuTari Sinagani samyaros Cvenebas met-naklebad yovelTvis mimarTavda. amas is 29 Tamar CixlaZe saucxood axerxebda iseTi Janris meSveobiT, rogoricaa aRsareba. aRsarebis Janris didostatebad arian miCneulni avgustine, abeliari, ruso. amgvar romanSi avtori saqveynod aSiSvlebs sakuTar Tavs, dafarul, intimur moZraobebs. misi mizania, gaerkves sakuTar TavSi, dainaxos Tavisi nakli, Tqvas aRsareba da amiT eswrafvos srulyofilebas, idealur pirovnebad qcevas. es procesi aris `garegani~ adamianidan `Sinagani~ adamianisken Semobruneba. `me~ cvalebadia, Wirveuli an sulac, Seucnobeli. rogorc h. hese ambobda. adamianma is unda ipovnos, Seimecnos da amaRldes `mdabal me~-dan `zenaar me~-mde. mxolod aRsareba an avtobiografia ver axdens mTeli sinamdvilis modelirebas ise, rogorc romani. romans ganzogadebis Zala aqvs da calkeuli adamianis beds zogadad, adamianis bedad aqcevs. aRsareba subieqturi realobaa da aqvs dasasruli, romans ki SeuZlia darCes dausrulebeli da momavlis mimarT gaxsnili. subieqturi Txrobis erT-erTi forma SesaZloa, iyos piradi dRiuri. igi iseT principzea agebuli, rom yoveldRiurad asaxavs Sinagan cxovrebas misi msvlelobis dros. dRiuris forma aniWebs erT saerTo mniSvnels iseT romanebs, rogoricaa sartris `gulzidva~, moriakis `aspitTa bude~ an bernanosis `soflis mRvdlis dRiuri~. amgvari forma mniSvnelovnad amcirebs ra gansxvavebas damwerlobasa da realur cxovrebas Soris, cdilobs gamoxatos yoveldRiurobaSi CaZiruli cnobierebis ganviTareba. epistolarul romanSi es gansxvaveba kidev ufro mcirea, vinaidan personaJi wers maSin, rodesac moqmedebis procesSi imyofeba. piradi dRiurisgan gansxvavebiT, werils surs, miaRwios adresatamde. werilis avtorma SeiZleba zustad ver an ar gadmosces `Tavisi Sinagani yofa~ yvelafris gamJRavnebis SiSiT an adresatze zrunvis gamo. adresati ki an pasuxobs an Cumdeba. dRiuri xSirad bevr rames sesxulobs memuarebisagan ise, rogorc memuarebi SeiZleba gaxdes piradi dRiuri. XX s. romanistebi xSirad amdidreben sakuTar nawerebs dRiurebiTa Tu epistolaruli nimuSebiT. nawarmoebSi piradi werilebis CarTva mis personaJebs met idumalebas da sakuTari Tavis ukeT `gaxsnis~ saSualebas aZlevs. fsiqologiuri xasiaTis metyveleba aqcents akeTebs lingvistur modalobebze, romlebic `gulebis codnas~ exeba. es metyveleba pirvel rigSi romanis formazea damokidebuli. Cven mier CamoTvlili Janrebi swored rom subieqturi Txrobis princips eyrdnoba, sadac did adgils ikavebs Sinagani metyveleba. ukve iTqva, rom is ramdenime saxisaa. dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stili, romelic floberma da jein ustenma SeimuSaves, citirebul monologs ar Seicavs. is moTxro30 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika bili, sxvisi piriT gadmocemuli monologia. aris agreTve narativizebuli monologi (frang. - monologue narrativisé; ingl. _ narrated monologue) anu iseTi metyveleba, romelic ekuTvnis personaJs, magram mas mTxrobeli gadmogvcems III pirSi da warsul droSi. frangi Teoretikosi, pol rikoeri, romelmac aRniSnuli meTodebi gamoikvlia, Tavis statiaSi `fiqrebisa da grZnobebis pirdapiri Txroba~, gamoyo ori aseTi SemTxveva: avtoTxroba (autorécit), rasac eyrdnoba aRsareba Tu memuarebi da fsiqoTxroba (psychorécit). misi TqmiT,, romanuli fiqcia, garda grZnobebisa da fiqrebis pirdapiri gadmocemisa, eyrdnoba or teqnikas: 1) citirebul monologs (frangulad – monologue rapporté, inglisurad _ quoted monologue), rac niSnavs sxvisi fiqciuri Sinagani metyvelebis citirebas mTxoblis mier an Tavis TavTan raime azris damowmebas (frang. _ se citer) TviT personaJis mierve ise, rogorc TviTcitirebul monologSi. 2) TviTcitirebul monologs (frang. – monologue autorapporté, ing. – selfquoted monologue), sadac mTxrobeli mxolod azustebs citirebul sityvebs fiqrebis warmoqmnis procesSi. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi termini _ monologue rapporté cnobilia `gancdili metyvelebis~ saxeliT.* citirebuli da TviTcitirebuli monologebis erTmaneTisgan garCevva rTulia, vinaidan isini SeniRbulni arian. magaliTad, narativizebuli monologi rom citirebul monologad gadavaqcioT, unda aRvadginoT personaJebi Sesaferis droSi. sxva siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rac joisis mkiTxvelma kargad icis. es iseTi teqstebia, sadac aRar arsebobs sazRvari mTxroblisa da personaJis metyvelebas Soris. narativizebuli monologis es saukeTeso kobminacia axorcielebs sxvisi sityvebisa da fiqrebis yvelaze srulyofil integracias TxrobiT qsovilSi: mTxroblis sityva Tavis Tavze iRebs personaJis sityvas ise, rom Tavis xmas mas aZlevs da mTxrobeli personaJis tons emorCileba. saerTod, Sinagani monologis ormagi xasiaTi xSirad gamoiyeneba inglisur literaturaSi: aaSkaravebs mentaluri cxovrebis miudgomel da gamoukvlevel doneebs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT da aCvenebs, rogor SeigrZnobs samyaros adamianis cnobiereba. amis moTxovnileba TviT drom moitana da literaturaSi gaCnda cneba `cnobierebis nakadisa~, romlis Semadgeneli nawili swored Sinagani monologia – meTodi Sinagani gacnobierebulobis Cvenebisa. 1931w. gamoqveynebul eseSi frangma mweralma e. diuJardenma Sinagani monologis pirveli ganmarteba mogvca. es is mweralia, romlis romanSic j. * ix. d. fanjikiZe, Targmanis Teoria da praqtika. Tb.: 1988. gv. 68. 31 Tamar CixlaZe joisma Sinagani monologis Canasaxebi naxa da Semdeg es xerxi Tavis `uliseSi~ gamoiyena gacilebiT srulyofili literaturuli teqnikis saxiT.. ai, es ganmartebac: `Sinagani monologi poetikis disciplinaSi aris msmenelis gareSe arsebuli metyveleba, romliTac personaJi warmouTqmelad gamoxatavs aracnobierTan yvelaze axlo myof intimur fiqrs yovelgvari logikuri wyobis gareSe, anu warmoqmnisTanave, sintaqsur minimumamde dayvanili pirdapiri frazebis saSualebiT, TiTqos gonebaSi am wuTas mosuli fiqris STabeWdilebas iZleodes~ (diuJardeni 1977: 88) diuJardeni miuTiTebs, rom mTavari siaxle, rac Sinaganma monologma moitana, iyo fiqrTa uwyveti dinebis mexsierebaSi aRdgena imave wesrigiT, rogorc personaJis gonebaSi warmoiSobodnen. avtoris azriT, Sinagani monologisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sityvaTa SerCevis, Tanmimdevrobis ararseboba, racionaluri, logikuri niSnebis gaqroba. vityviT, rom mogvianebiT diuJardenis ganmarteba dromoWmuli da mwiri aRmoCndeba im Sinagani monologebisaTvis, romlebmac XX s. I naxevris cnobierebis nakadis literatura mTlianad moicva, gansakuTrebiT ki II naxevris romanSi ganviTarebuli monologebisaTvis. ramdenadac literatura adamianis samyaros, fsiqikas asaxavs, misi Secnoba martivi ar aris. mxatvruli sityva grZnobebTan aris Sesisxlxorcebuli da adamianze zemoqmedebis unari aqvs. mwerlis geniis wyalobiT sakmaod banaluri ambavi zogadkacobriul masStabebs aRwevs da sacnauri xdeba yvelasaTvis, vxedavT imas, rasac Cveulebrivi TvaliT ver davinaxavdiT _ gmirTa sulebis uRrmes Sreebs, sulier Tavgadasavlebs. mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT adamianis sulis ukeT warmosaCenad cnobierebis nakadis xerxi iqna gamoyenebuli, romelic warsuli grZnobebis gaRvivebas emsaxureba. cnobierebis nakadi gmiriseul Txrobas gulisxmobs, magram yovelTvis ara. es gansakuTrebiT maSin aris SeuZlebeli, Tu am TxrobaSi rame grZnoba ki ar Cans, aramed mogoneba, romelic mwerlis mier gacnobierebuli da gaazrebulia. Tu personaJi Tavis warsul gancdaze gviambobs, es iqneba mxolod misi axlandeli Sexeduleba maSindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, am gziTac mkiTxveli mSvenivrad gebulobs personaJis saidumlos, romliTac misi sulia moculi, ecnoba mis Tavgadasavals. cnobierebis nakadi am yovelives cota sxvagvarad aRwers. aRniSnuli literaturuli mimdinareobis farTo mimoxilvas aq saWirod ar miviCnevT, vinaidan masze ukve sakmaod dawerila. vityviT mxolod, rom cnobierebis nakadis Sinagani monologi asociaciuri Txrobis elementebiTaa datvirTuli, sadac, erT SemTxvevaSi asociacia eyrdnoba gmiris an mTxroblis cnobierebis dinebaSi arsebul, Tundac erTi SexedviT erTma32 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika neTTan daukavSirebel `niSansvetebs~, romlebic am dinebas axali asociaciebisaken mimarTaven da, meore _ asociacia mTlianad mwerlis mxatvrul koncefciaSi Sedis da miedineba gmiris fizikuri arsebobis gamomxatveli faqtebisa Tu mis sulier cxovrebasTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi movlenebisagan damoukideblad. aseTi asociaciis niSansvetebi gmiris Sinagan monologSi Tavsdeba da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, im mxatvruli komentarebis organuli nawilia, romlebsac mwerali urTavs personaJTa nafiqralsa da gancdils, raTa gafantuli asociaciebi ZiriTad saTqmels daukavSiros. joisis `ulise~ stilisa da literaturuli qaragmebis mravalferovnebis amsaxvelia. masTan, ise, rogorc folknerTan, waSlilia zRvari `sxvis~ sityvas, avtoriseul remarkasa da personaJis Sinagan monologs Soris. arc joisi da arc folkneri brWyalebs ar xmarobs. joisTan dialogi da monologi `daSlilia~, erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavsdeba garegnulad daukavSirebeli asociaciebi da warmodgenebi. Tumca, zogjer Sinagani monologis SinaarsSi mcire logikurobisa da realur planTan kavSiris povnac SeiZleba. Sinagan monologze saubari CvenTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mas zogi ram saerTo aqvs citirebul metyvelebasTan. movitanoT magaliTebi personaJTa tradiciuli da aratradiciuli monologebidan da erTmaneTs SevadaroT: `ulises~ personaJi, stiveni gakveTilze algebris amocanis amoxsnaSi exmareba erT-erT moswavles. stivenis cnobierebaSi mimdinare movlenebi, Sinagani monologi da avtoris sityvebi erTmaneTisgan araviTari niSnebiT ar gamoiyofa: `_ axla gaigeT? SegiZliaT meore TviTon amoxsnaT? _ diax, ser. grZeli, uSno xazebiT sarjentma amocanis piroba gadawera [...] mkrTali kani sircxvilisagan odnav Seefarkla. Amor matris: subieqturi da obieqturi naTesaobiTi brunva wyal-wyala sisxliTa da aWrili rZiT gamokveba da aravisTvis daunaxvebia misi saxvevebi. mec aseTi viyavi. es daSvebuli mxrebi, es mouqneloba, Cemi bavSvoba waxrila Cems gverdiT. metismetad Sorsaa, [...] Cemi Sorsaa, misi ki Cveni TvalebiviT saidumloebiT moculi. saidumloebani, dadumebulni, gaqvavebulni, Cveni saidumloebani: tiranebi, romelTac swadiaT, rom vinmem daamxos isini. amocana amoixsna~. (joisi 1983: 38) rogorc vxedavT, stivenis Sinagan metyvelebaSi logikurad Camoyalibebul fiqrebs warmosaxviTi suraTebi sWarbobs. axla movixmoT erTi epizodi Tanamedrove frangi mwerali qalis – koletis romanidan `mawanwala~. misi mTavari moqmedi piris – renes cnobie33 Tamar CixlaZe reba cekvisas Semdeg fiqrebs daupyria: `me maT vxedav, Cemda uneburad vxedav... cekvis dros, trialisas, vxedav da vcnob. win! win! am saRamos goneba naTeli maqvs... vcekvav... araferi maviwydeba, Tavs veuflebi. midi! midi! arsebobs ki es xalxi? ara, ara. realoba mxolod cekvaa, Suqi, Tavisufleba, musika... realuri mxolod misi fiqris ritmebis gadmocemaa, misi gansaxiereba lamaz JestebSi... am wuTs mxolod maTi moxibvla msurs! cota Zala kidev: TmebiTa da samkaulebiT datvirTuli maTi Tavebi morCilad da nela ixrebian da momyvebian... ai, iRimebian, es moxibluli sulelebi~... (koleti 1910: 53-54) aq personaJis fiqrebis dinebas romanisti xels ar uSlis, arc erT komentars ar urTavs, vinaidan TiToeuli sityva naTlad xsnis gmiris sulier ganwyobilebas da warmodgenas gvaZlevs, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba, rogorc `SigniT~, ise `gareT~. saxezea aratradiciuli da tradiciuli monologebi, romelTa Soris gansxvavebacaa da msgavsebac. pirvel rigSi sayuradReboa is, Tu ras aCvenebs avtori, aracnobiers Tu cnobiers, Semdeg – misi pozicia. Cvens SemTxvevebSi avtorTa poziciebi neitraluria. rac Seexeba dros, saqme gvaqvs subieqturi awmyo drois asaxvasTan, magram pirvel magaliTSi Txrobis drois nacvlad mxolod Sinagani droa, xolo sivrce – ganusazRvreli. meoreSi droc da sivrcec sruliad konkretulia. punqtuaciuri niSnebis arseboba aq logikuri Txrobis atributebs warmoadgens. tradiciul Sinagan monologs axasiaTebs elifsebis, zmna `yofnis~ araerTi formis anu e.w. prezentativis – `es aris~, anaforis, kiTxviTi winadadebis xSirad xmareba da aratradiciulis msgavsad, dialogisa da monologis urTierTSerwyma. aRsaniSnavia, rom Txrobis teqnikaze dramaturgiuli koncefciis gavrceleba aratradiciuli monologisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. kidev ganvixiloT citirebuli metyvelebis magaliTi deniz dezi Jikeris romanidan `sofi~, raTa davrwmundeT zemoT motanili msjelobis sisworeSi: `me yvelaze mSvenieri var[...]Sen Tavs cudad grZnob[...]eleni me miyurebs[...]Tu avixedav, is iqiT gaixedavs da gawiTldeba. momwons, roca wiTldeba[...]Jizeli ambobs, rom elens namdvili maqmanebiani sacvlebi acvia, arc mkerdsakravi, arc korseti. [...]saidan gaigo es yvelaferi Jizelma?~ (denizi 2006: 22) maSasadame, citirebul monologsa da avtonomiur anu Sinagan monologs Soris gansxvavebas konteqsti gansazRvravs, sadac mTxrobeli personaJis Sinagani metyvelebis citirebas sxvadasxvagvarad axdens. folknerTan, magaliTad, vxvdebiT rogorc avtonomiur, ise avtobiografiul monologebs (marteni 1999: 2). kventini aRsasrulis dRis movlenebs am ukanaskneli ti34 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika pis metyvelebis saSualebiT gadmogvcems. aq qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba daculia, magram aseT monologSi SesaZloa, uxeSad SeiWras warsuli dro. folkneri mraval teqnikur saSualebas iyenebs, raTa teqstSi Seitanos ritmis cvalebadoba. Sinagan monologs daqvemdebarebuli aqvs sxvadasxva tipis monologi da amdenad iqmneba cnobierebis gadajaWvuli dineba. teqstSi orazrovnebas da orWofobas iwvevs avtoris mier gakeTebuli gadasvlebi sxvisken fokalizaciaze, yovlismcodne avtoris aRwerilobebidan personaJis Sinagan metyvelebaze. yvela es sakiTxebi literaturaTmcodneobaSi sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili, magram interesi kvlavac didia. motanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom citirebuli metyveleba, romelsac, raRa Tqma unda, monologis saxe aqvs, warmoadgens stendaliseuli an dostoevskiseuli monologebis gaRrmavebul, daxvewil da gaumjobesebul formebs, sintaqsurad mowesrigebul, Tanmimdevruli winadadebebisa da sityvebis wyobas, gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi moTavsebul moqmedebaTa erTobliobas da logikurad axsnad da SemadgenlobiT rTul fiqrTa dinebebs. am yovelives iSviaTad SevxvdebiT folkneris, vulfis, mogvianebiT ki, TiTqmis aRar - biutoris, beketis, koenis SemoqmedebaSi. monologebi maTTan warsuls aqcevs wamis, erTi momentis Tanaziarad, yvela es monologi gamoxatavs awmyoSi Caketilobas. s. beketis romanSi `moloi~, ori personaJi monologebiT saubrobs. isini darwmunebulni ar arian imaSi, rac adre moxda. maTTvis arc momavalia garkveuli. sityvis Tqma mkiTxvels ekisreba, raTa es personaJebi erTmaneTisgan gaarCios. aq personaJi uecrad ararad iqceva. teqstic imdenad mcirdeba ise, rom `meti aRaraferi~ xdeba. Tanamedrove romanebi amsxvrevs Cvens Cveulebebs, interesi gamoviCinoT teqstis mimarT, magram igive romanebi gviCvenebs, dialogisa da monologis opoziciaSi realurad rogor qreba maTi sazRvrebi, raTa gamoxatos drois gansakuTrebuli koncefcia. v. vulfis romani `talRebi~ mTeli Tanmimdevrobaa Sinagani monologebis seriisa, romelSic ibadeba sxvadasxva personaJi sxvadasxva poeturi aRwerilobiT. aq iseve axloa mkiTxveli subieqtur realobasa da personaJis cnobierebasTan, rogorc obieqtur realobaSi _ faqtTan. am teqnikis uxerxuloba is aris, rom spobs personaJis Sinagani drois qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas. vulfi xSirad mimarTavs ra Sinagani molologis teqnikas, uxeSad ar eqceva mkiTxvels Tavisi triukebiT. is icavs Txrobis ostatobas da Tavs uflebas aZlevs, isargeblos ormagi privilegiiT: SeaRwios gmiris cnobierebaSi da gamoavlinos igi erTmaneTis miyolebiT. magram mas Semdeg, rac romanisti ayalibebs Sinagan molologs, is riskavs mivides garkveul zR35 Tamar CixlaZe vramde. igi moxerxebulad alamazebs monologebs TavSekavebuli miTiTebebiT, romlebic mkiTxvels xelaxla arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs aRniSnul situaciaSi. Sinagani molologi gvxvdeba T. manis `jadosnur mTaSic~, magram mokrZalebulad maSin, roca `uliseSi~ moqmedebis nacvlad mxolod Sinagani metyvelebaa, aq xazgasmulia drois subieqturi aspeqti, rac damokidebulia gancdebze. a. kamius `dacema~ mTlianad monologuri romania, sityvis erTgvari Tavgadasavali. misi gadasxvafereba an Sewyveta mxolod sxva personaJs SeeZleboda. amave avtoris pirveli romani `ucxoc~ rogorc monologi, ise iwyeba. sityvebi `dRes~, `xval~, `guSin~ gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, TiTqos mTxrobeli-personaJis dRevandelobaSi, awmyoSi vimyofebiT, romelic mis fiqrebs mihyveba iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rogori TanmimdevrobiTac isini mis TavSi ibadeba. magram romanis pirvel nawilSive zogjer icvleba martivi monologis forma. unda iTqvas, rom 50-iani wlebis dasavlur romanSi Sinagani monologi gansakuTrebul saxes iRebs, sadac fraza Zlivs aris moxazuli. mwerlebi cdiloben, gaauqmon winadadebis wyobis wesebi da misi yvela niSani mospon punqtuaciasTan erTad. movitanoT erTi fraza, ufro sworad, frazis embrioni beketis romanidan `es rogor?~: `cxovrebas / cxovrebas / sxva / naTelSi / romelic SeiZleboda mqonoda / erTi wamiT / isev ver daviwyeb~. (beketi 1968: 10) es aris gansakuTrebuli tipis teqstis segmentebi, romlebic nakleb integrirebadia ermaneTTan da ar ZaluZT erTmaneTis daxmarebiT arseboba. es iseTi sityva-frazis nimuSia, romelsac olofrazas (holophrase) uwodeben. misi specifikuroba, frazis Canasaxi TvalSi sacemi maSin iqneba, Tu mas cezurebiT da dasrulebuli melodiurobiT warmovTqvamT. aRniSnuli fraza daaxloebiT aseTi unda yofiliyo: `namdvil cxovrebas, romelmac uarmyo, naTelSi cxovrebas, romelic SeiZleboda mqonoda, Tundac erTi wamiT isev ver daviwyeb~. olofraza eyrdnoba Jests, mimikas, winalingvistur formas, romlebic aseve cnobierebis gamovlinebebia. franguli `axali romani~ mkiTxvels pirdapir ayenebs moqmedebis centrSi gamogonili ambebisa, romlebic aRmoCndeba qaoturi realobisa da sakuTari Tavis gaSifvris pasuxismgeblobis winaSe. misi mTavari siaxle ki mainc enasa da weris reformaSi iqneba, xolo siZvele _ samyarosa da adamianis warmodgenis subieqturobaSi. aqac romanisti uars ityvis Tavis uflebebze personaJis sasargeblod. aq warmoCndeba iseTi Txroba, romelic Camoyalibebis procesSi iqneba. miSel biutoris prozis saxiT Cven 36 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika gvaqvs Txrobis absoluturad Tanamedrove forma, romlis Caketili cnobierebis gaxsna mxolod II pirs SeuZlia. mis romanSi `modifikaciebi~ mxolod meore piria gamoyenebuli. xom ar aris es Taviseburi gamoxatuleba Sinagani monologisa, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom `axali romani~ mkiTxvelis aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs da mas mwerlis oreulad aqcevs? unda vivaraudoT, rom es asea. Cven SevecadeT, kidev erTxel gveCvenebina citirebuli da cnobierebis nakadis Sinagani monologebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani Tanamedrove dasavlur romanSi, maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba da yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina terminze `citirebuli~, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom amgvari metyvelebiT personaJis fiqrebis, gancdebisa da emociebis, swored rom citireba xdeba mTxrobelis an TviT personaJis mier, raTa sxvasac mieces saSualeba, Tavis warmosaxvaSi gaacocxlos misi subieqturi cxovrebis amsaxveli ambebi. kidev erTxel ganvmarteT literaturis TeoriaSi damkvidrebuli terminebis mniSvneloba, romlebic dabneulobas kvlav iwvevs. maSasadame, fsiqo-Txroba – psycho-récit es aris aRweriloba yovlismcodne avtoris mier, xolo citirebuli monologi – monologue rapporté warmoadgens pirvel an mesame pirSi mTxroblis mier citirebul mentalur anu warmouTqmel pirdapir naTqvams. monologue rapporté konma daakavSira monologue autonome – Tan (avtonomiuri ewodeba imitom, rom is aRar ukavSirdeba TxrobiT konteqsts. aq avtori anu Sinagani saubris gadmomcemi gauCinarebulia), igive Sinagan monologTan, rasac Jenetmac ase uwoda: monologue interieur, xolo monologue rapporté-s – discours rapporté (morisi 1996: 182-201). erT-erTi Tavisebureba, rac citirebul monologebSi SeimCneva, aris maTi agebis xelovneba. is SeiZleba romanis nebismier adgilas Caisvas: dialogebSi, avtoriseul TxrobaSi abzacis gareSe. maTi garCeva Zneli ar aris, vinaidan brWyalebSia moTavsebuli an kursiviTaa dawerili. dabolos, SevniSnavT, rom aRniSnuli meTodis srulyofilad Seswavlis mravali mcdeloba da, zogadad, mis mimarT gamowveuli interesi missave moTxovnilebaze metyvelebs. sagulisxmoa, rom es teqnika momavalSic daexmareba mwerlebs adamianis Sinagani bunebis ukeT Secnobasa da warmoCenaSi, aseve, romanis axali problemebis gadawyvetaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, arc literaturis Teoriasa da kritikaSi Sewydeba kvleva-Zieba mis irgvliv da gaCndeba rogorc axali terminologia, ise axali Tvalsazrisebi. damowmebani: alberesi: 1990: amoni 1989: Alberes R.M. Histoire du Roman moderne. Alin Miuchel. Paris. 1962. Hamon P. Le personnel du roman. 1989. 37 Tamar CixlaZe analizi 2002: bailoni 1996: barti 1977: baxtini 1973: L’analyse littéraire, notion et refères. Bordas. Nathan. 2002. Baylon Ch. Sociolinguistique.Société, langue et discours. Nathan. 1996. Barthes R., Kayser W., Wayn C. Booth. Poètique du récit. Paris: Seuil. 1977. Bakhtine M. Epopée et roman. L’étude du roman Questions de Méthodologie. 1973. beketi 1968: Beckett. S. Comment c’est. ed. Minuit. 1968. berTelo 2001: Berthelot F. Parole et dialogue dans le roman. Nathan Université. 2001. denizi 2006: Denyse désy Gicuère. Sophie. Récit suivi d’une réflexion théorique.veb gverdi ganTavsebulia 2006 w. mis: http://manuscitdepot.com/livres-gratuits/pdtlivres/n.denyse-desy-giguere.2pdf. diuameli 1925: Duhamel G. Essais sur le roman. Lesage. 1925. diuJardeni 1977: Dujardin E. Les Lauries sont coupés, suivi du Monologue intérieur. Rome: Bulzoni, 1977. diqsioneri 1997: Dictionnaire des genres et notions littéraire. Albin Michel, Encyclopaedia Universalis. Paris. 1997. enciklopedia 2001: Энцислопедия терминов и понятии. М.: 2001. kerbarti 1990: Kerbart-Orecchioni Catherine. L’Enonciation de la subjectivité dans le langage. Armand Colin. 1990. klodi 1991: Claudes P., Reuter Yves, Personnage et histoire littéraire. Toulouse. PUM. 1991. koleti 1910: Colette. La Vagabonde. Ed. Albin Michel. 1910. koni 1981: Conh D. La Transparance intérieur. Paris: Seuil. 1981. maJisteri 2002: Majister. Le Monologue interieur. veb. gverdi ganTavsebulia 2002 w. mis: http//www.site-majister.com//trarec5.htm marteni 1999: Martin H. Le monologue interieur dans The Sound and the Fury de William Fauner. vebgverdiganTavsebulia 1999 w. mis:http://www.erudit.org/revue/ vi1989/v14/n3/200080/ar.pdt.. mengeno 1997: Maingueneau D. Pragmatique pour le discours littéraire. Dumod. 1997. moriaki 1983: moriaki fr. tereza dekeiru.. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986. morisi 1996: Maurice D. Monologue rapporté. veb gverdi ganTavsebulia 1996 w. mis : http://books.google.com/books?id=Md6ah7LKUsC&/pg=PA181&/pg=monol oguerapporte&source=web&ots=x96 otie 1995: Authier J. Ces mots qui ne vont pas de soi. Boucles réflexives et non-coincidences du dire. Paris. Larousse. 2 tomes.1995. prozorovi 1999: Прозоров В. Автор. Введение в литературоведение. М. 1999 puioni 1996: Poullot J. Temps et roman. Gallimard. 1996. Jeneti 1973: Genette G. Figures III.. Seuil. 1973. Jeneti 1983: Genette G. Nouveau discours du récit. Seuil 1983. Jeneti 2004: Genette G. Fiction et diction. Seuil 2004. 38 `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika Juvi 1992: Juvi 1997: ransieri 1998: Jouve V. L’Effet-personnage dans le roman. PUF. 1992. Jouve V. La poètique du roman. SEDES. 1997. Rancière J. La Parole muette. Essai sur les contradictions de la littérature. Hachette. 1998. rei 1997: Rey P.L. Le Roman. Hachette. 1997. roberi 2000: Le Robert des grands écrivains de la langue française. Dictionnaires Le Robert. 2000. frankoeri 1976: Francoeur L. Pour une typologie du monologue intérieur. Neohelicon. Vol. IV. (3-4). 1976. Cerneci 1999: Чернец Л. Персонаж. Ввудение в литературоведение. М.: 1999 joisi 1983: joisi j. ulise.. Tb.: `merani~, 1983. Tamar Chikhladze `Subjective Narrative and Cited Speech~: History, Theory and Practice (according to XX century West-European novel) Summary The work deals with the issues of literary theory, such as the character of contemporary West-European novel narrative and types of personage’s speech. Emphases are made on finding exact Georgian equivalents for newly established terminology. The above mentioned problem is discussed within the scope of history of literature, as well as theory and practice. In XX century, a novel expressing more sincerity of feelings and emotions, reached unimaginable scales of its possibilities. In addition to reflection of thoughts, revealing and painting deep layers of human’s spiritual world by previously unknown means was witnessed in art. “Subjective” approach replaced “objective” narrative. The author of the article discusses peculiarities of subjective narrative and forms of personage’s speech, attitude of a novelist towards past events and a speaker, shows the atmosphere of those works, where facts are no longer revealed and the protagonist has to tell about his life with the help of his thoughts and memories. Against this background, character’s language, inner speech that can be of several types, attracts our attention. Monologue rapporte (French), to which the author refers to as “cited monologue”, is singled out among them. Author defines it as a manner of narration in first person, taking place in associativesubjective present tense, which is syntactically organized, but contains a number of characteristic features of the stream of consciousness’ interior monologue. Examples from XX century European novelists’ works serve as a proof for this discussion. It is acknowledged that narrated story includes three layers: events, words or speech and thoughts. The author regards it vital to define to what extent is the narrator “distant” or 39 Tamar CixlaZe “near” to the expressed facts. In other words, distance determines the degree of narrator’s intervention in the story that he tells. Difference between novels is in the expression of distance of events, speech and thoughts. The opposition between “nearness” and “distantness” leads us towards the existing irrelevance between “objective” and “subjective”, to what we have– “showing” or “saying”. As for the techniques of subjective realism, it is determined by “vision by one of the character’s” (vision avec – French), which has conquered contemporary novel. Speech and peculiarities of psychological diction are defined in the given article. Viewpoint is also discussed in the work, as it is regarded as a defining element of syntactical and semantic parts of speech. The author considers that the study of emotions expressed with the help of a text is a part of literary analysis. Emotionality and its expression are essential for speech, which is showed by psychological analysis and linguistics of expression, though feelings are displayed more with the help of words. This linguistics requires specialized vocabulary and morphology, which belongs to the so called “expressive modalization”. A class of feeling expressing modalization is singled out, expressing subject’s “condition of spirit”, these are: verbs, general nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In general, feeling expressing modalization is based on positive and negative evaluation of expressed things and situations. Sensitivity-emotionality is a complex phenomenon, and can be discussed from several viewpoints, mostly by means of description and text analysis. If it can be approached from psychological analysis, then it should be based on semio-linguistic analysis. “Condition of Spirit” is represented not only by relevant vocabulary, but also by general terminology: feeling, emotion or aspiration. The author of the article widely discusses the history for establishment of means for reflecting psychic life and their theoretical value. Based on the researches of scientists, the author emphasizes similarities and differences between cited monologue (monologue rapporte) and interior monologue. The author introduces Georgian equivalents for foreign terminology: “noticeable dissonance”, “noticeable consonance”, “narrative monologue”, “cited monologue” and “autonomic” or “interior monologue”. During the research he mainly uses the conclusions of French, English and Russian literary critics. 40 rusudan canava metafora da metamorfoza metafora, mecnierTa didi nawilis azriT, ZiriTadi tropia; sxva tropebs swored metaforasTan mimarTebiT ganixilaven. r. iakobsoni, k. levi-strosi amtkiceben, rom metafora da metonimia erTimeoris mimarT simetriul opozicias, Sesabamisad, or struqurul RerZs qmnis _ paradigmatulsa da substituciurs. rac Seexeba sxva tropebsa da metyvelebis figurebs, isini am ori mTavari RerZis garSemo lagdebian (ZiriTadad, metaforis). sxva mosazrebiT, metonimia `Sedis~ metaforaSi (m-jgufi). met-naklebad garkveulia mimarTebebi metaforasa da Sedarebas, metaforasa da simbolos, sinekdoqes, ironias, alegorias, gamocanas, hiperbolas, kataxrezas Soris. amJamad Cven gvainteresebs metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis sakiTxi. saqme isaa, rom literaturis TeoriaSi gansazRvrulia poeturi stilistikis zemoT CamoTvlili terminebis funqciebi da adgili. metamorfozis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa imitom, rom metamorfoza arc tropia, arc metyvelebis figura; amitom, upirveles yovlisa, swored is unda dadgindes, Tu ra “statusiT” SevadarebT mas metaforas. miTologiaSi matamorfoza (meta-movrfwsi~) niSnavs cocxali arsebebis an nivTebis gardasaxvas sxva arsebebad an nivTebad. metamorfozebis arqauli formebi asaxaven adreuli miToepikuri poeturi azris yvelaze arsebiT Strixebs, kerZod, warmodgenas, rom erTi SeiZleba gamovlindes dauTvleli, Semoufarglavi, mravlobiTi saxiT. metamorfoza gadalaxavs sazRvrebs sxvadasxva sknelebs Soris. yvelaze arqauli metamorfozebi totemistur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. mas arsebiTi funqcia ekisreba kosmogoniur miTosSi. msoflios uZvelesi kulturebis matarebeli xalxebisTvis kargadaa cnobili miTi, rogor Seiqmna samyaro mokluli da danawevrebuli adamianis (RvTaebis, goliaTis, an romelime arsebis) sxeulis nawilebisgan. erT-erTi popularuli motivia RvTaebebis droebiTi metamorfozebi. TvalsaCinoa etiologiuri miTebisa da metamorfozebis organuli kavSiri, aseve usulo sagnebis gasulierebisa da gardasaxvis motivi. metamorfoza formiT metemfsiqozis religiur doqtrinasac emsgavseba. metamorfozebi gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo literaturaSi, mxatvrobasa da skulpturaSi. poetikis mixedviT metamorfoza arc tropia, arc metyvelebis figura, magram mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba mxatvrul teqstebSi. ismis kiTxva: ra datvirTva aqvs metamorfozas poetikis konteqstSi? Cemi azriT, meta41 rusudan canava morfoza warmarTuli religiuri azrovnebisa da miTopoeturi azrovnebis SemaerTebeli rgolia. metamorfoza aris saazrovno meqanizmi, Tu gnebavT, universaluri formula, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qvecnobierisa da samyaros wvdomis fenomeni. metamorfozaSi kodirebulia urTierToba aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris. igi (metamorfoza) xels uwyobs `xatis~, `simbolos~, `figuris~ warmoSobas. ver vityviT, rom metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis sakiTxi mecnierebaSi cxare diskusiis sagnad iqca. gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ase SeiZleba davajgufoT: 1. metafora da metamorfoza sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenebia da maTi msgavseba mxolod zedapirulia (v. vinogradovi, n. aruTiunova). “metaforaSi ar aris araviTari elferi sagnis gardasaxvisa. piriqiT, `orplanianoba~, sityvieri mimsgavseba erTi `sagnisa~ meoresTan (misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulTan) metaforis ganuyofeli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa (metamorfoza r.c.) gaemijnos metaforasa da Sedarebas.“ v. vinogradovi moixmobs fragments axmatovas leqsidan: `sul axlaxan Tavisufal mercxlad ifrine... am frenas me mxolod simRerad Semovafrindi, dilis sxivebiT naferebi~ (Targmani sityvasityviTia. r.c.). vinogradovis azriT: `yvela am SemTxvevaSi saxezea ara sufTa sityvieri metaforebi, aramed “miTologiuri azrovnebis~ gamoZaxili. yvela es `gardasaxva~ gmiris (personaJis) mier aRiqmeba, rogorc realoba. rogorc Cans, aq saxezea ara enobrivi metamorfozebi, aramed samyaros aRqmis saSualeba~ (vinogradovi 1976: 411412). Cemi azriT, es msjeloba dasabuTebuli ar aris. v. vinogradovi Tavad ambobs, rom mercxlad da simRerad gardasaxva miTologiuri azrovnebis gamoZaxilia, kerZod, metamorfoza. Semdeg ki wers, rom es ar aris metamorfoza, aramed _ samyaros aRqmis saSualeba (e. i. metafora). jer erTi, metamorfozac samyaros wvdomis saSualebaa. meorec, metamorfozaSic sruliad sapirispiro sidideebis (kategoriebis, klasebis) moulodneli identifikacia xdeba. metamorfozebis amsaxveli miTebi xsnian amgvari gardasaxvebis pirvelmizezebs (etiologias), erTjerad an ramdenime msgavs variants gvTavazoben, raTa gasagebi gaxdes poetur figurad qceuli metamorfozuli saxis Sinaarsi. cxadia, yvela metamorfoza ar gardaisaxeba metaforad. rig SemTxvevebSi metamorfozebi inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas da damoukidebel saxeebad gvevlinebian. n. aruTiunova vinogradovis Tvalsazriss amatebs argumentebs, romelTa mixedviT mkafiod unda gaimijnos metafora da metamorfoza: metamorfoza `aCvenebs~ gardasaxul samyaros; mag.: `rux ciyvad Sevxtebi muryanze, damfrTxal mercxlad gavifren, gedad mogixmob... ratom momaCveneb Tavs xan qarad, xan qvad, xan Citad?“ (a. axmatova. Targmani mxolod Sesabami42 metafora da metamorfoza si formebis zustad gadmocemas isaxavs miznad. r.c.). igi dasZens: metamorfoza epizodia, scena, movlena, metafora ki msWvalavs mTel siuJets (aruTiunova 1990: 29). es msjelobac ar aris damajerebeli. ras niSnavs _ metamorfoza asaxavs scenas da movlenas? nuTu aq moxmobili saxeebi ar `msWvalaven siuJets?~ Semdegi argumenti: metaforas axasiaTebs semantikis sferoSi SeRweva, rac ar axasiaTebs metamorfozas. avtori moixmobs v. potebnias Tvalsazriss, rom metamorfoza miuTiTebs ra `substanciasTan kerZo damTxvevas~ ar ileqeba enaSi, rogorc gardaqmnisa da mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba. Tumca aqve aRniSnavs, rom metamorfozasac gaaCnia semantikaSi `gasvlis~ saSualeba; es gasvla miuTiTebs kavSirze subieqtis moqmedebasTan (mag.: CorTiT sirbili; israd frena; dawalikebiT svla; mdinared dena). rogorc ki iqmneba aseTi Sewyvileba, xdeba saxelis adverbalizacia da vRebulobT axal azrs. msgavs SemTxvevaSi saubroben metaforaze da ara metamorfozaze (aruTiunova 1990: 30). Cemi azriT, Tavad arutiunova miuTiTebs rom metamorfozuli `masalidan~ SeiZleba metaforis miReba (am sakiTxs qvemoT davubrundebiT). 2. metafora da metamorfoza, faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea (v. stivensi, m. kuini). stivensis azriT, poezia aris metamorfoza, poeti gonebis gamWriaxobiT `aRmoaCens~ transformaciebis saSualebebs da sityvis ZaliT aCvenebs gadarCenis axal gzebs. metafora saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT da davicvaT Cveni gamocdilebis faqizi cvalebadi Strixebi, misi naxevartonebi, radganac sityvebi, romlebsac viyenebT maTi standartuli mniSvnelobiT, samyaros ufro sworxazovnad asaxaven. sruli simarTle iqneba Tu vityviT, rom metaforebi afarToeben Cvens enobriv SesaZleblobebs. poetebi, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, miakvleven ra sicocxlisa Tu samyaros ama Tu im Taviseburebas, eZeben rac SeiZleba gaazrebul cocxal da cincxal saSualebebs TavianTi `ganbrZobis~ Sedegebis gadmosacemad. isini eZieben sityvebs da SeanivTeben mas saxesTan, raTa am dros warmoqmnilma metaforebma mxolod poetis intuicia ki ar gamoxaton, aramed sicocxle STaberon axal SesaZlo azrebs. v. stivensi metaforas xSirad aigivebs metamorfozasTan; zog konteqstSi igi wers: metafora an metamorfoza. misi azriT: `SeiZleba iTqvas, poezia umeteswilad aRmocendeba rogorc metyvelebis figurebis gamoyenebis rezultati, an (rac igivea) rogorc erTi warmosaxvis meoreze zemoqmedebis Sedegi metaforis saSualebiT. metaforisa da metamorfozis gaigiveba aris am Tvalsazrisis gamoxatvis Semoklebuli gza~ (stivensi 1951: 117-118). stivensze ufro kategoriulia m. kuinis pozicia. misi azriT, metamorfoza aris elementi, 43 rusudan canava romelic warmoadgens yovelgvari poeziis arss. rogorc meTodi, (metamorfoza) Segnebulad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove poeziaSi (kuini 1955: 27). am mosazrebasTan axlosaa e.w. `miTologiuri skolis~ (i. da v. grimebis) koncefcia, romelic ar aris gaziarebuli Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis mier. stivensisa da kuinis Tvalsazrisis nakli isaa, rom arc erTi mecnieri ar asabuTebs metaforisa da metamorfozis `igiveobas~; isini am faqts iReben, a priori WeSmaritebad. 3. axla Sevecdebi Camovayalibo varaudi, romelic iTvaliswinebs ramdenime mecniris konceptualur xedvas. saqme isaa, rom qvemoT warmodgenili mosazrebebi pirdapir ar exeba metaforisa da metamorfozis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, magram, Cemi azriT, am ori fenomenis arsebiTad msgavs safuZvlebsa da principebze miuTiTebs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs e. kasireris `sabazo metaforebis~ koncefcia, romelic garkveulwilad exmianeba a. losevis `absoluturi miTis~* Teorias; k. levi-strosis kodebisa da matricis Teoria, agreTve sxva Tvalsazrisebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, es mecnierebi aSkarad ar laparakoben metamorfozis mimarTebaze metaforasTan, magram Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, sabazo//absoluturi miTi, transformirebadi kodebi, sityvier TamaSebze dafuZnebuli pirveli saazrovno modelebi swored metamorfozebia (etiologiuri, kosmogoniuri, kosmologiuri miTebi). ernst kasirerma Tavisi koncefcia Camoayaliba samtomian monografiaSi `simboluri formebis filosofia~ (kasireri 1925), romlis II tomia `miTologiuri azrovneba~. igi miTologias ganixilavs enasTan da kulturasTan erTad. misi TvalTaxedviT, miTologia aris Caketili simboluri sistema, romelSic simboloebi gaerTianebulia funqcionirebis xasiaTiT da garesamyaros modelirebis saSualebebiT. miTologiuri azrovnebis Taviseburebas kasireri xedavs realurisa da idealuris, sagnisa da saxis, sxeulisa da Tvisebis, `sawyisisa~ da `principis~ ganurCevlobad, ris safuZvelzec msgavseba an momijnaveoba gardaisaxeba mizezobriv TanmimdevrulobaSi, mizezobriv-SedegobiT process ki aqvs materialuri metamorfozis xasiaTi. urTierTobebi ki ar sinTezirdeba, aramed igivdeba. nawili funqcionalurad mTelis igiveobrivia. mTeli kosmosi mowyobilia erTi modeliT da gamoixateba opoziciiT _ `wminda~ da `profanuli~. cxovrebis erTianobis miTosuri gancda gamovlindeba adamianTa calkeuli jgufebis erTianobaSi (erTobaSi) cxovelTa calkeul jgufebTan (totemizmi). * a. losevi saubrobs miTebis mTavar tipebze; igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs absolutur da SedarebiT miTologiebs. absoluturi miTologia arsebobs, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi SesaZlo suraTi da misi arc erTi principi ar eqvemdebareba klebas (damcrobas). absoluturi miTologia viTardeba sakuTari Tavidan da arafers scnobs sakuTari Tavis garda. absoluturi miTologia aris absoluturi yofiereba, romelmac Tavi gamoavlina absolutur miTSi; yofiereba, romelmac miaRwia miTis dones, amasTan arc am yofierebas, arc am miTs ar SeiZleba hqondes arc sazRvari, arc _ winaaRmdegoba. absoluturi miTis dialeqtika, arsebiTad, aris sruliad Cveulebrivi dialeqtika. 44 metafora da metamorfoza e.kasireris kvleva efuZneba: struqturalistur, semiologiur meTodebs. miTosuri Semecneba mogvagonebs kods, romlisTvisac saWiroa gasaRebi. kasireris (axla Cven yuradRebas ar vamaxvilebT kasireris mcdar debulebebze) azriT, ena da miTi saerTo Ziridan aRmocendnen. am saerTos Ziebas ki metaforul azrovnebamde mivyavarT. amitom Tu gvinda gaviazroT, miTosuri da enobrivi samyaroebis, erTi mxriv, erTianoba, meore mxriv, gansxvaveba, aucilebelia CavwvdeT metaforis arssa da azrs. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba e.w. `bazisur (sabazo) metaforebs~.* swored sabazo metaforebs ukavSirdeba enisa da miTosuri warmodgenebis aRmoceneba (warmoSoba). es procesi kasirers ase warmoudgenia: yvelaze martivi enobrivi gamoxatuleba moiTxovs garkveuli msoflmxedvelobrivi an emociuri Sinaarsis gardasaxvas bgerad, anu misTvis mtrul Seusabamo Sinaarsad (emociis, azris gadatana bgerad aris procesi _ metav + forevw). es emociebi pirvelyofil adamians garesamyarosTan urTierTobisas uCndeba; SiSi, aRtaceba Tu sxva tipis emocia (anu warmosaxvaSi aRZruli `xati~) badebs survils, sxvebsac gauziaron igi. am dros iqmneba sametyvelo ena. aseve miTosuri saxe aRmocendeba transformaciis saSualebiT, romlis wyalobiTac yoveldRiurobisgan miRebuli Cveulebrivi yofiTi, yoveldRiuri _ profanuli _ STabeWdilebebi amaRldeba `wmindas~ rangSi. aq xdeba ara mxolod gadatana, aramed WeSmariti gardasaxva sxva gvarad. ena da miTi imTaviTve imyofebian erTmaneTTan ganuyofel kavSirSi, mxolod Semdeg gancalkevdebian, rogorc damoukidebeli elementebi. isini (ena da miTi) warmoadgenen erTi da imave totis sxvadasxva ylortebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen sulieri gadamuSavebis erTi da imave aqtidan. am gardasaxvis aqtis dasrulebisas ixsneba Sinagani daZabuloba. “adamiani misi survilisgan damoukideblad, iZulebuli iyo elaparaka metaforulad; da ara imitom, rom ar SeeZlo Tavisi poeturi fantaziis daokeba, aramed imitom, rom unda daeZaba igi (fantazia) ukidures zomamde, raTa gamoexata Tavisi sulis mzardi moTxovnileba. anu sabazo metafora monawileobs sityvebis warmoqmnis procesSi, saxeldebaSi. amitom aris ena da metafora erTi Ziridan, Semdgom ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT viTardebian. kasireri ar asaxelebs sabazo metaforis magaliTebs, imitom, rom sabazo metafora SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sityva, romelsac aqvs daZabuloba da `tevadoba~, mag.: `bRavana~ (kasireri 1925: 41).** * sabazo (bazisur )metaforebs gamoyofs e. makkormakic. MacCormac E., A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, MIT Press, Cambridge _ London, 1985. ** ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� kasireri imowmebs uzeneris mier moxmobil magaliTebs: litvur Teofaniur saxelebSi Tovlis RmerTTan erTad arsebobs naxiris RmerTi _ bRavana (vinc bRavis), futkrebis RmerTi _ bzuila, miwisZvris RmerTi _ mryeveli. rogorc ki naxiris RmerTma miiRo bRavanas saxe, igi unda SeecnoT sruliad sxvadasxva movlenebSi: misTvis moesminaT lomis bdRvinvaSi, qariSxlis RrialSi, okeanis xmaurSi. am TvalsazrisiT miTi isev da isev cocxldeba da mdidrdeba enis wyalobiT, ena ki miTiT. am mudmivi urTierTzemoqmedebiTa da urTierTgamsWvalviT dasturdeba sulieri sawyisis erToba, romlisganac warmoiSvnen isini _ sxvadasxva gamoxatulebebiTa da safexurebiT. (kasireri, ibid. 41). 45 rusudan canava metaforis ganviTarebas aqvs 2 mTavari stadia: 1. formirebis _ enaSi saxeobisa da gvaris aRmniSvneli terminebis Seqmna (e. w. sabazo metaforebis etapi). 2. Semdgomi ganviTarebis _ ukve Seqmnili saxeebis SigniT (an saxidan gvarze) niSan-TvisebaTa gadatana. kasireris azriT, aq Cans adamianis azrovnebis sxvadasxva tendencia: Tu meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba warmodgenaTa gafarToebis procesi (wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis garSemo wreebis gafarToebis principiT), I SemTxvevaSi _ piriqiT farTo wre viwrovdeba (wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis Sebrunebuli kadri) _ emociaTa da STabeWdilebaTa koncentrireba erT sityvaSi. verasdros gavigebT miTologias, Tu kargad ar gaviazrebT imas, rasac vuwodebT anTropomorfizms, personifikacias an gasulierebas. SeuZlebeli iqneboda garemomcveli samyaros aTviseba sabazo metaforis _ am universaluri miTologiis gareSe. es aris saganTa qaosSi adamianis mier Caberili suli, yofasTan adamianis misadagebis saSualeba. am meore Sesaqmes dasabami iyo sityva. da mainc, Semdgomi ganviTarebisas es egzom mWidro, da rogorc Cans, aucilebeli kavSiri TandaTan sustdeba da wydeba. rameTu ena ar miekuTvneba mxolod miTebis samefos, masSi (enaSi) dasabamidanve moqmedebs sxva Zalac _ logosis Zala. enis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapebze sityva TandaTan xdeba mxolod cnebis niSani. am Zalis gamoyofisa da gamoTavisuflebis paralelurad mimdinareobs sxva procesic. xelovneba, iseve, rogorc ena, mWidrod ewvneba miTs. miTi, ena da xelovneba gamomdinareoben konkretuli daunawevrebeli erTobidan (erTianobisgan), romelic SemdgomSi TandaTan daiSala sulieri moRvaweobis sam sxvadasxva sferod. enobriv da miTosur azrovnebaSi batonobs kanoni, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT specifikuri gansxvavebebis nivelirebisa da ganzavebis kanoni. yoveli nawili mTelis ekvivalenturia, egzemplari ki saxis an gvaris. yovel nawils SeuZlia ara mxolod mTelis reprezentacia (individs _ saxeobisa da gvarisa), aramed nawili moiazreba, rogorc mTeli. nawilebi Tavis TavSi moicaven `mTelis~ Zalas, mniSvnelobas, qmediTobas. aq upriania gavixsenoT enobrivi da miTologiuri `metaforis~ mTavari principi, romelic asea formulirebuli pars pro toto (nawili viTarca mTeli). rogorc cnobilia, am umTavres princips eqvemdebareba mTeli magiuri azrovneba. is, vinc marTavs mTelis raRac nawils, magiuri azrovnebis mixedviT, batonobs mTelze.* * kasirers mohyavs magaliTebi miTosidan da magiuri ritualebidan. mag.: imisaTvis, rom moipovo sxva adamianze magiuri zemoqmedebis unari, sakmarisia moipovo im adamianis frCxili, Tma, nerwyvi... igive funqcia aqvs adamianis Crdils an gamosaxulebas sarkeSi. am princips efuZneba mTeli `simpaTiuri magia~ (ix. j.freizeri). magram, amasTanave miTiTebulia, rom am warmodgenebis mixedviT, mxedvelobaSi aqvT ara ubralod analogia, aramed realuri identuroba. magaliTad moxmobilia wvimis gamoxmobisa da Sewyvetis ritualebi, rodesac wylis wveTi asocirebulia wvimasTan. wvima, rogorc miTosuri Zala, an wvimis `demoni~ mopkurebuli wylis yvela wveTSia. iseve, rogorc qeris yvela TavTavSi (da marcvalSi) aris RvTaeba. 46 metafora da metamorfoza Zvel ritorikas metaforis ZiriTad saxed mohyavs gvaris Secvla saxeobiT, mTelisa _ nawiliT, an piriqiT. aq savsebiT TvalsaCinod Cans, ramdenad uSualod momdinareobs metaforis es forma miTis sulieri arsidan. amavdroulad cxadi xdeba, rom Tavad miTSi laparakia raRac sruliad gansxvavebulze da gacilebiT didze, vidre ubralod `Secvlaa~ (Senacvleba) _ ritorikul-enobrivi figura. imas, rasac Cven, ufro gviandeli refleqsiiT, ubralo gadatanad miviCnevT, misTvis (ZvelTaTvis r.c.) warmoadgens realur da bunebriv identurobas.* miTologiuri metaforis es umTavresi Strixi saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT da gavigoT azri da moqmedeba imisa, rasac Cveulebriv uwodeben enis metaforul funqcias. jer kidev kvintiliane miuTiTebda, rom es funqcia enis nawili ki ar aris, aramed misiT gamsWvalulia adamianTa mTeli metyveleba. Tu marTalia, rom saerTo gagebiT metafora unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc metyvelebis garkveuli movlena, aramed enis arsebobis erT-erTi konstituciuri piroba, maSin mis gasagebad xelaxla unda davubrundeT cnebaTa Seqmnis mTavar formas enaSi. saboloo jamSi, isini warmoiSobian koncentraciis aqtisgan, grZnobaTa kompresiis gamocdilebisgan, romlebic qmnian aucilebel winapirobas yoveli enobrivi cnebis formirebisTvis. yovel jer kidev bundovan STabeWdilebas, romelic jer ar aris asaxuli enaSi, SeuZlia saxis (RmerTis, misi nominaciis) Seqmnis stimulireba. am analizidan Cans, rom kasireris mier sabazo metaforebis magaliTebad moxmobili miTosuri masala, faqtobrivad, metamorfozebis nimuSebia. CvenTvis sayuradRebo aspeqtebs wamoswevs a. losevi miTsa da poeziaze msjelobisas. mkvlevari gamoyofs miTisa da poeziis msgavsebis 3 niSans: 1. miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi _ orive gamomsaxvelobiTia. cneba `gamomsaxveloba~ Zalian mniSvnelovania; a. losevis ganmartebiT: gamosaxva aris `Sinaganisa~ da `gareganis~ sinTezi _ Zala, romelic `Sinagans~ aiZulebs, rom gamovlindes, `garegans~ ki eqaCeba (eweva) `Sinaganis~ siRrmeSi SesaRwevad. gamosaxva (gamoxatva) yovelTvis dinamikuri procesia; moZraoba xorcieldeba rogorc `Signidan~ `gareT~, ise “garedan” `SigniT~. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, gamosaxva aris ori energiis Sexvedris arena (Sinaganisa da * ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� miTosur-magiuri �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� azrovnebisaTvis ar arsebobs `ubralo~ gamosaxuleba (anu, ubralod, gamosaxuleba); yoveli saxe ganasaxierebs sagnis `arsebas~, anu demons, anu `suls”~ mag. egviptelTa warmodgeniT, saxeli, emblema, Tu RmerTis an demonis gamosaxuleba SeiZleba iqces Zalis mqone damcvel amuletad imisTvis, vinc mas atarebs. es damcveli Zala moqmedebs manam, sanam arsebobs is masala, romlisganac isini arian Seqmnilni. egviptelebs sjerodaT, rom mamakacis, qalis an cxovelis figuras SeiZleba gadaeces im arsebis suli, romelsac igi warmoadgens misi yvela TvisebiTa da atributiT. taZarSi dadgmuli RmerTis figura `Seicavda~ Sesabamisi RmerTis suls. egviptelebs uxsovari droidan sjerodaT, rom nebismier qandakebasa da figuraSi Cabudebuli iyo suli. igive warmodgenebi cocxlobs primitiuli xalxebSi. 47 rusudan canava gareganis) da maTi Serwyma erT mTelSi, romelic erTdroulad erTicaa da meorec. termini gamo-saxva (gamo-xatva) miuTiTebs aqtiur mimarTulobaze, TviTgardasaxvaze. poeziis mTavari iaraRi _ sityva _ gamomsaxvelia, igi `perspeqtiulia~ da ara `brtyeli~. asevea miTic; igi `gamomxatvelia~, yovelTvis Cans, rom miTSi ori an meti Srea. maT amsgavsebs isic, rom miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi SeiZleba iyvnen sqemebic, alegoriebic da simboloebic. 2. miTosic da poeziac arsiT, erTnairi doziT arian ara mxolod gamomsaxvelni, aramed inteligencia (intel-lego-dan `SegrZneba, aRqma, SemCneva; Secnoba; azrovneba; garkveva~) anu `gasulierebuli gamoxatva~. yoveli poeturi forma yovelTvis aris raRac `sulCaberili~, `Signidan~ xiluli cxovreba. asea miTosic. igi an pirdapir mogviTxrobs cocxal arsebebze, an aracocxalze mogviTxrobs ise, rom Cans misi Tavdapirveli sulieri arseba. poeturia ara Tavad sagani, aramed misi gamoxatvis, gagebis saSualeba. igive unda iTqvas miTosze. miTosuri saxe ar arsebobs, rogorc nivTi, romelic TavisTavad aris mSvenieri. miTosuri saxe miTiuria misi gaformebis anu gamosaxvis dozis Sesabamisad. miTic da poeziac `cocxloben~ gasulierebul samyaroSi da es gasuliereba sagnis gamovlenis saSualebaa. 3. poeziaSic da miTSic saxe ar saWiroebs rame logikur sistemebs, igi cxadi da xilulia. orivesTvis damaxasiaTebelia xiluli suraTovneba _ Sinagani da garegnuli. poeziisa da miTossis ganmasxvavebelia gamijvna (gankerZoeba, ganyeneba) igi, erTi mxriv, poeziisa da miTosis saerTo niSania, meore mxriv, isini swored aq Sordebian erTmaneTs principulad da sabolood. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, losevis azriT, poezia SeuZlebelia miTosis gareSe, maSin rodesac miTi poeziis gareSec arsebobs (losevi 1991: 41-68). r. iakobsoni ganasxvavebs poetur funqcias da poezias. poeturi funqcia emTxveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv, imas, rasac ombredani (fsiqologiis poziciidan) uwodebs enis TamaSebriv funqcias. am TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania i. haizingas Tvalsazrisi, romelic warmodgenila naSromSi `kaci moTamaSe~ (`Homo Ludens“). sityvis gamomsaxvelobiT potenciaze r. barti wers: ena ar daiyvaneba mis mier `Sobil~ Setyobinebaze. mas SeuZlia ukan moitovos es Setyobineba da araiSviaTad Cvenamde moitanos mrisxane guguni raRac sxvisa, vidre is, rac Tavad Setyobinebis SinaarsSia; raRac iseTi, rac TiTqos zed edeba subieqtis Segnebul, racionalur xmas _ Zalmosili, daJinebuli xma Tavad struqturisa; xma, romelic gvarovnuli kategoriiT alaparakda (barti 1989: 549). k.levi-strosis saanalizo masalis (miTebis) didi nawili transformaciebs efuZneba. mkvlevaris azriT, am transformaciebis safuZvelSi Zevs 48 metafora da metamorfoza metaforizmi. metaforizmi Zalian afarToebs sazRvrebs sxvadasxva saxeebis, motivebis da siuJeturi svlebis dasaaxloeblad. levi-stross miaCnia, rom metafora eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuicias sxvadasxva sferos Soris. amasTan, Tavad miTologiuri logika Rrmad metaforulia, ris demonstrirebasac k. levi-strosi axerxebs totemisturi masalis klasifikaciis safuZvelze. aerTianebs ra uamrav miTs miTosur sistemebSi, levi-strosi erT miTs ganixilavs, rogorc meoris `metaforas~. magaliTad: miTi Taflis dResaswaulis warmoSobaze aris metafora Taflis warmoSobis miTTan mimarTebiT. TaflTan dakavSirebuli metaforebi Zalian Zvelia. vedebis himnebSi Tafli asocirebulia rZesTan. bibliis mixedviT, aRTqmuli miwa Taflisa da rZis siuxviT gamoirCeva. uflis sityvebi `Taflze tkbilia~. babilonSi Tafli RmerTisadmi gankuTvnil gansakuTrebul ZRvnad iTvleboda. `iliadis~ mixedviT, Tixis WurWelSi Casxmuli Tafli micvalebulebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. cnobilia gamoTqmebi: `TafliviT tkbili~, `Taflis mdinareebi~, `Taflobis Tve~ da sxva. amerikel indielTa miTebSi (levi-strosi swored am miTebs ikvlevda) Tafli warmoadgens `saWmlis~ metaforas, romelic Caenacvleba seqsualobas (tapiri, qalis bukvaluri macdunebeli, Sepirispirebulia TaflTan _ metaforul macdunebelTan. indielTa miTebis personaJi qalis bukvaluri TavSeukavebloba Taflisadmi Sedarebulia sxva personaJis dauokebel swrafvasTan akrZaluli kavSirebisadmi) e. i. xdeba kodis Secvla. `miTologiurebSi~ metaforizaciis Sedegad kodis Secvlis uamravi magaliTia moyvanili. magaliTad, miTebis personaJi qali susai aris sammagi inversia gogonasi, romelsac Zalian uyvars Tafli: igi iRebs pasuxismgeblobas pleadebis (Tanavarskvlavedis) warmoSobaze; is aris mravalSviliani deda, aris moRalate coli. amgvarad, metaforizacias Zalian xSirad moyveba kodis Secvla (levi-strosi 2000:15, 253). k.levi-strosi yvela miTSi gamoyofs `armaturas~ anu TaviseburebaTa erTobliobas, romelic saerToa (ucvlelia) or an ramdenime miTSi, gamoyofs `kods~ anu funqciaTa sistemas, romelTa saSualebiTac aRiniSnebian es Taviseburebebi da `Setyobinebas~, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, mocemuli miTis Sinaarsia. faqtobrivad, Setyobineba miTebSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Seesabameba etiologiur Temas (kulturisa da bunebis sxvadasxva faseulobaTa warmoSoba). magaliTad: `Jes~ tomSi miTi cecxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb bororos tomSi transformirdeba wvimisa da qariSxlis warmoSobad; gareuli Rorebis warmoSobis miTi tupis tomSi gardaisaxeba samkaulebisa da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebis warmoSobis miTad. etiologiuri Temis Secvla aris Tavad Setyobinebis Secvla. aq `armaturebs~ Seadgens moyvrebis, anu `mimcemebisa~ da `mimRebTa~, urTierToba (colebis miReba sxva nivTebze 49 rusudan canava gacvliT da sxva). rodesac colebs `gascemen~ adamianebi, maT miiReben mxecebi; rodesac mimRebebi arian adamianebi, gascemen _ sulebi. Zalian xSirad miTidan miTze gadasvlisas armatura da kodi rCeba, icvleba Setyobineba. Setyobineba SeiZleba Seicvalos sruli inversiis donezec. Setyobineba gadaicema kodebiT, romelTac aqvT TavianTi gramatika da leqsika. invariantulia maTi gramatika da ara leqsika da, ra Tqma unda, ara Setyobineba. k.levi-strosi mivida empiriul daskvnemde: ori naxevradtransformacia Setyobinebis doneze Seesabameba erTs leqsikis doneze. k.levi-strosma detalurad Seiswavla kodidan kodze gadasvla da maTi urTulesi gadajaWvulobebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva im miTebis analizi, romlebic exeba sikvdilsa da sicocxles. aq erTi da igive Setyobineba gadaecema ramdenime kodiT, romlebic Seesabamebian grZnobis 5 organos. saintereso gamodga samedicino praqtikis (indielTa yofis am umniSvnelovanesi sferos) Sejereba miTebTan da ritualebTan, agreTve fsiqologebisa da fsiqiatrebis dakvirvebebi (magaliTad, fsiqologi dezoi wers, rom fsiqopaTologiuri aSlilobebis gadmocema SeiZleba mxolod simboloTa eniT. amitom igi Tavis avadmyofebTan simboloebis gamoyenebiT saubrobs. es simboloebi, Tavis mxriv, sityvieri metaforebi arian). miTi da mimdinare movlenebi qmnian wyvils, romelSic xorcieldeba avadmyofisa da eqimis dualizmi. SizofreniiT daavadebisas moqmedebs eqimi, avadmyofi ki qmnis miTs. Samanuri (mkurnalobis yvelaze Zveli praqtika) mkurnalobis praqtikaSi miTs yveba eqimi, avadmyofi ki moqmedebs. mkurnalobis Tanamedrove da Samanuri meTodebi erTsa da imave principebs efuZneba, romlis mizania avadmyofobis struqturis Secvla. induqciis am procesSi monawileobs metafora. aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes artur rembos gamonaTqvami: `metaforis saSualebiT samyaros Secvla SeiZleba~ (levi-strosi 1985: 179-180). levi-strosis azriT, miTebis wyalobiT Cven vxvdebiT, rom metafora eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuiciur winaTgrZnobas romeliRac erT sferosa da sxvebs Soris. metaforis saSualebiT xerxdeba pirvelis `Seyvana~ sxvebSi miuxedavad refleqsirebadi azrisa, romelic jiutad cdilobs maT daSoriSorebas. metafora ar aris enis samSvenisi, yoveli metafora wmends enas da aamaRlebs mas Tavdapirvel bunebamde (erTi wuTiT waSlis erT-erTs mravalricxovan sinekdoqeTagan). miTosuri azri imeorebs raRac Zalian mniSvnelovan process, romelic xdeba enaSi (levi-strosi 1999: 322). Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxis Semdgomi gaSlisTvis Zalian sainteresoa metaforis ganxilva modelTan da analogiasTan mimarTebiT. zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom modelebi gafarToebuli metaforebia, analogiebi ki 50 metafora da metamorfoza modelebis meqanizmebi. m. blekis azriT, modelebi (gansxvavebiT calkeuli metaforuli winadadebebisgan) aerTianeben Sedarebebis ufro farTo bades. erTi mTliani metaforuli qselis aRsaniSnad bleks Semoaqvs termini `arqetipi~. es arqetipi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT analogiad sxva SemTxvevebisaTvis (bleki 1960: 12-13). p. rikiori, blekisgan gansxvavebiT, arqetipis sanacvlod iyenebs termins `metaforuli qseli~ (raTa ar moxdes aRreva iungiseul arqetipTan) (rikiori 1977: 43). ganasxvaveben modelis 2 tips: I. erTi sagnis modelebi (mag.: TviTmfrinavis an avtomobilis sxvadasxva modeli), II. atomi, rogorc mzis sistemis modeli; an Tavis tvini, rogorc kompiuteris modeli. is, rom atomi aris mzis sistemis modeli, an tvini muSaobs, rogorc kompiuteri, arafriT gansxvavdeba metaforisgan. analogiuri modeli `sasargebloa~ imitom, rom gvexmareba `ucnobs~ mivudgeT `cnobilis~ saSualebiT da saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavakeToT naxtomi azrovnebaSi. am azriT, modelebi aris metaforebi ufro farTo gagebiT da maT safuZvlad udevT sabazo metaforebi (sRurudi 2003: 352). sabazo metaforebis (kodebis, metaforuli qselis) kvalobaze SegviZlia gamovyoT sabazo metamorfozebi, metamorfozuli kodebi.… `myar~ (mudmiv) metamorfozaSi gardasaxva xdeba erTxel da samudamod mag.: adamianis sxeulis nawilebisgan samyaros da pirvelnivTebis Seqmna; sxvadasxva frinvelebis, cxovelebisa da mcenareebis warmoSoba gardasaxvebis saSualebiT: oboba, yvavi, narcisi da a.S. amgvari myari metamorfozebi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenen modelebs (kodebs) sxva metamorfozebisaTvis. am tipis metamorfozebi etiologiuri xasiaTisaa da miTisqmnadobis uZveles periods miekuTvneba. aseT TxrobebSi erTmaneTs ejaWveba pirvelyofili warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaqmeze, yofiTi, filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. es yvelaferi adamianis qveSecneulis doneze daileqa (Seiqmna arqetipebi). metamorfozebis wored es universaluri modelebi dganan metaforis gverdiT. moZravi, aramyari metamorfozebi azris ganviTarebis sxva etaps esadageba. magaliTad, RmerTebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva ieris miReba. tiresiasi jer qalad gardaisaxa, mere isev kacad. adamians SeuZlia mcire xniT saxe icvalos: gardaisaxos cxovelad, frinvelad mcenared da a. S. mxatvruli literatura orive formas iyenebs: adamiani Tavis TavSi `grZnobs~ romelime sxva arsebas _ cxovels, frinvels, mwers, e. i. xdeba embrionis romeliRac fazis gaaqtiureba (dabadebamde adamiani xom evoluciis yvela ZiriTad etaps gaivlis); gaoreba. grZnobebis, gancdebis, Seqmnili situaciis Sesabamisad, adamiani Tavis Tavs usadagebs ara marto ama Tu im nivTs, arsebas, aramed ganyenebul cnebas: fers, suns da a.S. am procesebis dasabami ki aris qveSecneulSi arsebuli metamorfozis idea. es procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT almasisgan bril51 rusudan canava iantis miRebas. yvela almasi ar gardaiqmneba briliantad, aramed mxolod is, romelsac ostati mohkidebs xels da daawaxnagebs. metamorfoza almasia poetis xelSi. Tu poets surs, misgan metaforas `gaakeTebs~. metamorfoza aCvenebs azris moZraobis veqtors, process, mimarTulebas, amitom misi buneba predikatulia. ase rom, metaforis `dabadebaSi~ arc Tu ukanasknel funqcias asrulebs metamorfoza. metafora `ibadeba~ pirvelyofili miTo-religiuri warmodgenebis warmoSobisas, igi msoflaRqmis saSualebaa. metamorfoza metaforis `meqanizmia~. literaturul metamorfozebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs ovidiusis `metamorfozebs~, romelSic, Cemi azriT, Cans avtoris damokidebuleba `gardaqmnebisadmi~ poetikis TvalsazrisiTac. `metamorfozebSi~ (nazoni 1980: 1932) damuSavebulia 250-mde berZnuli da italikur-etruskul-romauli miTi; yvela maTgani gardasaxvaze (metamorfozaze) mogviTxrobs. poemaSi Txroba Tanmimdevrulia da erT mTlian sistemas warmoadgens: iwyeba qaosidan kosmosis warmoSobiT, rasac mohyveba kosmogoniuri metamorfozebi; Semdgom aRwerilia olimpiuri panTeonis formireba, ciklebi da uamravi CarTuli ambavi, romlebic metamorfozebis yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas moicavs. `metamorfozebi~ ovidiusis simwifis periodis nawarmoebia. ismis kiTxva: risTvis dasWirda mwerals yvelasTvis kargad nacnobi miTebis `galeqsva~? saqme isaa, rom ovidiusamdec arsebobda miTebis uamravi krebuli da saxelmZRvanelo (prozaulic, da rogorc gadmogvcemen, poeturic). mecnierebaSi am faqts ase xsnian: ovidiuss surda metemfsiqozis piTagoraseuli koncefciis gamyareba miTologiuri masaliT. marTlac, poemis XV wignSi, romelic piTagoras eZRvneba, ovidiusi vrclad msjelobs sulTa gadasaxlebis Teoriaze. am Tvalsazriss savsebiT viziareb, magram, Cemi azriT, `metamorfozebSi~ Cadebulia gacilebiT meti, vidre metemfsiqozis koncefciis popularizacia. ufro sworad, ovidiusma moaxerxa metemfsiqozis filosofiur-religiuri koncefciis dakavSireba poetikasTan. saqme is aris, rom, misive Txzulebebdan gamomdinare, kargad Cans, ramdens fiqrobda ovidiusi poeturi sityvis zemoqmedebis Zalaze. Tavad suliT xorcamde poets Tavisi biografiis araerT umZimes momentSi mxsnelad swored leqsi moevlina (gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia sasowarkveTa, romelic mas daeufla gadasaxlebis misjisas. tomasken mimavali poeti, romelsac zRvaze saSineli qariSxalic daatyda, sikvdils natrobda. mas surda aqafebul talRebSi gadaSvebuliyo, magram swored am dros igrZno, rogor daulagda gonebaSi Tavisi tragikuli gancdebi saleqso striqonebad. poeziam, muzam gadamarCinao, _ wers ovidiusi). 52 metafora da metamorfoza Cemi azriT, ovidiusma `metamorfozebSi~ mkiTxvels almasis sabado `gauxsna~. genialurma poetma zustad miakvlia metaforuli xatebis erTerT umTavres `sacavs~ da STamomavlobas saqme gauiola imiT, rom `daalaga~ metamorfozuli etiologiebis variantebi da maTgan gamomavali daskvnafigurebi, maT Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT `sabazo~ metamorfozebi (sabazo metaforebis kvalobaze): niobe-kldea, araqne _ oboba, zevsi _ arwivi, xari, wvima, elva da quxili; hera _ SroSani, dionise _ vazi, mtevani da sxva. am saxeTa analogiiT iolad SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali variantebi. `metamorfozebi~ sruliad garkveuli principiT da mizniT Seiqmna. `metamorfozebi~ aris udidesi `gaWra~ literaturaSi. ovidiusis mier SemoTavazebuli poeturi saxismetyvelebis ulevi wyaro. `metamorfozebi~ mTavrdeba poetis anderZiT, romelic Zalian hgavs horaciusis cnobil odas `melpomenesadmi~: `davidgi Zegli brinjaoze maradiuli, mefeTa saZvle piramidebs aRmatebuli da mis damxobis arvin aris aw SemZlebeli arc qariSxali, arca warRvna daundobeli, arc uTvalavi welTa rigi da dro msrboleli“. (leqsis fragmenti Targmnilia Cem mier). qvis (brinjaos) Zeglis, rogorc ukvdavebis metaforis (horaciusi, ovidiusi, puSkini. galaktionma am `hangze gaawyo~ leqsi `maRal mTazeda avage sasaxle axal-axali~) `sabazo~ miTia niobes metamorfoza qvad. aqedan erTi nabijia pigmalionis miTamde (Semdgom ki jadosnuri zRapris modelamde gaqvavebuli adamianebis Sesaxeb). qvis gasulierebas (adamianis gaqvavebas) ramdenime aspeqtiT SeiZleba mivudgeT; umTavresi ki aris is, rom qvaSi, qandakebaSi moiazreba vitaluri substancia (ukvdaveba).* `sabazo~ metamorfozebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT RmerTebisa da adamiane* galaktion tabiZem leqsSi `buneba moqandakea~ es procesi ase aRwera: `klde aWarisa, Tixa xandakis, xelsawyo _ bevri _ yovel xelxebas am moqandakis hqvia Sedevri! xedav orfeoss, nimfas, dioniss niWTa mlocvari _ Sors reliefi kavkasionis, gasaocari! TiTqo simSvide ciskrian tevrze basri da mWevri krTis grigalidan _ yovel Sedevrze didi Sedevri!~ 53 rusudan canava bis gardasaxvebi sxvadasxva cxovelebad da frinvelebad (pirvelyofili totemisturi rwmenis gamoxatuleba). ovidiusTan zevsi gardaisaxeba arwivad, xarad, wvimad; hera _gugulad, Zroxad, yvavilad. anu, yvela RmerTs `Tavisi~ cxoveli, frinveli, mcenare an bunebis esa Tu is movlena Seesabameba. es, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs, rom amgvari metamorfozebi ar aris nebismieri da garkveul Zalian siRrmiseul qvecnobier erTobas efuZneba. meore mxriv, berZen-romael mweralTa mier damkvidrebuli `modelebi~ Tavisebur `sabazo~ metamorfozebad iqcnen Semdgomi epoqebis adamianebisTvis arwivizevsi rig SemTxvevaSi simboloa, mag. heraldikaSi; rig SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebis metafora. gaaCnia, ras moisurvebs mwerali da rogor `daamuSavebs~ am poetur saxes. magram is, Tu ratom aris arwivi `saxe~, amis ganmartebas gvaZlevs miTi zevsis arwivad metamorfozis Sesaxeb. metamorfozisa da metaforis mimarTebis sakiTxi sainteresod aisaxa antikur prozaSic. saberZneTSi filosofiuri proza ufro adre Camoyalibda, vidre mxatvruli. heraklites swavlebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulTagan iSveba srulyofili harmonia. es Teza garkveuli logikuri aucileblobiT airekleba enazec. heraklites naSromis signatura antiTezaa, romelic poeziaSi empedoklem, prozaSi gorgiasma ganaviTares. gamodis, rom ritorikis aRmoceneba filosofiuri saqmianobis `gverdiTi produqtebis~ formalizaciaa. iniciativa ekuTvnoda filosofias. filosofia gamovida miTiT, kultiT, yofiT sanqcirebuli dResaswaulidan, raTa Seeqmna sakuTari arakalendaruli dResaswauli, imitom rom Tavad gamxdariyo dResaswauli (haidegeri 1961: 14-15). tradiciuli sistemis SigniT adamianTa yofa daiyo kalendarul dResaswaulebad da Cveulebriv dReebad. sityvaTa TamaSi aris azris, ase vTqvaT, sadResaswaulo samosi da ritualuri cekva.* rogorc irkveva, winafilosofiuri da winaliteraturuli azris dabadeba (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `sibrZnis~ literatura _ formiT saTamaSo, SinaarsiT _ didaqtikuri) saerTokacobriuli fenomenia, damaxasiaTebeli ara mxolod elinuri samyarosTvis, aramed mTeli axlo aRmosavleTisTvis. amgvarad, ukve winafilosofia warmoSobs faqiz, moZrav sityvas, romelic mzadaa bgeraTa TamaSisa da metaforuli gardasaxvisaTvis (averincevi 1979: 65-66). gza winafilosofiuri enidan filosofiurisken namdvili revoluciaa. revoluciaa imitom, rom es aris orerTiani _ dapirispirebuli, magram erTimeoris momcveli, urTierTganmapirobebeli procesi. platonis dialogebSi sokrate gamoyvanilia, rogorc sityvaze, cnebe* Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xorcieldeba saintereso mcdelobebi miTis `gamoTqmis~, `gamoxatvis~ rekonstruqciisa arqauli berZnuli teqstebidan. s. deligiorgisis dakvirvebiT, `Tqmis~ (`Txrobis~) arqauli tipi dakavSirebulia adamianis sametyvelo aparatis fiziologiasTan. sametyvelo aparatis fiziologia saintereso kavSirs avlens somaturi gamoxatvis iseT formasTan, rogoricaa ritualuri cekvebi. S. deligiorgis, Alternative Myth, AILC, 1976:8. 54 metafora da metamorfoza bze azartuli `monadire~. igi isev da isev usvams kiTxvebs Tanamosaubreebs: ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi mosaubris mier gamoyenebuli sityva; es WeSmaritad `romeliRac mamxilebeli RmerTia~, romelic `gamoavlens da amxels daudevrebs metyvelebaSi~ (Sophista 216 b). sityvaTqmnadobis procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT liTonis nakeTobis Seqmnas; liTonis wrTobis msgavsad, sityva jer `xurdeba~ sametyvelo fantaziis TamaSiT, Semdgom mkveTrad civdeba inteleqtualuri kritikis zemoqmedebiT. vitgenStainis SeniSvniT, `mTeli filosofia enis kritikaa~ (vitgenStaini 1959: 44). enis kritika moniSnavs sazRvars, igi gadaWris Wiplars, romelic aerTebs filosofias winarefilosofiis sxeulTan. aq ikveTeba gansxvaveba filosofiasa da poezias Soris, razec werda platoni (Resp. X, 607 b). aviRoT magaliTad pindares poezia, romelic iTvleba `sibrZnis~ mwvervalad mTeli Tavisi sityvieri morTulobis sazeimo uCveulobiT _ ufro swored, am sazeimo uCveulobis wyalobiT _ igi (pindare) ritualurad asaxavda ra samyaros, rogorc mocemulobas, amavdroulad, xotbis Sesxmisas (am aqtiT) ritualurad amkvidrebda enas, rogorc mocemulobas. filosofiur refleqsias ar SeeZlo distancireba ar moexdina amgvari poziciisgan. saboloo jamSi aman migviyvana ZiriTadi filosofiuri terminebis sistemis Camoyalibebamde. platoniseul `enis kritikas~ mivyavarT sityvebis WeSmariti da dasabamieri mniSvnelobis mikvlevasTan; yoveli sityvis fuZis Tavdapirveli semantikuri intensivobis `gamococxlebasTan~.* sainteresoa mosazrebebi waSlil metaforebze. platoni msjelobs `umZimes SurisZiebaze~, rogorc `msubuq da frTian sityvaze~. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom metafora `frTiani sityvebi~ (e]pea pteroevnta) gvxvdeba jer kidev homerosTan `iliadaSi~ 46-jer, `odiseaSi~_ 58-jer. yvela `pirveladi~ (pirvelad ganxorcielebuli) metamorfoza iyo moulodneli, unikaluri da Sokismomgvreli; zustad iseTi efeqtis mqone, rasac iwvevs `cincxali~ metafora. metaforisa da metamorfozis gzebi pirvelad maSin gadaikveTa, rodesac adamianis gonebaSi daibada gardasaxvis SesaZleblobis idea da Semdgom am azrma `gaaqtiurebuli~ sityva warmoSva. gaaqtiurebul sityvaSi igulisxmeba ara sagnebis nominacia, aramed predikatuli konstruqcia, rodesac sityva `mzad aris~ `moqmedebisaTvis~. metaforisa da metamorfozis `Sexvedra~ Tu `amosvla~ erTi sawyisidan am ori fenomenis Zalian Rrma konceptualur pirvelmizezebze (safuZvelze) mianiSnebs. magram Semdgom movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom metamorfoza miTSi `CarCa~, misi ganviTareba metemfsiqozis formalistur aspeqts ver * am sakiTxis analizi warmodgenilia naSromSi: Classen C.J. Sprachliche Deutung als Triebkraft platonischen und sokratischen Philosophierens. Mu>nchen 1959. klasenma pirvelma Caatara platonis teqstebis seriozuli analizi swored im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor muSaobda platoni im sityvebze, romlebic ar iqcnen filosofiur terminebad. 55 rusudan canava gascda, metaforam ki `frTa gaSala~ da samyaros aRqmis saSualebad iqca. metaforebis im tips, romlebic statiaSi ganvixileT, pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `miTosuri metaforebi~ (eseni, faqtobrivad, epiforebia, romlebSic semantikuri Zvra ganxorcielda saxidan saxeze, gvaridan saxeze, saxidan gvarze gadatanis safuZvelze. am metaforebs axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuli siaxlove gapirovnebasa da simbolosTan), magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom aRniSnuli metaforebi mxolod antikuri epoqis mweralTa TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba. axla warmovadgen galaktion tabiZis erTi leqsis analizs, romelic, Cemi azriT, `miTosuri~ metaforis nimuSia: `cxeniT xidze~ `cxeni miangrevs xideebs CliqiT, magram uecrad scqvita yurebi, misi Tvalebi aivssen _ iqiT adamianur ubedurebiT... mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi: eTamaSeba nakadebs Tevzi. iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _ kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~. am leqsis erTaderTi personaJi cxenia: swored is `miangrevs xideebs CliqiT~, man `sqvita~ yurebi da misi Tvalebi `aivsnen~ `adamianur ubedurebiT~. analizs viwyebT fraziT: `mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi~. romel mwkrivzea laparaki? leqsis Semdgom sam taepSi naxsenebi _ `Tevzi~, `mxedari~ da `zevsi~ gvafiqrebineben, rom poetis gonebaSi cnobili metamorfozuli saxeebi axal poetur metaforad gardaisaxa: kerZod, I plani: cxeni zRvaTa mbrZaneblis _ poseidonis (//neptunis) cxovelia. poseidonis zoomorfuli ikonografia iseve ukavSirdeba cxens, rogorc zevsisa _ xars. poseidons emorCileba zRvis yvela binadari da, ra Tqma unda, `nakadebTan moTamaSe Tevzi~ (Tevzis xseneba aZlierebs cxenis kavSirs wylis stiqiasTan). II plani _ `Tvalwin gamkrTal mwkrivSi~ cxeni mxedaricaa. III plani _ miuxedavad imisa, rom xari da cxeni uzenaesi RvTaebebis zoomorfuli hipostasebia, isini mainc naklebi `�������������������������������� ��������������������������������� Rirsebis~ arian, vidre Tavad RvTaebebi. cnobili gamoTmaa: `rac zevss epatieba, xars ar epatieba~. aqedan: `iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _ / kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~. ase rom sami miTosuri plastis SereviT, romelTagan ori (zevsi da poseidoni, Sesabamisad, cxeni da xari) metamorfozaa, iqmneba poeturi figura. 56 metafora da metamorfoza damowmebani: averincevi 1979: Аверинцев С. С. Классическая греческая филосояиф как явление историколитературного ряда. В сб.: Новое в современной классической филологии. М.: 1979. arutiunova 1990: Арутюнова Н. Д. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990. barti 1989: Барт Р. Изранные работы. Семиотика, Поэетика. М.: 1989. bleki 1960: Black M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell University Press 1960. vinogradovi 1976: Виноградов В. В. Поэтика русской литературы. М.: 1976. vitgenSteini 1959: Витгенштейн Л. Логико-философский трактат. Пер. с нем. М.: 1959. kasireri 1925: Cassirer E. Philosophie des symbolischen Formen. Zweiter Teil, Berlin, 1925. kuini 1955: Quinn M. Bernetta. The Metamorphic Tradition in Modern Poetry. Rutgers Univ. Press, 1955. levi-strosi 1985: Леви-Стросс К. Структурная антропология. Пер. с франц. М.: 1985. levi-strosi 1999: Леви-Стросс К. Сырое и приготовленное. Пер. с франц. М.: 1999. levi-strosi 2000:Леви-Стросс К. Мифологики. От меда к пеплу. Пер. с франц. Т. II, СПБ 2000. losevi 1991: Лосев А. Ф. Филофия, Мифология, культура. М.: 1991. nazoni 1960: nazoni publius ovidius metamorfozebi. redaqcia, Sesavali werili da komentarebi ak. uruSaZis. Tb.: 1980. P. Ovidii Nasonis. Carmina, ed. R. Ehwald, V. Lery. T. 1-3, Lipsiae 1915-1932. rikiori 1977: Ricoeur P. The Rule of Metaphor. University of Toronto Press, 1977. stivensi 1951: Stevens W. The Necessary Angel. Knopf, 1951. sRurudi 2003: Sgouroudh D. H metafora kai h sumbolh th~ sth glwssa. Aqhvna: 2003. haidegeri 1961: Heidegger M. Neietzsch., Pfullingen, 1961. Rusudan Tsanava Metaphor and Metamorphosis Summary The study of metaphor, the central trope responsible for the artistic quality of a text, started in the times of Aristotle. Since then, many scholarly opinions have been ventured and several theories have been developed. One of the principle objectives of metaphor studies is admitted to be its relationship with other tropes: simile and metonymy. Along with this, scholars have been exploring interrelationships between metaphor and metamorphosis. The so-called transformations are prevalent in the artistic thought. They offer a vivid picture of the author’s (character’s) spiritual state and very often determine chief merits of artistic images found in a text. Virtual or imaginary transformations are associated with mythic metamorphoses. It should also be noted that unlike simile and metonymy, 57 rusudan canava metamorphosis is not a trope. Another noteworthy fact is that the majority of scholars draw a clear line between metaphor and metamorphosis. This viewpoint is supported by two arguments: 1. Metaphor implies nothing that could suggest transformation. On the contrary, bidimensionality, conceptual likening of two altogether different ‘items’ is inherent with metaphor. On the other hand, metamorphosis is the repercussion of mythological thought when every type of transformation is perceived as a real fact. Hence, transformation is a means of world perception. 2. Metaphor is distinguished for its tendency to penetrate the field of semantics, which is not characteristic of metamorphosis. In my opinion, the erroneous conceptual basis of such reasoning lies in limiting metamorphosis solely to the domain of ‘mythological thought’. Close analysis of the nature and kinds of metamorphosis revealed that the latter implies an unanticipated identification of absolutely opposite values (categories, classes). And the myths reflecting a metamorphosis explain the prime cause (etiology) of unanticipated transformations. These universal etiological myths offer a single or several similar versions throwing light on the semantics of a metamorphosal image, turned into a poetic figure. In fact, ancient creative thinking is mostly based exactly on metamorphosal images. Metamorphosis, an ‘output’ of the earliest, most archaic thinking, is to a greater extent a source of ancient metaphor. This thinking incorporates every manifestation of primeval syncretism – religion, thought, generalization and creativity; integration and disintegration. Naturally, not all metamorphoses develop into a metaphor; sometimes metamorphoses retain their original nature and appear as independent elements. These processes can be compared to the treatment of diamonds. Not every piece of rough diamond will turn into a fine cultivated gem but only those cut by a skillful master. Metamorphosis is a rough diamond in the hands of a master, who can cut it into a metaphor if he wishes so. The aim of the paper is to determine the function of metamorphosis in differentiating between new and old (ancient) metaphors. Conceptual analysis of Ovid’s Metamorphoses will help to find an answer to the posed question. The Metamorphoses is a most significant break-through in the literary theory. The poet offered to the readers (as well as to the authors) of every epoch and taste an inexhaustible source of poetic tropology – the archetypes of the so-called ‘fixed’ metaphors – etiological metamorphoses – which, to put it metaphorically, never ceases to flow in the veins of ‘old’ as well as ‘new’ metaphors. Every primary metamorphosis was unexpected, unique and astonishing, having the same effect as a ‘fresh’ metaphor. Metaphor and metamorphosis first met when the idea of the possible transformation was born in human mind, which afterwards generated ‘activated’ word. ‘Activated’ word refers not to the nomination of things but to the ‘readiness’ of a word for ‘activity’. The ‘encounter’ of metaphor and metamorphosis, or their ‘stemming’ from the same origin, points to the deep conceptual cause of the two phenomena. However, the following events took such a turn that metamorphosis remained confined to myth, failing to expand beyond the formalistic aspect of metempsychosis, while metaphor 58 metafora da metamorfoza enjoyed further development and became a means of world perception. The types of metaphor considered in the article can be conventionally called ‘mythic metaphors’ (in fact, they are epiphors, in which semantic shift is due to its transfer from species to species, from genus to species, from species to genus. These metaphors are especially close to personification and symbol). However, it should not be understood as if the above-mentioned metaphors were used only by ancient authors. The article presents an analysis of a poem by Galaktion Tabidze, which, I reckon, is the example of a ‘mythic’ metaphor: Astride On a Bridge A horse rushes ahead crushing bridges with his hoofs, But suddenly pricked up his ears, His eyes filled up – over there With human misfortune … A light row passed swiftly before his eyes; A fish is playing with streams He was a horseman – an ordinary horseman – a man – like a man, and not Zeus.` The only character of the poem is the horse. It is him who ‘rushes ahead crushing bridges with his hoofs’; he pricked up his ears and his eyes filled up with ‘human misfortune’. The analysis starts with the following phrase: ‘A light row passed swiftly before his eyes’. What row does the poet speak about? ‘Fish’, ‘horseman’ and ‘Zeus’ mentioned in the following three lines prompt us to think that the well-known metamorphosal phrases transformed in the poet’s mind into a new poetic metaphor: in particular, perspective I: Horse is the animal of Poseidon, the lord of the sea. The zoomorphic iconography of Poseidon is associated with horse in the same way as that of Zeus with bull (the mentioning of the fish intensifies the relationship between the horse and the water element). Perspective II – as ‘a light row passes swiftly before his eyes’, the steed is the horseman as well. Perspective III – Although bull and horse are the zoomorphic hypostases of the supreme deities, they are of lower nobility than the deities. According to the well-known saying, what is forgivable for Zeus, is not forgivable for the bull. Hence, ‘He was a horseman – an ordinary horseman – a man – like a man, and not Zeus.’ So, through the fusion of three mythic layers, two of which (Zeus and Poseidon, and correspondingly, the horse and the bull) are metamorphoses, a poetic figure is created. 59 solomon tabucaZe avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi cnobili rusi filosofosis, filologis, literaturaTmcodnisa da kulturis Teoretikosis mixail baxtinis (1895–1975) naSromebma gansakuTrebuli rezonansi gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SeiZina da es moxda mas Semdeg, rac 1979 wels, avtoris gardacvalebidan oTxi wlis Tavze gamovida wigni `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetika~. 60–ian wlebSi (1965 w.) daibeWda misi wigni `fransua rables Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura~, mogvianebiT ki naSromi dostoevskis Semoqmedebisa da poetikis problemebze, magram yvelaze meti gamoxmaureba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTul literaturaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi _ `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetikas~ mohyva. am wignSi centraluri adgili ukavia 20–ian wlebSi dawyebul, dausrulebel da saarqivo masalebSi SemorCenil naSroms `avtori da gmiri esTetikur qmedebaSi~. swavlulis arqivsave Semounaxavs filosofiuri xasiaTis Txzuleba imave problematikaze, romelic imdenad dazianebuli aRmoCnda, rom mis mxolod fragmentebze Tu SeiZleba laparaki. mkvlevaris teqstebis amgvari istoria piradad CemTvis imdenadaa sagulisxmo, ramdenadac igi `gaSlil~ da `gadaWimul~ sabWoeTSi marginalizebuli adamianis bedsa da cxovrebiseul gzas ukavSirdeba. ver viviwyeb 70 –ian wlebSi, uxarisxo sagazeTo qaRaldze, saranskSi dabeWdil krebuls, romelSic mixail baxtinis fotocaa gamoqveynebuli; fotosuraTidan yvelaze `demokratiul transportze~ _ velosipedze fexSemodgmuli filosofosi Semogvyurebs, rac, sxva rom ara vicodeT ra am kacis biografiidan, me piradad bevrismetyvel faqtad mesaxeba im gariyulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, raic, Tundac am vizualur dokumentzea asaxuli: dRes ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli literaturaTmcodne, sabWouri provinciis `glubinkaSi~, aTxrili, ormoebiani da tborebiT `gamSvenebuli~ gzis piras dgas da, rogorc Cans, moyvaruli fotografis mier Seyovnebuli wamis Semdeg, kvlav Tavis pedagogiur, uCinar moRvaweobas gaagrZelebs mordoviis universitetSi. esec Cveuli movlena unda iyos da, rogorc Cans, ara mxolod sabWoeTSi... humanitaruli ideebis bedi da bediswera, albaT, imTaviTve iyo dakavSirebuli yaribobiTa da uqonlobiT gaspetakebuli sulis mimoxvrasTan. asea Tu ise, `mixail baxtini~ dRes ukve qrestomaTiuli saxelia da misi zemoxsenebuli naSromic _ `avtori da gmiri esTetikur qmedebaSi~ _ filosofiuri esTetikis TviTmyofadi nimuSia. Tu ufro davazustebT, es aris esTetikisa da zneobis filosofiis mijnaze, anu im sivrceSi myofi naSromi, romel60 avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi sac Tavad baxtini adamianis qmediTi `movlenis~, `saqcielis~ samyaros uwodebs. naSromis safuZvelmdebi eTikuri kategoriaa `pasuxismgebloba~, romlis konkretizaciac xdeba cnebaSi `ualiboba yofierebaSi~: adamians ara aqvs `alibis~, anu gadaxris ufleba im zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan, romlis yofierebaSi realizaciac misi erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli `adgilia~, ganumerebeli saqcielia, romlis eqstrapolirebac unda moxdes mTel mis cxovrebaze; ese igi, adamianis cxovreba erTi mTliani saqcielia_ pasuxismgeblobiT gamsWvaluli saqcieli. mixail baxtinis erTi yvelaze adreuli naSromTagani swore asea dasaTaurebuli _ `saqcielis filosofiisaTvis~. mis dialogur koncefcias, kerZod, `me – Cemi sxvai~*-s problemas swored aq daedo safuZveli da SemdgomSi ufro detalurad damuSavda naSromSi avtorsa da gmirze. avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTeba aris subieqtis mimarTeba subieqtTan. rodesac baxtinma esTetikur obieqtSi gamoacalkeva `dialogis~ kategoria, igi am obieqts ganixilavda ara sagnobriv–bunebriv fenomenad, aramed sruliad axal yofiT -esTetikur warmonaqmnad, romelic dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s subieqtebis, personologiur da imanentur–socialur anu avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTebaze. sagulisxmoa `me~ da `Cemi sxvais~ ganxilva istoriuli poetikis ganaserSi. poetikis istoriis pirvel stadias aleqsandr veselovski sinkretizmis epoqas uwodebda. sinkretizmi, rogorc mxatvruli principi, samyaros ganuwvalebel aRqmas da Sasabamisad ganuwvalebel esTetikur cnobierebasac gulisxmobs. arqauli adamiani sinkretulad aRiqvams grZnobis organoTa monacemebs, sakuTar Tavsa da bunebas, `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, sityvasa da misiT aRniSnul sagans, ritualur da yofiT qmedebas, xelovnebas da cxovrebas. erTi sityviT, rogorc aleqsandr veselovski aRniSnavs Tavis qrestomaTiul naSromSi, sinkretizmi gamoxatavs arqaul cnobierebas, romelic samyaros erT mTlianobad warmoidgens da romlisTvisac sruliad ucxoa ganyenebuli, ganwilvadi da refleqsiuri azrovneba. mkvlevarma Tvali gaadevna am principis gamovlinebas poeturi enisa da stilis sferoSi, mxatvruli saxis struqturaSi, literaturis gvarebisa da Janrebis winare istoriaSi, avtorobis formirebaSi, motivsa da siuJetSi da sxva. erTi sityviT, sinkretulobis principi literaturis centraluri kategoriebis cxavSi gatarebis Semdeg, yvelaze sicocxlisunariani poetur saxeTa sferoSi aRmoCnda. amitom, SemdgomSi, rodesac sinkretizmze visaubrebT, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba ara konkretuli epoqis gamomxatveli mxatvruli faqti, aramed sazogadod xelovneba, romlis saxeobriv struqturasac sinkretizmis principi ganapirobebs. saqme is aris, rom esTetikur obieqts sinkretuli statusi ara mxolod arqaikaSi aqvs, aramed igi, ama * viyenebT „Я-Другой“-s gr. robaqiZiseul Targmanebs. 61 solomon tabucaZe Tu im formiT, poetikis ganviTarebis sxva stadiebzec iCens Tavs. sagulisyuroa, rom am problemaze, oRond mis sxva aspeqtze, saubrobs merab mamardaSvili marsel prustis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas: `cnobierebis romeliRaca doneze _ da am doneze gadamwyveti cxovrebuseuli movlenebi ukve arseboben _ yvelaferi gveZleva erTgvaris sinkretulis saxiT~. literaturas cnobierebis swored am saxeobasTan mivyavarT da amitom sinkretizmi misi istoriuli saSo ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari arqetupuli Tviseba, romlis kvlav da kvlavwarmoeba xdeba. sinkretizmis fenomenis metaistoriul mniSvnelobasac es ganapirobebs. es istoriuli eqskursi mxolod imitom dagvWirda, rom `subieqturi sinkretizmis~ cnebamde mivsuliyaviT. Tavad termini poetikosma samson broitmanma Semoitana gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, magram am fenomenis arsebobis faqtebi, ra Tqma unda, adrec aRiniSneboda. Teoriulma poetikam karga xani gaarkvia, rom esTetikuri obieqti movlenis bunebisaa (movlenobrivia), raic gulisxmobs, rom misi arqiteqtinika ganpirobebulia esTetikuri movlenis subieqtebis _ avtoris, gmirisa da mkiTxvel-msmenelis urTierTobiTa da urTierTmimarTebiT. swored am urTierTobaTa struqturidan amoizrdeba Txzulebis arqiteqtonikaca da sxva gamomxatveli kompoziciuri formebic. arqauli folklori, Zveli literaturebi da tradiciuli xalxuri Semoqmedeba, swored anonimuri principisa gamo, avtoris cnebas ar icnobs, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan SeiniSneba raRaca iseTi movlena, rac Tanamedrove `avtorisa~ da `gmiris~ cnebaTa ekvivalentad SeiZleba miviCnioT. esaa, magaliTad, Txrobisas aramotivirebuli da uecari gadasvla mesame piridan pirvelze da Semdeg kvlav Txrobis pirvandel poziciaze dabruneba. ese igi pirdapiri Txrobis Canacvleba pirobiTad pirdapiri metyvelebiT _ yovelgvari daTqmisa da gafrTxilebis gareSe. es faqti polineziuri folkloris mkvlevarebma SeniSnes da, maTive varaudiT, uZveles saazrovno principze damyarebuli am movlenis sazrisi is aris, rom subieqturi struqtura enobrivi formiT swored ase vlindeba. mokled, saqme gvaqvs subieqturi sinkretizmis eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan. folklorul cnobierebaSi `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, anu avtorisa da gmiris sferoebi ganuwvalebelia da maT Siris sazRvari imdenad `gaumagrebelia~, rom Txroba Zaldautaneblad gadadis erTidan meoreSi. subieqturi sinkretizmis gamomxatveli forma karga xania Cabarda istorias da subieqturi organizaciis odesRac dominanturi (gabatonebuli) principi dRes mxolod reliqtad unda warmovidginoT, magram saqme is aris, rom al. veselovski `qoroseuli sinkretizmis~ fenomenis Seswavlisas mis gasaRebs swored subieqturi organizaciis formaSi eZiebda. saqme is aris, 62 avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi rom igi qoros upirovno avtorad ganixilavda, saidanac TandaTan gamoiyofoda da gamocalkevdeboda pirovnuli avtoris saxe da swored am procesSi warmoiSoboda stiluri, Janruli da kompoziciuri formebi. qoro _ avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi mkvlevars ar dauyenebia. qorosa da sxva arqauli formebis avtor-gmiris ipostass gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcies olga freidenbergma da mixail baxtinma, Tumca am problemisadmi maTac gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. Tu veselovskisTvis centraluri sakiTxi sinkretizmis pirovnuli da qoroseuli sawyisTa urTierTmimarTeba iyo, olga freidenbergi sakvanZo problemad subieqtis obieqtTan mimartebas ganixilavda, xolo mixail baxtini `me~sa da `...sxvai~-s urTierTmimarTebas gamoyofda. subieqt-obieqtis da subieqt-subieqtis gansxvavebul aspeqtTa amgvarma aqcentebma ganapiroba kvlevis SedegTa sxvaobac. olga freidenbergi, veselovskisdakvalad, xazs usvamda pirvelyofili adamianis bunebisgan da sociumisgan ganuwvaleblobas da am faqtis Sinagan da arsobriv korelatad (Tanafardad) is miaCnda, rom al. veselovski ar acalkevebda subieqts obieqtisagan da ar axdenda masTan dakavSirebuli aqtiuri da pasiuri statusebis diferencirebas. antikuri kulturis mkvlevaris azriT, cnobierebis amgvari struqturaa asaxuli sityvieri Semoqmedebis erT-erT uZveles formaSi _ miTSi, sadac Tavad mTxrobeli identuria Tavisi monaTxrobisa: subieqtobriv (aqtiur) aspeqtSi igi _ `avtoria~, anu zemoqmedi RmerTia, obieqtobrivSi (pasiurSi) ki _ `gmiri~, anu RmerTi, romelic Tavad ganicdis zemoqmedebas, Tumca es ori aspeqti miTSi ganuyofelia. amrigad, qmedebis funqciaSi RmerTi aris is aqtiuri subieqti, romelic SemdgomSi `avtorad~ iqceva. amis Taobaze sergei averincevi wers: Auctor (`avtori`) _ nomen agentis-ia, anu aRniSnavs moqmedebis subueqts; auctoritas (`avtoriteti~) _ ki am subieqtis romeliRac Tvisebis aRmniSvneli. TviT qmedeba aRiniSneba zmniT augeo, erTi im zmnaTaganiT, romelic, goeTeseburad Tu vityviT, laTinuri enis Taurzmnaa (Urvorte), romlis azrobrivi sizrqec ver gadmoicema saleqsikono statiaSi. Augeo _ es aris RmerTebis, viTarca kosmiuri iniciativis wyarosTavis maxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi qmedeba: `ganvamravleb~, `Tanavmoqmedeb~ an, ubralod, `sCavdivar~_ raRac momyavs yofierebaSi (vayofiereb) anda arsebuls vmateb wonas, moculobas an potencias (averincevi 1994: 105). magram igive RmerTi pasiuri (obieqtobrivi) ipostasiT, ganmcdelisa (TviTon rom ganicdis zemoqmedebas) da kvdomis funqciiT _ es ukve `gmiria~. klav olga freidenbergis magaliTebs Tu moviSveliebT, berZnebTan `kvdomisa~ da `gmirad qcevis~ cnebebs sinonimuri gageba hqonda _ `kv63 solomon tabucaZe doma~ niSnavda `gmirad qcevas~. gmiri imTavad adamiani ki ar iyo, aramed momakvdavi RvTaeba, TviT kosmosi an `totemi Casvenebis mdgomareobaSi, qve-sknelSi~. swored amitom gmiris pirvelsawyisuri da dasabamuri mniSvneloba, sruliad gansxvavebulia misi Tanamedrove gagebisagan. meamboxur bunebasa da mamacur xasiaTs gmiri mogvianebiT �������������� Se������������ iZens, rodesac igi qvesknelsa da jojoxeTSi sagmiro saqmeebs sCadis _ SeeWideba sikvdils da, `Zlevai sakvirvelis~ kvalad, xelaxla iSvis da ibadeba cxovrebaSi. saTqmelia isic, rom, rogorc `avtoris~ cnebaSi SeinarCuna kulturulma mexsierebam `RmerTis~ xsovna, arc sityva `gmirSi~ gawyvetila kavSir -mimarTeba `sikvdilTan~. mexsierebis amgvarma faqtma avtoris gmirTan da mis samyarosTan esTetikuri mimarTebis sakiTxze msjelobisas, mixail baxtins safuZveli misca ��������������������������������������� eTqva���������������������������������� , rom es aris damokidebuleba sikvdilad midrekilisadmi. miTSi subieqt-obieqtis ganuwvaleblobis aRwerisas, olga freidenbergis mixedviT, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba imaT Soris Tu vin mogviTxrobs, ra moiTxroba da vis moeTxroba. vinc yveba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganuwvalebeli avtori _ gmiri _ RmerTia; magram saqme is aris, rom msmenelic RmerTia; Txroba, romelsac locvis forma aqvs, mimarTulia RvTisadmi da imavdroulad msmenelisa da mayureblisadmi, romelTa Tvalwinac mimdinareobs movlena. Tavis mxriv, is, raic moiTxroba (siuJeti da Tavad moTxroba, romelic erTgvar `sxeulad~, `tanad~ unda vigulvoT) aris sakurTxevelze mitanili msxverpli. es saxe calsaxad mianiSnebs, rom moTxroba hgavs samsxverplo cxovels, anu kvlav da kvlav RvTaebas Tavisi pasiuri mdgomareobis Jams (cnobilia, rom miTologiur siRrmeebSi `qurumi da msxverpli _ erTi da igivea~, bevr miTologiaSi RmerTs sakuTarive Tavi miaqvs msxverplad). am arqaul subieqtur struqturas TviT berZnul literaturaSic ki ar amiuwuravs Tavisi Tavi. yvelaze ukeT igi Semoinaxa dramam, aseve lirikamac da TviT iseTma gviandelma Janrmac ki, rogoricaa romani. uZvelesi komediis ganmsazRvreli Tavisebureba isicaa, rom moqmed pirad gamodis TviT avtori, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs subieqtur-obieqtobriv, erTeulmravlobiT, qoroul formebs da inarCunebs RvTaebriv da imavdroulad zoomorful bunebas. rasac dRes gmiri ewodeba, uZveles komediaSi iyo niRabi, romelic `personaJul~ kategorias ki ar ganekuTvneba, aramed realurs, cocxals da literaturamdels. aRaras vambobT berZnuli lirikis arqaul struqturaze, sadac mRerac, cekvac da Txrobac avtoriseulia; erTi sityviT, yvelafers avtori `akeTebs~, magram avtori erTeuli ki ara, mravlobiTis formiT gvevlineba da, miuxedavad amisa, igi Tavis Tavs pirveli piris mxoloobiTi formiT 64 avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi moixseniebs da is, rac moiTxroba, mas ki ar exeba, aramed RmerTs [`igi laparakobs RvTis nacvlad da amiTve laparakobs Tavis Tavze~ (freidenbergi 1978: )]. avtoris aRweris subieqt-obieqtobrivi kriteriumebis freidenbergiseuli versia mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo problemis siRrmiseuli gaazrebis gzaze. amgvari midgomisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZina pirovnulisa da `qoros~ urTierTobis ara `raodenobrivma~ urTierTmimarTebam, aramed aqtiur-subieqtobrivi da pasiur-obieqtobrivi pozicia _ rolebis masJamindeli (dasabamiuri) ganuwvaleblobisa da da samomavlo potenciuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebma. mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo RvTaebrivi intenciis amokiTxva avtoriseul da gmiriseul poziciaSi (am intenciis Tanamedrove gamovlinebaa Cvens warmodgenaSi arsebuli avtor-Semoqmedis saxe). da mainc subieqt-obieqtobriv kriteriumebs Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia. davsvaT sakiTxi amgvarad: aris Tu ara gmiri (RvTaebis pasiuri mdgomareoba) obieqtobrivi, am sityvis gviandeli gagebiT? zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinereobs, rom olga freidenbergs gmiri subieqtisa da subieqtobrivis gamovlinebis Tavisebur formad warmoedgina. aseve esmoda problema mixail baxtinsac, romelic aqcents akeTebda subieqt-subieqtobriv urTierTmimarTebaze esTetikuri obieqtis arqiteqtinikaSi. subieqtobrivi struqturisadmi baxtiniseuli midgoma mWidrod ukavSirdeba mkvlevaris zogad meTodologiur mizandasaxulobebs. am mimarTulebiT Ziebisas misi erT-erTi amosavali wanamZRvari iyo adamianis arsebobis realur formad `me – Cemi sxvai~-s orerTianoba da ara `abstraqtuli me~. `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetikaSi~ igi wers, rom rogorc dedis saSoSi xdeba adamianis formireba _ aseve iRviZebs mis cnobierebaSi Sefaruli ucxo cnobiereba. esTetikuri Semoqmedeba erTi cnobierebis farglebSi ar xdeba. esTetikur movlenaSi ramdenime monawilea da orerTiani `me – ...sxvai~ `avtori-gmiri~s formiT warmogvidgeba. xelovnebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, rodesac esTetikuri cnobiereba is-is iyo iRviZebda da yalibdeboda, warmoSobis procesSi myofi avtori, zedmiwevniTi gagebiT, sxvaTa cnobierebaSi iyo TavSefarebuli. es iyo `sxvaTa qoro~, romlis mxardaWerisa da damowmebis gareSe esTetikuri aqti SeuZlebelia. qoros substrati kargad vlindeba uZveles literaturul gvarSi _ lirikaSi: `lirika _ es aris sakuTar TavSi Sinagani `me~-s emociuri TvaliT xedva da Sinagani `.. sxvai~-s emociuri xmis smena. me vusmen Cems Tavs sxvaSi, sxvebTan erTad da sxvebisTvis... <...> ������������������������������ me vpoulob Cem Tavs emociurad mTrTolvare ucxo xmaSi, ganvasaxovneb/ganvfen Cems Tavs xotbis aRmvlenel ucxo xmaSi, vpoulob masSi sakuTari Sinagani TrTolvisadmi avtoritetul midgomas~ (baxtini 1979: 149). 65 solomon tabucaZe cxadia, sakiTxis amgvari dasmisas mixail baxtini aqcents akeTebs ara pirovnebis masisgan ganuwvaleblobaze an subieqtis obieqtisgan ganusxvaveblobaze, aramed yuradRebas amaxvilebs cnobierebaSi (igulisxmeba esTetikuri cnobiereba) subieqturi sinkretizmis fundamentur dafuZnebulobaze, `...sxvai~-s `me~-saTvis principul aucileblobasa da saWiroebaze. es aucileblobaa rom badebs da warmoSobs xelovnebas da amave aucileblobis uSualo da TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa qoro. amave dros `avtoris avtoriteti aris qoros avtoriteti~ (baxtini 1979: 149), romelic, imavdroulad `sxvaTa~ anu gmirTa qorodac gvevlineba. aRsaniSnavia, rom avtor-gmiri baxtinTanac da freidenbergTanac RmerTia, romelic pirdapir da `obieqtobrivad~ ki ar vlindeba, aramed intenciis imgvari gansakuTrebuli formiT, uromlisidac avtoroba rogorc aseTi _ SeuZlebelia. baxtini mas uwodebs `cxovrebisgare aqtiur pozicias~ da `pirovnuli yofnis esTetikuri gaformebisaTvis aucilebel pirobas~. mxatvari swored isaa, vinc cxovrebisgarea aqtiuri... igi cxovrebis Sinamos (Signidan) gamgebi da misi Tanaziari ki araa mxolos, aramed mas igi `undis` iq, sadac cxovreba TavisTvis da TavisTavad arc aris, sadac igi miqceulia Tavis gareT da saWiroebs garemyof aqtivobas. es azri rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, polifoniuri romanis baxtiniseuli Teoria unda gavixsenoT, sadac igi dialoguri sityvis cnebaze saurobs. dialoguri midgoma SesaZlebelia erTeuli movlenisadmic, _ Tuki igi aRiqmeba ara rogorc enis upirovno sityva, aramed rogorc ucxo sazrisobrivi poziciis niSani da ucxo gamonaTqvamis warmomadgeneli, ese igi, Tuki masSi gvesmis ucxo xma. amitom dialoguri urTierTobebi SeiZleba msWvalavdes mTlianad gamoTqmas (mag., romans) da TviT calkeul gamoTqmasac ki _ Tuki masSi dialogurad ejaxeba ori xma. unda warmovidginoT dialogi, sadac replikebi imgvaradaa gamotovebuli, rom saerTo sazrisi odnavadac ar irRveva da es mianiSnebs, rom meore mosaubre eswreba dauswreblad, uCinarad; misi sityvebi ar ismis, magram misi naubris nakvalevs gansazRvravs yvela arsebuli sityva pirveli mosaubrisa. Cven vgrZnobT, rom es saubaria da Tanac daZabuli, radgan yoveli sityva mTeli Tavisi arsebiT exmianeba da reagirebs uCinar Tanamosaubreze da yoveli maTgani miuTiTebs da mianiSnebs Tavis gareT arsebulze, Tavisi sazRvrebis miRma (gareT) myof, warmouTqmel ucxo sityvaze. mixail baxtinis mier Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi `sinkretuli~ avtorobis stadiasTan dakavSirebiT, iTvaliswinebs am gansazRvruli formis mTels evolucias. swored am niadagze SeiZleboda aRmocenebuliyo subieqturi mTlianobis/erTianobis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelmac ar icis diqotomia, `ugrZnobia~ dapirispirebulobaTa mimarT da Tavis TavSi 66 avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi moicavs garecxovrebasa da aqtivobas. baxtiniseuli avtorobis problemis amgvarad dasma imitom aris produqtiuli, rom mis pirobas mkvlevari pirovnuli sawyisis raodenobriv ganviTarebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed Rirebulebrivi piziciis GgansakuTrebuli saxis SeZenaSi. dRes ukve cnobilia, rom avtoroba jer kidev TviTRirebulebrivi pirovnebis fenomenis Camoyalibebamdea warmoqmnili, magram `avtoroba _ sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT~ dResac pirovnul avtorobad gvesmis da mis upirveles maxasiaTeblad `SemoqmedebiT iniciativis ganumereblobas~ da `individualur maneras~ miviCnevT. baxtinis Tvalsazrisi gvexmareba da xels gviwyobs imis gagebaSi, Tu ratom arsebobda esTetikurad srulfasovani avtori im kulturebSi, romlebSic pirovneba jer kidev ar iyo sociumidan gamoyofili da ar hqonda TviTRirebulebrivi statusi; kulturebSi, romlebSic gamomuSavda esTetikuri poziciis is saxe da sxeuli, romelsac mkvlevari cxovrebis gare aqtivobas (garemyofelobas) uwodebs. amrigad, istoriuli poetikis farglebSi damuSavda is problematika, sadac garkveul iqna, rom avtorisa da gmiris subieqtobrivi sinkretzmi arqaul cnobierebasa da xelovnebaSi dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s specifikur ganuwvaleblobaze. damowmebani: Аверинцев С.С. Авторство и авторитет. wignSi: Историческая поэтика: Литературные эпохи и типи художественного сознания. М.: 1994. baxtini 1979: Бахтин М.М. Эстетика словесного творчества.М.: 19 freidenbergi 1978: Фрейденберг О.М. Миф и литература дрености. М.: 1978 freidenbergi 1997:Фрейденберг О.М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра. М.: Лабиринт, 1997. elmisamarTi: http://www.infoliolib.info/philol/freidenberg/2_0.html#1 averincevi 1994: Solomon Tabutsadze Author and Character within the Scope of Historical Poetics Summary The article deals with Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of “author and character” within the scope of historical poetics. Author’s and character’s interrelation is subject’s relation towards subject. When Bakhtin singled out the category of “dialogue” in aesthetic object, he regarded this phenomenon of object not as natural-subjective but as a brand new beingaesthetic formation based on the relation of subjects’ “ego” and “alter ego”, personal and immanent-social, or of author and hero. 67 solomon tabucaZe It is truth universally acknowledged that authorship was formed prior to the establishment of the phenomenon of self-valued identity, but “authorship-with its own meaning” is still understood as personal authorship and we consider uniqueness of creative initiative and individual manner as its primary signs. Afetr analyzing the concept of author-character in the theories of Aleksandr Veselovsky, Olga Freidenberg and Mikhail Bakhtin, we can conclude why there existed aesthetically valuable author in the culture, where the person was not singled out yet and did not have self-valued status. The perception of world by human is principally syncretic and appears while creating image structure of art. Syncretism, as artistic principle, means perception of the world, which includes aesthetic consciousness as well. Creativity does not happen within the boundaries of one consciousness. There are a number of participants in aesthetic event and it is revealed in the form of “ego-alter ego” “author-character”. At the early stage of the development of art, when aesthetic consciousness was beginning to awaken and be formed, the author, being in the process of formation, found shelter in others consciousness. Mikhail Bakhtin, who made emphasis on the subject-subjective interrelation in architectonics of aesthetic object, regarded “ego-alter ego” and not “abstract I” as the form of real existence. This principle formed basis for his general methodological researches and we should regard scientific actualization of principle of subjective syncretism as his essential discovery. 68 poetikuri praqtikebi Temur kobaxiZe sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ eliotis adreuli krebulis, `leqsebi 1920~-is ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa farTod gaazrebuli ironiuli kontrasti, romelic masSi Semavali yvela nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovils msWvalavs. am krebulze dayrdnobiT, zogi mkvlevari eliots poet-satirikosadac ki miiCnevs, rac Secdomaa – `oTxi kvertetis~ avtori satirikosi arasodes yofila. elioti am adreul krebulSic ufro siRrmiseul msoflmxedvelobriv ganzoga-debaTa poetad, mWvretelobiTi (Tumc ironiuli) muzis msaxurad gvevlineba, vidre satirikosis kalmiT aRWurvil, `mamxilebel~ Semoqmedad. marTalia, saxeTa Zerwvisas is uxvad iyenebs grotesks, zogjer (da ara marto am krebulSi) iseT motivebsac, rac TiTqos socialur satirad aRiqmeba, magram sabolood, elioti yovelTvis eliotad rCeba – yvela metnaklebad `konkretul~ konfliqts is globalur, sayovelTao, maradiul problemaTa planSi ganazogadebs. misi leqsis yovel sityvasa Tu intonacias iseTi siRrmiseuli da sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom sabolood, uSualo-ironiuli efeqtis nacvlad, wina planze rTuli azrobriv-emociuri qveteqstiT datvirTuli, mravalwaxnagovani mxatvruli struqtura wamoiweva, romlis aRqmac mxolod satirisa an ironiis niSniT SeuZlebelia. gamonakliss albaT erTaderTi leqsi, `hippopotami~ (1917) Seadgens, romelic naklebadaa gadatvirTuli asociaciebiT da romlis mZafri ironia uSualod kaTolikur eklesias exeba. `hipopotamis~ ironia da sarkazmi momakvdinebelia, Tumca misi kiTxvisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom arsebiTad, leqsi arc aTeisturia da arc antireligiuri, is antiklerikaluria. unda iTqvas, rom analogiuri ganwyobilebiTaa aRsavse imave periodSi Seqmnili bevrad ufro rTuli, reminiscenciebiT daxunZluli leqsi `b-n eliotis sakvirao wirvac~, sadac poeti ukve sul sxva, Teologiur siRrmeebs swvdeba. magram Tu `sakvirao wirvaSi~ saxeTa kontrastuloba rTulad aris niuansirebuli da asociaciur narTaulebSi gabneulia, `hipopotamSi~ ironia TvalSi sacemi, xolo satira da groteski Zalze mkafio da konkretulia. leqsSi uxvadaa iumoric _ `cota msubuqi, saxumaro raRac davwereo~ (elioti: 1988, 213), aRniSnavs poeti dedisadmi mi69 Temur kobaxiZe weril werilSi, Tumca unda vivaraudoT, rom imJamindeli postviqtorianuli ingliseli mkiTxvelis mier `hipopotamis~ iumori mTlad ase `msubuqad~ ver aRiqmeboda. aSkara komikurobasTan erTad, leqsi aRsavsea gesliani groteskiT, rac viqtorianuli poeziis mSvid da maameblur tradiciebze gazrdili mkiTxvelisaTvis uTuod moulodneli da ucxo iqneboda. miTumetes, rodesac es groteski arc meti, arc naklebi, eklesias Seexeboda. dRes `hipopotami~ aRiqmeba, rogorc maxvilgonivruli, mZafrad ironiuli leqsi, romlis antiklerikaluri Tematika odnav ucnauri, magram modernistuli poetikis zogad konteqstSi savsebiT moazrebadi formiTaa gadmocemuli. is namdvilad ar warmoadgens aTeistur pampflets, magram aSkaraa, rom eklesias, qristes mistikur sxeuls (corpus Domini nostri) da amqveynad sulieri sawisis gansaxierebas, eliots lamis karikaturuli saxiT warmosaxavs. imave “sakvirao wirvisagan” gansxvavebiT, `hipopotamSi~ ironiisa da sarkazmis obieqtad Teologiuri doqtrinebi da maTi avtorebi ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed eklesiis socialuri saxe, sazogadoebaSi misi roli da daniSnuleba. upirveles yovlisa, poetis ironia exeba eklesias, rogorc socialur instituts. amgvari `socilogizmi~ eliotis poeziaSi iSviaTia da `hipopotami~ am mxrivac erTgvar gamonaklisad aRiqmeba. aq Tavs iCens kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli axalgazrda eliotis Sinagani protestic (WeSmariti eklesia, the True Church teqstSi mTavruli asoebiT aris gamoyofili, rac kaTolikur tradicias Seesabameba da ara anglikanurs, an protestantuls (sauTemi 1994: 107)). leqsis mTlian konteqstSi usazRvrod ironiuliulad JRers epigrafi, romelic wm. egnate antioqielis epistoles fragments warmoadgens. es fragmenti dedanSic gamorCeulad RvTismsaxurebs exeba (is mrevlis erTgvari darigebaa imis Taobaze, Tu ra mowiwebiT unda moepyran isini mRvdlebs), Tumca rogorc eliotis epigrafi, is sruliad sapirispiro suliskveTebas gamoxatavs: `Sesabamisad, yvelam Tayvani eciT diakvnebs iseve, rogorc Tayvans scemT ieso qristes, radgan episkoposi uflis saxea, xolo mRvdlebi ki RvTis sakrebulo da mociqulTa dasi. amaT gareSe saxelwodba `eklesia~ ar dairqmeva. me darwmunebuli var, rom Tqvenc ase fiqrobT~. saqmec is aris, rom `hipopotamis~ gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebeTa mTeli erToblioba swored imis gamoxatvisaken aris mimarTuli, rom misi avtori sul sxvanairad `fiqrobs~. aseve ironiulia da konteqstualurad sruliad saxeSecvlili mociqul pavles epistoles fragmentic (kolaselTa mimarT 4: 16), romelic leqss meore epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli: `roca am werils waikiTxaven TqvenTan, ise moiqeciT, rom lavdikielTa eklesiaSic waikiTxon, [xolo romelic lavdikielTaTvisaa gagzavnili, Tqvenc waikiTxeT.]~, rac imis miniSnebaa, rom Tumca leqsi kaTolikur samRvdeloebas 70 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ exeba, asebiTad is anglikanur samRvdeloebasac gulisxmobs. lavdikielTa eklesia ki swored is `nel-tfili~, anu moraluri saxis armqone eklesiaa, romlis Sesaxebac qriste ambobs ioanes gamocxadebaSi: `vicni saqmeni Senni, rameTu arca grili xar, arca tfili. jer-iyo, raÁTamca, anu grili iyav, anu tfili. aramed esreT nel-tfili xar da arca grili, arca tfili. megulebis aRmogdebaÁ Seni pirisagan Cemisa~ (3:15-16). anu arsebiTad, qriste lavdikielTa eklesias swored zneobriv faseulobaTa degradaciaSi sdebs brals da monaniebisaken mouwodebs. Tematurad, leqsi sakmaod martivia: is warmoadgens hipopotamisa da eklesiis�������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������� gavrcobil���������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� Sedarebas������������������������������������������ , ���������������������������������������� sadac����������������������������������� ���������������������������������� pozitiuri������������������������� ������������������������ datvirTva��������������� �������������� mTlianad hipopotamis saxezea gadatanili. uwyinari cxoveli zantad isvenebs wumpeSi, is, rogorc yvela RvTisgan Seqmnili arseba, mxolod sisxli da xorcia, `dune da xrwnadi~. eklesia ki, amasoflad zeciuri sasufevlis simbolo, sali kldesaviT mtkicea, rameTu mas swored `kldeSi gaudgams fuZe~ (saxarebis ironiuli reminiscenciaa: `da me geubnebi Sen, rom: Sen xar petre, da am kldeze avaSeneb Cems eklesias~. maTe, 16:18). zurgganieri hipopotami talaxSi wevs da isvenebs zantad TiTqos mkvrivia imisi tani, ra aris sisxlis da xorcis garda. sisxli da xorci dune da xrwnadi mgrZnobiarea da Soks ver uZlebs; uflis taZari awvdila camdis radganac kldeSi gaudgams fuZe. (aq da Semdgom – medea zaaliSvilis Targmani) eklesiis usazRvro SesaZleblobebisa da misi yovlismomcveli TviTkmayofilebis fonze hipopotami umweo da daucvelia; misTvis yoveldRiuri sazrdos Sovnac problemaa, is mangosac ki ver swvdeba xeze. eklesias ki Soreuli qveynebidan atmebiT da broweulebiT amarageben da is isea gamsunagebuli, rom ukve ZilSic Seeqceva sakvebs. gulubryvilo hipopotams mxolod dawyvilebis Jams Tu aRmoxdeba ucnauri `modulaciebi~, Cven ki yovel kviras vismenT, Tu rogor zeimobs eklesia RmerTTan uryev kavSirs: At mating time the hippo’s voice Betrays inflexions hoarse and odd, But every week we hear rejoice The Church, at being one with God. 71 Temur kobaxiZe The hippopotamus’s day Is passed in sleep; at night he hunts; God works in a mysterious way -The Church can sleep and feed at once hipopotami sinaTles dRisas ZilSi atarebs; sazrdoobs RamiT, idumalia gangeba RvTisa – mis taZars ZilSic mada aqvs Wamis ironia aq `solomonis qebaTa qebis~ faruli reminiscenciiTac gamoixateba: hipopotams swored Sewyvilebis sezonSi aRmoxdeba xolme Tavisi `modulaciebi~, eklesia ki (`qebaTa qebis~ tradiciuli interpretaciis Tanaxmad, igive `qristes sasZlo~), sistematurad zeimobs RmerTTan Tavis erTobasa da uryev kavSirs. leqsis finalSi hipopotami, kaTolike wmindanis msgavsad, zecas amaRldeba da apoTeozs aRwevs, mas angelozebi osanas ugaloben, xolo eklesia ki qvemoT rCeba, `momwamvlel burusSi gaxveuli~. eliotis ramdenime sxva leqsis msgavsad, `hipopotamic~ Seiqmna, rogorc teofil goties (1811-1875) xsovnisadmi erTgvari saxumaro `miZRvna~. axalgazrda eliots izidavda frangi poetis martivi leqsTwyoba (tradiciuli sazomiT gamarTuli, gariTmuli strofebi) da man, ezra paundis rCeviT, Seqmna goties erTgvari `mibaZvebi~, romlebic mogvianebiT krebulSi Sevida. am “mibaZvaTagan” yvelaze TvalSisacemi swored `hipopotamia~, radgan is uSualod goties imave saxelwodebis leqss (`L’Hippopotame~, 1833-38) ukavSirdeba, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom erTi saxaliso detals garda, es msgavseba saTauriTa da leqsTwyobis imitaciiT amoiwureba. saxaliso detali ki is aris, rom goties msgavsad, romelic Tavis leqsSi sakuTar Tavs hipopotams adarebs (Je suis comme l’hippopotame), eliotsac mohyavs faruli asociacia, romelic missa da hipopotamis ironiul Sedarebas Seicavs. Tu neoromantikosi gotie epataJs iwvevda frang mkiTxvelSi hipopotamTan Sedarebis uSualo delkarirebiT, eliots, imJamad loidis bankis rigiT klerks, leqsSi luis kerolis (1832-1892) `giJi…mebaRis simReris~ asociacia Seaqvs, sadac swored bankis klerkia gaigivebuli hipopotamTan: He thought he saw a Banker’s Clerk Descending from the bus: He looked again, and found it was A Hippopotamus. `If this should stay to dine”, he said There won’t be much for us!~ 72 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ es axalgazrda poetis erTgvari Rimiliani `mokiTxvaa~, romelsac is wina saukunis poeziis metrs, `emalebisa da kameebis~ avtors, parnasel teofil goties ugzavnis. cxadia, avangardisa da postmodernis eqscentrikiT ganebivrebul dRevandel inteleqtuals eliotis uCveulo Sedarebebi naklebad gaakvirvebs, magram leqsis dakvirvebuli aRqmisas TviT yvelaze momTxovn mkiTxvels nawarmoebis sruliad moulodneli gancdiT-inteleqtulari siRrme warmoudgeba Tvalwin. erTi SexedviT sakmaod martivi `hipopotami~ ramdenime bibliuri da literaturuli reminiscenciis garda, Zmebi hubert da ian van eikebis mier Seqmnili gentis cnobili sakurTxevlis (`mistikuri kravis Tayvaniscema~ (1427-1428)), metad mniSvnelovan ferwerul asociaciasac Seicavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva yvelaferTan erTad, `hipopotami~ Crdilouri renesansis am yvelaze cnobili ferweruli nawarmoebis erTgvar parodiasac warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom gentis sakurTxeveli ioanes saxarebisa da apokalifsisis (ioanes gamocxadebis) Tavisufali ferweruli interpretaciaa, xolo ioanes gamocxadeba ki (iseve, rogorc saxareba) Tavis mxriv, eliotis `hipopotamis~ erT-erT asociaciur fons Seadgens.. jeimz mileris cnobiT (mileri 2007: 192-193), pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis win poetma moinaxula genti da belgiis sxva, didi mxatvruli tradiciebiT cnobili qalaqebi. `flandria... unikaluria da misi ferweruli tiloebi gansacvifrebeli, _ werda aRtacebuli poeti konrad eikens, maTgan mxolod erTia genialuri, gentSi (xazi Cemia – T.k.), magram mTeli ganZia brugeSi, antvepenSi, briuselSi. memlingi, van eiki metsiu, broigeli, rubensi – es yvelaferi saswaulia~ (elioti 1988: 42). rogorc Cans, gentis sakurTxevels poetze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, radgan leqsSi uxvadaa gabneuli masTan dakavSirebuli asociaciuri detalebi. hipopotami swroed kravis sisxliT ganibaneba `TovliviT TeTrad~, mas `yvela wamebuli qalwuli eamboreba~, is Cans wmindanTa garemocvaSic, sadac `oqros qnarze ukravs~. angelozTa gundi mas `hosanas ugalobs~, xolo rodesac is `frTebs gamoibams~ da zecad amaRldeba, mama RmerTis `zeciurni mklavni~ swored mas moexvevian: I saw the ‘potamus take wing Ascending from the damp savannas, And quiring angels round him sing The praise of God, in loud hosannas. Blood of the Lamb shall wash him clean And him shall heavenly arms enfold, 73 Temur kobaxiZe Among the saints he shall be seen Performing on a harp of gold. He shall be washed as white as snow, By all the martyr’d virgins kist… yvela am poeturi saxisa Tu detalis vizualuri analogebi aRbeWdilia gentis sakurTxevelze (Smidti 2001: 31). gansakuTrebiT saxieria wamebul qalwulTa dasi, swored is wamebuli qalwulebi, eliotis leqsSi hipopotams rom eamborebian. centraluri panelis xelmarcxniv gamosaxulia wmindanebad Seracxul religiur moRvaweTa (romis papebi, kardinalebi, episkoposebi, diakvnebi) gundi, anu Tavad eklesia, romelic Seadgens eliotis ironiis ZiriTad obieqts. mTavari panelis centrSi gamosaxulia kravi, romelsac gulidan sisxli sdis – xsnis simbolo da swored is sisxli, romliTac eliotis hipopotami `ganibaneba~ (`gairecxes TavianTi samosi da gaaspetakes isini kravis sisxliT~ (gamocxadeba, 7_14)). sakurTxevlis zeda panelebi mgalobelsa da orRanze damkvrel angelozTa gunds warmosaxavs. maTgan erT-erTi oqros qnarzec ukravs (eliotTan – Performing on a harp of gold). erTi sityviT, leqsSi asociaciurad motanilia mravali ferweruli detali, romelic gentis sakurTxevlis sxvadasxva nawils Seesabameba, xolod TviT kravi `Canacvlebulia~ hipopotamis groteskuli saxiT. kompoziciurad, sakurTxevlis ferweruli detalebi iseve `gars akravs~ centrSi gamosaxul kravs, rogorc am detalTa amsaxveli asociaciuri poeturi saxeebi _ eliotis leqsSi warmosaxul hipopotams. interteqstualuri efeqti aq is aris, rom sinTezi, romelic sabolood mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba, araerTgvarovan struqturaTa asociaciur sinTezs warmoadgens – esaa ferwerisa da poeziis, apologiisa da parodiis, religiuri aRtkinebisa da ironiuli groteskis erTianoba, romelic asociaciur saxeTa sivrceSi gamoixateba. ferweruli tilos nasesxeb detalebs elioti Tavis teqstSi parodiul, groteskul saxeebad iyenebs. faqtiurad, sakurTxevlis ferwerul asociaciaSi poets `Semohyavs~ literturuli saxe – hipopotami, romelic, cxadia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqceva am `asociaciuri sakurTxevlis~ nawilad, Tu saqme realur sakurTxevels ki ar exeba, aramed eliotis leqsSi mis verbalur ekvivalentebs (parodiul krav _ hipopotams, wamebul qalwulebs, eklesias, mgalobel angelozebs, qnarze damkvrelebs da a.S.). Sedegad, eliotis poeziaSi Caxeduli mkiTxvelisaTvis gentis sakurTxevlis aRqmisas, `hipopotamis~ asociacia TiTqmis iseve `cocxalia~, rogorc ferweris mcodne mkiTxvelisaTvis _ sakurTxevlis asociacia, rodesac is `hipopotams~ 74 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ kiTxulobs. cnobil niderlandel mkvlevars, r. ingelbiens pirad werilSi aRniSnuli aqvs, rom gentSi, `kravis TayvaniscemiT~ tkbobisas, is eliotis SesaZlebel aluziebze fiqrobda `.... da es gansacvifrebeli iyo... uceb eliotis hipopotamma Semoabija taZarSi~. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad `amdidrebs~ yovelive es TviT gentis sakurTxevlis aRqmas, magram faqtia, rom eliotis poeziaSi Caxedul mkiTvels, Zmebi van eikebis Sedevris xilvisas uciloblad gauRvivdeba `hipopotamis~ Rrmad parodiuli, ironiuli ganwyobilebac, rac meoce saukunis modernizmisa da me-15 saukunis Crdilouri renesansis epoqaTa Soris uSvelebeli kontrastis gamomxatvelia da cxadia, Sesabamis emociasac aRZravs. rogorc TviT elioti aRniSnavs eseSi `ritikis daniSnuleba~, Tanadrouli literatura zustad iseTsave gavlenas axdens warsulis SedevrTa aRqmaze, rogorc warsulis mxatvruli qmnilebebi gansazRvraven literaturis Tanamedrove saxes (elioti 1861: 23). mTeli am ferwerul-religiuri asociaciuri sirTulis miuxedavad, `hipopotamSi~ ironiul kontrasts metad uSualo xasiaTi aqvs; aq is naklebadaa garTulebuli da konkretuli publicisturi miznis Sesabamisad, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nawarmoebis `zedapirzea~ gadmotanili. Seumzadebel mkiTxvels yvela am asociaciaTa gauTvaliswinebladac SeuZlia aRiqvas leqsis mZafri ironiuli suliskveTeba. `hipopotamisagan~ gansxvavebiT, eliotis sxva leqsebSi ironia da kontrasti ufro farulia; xSirad es Tvisebebi rTul literaturul da miTologiur reminiscenciaTa gadaxlarTviT miiRweva da avtoriseuli poziciac am leqsebSi ufro gaSualebulia, `Znelad misagnebia~. aseTi azrobriv-emociuri sirTulis Sesabamisad, gancdiTi efeqtic ufro Rrma xasiaTs iZens, Tumca aRsaqmeladac ufro Zneli xdeba da mkiTxvelisagan safuZvlian momzadebasa da sibejiTes iTxovs. magaliTad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ (1918), romelic daaxloebiT `hipipotamTan~ erTdrulad Seiqmna, erTi SexedviT, aseve TvalSi sacemi ironiuli kontrastebisagan Sedgeba. meore mxriv (da rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme eliotis poeziaSi), leqsis moCvenebiTi simartive SesaZloa gadaulaxav sirTuled warmoudges Seumzadebel mkiTxvels, romelic mis seriozul aRqma-gaazrebas ganizraxavs. suraTi aqac, rogorc `hipopotamSi~, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod martivia. leqsSi aRwerilia ironiuli kontrasti SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis amaRlebul mniSvnelobasa da zneobrivad nivelirebul yofas Soris. me-17 saukunis ingliseli avtorebis – uiliam uebsterisa da jon donis sulieri miswrafebani, maTi survili, amaRldnen empiriul sinamdvileze da zegrZnobad, transcendentur yofierebas eziaron, mZafr ironiul kontrastSia Tanamedrove meZavis, vinme griSkinas portretsa da misi yofis aRwerasTan: 75 Temur kobaxiZe Webster was much possessed by death And saw the skull beneath the skin; And breastless creatures under ground Leaned backward with a lipless grin. Donne, I suppose, was such another Who found no substitute for sense; To seize and clutch and penetrate; Expert beyond experience, uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri da kanqveS igi qalas xedavda, xolo miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebs da utuCebo RreWas cxedarTa. vfiqrob, rom donic sxva iyo – qveynad sxva Zala ver scno gonebis meti Ziebis, povnis, yovlis wvdomisTvis; cdis miRma sferos iyo eqsperti. leqsis saTauri uordsuorTis cnobili odis (Intimations of Immortality~) parodiul miniSnebas Seicavs, rac Tavidanve xazs usvams nawarmoebis situaciisa da problematikis mkveTrad antiromantikul, ironiul-parodiul xasiaTs. `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ isea agebuli, rom ZiriTadi kontrasti Tanamedrove meZavsa da warsulis did SemoqmedTa Soris kontrastul saxeTa mTeli ierarqiis TavSia moqceuli. elioti Tavis nawarmoebs or nawilad hyofs da pirveli nawilis xatovanebas meoris saxeebTan mZafr ironiul dapirispirebaSi warmosaxavs. erTi mxriv, `miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebi~, `utuCebo RreWa cxedarTa~, `TvalTa ukaklo upeebi~ da a. S., xolo meore mxriv – Grishkin is nice: her Russian eye Is underlined for emphasis; Uncorseted, her friendly bust Gives promise of pneumatic bliss. kargi ram aris griSkina: rusul Tvalebs feradi xaziT gamohyofs da ukorseto, Tbili biustiT moaqvs pnevmatur tkbobis samoTxe. 76 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ sabolood, saxeTa amgvari kontrastuloba nawarmoebis azrobrivi sistemisaTvis ganmsazRvrel, eTikur planSi gaazrebul dualistur winaaRmdegobas gulisxmobs – doni `cdis miRma mdebare sferoTa eqspertia~, xolo griSkina TviT am `cdismier~ samyaros ganasaxierebs. donis `wmindanTa nawilebSi~ da `saRvTo sonetebSi~ siyvaruli zemateruialur yofierebas erwymis, griSkina ki mdabal instinqtTa mozvavebiT iaguarsa da maimuns aWarbebs. am or situaciaTa Sedareba Zalze axlos dgas idealur da materialur sawyisTa dapirispirebasTan, sagnobrivi realobisa da sulis yofierebis dualistur antagonizmTan. aSkaraa, rom tradiciul, religiurdogmatur sqemas elioti nawarmoebis kompoziciur RerZad iyenebs, daaxloebiT im mxatvrul funqcias aniWebs mas, romelic momdevno nawarmoebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki `unayofo miwaSi~ ukve miToss daekisreba. is, rom elioti mxolod `iyenebs~ am sqemas da ara `swams~ misi, Tundac iqidan Cans, rom ironias is orive mxares erTnairad unawilebs. `ukvdavbis CurCulis~ saintereso Tavisebureba isaa, rom donis sasiyvarulo lirikis nimuSTa msgavsad, aqac poetis subieqtur pozicias, leqsis problematikasTan mis uSualo mimrTebas kontrastuli xatovanebis ironuli Rimili `efareba~. is, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri / da kanqveS igi qalas xedavda, / xolo miwisqveS umkerdo ConCxebs / da utuCebo RreWas cxedarTa~, literaturaTmcodneobaSi miCneulia uebsteris dramaturgiis erT-erT yvelaze Rrma da lakonur daxasiaTebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es azri poeturi strofis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, is Tavs uyris uebsteris dramaturgiis umTavres Tvisebebs: pirquS fiqrs amaoebaze, sikvdilze da mis saboloo, naklebadesTetikur, Tumca realursa da saocrad `materialistur~ arsze. `Possessed by death~ (sikvdilze fiqriT Sepryobili) eliotis asociaciur poetikaSi ���������������� ueWvelad�������� aRiqmeba, rogorc `obsessed by death~-`sikvdilis akviatebuli azris mqones~ evfemizmi (templini 1997: 140). anu is, rom uebsteri `sivdilze fiqriT iyo Sepyrobili~ faruli ironiis ZaliT imasac niSnavs, rom misTvis `sikvdili akviatebuli azri iyo~. magram skvdili, kvdoma, kvdomis procesi, TviT sityva `to die~, Tavis mxriv, meCvidmete saukunis saliteraturo enaze iseve, rogoc imJamindeli maRali sazogadoebis Jargonze, seqsisa da sakuTriv, orgazmis metafora iyo da misi evfemizmi (mohaksi 1984: 387-412). mas uxvad iyenebdnen poeziaSi, iyenebda jon donic Tavis maxvilgonivrul paradoqsebSi – `to die~ misTvisac xSirad ormxrivi konotaciis Semcveli kalamburia (ix. leqsi `kanonizacia~: We can die by it, if not live by love…). cxadia, am simbolur-azrobriv konteqstSi imis mtkiceba, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri~, rom is iyo `possessed (obsessed?) by death~, usasrulo ironiiT aris aRsavse, radgan 77 Temur kobaxiZe qveteqsti aq isaa, rom mas swored seqsi hqonda idee fixe-ad qceuli da ara sikvdili. TviT donsac, romelmac `qveynad sxva Zala ver scno gonebis meti~ imis garda, rom `[xeli] CasWidos, waavlos da SeaRwios~ (to seize and clutch and penetrate) elioti orazrovnad axasiaTebs, radganac `CaWidva~, `xelis wavleba~ da gansakuTrebiT, `SeRweva~ (penetrate) aSkarad orazrovania da ormxriv konotacias Seicavs, sqesobrivi aqtis gamomxatvel metaforikas warmoadgens. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemecnebiT, inteleqtualur an SemoqmedebiT process es poeturi fraza naklebad mogvagonebs, an mogvagonebs mxolod Tavis “seqsualur” konotaciasTan erTad. poetikuri TvalsazrisiT, leqsi isec SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc eliotis mier `grZnobad-inteleqtualuri aRqmis mTlianobis~ (unified sensibility) rRvevis kritika. aq is `metafizikosi~ poetebisa da upirvelesad, TviT donisaTvis damaxasiaTebel grZnobisa da emociis sinTezs upirispirebs Tanamedrove poezias, sadac es sinTezi darRveulia. `rodesac poetis cnobiereba mzad aris samuSaos Sesasruleblad, _ werda elioti eseSei `metafizikosi poetebi~, _ is ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs erTmaneTTan SeuTavebel STabeWdilebebs. Cveulebrivi adamianis STabeWdilebebi qaoturia, mouwesrigebelia, fragmentulia. mas an Seuyvardeba vinme, an is spinozas kiTxulobs da am STabeWdilebebs araferi aqvT saerTo arc erTmaneTTan da arc sabeWdi manqanis xmaurTan, an samzareulodan gamosul saWmlis sunTan. poetis cnobierebaSi ki es STabeWdilebebi yovelTvis axal mTlianobas hqmnian“ (elioti 1951: 287). mogvianebiT, Teoriul nawerebSi (A Note on Two Odes of Cowley, 1938) is ukve gansazRvravs am Tvisebas, rogorc metafizikur maxvilgonierebas (wit) da `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ ZiriTadi, faruli suliskveTebac am `maxvigonivruli~ esTetikuri mTlianobis daSlas-Tan dakavSirebuli erTob ironiuli sinanulia.… `metafizikur~ maxvilgonierebas, elioti gansazRvravs, rogorc `azris uSalo, grZnobad gancdas, anu azris emociad qcevas~ (elioti 1951: 286). donTan da uebsterTan dakavSirebli xatovanebis ZiriTadi, poetikuri aspeqtic swored `azris uSualo, grZnobad gancdas~ gulisxmobs: poeti rTuli, gavrcobili metaforis (e.w. `conceit~) saSualebiT axdens imis demonstracias, Tu rogor SeiZleba azrisa da gancdis sinTezireba. sikvdilis `analitikuri~, pirwmindad inteleqtualuri gageba donTan da uebsterTan imavdroulad aSkara seqsualuri konotacis Seicavs, rac ukve gancdaTa sferos ganekuTvneba: gr.smiti aRniSnavs, rom `leqsi dawerilia seqsze, rogorc sikvdilis gacnobierebis saSualebaze – saSualebaze, romlis gamoyenebac mxolod mefe iakobis avxorc eopqaSi Tu iqneboda SesaZlebeli~ (smiti 1966: 41). amgvarad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ ara mxolod 78 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ praqtikuli magaliTia me-17 saukunis poetTa `gaerTianebuli mgrZnobelobisa~ aramed is erTgvari `receptis~ elementebsac Seicavs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas miRweuli es metad faseuli Tviseba, romelic, rogorc elioti sTvlida, barokos epoqis aqeT, inglisuri poeziisaTvis dakargula. `saqme is aris, rom sadRac meCvidmete saukuneSi moxda am grZnobadinteleqtualuri aRqmis mTlianobis rRveva, rasac mere ukve veRarasodes ver davaRwieT Tavi~ (elioti 1951: 288). sagulisxmoa, rom igive sinTezs Seicavs griSkinTan dakavSirebuli metaforikac. griSkinis prototipi iyo serJ diagilevis sabaleto dasis wevri, rusi balerina serafima astafieva (1876-1934), romlic sacxovreblad londonSi darCa da romelic eliots ezra paundma gaacno im imediT, rom am Sexvedridan leqsi `gamocxveboda~ (TviT paundi orjer sagangebod axsenebs mas Tavis 77-��������������������������������������������������������������� e�������������������������������������������������������������� da����������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������� 79�������������������������������������������������������� -e������������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������� `pizanur kantoebSi~).�������������������������������� paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca realuri astafieva TiTqmis arafriT ar hgavda griSkins, am Sexvedram, rogorc Cans, biZgi misca `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ Seqmnas. eliotis griSkini mTlianad seqszea `momarTuli~ – xelovnebasTan, miTumetes baletTan, an raime saxis sulierebasTan mas araferi akavSirebs da faqtobrivad, misi sagangebod vulgaruli warmosaxva leqsSi sxva araferia, Tu ara meZavis portreti. magram saqme aqac Rrma orazrovbnebaSia, romelsac elioti sityvebis sxva, simbolur, farul, an etimologiur mniSvnelobaTa xazgasmiT aRwevs. is `pnevmaturi netareba~, romelic griSkinas mimzidvel biusts, unda vifiqroT, yvela xelgaSlili msurvelisaTvis moaqvs, mTeli groteskul-ironiuli skabrezulobis miuxedavad, agreTve ormag konotacias Seicavs. Tanamedrov mkiTxvelSi pnevmaturi burRis, an CaquCis asociaciis aRmZvreli es sityva warmoqmnilia ZvelberZnuli `pnevma~-dan, (πνευμα) romelic `sunTqvas~ niSnavs. terminologiurad, Sua saukuneebis RvTismetyvelebam is jer kidev filon aleqsandrielis (Zv.w. 20 – ax.w. 40) nawerebidan aitaca da qristianuli gagebiT `sulis~ aRmniSvnel sityvad aqcia. `pnevmatologia~ dasavlur RvTismetyvelebaSi saerTod, suliwmindas Semswavleli Teologiuri disciplinaa. ase rom griSkinTan dakavSirebiT, suliereba da inteleqtualizmi zustad isevea miniSnebuli, rogorc uebsterisa da donis sulier miswrafebebSi – seqsualuri ltolva. gamodis, rom materialuri da sulieri samyaro erTmaneTs mkveTrad upirispirdeba, magram meore mxriv orive erTmaneTis Canasaxs Seicavs, msgavsad Cinuri inis da ianisa. leqsi efuZneba sakmaod rTul, `oTxmag~ metaforas: uebsteris da donis sulier sferoTa eqspertoba iseTsave parodiul-seqsualr konotacias Seicavs, rogorc griSkinas meZavuri momxibvleloba da mTeli misi erTob skabrezuli portreti - parodiul sulierebas. erTi mxriv, leqsSi suli da xorci (mxatvruli Semoqmedeba da meZavis yofa, mTeli misi `saqmianoba~) dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan, meroe 79 Temur kobaxiZe mxriv – erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli. eliotis usasrulo ironiac swored amaSi gamoixateba: Tu griSkinas moTanTale biusti `pnevmas~, anu sulsa da `sulierebas~ Seicavs, xolo donis da uebsteris amaRlebuli miswrafebebi sqesobriv ltolvasa da `mdabio instinqts~, maSin sadRaa, saerTod, zneobrivi faseulobebi? sadRaa religia, mxatvruli Semoqmedebs amaRlebuli zeSTagoneba, sadRaa suliereba? cdunebiT aRsavse `abstraqtuli mocemulobani~ gars uvlian griSkinis biwier xibls da mxolod `Cevni saZmo-Ra mixoxavs gamxmar neknebze~, rom `Tbilad Segvinaxos~ Cvenive metafizika: And even the Abstract Entities Circumambulate her charm; But our lot crawls between dry ribs To keep our metaphysics warm. simbolur-azrobrivi datvirTvis sawyisiTa Ziebas aq metad Sors mivyevarT – parodiuli froidistuli narTaulebidan (mxatvruli Semoqmedebis seqsualuri determinirebuloba), TviT imis mtkicebamde, rom erTi SexedviT dapirispirebuli sawyisebi arsebiTad erTi da igivea, an erTmaneTis `sarCulia~. faqtia, rom am gziT elioti ironiulad `auqmebs~ sulisa da xorcis tradiciul diqotomias da sulier faseulobaTa TavisTavadobasTan, maT avtonomiurobasTan dakavSirebiT Rrma skefsiss gamoxatavs. parodiuli erosi (griSkina, rogorc siZvis `qurumi~) da parodiuli tanatosi (uebsteris `micvalebulTa xatovaneba~) faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea – orive parodiaa. faseulobebi nivelirebulia, magram es dRes da guSin ki ar momxdara, ase iyo ukve donis da uebsteris droidn. elioti erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirbs epoqebs, aramed maT arsebiT identurobaze pesimisturi daskvna gamoaqvs. radganac es pesimizmi usazRvrod ironiulia, sarkastulic ki, leqsis aRqmisas xSirad iqmneba `TamaSis~, avtoriseuli `araseriozulobis~ zedapiruli STabeWdileba, romelic ifanteba am Rrmad seriozuli nawarmoebis siRrmiseuli gansjisas. arsebiTad, es swored is `amaRlebuli seriozulobaa~, romelzedac Tavis droze wrda didi kritikosi meTiu arnoldi da romelsac, maxvilgo-nierebasTan erTad, qlinT bruqsma Tavis cnobil wignSi mTeli Tavi miuZRvna (bruqsi 1939: 18-38). eliotis, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze donis, `metafizikuri~ ironia im skefsiss gamoxatavs, romliTac es krizisuli xanis Semoqmedebi xSirad ekidebodnen sinamdviles. skefsisi da is Rrma pesimizmi, romelTa saboloo daZlevac eliotma mxolod mogvianebiT, religiur faseulobaTa aRiarebis gziT SesZlo, misi adreuli poeziisaTvis sakmaod damaxasiaaTebelia. meore mxriv, Znelia eliots, Tundac adreuls, Tanmimdevruli skeptikosi 80 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ uwodoT – es misi poeziis erT-erTi Strixi, an ufro erT-erTi xerxia SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisSi. rogorc `hipopotami~, ise `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi Seiqmna, gaCaRebuli brZolebis dros da es niSandoblivia. gasuli saukunis damdegi da ociani wlebi xom is dro iyo, rodesac bevri didi Semoqmedi Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqvamda kacobriobis istoriis erTi udidesi periodis epilogs. sruldeboda renesansuli humanizmisa da misi memkvidre ganmanaTleblobis, Semdeg _ romantizmis idealTa daqveiTebisa da saboloo degradaciis xangrZlivi procesi. warsuls Cabarda `viqtorias epoqac~ - klasikuri britanuli liberalizmisa da `sazogadoebrivi harmoniis~ xana. mxatvrul literaturaSi kars iyo momdgari `unayofo miwis~, `kacis fitulebis~, joisis `ulises~ da kafkas `procesis~ epoqa. evropul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi optimistur, liberalur-humanistur warmodgenebs masoflmxed-velobrivi Cixis gamZafrebuli gancda Caenacvla. damowmebani: bruqsi 1939: elioti 1951: elioti 1988: mileri 2007: mohaksi 1984: sauTemi 1984: smiti 1966: templini 1997: Smidti 2001: (?)12: Brooks Cl, Modern Poetry and the tradition. Chapel Hill NC: Crolina UP, 1939 Eliot T. S. Selected Essays. London: Faber & Faber, 1951. Eliot T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot. Ed. by Valerie Eliot. Vol. I, London: Harcourt Brce Jovannovich, © 1988. Miller J. E. T.S.Eliot: The Making of an American Poet, 1888-1922. Pennsylvania State UP, 2007. Mohacsy Il. The Legend of the Unicorn: An Illumination of the Maternal Split. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, (1984). Southam B. C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot. London: Harcourt Brace & Co, © 1994. Smith Gr. T. S. Eliot’s Poetry and Plays. A Study in Sources and Meaning. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1966 . Tamplin R. A Preface to T. S. Eliot. London: Longman, 1997. Schmidt P. The Ghent Altarpiece. Ghent, Amsterdam: Ludion, 2001. “Likewise, in sixteenth- to eighteenth-century England, to “die” was a euphemism for orgasm”. 81 Temur kobaxiZe Temur Kobakhidze Dichotomy of Body and Soul: T.S.Eliot’s “The Hippopotamus” and “Whispers of Immortality” Summary ‘Whispers of Immortality’ and ‘The Hippopotamus’ were composed in the middle of the World War 2, while Eliot stayed in London. Sharp ironical, grotesque imagery and even caricature are characteristic of both poems as is their rich allusiveness. They share much of their subject-matter and the theme, although that is hardly recognizable on the surface. Each in its own way, they both deal with the dichotomy of body and soul, the subject that would have been obviously religious had not Eliot regarded it with a great deal of ironic distance and skepticism of an erudite poet-analyst, and by no means with reverence of a devotional poet. Within the basic antithesis of “The Hippopotamus”, that of the hippopotamus and the True Church, smaller antitheses are developed by the major opposites. For example, the hippopotamus seems firm but is frail, while the True Church presents no such opposition; yet this antithesis proves to be truer of the church. The “mysterious way” in which “God works”, gives us not only the satiric wonder of the sleeping church but also the sympathetic wonder of the limited hippopotamus taking wing and ascending to heaven. Striking similarities between the poem and Jan van Eyck’s Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb) prove that part of Eliot’s design was to draw a parody analogy with this world famous piece of painting by borrowing from it some of the crucial imagery for his poem. All those quiring angels and ‘martyr’d virgins’, by whom the hippopotamus ‘shall be kist’, ‘the harp of gold’, on which the hippopotamus ‘performs’, ‘blood of the Lamb’, by which he will be cleaned, and ‘the True Church’ itself, personified by a group of high ranked clerics in papal tiaras, etc. are depicted in van Eyck’ altarpiece, which is commonly considered to be one of the most important masterpieces of the 16th century Northern Renaissance painting. Behind all the external irony and grotesque, Eliot’s poem can doubtlessly be perceived as an inter textual context, where by means of a parallel extra textual associations, the motif of the Ghent Altarpiece is explicitly recognized. Parody of the Ghent Altarpiece in “The Hippopotamus” can be identified as part of the main current in Modernist aesthetics and its ideology, which repudiated root and branch the Renaissance values together with what was called ‘humanitarianism’ in T.S.Eliot’s time. The attention, however, is drawn to what we now call the period of relative decline of the High Renaissance values, and the introduction of Mannerism and Baroque, strongly exemplified by the 17th century ‘metaphysical’ poetry and the Jacobean drama. “Whispers of Immortality” makes the use of both bodily lust and spiritual aspirations just like “The Hippopotamus” refers to The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb in its imagery. In 82 sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ fact, both Webster and Donne are ‘possessed by death and see the skull beneath the skin’, but ironically, in Eliot’s system of values, ‘possessed’ is quite naturally perceived as ‘obsessed’, and obsession by death acquires a highly dubious meaning. In the 17th century lyrics, as well as in the high society jargon of the time ‘to die’ often constituted an euphemism for sexual climax (Cf. Donne’s “Canonization”: ‘We can die by it, if not live by love…’), the ironic innuendo here doubtless being that Webster appears to be sex-obsessed. Donn’s spiritual exercises too, especially his aptness “to seize, and clutch, and penetrate”, bear strong resemblance to a sexual contact, being in fact, its metaphorical description. It is obvious that the soul and body are merged in both Donne and Webster, as are their spiritual intentions and the underlying ironic sexuality. Poetically, this also is a ‘metaphysical’ poem, exemplifying Eliot’s thesis of ‘dissociation of sensibility’, which took place by the end of the 17th century “…and from which we never recovered”. At a first glance, the Elizabethan and Jacobean authors are taken against moderns. In contrast to the spiritual aspirations of Donne and Webster, we are much possessed by Grishkin , no “breastless creature’, but giving promise of ‘pneumotic bliss’. Alien, overwhelming animal, and rank, the flesh now dominates man. Unlike Webster or Donne, we have to separate thought and sense, otherwise living sense will conquer our feeble metaphysics: But our lot crawls between dry ribs To keep our metaphysics warm. Grishkin (whose prototype has been a Russian ballet girl Serafima Astafieva of Diaghilev’s company, who stayed in London after Diaghilev had left) with her ‘friendly bust’, which gives ‘pneumotic bliss’ seem to represent the flesh per se, the body as opposed to soul, and so it does at a first galnce. But the latent meaning of Eliot’s phrasing goes much deeper and reveals an absolutely different and even paradoxical attitude. ‘Pneuma’ (the πνευμα of “pneumotic bliss”) is the Greek word for breath but the Christian tradition starting with Philon of Alexandria, has attributed to it the meaning of ‘soul’. In fact, ‘pneumatology’ is a discipline in Western theology, which is dedicated to the studies of the Holy Spirit. It seems quite obvious, that just like the “metaphysical” and highly spiritual striving of Donne and Webster have a strong sexually determined underflow, Grishkin’s uncorseted and ‘friendly’ bust contains pneuma, and hence the most exceptional spirituality, associated with the Holy Spirit. In fact, in “Whispers of Immortality” the dichotomy of body and soul is canceled, and the cancellation represented with bitter irony if not sarcasm. Body and soul coexist, if not in harmony, but for Eliot of the 1910’s, they serve as each others manifestations. Death is not a spiritual, but a biological matter marked with strong sexual implications, and life is lust personified in Grishkin, who is a carrier of “pneumatic” spirituality. Eliot’s “metaphysical” irony is part of general skepticism reflected in his early poetry, the quality reaching its climax in “The Hollow Men”, where there is no room even for irony 83 Temur kobaxiZe anymore. The turn of the century and the 1910’s were the time when many distinguished men of letters reacted most painfully to the end of one of the longest and most productive periods in Western cultural history. World War II and its consequences exemplified to them the end of the long Renaissance history, succeeded by the Age of Reason and Romanticism. In European minds, the culture of Victorian era, known for its show-off social harmony and hypocrite morals was also coming to an end. Upcoming was the composition of “The Waste Land” and “The Hollow Men”, of Joyce’s Ulysses and Kafka’s The Trial. The Western creative thought was dominated with the sensation of an overwhelming cultural and psychological deadlock and the premonition of crisis. 84 literaturaTmcodneobis qrestomaTia mixail baxtini karnavalizebuli literatura karnavalis (sxvadasxvagvar dResaswaulTa da karnavaluri tipis wesCveulebaTa da formaTa erTobliobis gagebiT), misi arsis, pirvelyofil sazogadoebasa da adamianis pirvelyofil azrovnebaSi misi Rrma fesvebis, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi misi ganviTarebis, iSviaTi sicocxlisunarianobisa da waruSleli xiblis problema kulturis istoriis erT-erTi urTulesi da usainteresoesi sakiTxTagania. safuZvlianad mas aq, cxadia, ver ganvixilavT. aq Cven karnavalizebis, anu literaturaze, Tanac mis Janrul mxareze karnavalis zemoqmedebis problema gvainteresebs. TviTon karnavali (vimeorebT: karnavaluri tipis yvelanair dResaswaulTa erTobliobis azriT), cxadia, ar aris literaturuli movlena. igi sawesCveulebo xasiaTis sinkretuli sanaxaobrivi formaa. es aris Zalian rTuli, mravalmxrivi forma, romelic epoqebis, erebisa da sxvadasxva dResaswaulebis Sesabamisad, saerTo karnavalur safuZvelTan erTad, sxvadasxva nairsaxeobiTa da elferiT xasiaTdeba. karnavalma simbolur cxadad xelSesaxeb formaTa ena SeimuSava, didi da rTuli masobrivi msvlelobebiT dawyebuli da calkeuli karnavaluri JestebiT damTavrebuli. es ena diferencirebulad, SeiZleba iTqvas, danawevrebulad (nebismieri enis msgavsad) erTian (magram rTul) karnavalur msoflgancdas gamoxatavda, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo yvela misi forma. SeuZlebelia am enis ramdenadme srulad da adekvaturad gadatana sityvierebis enaze, miT umetes _ ganyenebul cnebaTa enaze, magram igi eqvemdebareba konkretul-grZnobadi niSniT masTan naTesaur kavSirSi myofi mxatvruli saxeebis, anu literaturis enaze gadatanas. karnavalis gadatanas literaturis enaze Cven mis karnavalizebas vuwodebT. am transportirebis TvalsazrisiT, qvemoT karnavalis calkeul momentebsa da Taviseburebebs gamovyofT da ganvixilavT. karnavali aris sanaxaoba rampisa da Semsruleblebad da mayureblebad dayofis gareSe. karnavalSi yvela uSualo monawilea, karnavaluri qmedebis Tanaziaria. karnavals ar ucqeren da, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, mis gaTamaSebas ki ar axdenen, aramed cxovroben masSi, cxovroben misi kanonebiT, vidre es kanonebi moqmedeben, anu karnavalur cxovrebas ewevian. TviTon karnavaluri cxovreba aris iseTi cxovreba, romelic amogdebulia Cveulebrivi kalapotidan, anu erTgvari `ukuRma cxovrebaa~, `gadmobrunebuli samyaroa~ (`monde à l’envers~). 85 mixail baxtini karnavalis dros uqmdeba wesebi, akrZalvebi da SezRudvebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi, anu arakarnavaluri cxovrebis dinebasa da wyobas gansazvraven; upirvelesad uqmdeba ierarqiuli wyoba da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis, mokrZalebis, pietetis, eTiketis da a.S. formebi, anu yovelive is, rasac adamianTa socialur-ierarqiuli da yvela sxvagvari (maT Soris – asakobrivi) uTanasworoba ganapirobebs. uqmdeba yovelgvari distancia adamianebs Soris da ZalaSi Sedis gansakuTrebuli karnavaluri kategoria _ laRi familaruli kontaqti adamianebs Soris. es aris karnavaluri msoflgancdis Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. adamianebi, romlebic cxovrebaSi Seuvali ierarqiuli barierebiT arian dayofilni, karnavalur moedanze erTmaneTTan Tavisufal familarul kavSirs amyareben. familaruli kavSiris es kategoria rogorc masobriv qmedebaTa organizaciis xasiaTs, aseve Tavisufal karnavalur Jestikulaciasa da gulwrfel karnavalur sityvas gansazRvravs. karnavalSi konkretul-emociuri da naxevrad realuri da naxevrad gaTamaSebuli formiT adamianis adamianTan urTierTobaTa axali modusi yalibdeba, romelic arakarnavaluri cxovrebis umZlavres socialur-ierarqiul urTierTobebs upirispirdeba. adamianis qceva, Jesti da sityva Tavisufldeba yovelgvari ierarqiuli mdgomareobis (wodebis, Tanamdebobis, asakis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis) Zalisagan, romelic mTlianad ganapirobebda maT xasiaTs arakarnavalur cxovrebaSi, da amitomac isini, Cveulebrivi arakarnavaluri cxovrebisaTvis logikis TvalsazrisiT, eqscentruli, Seusabamo xdebian. eqscentruloba karnavaluri msoflgancdis gansakuTrebuli kategoriaa, romelic organulad aris dakavSirebuli familaruli kontaqtis kategoriasTan; igi adamianis bunebis faruli Sreebis gamoxatvisa da gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva. familarulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli karnavaluri msoflgancdis mesame kategoriac _ karnavaluri mezalansebi. laRi familaruli damokidebuleba yvelaferze vrceldeba: yvela Rirebulebaze, azrze, movlenasa da saganze. karnavaluri kontaqti da SeTavseba myardeba yvelafers Soris, rac arakarnavaluri ierarqiuli msoflgancdiT daxSuli, Caketili, gancalkevebuli da erTamaneTisagan dacilebuli iyo. karnavali aaxlovebs, aerTianebs, SeauRlebs da SeaTavsebs wmindas profanulTan, maRals dabalTan, diads mdaresTan, brZnuls sulelurTan da a.S. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli meoTxe karnavaluri kategoriac _ profanacia: karnavaluri mkrexelobani, karnavalur damdablebaTa da damiwebaTa mTeli sistema, miwisa da sxeulis mwarmoeblur ZalebTan dakavSirebuli karnavaluri uxamsobani, karnavaluri parodiebi wminda teqstebsa da gamonaTqvamebze da a.S. [...] 86 karnavalizebuli literatura es karnavaluri kategoriebi da upirvelesad _ adamianisa da qveynierebis laRi familarizebis kategoria, aTaswleulebis manZilze literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT _ prozauli romanis dialogur xazSi gadadioda. familarizeba xels uwyobda epikuri da tragikuli distanciis rRvevas da asaxvis yvela sagnis gadatanas familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi; igi arsebiTad vlindeboda siuJetisa da siuJetur viTarebaTa organizaciaSi, ganapirobebda avtoris poziciis gansakuTrebul familarul damokidebulebas gmirebisadmi (rac SeuZlebelia maRal JanrebSi), nergavda mezalansebisa da maprofanirebel damdablebaTa logikas da bolos _ udides gardamqnel zegavlenas axdenda literaturis Tavad sityvier stilze. [...] mTavari karnavaluri qmedeba aris karnavaluri xelmwifis gamasxreba, misi Semkoba da ganmkoba. [...] mefis gvirgviniT Semkobasa da mis mocilebaSi ganfenilia karnavaluri msoflgancdis TviT birTvi _ cvlilebaTa da gardaqmnaTa, sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis paTosi. karnavali yovlis momspobi da yovlis ganmaxlebeli drois zeimia [...] Semkoba-ganmkoba ormxrivi ambivalenturi wes-Cveulebaa, romelic gamoxatavs cvla-ganaxlebis garduvalobasa da amavdroulad _ mis cxovelmyofelobas, yovelgvari wyobisa da wesrigis, yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da yovelgvari mdgomareobis (ierarqiulis) mxiarul fardobiTobas. Semkoba imTaviTve gulisxmobs Semdgom ganmkobas: igi Tavidanve ambivalenturia. mimdinareobs namdvili xelmwifis _ misi monis an masxaris Semkoba, da amiT xdeba gadmotrialebuli karnavaluri samyaros gaxsna da sakralizeba. Semkobis wes-CveulebaSi ceremonialis yvela momenti, Zalauflebis simboloebi, romlebic Sesamkobels gadaecema, is samosi, romliTac igi imoseba, ambivalenturi xdeba, mxiaruli fardobiTobis xasiaTs iZens, TiTqmis butaforuli xdeba (magram es sawesCveulebo butaforiaa); maTi simboluri mniSvneloba orplanianobas iZens (rogorc Zalauflebis realuri simboloebi, anu arakarnavalur samyaroSi isini erTplanianebi, absoluturebi, damZimebuli da monoliTurad seriozuli arian). dagvirgvinebaSi imTaviTve gamosWvivis gangvirgvineba. aseTia yvela karnavaluri simbolo: isini yovelTvis Seicaven uaryofis (sikvdilis) perspeqtivas an piriqiT. dabadeba moaswavebs sikvdils, sikvdili _ axal dabadebas. karnavali arafris absolutizebas ar axdens, igi yvelafris fardobas iuwyeba. [...] karnavalisaTvis ucxoa rogorc absoluturi uaryofa, aseve absoluturi mtkiceba. metic, swored gangvirgvinebis wes-CveulebaSi gansakuTrebiT cxadad Canda cvlisa da ganaxlebis paTosi, aRmaSenebeli sikvdilis saxe. amitomac literaturaSi yvelaze xSirad gangvirgvinebis wes-Cveuleba gadmohqondaT. magram, vimeorebT, Semkoba-ganmkoba ganuyofelia, isini orbunebovani arian da erTmaneTSi gadadian; absolutur gan87 mixail baxtini calkevebisas mTlianad ikargeba maTi karnavaluri azri. [...] dagvirgvinebagangvirgvinebis wes-Cveulebam didi zegavlena iqonia literaturul-mxatvrul azrovnebaze. man ganapiroba mxatvruli saxeebisa da mTlianad nawarmoebebis agebis gansakuTrebuli ganmagvirgvinebeli saxeoba, Tanac iseTi, rodesac gangvirgvineba arsebiTad ambivalenturi da orplaniania. magram Tu gangvirgvinebis saxeebSi karnavaluri ambivalenturoba ikargeboda, maSin aseTi saxeebi knindebodnen, uaryofiTi gangvirgvinebis wminda moralur Tu socialur-politikuri xasiaTs iZendnen, erTplaniani xdebodnen, hkargavdnen TavianT mxatvrulobas da liton publicistikas emsgavsebodnen. erTxel kidev unda SevexoT karnavaluri saxeebis ambivalentur bunebas. karnavalis yvela saxe ormxrivia, TavianT TavSi cvlisa da krizisis orive poluss aerTianebs: dabadebasa da sikvdils (orsuli sikvdilis saxe), kurTxevas da wyevlas (damlocveli karnavaluri wyevlebi sikvdilisa da aRdgomis erTdrouli surviliT), qebasa da lanZRvas, siymawvilesa da siberes, qvenasa da zenas, winasa da ukanas, sicruesa da sibrZnes. karnavaluri azrovnebisaTvis uaRresad damaxasiaTebelia wyvili saxeebi, romlebic kontrastis (maRali _ dabali, msuqani _ gamxdari da a. S.) da msgavsebis niSniT (oreulebi _ wyvilebi) arian SerCeulni. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve sagnebis piruku gamoyeneba: samosis ukuRma (an piruku) Cacma, magaliTad, Sarvali _ Tavze, WurWeli _ qudis nacvlad, saojaxo nivTebis iaraRad gamoyeneba da a.S.…yovelive es eqscentriulobis karnavaluri kategoriis gamovlinebaa, sayovelTaod miRebulisa da aRiarebulis darRveva da Cveulebrivi kalapotidan amovardnili cxovrebaa. karnavalSi uaRresad ambivalenturia cecxlis saxe. es iseTi cecxlia, romelic erTdroulad Tan anadgurebs da Tan aaxlebs qveynierebas. evropul karnavalebSi yovelTvis iyenebdnen ganskuTrebul nagebobas (Cveulebriv _ urems sxvadasxvagvari karnavaluri bargiT), romelsac `jojoxeTs~ uwodebdnen; karnavalis dasasruls am `jojoxeTs~ sazeimod cecxls ukidebnen (zogjer karnavaluri `jojoxeTi~ karnavalurad iyo SeTavsebuli siuxvis rqasTan). damaxasiaTebelia romauli karnavalis `moccoli~-s wes-Cveuleba: karnavalis yovel monawiles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli (`namwvi~) eWira, Tanac yvela cdilobda sxvisi sanTlis Caqrobas SeZaxiliT `Sia ammazzato!~ (`sikvdili Sen!~). romis karnavalis Tavis cnobil aRweraSi (`italiur mogzaurobaSi~) goeTe, romelic cdilobs, axsnas karnavaluri saxeebis Rrma azri, aseT uaRresad simbolur scenas aRwers: `moccoli~-s dros biWuna aqrobs mamamisis sanTels mxiaruli karnavaluri ZaxiliT: `Sia ammazzato, il Signiore Padre!~ (`sikvdili Sen, mama batono!~). aseve uaRresad ambivalenturia TviTon karnavaluri sicili. genetikurad igi ritualuri sicilis uZveles formebTan aris dakavSirebuli. 88 karnavalizebuli literatura ritualuri sicili mimarTuli iyo uzenaesisaken: lanZRavdnen da dascinodnen mzes (umaRles RvTaebas), sxva RmerTebs, umaRles miwier Zalauflebas, raTa aeZulebinaT isini ganaxlebuliyvnen. ritualuri sicilis yvela forma sikvdilTan da aRorZinebasTan, Seqmnis aqtTan, Seqmnis Zalis simboloebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ritualuri sicili reagirebda mzis sicocxlis krizisebze mzis (mzis wrebrunva) cxovrebaSi, RvTaebis sicocxlis, samyarosa da adamianis cxovrebis krizisebze (samgloviaro sicili). masSi dacinva Serwymuli iyo aRtacebasTan. ritualuri sicilis am uZvelesma mimarTebam uzenaesisken (RvTaeba da Zalaufleba) ganapiroba sicilis privilegias antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi. sicilis formiT nebadarTuli iyo bevri ram iseTi, rac seriozuli formiT ikrZalebida. Sua saukuneebSi sicilis nebadarTuli formis safariT SesaZlebeli iyo `parodia sacra~, anu parodia wminda teqstebsa da ritualebze. karnavaluri sicilic uzenaesisken _ xelisufalTa da simarTlis, msoflwesrigis cvlis mimarT aris mimarTuli. sicili cvlis orive poluss moicavs, mimarTulia Tavad cvlis procesisadmi, Tavad krizisisadmi. karnavaluri sicilis aqtSi SeTavsebulia sikvdili da aRorZineba, uaryofa (dacinva) da damkvidreba (aRtacebuli sicili). es aris uaRresad msoflmxedvelobrivi da universaluri sicili. unda SevexoT sicilTan dakacSirebiT kidev erT sakiTxs _ parodiis karnavalur bunebas. parodia `menipes satirisa~ da saerTod yvelanairi karnavaluri Janris ganuyofeli nawilia. wminda JanrebisaTvis (eposi, tragedia) parodia ucxoa, xolo karnavaluri JanrebisaTvis, piriqiT, organulad niSandoblivia. antikur xanaSi parodia ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli karnavalur msoflgancdasTan. parodireba didebis Saravandedis mamxilebeli oreulis Seqmnaa, igive `ukuRma samyaroa~. amitom parodia ambivalenturia. antikuroba, arsebiTad, yvelafris parodirebas axdenda: magaliTad, satiruli drama misi winamorbedi tragikuli trilogiis parodiuli sasacilo aspeqti iyo. parodia, cxadia, ar iyo parodiis sagnis calsaxad uaryofa. yvelafers aqvs Tavisi parodia, anu _ sasacilo aspeqti, vinaidan sikvdilis gziT yvelaferi aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. romSi parodia iyo rogorc samgloviaro, aseve triumfaluri sicilis aucilebeli momenti iyo (cxadia, erTic da meorec karnavaluri tipis wes-Cveulebas warmoadgenda). karnavalSi parodireba Zalian uxvad gamoiyeneboda da mas sxvadasxva forma da xarisxi hqonda: sxvadasxva saxeebi (magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvari karnavaluri wyvilebi) sxvadasxvanairad da gansxvavebuli kuTxidan axdendnen erTmaneTis parodirebas; igi damagrZelebeli, damapataravebeli, damamaxinjebeli mrude sarkeebis msgavsi mTeli sistema iyo. 89 mixail baxtini parodiuli oreulebi aseve xSir movlenad iqca karnavalizebul literaturaSi. es gansakuTrebiT cxadad Cans dostoevskisTan, _ misi romanebis TiTqmis yvela mTavar gmirs ramdenime oreuli hyavs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen mis parodirebas: raskolnikovisaTvis _ svidrigailovi, luJini, lebeziatnikovi, stavroginisaTvis _ piotr verxovenski, Satovi, kirilovi, ivane karamazovisaTvis _ smerdiakovi, eSmaki, rakitini. yovel maTganSi (yovel oreulSi) gmiri kvdeba (anu xdeba misi uaryofa), raTa ganaxldes (anu, rom ganiwmindos da Tavis Tavze amaRldes). axali drois viwrod formalur literaturul parodiaSi kavSiri karnavalur msoflaRqmasTan TiTqmis mTlianad gawyvetilia. magram aRorZinebia epoqis parodiebSi (erazmTan, rablesTan da sxv.) karnavaluri cecxli jer kidev gizgizebda: parodia ambivalenturi iyo da acnobierebda Tavis kavSirs sikvdil-ganaxlebasTan. amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli karnavalis wiaRSi dabadebuliyo erT-erTi udidesi da yvelaze karnavaluri romani msoflio literaturaSi _ servantesis `don-kixoti~. [...] karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebs udidesi adgili ekava antikurobis farTo saxalxo masebis cxovrebaSi _ rogorc berZnulis, aseve gansakuTrebiT _ romaulis, sadac karnavaluri tipis centraluri (magram ara erTaderTi) dResaswauli saturnaliebi iyo. aranaklebi (da SesaZloa _ kidev ufro meti) mniSvneloba hqonda am dResaswaulebs Suasaukuneobriv evropasa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi, rodesac isini nawilobriv uSualod romauli saturnaliebis cocxal gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen. saxalxo karnavaluri kulturis sferoSi antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebs Soris ar yofila tradiciis raime wyveta. karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebi maTi ganviTarebis yvela epoqaSi uzarmazar, dRemde arasakmarisad Sefasebul da Seswavlil zegavlenas axdendnen mTeli kulturis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris _ literaturis, romlis zogierTma Janrma da mimarTulebam gansakuTrebiT mZlavri karnavalizeba ganicada. antikur epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri karnavalizeba Zvelma atikurma komediam da seriozul-sasacilos mTelma dargma ganicada. romSi satirisa da epigramis yvela nairsaxeoba organizaciulad iyo dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan, saturnaliebisaTvis iqmneboda anda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am dResaswaulis dakanonebul karnavalur silaReTa safarvelis qveS iqmneboda (ase, magaliTad, marcialis mTeli Semoqmedeba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan). Sua saukuneebSi uvrcesi sasacilo da parodiuli literatura xalxur enebze da laTinurad ase Tu ise karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ sakuTriv karnavalTan, `briyvTa dResaswaulTan~, laR `saaRdgomo sicilTan~ (`risus paschalis~) da sxv. Sua saukuneebSi TiTqmis yovel saeklesio dResaswauls (gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, rogoricaa uflis 90 karnavalizebuli literatura sisxlisa da xorcis dResaswauli) saxalxo Tavyrilobebis karnavali ieri dahkravda. mraval imgvar erovnul dResaswauls, rogorcaa, magaliTad, xarebTan brZola, aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. karnavaluri ganwyoba sufevda bazrobis, rTvelis dReebSi, miraklebis, misteriebis, sotis da a.S. dadgmis dReebSi; Sua saukuneebis mTel Teatralur-sanaxaobriv cxovrebas karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. gviandeli Sua saukuneebis did qalaqebSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa romi, neapoli, venecia, parizi, lioni, niurnbergi, kiolni da sxv.) saerTo jamSi yovel wels sam Tvemde (zogjer _ metxans) sruli karnavaluri cxovreba sufevda. SeiZleba iTqvas (cxadia, garkveuli dazustebebiT), rom Sua saukuneebis adamiani orgvar cxovrebas eweoda: erTi iyo oficialuri, monoliTurad seriozuli da moRuSuli cxovreba, romelic mkacr ierarqiul wesrigs eqvemdebareboda da SiSiT, dogmatizmiT, mokrZalebiTa da pietetiT iyo aRsavse, xolo meore iyo karnavaluri moednebis laRi cxovreba, romelic aRsavse iyo ambivalenturi siciliT, mkrexelobebiT, yvelaferi wmindas profanaciebiT, damdablebiTa da uxamsobiT, yvelasTan da yvelafrisadmi Sinauruli damokidebulebiT gamsWvaluli. es orive cxovreba dakanonebuli da drois mkacri sazRvrebiT iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan. cxovrebisa da azrovnebis am ori sistemis (oficialurisa da karnavaluris) monacvleobisa da gamijnulobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe verasodes gavigebT Sua saukuneebis adamianis kulturul cnobierebas, verasodes CavwvdebiT bolomde Sua saukuneebis literaturis mraval iseT movlenas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `parodia sacra~. orgvari cxovreba _ oficialuri da karnavaluri _ antikur samyaroSic arsebobda, magram iq (gansakuTrebiT _ saberZneTSi) isini arasodes yofila ase mkveTrad gamijnuli). Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda agreTve evropel xalxTa sametyvelo cxovrebis karnavalizeba: enis calkeuli Sreebi _ e.w. moednebis familaruli metyveleba _ karnavaluri msoflgancdiT iyo gamsWvaluli; iqmneboda agreTve laRi karnavaluri Jestikulaciis uzarmazari fondi. yvela evropeli xalxis familaruli metyveleba, gansakuTrebiT uxamsi da damcinavi, Cvens dromde aRsavsea karnavaluri reliqtebiT; Tanamdrove uxamsi da damcinavi Jestikulaciac aRsavsea karnavaluri simbolikiT. aRorZinebis epoqaSi karnavalurma stiqiam, SeiZleba iTqvas,Pwaleka zRudeebi da oficialuri cxovrebisa da msoflgagebis mraval sferoSi SeiWra. upirvelesad didi literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janri moicva, romlebic arsebiTad gardaqmna. moxda mTeli mxatvruli literaturis uaRresad Rrma da TiTqmis sruli karnavalizeba. karnavaluri msoflgancda da misi kategoriebi, karnavaluri sicili, Semkoba-ganmkobis, cvlisa da gad91 mixail baxtini acmis karnavalur qmedebaTa simbolika, karnavaluri ambivalenturoba da familaruli, cinikur-gulaxdilis, eqscentrulis, saxotbo-salanZRavi laRi karnavaluri sityvis yvela niuansma Rrmad SeaRwia mxatvruli literaturis TiTqmis yvela JanrSi. renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis rTuli formebic karnavaluri msoflgancdis safuZvelze yalibdeba. garkveulwilad karnavaluri msoflgancdis prizmaSi xdeboda humanistebis mier SeTvisebuli antikurobis gardatexa. aRorZineba karnavaluri cxovrebis mwvervalia. Semdeg daRmasvla iwyeba. XVII saukunidan dawyebuli saxalxo karnavaluri cxovreba ukan ixevs, TiTqmis mTlianad hkargavs sayovelTao xalxurobas, misi xvedriTi wili adamianTa cxovrebaSi mkveTrad klebulobs, misi formebi Raribdeba, knindeba da suls Rafavs. jer kidev aRorZinebis droidan ganviTarebas iwyebs sakaro-sazeimo maskaraduli kultura, romelmac araerTi karnavaluri (ZiriTadad garegnuli dekoratiuli xasiaTis) forma da simbolo SeiTvisa. Semdeg ganviTarebas iwyebs dResaswaulTa da garTobaTa ufro farTo (amjerad _ ara saxalxo) xazi, romelsac SeiZleba maskaraduli xazi ewodos; masSi karnavaluri msoflgancdis zogierTi silaRe da Soreuli elferi SemorCa. mravali karnavaluri forma moswyda Tavis saxalxo safuZvlebs da moednidan kamerul maskaradul xazSi gadainacvla, romelic dRemde arsebobs. karnavalis mravali Zveli forma dResac ganagrZobs arsebobasa da ganviTarebas moednebis balaganur komikSi, da agreTve _ cirkSi. [...] zogi ram karnavaluri atmosferodan garkveul pirobebSi Tavs inarCunebda bohemaSi, romelic umeteswilad karnavali msoflgancdis gadagvareba da Sebilwvaa (masSi xom natamalic aRar aris darCenili sayovelTao xalxurobis karnavaluri suliskveTebisagan). [...] ra Tqma unda, karnavalic am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT da karnavaluri tipis sxva zeimebi (magaliTad, xarebTan brZola), agreTve maskaraduli xazi, balaganuri masxaraoba da karnavaluri folkloris sxva formebi garkveul uSualo zemoqmedebas literaturaze Cvens dromde ganagrZoben. magram es zegavlena umeteswilad nawarmoebebis SinaarsiT ifargleba da ar exeba maT Janrul safuZvels, anu moklebulia Janris warmomqmnel unars. axla SegviZlia davubrundeT Janrebis karnavalizebas seriozul-sasacilo sferoSi, romlis saxelwodebac ki karnavalurad ambivalenturad JRers. `sokrates dialogis~ karnavaluri safuZveli, misi erTob rTuli literaturuli formisa da filosofiuri siRrmis miuxedavad, eWvs ar iwvevs. am Janris Tavdapirvel birTvs safuZvlad daedo cvlisa da mxiaruli fardobiTobis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli saxalxo-karnavaluri `paeqroba~ sikvdilsa da sicocxles, sibnelesa da sinaTles, zafxulsa da zamTars 92 karnavalizebuli literatura da a.S. Soris, paeqroba, romelic azrs saSualebas ar aZlevs calmxriv seriozulobis, uvargisi garkveulobisa da erTniSnadobis gaqvavebuli saxe miiRos. amiT `sokrates dialogi~ gansxvavdeba rogorc wminda ritorikuli dialogisagan, aseve tragikuli dialogisagan, magram karnavaluri safuZveli mas ramdenadme sofronis mimebTan aaxlovebs. TviT azrisa da WeSmaritebis dialoguri bunebis sokratiseuli aRmoCena gulisxmobs dialogis monawileTa urTierTobis karnavalur familarizebas, maT Soris yovelgvari distanciis gauqmebas; metic, Tavad gansjis saganisadmi, ragind diadi da mniSvnelovani iyos, da Tavad WeSmaritebisadmi damokidebulebaTa familarizebas gulisxmobs. platonis zogierTi dialogi Semkoba-ganmkobis karnavaluri principiT aris agebuli. [...] saerTod, karnavaluri legendebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian heroizebisaken mimarTuli epikuri Tqmulebebisagan: isini amdableben gmirs, miwaze dahyavT igi, axdenen mis familarizebas, daaxloebas da gaadamianurebas; ambivalenturi karnavaluri sicili nacartutad aqcevs yvelafers, rac gacveTili da gaSeSebulia, magram ar spobs saxis namdvil gmirul birTvs. unda iTqvas, rom romanis gmirTa saxeebic (gargantua, ulenSpigeli, don kixoti, fausti, simplicisimusi da sxvebi) karnavaluri legendebis atmosferoSi iqmnebodnen. kidev ufro cxadad Cans menipes karnavaluri buneba. karnavalizebiT aris gamsWvaluli misi gare Sreebic da Sina siRrmiseuli birTvic. zogierT menipeSi karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebia asaxuli (magaliTad, varonTan or satiraSi naCvenebia romauli dResaswaulebi; iuliane gandgomilis erT-erT menipeSi olimpoze gamarTuli saturnaliebis dResaswauli iyo naCvenebi). es jer kidev garegnuli (ase vTqvaT, Tematuri), magram mainc kavSiria. gacilebiT ufro sagulisxmoa menipes sami planis _ olimpos, qvesknelisa da miwis _ karnavaluri gaazreba. olimpos gamosaxulebas aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi aqvs: menipes olimposaTvis damaxasiaTebelia laRi familarizeba, skandalebi da eqscentruloba, Semkoba-ganmkoba. olimpo lamis karnavalur moedans emsgavseba (ix., magaliTad, lukianes `tragikuli zevsi~). zogjer olimpiuri scenebi karnavalur damdablebaTa da damiwebaTa planSia mocemuli (imave lukianesTan). kidev ufro saintereso da Tanamimdevrulia qvesknelis karnavalizeba. qveskneli aTanabrebs yvela amqveyniur mdgomareobaTa warmomadgenels, aq Tanabari uflebiT xvdebian da familarul kontaqts amyareben erTmaneTTan imperatori da mona, mdidari da maTxovari da a.S.; sikvdili ganZarcvavs yvelas, vinc cxovrebisas Semkobili iyo. xSirad qvesknelis gamosaxvisas `ukuRma samyaros~ logika gamoiyeneboda: imperatori qvesknelSi mona xdeba, mona _ iperatori da a.S. menipes karnavalizebuli qveskneli ganapirobebda Sua saukuneebis mxiaruli jojoxeTis gamosaxulebebs, ramac Tavisi daboloeba rablesTan pova. am 93 mixail baxtini Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciisaTvis antikuri qvesknelisa da qristianuli jojoxeTis mizandasaxuli SeTavsebaa damaxasiaTebeli. misteriebSi eSmakebic (`diableriebSi~) aseve Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebuli arian. menipeSi miwieri planic karnavalizebulia: TiTqmis yvela scenisa da realuri cxovrebis movlenis miRma, romlebic umeteswilad naturalisturad aris gamosaxuli, gamosWvivis met-naklebad cxadi karnavaluri moedani da familaruli kontaqtebis, mezalansebis, gadacmebisa da mistifikaciebis, kontrastuli wyvili saxeebis, skandalebis, Semkoba-ganmkobis specifikuri karnavaluri logika. ase, magaliTad, `satirikonis~ qoxmaxebis yvela naturalisturi scenis miRma met-naklebi sicxadiT karnavaluri moedani gamosWvivis. `satirikonis~ siuJetic Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebulia. amis mowmeni varT agreTve apuleusis `metamorfozebSi“ (`oqros virSi~). zogjer karnavalizeba ufro Rrma SreebSia ganfenili da aseT SemTxvevaSi mxolod calkeuli saxeebisa da movlenebis karnavalur obertonebze saubris saSualeba gveZleva. magram zogjer igi garegnuladac vlindeba, magaliTad, zRurblze mkvlelobis wminda karnavalur epizodSi, rodesac luciusi adamianebis nacvlad Rvinis tikebs gangmiravs da daRvrili Rvino sisxli hgonia; igive iTqmis momdevno scenaze, rodesac misi mistificirebuli karnavaluri gasamarTleba xdeba. karnavaluri obertonebi ismis agreTve tonalobis mxriv iseT seriozul menipeSi, rogoricaa boeciusis `filosofosis nugeSi~. karnavalizeba menipes TviT uRrmes filosofiur-dailogur birTvamde aRwevs. rogorc vnaxeT, am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikvdil-sicocxlis ukanaskneli kiTxvebis mTeli simwvaviT wamoWra da garkveuli universalobac (kerZo problemebi da gaSlili filosofiuri argumentireba misTvis ucxoa). karnavaluri azri ganfenilia ukanaskneli kiTxvebis sferoSi, romlebsac igi ara ganyenebul-filosofiuri an religiur-dogmaturi TvalsazrisiT aSuqebs, aramed axdens maT gaTamaSebas karnavalur qmedebaTa da saxeTa konkretul-xelSesaxebi formiT. amitom karnavalizeba saSualebas iZleoda ukanaskneli kiTxvebi ganyenebul-filosofiur sferodan karnavalurad dinamiuri, mravalgvari da elvare saxeebisa da movlenebis konkretul-xelSesaxeb planSi yofiliyo gadatanili. karnavalizeba saSualebas iZleoda `filosofia heteras Wreli samosiT yofiliyo Semosili~. karnavaluri msoflgancda aRmZravi Rvedia ideasa da avantiurul mxatvrul saxes Soris. axali drois evropul literaturaSi amis naTeli magaliTia volteris filosofiuri moTxrobebi maTi ideuri universalizmiTa da karnavaluri dinamikiTa da siWreliT (magaliTad, `kandidi~); am moTxrobebSi Zalian cxadad vlindeba menipeisa da karnavalizebis tradiciebi. amgvarad, karnavalizeba menipes TviT filosofiur birTvamde aRwevs. 94 karnavalizebuli literatura amgvarad, menipeSi TiTqosda nairsaxovani da SeuTavsebeli elementebis saocari SeTavseba moCans: filosofiuri dialogis, avanturisa da fantastikis, qoxmaxebis naturalizmis, utopiis da a.S. axla ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is iSviaTi Zalis mqone SemakavSirebeli sawyisi, rac am nairsaxovan elementebs Janris organul mTlianobaSi moaqcevs, karnavali da karnavaluri msoflgancdaa. evropuli literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapzec karnavalizebam xeli Seuwyo Janrebs, azrTa daxurul sistemebs, sxvadasxva stilebs da a.S. Soris zRudeebis moSlas; igi auqmebda yovelgvar daxSulobas da urTierTugulvebelyofas, aaxlovebda daSorebuls, aerTianebda gancalkevebuls. es aris karnavalizebis didi funqcia literaturis istoriaSi. axla oriode sityva menipesa da karnavalizebis Sesaxeb qristianul niadagze. menipem da mis orbitaSi ganviTarebulma monaTesave Janrebma garkveuli zegavlena iqonies Camoyalibebis procesSi myof Zvel berZnul, romaul da bizantiur mwerlobaze. Zveli qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi TxrobiTi Janrebi _ `saxarebani~, `kaTolike epistoleni~, `apokalifsisi~ da `wmindanTa da wamebulTa cxovrebani~ _ dakavSirebulia antikur aretalogiasTan, romelic Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi menipes orbitaSi viTardeboda. qristianul JanrebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ mravalricxovan `saxarebebsa~ da mociqulTa `epistoleebSi~ yalibdeba qristianuli dialoguri sinkrizebi: is, visac acTuneben (qriste, wmindani) da macduri, morwmune da urjulo, wmindani da codvili, mdidari da Raribi, qristes mimdevari da fariseveli, mociquli (qristiani) da warmarTi da sxv. [...] aseTi antikuri Zirebi, `sawyisebi~ (`arqaika~) aqvs im Janrul tradicias, romlis erT-erT mwvervali dostoevskis Semoqmedebaa. es `sawyisebi~ mis SemoqmedebaSi ganaxlebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. magram am saTaveebisagan dostoevskis ori aTaswleuli aSorebs, romlis ganmavlobaSi Janruli tradicia ganagrZobda ganviTarebas, rTuli xdeboda da saxes icvlida (Tumca inarCunebda mTlianobasa da uwyvetelobas). oriode sityviT menipes Semdgom ganviTarebaze. rogorc vnaxeT, ukve antikur da adreqristianul niadagze menipe amJRavnebda iSviaT `protevsisebur~ Tvisebas, icvlida garegnul formas (Tumca inarCunebda Sinagan Janrul Tvisebriobas), romanis srul moculobas iZenda, iTavsebda monaTesave Janrebs, mkvidrdeboda sxva did JanrebSi (magaliTad, berZnul da adreqristianul romanSi). es Tavisebureba Tavs iCens menipes ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve axal droSi. 95 mixail baxtini Sua saukuneebSi menipes Janruli Taviseburebani laTinuri saeklesio mwerlobis zogierT dargSi ganagrZobdnen arsebobas da ganaxlebas, romlebic, ganskuTrebiT mowameTa cxovrebis zogierT nairsaxeobaSi, uSualod agrZelebdnen Zveli qristianuli literaturis tradiciebs. ufro Tavisufali da originaluri saxiT menipe Sua saukuneebis iseT dialogizebul da karnavalizebul JanrebSi cocxlobda, rogoricaa `kamaTi~, `paeqroba~, ambivalenturi `xotba~ (desputaisons, dits, débats), moralite da mirakli, xolo gviandel saukuneebSi _ misteria da soti. menipes elementebi igrZnoba Sua saukuneebis mkveTrad karnavalizebul parodiul da naxevradparodiul literaturaSi: imqveyniur parodiul xilvebSi, parodiul `saxarebaTa sakiTxavebSi~ da a.S. da bolos, am Janruli tradiciis ganviTarebis Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia Sua saukuneebisa da adreuli aRorZinebis xanis novelisturi literatura, romelic Zlier aris gamsWvaluli karnavalizebuli menipes elementebiT. aRorZinebis xanaSi _ mTeli literaturisa da msoflmxedvelobis Rrma da TiTqmis sayovelTao karnavalizebis epoqaSi _ menipe yvela did JanrSi (rablesTan, servantesTan, grimilshauzenTan da sxvebTan) mkvidrdeba, amasTanave viTardeba menipes sxvadasxvagvari renesansuli formebi, romlebSic umetes SemTxvevaSi SeTavsebulia am Janris antikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciebi: deperies `mSvidobis winwili~, erazmis `qeba sisulelisa~, servantesis `samoZRvrebo novelebi~, `Satyre Menippée de la vertue du Catholicon d’Espagne~ (`menipes satira espaneli kaTolikonis Rirsebebze~, 1594 w., erT-erTi udidesi politikuri satira msoflio literaturaSi), grimilshauzenis, kevedosa da sxvebis satirebi. axal droSi menipe ara mxolod sxva karnavalizebul JanrebSi mkvidrdeba, aramed sxvadasxva variantiTa da saxelwodebiT damoukidebladac ganagrZobs ganviTarebas: `lukianes dialogi~, `saubrebi micvalebulTa samefoSi~ (antikuri tradiciiT aRbeWdili nairsaxeoba), `filosofiuri moTxroba~ (menipes nairsaxeoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia ganmanaTleblobis xanisaTvis), `fantastikuri moTxroba~ da `filosofiuri zRapari~ (romantizmisaTvis, magaliTad, hofmanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi) da sxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom axal droSi menipes Janrul Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva literaturuli mimdinareobebio da SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi iyenebdnen da sxvadasxvagvarad aviTarebdnen mas. ase, magaliTad, volteris racionalisturi `filosofiuri moTxroba~ da hofmanis romantikuli `filosofiuri zRapari~, maTi mxatvruli arsis, ideuri Sinaarsisa da, cxadia, SemoqmedebiTi individualobis didi sxvaobis miuxedavad (sakmarisia, magaliTad, SevadaroT `mikromegasi~ da `pawia caxesi~), menipes saerTo Janruli niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian da orive mkveTad karnavalizebu96 karnavalizebuli literatura lia. unda iTqvas, rom axali drois literaturaSi menipe karnavalizebis yvelaze mZlavri da elvare formebis ZiriTadi matarebeli iyo. da bolos saWiroa imis aRniSvna, rom Janruli saxelwodeba `menipe~, iseve rogorc yvela sxva antikuri Janruli saxelwodeba _ `epopea~, `tragedia~, `idilia~ da sxv., _ axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebisas, antikurobisagan gansxvavebiT, ara garkveuli Janruli kanonis, aramed Janruli arsis aRsaniSnad ixmareba. (magram Tu iseTi Janruli terminebi, rogoricaa `epopea~, `tragedia~ da `idilia~, axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebisas sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, Cveulebrivia da, ar gveucnaureba, rodesac `omsa da mSvidobas~ epopeas, `boris godunovs~ _ tragedias, xolo `Zveli drois memamuleni~ _ idilias vuwodebT. magram Janruli termini `menipe~ uCveuloa (gansakuTrebiT _ Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi) da amitom misi gamoyeneba axali drois literaturis nawarmoebTa (magaliTad, dostoevskis) mimarT SesaZloa ramdenadme ucnauri da naZaladevi mogveCvenos). Cveni eqskursis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom menipesa da misi monaTesave Janrebis Cvens mier mocemuli daxasiaTeba mTlianad vrceldeba dostoevskis Semeqmedebis Janrul Taviseburebebze. [...] gavixsenoT is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, romelic dostoevskisaTvis hqonda volterisa da didros dialogur kulturas, romlis saTaveebs “sokrates dialogTan”, antikur menipesTan da _ nawilobriv _ diatribasTan da soliloqviumTan mivyavarT. Tavisufali menipes meore nairsaxeoba, fantastikuri da zRapruli elementebiT, gvxvdeba hofmanTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia adrindel dostoevskize. dostoevskis yuradReba miiqcies agreTve edgar pos moTxrobebma, romlebic TavianTi arsiaT axlos arian menipesTan. [...] Tavisi TematikiT `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ dostoevskis wamyvani Temebis erTgvari sruli enciklopediaa; amasTanave es Temebi da maTi mxatvruli xorcSesxmis wesi erTob damaxasiaTebelia menipes JanrisaTvis. `sasacilo adamianis~ centralur figuraSi cxadad gamosWvivis karnavalizebuli literaturis `brZeni briyvis~ da `tragikuli masxaras~ ambivalenturi seriozul-sasacilo saxe. [...] `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ menipesaTvis uaRresad damxasiaTebeli TemiT iwyeba, _ es aris Tema iseTi adamianisa, romelmac erTaderTma icis WeSmariteba da amitom mas yvela dascinis, rogorc giJs. [...] SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev ramdenime sxva tipis nawarmoebs, romlebic TavianTi arsiT axlos arian menipesTan, magram pirdapir ar Seicaven fantastikur elements. aseTia upirvelesad moTxroba `Tvinieri qalwuli~, romelSic JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mwvave siuJeturi anakriza, mkveTri kontrastebiT, mezalansebiTa da moraluri eqsperiment97 mixail baxtini ebiT, soliloqviumis saxiTaa gaformebuli. moTxrobis gmiri Tavis Tavze ambobs: `me dumiliT saubris ostati var, me mTeli Cemi cxovreba dumiliT Cavilaparake da mTeli tragediebi dumiliT gavatare Cems TavTan~. gmiris saxe Tavis Tavisadmi swored dialoguri damokidebulebiT aris gaxsnili. [...] amgvar menipesTan, arsebiTad, axlos aris agreTve `baraTebi iatakqveSeTidan~ (1864), romelic agebulia rogorc diatriba (saubari dauswrebel mosaubresTan); igi Ria da faruli polemikiT aris gamsWvaluli da aRsarebis arsebis elementebs Seicavs. am nawarmoebSi menipes sxva nacnobi elementebic moCans: mwvave dialogur sinkrizebi, familarizeba da profanireba, qoxmaxebis naturalizmi da sxv. SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev erT nawarmoebs erTob damaxasiaTebeli saTauriT _ `uxamsi anekdoti~ (1862). es Rrmad karnavalizebuli moTxrobac axlosaa menipesTanA(magram varonis tipis menipesTan). aq yvelaferi aRsavsea mkveTri karnavaluri kontrastebiT, mezelansebiT, ambivalenturobiT, damdablebiTa da ganmkobiT. romanSi `danaSauli da sasjeli~ sonia raskolnikovis mier sonias pirveli monaxulebis cnobili scena (saxarebis kiTxviT) lamis sruli qristianizebuli menipea: mwvave dialoguri sinkrizebi (rwmena urwmenobasTan, morCileba siamayesTan), mwvave anakriza, oqsimoronuli SeTavsebebi (moazrovne _ borotmoqmedi, meZavi _ wmindani), ukanasknel kiTxvaTa Riad dasma da saxarebis kiTxva qoxmaxis garemoSi. menipeebia raskolnikovis sizmrebi da agreTve svidrigailovis sizmari TviTmkvlelobis win. `idiotSi~ menipe aris ipolites aRsareba (`Cemi aucilebeli axsnaganmarteba~), romelic terasaze Tavad miSkinis dialogis scenis CarCoSia Casmuli da ipolites TviTmkvlelobis sceniT mTavrdeba. `eSmakebSi~ aseTia stavroginis aRsareba am aRsarebis CarCo _ dialogi stavroginsa da tixons Soris. `ymawvilSi~ aseTia versilovis sizmari. `Zmebi karamazovebSi~ SesaniSnavi menipe aris ivanesa da alioSas saubari mivardnili dabis savaWro moedanze traqtirSi `dedaqalaqis qalaqi~. aq traqtiris orRanis xmaze, biliardis burTebisa da ludis boTlebis sacobTa tkacunSi beri da aTeisti msoflios ukanasknel sakiTxebs wyveten. am `menipes satiraSi~ Casmulia meore satira _ `legenda did inkvizitorze~, romelsac damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da qristesa da eSmakis saxarebiseuli sinkrizis mixedviTaa agebuli. es orive urTierTdakavSirebuli `menipes satira~ msoflio mxatvrul-filosofiuri literaturis udides nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba. da bolos, aseve Rrma menipea ivane karamazovis saubari eSmakTan (Tavi: `eSmaki, ivane feodoroviCis koSmari~). [...] karnavalizebis movlena dostoevskis SemoqmedebaSi, cxadia, scildeba menipes farglebs da mas damatebiTi Janruli wyaroebi aqvs, romlebic calke ganxilvas saWiroeben. dostoevskize, isve rogorc XVII-XIX saukunee98 karnavalizebuli literatura bis mraval mweralze, karnavalizeba upirvelesad literaturul-Janruli tradiciis saxiT zemoqmedebda, xolo karnavalizebis araliteraturuli wyaro, anu _ karnavali, mTeli sicxadiT, SesaZloa, arc ki hqonia gacnobierebuli. magram karnavali, misi formebi da simboloebi, da upirvelesad Tavad karnavaluri msoflgancda mraval literaturul JanrSi iWreboda, mTlianad msWvalavda da ayalibebda maT Taviseburebebs, maTi erTgvari ganuyofeli nawili xdeboda. literaturis enaze gadatanili karnavaluri formebi cxovrebis mxatvruli wvdomis mZlavr iaraRad, gansakuTrebul enad iqcnen, romlis sityvebsa da formebs simboluri ganzogadebis, anu siRrmeSi ganzogadebis udidesi Zala SeswevT. [...] XVII, XVIII da XIX saukuneebis literaturisaTvis karnavalizebis umTavres wyaros aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi warmoadgendnen _ upirvelesad bokaCo, rable, Seqspiri, servantesi da grimilshauzeni (es ukanaskneli scildeba aRorZinebis farglebs, magram mis SemoqmedebaSi karnavalis Rrma gavlena aranaklebad igrZnoba, vidre SeqspirTan da servantesTan). aseTsave wyaros warmoadgenda agreTve (uSualod karnavalizebuli) pikareskuli romani. garda amisa, am saukuneTa mwerlebisaTvis karnavalizebis wyaro, cxadia, antikurobisa (maT Soris _ `menipes satira~) da Sua saukuneebis karnavalizebuli literatura iyo. dostoevskisaTvis karnavaluri tradiciis aTvisebisas didi mniSvneloba hqonda XVIII saukunis literaturas da upirvelesad _ voltersa da didros, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia karnavalizebis SeTavseba antikurobisa da aRorZinebis xanis dialogebiT nasazrdoeb maRal dialogur kulturasTan. [...] karnavaluri tradiciis ufro Rrma SeTvisebis magaliTi hpova dostoevskim balzakTan, JorJ sandTan da viqtor hiugosTan, romlebTanac naklebad gvxvdeba karnavalizebis garegnuli gamovlinebebi, magram samagierod karnavalizebiT Rrmad aris gamsWvaluli didi da Zlieri xasiaTebisa da vnebaTaRelvis agebuleba. vnebaTa karnavalizeba upirvelesad maT ambivalenturobaSi vlindeba: siyvaruli SeTavsebulia siZulvilTan, siZunwe _ uangarobasTan, Zalauflebis siyvaruli _ TvidakninebasTan da a.S. karnavalizebis SeTavsebas cxovrebis sentimentalur aRqmasTan dostoevski poulobda sternTan da dikensTan. da bolos, karnavalizebis SeTavseba romantikuli (da ara racionalisturis, rogorc volterTan da didrosTan) saxis ideasTan dostoevskim edgar posTan da gansakuTrebiT _ hofmanTan pova. calke unda iTqvas rusul tradiciaze. aq, gogolis garda, unda vaxsenoT dostoevskize puSkinis Rrmad karnavalizebuli nawarmoebebis _ `boris godunovis~, belkinis moTxrobebis, boldinos tragediebisa da `pikis qalis~ uzarmazari zegavlena. 99 mixail baxtini karnavalizebis am mokle mimoxilvas odnavadac ara aqvs sisrulis pretenzia. CvenTvis mTavari iyo tradiciis ZiriTadi xazebis Cveneba. erTxel kidev xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom Cven gvainteresebs ara calkeuli mwerlebis, calkeuli Temebis, ideebisa da saxeebis zegavlena, aramed uSualod TviT Janruli tradiciis zegavlena, romelsac igi am mwerlebidan iTvisebda. [...]. karnavalizebis problemis swori gagebisaTvis Tavi unda davaRwioT karnavalis gamartivebul gagebas, mis gaigivebas axali drois maskaradul xazTan da miT umetes mis uxams bohemur gaazrebas. karnavali gardasuli diadi aTaswleulebis sruliad saxalxo msoflgancdaa. es msoflgancda, romelic Tavisufalia SiSisagan, maqsimalurad aaxlovebs qveyanas adamianTan, da adamians adamianTan (yvelani laRi familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi arian moqceulni) da cvlaTa sixaruliTa da mxiaruli fardobiTobiT upirispirdeba SiSiT danergil, dogmatur da axlis warmoqmnisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil calmxriv da moRuSul oficialur seriozulobas, romelic arsebuli mdgomareobisa da sazogadoebrivi yofis absolutizirebisaken miiswrafvis. karnavaluri msoflgancda swored amgvari seriozulobisagan Tavisuflebas iZleoda. magram yovelive amaSi odnavadac ar aris fuqsavatoba da uxamsi bohemuri individualizmi. aseve unda gavemijnoT karnavalis Teatralur-sanaxaobriv koncefcias, rac erTob damaxasiaTebelia axali droisaTvis. karnavalis swori gagebisaTvis unda mivmarToT mis saTaveebsa da mwvervalebs, anu antikurobas, Sua saukuneebsa, da bolos, aRorZinebis epoqas. [...] Cven ukve aRvniSneT reducirebuli sicilis didi mniSvneloba msoflio literaturaSi. sicili aris Taviseburi, magram logikuri eniT gamouxatavi esTetikuri damokidebuleba sinamdvlisadmi, anu misi mxatvruli xedvisa da wvdomis garkveuli saSualeba da, maSasadame, agreTve mxatvruli saxis, siuJetis, Janris agebis garkveuli xerxi. ambivalentur karnavalur sicils uzarmazari SemoqmedebiTi _ Tanac Janris warmomqmneli _ Zala hqonda. amgvari sicili movlenas cvlisa da gadasvlis procesSi iWerda da wvdeboda, movlenaSi Camoyalibebis orive poluss da maT uwyvet da cxovelmyofel, ganaxlebisaken midrekil cvalebadobas aRnusxavda: sikvdilSi ganWvretilia dabadeba, dabadebaSi _ sikvdili, gamarjvebaSi _ damarcxeba, damarcxebaSi _ gamarjveba, SemkobaSi _ganmkoba a.S. karnavaluri sicili arc erT am moments ar aZlevs calmxriv seriozulobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas. Cven aq Zalauneburad vaxdenT karnavaluri ambivalenturobis logizirebasa da damaxinjebas; rodesac vambobT, rom sikvdilSi `ganWvretilia~ dabadeba, amiT Zalauneburad vxleCT da ramdenadme vacilebT erTmaneTisagan 100 karnavalizebuli literatura sikvdilsa da dabadebas. cocxal karnavalur saxeebSi ki TviT sikvdili orsuladaa da mSobiarobs, xolo mSobiare dedis wiaRi sikvdilad gvevlineba. swored amgvar saxeebs badebs SemoqmedebiTi karnavaluri sicili, romelSic ganuyoflad arian Serwymuli dacinva da aRtaceba, Zageba da qeba. rodesac literaturaSi karnavalisa da karnavaluri sicilis gadatana xdeba, isini met-naklebad saxes icvlian mxatvrul-literaturuli amocanebis Sesabamisad. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi da nebismieri xasiaTis gardamqmnis SemTxvevaSi ambivalenturoba da sicili mxatvrul saxeSi mainc rCeba. amasTanave garkveul pirobebsa da garkveul JanrebSi SesaZloa moxdes sicilis reducireba. sicili kvlavac ganapirobebs saxis struqturas, magram TviTon minimumamde daxSulia: asaxuli sinamdvilis struqturaSi Cven, marTalia, vamCnevT sicilis kvals, magram TviT sicili ar gvesmis. ase, magaliTad, platonis (pirveli periodis) `sokrates dialogebSi~ sicili reducirebulia (Tumca ara mTlianad), magram igi rCeba mTavari gmiris (sokrates) saxis struqturaSi, dialogis wayvanis meTodSi, da rac mTavaria, inarCunebs arsebobas sruliad WeSmarit (da ara ritorikul) dialogurobaSi, romelic azrs Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi yofierebis laR fardobiTobaSi moaqcevs da ar aZlevs mas abstraqtul-dogmatur (monologur) uZraobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas. aRorZinebis xanis literaturaSi sazogadod ar xdeba sicilis reducireba, Tumca misi `xmis simaRles~ aq uTuod sxvadasxva gradaciebi aqvs. rablesTan, magaliTad, igi saqveynod ismis. ukve servantesTan igi saqveynod aRar ismis, marTalia, `don kixotis~ pirvel wignSi sicili jer kidev sakmaod xmamaRla gaismis, xolo meoreSi, pirvel wignTan SedarebiT, sakmaod reducirebulia. es reducireba mTavari gmiris struqturasa da siuJetis cvlilebebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. XVIII da XIX saukuneebis literaturaSi sicili, rogorc wesi, sakmaod daxSulia _ ironiamde, iumoramde da reducirebuli sicilis sxva formebamde. (dasasruli. dasawyisi wina nomerSi). rusulidan Targmna Tamar nucubiZem. wignidan: М. Бахтин _ Проблемы поэтики Достоевского, Москва, 1968. M. Bakhtin – Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Translated by Tamar Nutsubidze. 101 leqsmcodneoba Teimuraz doiaSvili sikeTis yvavilebi visac qarTuli leqsi uyvars da versifikaciis kvlevac ainteresebs, akaki xinTibiZis saxeli nacnobicaa da axlobelic. `akakis leqsisa~ da `galaktionis poetikis~ avtorma naxevar saukuneze meti miuZRvna leqsmcodneobis problemebis mecnierul Seswavlas, Tavis interesTa TvalsawierSi moaqcia xangrZlivi, TiTqmis aTaswlovani periodi qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebisa – rusTvelis epoqidan Tanamedroveobamde – da araerTi istoriulad mniSvnelovani da Teoriulad Rirebuli sakiTxi gaarkvia. *** akaki xinTibiZes momadlebuli hqonda poeziisa da leqsis mkvlevarisaTvis iseTi aucilebeli Tvisebani, rogoricaa intuicia da analitikuri unari, warmosaxva da gemovneba, erudicia, magram me mainc gansakuTrebiT maocebda misi gulmodgineba, iSviaTi niWi Sromisa, Tanamimdevroba da moTmineba miznisaken mimaval gzaze. es mizani sapirado arasodes yofila. akaki xinTibiZes mxolod erTi ram amoZravebda – mudam da yovelTvis! – qarTuli mwerlobis msaxurebis survili. mosavalic xvavrieli hqonda: mravali, wigni, aseulobiT gamokvleva da literaturuli werili. *** batoni akakis saarsebo atmosfero kvleva da azris gaziareba iyo. misi pirovnuli buneba yvelaze ukeT maSin Canda, rodesac kolegebs Tu farTo auditorias Ziebis Sedegebs acnobda. es ar iyo mxolod saqmis mcodne profesionalis gamosvla – moxseneba axali, saintereso Temaze. baton akakis hqonda midrekileba, mecnieruli komunikaciis procesi erTgvar ritualad, sulieri gandobis aqtad eqcia, romlis drosac TanamdgomT qarTuli leqsis morig, mis mier mignebul saidumlos aziarebda. *** akaki xinTibiZem TiTqmis yvela klasikos poetze dagvitova poetikuri narkvevi: SoTa, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili, besiki, romantikosebi, ilia, 102 sikeTis yvavilebi akaki, vaJa, gamorCeulad ki mainc galaktions afasebda – galaktionis poezia iyo misi aRtacebisa da mudmivi gaocebis sagani. Tavisi `didi sameulic~ hqonda. SoTa – vaJa – galaktioni, xolo Tu versifikaciul jadoqrobaze midgeboda saqme, aq ufro kategoriuli iyo: rusTaveli da galaktioni – Tanabrad! siyvaruls galaktionisadmi saqmiT adasturebda. amaze metyvelebs werilebis vrceli seria did poetze, agreTve grandiozuli `galaktionis riTmis leqsikoni~, romelic akaki xinTibiZis Taosnobis Seiqmna da, samwuxarod, dRemde gamoucemelia. *** batoni akaki bunebiT saTno, keTilmosurne adamiani iyo, magram mtkice da Seuvalic; veraviTari safrTxe da usiamovneba, veraviTari koniunqtura ver Seacvlevinebda Tvalsazriss, Tu mis WeSmaritebas irwmunebda. albaT, esec aris mizezi imisa, rom qarTvel literatorTagan iSviaTad ganucdia vinmes imdeni daumsaxurebeli wyena Tu usafuZvlo Tavdasxma, ramdenic baton akakis. me minaxavs igi umZimes wuTebSi, mopaeqreTa uRirsi gamoxdomebiT gaognebuli, magram am viTarebaSic – TavSekavebuli da gawonasworebuli. is, rogorc zneobis kaci, arasodes kargavda Rirsebis grZnobas, profesionalis patiosnebiT icavda polemikis wesebs – mxolod argumentirebis logikas aRiarebda. *** bolo xanebSi, rodesac avadmyofoba mieZala da gareT gamosvla gauWirda, xSirad vsaubrobdiT telefoniT. ainteresebda, ras vakeTebdi, TviTonac emociurad miambobda, raze muSaobda imJamad. zogjer raimes moZebna-dazustebasac mTxovda fundamenturi monografiisaTvis `qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria~, romlis saboloo redaqtireba moaswro kidec. TiTqos ver grZnobda Savi aCrdilis siaxloves, ise iqceoda: weras ar wyvetda, iumors ar Ralatobda, rac mTavaria, gansacdels ar gauborotebia – uTqmelad sevdiani, ufro Tbili da alersiani gaxda. erT dRes gulis morigi Setevisgan gamobrunebulma dareka. yurmili Cemma meuRlem aiRo. batonma akakim uguneboba Seatyo da mizezi hkiTxa – SviliSvils wiTela gaurTulda da ojaxSi dazafrulni viyaviT. batonma akakim gagvamxneva, bavSvs axlave movrCeno da... yurmilSi simRera gaisma: `batonebo, mouoxeT~. es simRera adreT bevrjer momismenia, batoni akaki mas didi krZalviT da grZnobiT galobda xolme megobrebTan erTad. axla, uRono da dasustebuli, TiTqmis uxmod amoTqvamda sityvebs, mainc mReroda _ bavSvs umReroda! gaognebulni vusmendiT... 103 Teimuraz doiaSvili saocreba moxda – Temurikos imave Rames ukeTesoba daetyo. gaixara batonma akakim, sityvasac gadamikravda xolme, rogoraa saqme, xom mogirCine SviliSvilio?! *** akaki xinTibiZisagan bevri sikeTe maxsovs, safiqralic bevri damitova da mosagonaric. amis droc mova. axla ki, am mcire werilis werisas, isev Camesmis CurCuliT, vedrebiT namReri sityvebi: `mouoxeT... ia da vardi hfenia...~ me ase mgonia: batoni akakis saflavze mudmivad hyvavis sikeTis uxilavi yvavilebi – ia da vardi. maTi xilva yvelas SeuZlia, vinc amqveynad sikeTis rwmeniT cxovrobs. 104 Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis akaki xinTibiZe Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis Warbi riTmis cneba SemuSavebuli ar aris. igi pirdapiri azriT esmiT: `vefxistyaosnis~ maRalsa da dabal SairSi or da sammarcvliani riTmebia, xolo oTx-xuTmarcvlianebi Warbia. es gageba mcdaria. `vefxistyaosnis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: naTurqalsa-nasuqalsa-nabuqalsa (56), xuTmarcvliani _ moisminebda-moiwyinebda-moilxinebda-TinaTinebda (52), iseve, rogorc galaktionis akademia-nakadebia (`goties~) – Warb riTmebad ar CaiTvleba. zogi mkvlevari qarTul leqsSi sammarcvlianze (`daqtilurze~) grZel riTmas ver xedavs da zemoT motanili riTmebi `zedaqtilurad~ miaCnia. zogis azriT ki, qarTulSi xuTmarcvlianze ugrZesi riTma saerTod ar arsebobs. qarTul leqss midrekileba aqvs grZeli riTmebisaken. guramiSvilis riTma: Savberdi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi – oTxmarcvliani, griSaSvilis: akakiseburs-akiskisebuls-xuTmarcvliani; lado asaTianisa – gadabrialebiT-SavbrialebiT _ Savnabdianebi _ eqvsmarcvliani, gvxvdeba rvamarcvliani riTmac: gagvaWoriWorebeno _ dagvaSoriSorebeno (xalxuri). arc erTi es riTma Warbi ar aris. riTmis siWarbis ganmsazRvreli metruli sqemaa, metrul sqemasTan Sesatyvisoba. `vefxistyaosnis~ 98-e strofi, romlis metruli sqemaa 44/44 ormarcvliani riTmiT iwyeba: cxensa-Cvensa da oTxmarcvlianze gadadis: anafrensa-wanarbensa, magram 130-e strofSi es simetria darRveulia: getyvia-Semityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvia. strofi maRali Sairisaa (44/44) da riTma an ormarcvliani unda hqondes, an – oTxmarcvliani. Tu Semityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvias ormarcvliani evfoniuri Tanxmoba aqvs (tyvia), getyvia-gesityviaSi bgeriTi Tanxmoba aSkarad sammarcvliania (etyvia). am uswormasworobas mkiTxveli ver grZnobs, radgan igi leqsis ritms mihyveba da am SemTxvevaSi luw (or) marcvlian riTmas aRiqvams. Tumca gety����� via-gisetyvias sammarcvlianobas ver gaeqcevi da, amdenad, igi Warbi riTmaa. aseve, poemis meore strofi metruli sqemis Sesabamisad (53/53) moiTxovs sam an ���������������������������������������������������������������� xuTmarcvlian���������������������������������������������������� riTmas; magram misi riTma oTxmarcvliania,���������� ������������������������� e.i. Warbia: yovlisa tanisa-satanisa-gasatanisa-wasatanisa. 85-e strofSi, romelic maRali SairiTaa dawerili da luwmarcvlian 105 akaki xinTibiZe riTmas saWiroebs, misi oTxive cali sammarcvliania. sariTmo sityvebs: pirsa, gmirsa TavSi winare sityvaTa a xmovani erTvis: wylisa pirsa-viTa gmirsa-unagirsa-anatirsa. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa: a gmirsa-agirsa. es riTmac Warbia. 87-e strofis riTmaSi; gulmduRarisad-molizRarisad-Rari sad-aRarisad sariTmo erTeulia sammarcvliani arisad, magram ra vuyoT riTmis mesame-meoTxe calebSi oTxmarcvlian bgeriT Tanxmobas: giSrisa Rari sad – aRarisad? rogor SevelioT riTmis am srul identurobas: a Rari sad – aRarisad? 134-e strofSi riTmis sami cali oTxmarcvliania: raca qmari-dasanTqmari-asaqmari, magram pirvel da meore calebSi sammarcvliani riTma ikiTxeba: raca qmari-Senaqmari (aqmari), rac metrul sqemasTan (44/44) Seusabamobis gamo, Warbia. galaktionis leqsSi `Tovli~ kadencia xuTmarcvliania – variaciebiT 23, 32 (ufro bunebrivi 2 3-ia), amitomac ZiriTadi riTma (katrenis II-IV striqonebisa) TiTqmis yovelTvis sami marcvliT ifargleba: vberdebinaxaverdebi, cxovreba-memaxsovreba, dafnaSi-udabnoSi, damTova-mimatova, broleba-gamoqroleba, binaSi-winaSe. xididan ������������������������������������������������������������ fena-dawvenac����������������������������������������������� leqsis adrindel variantebSi (gaz.������������� ������������������ `saxalxo saqme~, `artistuli yvavilebi~) sammarcvliani iyo: xididan cvena-dawvena, magram 1927 wlis krebulSi cvena fenam Secvala. ioseb griSaSvili werda: `galaktionma moixsna Teqa provincialuri. adre hqonda cvena~ (Tumca cvena provinciuli forma ar aris: foTolcvena). sammarcvlovani riTma ormarcvlianze Camovida: fena-dawvena, rogorc es pirvel strofSi: fena-moTmena. riTma gaRaribda. metrul sqemasac ver moergo, Warbi gaxda. Warbia galaktionis `orxideebis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: dasevdili-isev diliTYsqemis mixedviT (5/4/5) riTma unda yofiliyo an xuTmarcvliani, an sam (or) marcvliani. arada, iseTi sasiamovno evfoniuri Tanxmobaa dasevdili-isev diliT, rom misi ormarcvlianze gadayvana – dasevdili-diliT an, miTumetes, sammarcvlianze (evdili ev diliT) arasgziT ar SeiZleba. maSasadame, riTmis siWarbe mis grZliobasTan ki ara, saleqso sqemasTanaa dakavSirebuli, sqemis moTxovnas ar Seesabameba: an grZelia masze, an - mokle. albaT, mkiTxveli Semomedaveba: sityvas `Warbi~ negatiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, Warbi riTma ki usiamovno SegrZnebas ar iwvevso. sruli WeSmaritebaa! poetebic ar eridebian Warb riTmebs. riTmis metrul sqemasTan Sesabamisobas mis evfoniur simdidres amjobineben. galaktionis oTxmarcvlian riTmebSi ufro xSirad sammarcvliani bgeriTi Tanxmobaa, xolo xuTmarcvlianebSi – oTxmarcvliani. 106 Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis Warbi riTma, faqtobrivad, mkiTxvelis cnobierebis miRmaa, radgan leqsi ritms mihyavs; ritmis gareSe ar arsebobs (verlibrsac Tavisi ritmi aqvs), riTmis gareSe ki – ramdenic gnebavT. riTma, Warbi iqneba Tu metrul sqemasTan gawonasworebuli, leqsis xasiaTs ver cvlis. es gansakuTrebiT Warb riTmaze iTqmis, romelic mxolod fonikazea dafuZnebuli, radgan riTmas sxva parametrebic aqvs: kerZod, ritmi da semantika, romelic riTmis Rirsebis erTi pirveli msazRvrelia, fonikaze metic. riTmis semantika ki mTliani sityvebis Sewyobas gulisxmobs da ara sityvaTa nawilebisas, rac Warb riTmaSia. amitom: a gmirsa _ agirsa, a Rari sad – aRarisad – riTmebi ar aris. es cdomileba qarTuli riTmis silabur-tonuri Teoriidan momdinareobs, romlis mixedviT, riTmad klauzulebia miCneuli, sariTmo sityvaTa maxvilisSemdgomi nawilebi. amrigad, Warbi riTma leqsze uaryofiT gavlenas ver axdens, mis Rirsebas ar amcirebs, amitom poetebic ar eridebian mas (TviT rusTaveli da galaktioni!). Tumca lado asaTianis leqsebSi Zalze iSviaTia Warbi riTmebi. TiTqmis yvela misi riTma metruli sqemis Sesatyvisia: niSnianebi-moSrialeben, es alublebi-vesaubrebi, ZaZa bunebas-daZabuneba, siaruli-mxiaruli: rusTavelis prospeqtze siaruli nu momiSalos RmerTma; viyo mudam ase mxiaruli, qarTveli poeti merqvas. samwuxarod, didxans ar dascalda lado asaTians rusTvelis�������� ����������������� prospeqtze siaruli. Akaki Khintibidze Towards Understanding Excessiveness of Rhyme Summary The notion of excessive rhyme is not worked out yet. It is understood in its direct sense: There are two and three-syllable rhymes in “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”s high and low verses, four-syllable rhymes are regarded as excessive. Such kind of interpretation is wrong. Four-syllable rhyme of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”: “naturqalsa-nasukalsa-nabuqalsa” (56), five-syllable rhyme: “moismenda-moitkenda-moilkhenda-tinatinebda” (52), like 107 akaki xinTibiZe Galaktioni’s academy-nacadamy (“To Gothie”) – will not be considered as excessive. Some researchers cannot see longer than three-syllable rhymes (dactylic) and consider the above mentioned rhymes as “Super-dactylic”. Some of them think that there are not rhymes longer than five-syllable in Georgian. Georgian verses are inclined towards long rhymes. Guramishvili’s rhyme: shavberdebi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi - four syllable, Grishashvili’s: akikisebuls-akiskisebuls – five-syllable; Lado Asatiani’s: “gadabrialebit-shavbrialebit-shavnabdianebi – six-syllable, there are eight-syllable rhymes as well: gagvachorichorinebeno-dagvashorishorebeno (folklore). None of these rhymes are excessive. Metric scheme is defining feature for excessiveness of rhyme, correspondence with metric scheme, it does not correspond to the requirement of the scheme: is either shorter or longer it. Probably, the reader will argue with me: the word “excessive” has a negative connotation, but excessive rhyme does not provoke unpleasant feelings. It is true! Poets do not try to avoid excessive rhymes. They prefer its euphonic richness rather than its correspondence with metric scheme. In Galaktioni’s four-syllable rhymes there is more often three-syllable sound assent, in five-syllable rhymes – four-syllable. Excessive rhyme is actually beyond reader’s consciousness, as rhythm leads the poem; it does not exist without rhythm, but it is possible without rhyme. Rhyme, be it excessive or in correspondence with the metric scheme, cannot change the character of the verse. This it especially true for excessive rhyme, which is based only on phonics, as rhyme has some other parameters as well: rhythm and semantics, which are the primary defining features of its dignity, more than phonic. The semantics of rhyme means the collocation of whole words and not of parts of words, as in excessive rhyme. This misinterpretation comes from syllabic-tonic theory of Georgian rhyme, according to which, parts that come after stressed syllables in rhymed words are regarded as rhyme. Therefore, excessive rhyme does not have a negative impact on the verse, does not diminish its dignity that is why poets do not try to avoid using it (even Rustaveli and Galaktioni). Although, excessive rhymes are extremely rare in Lado Asatiani’s poems. Almost all of his rhymes correspond to the metric scheme. Almost all its rhymes correspond to metric scheme. 108 Tamar barbaqaZe galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) galaktion tabiZis TxzulebaTa uaxles gamocemaSi (tabiZe 2005: 372) poetis cnobili leqsi `ieri~ dabeWdilia Zveli TariRiT (1915 w.): iyo dila mSvenieri, dila feradi, magram uceb wamovida caieradi. ase iyo Seni dilac bedisweramdi, sanam yofnis ar dagkravda caieradi. rom iWeqa, gza dayruvda seriT seramdi, da maisis wamovida caieradi. eh, wamodi, Cemo wvimav, mgoni, meRirsa, moTminebiT megrZno risxva Seni mexisa – rom Sens elvas SeuerTdes lurja merani, caierads Cemi Cangis, caieradi. iyos qrola maradisi, magram verraTi ver daacxros droTa CvenTa caieradi. zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi am leqsis Taobaze vkiTxulobT, rom mis avtografs (a 5570) axlavs avtoris xelmowera da mis mier gadaxazulia saTauri `caieradi~, magram daculia poetis minaweri: `ca ierad~. aqvea minawerebi: `Маникеизм. Шота был последователь~, `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~. zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi, rogorc vTqviT, `ieri~ 1915 wliT aris daTariRebuli, rac, ra Tqma unda, saeWvoa. 109 Tamar barbaqaZe minawerebma: `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~ logikurad gagvaxsena galaktionis 1938 wels dawerili leqsi: `ferad-feradi~: me xom sxva var, dRe cismare, maxvils vferavdi, Sen ki gqonda dReT sizmari ferad-feradi. miyvars am xmis gagoneba, radgan verraTi ver wavSale mogoneba ferad-feradi. Semiyvarda eg xma tkbili bedisweramdi, sad ar damdevs misi Crdili ferad-feradi. iyos ise, rogorc darCa amieramdi, _ CemTvis ZonZi, SenTvis farCa ferad-feradi. orive leqsi monoriTmiania. `ieris~ sayrden riTmad warmogvidgeba sityva `caieradi~, romelic 5-jer meordeba 24-striqonian leqsSi. monorimis danarCeni sariTmo erTeulebia: feradi-bedisweramdi-seramdi-meraniverraTi. gamonaklisia sariTmo wyvili: meRirsa-mexisa. `ferad-feradis~ kompozicia eyrdnoba fuZegaorkecebul, polilogur kompozits: ferad-feradi: vferavdi–ferad-feradi-verraTi-ferad-feradi-bedisweramdi-amieramdi-ferad-feradi. 8-jerad riTmaSi oTxjer gameorebulia: `ferad-feradi~, xolo ori cali riTmisa: vferavdi-veraTi, rogorc viciT, ukve moniSnuli hqonda galaktions `ieris~ avtografSi. sazomi orive monorimisa erTnairia: cametmarcvledi (4/4/5) – ase iSviaTi galaktionis poeziaSi. cametmarcvledi, rogorc cnobilia, aRorZinebis periodidan iRebs saTaves, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ki misi sxvadasxva variacia (35/5, 4/4/5, 43/24 (24/43) daviT guramiSvilis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. galaktionis poeziaSi cametmarcvledi, izosilabur sazomTa Soris, gamoyenebis sixSiriT, erT-erT bolo adgilzea: variaciiT 33/43 sul ori leqsi dauweria poets, xolo zemoxsenebuli 44/5 oTx leqsSi gvxvdeba. 1927 wlis krebulSi Sesuli leqsebic: `daiRupa is xomaldi~ da `zRvis fskeridan~ swored 445-iT aris Sesrulebuli: 110 galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) daiRupa is xomaldi didi xania, o, ramdeni mwuxareba amitania. (`daiRupa is xomaldi~) ak. xinTibiZe wers: `Semdeg poetma es izosilaburi striqonebi datexa (`ieri~) (xinTibiZe 1987: 212). rogorc vxedavT, galaktionis poetikis, misi metrikis cnobili mkvlevari ueWvelad miiCnevs, rom `ieri~ 1927 wlis mere unda iyos dawerili. Cven ar gveeWveba, rom `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~ erTmaneTs enaTesaveba da Tu `ferad-feradis~ TariRi eWvs ar iwvevs, namdvilad 1938 wels aris dawerili, `ieri~ 1928-1938 wlebiT unda daTariRdes. SeuZlebelia, 1915 wels daewera galaktions `ieri~ da igi ar Seetana arc `artistul yvavilebSi~ (1919 w.) da arc 1927 wlis krebulSi. rogorc miuTiTeben, `1928-58 wlebSi galaktioni... pirdapiri azriT, awarmoebda namdvil teqstologiur oms sakuTari teqstebis winaaRmdeg – cvlida atribucias, axal teqsts awerda Zvel TariRs da a.S. garkveuli azriT, man moigo es `30-wliani omi~ (1928-1958 w.w.). man gaimarjva, radganac `gadawera~ ara mxolod warsuli, aramed momavalic, momaval mkvlevarTa reaqciebi~ (SaTiriSvili 2004: 23-24). Cans, galaktionis meore saleqso reforma, romelic `20-30-iani wlebis mijnaze daiwyo da poetis bolo periodis lirikaSi Tvisebrivad axali mxatvruli sistemis SeqmniT dasrulda~ (doiaSvili 1995: 34), Seexo poetis metrikasa da riTmasac. kerZod, cametmarcvledisa da monorimisaTvis galaktions 30-ian wlebamde yuradReba ar miuqcevia. es sazomic (44/5) da monorimic siaxlea galaktionis 30-iani wlebis versifikaciaSi. galaktionis meore saleqso reforma iTvaliswinebda `sinamdvilis, rogorc esTetikuri obieqtis, aRiarebas da Sesabamis koreqtivebs poeziis arsis gagebaSi. aRorZinda poetisa da xalxis, poeziisa da xalxis interesebis ganuyoflobis idea, gadaisinja poetur enasa da stilTan dakavSirebiT damokidebuleba, poeturoba unda daefuZnos ara rTul, elitur enas, ara rCeul sityvebs, aramed yoveldRiur sasaubro metyvelebas, poeziisaTvis umTavresia sada, gasagebi stili, xalxuri ena, msubuqi leqsi~ (doiaSvili 1995: 35) – aseTi iyo saxalxo poetis, galaktion tabiZis azri poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebaze 30-50-ian wlebSi: `...Cvens simRerebSi ismis xalxis guliscema, xalxis Zlieri, naTeli da mgznebare xma~ (tabiZe 1975: 198). g. tabiZis 30-ian wlebis CanawerebSi poeti sakuTar Tavs miznad usaxavda `organiulad SeTvisebas masiuri, xalxuri Semoqmedebisas, romelic idealuria mravali formis mxriv...~ (tabiZe 1975: 312) 111 Tamar barbaqaZe sayuradReboa, rom `ferad-feradis~ kompozicia, monorimTan erTad, kidev erT^ burjs, sityva `xmas~ eyrdnoba: `miyvars am xmis gagoneba~, `Semiyvarda eg xma tkbili~. `xma~ xalxuri leqsisa da simReris kilos unda gulisxmobdes da igi galaktionis 1934-1941 wlebis monorimebSi Taviseburad ametyvelda. am Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi galaktions 18 monorimi dauweria, mesamedi (6 leqsi) ki swored 1938 wliT aris daTariRebuli. sagulisxmoa, `xmasTan~ mimarTebiT, 1939 wels dawerili leqsi: `xmamaRla~: Cems gulSi arc winaT, arc axla, arc SiSi yofila, arc daRla. aJRerdiT, Cangebo, xelaxla: xmamaRla, xmamaRla, xmamaRla! xolo 1938 wels galaktioni monorimiT wers Tavis umSvenieres, dRes ukve popularul simRerad qceul, leqss: `ar var oboli am qveyanaze~. es monorimi `xmis~, `hangis~ Zlevamosilebas eZRvneba: 1. 2. 3. ar var oboli am qveyanaze, Sen megulebi nugeSad sanam... ra aris tkbili dedis nanaze, me mimatova adre im nanam. mainc davdivar am qveyanaze. sul ar vivlidi am qveyanaze, nugeSad rom ar megulebode, dae, mgosnobiT mraval nanaze zogs vyvarebode, zogs vZulebode oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze. ar var oboli am qveyanaze, ager qnarebi, ager gulebi... zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze, kvlav vityvi: raki Sen megulebi, oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze. es samstrofiani monorimi sayuradReboa formis siaxliT: kentstriqonian strofebad danawevrebuli monorimi iSviaTia: monoriTmiani leqse112 galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) bis umravlesoba stroful danawevrebas ar cnobs. asea dawerili `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~, asea vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebis umravlesoba (barbaqaZe 1984: 138); galaktioni ki xuTstriqoniani strofebiT wers Sedevrs _ monorims dedis nanaze, romelic poetis STagonebas kvebavs cxovrebis (`zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze...~) xmebiT. `xmasTan~ erTad, galaktionis monorimis Tanamgzavri sityvebia: Cangebi, qnarebi, gulebi..., magram umTavresi am monorimebisaTvis aris xma `caieradisa”, anu xma maisis uecari wvimisa, rasac `caierads~ uwodeben poetis mSobliur imereTSi. am sityvas (`caieradi~) ori aTeuli wlis winaT mixeil alaviZem miaqcia yuradReba da ganmarta, rom igi maisis wvimas _ uecars, Sxapunas _ unda aRniSnavdes (alaviZe 1982: 130). monorimi `ieri~ sityva `caieradis~ swored am mniSvnelobas unda gulisxmobdes. sayuradReboa, rom sityva `ca-ierad~ pirvelad `artistul yvavilebSi~ gvxvdeba leqsSi `SiSi~: ... da rogor mxedrebi, rogorc ca-ierad. mewyerad, samumad gvedeba es Wiri. (tabiZe 1919: 113) sul ki sityva: `caieradi~ galaktionis poeziaSi xuTjer gvxvdeba: oTxjer `ierSi~, xolo erTxel - `SiSSi~. ueWvelia, rom galaktions uyvars Tavisi siyrmisdroindeli sityva, ufrTxildeba mas, radgan `caieradis~ xma dedis nanasTan aris gaTanabrebuli. sulis musika, Sinagani harmoniis, sidiadis SegrZneba ki poets exmareba amqveyniuri aurzaurisa da uxerxulobis daZlevaSi. `ferad-feradi~ kontrastul wyvils gulisxmobs: `me~ da `Sen~ dapirispireba gansazRvravs leqsis kompozicias, romelic ferad-feradi mogonebebis fonze iqmneba: Tu gavixsenebT `ieris~ avtografis (a 5570) minawerebs: `caierad~, `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~ unda vifiqroT, rom poeti erTma mogonebam meoresTan miiyvana, meorem – mravali sxva ram gaaxsena. `ca-ierad~ `artistuli yvavilebis~ leqsis `SiSis~ gaxsenebam gaaxmiana, xolo `caieradi~ `feradferads~ daedo safuZvlad; rac Seexeba minawers zemoxsnebul avtografSi: `Маникеизм. Шота был последователь~, SesaZloa, is SemTxveviT aRmoCnda im furcelze, romelzec `ieria~ Sesrulebuli. magram maniqevelobis Taobaze msjeloba qarTul istoriografiaSi, filosofiasa da literaturismcodneobaSi (iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, p. ingoroyva) swored 20-30-iani wlebis mijnas ukavSirdeba; Sesabamisad, `ieri~ 30-iani wlebis kuTvnilebaa da ara 1915 wlisa. 113 Tamar barbaqaZe galaktionis monorimis kvleva amjerad am ori, saanalizo leqsis (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) mixedviT warmovadgineT da, Sesabamisad, galaktionis TxzulebaTa uaxlesi gamocemis II da V tomebiT SemovisazRvreT. savaraudo iyo, rom monorimi galaktionis poeziisaTvis organuli ar iqneboda da, amitomac, iSviaTad Segvxvdeboda Tavidan bolomde erTi riTmiT gamarTuli leqsi. pirveli qarTuli poetikuri traqtatis `WaSnikis~ avtori monorims `boloerTs~ uwodebs da mis nimuSsac gvTavazobs: `mefis Tqmuli boloerTi~ (`me Sevamke ca, qveyana, zRva, mTa, veli, nayofT gvari, ...~) xuTi, erTi saerTo riTmiT Sekruli strofisagan Sedgeba da amitomac hqvia `bolo erTi~. aseve boloerTia `mefis Tqmulic~ (`SuriT aRivsnen ugbilni~), grZelSairiT (53/53) Sesrulebuli (baraTaSvili 1981: 23); monoriTmiani leqsebi sagangebod SeviswavleT vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi, radgan xalxur xmebs eyrdnoboda igi, monoriTmianobac mosalodneli iyo vaJas lirikisaTvis (barbaqaZe 1984: 135). galaktionis poeziaSi ki, rogorc vTqviT, sul ar velodebodiT monoriTmiani leqsebis amgvar simravles: II tomSi (1915-1921 wlebi) 15 `boloerTi~ leqsia Setanili, xolo V tomSi (1932-1940 wlebi) 18 monorimi; sul 14 weliwadSi 33 monorimi. sagulisxmoa, rom monorimebis: `Cemi simRera”, (`zogs oqromkediT monaqsovari~), `hquxda xmovani qari mravali~, `xmamaRla~, `melanqoliuri mesimRere~, `srolis xma mTaSi~ - saTaurebi `xmas~ ukavSirdeba, xolo monorimebi: `ar var oboli amqveyanaze~ da `verxvebi~ didi xania popularul simRerebad aris qceuli saqarTveloSi. mcire gadaxveva: galaktioni, sruliad samarTlianad, amayobda, rom kargi xma hqonda. igi igonebs: `... arasodes iseTi `mravalJamieri~ ar maxsovs, Cven sami rom vmRerodiT: me, vano sarajiSvili da daviT pavliaSvili~ (tabiZe 1975: 213). cnobilia, rom galaktioni niko sulxaniSvilis momReralTa gundis wevri iyo 1910 wlidan. galaktioni igonebs: `niko iRebs gammas, sruliad ubralo gammas, do, re, mi... me vyvebi – jer sruliad ubralod. Semdeg gadadis variaciebze da Cemi xma umaRlesi notidan gadmodis dabalze. dablidan maRalze – da ase Semdeg didxans. kompozitori guldasmiT amowmebs yovelives. ukanaskneli akordi miwyda. gamocda damTavrda. yvela sulganabulia. mec vucdi sulxaniSvilis daskvnas, ukanasknel ganaCens. is cota xans sdums da Semdeg dajerebis, aRtacebuli ieriT xmaSi (xazgasma Cvenia – T.b.) ambobs: _ ra sufTa altia, gasaocari xaverdovani da wkriala, Zlieri alti! unazesi lirikaa! ramdeni wlisa xarT? _ TxuTmetisa, batono niko! 114 galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) _ rodesac ocs wels gadascdebiT, es Tqveni altic baritonad iqceva. Cveulebrivad ase xdeba. darCiT Cems gundSi, vimReroT erTad! – xalisianad sTqva man da mxarze xeli damkra~ (tabiZe 1975: 240-241). zemoxsenebuli mogoneba isedac sainteresoa, magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aq galaktionis mier ierisa da xmis dakavSireba: `aRtacebuli ieriT xmaSi ambobs...~ e.i. xmas aqvs Tavisi ieri, intonacia, iseve, rogorc saxes aqvs ieri, gamometyveleba. xmis ieri gansakuTrebulia galaktionis monorimisaTvis. damowmebani: baraTaSvili 1981: baraTaSvili m. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981. barbaqaZe 1984: barbaqaZe T. vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebi. WaSniki. qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1984. doiaSvili 1995: doiaSvili T. galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba. sadisertacio macne filologiis mecn. doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb.: 1995. tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebani. t.XII, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975. tabiZe 2005: tabiZe g. saarqivo gamocema ocdaxuT wignad. w. II, leqsebi (1915 - 1921), Tb.: gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005. SaTiriSvili 2004: SaTiriSvili ������������������������������������������������������� z.����������������������������������������������������� galaktionis poetika da ritorika. ������������������� 1915-1927.��������� �������� Tb.:���� gamomcemloba `logos presi~, 2004. Tamar Barbakadze Galaktion’s Monorhhyme Summary The article deals with the fact that even in the brand new editions of Galaktion Tabidze’s works we come across the same dating of verses without taking into consideration their style, poetics and versification. The research reveals: the peculiarity of Galaktion’s second poetic reform: Approach to the voice of folk poetry, dialect was reflected in verses with common rhyme written in 1928-1958. It is so called mono rhyme, which traditionally belongs to folk poetry. Tabidze’s well-known mono rhyme “Expression” (“Ieri”) is dated by 1915 which in not correct. This poem is directly linked or precedes poet’s mono rhyme: “Colourful-Colourful” (“Peradi-Peradi”), which was written, without doubt, in 1938. 115 Tamar barbaqaZe Galaktion’s second poetic reform (20-30s of XX century) was about poet’s metrics and rhyme. Galaktioni had paid no attention to thirteen-syllable words and mono-rhyme until 30s. This criterion (44/5) and mono-rhyme is innovation in Galaktion’s versification. It should be noted, that the composition of “Perad-Peradi” (“Colourful-Colourful”), is based not only on mono-rhyme but on the word “voice” as well: “I like hearing this voice”, “I fell in love with this sweat voice”. Dialect should be meant in the voice of folk verses and songs and it found its expression in Galaktion’s 1934-1941 mono-rhymes. Galaktioni managed to write 18 mono-rhymes during these 7 years, third of them (6) are dated by 1938. The word “Tsaieradi”, which is repeated 5 times in 24-line verse, represents the poem’s “Expression” (“Ieri”) key rhyme element. The composition of “Perad-Peradi”(“Colourful-Colourful”) uses double rooted, polylogic composites as a base: vperavdi-perad-peradi-versati-perad-peradi-bedistseramdiamieramdi-perad-peradi. “perad-peradi” is repeated for four times. Thirteen-syllable starts from the epoch of Renaissance, its variations (35/5, 4/4/5, 43/24, 24/43) are most frequently met in Guramishvili’s works. By means of frequency of use 4/4/5 is in the last place. The basis for versification interrelation of analysed mono-rhymes are found. Likeness of “Ieri” and “perad-peradi”, is shown not only with the help of identity of mono-rhymes’ lexical units but with same meter: both mono-rhymes are written by rare criterion – thirteen-syllable – 44/5, which Galaktioni has not used until 30s. The author focuses on the word form that forms compositional basis for Galaktion’s mono-rhyme “Ieri”: rare, exotic, dialectic form: “Tsaieradi”, denoting sudden, poring rain of May. Galaktioni has once mentioned this word in the collection “Artistic Flowers”, then repeats it for four times in “Ieri”. The sound of the rain is connected with folk, childhood sounds, recollecting of which defines Galaktion’s song mood. 116 giorgi lobJaniZe arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi (momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni) arabuli leqsis struqturuli da Tematuri ganaxlebis procesSi mkvlevrebi ramdenime etaps gamohyofen (abbasi 1996: 82). aRniSnuli sqemis mixedviT, ganaxlebis meore etapi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba (al-amadi 1966: 12). mecnierebi dRemde kamaToben imis Taobaze, vin SeiZleba miviCnioT ganaxlebis II etapis mebairaxtred _ iranuli warmomavlobis erayeli poeti qali naziq al-mala’iqa (1923-1993) Tu sirieli poeti badr Saqir as-saiabi (1926-1964) (axali... 1974: 101). Tumca, Cveni azriT, amas principuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radganac arabuli leqsis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis mcdeloba aRniSnul or poetamdec araerTxel yofila da am procesSi mravali literatori monawileobda. ubralod, yvela wina mcdeloba spontanuri xasiaTisa iyo, xolo naziq al-mala’iqas 1949 wels dastambuli poeturi krebulis `nakverCxlebi da nacari~ (`Sazaia va ramad~) winaTqma, SesaZloa, erTgvar manifestad miviCnioT, sadac poeti qali mecnierulad, logikuri argumentebis moSveliebiT asabuTebs yvela Tavis SemoqmedebiT novaciasa da, aqedan gamomdinare, arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis aucileblobas. iTvleba, rom xsenebulma winasityvaobam, erTi mxriv, Seqmna axali arabuli poeziis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeli logikuri baza, meore mxriv ki, gamoavlina poeziis Sesaxeb Teoriul naazrevsa da praqtikul gamocdilebas Soris arsebuli yvela mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba da Seusabamoba (abbasi 1996: 93). sainteresoa, rom naziq al-mala’iqa, rodesac arabuli leqsis tradiciuli leqswyobis pirobiTobaTagan gaTavisuflebis aucileblobaze laparakobs, sakuTar msjelobas sainteresod asabuTebs. kerZod, igi arabul enas zusti poeturi miniSnebebisadmi (al-iSara) ugulisyurobasa da sazogado bundovanebaSi (ibham) `adanaSaulebs~. Tumca iqve icavs kidec am bundovanebas da acxadebs, rom `bundovaneba adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia da Cven am movlenas, TavisTavad, versad gaveqceviT, miT ufro Tu gvinda, rom xelovnebis meSveobiT fsiqika aRvweroT da fsiqikuri cxovreba zustad, xelSesaxebad gavaanalizoT~. leqsmcodneTa SefasebiT, naziq al-mala’iqa Tavisi am `winasityvaobiT~, sruliad mourideblad, gamoTqvams rwmenas poeturi revoluciis aucileblobisa da im cvlilebebisadmi, rasac aRniSnuli revolucia Sedegad moitans (qadqani 2001: 56). igi acxadebs mzadyofnas, gaxsnilad miiRos yve117 giorgi lobJaniZe la Sedegi _ rogoric ar unda iyos is _ da ambobs: `darwmunebuli var, dRevandeli arabuli poezia cvlilebaTa mdinaris napiras dgas, romlis yovelmxriv movardnili, yvelafris Zirfesvianad mglejveli niaRvrebi adgilze poeziis tradiciuli safuZvelebis nasaxsac ki aRar datoveben. tradiciuli poetikis yoveli wesi _ riTma da ritmi iqneba Tu stili _ erTianad moiryeva. sityvaTa areali ki ise gaiSleba da gafarTovdeba, rom poets Tvalwin gamosaxvisa da gamoTqmis SesaZleblobaTa sruliad gansxvavebul, axal, farTo horizonts gadauSlis. Tu warsulSi TavisTavadi poeturi gamocdileba adamianis fsiqikas garedan uyurebda, axla es gamocdileba fsiqikas Signidan gaaSuqebs~ (al-mala’iqa 1946: 3). am „yvelafris Zirfesvianad mglejveli~ ganaxlebis Tavisebureba isicaa, rom didi siswrafiT viTardeba da dayovneba ar axasiaTebs. yvelafers daunaneblad acamtverebs da kritikis saSualebasac ki aRaravis utovebs. meore Taviseburebad SeiZleba procesis permanentuloba miviCnioT. siaxleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi Zveldeba. amis gamo poezia mudmivad novaciis momxrea da wes-kanonTa Tu gayinul kliSeTa sazRvrebs arasodes emorCileba (al-mala’iqa 1946: 4). axali arabuli poeziis specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom maSin, roca naziq al-mala’iqa wignSi `axali arabuli poeziis sakiTxebi~ (pirvelad daistamba 1962 w.), cdilobda axali poeziis kritikis zogi safuZveli Camoeyalibebina, axali poeziis talRa imaze gacilebiT Zlieri iyo, rom kritikisa da analizis mowesrigebul farglebSi moemwyvdiaT (axali... 1974: 50). Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, rom ganaxlebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi iqmneboda im adamianis mier, romelic TviTon iyo am ganaxlebis erT-erTi iniciatori da sulisCamdgmeli. praqtikulad, al-mala’iqa Tavisi Teoriuli naSromebis meoxebiT cdilobda SemoeTavazebina yvela im SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebis mecnieruli analizi, rac mis poezias axasiaTebda. es „garkveulwilad“ hgavda sakuTari aracnobieris Semecnebas, romlis drosac araCveulebrivad ganaTlebuli poeti miRebul Sedegebs koleqtiur aracnobierze ganazogadebda. garda amisa, mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im garemoebas, rom arabuli leqsis ganaxlebas safuZveli qalma da ara mamakacma poetma Cauyara (abbasi 1996: 79). amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maSin mieniWeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom axali arabuli poeziis erT-erTi niSani individualizmis gamkveTreba, pirad grZnobebze Seulamazebeli, pirdapiri laparaki, fsiqikis siRrmeebSi CaZirva, am siRrmeTa moxelTeba da gareT gamotana iyo. es ki gansakuTrebiT rTuli gaxldaT qalisaTvis CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi, radganac, tradiciulad, arabul qveynebSi miiCnevdnen, rom kaci qalis grZnobebis gadmocemas TviT qalze ukeTac ki axerxebda. garda amisa, sazogadoeba imas, rasac kacisgan SedarebiT mSvidad miiRebda, qals arafriT 118 arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi apatiebda. arabuli sazogadoebaSi, sadac qals arasodes gaaCnda mamakacis Tanabari sazogadoebrivi uflebebi, grZnobebi, romelzec qali poeti daufaravad saubrobda, ucxo, mtruli da tradiciuli `ojaxis burjisagan~ miuRebeli Canda. amitomac, siaxlisaken swrafva da poeziaSi axali Tematikis Tanamimdevruli damkvidreba umTavresad ucxouri poeziiT zedmetad gatacebasa da am poeziis arcTu jansaR gavlenas braldeboda. Tumca naziq al-mala’iqa Tavidanve dabejiTebiT miuTiTebda, rom axali arabuli poeziis stilistikis Sesaqmnelad poets, romelic novatoriul Ziebebs gadawyvetda, upirvelesad tradiciuli arudis sistemis zedmiwevniTi codna moeTxoveboda. swored arudis sistemas unda dafuZneboda yvela is novacia, rac Zaldautaneblad Cajdeboda Tanamedrove arabuli leqsis Tematikisa da struqturis formalur niSanTa erTian konteqstSi (axali... 1974: 210). TviTon naziq al-mala’iqa SesaniSnavad flobda tradiciuli arabuli poeziis saleqso formebs da swored am codnisa Tu flobis safuZvelze agebda axal stilistikas. sxvaTa Soris, aqve saintereso unda iyos imisi aRniSvna, rom zogi mkvlevri andalusiuri muvaSahis gaCenis winapirobadac arudis sistemis mimarT andalusielTa mometebul _ Teoriul Tu praqtikul _ cnobiswadils miiCnevda, rac leqsis imdroindel cnobil ostatTa erTgvar SejibrSi gamoixateboda. Sejibri iTvaliswinebda leqsebis Txzvas arudis sistemis im sazomTa mixedviT, rasac `al-ara‘id al-muhmila~ ewodeboda. `al-ara‘id al-muhmila~ aerTianebda iseT sazomebs, romelic arudis sistemis avtorma xalil ibn ahmadma sazomTa erTian skalaze savsebiT samarTlianad ganalaga, rogorc Teoriulad SesaZlebeli (kudelini 1973: 14), magram praqtikulad am sazomTaTvis arcerT arab poets arc arudis sistemis Seqmnamde da arc mas Semdgom arasodes miumarTavs (andalusiuri... 1963: 300). Tumca andalusiaSi mimdinare poeturi porcesebisagan gansxvavebiT, axal arabul poezias leqsis sturqturaSi arasodes gamouyenebia xalil ibn ahmadis Teoriuli sazomebi da Tanamedrove poetebi mxolod gavrcelebuli struqturuli elementebis e. w. bahrebis gamravalferovnebis aucileblobaze saubrobdnen. amitomac marTebuli Cans ihsan ‘abbasis Sefaseba, rom `am mxriv Tanamedrove arabi poetebi gacilebiT tradicionalistebi iyvnen, vidre muvaSahebis _ andalusiaSi mcxovrebi arabi _ avtorebi~ (abbasi 1996: 203). Tumca igive mecnieri am movlenas imiT xsnis, rom Tanamedrove poetebi ise iyvnen gatacebulni arudis sistemiTa da am sistemis calkeuli sazomebiT, rom gulubryvilod sjerodaT, TiTqos gavrcelebuli bahrebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo ise, rom amiT arudis sistemis sazomebi ar darRveuliyo. amitomac Tuki sazomebi irRveoda, es uneblieT 119 giorgi lobJaniZe ufro xdeboda, vidre winaswarganzraxuli da kargad mofiqrebuli gegmis safuZvelze (qadqani 2001: 67). gardaqmnaTa daCqarebulma tempma da poetTa dauokebelma da erTi SexedviT moulodnelma swrafvam saleqso enis ganaxlebisaken kritikosTa dabneuloba da garkveulwilad uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia. am procesis Tanamdevi kritikuli gamokvlevebi SeiZleba or kategoriad daavajgufoT: erTis mxriv aRweriTi, leqsis Sinaarsis ganmmartebeli, xolo meores mxriv, TviTonac poeturi, eqspresiuli xasiaTis statiebi. aRniSnuli viTareba bunebrivad wamoWris kiTxvas: arsebiTad siRrmiseuli kritikuli Teoriis gareSe rogor SeZlo arabulma poeziam fexze damdgariyo da TviTganaxlebis qaoturi procesi permanentuli gaexada. SekiTxva TavisTavad gulisxmobs im obieqtur garemoebas, rom yovelgvari literaturuli siaxle, romelic sakuTar arsebobasa da xangrZlivobas aucileblad miiCnevs, uTuod saWiroebs kritikis seriozul Tanadgomas. xolo Tu aseTi ram ar gvaqvs, maSin sxva faqtorebi unda amuSavdes dawyebuli saqmis gadasarCenad da bolomde misayvanad. arabuli poeziis SemTxvevaSi es roli ramdenime faqtorma iTamaSa. kerZod, axali Tematikis ayvavebam da drois suliskveTebasTan am Tematikis sinqronulma Tanxmobam, SemoqmedebiT problemebTan gulwrfeli brZolis mdidarma gamocdilebam, aseve Zveli saleqso formebis gamofitvama da axali epoqis saTqmelis gadmosacemad maTma SemoqmedebiTma uunarobam. ra Tqma unda, iyo sxva faqtorebic, romelTagan sami, rakiRa TiToeuli maTgani Tavis mxriv ganaxlebis procesis sam safexursac gamoxatavs, saWiroa calke da dawvrilebiT iqnes ganxiluli. pirvel faqtors mogviano xanis arabuli saliteraturo kritika `Cum Tanamonawileobas~ uwodebs. am terminSi igulisxmeba is, rom arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis procesi dasawyisidanve Sors iyo Sinagani gaTiSulobisa da aSkara winaaRmdegobaTagan, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime poetis pirovnul pozicias, romelic ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre sayovelTao da gavrcelebuli Sexedulebani. magaliTad, badr aS-Saqir as-saiabis dapirispireba salah abd-as-saburTan anda al-baiaTisa da naziq al-mala’iqas polemika Tavisufali leqsis naklovanebaTa Taobaze. magram yvela, vinc weris axali stilistikis momxre iyo da am stiliT TviTgamoxatvas amjobinebda, Tundac uSualod misi wvlili procesSi Zalze mokrZalebuli yofiliyo, TavisTavs `axali skolis~ erTiani ojaxis wevrad miiCnevda da aRniSnuli jgufis saerTo `mters~ _ `tradicionalistTa skolis~ Sexedulebebs upirispirdeboda. es `Cumi Tanamonawileoba~ Tavis SigniT uamrav gansxvavebul mosazrebas, damokidebulebasa da, bolos da bolos, gansxvavebul gemovnebas gulisxmobda, amitomac didi iyo Sinagani dapirispirebis, TviT umwvavesi uTanxmoebis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis 120 arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi albaToba. pirvel etapze axali poeziis moZraoba am ganxeTqilebas aRniSnul SexedulebaTa da uTanxmoebaTa mkafiod Camouyalibeblobam gadaarCina. kerZod ki iman, rom formalur doneze `axali moZraobis~ meTaurebs TavianTi naazrevisaTvis anda ideur-literaturuli mimarTulebisaTvis Sesabamisi forma jer kidev ar moeZebnaT. Tumca gamoxatvis iseT gansxvavebul yalibsa da saSualebebs eZebdnen, sadac TavianTi grZnobebis adekvatur integrirebas moaxerxebdnen, radganac Zveli, tradiciuli saleqso formebi saamisod aSkarad aRar gamodgeboda. Tumca roca mkiTxveli, erTis mxriv, naziq al-mala’iqas krebulebs _ `Ramis metrfe qali~ an `nakverCxlebi da nacari~, as-saiabis wignebs `damWknari yvavilebi~ da `miTebi~, al-baiaTis krebulebs `angelozebi da eSmakebi~ da `damsxvreuli kokebi~, meore mxriv ki abd as-saburis ormisra‘ian fragmentebs da arudis sistemis sazomebiT Seqmnil sxva leqsebs gaecnoba, maT Soris arsebiT, Tematur gansxvavebas versad aRmoaCens. mkafio ar iyo arc Sexedulebani da arc poeziis gzebi da mimarTulebani. amitomac am `Cumi Tanamonawileobis~ winaaRmdeg ver SevxvdebiT iseTi tipis kritikas, rogoric adonisma `winaaRmdegobis poeziis~ Taobaze dawera. ra Tqma unda aRsaniSnavia is, rom adonisis kritikuli werili im dros Seiqmna, roca `axal poezias~ fexi jer kidev myarad ar moekidebina, `winaaRmdegobis poezia~ ki, romelic lamis saerTo saxalxo movlenad iyo gamocxadebuli, `wminda wylis evropul leqss~ araerTi kuTxiT daemuqra. adonisi aRniSnavs: `Cveni poezia okupirebul teritoriebze, jer erTi, arc patara Senakadia Tanamedrove arabuli poeziis dedamdinaris gverdiT, aramed TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli dinebaa da meorec, is gagrZelebaa da ara dasawyisi. gagrZeleba im erovnul ganmaTavisuflebeli poeziisa, romelsac arabi xalxi am saukunis (igulisxmeba me-20 saukune g. l.) pirvel naxevarSi gaecno da revoluciuri poezia ar yofila~ (adonisi 1967: 11). adonisi Tavis Sexedulebas ramdenime mosazrebiT amyarebs. misi azriT, poeziis saanalizo mimarTuleba mTlianad jdeba tradiciuli da memkvidreobiT miRebuli stilistikis CarCoebSi da Sors dgas revoluciurobisagan, radgan is revolucias gare movlenad ganixilavs, romelic SeiZleba erT-erT Temad gamoiyenos. am mxriv, winaaRmdegobis poezia wminda wylis eposia, radganac aRsavsea hiperboluri suliskveTebiT, hiperbola ki amSvidebs TviTSemecnebis vnebas da sabolood aClungebs mas~ (adonisi 1967: 15). adonisis aRniSnuli mosazrebebi CvenTvis imdenad aris saintereso, ramdenadac, winaaRmdegobis poeziaze saubris miuxedavad, `Cumi Tanamonawileobis~ SemoqmedebiTi banakis wevrebs Soris pirvel xelSesaxeb uTanxmoebasac aaSkaravebs. arsebiTad aqedan daiwyo is didi Teoriuli gansxvavebebi, 121 giorgi lobJaniZe romelic SedarebiT srulyofilad ramdenime literaturuli gamocemis furclebze aisaxa. es gamocemebi SegviZlia axali poeziis damkvidrebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtorad miviCnioT. maTgan pirvel rigSi ki unda davasaxeloT Jurnali `apolo~, romelic albaT imis magaliTad gamodgeba, rom poeziis nebismieri axali mimarTuleba literaturis istoriaSi sabolood dasamkvidreblad saWiroebs literaturul wreebSi popularul gamocemas. aseTi roli arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis I etapze ergo gamocemas `apolo~, romelic 1932 wels ahmad zaqi abu Sadim (1892-1955) da literaturuli jgufis `apolos~ wevrebma daarses. gamodioda 1935 wlamde da arabuli modernizmis erT-erT^ mebairaxtered iTvleboda. arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis II etapze ki `apolos~ funqciebi TavisTavze orma libanurma almanaxma aiRo. es almanaxebi iyo: `al-adab~ (`literatura~) da `aS-Si‘r~ (`poezia~). pirveli maTgani 1953 wels daaarsa iusuf al-xalma da kvartalurad ibeWdeboda, meore ki 1957 wels gamoica iusuf al-xalis mxardaWeriTa da adonisis redaqtorobiT da 1964 wlamde gamodioda. samwliani pauzis Semdeg, 1967 wels isev ganaxlda misi gamocema da 1969 wlamde gagrZelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom almanaxi `poezia~ im dros, roca axal poezias Zalze cota, faqtobrivad TiTebze CamosaTvleli momxreebi hyavda, am poeziis qomagad da damamkvidreblad gamodioda da aRniSnuli gamocemis damsaxureba arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis procesSi bevrad sWarbobs sxva nebismieri gamocemisas. almanaxi `poezia~ iyo aRniSnuli procesis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis warmomadgenelTa dasaydeni da Taviseburi TavSesafari. aq ibeWdeboda TviT yvelaze gabeduli da Tamami eqsperimentebi, romelic tradiciuli sazogadoebis kritikasa da xSirad ulmobel risxvasac ki imsaxurebda. garda amisa aqve qveyndeboda Tanamedrove msoflio poeziis nimuSTa arabuli Targmanebi da Teoriuli werilebi axali poeziis arsisa da viTarebis Sesaxeb. almanaxis daxurvis Semdeg ki is roli, rasac mimdinare saliteraturo procesSi manamde aRniSnuli almanaxi asrulebda, nawilobriv itvirTa ramdenime gamocemam, magaliTad, Tavkif as-saiRis redaqtorobiT 1968 wels gamocemulma Jurnalma `hivar~ (`dialogi~) da amave wels adonisis mier daarsebulma Jurnalma `mavakif~ (`poziciebi~). amis Semdeg kidev ramdenime gamocema gaCnda da ukve aramxolod libanSi, aramed arabuli samyaros TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, rasac sazogadoebaSi axali poeziis mimarT arnaxuli interesi mohyva. interesma ki gamoiwvia axali stilistikis SigniT sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiT poziciebze mdgomi literatorebis calkeul jgufebad gaerTianeba, romelTac TavianTi Semoqmedebis popularzaciis saqmeSi igive funqcia ikisres, rasac adre mxolod beWduri gamocemebi asrulebda. 122 arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi am droidan ukve SedarebiT gaadvilda gamomcemlobebTan urTierTobac. CvenTvis saintereso periodSi axali poeziis calke krebulebad gamocemis saqmes xsenebuli literaturuli Jurnalebis redaqciebi uZRvebodnen. swored almanaxma `aS-Si‘r~ da yovelkvartalurma `al-adab~ SeimuSaves is sagamomcemlo politika, romliTac axali poeziis krebulebi mkiTxvelisaTvis mimzidvel da saintereso gamocemebad aqcies. amas garda, amave mizniT yvela sxva gamomcemlobaze metad gaisarja libanuri `dar al-‘uda~, romelic axali poeziis warmatebul warmomadgenelTa sruli krebulebis (al-a‘mal al-qamila) dastambvas Seudga. magram es warmateba erTbaSad da moulodnelad ar mosula. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axalma arabulma poeziam TviTdamkvidrebis urTulesi gza gamoiara da Tavidan aRtacebiT axali stilis momxre literatorebs aravin Sexvedria. Tavdasxma ki, piriqiT, uamravi SexvdaT da imaSic ki dasdes brali, rom maTi mcdelobani iyo moRalaturi gegma arabuli saliteraturo enis dasarRvevad da da dasamxobad. Cvens mkiTxvels warmodgena rom Seeqmnas, ramdenad saSiSi iyo aseTi braldeba poetTa axalTaobisaTvis, aucilebelia icodes, rom uzarmazar farTobze gadaWimuli, erTmaneTisagan zogjer mkveTrad gansxvavebuli arabuli qveynebis erTianobis erT-erT garantad saliteraturo arabuli ena gvevlineba. amitomac, saliteraturo arabulze nebismieri formiT Tavdasxma lamis erovnul Ralatad ganixileba. garda amisa, tradiciuli stilistikis momxre da moamage literatorebi axali poeziis adeptebs imaSic adanaSaulebdnen, rom maT ar xelewifebodaT arudis sistemis farglebSi Rirebuli nimuSebi SeeqmnaT, savsebiT ver flobdnen Zvel gamocdilebas da amitomac iyvenen iZulebulni, tradiciuli mowesrigebuli kasidebis nacvlad `nafleT-nafleTi striqonebi~ eweraT da poeziad gaesaRebinaT. magaliTad, 1959 wels, ukve cnobili da aRiarebuli mahmud abbas al-ukkadi (1889-1964), romelic im dros egviptis literaturisa da xelovnebis umaRlesi mejlisis wevri iyo, damaskos poeziis festivalSi axali poeziis zogi warmomadgenlis monawileobis winaaRmdeg gamovida da ganacxada, rom am axalma poetebma, magaliTad, ahmad abd al-mu‘ti al-hijazim (daib. 1935w.), ar ician poeziis Zireuli, pirveladi principebi. amitomac, namdvili literaturis gadasarCenad igi iZulebulia yvela Rone ixmaros da Tu saWiro gaxda, egviptis literaturisa da umaRlesi mejlisis wevrobidanac ki gadadges. amis sapasuxod al-hijazim imisaTvis, rom al-ukaadisaTvis daemtkicebina, tradiciuli arabuli sazomebi da stilistikac memarjvebao, erTxans, Zveli poetebis mibaZviT, kasidebis wera wamoiwyo magram axal poeziasTan tradicionalistTa dapirispirebas yvelaze ukeT 123 giorgi lobJaniZe asaxavs erTi dokumenti. 1964 wels egviptis poetTa asociaciam am qveynis kulturis erovnul saministros warudgina peticia, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom axali poeziis moZraoba safrTxes uqmnis saliteraturo arabul enas da garkveul jgufs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, amtkicon, dialeqtiT vikvebebiTo. enis damcireba ki TavisTavad gulisxmobs erTiani arabuli erovnebis abuCad agdebas, radganac poezia yovelTvis da yvela erSi xelovnebis sxva dargebze metad icavda erovnul Taviseburebasac da enobriv siwmindesac. mTavari saSiSroeba ki isaa, rom am tipis poezia gamoxatavs arabul da muslimur azrovnebasTan savsebiT dapirispirebul da gansxvavbul ideologias. magaliTad, zogierT nimuSSi codvisa da ganwmenidis, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis ideebi sxva religiuri sistemebidanaa nasesxebi. aseve didi mkrexelobaa maT mier sityva `alahis~ xmareba, radgan am sityvas, ZiriTadad, kerpTayvanismcemlebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneben. mokled, axali poeziis moZraoba es aris enobriv samoselSi gaxveuli ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba, romelic mtrobs yovelive erovnulsa da tradiciuls da cdilobs miwasTan gaasworos didi arabuli poeziis mwvervalebi~ (axali... 1974: 37). dakvirvebul mkiTxvels albaT ecnaura TviTon am peticiis ena, romelic rig SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dadanaSaulebis unificirebul stilistikad miviCnioT TiTqmis yvela drosa da sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom ideologiuri mosazrebebis garda, romelic aSkarad diskriminaciul xasiaTs atarebs, iyo bevri _ wmindad profesiuli _ SeniSvna, romelzedac argumentirebuli pasuxi verc Teoriul da verc praqtikul doneze axalma arabulma poeziam dRemde ver moaxerxa. axali poeziis iseT Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeTagan, rogoric iyvne: aziz abaza, al-ukkadi Tu salih javdaTi, dRes ukve bevri cocxali aRaraa. xolo am poeziis momxreebsa da mesveurebs ufro meti dro da saSualeba miecaT sakuTari literaturuli ideebis bolomde aTvisebisa da damkvidrebisaTvis. Tumca gaCndnen axali mowinaaRmdegeebi, da xSirad TviTon axali poeziis momxreTa Sorisac, magram maTi naazrevis ganxilva ukve calke werilis Temaa. damowmebani: abbasi i. توریب رصاعملا یبرعلا رعشلا يف تاهاجتالا سابع ناسحا 1996 adonisi 1967: adonisi قشمد ثيدحلا يبرعلا رعشلا يف لخدم سينودا1967 al-amadi 1966: al-amadi یبرعلا رعشلا یف دیدجلا و میدقلا یدمالا رشب نبا مساقلا وبا ةرهاقلا ثیدحلا1966 abbasi 1996: 124 arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi al-mala’iqa 1946: al-mala’iqa دادغب )ةمدقم( دامر و اياظش ةکئالملا کزان1946 andalusiuri... 1963: andalusiuri literaturis istoria. يسلدنالا بدالا خيرا توريب نيطبارملا و فئاوطلا رصع. 1963 axali... 1964: axali arabuli poeziis problemebi. یبرعلا رعشلا يف اياضق توريب ثیدحلا1974 kudelini 1973: Куделин А. Б. Классическая арабо-испанская поэзия. Москва: 1973. (?)qadqani 1377: نارهت برع رصاعم رعش دمحم اضر ینکدک یعیف 1377 Giorgi Lobzhanidze The II Stage of the Battle for the Renewal of Arabic Verse: Supporters and Opponents Summary Researchers and historians of Arabic literature distinguish three main stages in the process of development of Arabic literature. Giorgi Lobzhanidze’s article deals with the second stage of the development of New Arabic poetry (from 1940s to 1980s), when, on the one hand, the opposition between traditional and new aesthetics has reached its pick and on the other hand, when the peculiarities and main values have finally been marked, which was later used by contemporary writers to activate poetical language which was totally different from the old one. Researchers cannot agree on the name of innovator of Arabic poetry and they name different poets from various Arabic countries, who had to implement similar reforms in nearly the same period and due to these reforms to distribute all the burdens and poetical results. Though, collection of Iraq poetess Nazik al-Mala’ikah “Ash and Remains “ was written several years prior the works of other poets, therefore the above mentioned collection provide us with materials which helps us to mark all the tendencies of development, which was later more clearly fixed in the books of other Arabic writers. Nazik al-Mala’ikah’s collection is preceded by the author’s brief preface, which represents a kind of manifest for defending aesthetics and values that are reflected in the book. If the preface of Nazik al-Mala’ikah only fixes the results of the process, Giorgi Lobjanidze in his article tries to clear out reasons, which has caused these results. The author of the article briefly discusses literary condition in Arabic countries and represents the works of Nazik al-Mala’ikah and other poets as a logical consequence. In the second half of the XX century Arabic east initiated and speeded up the process of industrialization and westernization. This process was relatively earlier passed by West. Drastic changes that have taken place in the life style would without doubt be reflected on literature, as Arabic writer of the second half of the XX century was no longer the child of the reality to where his ancestors have to live. 125 giorgi lobJaniZe Poetic transformation of reality gave us new literary reality, whose system of morals was gained by means of reaching human’s feelings and intellect. This system of values has included the content of poetry and has put it upside down. The change of content farther required formal changes (changes in the form). Therefore, collapse of traditional poetics and building new aesthetics on this tradition happened in two directions. From the point of content a lot of themes have entered the Arabic poetry in the period under discussion, and changes of kaleidoscopic nature would probably confuse poets of previous epoch. Relation towards individualism was the main differentiating sign between traditional and new poetics. If in the previous epochs the person’s voice was lost in the frames of artistic-imaginative system, could hardly or not at all be distinguished, new poetry has completely ruined that frame and positioned the individual in his centre of interest. As a result, in poetry intimate mood was strengthened and was outlined such feelings, which were previously condemned by poets. Of course, intimacy does not consider only sexual feelings (it should be noted that traditional Arabic literature never avoided this topic and showed it with great interest), here we speak about representing and analysing hidden, unconscious inclinations of human, during the representation of which poetic word acquires more meaning. Poetic forms that were used for centuries would not be appropriate for such kind of drastic individualism, which like lifeless scheme, would not only prevent the expression of new poetical content accents but would also slow down everything, what contemporary poet regarded as his main message towards society. Therefore, new poetical forms emerge in Arabic poetry in the second half of XX century, opposing traditional Arud system and from the first glance, are regarded as innovations brought from outside (Western poetry). Although, the author of the article analysis the formal changes made by Andalusia Arabic poetry in traditional Arud system, contrasts these results with form novelty of Arabic literature and concludes that new poetic forms established in contemporary Arabic poetry should be more a logical consequence of the collapse of Arud system than blindly coping organically strange elements from Western poetry. If it was not that way, novelties of Arabic poetry could not be established and find logical development in today’s literary processes. All these in the article are displayed against the background of analysis of thoughts of supporters and opponents of new poetry, which enabled the author to reflect clearly and exactly the process of development. 126 filologiuri Ziebani laura grigolaSvili kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis qarTuli mwerloba sam umTavres etapadaa dayofili. es etapebia: Zveli, axali, uaxlesi. aRniSnuli klasifikacia literaturaTmcodneTa Soris dRes mraval kiTxvas badebs: ramdenad marTebulia V-XVIII saukuneebis literaturis mTlianad Zvel qarTul mwerlobad miCneva, an misi gamijvna axali da uaxlesi mwerlobisgan? mizanSewonilia Tu ara Zvel mwerlobaSi sasuliero da saero xasiaTis nakadTa erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa? xom ar unda davubrunoT sasuliero mwerlobas misi funqciuri datvirTvis gamomxatveli termini _ saeklesio || samRvdelo? sadavod iqca qarTuli mwerlobis calkeul periodTa mijnebisa da maTi saxeldebis sakiTxic. uaryofil iqna socialur-ekonomikur formaciebTan literaturul procesTa misadagebis tradicia. samagierod gaCnda am periodTa aRmniSvneli axali, litmcodneobiTi terminebi: elinizaciis xana, saxismetyvelebiTi determinaciebi: eideturi, eikonuri, sakuTriv saxismetyvelebiTi da a.S. meti kategoriulobiT daismis qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisTvis evropuli kulturologiuri paradigmebis (renesansi, manerizmi, baroko...) gamoyenebis sakiTxi. yvela es kiTxva gansjisken gvibiZgebs. gamovyofT ramdenimes. am bolo dros gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom ar arsebobs raime enobrivi Tu Sinaarsobrivi barieri, romelic `Zvel mwerlobas~ principulad, Tvisebrivad gamijnavda `axali~ an `uaxlesi~ qarTuli literaturisagan~ (TvaraZe 1997: 154), an kidev: `im faqtiT, rom rusTaveli, `visramiani~, CaxruxaZe, Teimuraz I, arCili, sulxan-saba orbeliani, guramiSvili mTlianad `Zvelisadmi~ arian mikuTvnebuli, qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis sistemidan amogdebulia Zvelsa da axals Soris ganfenili da evropuli renesansis, barokos da ganmanaTleblobis analogiuri movlenebis msgavsi gardamavali periodi~ (kenWoSvili 2007: 133-134). vidre msjelobas gavagrZelebde, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT samecniero literaturaSi gamokveTil erT Zalzed saintereso Tvalsazrisze literaturuli procesebisa da stadialuri periodebis raobis Sesaxeb. klasifikacia efuZneba literaturis Sinaarsobrivi da formaluri donee127 laura grigolaSvili bis urTierTmimarTebas. am klasifikaciiT literaturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi safexuri, romelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia cnebebi: winarefleqsiuri tradicionalizmi, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmi da posttradicionalizmi. am koncefciis avtori s. averincevi, efuZneba ra evropuli da rusuli litmcodneobiTi kvlevebis mdidar gamocdilebas, miiCnevs, rom aristoteles droidan mokidebuli, roca literaturam pirvelad gaacnobiera Tavisi Tavi da pirvelad moaxdina konstituireba Tavisi Tavisa, rogorc literaturisa, e. i. Seimecna sruliad garkveuli avtonomiuri realoba, rogorc yvela sxva realobisgan, pirvel rigSi ki yofisa da kulturisagan gansxvavebuli realoba, man SeZlo TviTgamorkveva poetikasa da ritorikaSi (TviT aristotele, mama evropuli logikuri tradiciisa, imavdroulad xom avtoria `poetikisa~ da `ritorikisa~. _ s. averincevi). am droidan winarefleqsiuri tradicionalizmi icvleba refleqsiuri tradicionalizmiT, xolo namdvili, araorazrovani niSnebi literaturis axali mdgomareobisa Tavs iCens mxolod XVIII s-is II naxevarSi. aqedan mokidebuli literaturuli procesi eqvemdebareba posttradicionalur sistemebs literaturis ganviTarebisa, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmis xana ki moicavs did, erTmaneTisagan metad gansxvavebul epoqebs. esenia: elinizmi da romi, Sua saukuneebi da renesansi, baroko da klasicizmi. maT erT-erT saerTo maxasiaTeblad, maTi homogenobis erT-erT faqtorad ki miCneulia ritorikis principi (averincevi 1986: 112). maSasadame, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmis epoqa iwyeba aristoteles xanidan da grZeldeba romantizmamde. igi efuZneba nimuSis, kanonis, tradiciis, konvenciis esTetikas. axali dro, axali literatura, axali epoqa arRvevs literaturul tradiciebs, reglaments da iqmneba farTo asparezi SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebisaTvis, individualuri `mes~ gamoxatvisaTvis, nairgvari stiluri da saxeobrivi konstruqciebisaTvis. msjelobas Tu gavagrZelebT da qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis process am kuTxiT SevxedavT, kategoriulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zveli da axali || uaxlesi mwerlobis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna (rac sulac ar niSnavs maTi erTianobis uaryofas) ar ewinaaRmdegeba mxatvruli saazrovno procesis ganviTarebis logikas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is fundamenturi literaturul-esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs, erTi mxriv, Zvel qarTul mwerlobas, meore mxriv, axal da uaxles mwerlobebs. axlisgan gansxvavebiT Zveli mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msoflmxedvelobrivi simwyobre da mTlianoba, am wanamZRvrebze dafuZnebuli koncefcia adamianisa, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis msoflSegrZnebaTa da esTetikuri xedvis sruli Tanxvedra, fabulisa da siuJetis urTierTomimarTebis specifika, realizmis Taviseburi gageba, droisa 128 kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis da sivrcis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari konceptebi da sxv. Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi transformacias Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis wiaRSive ganicdis, rac niadags qmnis kidec axali esTetikuri principebis damkvidrebisaTvis. sakiTxis naTelsayofad Suasaukuneobrivi mwerlobis ramdenime aspeqtze gavamaxvileb yuradRebas. magaliTad, rogoria avtoris, Semoqmedis gageba Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi da ra SinaarsiT daitvirTeba igi axal droSi? Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT, Semoqmedi, iseve rogorc aRniSnul epoqasTan dakavSirebuli sociumis yvela warmomadgeneli, Tavs organuli mTlianobis nawilad miiCnevs, igi mikrokosmosia, romelsac makrokosmosis kanonzomierebani msWvalavs. samyaros erTi centri aqvs (RmerTi, universumi), yoveli Seqmnili am centrs eswrafvis: Semecnebis mizani Sesamecnebelisa da Semmecnebelis sruli SeerTebaa. adamiani Semecnebis am gzaze yalibdeba pirovnebad. yoveli adamiani erT zneobriv kanons emorCileba, zneobrivi srulyofis erTi ideali ikveTeba _ qristes baZvis gziT Teozisi, ganRmrToba. es kanonzomiereba gansazRvravs Sua saukuneebis esTetikur da eTikur Sexedulebebs. es kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi procesis yovel komponenets. racionalizmis epoqaSi, axal droSi ki, roca adamiani daSorda religiur TvalTaxedvas, man Tavisi Tavi organuli mTlianobis nawilad ki ara, damoukidebel mTlianobad moiazra da zogadi kanonzomierebis Semecnebis nacvlad sakuTar kanonzomierebaTa Seqmna daiwyo. pirovnuli ufleba TiTqos sazogadoebriv wesrigs ejibreba, yovel individs TiTqos Tavisi cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli gza aqvs, rasac igi zogjer uazrobamde mihyavs. aRniSnulma procesma individualizmi daamkvidra. Sua saukuneebis kulturas msWvalavs Tvalsazrisi, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi da erTaderTi pirovnuli avtori RmerTia, sxvebi RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis oden amxsnelebi, komentatorebi arian. isini Tavis mimarTebas uzenaesisadmi mza religiuri formulebiT gamoxataven, mxatvruli naazrevi efuZneba am religiur-dogmatur frazeologias, paradigmul saxeebsa da gamoTqmebs. amitom iyo am epoqisTvis ucxo `geniosis~ cneba. amitom gamoiricxeboda raime konfliqti avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris msoflSegrZnebiTi xedvisa Tu esTetikuri aRqmis TvalsazrisiT. axali dro, axali literatura (igulisxmeba romantizmi da misi Semdgomi periodis literatura) aRiarebs mxolod individualur xmas, mxolod konkretuli SemoqmedisaTvis damaxasiaTebel intonaciebs. mxatvruli saxeebi originalobiT gamoirCeva, saxeobrivi sistema Semoqmedis individualuri mignebisa da xedvis gamomxatvelia. mxatvruli teqstis interpretaciaTa nairgvaroba savsebiT bunebrivia. 129 laura grigolaSvili gansxvavebulia realizmis gagebac Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da axal mwerlobaSi. sasuliero mwerlobaSi realizmi ar gulisxmobs mxolod grZnobad-meterialur sinamdviles. aq realuri upirvelesad zegrZnobadi, sulieri sinamdvilea. metic: maradiuli sulieri faseulobebiT aRiqmeba da ganizomeba materialur sivrceSi ganfenili yoveli movlena. `aTvlis~ anu xedvis wertili samyaros centrs uerTdeba. Semoqmedis aRqmaSi orive ganzomileba (sulieri da materialuri) erTiandeba, xedva ki mimarTulia zegrZnobadidan grZnobadisken, maradiuli, sulieri Rirebulebebidan amqveyniuri faseulobebisken. aseT xedvas uwodeben `Sebrunebul perspeqtivas~, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri perspeqtivisagan, axali drois Semoqmedis xedvisgan. sayuradReboa, rom bevri TvalsaCino literatori, magaliTad, n. konradi, d. blagoi, v. Jirmunski uaryofs kidec ara mxolod petrarkasa da bokaCos realizms, aramed TviT rables, servantesisa da Seqspiris realizmsac. `hipoTeza realizmis damkvidrebisa literaturaSi daaxloebiT XIX saukunis meore mesamedSi dRes sakmaod argumentirebulad iTvleba~ (xlodovski 1967: 86). Cveni sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovania isic, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi fabulisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT zogadad gamoyofen or periods: erTia `mza fabuliT~ sargeblobisa da meore, fabulis `naturidan~ gadmoRebisa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedi ar Txzavs fabulas, igi mza saxiT iRebs mas miTologiidan, xalxuri gadmocemidan, an sinamdvilidan. mwerali movalea daicvas fabuluri tradicia. `es kanonad qceuli principi damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod antikuri poeziisaTvis, aramed Sua saukuneebis mwerlobisaTvis, Zalian mniSvnelovani doziT aRorZinebisa da klasicizmis epoqebisTvisac~ (koJinovi 1964: 447). axal mwerlobaSi avtoris damokidebuleba fabulisadmi Tavisufalia. igi TviTon Txzavs fabulas, misi SemoqmedebiTi fantazia sruliad SeuzRudavia. literaturis qronologiuri CarCoebisa da periodizaciis problemebis gadasawyvetad sociologiuri kriteriumebis momarjveba dRes samarTlianad miiCneva anaqronizmad, magram verc faqts wauvalT; `Sua saukuneebi moicavs periods Zvelsa da axal istorias Soris da emTxveva feodalizmis Casaxvis, ganviTarebisa da daSlis epoqas, termini `Sua saukuneebi~ ixmareba rogorc dasavleTi evropis qveynebis, ise sxva regionebis mimarTac, Tumca feodalizmis arsebobis xana yvelgan ar emTxveva erTmaneTs~ (qarTuli... 1987: XI, 51). magaliTad, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleTSi Suasaukuneebi `gagrZelda~ lamis XVIII saukunemde. amasTan, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes isic, rom Suasaukuneobrivi adamianis, 130 kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis sazogadoebis sulieri struqtura, misi Sinagan ganviTareba gansazRvravs Sesabamis ekonomikur-socialuri formaciis procesebs da ara piriqiT. anu feodalizmi ki araa ganmsazRvreli Sua saukuneebis kulturis, magaliTad, erT-erTi ZiriTadi kategoriis _ ierarqizmis principis Camoyalibebisa, aramed swored am kulturologiurma kategoriam iqonia zegavlena feodaluri struqturebis ierarqiuli wyobis warmoqmnaze. vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gvaZlevs uflebas, Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (V-XVIII ss.) miviCnioT erT megaperiodad, tipologiurad davukavSiroT refleqsiur-tradicionalur kulturas da gavmijnoT igi posttradicionaluri epoqisgan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli mwerloba, sazogadod, medievaluri kultura misi warmoqmnidan dasasrulamde sruliadac ar aris erTgvarovani. aman ganapiroba k. kekeliZiseuli klasifikacia qarTuli mwerlobisa da misi dayofa oTx periodad (kekeliZe 1960: 42-79). aseT dayofas Cveni mwerlobisa TviT literaturis ganviTarebis etapebi gvkarnaxoben. ufro rTulad dgas am periodTa literaturaTmcodneobiTi determinaciis sakiTxi. jer erTi, myaria tradicia Zvel mwerlobaSi saero da sasuliero nakadTa erTmaneTisagan gamoyofisa, Tumca aseTi gamijvna zogs sadavod miaCnia, radgan, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba marTlac gaZneldes pasuxi kiTxvaze: `ratom miekuTvneba daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~ sasuliero lirikas, daviT guramiSvilis sagaloblebi ki saeros? am kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis kvlav unda gavixsenoT, rom `galobani~ ufro tradicionaluria, kanonSia moqceuli, reglamentiTaa gansazRvruli, daviT guramiSvilis lirika ki tradiciulTan erTad, rogorc es barokuli poeziisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Seicavs axal maxasiaTeblebsac, axal intonacias, axal ritms, axal sazoms, rac meti subieqtivizmiT msWvalavs saTqmels. magram ara mgonia, mizanSewonili iyos sasuliero mwerlobas davukanonoT, ufro swored, aRvudginoT funqciuri datvirTvis mqone terminebi: `saeklesio~, `liturgiuli~, `samRvdelo~, radgan amiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas saSiSroeba misi mowyvetisa qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis erTiani struqturisgan. es ki tolfasi iqneba, vTqvaT, iseTi viTarebisa, qarTuli xelovneba rom davtovoT yinwvisis angelozis, gelaTis RvTismSoblis, an ubisis freskebis gareSe. magram radgan termini `sasuliero~ TiTqos imas niSnavs, rom es mwerloba saero, sekularuli mwerlobis Sinaarss sulieri, amaRlebuli idealebisken intenciiT upirispirdeba, iqneb jobdes, sasuliero mwerlobas sakraluri vuwodoT, miT ufro, rom es termini dRevandel literaturaTmcodneobaSi sul ufro ikidebs fexs. arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored sakraluri mwerlobis wiaRSi aRmocenda qareTuli saero literatura, rac mecnieruli argumenta131 laura grigolaSvili ciiT naTelyo k. kekeliZem (kekeliZe 1958: 5-6). da Tu vinmes k. kekliZis es Teza naklebsarwmunod miaCnia, gaiTvaliswinos z. SaTiriSvilis uaRresad saintereso naSromis _ poeti da poeziis idea evropul kulturaSi _ is monakveTic, sadac saubaria evropuli lirikis instituciur sawyisze _ locviT-meditaciur praqtikasa da Janrze. mecnieri efuZneba ingliseli filologis luis martcis gamokvlevebs da Segvaxsenebs, rom evropuli lirika XVI-XVII saukuneebSi inglisuri nacionaluri eklesiis (anglikanobis) wiaRSi aRmocenda da `swored inglisuri lirikuli poeziidan iwyeba Tanamedrove lirikuli poezia, romelic vrceldeba jer `safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, xolo Semdeg _ sxva evropul qveynebsa da ruseTSi~ (SaTiriSvili 1980: 67). TiTqos ufro Wirs `vefxistyaosnisa~ da misi epoqis sxva literaturuli Zeglebis (`amirandarejaniani~, `abdulmesia~, `Tamariani~) da hagiografia-himnografiis erT kulturul sivrceSi moazreba. magram aqac pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebic saerTo aqvT sasuliero mwerlobasa da `vefxistyaosans~ (aqac gzamkvlevad k. kekeliZis zemoTmiTiTebuli naSromi gamogvadgeba) da romliTac isini axali drois literaturul-mxatvruli principebisgan gansxvavdebian. sagulisxmoa, rom renesansis epoqis yvelaze tipur, yvelaze TvalsaCino SemoqmedTa mimarTac ki Cndeba, vTqvaT, aseTi kiTxva _ ra doziTaa maTs SemoqmedebaSi renesansuli da ra doziT ikveTeba aq adreSuasaukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. magaliTad, gamoCenili italieli literatori vitore branka aqveynebs naSroms gamomwvevi saTauriT: Boccaccio medievale, 1975 (Бокаччо средневековый, italiuridan rusul enaze iTargmna da gamoica 1983 w.). am wignis ZiriTadi debulebebis gadmocema winamdebare naSromis mizans scildeba, ise ki gasaTvaliswinebelia, ra ostatobiT, ra codniTa da erudiciiTaa naTelyofili bokaCos `dekameronis~ organuli kavSiri Suasaukuneobriv kulturasa da literaturul tradiciebTan. sazogadod, roca ikvleven renesansis kavSirs antikur kulturasTan, iqve iCens xolme Tavs sakiTxi Suasaukuneobrivi fenomenis rolis Sesaxeb renesansul msoflSegrZnebaSi. statiebis krebulSi `Античное������������������� наследие���������� ������������������ в�������� ��������� культу������� ре Возрождения~ (М. 1984), Sesulia ramdenime werili, sadac gamokveTilia Tvalsazrisi renesansis epoqis humanizmze qristianuli kulturis gavlenis Rrma Seswavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aseTebia: i. Cerniakis `Гумaнизм эпохи возрождения и христианская мысль древности~, a. gorfunkelis `Полемика���� ��� вокруг античного наследия в эпоху Возрождения~ da sxv. amave niadagze unda aixsnas dava kulturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi `vefxistyaosnis~ adgilis gansazRvris Taobaze. e. meletinskis kategoriuli daskvniT, `rusTavelis mikuTvneba renesansis moRvaweebisadmi, iseve 132 kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis rogorc Teoria aRmosavluri renesansisa, Sedegia ara rusTavelisa da zogierTi aRmosavleli poetis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebisa, aramed Sua saukuneebis kulturis Seufaseblobisa~ (meletinski 1983: 218). misive azriT, `ukavSirebs ra rusTavels misi epoqis evropul kulturas, damatebiT ganayofierebuls arabuli da sparsuli gavlenebiT, e. g. xinTibiZe ufro axlos dgas WeSmaritebasTan, vidre S. i. nucubiZe Tavisi `aRmosavluri renesansiT~ (meletinski 1983: 218). el. xinTibiZe ki miiCnevs, rom `rusTavelis Semoqmedeba gviandeli Sua saukuneebis movlenaa, romelsac renesansuli elementebi axasiaTebs. rusTaveli, rogorc poeti da moazrovne, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis zRvarze dgas, msgavsad dante aligierisa~ (xinTibiZe, 1993: 231). misive daskvniT, `saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc dasavleT evropaSi, qristianuli kulturis ganviTareba mivida kacobriobis azrovnebis procesis am axal etapamde, romlis Semdgomi ganviTareba, ganxorcielebuli mxolod evropis kulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi, renesansis saxeliTaa cnobili~ (xinTibiZe 1993: 211). isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom termini `renesansi~ Semfasebluri datvirTvas ar atarebs. is kulturis gnaviTarebis mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani etapis aRmniSvnelia. erTi ram cxadia, Tu adreuli Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi adamiani aisaxeba erTi ganzomilebiT _ adamiani da RmerTi, gmiri _ RvTismsaxurebis gzaze, gviandel Sua saukuneebSi adamiani ainteresebT sxvadasxva ganzomilebiT; Semoqmedi gmirs gvixatavs rogorc mijnurs, rogorc megobars, rogorc saraindo movaleobebis aRmsrulebels. oRond mis SegnebaSi yovelive es RvTismsaxurebacaa (`vinca mokvdes mefeTaTvis, sulni maTni zecas rbian~). sxva sakiTxia, rom TandaTan interesi adamianisadmi TandaTan Semoifargleba empiriuli sinamdviliT. romantizmi, rogorc literaturuli movlena, upirvelesad, Rrma nostalgiaa Suasaukuneobriv harmoniaze. daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (V-XVIII ss.) erTi mTlianobaa, tipologiurad is Suasaukuneobrivia, medievaluria. misi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia _ refleqsiuri tradicionalizmi. am literaturis ganviTarebis istoria, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs calkeul etapebs, calkeul periodebs. vfiqrob, k. kekeliZis mier SemuSavebuli periodizaciis sqema seriozul cvlilebas ar saWiroebs. Tumca yoveli periodis determinebaSi albaT SeiZleba meti konkretulobis Setana. SeiZleba gamoikveTos evropuli literaturuli procesebis Sesatyvisi etapebi evropuli terminebiTve: protorenesansi, manerizmi, baroko, klasicizmi... swored amgvarad moiazreben rusi medievistebi Zveli rusuli mwerlobis (IX-XVII ss.) ganviTarebis process. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT r. siraZis koncefcia Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis saxismetyvelebiTi periodizaciis principebzec (siraZe 2008: 14-22). 133 laura grigolaSvili qarTuli medievaluri mwerloba iyofa 4 periodad: I _ sakraluri mwerlobis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis periodi (V-XI ss.). am mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia eikonuri (xatisebri) gansaxovnebis esTetika. II _ medievaluri mwerlobis klasikuri periodi (XII-XIII ss.). am periodSi iwyeba mwerlobis sekularizacia, ikveTeba protorenesansis niSnebi. literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTriv mxatvruli saxismetyveleba, `sinTezuri esTetika~. III _ medievaluri mwerlobis stagnaciis periodi (XIV-XV ss.). misTvis saxismetyvelebiTi siaxleni araa damaxasiaTebeli. IV _ medievaluri mwerlobis damagvirgvinebeli periodi (XVI-XVIII ss.). SeiniSneba manerizmis, barokos, klasicizmis niSnebi. am epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxismetyvelebiTi tendenciebis simbiozi. rac Seexeba e. w. `gardamaval xanas~ (XVIII s-is bolo da XIX s-is dasawyisi), mTlianad viziareb r. siraZis Tvalsazriss: `igi unda ganvakuTvnoT axal qarTul mwerlobas, radgan iqiTken warimarTeba misi `gardamavloba~ (siraZe 2008: 22). oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom literaturuli procesebis CarCoebSi moqceva srulebiTac ar aris universaluri xasiaTisa. Cven mravali gamonaklisis daSveba da aRiareba gvmarTebs. periodTa nominaciebSi mxolod dominanturi literaturuli tendenciebi hpoveben asaxvas. damowmebani: Аверинцев С. Историческая подвижность категории жанра: опыт периодизации. krebulSi: (Историческая поэтика. Итоги��������������������� и������������������� �������������������� перспективы������� ������������������ изуче������ ния. М.: «Наука», 1986. TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~, 1997. kekeliZe 1960: kekliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1960. kekeliZe 1958: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1958. kenWoSvili 2007: kenWoSvili i. gardamavali megaperiodi qarTul literaturaSi. krebulSi: I saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, litmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi (masalebi). Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2007. koJinovi 1964: Кожинов В. Сюжет, фабула, композиция. wignSi: Теория литературы. М.: «Наука», 1964. meletinski 1983: Мелетинский Е. Средневековый роман. М.: 1983. siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2008. averincevi 1986: 134 kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis qarTuli... 1987: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. XI, Sua saukuneebi. Tb.: 1987. SaTiriSvili 2008: SaTiriSvili z. poeti da poeziis idea evropul kulturaSi. krebulSi: evropuli ideebis istoria da qarTuli kultura. Tb������������� .: gamomecem���������� loba `universali~, 2008. xlodovski 1967: Хлодовский Р. Ренессансный реализм и фантастика (Попытка аталитического прочтения нескольких новелл «Декамерона»). wignSi: Литература эпохи Возрождения. М.: издательство «Наука», 1967. xinTibiZe 1993: xinTibiZe e. Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli `vefxistyaosanSi~. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1993. Laura Grigolashvili Towards Periods and Boundaries of Old Georgian Literature Nowadays, the problem of the periodization of Georgian writings is very actual among literary critics. There arises a question: Is it correct to regard V-XVIII-century writings as Old Georgian literature, or to distinguish it from New and Brand New writings? Should we differentiate between ecclesiastic and secular types in early period? Should we restore the term for ecclesiastic literature that expresses its function? The issue of the periodization of Georgian literature and their naming is quite arguable. The tradition of matching literary processes to social-economical formations was neglected. In return, new literary terms denoting these concepts have emerged: Hellenization period, aesthetic determinations: eidetic, iconic, personally aesthetic and others. The article deals with the above mentioned issues and on the basis of scientific researches the author tries to prove that Old Georgian Literature (V-XVIII centuries) is a whole. Typologically, it belongs to the middle ages, it is medieval, reflectional traditionalism is its main characteristic. The history of the development of the literature naturally means separate stages, periods. I consider that the scheme of periodization, worked out by K. Kekelidze does not inquire further drastic changes. Still, more concreteness can be brought into the determination of each period. Stages corresponding to the processes of European literature can be pointed out, expressed by European terms: proto-renaissance, mannerism, baroque, classicism… This is the way Russian medievalists regard the process of the development of Russian literature (IX-XVII centuries). We should also take into consideration R. Siradze’s conception about the principles of periodization of Ancient Georgian writings. Georgian Medieval literature should traditionally be divided into four periods: I – The period of the emergence and development of sacral writings (IV-XI centuries). Aesthetics of iconic imagining is peculiar for that period. II – Classical period of medieval literature (XII-XIII centuries). From this period we 135 laura grigolaSvili witness the secularization of writings, signs of proto-renaissance are singled out. Artistic aesthetics, “Synthetic Aesthetics” is characteristic of this literature. III – Period of stagnation of medieval writings (IV-XV centuries). Aesthetic innovations are not peculiar for this epoch. IV – Last period of medieval writing (XVI-XVIII centuries). Signs of mannerism, baroque, classicism are spotted. It is implied, that in the nominations of periods only dominant literary tendencies are reflected. 136 kritikuli diskursi nona kupreiSvili 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde poststalinuri������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������� qarTuli���������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������� sabWoTa�������������������������������� ������������������������������� kulturis����������������������� ���������������������� konteqstSi������������ ����������� liotariseuli e.w. `metanarativebis Teoriis~ gaazrebis aucileblobam (mxedvelobaSi maqvs b. wifurias werili `postsabWoTa travma literaturaSi da kidev erTi������������������������������������������������������������������ metanarativis���������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������� dasasruli������������������������������������������ 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epoqis dasasruls daemTxva. sxva sityvebiT, iTqva, rom maSin miRebuli `represiuli travmisa da frustraciis���������������������������������������������������������� ~ Sedegad������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� gamoikveTa�������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ sabWoTa������������������������������ ������������������������������������� miTologizaciis��������������� ����������������������������� axali��������� �������������� naciona�������� luri miTologizaciiT Canacvlebis tendencia, rasac Tan axlda `sabWoTa metanarativis��������������������������������������������������������� farsad�������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� qceva�������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������� ~ da���������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������ 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���������������������������������������������� rasac����������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� werilis��������������������������������� �������������������������������� avtori�������������������������� ������������������������� ara���������������������� ��������������������� mxolod��������������� �������������� Janrobrivi���� ��� determinizmis, aramed mxatvruli da kritikuli refleqsirebis xarisxis dasadgenadac���������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������� mimarTavs������������������������������������������������ . ���������������������������������������������� faqtiurad������������������������������������� , ����������������������������������� analogiuri������������������������� ������������������������ ganmarteba�������������� ������������� mieca�������� ������� literaturul����������������������������������������������������������� da�������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������� kritikul����������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������� diskursTa������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� funqcionirebis���������������������� ������������������������������������ sakiTxs�������������� ��������������������� gasuli������� ������������� sauku������ nis 70-80-ian wlebSi, msgavsi analizisTvis sakmaod Seuferebel garemoSi; magaliTad���������������������������������������������������������������� , a������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������� . baqraZisa�������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� da����������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������� j��������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� . qarCxaZis���������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� gamonaTqvamebSi������������������ ��������������������������������� gamoikveTa������� ����������������� mosaz������ reba imis Sesaxeb, rom literaturis simbolur-alegoriul saxeTa sistema (anu arapirdapiri ena) ufro daculia kritikul diskursTan, rogorc pirdapir enasTan, SedarebiT. amitomac kritikis mudmivad ganqiqebis survili saSiSi Janris ganeitralebis, gauvnebelyofebisaken mimarTuli qmedebaa da ara literaturuli procesis ramdenadme mastimulirebeli saSualeba (baqraZe 1979: 413; qarCxaZe 2000: 3). sailustraciod gamodgeba agreTve kritikos g. natroSvilis sityvis fragmenti, romelic mis mier geronti qiqoZis������������������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������������� saiubileo�������������������������������������������������� 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TvaraZe, T doiaSvili, i.kenWoSvili da sxv.) SeuZliaT gauZRvnen romelic gnebavT did literaturas... Tumca isini mainc ver warmarTaven literaturul process, 137 nona kupreiSvili ver ucxadeben brZolas mdares, uxarisxos, zereles, ver uZleben dawolas, romelsac axdens erTgvari wnexi, uxilavad rom dgas da wnevis sakmaod didi Zala aqvs...~ (natroSvili 1971: 3). radgan kritika kvlav ideologiur interesTa centrad, ufro zustad ki, literaturis���������������������������������������������������������� politikis������������������������������������������������ ��������������������������������������������������������� ideologemebamde�������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������� dayvanis����������������������� ������������������������������� qmediT���������������� ���������������������� saSualebad����� ��������������� rCe���� boda (amasTan, literaturis zedamxedvelebs Tvisobrivad axali safrTxis, “���������������������������������������������������������������������� uxilavi��������������������������������������������������������������� wnexis�������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������� ”, SiSic������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������� moeZalaT��������������������������������������� ), bunebrivia�������������������������� ������������������������������������ , saxelmwifoebrivi�������� ������������������������ ������� kontrolis���������������������������������������������������������������� Tundac��������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������� iluzoruli����������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� liberalizaciis�������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� pirobebSic��������������������� ������������������������������� ki������������������ �������������������� (���������������� breJnevis������� mmarT������ velobis xana, `glasnost-perestroikis~ etapi) gaaqtiurda Tavad kritikosTa TviTseleqcirebisa da polarizebis procesi, anu moxda gamijvna imaT Soris, visac������������������������������������������������������������������� , ����������������������������������������������������������������� erTi������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ mxriv������������������������������������������������������� , `���������������������������������������������������� zemodan��������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� daSvebuli����������������������������������� ~ ��������������������������������� Zveli���������������������������� kritikuli������������������ ��������������������������� ����������������� sqemebiT��������� apelire�������� ba ar surda; meore mxriv ki, axleburad, profesiul enaze saubris dawyeba ar undoda da arc SeeZlo. am fonze sul ufro alogikuri Canda miswrafeba `socrealizmis mkvdradSobili esTetikis~ farglebSi moZraobisa, romlis referenciis wertili ukiduresad politizirebuli kritikuli diskursi, garegani da Sinagani cenzuris erTpirovnuli batonoba, daufaravi servilizmi da kritikosis mantiamosxmuli subieqtis literaturuli saqmosnoba iyo. nodar wuleiskirs swored 70-ianebis dasawyisSi SemTxveviT rodi Semoaqvs `eSmaki mwerlis~, `eSmaki kritikosis~ cneba, romelic realobas asaxavda da im droisaTvis myarad damkvidrebuli `ormagi cnobierebiT~ (kormeri 1997: 39) anu rogorc jorj orueli ityoda, `doublethink~-iT sazrdoobda. axali������������������������������������������������������������ Taobis����������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� inteleqtualTa��������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� naazrevSi����������������������������� �������������������������������������� aRniSnul�������������������� ���������������������������� problemasTan������� ������������������� dakav������ SirebiT����������������������������������������������������������������� erTi������������������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������� sagulisxmo������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� tendencia��������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ SeiniSneba���������������������������� �������������������������������������� (�������������������������� sxva���������������������� tendenciebze��������� ��������������������� , SeZleb������� isdagvarad������������������������������������������������������������ , qvemoT���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������� mivaniSnebT���������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� ). gamovsaxoT��������������������������� ������������������������������������� igi����������������������� �������������������������� Tundac���������������� ���������������������� amgvari�������� ��������������� msjelo������� biT: guram asaTians, revaz TvaraZes Tu akaki baqraZes, qarTuli kulturis identobis SenarCunebas rom eswrafodnen, uari ar uTqvamT komunisturi partiis rigebSi gawevrianebasa Tu im privilegiebze, romlebsac sabWoTa xelisufleba sakuTari legitimaciis safasurad gaiRebda xolme. araferi rom ar vTqvaT, Tundac, otia paWkoriaze, romelic yofili politikuri patimari���������������������������������������������������������������� iyo������������������������������������������������������������ ��������������������������������������������������������������� da��������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� misi���������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� , rogorc�������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� kritikosis��������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� , aqtivoba����������������������� ������������������������������� am�������������������� ���������������������� statusis����������� ������������������� mqone����� ���������� ada���� mianis gambedaobas ar scildeboda. aq, rogorc arCil jorjaZe werda erTi cxare marqsisti polemistis Sesaxeb: `metyvelebis aparatia gafuWebuli~. sinamdvileSi arCevanis zRvari ara kompartiis rigebSi yofna-aryofnaze gadioda������������������������������������������������������������� , (���������������������������������������������������������� b��������������������������������������������������������� . 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noba�������������������������������������������������������������� _ dramaturgias����������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� , ��������������������������������������������� kritikas������������������������������������� , ����������������������������������� prozas����������������������������� ���������������������������� da�������������������������� ������������������������� poezias������������������ . ���������������� Tu�������������� ������������� romelime����� ���� maTgani sustia an ar arsebobs, maSin es literatura koWlia. amitom oTxive dargi mwerlobisa Tanabrad unda viTardebodes~ (baqraZe 1979: 2), magram ras unda niSnavdes a. baqraZis mierve SemoTavazebuli metaforuli saxe: `kritika-pilpilmoyrili madli, kritikosi _ oTaraanT qvrivi~, Tu ara im misiis gacnobierebas, romelic mweralTan erTad daekisra kulturuli da erovnuli identobis waSlis safrTxis winaSe mdgar kritikoss, ufro sworad, rogorc a. baqraZe ityoda, `kritikosTa Segnebul nawils~. aseT SemTxvevaSi�������������������������������������������������������� `������������������������������������������������������ gadarCenis�������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� sekularizebuli����������������������������� ���������������������������� metaforis������������������� ~ ����������������� erTaderT��������� �������� pirovnebasTan���������������������������������������������������������������� , (������������������������������������������������������������� Tundac������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������ Rrmad������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ moazrovne��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� filosofosTan�������������������������� ������������������������� m������������������������ . ���������������������� mamardaSvilTan�������� ) ������ dakavSireba������������������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������������� am��������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� adamianTa����������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� Rvawlis��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� da������������������������������������ ����������������������������������� saerTokulturuli�������������������� ������������������� konteqstis��������� �������� ugulebelyofad aRiqmeba. seriozul braldebad gaismis 70-iani, gansakuTrebiT ki 80-iani wlebis kritikuli��������������������������������������������������������� azris��������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� CarTva�������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� e������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������� .����������������������������������������� w���������������������������������������� . filologiuri��������������������������� �������������������������������������� diskursis����������������� �������������������������� SeqmnaSi�������� ���������������� , romel������ 142 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde mac������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ socialur���������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� aqtivobas������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������� moklebuli�������������������������������� , ������������������������������ ukiduresad�������������������� ������������������� miTologizebuli����� ���� cnobierebis sruli kraxi da Sesabamisad, `postsabWouri travma~ gamoiwvia. vinaidan kritika nacionaluri narativis Semadgenel nawilad iqca, mis mier������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ aqcentirebuli����������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� faseulobaTa����������������������������������� ���������������������������������� kriteriumebi���������������������� ��������������������� iseve���������������� ��������������� homogenurni���� ��� aRmoCndnen, rogorc qarTuli mwerlobis idealebi. am mosazrebis gaziareba mxolod���������������������������������������������������������������� nawilobrivaa��������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������� SesaZlebeli��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� , vinaidan����������������������������� ������������������������������������� b��������������������������� ���������������������������� . ������������������������� wifuriasa���������������� da������������� ��������������� rig��������� ������������ sxva���� �������� av��� torTa mier calmxrivadaa gaazrebuli TviT nacionaluri narativis cneba. masSi nagulisxmevia, rogorc Tavis droze l. bregaZem SeniSna, patriotul Temaze Seqmnili wminda wylis sabWouri poeturi Tu prozauli teqstebi, (������������������������������������������������������������������� maT���������������������������������������������������������������� `�������������������������������������������������������������� usircxvilo���������������������������������������������������� teqstebsac����������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� ~ vuwodebdi������������������������������ ��������������������������������������� ), romlebic������������������� ��������������������������� sinamdvileSi������ ������������������ fsev����� dopatriotulni iyvnen da am Temis srul profanacias axdendnen. amitom, sasurvelia���������������������������������������������������������� , totalitarizmis������������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������������������� mxilebas��������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ar������������������������������ �������������������������������� gadahyves�������������������� ����������������������������� isic��������������� ������������������� , ramac�������� ������������� , faqti������ urad������������������������������������������������������������������ , ���������������������������������������������������������������� mis������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ sawinaaRmdegod���������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� imuSava�������������������������������������� . ������������������������������������ aseve������������������������������� ������������������������������ gadasaxedia������������������� `����������������� sabWoTa���������� ��������� miTologizaciis nacionaluri miTologizaciiT~ Canacvlebis sqema, `nacionaluri miTologizaciis~ cnebis sruli definiciis mizniT. SesaZloa, am sakiTxSi mxareTa��������������������������������������������������������������� Seurigeblobas������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������� ufro�������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ Rrma��������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� fesvebic������������������������������ �������������������������������������� hqondes���������������������� ����������������������������� , vidre��������������� �������������������� es������������ �������������� erTi������� ����������� Sexed������ viT Cans. bevri ram, rac mag., 1996 wels r. TvaraZesTan l. iakobaSvilis polemikis dros iTqva, dRes bolomde legitimizebulia da arc es unda iyos�������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������� SemTxveviTi�������������������������������������������������������� . ������������������������������������������������������ sinamdvileSi������������������������������������������ , ���������������������������������������� kritikam�������������������������������� (������������������������������ iseve������������������������� ������������������������ rogorc������������������ ����������������� mwerlobam�������� ) ������ aSkarad Segnebulad wamoswia win miTologizebis nakadi, romelic `gadarCenis metaforisgan~ mowyvetilad ar unda iqnas ganxiluli, Tumca am arCevans ufro safuZvliani da argumentirebuli axsna sWirdeba. sxva saqmea, rom sabolood�������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������� misi��������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� utrireba������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������� mainc������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������� moxda������������������������������������ . ���������������������������������� amas������������������������������ ����������������������������� Tundac����������������������� ���������������������� o��������������������� . ������������������� CxeiZis������������ ����������� gaxmaurebuli werili `Rvinia gadaiCexa~ adasturebs. sabolood, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom komunisturi periodis TviT gamokveTilad antikomunisturi movlenebic ki miuRebeli xdeba. 70-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi literaturaTmcodneobaSi zusti meTodebis SemoRwevis dro dgeba. 1977 wels qveyndeba r. yaralaSvilis statiebis krebuli `wigni da mkiTxveli~, romelSic struqturalisturi da poststruqturalisturi (mag. recefciuli esTetika) epoqis umniSvnelovanesi novaciebia mimoxiluli. literaturuli komunikaciebis Taviseburebani am statiebSi aRqmis tradiciul formaTa avtomatizmis daZlevis niSniTaa mowodebuli; ganxilulia mkiTxvelis, recipientis, roli warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis SeqmnaSi da am konteqstSi kritikisa da kritikosis mier SeZenili radikaluri siaxlis Semcveli funqciebi. `... kritikosis daniSnuleba _ wers r. yaralaSvili _ unda iyos ara nawarmoebis `axsna~ da mkiTxvelisaTvis imis uwyeba, Tu `risi Tqma undoda~ mwerals, aramed misTvis gasaRebis miwodeba, Sesabamisi konstruqciuli principis dadgena da ganmarteba... mxatvruli sistema, kodi, konstruqci143 nona kupreiSvili uli principi _ ai, kritikosis moqmedebis are...~ teqstisa da maT Soris, sakuTari kodebis mqone klasikuri teqstebis interpretacia, maTi maradiuli sicocxlis wyaroa `nawarmoebis aRqma unda icvlebodes da icvleba kidec~... Tumca arc am mosazrebis avtoris, rolan bartis, agreTve recefciuli anu aRqmis esTetikis principTa Semqmnelis da am wignSi damowmebuli mkvlevrebis roman ingardenisa da volfgang izeris, iseve rogorc hermenevtikis erT-erTi damfuZneblis gadameris, amasTan tartus universitetis profesoris iuri lotmanis saxelebi mkiTxvelTa viwro wrisaTvis Tu iyo cnobili. amitom wamowyebuli saubari meTodebis Sesaxeb maTi danergviTa da gamoyenebiT ar dasrulebula. es procesi sakmaod didi xniT gadaido. Tumca wignis avtoris mcdeloba mimarTuli daxSuli kulturuli sivrcis garRvevisa da Tavisuflebis kidev erTi monakveTis asaTviseblad _ TavisTavad umniSvnelo faqti ver iqneboda. amave periodSi, axalgazrda kritikosi T. doiaSvili axdens struqturalisturi Ziebebis aqtualizebas, aRniSnuli meTodisaTvis `qarTuli niadagis~ dasazRvras. werilSi `struqturalizmi: PRO ET CONTRA~ (doiaSvili 1979: 46) `poeziis, rogorc enobrivi fenomenis, rogorc niSanTa sistemis semiotikis kvlevis obieqtad gamocxadebis~ mizanSewonilebaa aqcentirebuli. struqturuli lingvistikis meTodebis literaturaTmcodneobaSi, kerZod, poetikaSi gadatana, struqturalizmis safuZvelTa safuZvlad cnobili formulis `poezia=enas~ eWvqveS dayeneba, poeziis enobriv faqtad gamocxadebis uperspeqtivoba aq ara ideologiuri mosazrebebiTaa motivirebuli, aramed movlenis arsSi wvdomis logikiT; argumentirebuli SeuTanxmebloba i. lotmanis daskvnebTan struqturalizmisa da istorizmis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi; mxatvruli nawarmoebis niSnamde dayvanis utopiurobis r. bartiseuli msjelobis `aqilevsis quslad~ gamocxadeba; cnobili maTematikosis, kolmogorovis, gaTvlebisa da `informaciuli esTetikis~ Teoretikosis, germaneli (maSin, dasavleTgermaneli) mkvlevris, m. benzes literaturafobiuri gancxadebebis kritikuli Sefaseba werilis avtoris erudiciisa da profesionalizmis gamovlinebaa. sagulisxmoa, rom igi wers `Sinagani cenzuris~ gareSe, saqmis codniT da saqmis sasargeblod da ara romelime literaturuli Cinovnikis saameblad. swored aseTi damokidebulebiT gamoirCeoda 80-ian wlebSi kritikuli tandemi: doiaSvili _ bregaZe, romelTa publikaciebi Tavisuflad SegviZlia `hamburguli angariSis~ nimuSebad miviCnioT. TviT is faqti, rom 70-80-iani wlebis qarTul kritikaSi mwvaved daismis mimeturi da antimimeturi xelovnebis, konvenciuli leqsisa da verlibris, ironiul-parodiuli nakadis (pirveli kritikuli werili am sakiTxs i. kenWoSvilma uZRvna), tradiciuli da antiutopiuri romanis, litera144 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde turis utilitarizmisa da antiutilitarizmis, metaforuli da umetaforo azrovnebis, leqsmcodneobaSi, kerZod ki rusTvelologiaSi, tradiciuli (a. gawerelia) da struqturalisturi meTodis (akad. g. wereTeli) gamoyenebis sakiTxebi da sxva, adasturebs imas, rasac werilis dasawyisSive kritikis Tavisufali refleqsirebisken swrafva vuwodeT. literaturuli procesis sirTule marto imaSi ki ar mJRavndeboda, ,rom gamomcemlobis buRalteriaSi, t. Wanturias sityvebiT, sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeboda leqsisaTvis honoraris gamowera misi uCveulo formis gamo, aramed Tundac imitom, rom `mimetizmi~ da parodiuli stili gverdigverd arsebobdnen... (Wanturia, doiaSvili 1981: 5). mimeturi xelovnebis dasacavad dawerili ak. vasaZis wignis `mxatvruli Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis sakiTxebis~ garSemo gamarTuli polemika, romelic imdroindel presaSi aisaxa (gamovarCevdiT l. bregaZisa da m. qurdianis werilebs), analogiur periods emTxveva. am konteqstSi realizmis uryevi klasikuri nimuSebis, gogolis `cxvirisa~ da Seqspiris dramebis antimimeturi literaturis nimuSebad gamocxadeba (bregaZe 1982: 4) moulodnelobis efeqtTan erTad Zveli Taobis kritikosTaTvis literaturuli avanturizmis elementsac Seicavda da tradiciuli kritikuli analizisTvis xelovnurad Seqmnil seriozul diskomfortad aRiqmeboda. Tu gaviziarebT s. siguaseul Janrobriv-meTodologiur definicias, 7080-iani wlebis kritikaSi sabolood gamoikveTa impresionistuli eseizmi (g. asaTiani, o. paWkoria, t. Wanturia, r. miSvelaZe. davZendi: j. Rvinjilia, k. imedaSvili, g. benaSvili, z. abzianiZe), analitikuri eseizmi (m. kveselava, T. Cxenkeli, g. gaCeCilaZe, v. javaxaZe, r. CxeiZe. aqac davZendi: o. CxeiZe, r. TvaraZe, n. gelaSvili), agreTve e.w. sociologiuri kritika (a. baqraZe, agreTve, r. jafariZe, n. wuleiskiri), romelmac yvelaze komunikaciuri Janri, publicistika, gamoiyena, riTac kidev erTxel daadastura literaturul-esTetikuri, gnebavT literaturul-Teoriuli da nacionaluri problematikis erT epistemaSi Tanaarseboba. 80-iani wlebis kritikosTa Taoba (n. gelaSvili, s. sigua, m. kvaWantiraZe, T. vasaZe, r. CxeiZe, m. joxaZe, a. mindiaSvili, T. qoriZe, z. gogia, a. bedukaZe. v. amirxanaSvili,) `teqsts ufro ganmartavs, vidre afasebs~ (sigua 1984: 6) kvlevis axali meTodologia da stilistika (mag. s. siguasTan struqturalisturi, m. kvaWantiraZesTan hermenevtikuri, T. vasaZesTan racionalisturi) imdenad yovlismomcveli xdeba, rom maTi werilebi, tradiciuli gagebiT, kritikul paToss arc Seicavs. TviT kulturuli identobis Temac, romelic `rekonstruqtivistebma~ 60-70-ian wlebSi wamoswies, aq ara SiSveli formiT, aramed teqsturi analizis, argumentaciis saxiT mogvewodeba, rac, cxadia, sulac ar niSnavs erovnul infantilizms. nacionaluri 145 nona kupreiSvili narativi am axal kritikul diskursSic sruladaa SenarCunebuli. 80-iani wlebis literaturuli kritika aSkarad `sxvadasxva mimarTulebebadaa diferencirebuli~. es kidev ufro cxadyofs mis `TiTqmis uprecendento aqtivobas...~ arsebobs am aqtivobis ramdenime mizezi: 50-60-iani wlebis rekonstruqtivizmi; 70-ian wlebSi, ideologiuri decentraciis procesis gaRrmavebis fonze, literaturul-Teoriuli novaciebis miRebisa da gaazrebisaken mimarTuli tendenciebi. (mxedvelobidan cxadia, arc e.w. `sanqcirebuli Tavisufleba~ unda gamogvrCes, romelic totalitarizmis am ukanasknel fazaSi kritikis mier jerovnad iqna gamoyenebuli). aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT unda gaviziaro n. darbaiselis analitikuri daskvna: `... yvelaferi ganviTarebisken miemarTeboda,... unda Camcxraliyo polemikuri paTosi, erTjerad efeqtebze gaTvlili ritorikuli abrundebis adgili kritikaSi Rrma azrs unda daeWira, magram sazogadoebas, rogorc sistemas, ganviTarebis sxva logika aRmoaCnda...~ (darbaiseli 2003: 32). vfiqrob, angariSgasawevi mosazrebaa. gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis, vinc Cqarobs totalitarizmis kliSirebuli literaturul-kritikuli azrovnebis sudara gadaafaros yvelafers, rac am wlebSi Seqmnila. `ifqlisagan RvarZlis~ gamorCeva, rogorc gonierebis aqti, ar SeiZleba komunisturi kulturpolitikis reinterpretaciis mcdelobad iqnas aRqmuli. nacionaluri narativic uTuod orgvari iyo: Tavsmoxveuli-fsevdo da organuli. gadaWarbebulia, literaturacentrizmis gmobac socialpolitikuri diskursis sasargeblod, radgan literaturacentrizmidan sociocentrizmSi gadasvlas, rom dascloda, qarTul mwerlobasTan erTad kritikac amzadebda. nu movindomebT imaze meti carieli adgilebis Seqmnas, vidre amis safuZveli realurad arsebobs.. gvaxsovdes, arafrisagan araferi warmoiSoba. damowmebani andronikaSvili, maisuraZe 2007: Грузия������������������������������������������������� – 1990: ���������������������������������������� Филологема������������������������������ ����������������������������� независимости���������������� ��������������� или������������ ����������� неизвлеченный опит. НЛО, # 82, 2007. asaTiani 2003: asaTiani g. Txzulebani oTx tomad t. IV. Tb.: 2003. barti 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы ( Семиотика Поэтика) М.: 1989. baqraZe 2005: baqraZe a. Txzulebani rva tomad t. V. Tb.: 2005. bergi 1997: Берг А. Гамбургский счёт. НЛО № 25, 1997. bregaZe 1982: bregaZe l. mxatvruli gaucxoebis principi. Ggaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 19 marti, 1982. gasparovi 1997: Гаспаров М. Критика как самоцель. НЛО № 57, 1997. ginzburgi 2003: Гинзбург К. Мифы – Эмблемы – Приметы. М.: 2003. 146 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde darbaiseli 2005: doiaSvili 1972: TvaraZe 1997: Teoria 2006: darbaiseli n. 90-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli kritika. 2005. doiaSvili T. struqturalizmi: PRO ET KONTRA. ciskari #6, 1972. TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi. mTliani saqarTvelos mesityve. Tb.: 1997. literaturis Teoria (XXs. ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi) Tb.: 2006 kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. `meranis~ genealogia. lit. Ziebani _ XXVII, 2006. kormeri 1997: Кормер В. Двойное сознание интеллингенции и псевдо-культура. М.: 1997. maisuraZe 2005: ����������������������������������������������������������������� maisuraZe�������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������� g������������������������������������������������������ . ���������������������������������������������������� inteligencia���������������������������������������� . �������������������������������������� krebuli������������������������������� : `���������������������������� saqarTvelo������������������ ����������������� aTaswleulTa������ ����� gasayarze~. Tb.: 2005. mamardaSvili 1980:Мамардашвили М. Литературная критика как акт чтения. htttp://ru:philosophy. Kiev.ua natroSvili 1971: natroSvili g. geronti qiqoZis saiubileod. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 28 maisi, 1971. niJaraZe 1999: Нижарадзе Г. Нация и мир. ж. Дружба народов, №10,1999. Wanturia, doiaSvili 1981: Wanturia t. – doiaSvili T. dialogi: jeri axla poetebzea. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, marti, 1981. qarCxaZe 2000: qarCxaZe j. zneobis ekologia. J. arili, #16 (3), 2000. yaralaSvili 1977: yaralaSvili r. wigni da mkiTxveli. Tb.: 1977. wifuria 2004: wifuria b. postsabWoTa travma literaturaSi da kidev erTi metanarativis dasasruli. J. sjani #5, 2004. Nona Kupreishvili Criticism of 70-80s: from “Reconstruction” to Innovation Summary The complexity of the research of Georgian critical thought of the II half of XX century is conditioned primarily by unsystematic and controversial character of the reflection of the above mentioned period. From the Post Soviet position, in the conditions of the existing theoretical and disciplinary reorientation, it requires different vision and analysis. Popreception of western theories and the tendency of Nihilistic evaluation of brand new Georgian literary processes can be of no use in this case. After Stalin’s death, when public opinion had chance for transformation, there arose a new generation of writers and critics (O. Chkheidze, N. Chkheidze, G. Asatiani, G. Kankava, T. Chkhenkeli, P. Beridze, N. Kakabadze, M. Kveselava, G. Margvelashvili), who after ripping “iron curtains” aside, after stepping in the world of different opinions and evaluations, conspirationally or semi-conspirationally struggled against complete disorientation of writing and considered depolitization of criticism, its returning to literature, as one of the most essential means. 147 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe This important event, showed in the article, is connected not only with journal “Tsiskari” (1957) and with“Tskiskreli”, but with S. Chikovani’s journal “Mnatobi” (1955-60) and polemic letters of the newspaper “Young Communist” (1954). After analyzing publications of the followers of anti-socialist aesthetics, especially G. Asatiani’s Essay “First Dialogue with Wide Remarks”, as a contemporary version of “Notes of a traveler” we considered it well-grounded to call this process reconstruction and those writers and critics who are actively involved in it, “Reconstructionists”. Reconstruction, in the given context, should be understood as an attempt to restore cultural gaps, as “replacing dead time “, as a hope to return in time, history “after a long period of time and life lack”, as a chance for awakening for those people who are “lost in history”. The analysis of the critical thinking of 60-70s serves as a proof that ground has been prepared for expressing interest towards culture. We called this event “Rediscovery of culture” using K. Ginsberg’s term. To prove the free reflection of critical thinking of 70-80s the fact of the activation of following problems are listed and analyzed: The problem of mimetic and anti-mimetic art, the need for co-existence of conventive verse and vers libre (free verse) against the background of vers librophoby, the emergence of ironical-parodic vers libre flow, the issues of the use of traditional and anti-utopian novels, utilitarianism and anti-utilitarianism of literature, metaphoric thinking, traditional and structural methods in versification. The research showed that history of Soviet literature, so called post-Stalin period was marked by existence of not only true literature, but healthy critical thinking as well. 148 Targmanis Teoria nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi da sakiTxis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri aspeqtebi XI saukunis qarTuli saazrovno sistemis mkveTri orientacia bizantiur kulturul procesebze mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda ara mxolod calkeuli kulturuli mimarTulebis, aramed mTlianad am periodis qarTuli kulturis zogad tendenciebs. qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri azrisa Tu zogadad, literaturuli procesebis ganviTareba bizantiuri kulturuli procesebis paralelurad mimdinareobda da, Sesabamisad, ayalibebda mis xasiaTs. mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis intensivobac, romelic Tavs iCens am periodis qarTul sinamdvileSi, ganpirobebulia qarTvel mTargmnel-moRvaweTa surviliT _ gverdSi amoudgnen imdroindeli msoflios mowinave kulturul qveyanas, bizantias. amitom, Tu adreul periodSi qarTveli moRvaweebi ZiriTadad qmnidnen originalur Zeglebs, am periodisaTvis samwerlobo wreebSi gacxovelebuli mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba iwyeba. epoqis xasiaTisa da moTxovnebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi ixveweba mTargmnelobiTi koncefciac. literaturuli mTargmnelobiTi tradicia ganarCevs or ZiriTad mTargmnelobiT praqtikas: dinamikursa da formalurs. dinamikuri tipis Targmani (Sensus de sense) aris Targmanis Tavisufali, parafrazirebuli, tendenciuri, igive ganmartebiTi tipi, romelSic gamoikveTeba mTargmnelis sakuTari Sexedulebebi, sxvagvarad, es aris e. w. modalur-adapturi tipi. xolo formaluri ekvivalentis (anu semantikuri da formaluri) tipis Targmani (verbum e verbo) aris zedmiwevniTi, sityvasityviTi struqturuli Targmanis tipi (bezaraSvili 2004: 319). qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi tradiciisaTvis adreul etapze ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo dinamikuri tipis Targmani, romelsac mogvianebiT formaluri ekvivalentis Targmani enacvleba. zusti, adeqvaturi Targmani dedniseuli teqstisa ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo elinofiluri mimarTulebisaTvis. Tumca adeqvaturi Targmani jer kidev ar niSnavda elinofilur mimarTulebaze orientirebas, radgan amgvari xasiaTis Targmanebi qarTul mwerlobaSi gacilebiT adreul periodSic dasturdeba (mag. severiane gabalovnelis equsTa dReTaÁ – V s.-is I nax.) (bezaraSvili 2004: 328). 149 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe Targmanis dednis teqstTan mimarTebis dadgenisa Tu romelime moRvawis mTargmnelobiTi koncefciis Taviseburebaze msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa im konkretuli pirvelwyaros mikvleva, romlidanac uSualod iTargmna esa Tu is literaturuli Zegli. es sakiTxi qarTul filologiur mecnierebaSi principulad daisva jer kidev 1969 wels. Tavis gamokvlevaSi `bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani~ prof. e. xinTibiZe miuTiTebda: `SeuZlebelia qarTveli mTargmnelis mTargmnelobiT meTodebze vilaparakoT, Tu xelT ara gaqvT mis mier naTargmni sando teqsti da swored is berZnuli redaqcia, romelsac igi Targmnida. amis aucileblobas is iwvevs, rom TiTqmis yvela Zveli bizantiuri literaturuli Zegli Cvenamde aTobiT berZnuli xelnaweriTaa moRweuli. es xelnawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi redaqciuladac gansxvavdeba, variantul sxvaobebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT~ (xinTibiZe 1969: 145). amave Tvalsazriss aviTarebs miSel van esbroki efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiT meTodebze msjelobisas. m. esbrokis umniSvnelovanes Sromad unda CaiTvalos efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi meTodis axleburi Sefaseba, romelic warmoadgina gamokvlevaSi `uthyme l’Hagiorite: le traducteur et ses traductions~ (Esbroeck 1988 : 73-107). gamokvlevis avtori kritikulad ganixilavs k. kekeliZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom efTvime `an miumatebda dedans, an moaklebda mas, an Secvlida Taviseburad Txzulebis ama Tu im adgils da iZleoda saTargmni Txzulebis savsebiT axal redaqcias. esbrokma Tavidan gaaanaliza k. kekeliZis mier efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi meTodis dasadgenad Seswavlili Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi (`mcire sjuliskanoni~, `maqsime aRmsareblis cxovreba~, `mcire svinaqsari~, `ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba~, `maqsime aRmsareblis SekiTxvebi Talasesadmi~, `wm. miqelis saswaulebi~) da efrem mciris cnobili anderZi efTvimes Sesaxeb da sxv. misi azriT, efTvime zustad, sityva-sityviT ar Targmnis, magram igi kvecs an umatebs ara mTel paragrafebs, an sxva Txzulebebidan amoRebul fragmentebs, aramed mxolod sityvebs. mkvlevris daskvniT, efTvime iyenebs dasaxelebul TxzulebaTa sxva redaqciebs, romlebic dReisaTvis dakargulia, an jer kidev gamosavlinebelia. amdenad, raki arsebobs Targmani, e.i. arsebobs mTargmnelis problemac, radgan Cvenamde araerT Zegls mouRwevia, romelTa mTargmnelis Sesaxebac araferi viciT. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac Txzulebis mTargmnelis, gadamwerisa Tu damkveTis vinaoba erTmaneTSi ireva. aseve, arcTu iSviaTia erTsa da imave periodSi erTi saliteraturo skolis farglebSi moRvawe mTargmnelTa naSromebis arasworad mikuTvneba sxva mTargmnelisadmi (amis naTelsayofad ioane petriwis, ioane WimWimelisa da ioane tariWisZis, an kidev arsenis saxeliT moRvawe ramdenime pirovnebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, anda ni150 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi koloz gulaberisZisTvis giorgi mTawmindelis, eqvTime aTonelis, daviT tbelisa Tu efrem mciriseul TargmanTa mikuTvnebac gamogvadgeboda). aseT viTarebaSi, cxadia, mTargmnelis realuri vinaobis dasadgenad ramdenime faqtors unda mieqces yuradReba: 1. Zeglis Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul wyaroebs; 2. literaturul tradiciebs; 3. mTargmnelobiT meTods, romelic gangvasazRvrinebs im saliteraturo skolasa da, Sesabamisad, savaraudo drosa da sivrces, rodesac da sadac es Txzuleba unda Sesrulebuliyo (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. rafava 1983: 046). 4. informaciuli sisrulisaTvis aucilebelia im erovnul enobriv stilur normaTa kvlevac, romliTac esa Tu is Targmania Sesrulebuli. samecniero wreebSi miRebuli tradiciuli kvlevis meTodi naklebad gulisxmobs Zeglis lingvistur analizs, rasac Zalze xSirad araswor daskvnamde mivyavarT. daskvnisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, moRvaweobis ra etapzea Sesrulebuli Targmani, radgan mTargmnelebi sistematiurad azustebdnen da xvewdnen mTargmnelobiT meTodsa Tu terminologiur struqturas. qarTvel moRvaweTa mTargmnelobiT tradiciebi epoqaTa moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad icvleboda. efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi garkveul etapze moZvelebuli aRmoCnda da aRar Seesabameboda gazrdil literaturul moTxovnilebebs. axali mTargmnelobiTi meTodis damkvidreba giorgi aTonelis saxels ukavSirdeba. igi cdilobs saTargmni masalis dedanTan daaxloebas; TumcaRa droTa ganmavlobaSi giorgi mTawmindeliseulma Targmanebmac moiTxoves xelmeored gadasinjva. efrem mcirem aTonis saliteraturo skolis mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebi Tvisobrivad axal safexurze aiyvana, misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodis ZiriTadi principi swored Targmanis dedniseul teqstTan zedmiwevniTi daaxloeba iyo. aToneli mamebis mier Seqmnil mTargmnelobiT stilsa da mimarTulebas XI-XII s.s. mkveTrad gaemijna gelaTis saliteraturo skola (tradiciulad, mkvlevarTa didi nawilis mosazrebiT, ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToelTan erTad, am skolis fuZemdebeli da poziciis ganmsazRvreli iyo. Tumca arsebobs aranakleb yuradsaRebi versiac, romelic ioane petriwis moRvaweobas gelaTis saliteraturo skolas ar ukavSirebs) (lolaSvili 1978: 75; WeliZe 1995:). miuTiTeben, rom „gelaTis skola erT-erTi mZlavri da umniSvnelovanesi Stoa qarTuli Targmanis elinofinur mimarTulebaSi, romelic... qristianuli azris istoriaSi agrZelebs aRmosavluri Teologiis, aleqsandriuli skolisa da kabadokiuri patristikis xazs“ (meliqiSvili 1996: 65). swored gelaTis saliteraturo skola aris damfuZnebeli axali enobrivi stilisa, romelic sxvaTagan TviTmyofadi niSnebiT gamoirCeva. gelaTis mTargmnelobiTi skolis mimdevarni didi ZalisxmeviT cdilobdnen daexvewaT qarTuli ena, gamoevlinebinaT misi SesaZleblobani 151 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe berZnulidan Targmnili literaturis filosofiuri azrisa da terminebis zustad gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT. imis Sesabamisad, ras usaxavdnen sakuTar Tavs miznad, maT SeimuSaves sruliad gansazRvruli principebi, romlebic aq Targmnil Zeglebs sxvaTagan gamoarCevs Targmnis sizustiT, stiliTa Tu leqsikiT. gelaTis skolis ZiriTad mimarTulebas sxva niSnebTan erTad zustad Targmnis principi (Targmnisas ki mxolod qarTuli enis potencialis, Zirebisa da mawarmoeblebis gamoyeneba) qmnis. mTargmnelobiT skolebs Soris, erTi mxriv, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba Targmanis stils, saTargmni masalis SerCevis, da a. S. TvalsazrisiT, magram, meore mxriv, SesaZloa mTargmnelobiTi meTodi gansxvavebuli iyos erTi avtoris memkvidreobis farglebSic, radgan, rogorc SevniSnavdiT, stili SeiZleba Seicvalos saTargmni masalis Tematikis an mTargmnelis moRvaweobis periodis mixedviT. es faqtori ki, SesaZloa, mcdari daskvnis safuZveli gaxdes. zogadi daskvnebis gamotanisas aranaklebi sirTule SeiZleba Seqmnas erTi saliteraturo skolis farglebSi Targmanis enobrivterminologiuri aspeqtebis msgavsebam. amitom sakiTxis kvlevisas aucilebelia im konkretuli madiferencirebeli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebic erT mTargmnel-moRvawes meorisagan ganarCevs. madiferencirebeli statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli (meliqiSvili 1996: 65), enis sxvadasxva sferos ganekuTvneba: 1. terminologiuri sityvaTSemoqmedebisa; 2. yofiT-leqsikuri; 3. gramatikuli, garkveul SemTxvevebSi – sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebic. Tu rogor SeiZleba kvlevis miTiTebuli meTodikis gauTvaliswineblobam mcdar gzaze dagvayenos, amis sailustraciod warmovadgenT gelaTis saliteraturo skolis mTargmnelobiTi normebiT Sesrulebul or Zegls – eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTur versias* da agiografiul Txzulebas – wm. barbares wameba. eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiis mTargmnelad k. kekeliZe ioane WimWimels miiCnevda. SeniSnavda ra miTiTebuli Zeglisa da Teofilaqte bulgarelis lukasa da markozis saxarebaTa ganmartebebis msgavsebas, askvnida, rom Teofilaqte bulgarelis TxzulebaTa da eklesiastes ganmartebis xsenebuli Zeglis mTargmneli erTi da igive pirovnebaa, xolo am pirovnebis vinaobis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia Teofilaqte bulgarelis TxzulebaTa Targmanis SesavalSive: `ioaneman filosofosman WimWimelman eladelTa Ãmisagan spanT mosaxeled Ãmad gardamoiRo TargmanebaÁ wmidisa evanReliisa~ (kekeliZe 1920: XIII). * qarTuli xelnaweri (A 61) ori avtoris egzegetikur Txzulebas Seicavs – mitrofane smirnel mitropolitisa da olimpiodore aleqsandrieli diakonis eklesiastes ganmartebebs, magram, raki Zegls mTlianobaSi erTiani struqtruli saxe aqvs da erTi mTargmnelis mieraa Sesrulebuli, amitom cal-calke Txzulebebad diferencirebas ar vaxdenT. 152 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi vnaxoT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am daskvnis gaziareba. eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiis mTargmnelis sakiTxze msjelobisas verc xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebi da verc sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi ver dagvexmareba, radgan amgvari araferia SemorCenili qarTul mwerlobaSi. Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqma mxolod enobrivi Taviseburebebisa da leqsikuri mxaris Seswavlaze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli. sakiTxze msjelobisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT d. meliqiSvilis statias gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis sakiTxisaTvis, romelSic mecnieri gvTavazobs v. fuqsis mier damuSavebuli statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis meTods da miuTiTebs, rom amgvari meTodi calkeul avtorTa individualuri enobrivi stilis Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva. `rodesac garkveuli raodenobis enobrivi niSnebi dasturdeba cnobil avtorTan da maTgan arc erTi ar gvxvdeba sadavo teqstSi (an piriqiT), SeiZleba calsaxa daskvnis gamotana: sadavo teqsti ar ekuTvnis mocemul avtors~ (meliqiSvili 1996: 68). statias darTuli aqvs diferenciuli enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis cxrili, romelSic mecnieri warmoadgens gelaTis saliteraturo skolis ZeglebisaTvis niSandobliv terminologiur, yofiT-leqsikur da gramatikul maxasiaTeblebs. amdenad, eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zeglidan gvainteresebs is konkretuli terminebi da enobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ama Tu im mTargmnelis cnebiT-leqsikuri aparatis kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli da sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTobliobaSi SesaZloa dagvexmaros Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis gansazRvrisas.* amgvar terminTa rigSi unda ganvixiloT Zrva, moZraoba leqsemebi. am formaTa gamoyeneba damaxasiaTebelia gelaTis skolis moRvaweTa saliteraturo enisaTvis, gvxvdeba Cvens sakvlev TxzulebaSic, isini TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiT gvxvdeba rogorc saxelzmnis, ise – zmnis piriani formebis saxiT (15\17) da ZiriTadad aqvs gadaxris (da ara – moZraobis) mniSvneloba (midreka moZraobis mniSvnelobiT mxolod petriwTan dasturdeba); TanSesityva forma ZeglSi erTxel dasturdeba, magram ara imgvari terminuli gagebiT (berZnuli sullogismoc formis Sesatyvisad), rogoriTac gvxvdeba petriwTan da amonios ermisis Txzuleba* ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom zogierTi termini, romelic erT avtorTan yofiT-leqsikuri sferos kuTvnilebaa, meore avtorTan cnebiT-terminologiuri mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. ase, magaliTad, jerCineba arsen iyalToelTan terminologiuri sityvaSemoqmedebis produqtia, xolo eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi yofiTi leqsikis sferos ganekuTvneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas midreka terminis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolod petriwTan aqvs terminuli datvirTva. 153 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe Ta qarTul TargmanebSi. am formis Sesatyvisad eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTur versiaSi gvaqvs termini filosofosebri: rameTu ixileT filosofosebri metyuÀlebaÁ eklesiastesi [A 61: 40. II] _ Ora gar thn sullogis tikhn apodosin tou Ekklhsiastou [PG: 796C]. termini Tbe, romelic �������������������������������������������� qarTvel elinofilebTan – efrem mciresTan, arsen iyalToelTan, petre gelaTelTan... masalis, materiis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, amave mniSvnelobiT gvaqvs Cven sakvlev ZeglSic; eklesiastes ganmartebebis gelaTur TargmanebSi dasturdeba, agreTve, termini gardanivTva, romlis zmnuri formac gvxvdeba ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi; romeloba\viTareba terminebidan berZnuli to poion terminis Sesatyvisad ZeglSi gvxvdeba romeloba (to poion–is Sesatyvisad arsen iyalToelis gviandel TargmanebSi `romelobis~ nacvlad ZiriTadia `viTareba,~ xolo petriwTan – romeloba); berZnuli akribiac-s Sesatyvisad ZeglSi, msgavsad arsen iyalToelisa da ioane WimWimelisa, dasturdeba forma ganmkacreba; gramatikuli formebidan ZeglSi gelaTuri TargmanebisaTvis niSandoblivi –ye sufiqsis gamoyenebis arc erTi SemTxveva ar dadasturda; ar dadasturda agreTve ars meSveli zmnis gamartivebisa da winamaval sityvasTan Serwymis SemTxvevebi. -ebiani mravlobiTis formebi, romlebsac gelaTis saliteraturo skolis moRvaweebi narTanian mravlobiTTan erTad aqtiurad iyeneben, mcire raodenobiT (18 SemTxveva) gvxvdeba TxzulebaSi; gvxvdeba, agreTve, I rezultativSi –ia dabolovebiani formis gamoyenebis ori SemTxveva; gelaTeli mTargmnelebis stilisTvis niSandoblivi naT. br. + ZliT Tandebuliani formebi eklesiastes TargmanebaSic gamoiyeneba; ZeglSi mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba –mebr Tandebuliani forma, amgvari formebis gamoyeneba petriwis stilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis damkvidrebis mcdeloba saliteraturo qarTulSi gelaTeli mTargmnelebis moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. eklesiastes ganmartebaSi sqesis garCeva mxolod leqsikuri erTeulebiT xdeba da ara – sqesis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebiT; -mi Tandebuliani formebis, romlebic aseve tipiuria gelaTeli moRvaweebis stilisTvis, gamoyenebis oTxi SemTxveva dasturdeba sakvlev ZeglSi, intensiurad ixmareba am Tandebulis sruli forma mimarT da, agreTve, misi variantuli Sesatyvisi – momarT; sakvlev ZeglSi I kavSirebiTis III pirSi subieqtis aRsaniSnad gvaqvs Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ZeglebisaTvis tradiciuli -odian daboloeba (amgvar SemTxvevebSi petriwi –odin daboloebas iyenebs); xat terminis Targmanisas (rodesac adamianis, RvTis msgavsi arsebis, Seqmnazea saubari) ioane petriwi iyenebs –ebr Tandebuls berZnuli kata windebulis Sesabamisad, eklesiastes TargmanebaSi msgavsi formebi ar gvxvdeba. 154 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi gelaTel moRvaweebs berZnuli enis tradiciis gavleniT hqondaT mcdeloba mdedrobiTi sqesis gamoxatvis damkvidrebisa saliteraturo enaSi. es procesi, rogorc miTiTebulia samecniero literaturaSi, petriwamde gacilebiT adre dawyebula gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis mcdelobas vxvdebiT efrem mciresTan, romelic –a sufiqsis darTviT cdilobs mdedrobiTi sqesis formirebas (danelia 1998a: 102):L `mdidaraÁ moiRebn WiWnaursa, xolo qurivi matylsa SeRebulsa~. iqve efremi SeniSnavs: `Seiswave, mdidaraÁ axalmopovebulad dedalad sityuad, rameTu dedakaci ars, momRebeli WiWnaurisa, xolo WiWnauri mamasa efTÂmes abreSumisa saxelad moupovebia~ (danelia 1998a: 98) SeniSnulia (danelia 1998a: 94-107), rom mdedrobiTi sqesis –a sufiqsis uZvelesi saxea –al sufiqsi, romelic dasturdeba giorgi monazonis `xronigrafis~ gelaTuri stiliT Sesrulebul TargmanSi. aq moyvanilia citata eklesiastedan (92,78), romelSic gvxvdeba forma momReralebni momRernis sapirispirod: movignen monani da mÃevalni, da saxlis-wulni iqmnnes Cemda mraval ufroÁs yovelTa yofilTasa uwinares Cemda ierusalÀms. da Sevkribe vecxlica da oqroÁ da simdidre mefeTaÁ da yanaTaÁÁ da ganvawyven momRerni da momReralebni da saSuebelni Zisa kacisani, mwdeni da mwdeani.~ aq formebi momRerni (momReri – mamr. sqesi) da momReralebni (Tavdapirvel formad moiazreba momRera – mdedr. sqesi) erTmaneTisagan sqesiT ganirCevian. eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi igive muxlebSi (II Tavis 8-9) sqesis garCeva xdeba ara afiqsuri warmoebiT, aramed - leqsikuri erTeulebiT: vyven Cemdad memRerni mamani da dedani saSuebelad Zisa kacisa, mewdieni mamani da dedani. da ganvdiden da SevsZine ufroÁs yovelTa pirvelTa CemTa ierusalims Sina [48. I]. rogorc vxedavT, aq dakonkretebulia rogorc memRerni, ise mewdieni sqesis gamomxatveli konkretuli sityvebiT _ mamani da dedani. gelaTis bibliaSi, konkretulad – ieremias winaswar-metyvelebaSi, dasturdeba formebi, romlebsac erTvis mdedrobiTi sqesis –a mawarmoebeli: da moaq[c]ies Semdgomad gavlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnes yrmani da yrmaani, romelni ganevlinnes Tavisuflad da dautevebdes maT yrmebad da yrmaebad 34,11. Sdr. ierusalimuri nusxa (J): da moiqces Semdgomad ganvlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnnes monani da mÃevalni, romelni-igi ganavlines Tavisuflebad da Seidgenebdes maT monad da mÃevlad. 34,11; daimorCileniT igini yofad Tquenda yrmebad da yrmaaebad. 34,16. 34,11. Sdr. J: daimorCileT igini, raÁTa iyvnen Tquenda monad da mÃevlad. 34,16 (danelia 1992b). citirebul monakveTebSi yrma, fuZekvecadi saxeli, Sekvecili saxiTaa warmodgenili -ebiani mravlobiTis sufiqsis darTvisas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi – yrm-eb-ad (mamr. sq. – ara aqvs mawarmoebeli), meore SemTxvevaSi – yrma-eb-ad, am SemTxvevaSi –a sufiqss md. sqesis gamoxatvis funqcia aqvs. meore 155 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe citatSi, rogorc vnaxeT, fuZec sruladaa warmodgenili da darTulia sqesis mawarmoebeli sufiqsic - yrma-a-eb-ad. gelaTis bibliaSi –a sufiqsian warmoebasTan erTad (ebraela – ier. 34,10; ufala – es. 24,2; moxucebula – zaq. 8,4) gvaqvs –id sufiqsiani mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelebi: Wabukidi (ara ipoos qalwulebaÁWabukidisa,~ II Sj. 22,21), yrmidi (hrqua: romeli ars yrmidi ese,~ ruT. 2.5) da a. S. sqesis gamoxatva qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis arabunebrivi da miuRebeli aRmoCnda, mTargmnel-redaqtorTa amgvari mcdeloba – naZaladevi, sqesis gamomxatveli sufiqsebi ki, rogorc k. danelia uwodebda – `gramatikuli barbarizmebi.~ amdenad, gramatikuli sqesi, romelic arc erTxel ar dasturdeba eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi, ver damkvidrda qarTul saliteraturo enaSi. yofiT-leqsikuri sferodan ZeglSi intensiurad gvxvdeba egera forma, romelic saliteraturo qarTulSi efrem mciris Semotanili Cans, aseve xSiria sadme, sadame da Ãmobs formebs gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, dasturdeba agreTve, azmnobs formis gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxvevac; termini mimdemi, romlis terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arsen iyalToels unda ukavSirdebodes, ZeglSi orgzis gvxvdeba, magram orivejer yofiTleqsikuri da ara - cnebiT-terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT; eklesiastes TargmanebaSi yofiT-leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba, agreTve, gioba da jerCineba formebi. statikuri maxasiaTeblebis cxrilis gamoyenebam kidev erTxel cxad-yo, rom eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zegli gelaTis saliteraturo skolis moRvawis mieraa Targmnili. yofiT-leqsikur, terminologiur da enobriv formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Semdegi suraTi gamoikveTa: # anonimi avtorebi mitrofane, olimp. aleqsandr. nusxa A 61 A 102; A 103 eklesiastes Targmaneba markozisa da lukas saxarebaTa ganmarteba + + + +(1) - ~ + + + + enobr. norm. teqstebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 156 ioane WimWimeli Teofilaqte bulgareli mTargmneli -ye -eb -ia -admi; -isami naT.+ ZliT mebr mdedr. sqesi mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 8 -esTa - - 9 egera + + 10 sad(a)me + + 11 medad - 12 mimdemi 13 +(1) + ZÂnad - + 14 mowleoba + 15 sazrisi - 16 cebna + - 17 midreka + - 18 Zrva, moZraoba + + 19 Segulissityua - 20 TanSesityua - 21 Ãmobs + 22 azmnobs 23 gioba + 24 jerCineba + 25 ganmkacreba + + +(2) Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Zeglis mTargmnelad ver miviCnevT ioane WimWimels, rogorc amas varaudobda k. kekeliZe (ioane WimWimelisa da Cven mier sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilis sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeba –admi, -isami Tandebuliani formebis gamoyenebisas. es formebi intensiurad ixmareba saxarebaTa Teofilaqte bulgareliseuli ganmartebebis qarTul TargmanebSi da erTxelac ar dasturdeba eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlev ZeglSi. sxvaoba Tavs iCens gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis aspeqtiTac). eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri Targmanebis mTargmnels anonimad miiCnevs e. WeliZe. naSromSi `Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia~ mkvlevari sxva terminTa rigSi ganixilavs berZnuli gnosic leqsemis Targmnis Taviseburebas da SeniSnavs: `rac Seexeba grigol akrakantelisa* da olimpiodores ganmartebebs eklesiastes Sesaxeb, agreTve, ioane Wim* eklesiates ganmartebis mitrofaneseuli teqstis avtorad, minis (PG) gamocemis safuZvelze, e. WeliZe grigol akrakantels miiCnevs. garkveuli periodis manZilze Cvenc amave Tvalsazriss viziarebdiT. uaxloes momavalSi sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveyndeba Cveni naSromi, romelic sakiTxs axali mimarTulebiT gaaSuqebs (n. m.). 157 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe Wimelis mier Targmnil Teofilaqte bulgarelis evangeliur komentarebs (markozisa da lukas Tavebi), romlebic, rogorc aRvniSneT, did naTesaobas amJRavneben efrem mciris terminologiasTan (eWvi ar aris, rom ioane WimWimelica da eklesiastes zemoaRniSnul ganmartebaTa ucnobi mTargmnelic, romelsac k. kekeliZe imave ioane WimWimelTan aigivebs, uTuod efrem mciris mowafeebi arian) maTSi berZnuli gnwsic TiTqmis ugamonaklisod Targmnilia, rogorc `mecniereba~ (WeliZe 1996: 454). eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilebrivi naTesaoba efrem mciresTan aSkaraa, amasTan, aSkaraa mTargmnelis individualobac. is terminebi, romlebic saliteraturo enaSi efrem mciris damkvidrebuli Cans, garkveuli odenobiT dasturdeba ZeglSi, magram xSirad maT gverdiT maTive paralelur formebad moiazreba neologizmebi, romlebiTac zogadad mdidaria XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli saliteraturo ena. eklesiastes ganmartebaTa mTargmnelis stili erTgvar gardamaval safexurs warmoadgens efrem mciris stilsa da Semdgomi periodis gelaTis saliteraturo skolis moRvaweTa stils Soris. diferenciuli enobrivi niSnebis mixedviT Zegli yvelaze met siaxloes petre gelaTelis enasTan avlens. magram im mkveTri sxvaobebis gamo, romlebic SeiniSneba amave mTargmnelTan mimarTebaSi, petre gelaTeli namdvilad ver iqneba am Zeglis mTargmneli. zemowarmodgenili kvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakiTxi eklesiastes ganmartebaTa miTiTebuli Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb Riad rCeba da moiTxovs damatebiTi safuZvliani argumentebis Ziebas mTargmnelis vinaobis gansasazRvrad. vnaxoT ra suraTi gamoikveTeba wm. barbares wamebis agiografiul Zeglze am TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebisas. wm. barbares wamebis qarTuli metafrasuli redaqciebis mTargmnel– SemdgenelTa Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa mier winaswar gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT A128/Ath.2 redaqcia petriwis „Tqmulia“ (kekeliZe 1957: 165), H1347/Gel.5 ki _ arsen iyalToelisa (���������������������������������������������� aRweriloba 1989: 5���������������������������� ). redaqciis mTargmnelis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis A koleqciis 878-e xelnaweri: ,,ese merkviris wameba da varvarisi petriwis Tqmulia, amisTvis orive erTad davswere, Tumca wrfelTaTvs Znelsasmenel Cans, garna sityuaTa mosurneTaTvs didad tkbilia da mecnierTagan Rrmad sasurvel enamzeoba petriwisa“. ra aZlevs amgvari ganacxadis safuZvels A 878 xelnaweris gadamwers, CvenTvis ucnobia. Cveni azriT, grigol mRvdelmonazoni (xelnaweri A 878-is gadamweri) enis sirTulisa da „Znelsasmenlobis“ gamo ukavSirebs barbares wamebas petriwis saxels. Tavis mxriv, swored grigol mRvdelmonazonis zemomomxobil daskvnas imowmebs k. kekeliZe, roca brZanebs: „Znelsasmenelobas da enamzeobasac rom ar mivaqcioT yuradReba, TviT berZnuli forma „varvara“ 158 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi erTi maCvenebelTagania ioane petriwis samwerlo normebisao“ (kekeliZe 1918: XIV). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom „enamzeobis“ gamo gelaTis skolis araerT xelnawers usafuZvlod miawerdnen petriws. argumentad ver gamodgeba forma „varvarac“, radgan es saxeli yvela Zvel xelnawerSi (garda A 878-sa) baniTaa warmodgenili (barbara). vini am xelnawerSi (igulisxmeba A 878) rusulis (da ara berZnulis!) gavleniTaa gaCenili (rac XIX s.-is krebulisaTvis Cveulebrivia da ara _ moulodneli). amgvarad, verc grigol mRvdelmonazonis da, Sesabamisad, verc k. kekeliZis am mosazrebas A128/ Ath.2-is mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ver gaviazrebT. β redaqciis mTargmnelad H 1347 xelnaweris minawerebze dayrdnobiT arsen iyalToels miiCneven. H 1347 krebulis gadamweri 159r da 203r-ze ixseniebs vinme arsenis: „wmidao RvTismSobelo,.. meox meyav winaSe Zisa Senisa friad codvilsa arsenis...“ da „wmidao pirveldiakono stefane... meox meyav friad codvilsa arsenis,“ xolo 72r ki iyalTels: „ekrZale mkiTxvelo, iyalTelsa hlocvidi“. uSualod Cvens xelnawers anderZi ar erTvis. krebulSi miTiTebuli araa iyalToeli (an arseni, Tuki es saxeli da zewodeba erTsa da imave pirs miemarTeba) krebulis damkveT-Semdgenelia, gadamweri Tu konkretuli statiis mTargmneli (an avtori). samecniero literaturaSi araferia naTqvami TviT krebulis paleografiul maxasiaTeblebze. amdenad, verc Cven vimsjelebT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad emTxveva Zeglis gadamweris xeli arsenisas. rogorc qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobis H fondis III tomSia miTiTebuli, H1347 XI-XII s.s metafrasuli krebulia, es ki swored is droa, roca cxovrobda da moRvaweobda arsen iyalToeli. miuxedavad amisa, Tuki qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi krebulis Sedgenis Sesaxeb paleografiuli niSnebiTaa gamyarebuli da H 1347 xelnaweri marTlac XI-XII saukuneebis metafrasuli krebulia, xolo krebulis minawerebze dayrdnobiT wmida barbares wamebis Targmanis arsen iyalToelisaTvis mikuTvnebas bolomde argumentirebulad mainc ver CavTvliT (radgan minaweri uSualod Cvens xelnawers ar erTvis). 2) momdevno xanis mwerlobaSi wmida barbares wamebis metafrasul redaqciaTa Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxuli ar aris. 3) rakiRa pirdapiri sabuTi an literaturuli wyaros mowmoba Zeglis mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs, amjeradac unda daveyrdnoT enobriv Taviseburebebs da leqsikur mxares. CvenTvis saintereso orive xelnaweri garkveulwilad avlens erTmaneTTan msgavsebas, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom orive mTargmneli gelaTis literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelia. mTargmnelTa dadgena-identifikaciisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli or xelnawers Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebia. TvalsaCino rom iyos A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisa da ioane „platonuri filosofosis“ Sromebis da H1347/Gel.5 redaqciisa da arsen iyal159 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe Toelis TargmanTa Soris arsebuli stiluri da enobriv-terminologiuri sxvaobani, Sesadareblad movuxmoT am mTargmnelTa ucilobel naSromebs da maTi kvlevis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs (nemesios emeselis anTropologiuri da prokle diadoxosis Teologiuri traqtatebi, ioane damaskelis „gardamocema“ da giorgi amartolis „xronoRrafi“). I. gramatikuli sxvaobani: 1. barbares wamebis a redaqciaSi vxvdebiT –ebiani mravlobiTis gamoyenebis 18 SemTxvevas, rac sakmaod xSiria iseTi mcire zomis ZeglisTvis, rogoric CvenTvis saintereso xelnaweria. miuTiTeben, rom ioane petriwis SromebSi –ebiani mravlobiTis xmarebis 24 SemTxvevaa dadasturebuli. amaTgan 20 gvxvdeba ,,ganmartebaTa“ bolosityvaobaSi, romelic XVIII saukunis xeliT aris aRdgenili, e.i. petriwis enas ar axasiaTebs -ebiani mravlobiTis formebi (rafava 1983: 058). Cveni xelnawerisTvis -eb mravlobiTis iseTive aqtiuri mawarmoebelia, rogoric nar-Taniani (TumcaRa, erT SemTxvevaSi -eb gvxvdeba Tanian mravlobiTTan kombinaciaSic, rac damaxasiaTebelia gardamavali periodisaTvis: ,,viTarca eliseman yrmebTa“). 2. gelaTis skolis Zeglebs micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mravlobiTis aRsaniSnavad axasiaTebs -ye sufiqsoidis xmareba (ZiriTadad grZnoba-aRqmis da yola-qonebis gamomxatvel inversiul zmnebSi), rac ar SeiniSneba barbares wamebis arc erT redaqciaSi. -ye sufiqsi ucxoa petriwisTvisac. 3. a redaqciis orive da b gelaTur (Gel.5) xelnawerebSi gvaqvs gaformebuli moTxrobiTi sakuTar saxelebTan (eliseman, dioskoreman...). SeniSnaven, rom ,,kavSirTa Targmansa da ganmartebaSi moTxrobiTi brunva gauformebladaa warmodgenili“ (meliqiSvili 1975: 15). 4. gelaTur teqstebSi (petriwisgan gansxvavebiT) xSiria -mi Tandebuli naTesaobiT da viTarebiT brunvebTan (petriwi am Tandebulebs mxolod ormag naTesaobiT-viTarebiTSi xmarobs). Cveni xelnawerebi iSviaTad, magram swored arsenis jgufis da ara petriwis tradicias misdeven (Sendami da misda mimarT) -mi Tandebulebis xmarebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metad ki sruli formiT –mimarT (siZisa mimarT) iyeneben am nawilaks. Cvens xelnawerebSi ar gvaqvs -momarT nawilakis xmarebis SemTxvevebi (arc srulad da arc gamartivebuli saxiT). 5. petriwTan gvxvdeba -mde Tandebuli nanaTesaobiT viTarebiTTan, b redaqciaSi gvaqvs dResamomde forma -mde TandebuliT. α redaqciaSi es Tandebuli mxolod viTarebiT da ara ormag brunvas erTvis (gaTenebamde). 6. rogorc α, ise b redaqciis mTargmnelebi Tanad zmnizedas prepoziciuri wyobiT damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiTac xmaroben (berZnul dedanSi Tanad leqsemas Seesabameba αμα, μέν da δέ). 7. ioane petriwis SromaTa enas axasiaTebs ars meSveli zmnis gamartiveba 160 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi da winamaval sityvasTan Serwyma. es movlena Tavs iCens rogorc Sedgenil SemasmenelTan, ise – TurmeobiTis formaSi. Cvens xelnawerebSi ki msgavsi magaliTebi ar gvaqvs. 8. gansxvavebiT petriwisgan, Cvens xelnawerebSi ar gvaqvs nasaxelar zmnaTa –ov xufiqsiani (saxarebiseuli „perovis“ tipis) formebi. 9. arc erT xelnawerSi ar gvaqvs petriwisa da Tanadrouli sametyvelo enisTvis damaxasiaTebel –ia daboloebiani formebi I rezultativSi (gavixsenoT „vefxistyaosniseuli“ „qvemore miTqvams, miqia“-s tipis warmoeba), romelic „xronoRrafSi“ iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba (mag. Seuracxia) (yauxCiSvili 1926: 8). 10. petriwTan I kavSirebiTis III pirSi gvaqvs –odin daboloebiani formebi (nacvlad –odian tipuri savrcobisa), rac ar axasiaTebs arc a, arc b redaqciebs (gelaTur teqstTa msgavsad). 11. ioane petriwTan „Zali“ mxolod substantivis mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari da terminologiuri datvirTva, „potenciis“ gageba aqvs. rogorc a, ise β redaqciis xelnawerebSi es leqsema Tandebulisa da derivaciuli funqciiTac gvxvdeba (es ki ucxoa ioane petriwis enisTvis) da terminis mniSvnelobiTac. 12. ioane petriwi xSirad mimarTavs nuume, magra, maSa kavSirebs, Cveni xelnawerebis Semadgenelni am kavSirebs ar mimarTaven. 13. Tu kavSirs a redaqciis Semdgeneli xmarobs pirobiTi damokidebuli winadadebis bolos zmnis Semdeg. es movlena axasiaTebs gelaTur teqstebs (mag. maqsime aRmsareblis „pirosTan sityvisgebis“ gelaTur Targmans) (xoferia 1998: 59). 14. ioane petriwisTvis Cveulebrivia „mebr“ Tandebuli berZnuli kata– s Sesatyvisad prepoziciuri wyobiT: „mebr JamiT“, „mebr guamiTa“ da a. S. Cvens xelnawerebSi es konstruqcia („mebr“+moqm/viT.) ar gvxvdeba da Sesabamisi berZnuli windebuli gadmocemulia martivi moqmedebiTi (/viTarebiTi) brunvis formiT. 15. mTargmnelTa diferenciisaTvis mniSvnelovania sityvawarmoebis Taviseburebanic: kompozotian warmoebaSi a redaqciisaTvis produqtiuli wina, Tana, uku, adverbialuri warmoSobis prefiqsebi, uku arc erTgan ar gvxvdeba b redaqciaSi. am mTargmnelis dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gare prefiqsiani kompozitebia, rac ucxoa a redaqciis SemdgenelisTvis. oTxive afiqsi aqtiuria petriwisa da iyalToelis metyvelebisTvis. 16. abstraqtul saxelTa warmoebisas a redaqciis mTargmneli Tanabari aqtivobiT mimarTavs -eba/-oba sufiqsebs, b redaqciis mTargmnelisTvis ki metad produqtiulia -eba formanti (ioane petriwisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic –oba mawarmoebels aniWebs upiratesobas). 161 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 17. uqonlobis saxelebi b redaqciaSi sasubieqto mimReobebisgan uaryofiTi ar/ver nawilakebiTaa nawarmoebi. 18. a redaqciisTvis aqtiuria –ca nawilaki, Cveulebriv igi erTvis saxelebs, magram or SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba III pirSi mdgar zmnasTanac (iyoca, ganucxadaca). iyoca forma –ca nawilakiT gvaqvs „xronoRragSic.“ 19. rogorc a redaqciis mTargmnelis, ise „xronoRrafis“ metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia –re nawilaki. amave redaqciisTvis aqtiuria -me da –Ra nawilakebic, romelnic b redaqciaSi gvxvdeba, magram iSviaTad (vidreme, raime, arcaRa formebSi). 20. gelaTur teqstTagan gansxvavebiT, barbares wamebis arc erT redaqciaSi ar gvaqvs gaformebuli mdedr. sqesi (msgavsad petriwisa); am TvalsazrisiT, gamonaklisia dioskoride forma, romelic ukonteqstodaa moxmobili. 21. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs –a nawilaki kiTxviTi an kiTxva-Zaxilis Sinaarsis gasaZliereblad, xolo b redaqciis mTargmneli am TvalsazrisiT –o nawilaksac mimarTavs (es movlena damaxasiaTebelia „xronoRrafisTvisac“). 22. petriwi da iyalToeli kai leqsemas da +c hendiadisuri wyviliT gadmogvcemen. es movlena ar gvxvdeba b redaqciaSi; a redaqciaSi, gansxvavebiT b-sagan da +c gvaqvs, magram Zneli saTqmelia kai-s Seesabameba igi Tu ara. 23. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs uSemasmenlo winadadebebi, romelTa ricxvic β-Si Warbobs. petriwis TargmanTagan gansxvavebiT, a redaqciaSi uSemasmenlo winadadebebi Zalze cotaa. 24. a redaqciaSi aseve cotaa pasivuri konstruqciebi, gansxvavebiT petriwisa da iyalToelis TargmanTa da β redaqciisagan, sadac amgvari winadadebebi xSiria. 25. amgvarive viTarebaa infinitivur winadadebaTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiTac. a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori am SemTxvevaSic zomierebas arCevs. 26. gansxvavebul suraTs gvaCvenebs mimReobur konstruqciebze dakvirveba. mas Zalze aqtiurad mimarTaven rogorc a, ise β redaqciis mTargmnelebi. TumcaRa, gansxvavebiT A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisgan, H1347/Gel.5-Si TiTqmis ar gvaqvs metyveleba wris zmnis mimReoburi konstruqciebi. 27. madiferencirebeli gramatikuli niSnebis gamokveTisas gverds ver avuvliT berZnul leqsikur erTeulebs. esaa: a) uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZnuli leqsika (stratiotis tipisa); b) uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZnuli leqsika, romelTa qarTuli mawarmoeblebi aqvT darTuli (Terstrovnoda tipisa). g) sakuTar saxelTa arasworad gadmosuli formebi, 162 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi rac qarTul TargmanSi saxelTa gadmotanisas siWreles iwvevs (dioskore, iuliane/i/a, barbara da a.S.). d) Sinaarsis mixedviT sazogados msgavsad Targmnili sak. saxeli (mzisqalaqis tipisa). amgvari, msubuqad rom vTqvaT, „Secdomebi“ ioane petriwis xelidan gamosul Zegls ar unda axasiaTebdes. amitomve gveeWveba, rom β redaqcia arsenis Targmania (da gamovTqvamT mokrZalebul varauds, rom Tuki mainc miviCnevT arseniseulad, maSin misi moRvaweobis adreul periods unda mivakuTvnoT). II. yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebi: gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis Sesaxeb d. meliqiSvili SeniSnavs: „yofiTi leqsikis sferoSi vgulisxmobT individualuri metyvelebisaTvis (sityvaTxmarebisTvis) xSirad saxmarisi semantikis sityvebs... romlebic sistematurad gvxvdeba... gelaTur xelnawerebSi da saerTod ar dasturdeba ioane petriwis metyvelebaSi“ (meliqiSvili 1996: 69). terminologiur-leqsikur sakiTxebze msjelobisas swored is leqsikuri erTeulebi gamovkveTeT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia gelaTuri xelnawerisaTvis da, piriqiT, ucxoa petriwis enisaTvis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi esenia ZliTi, sadme, egera, mimdemi, ZÂnad, iWÂ/iWÂ, mowleoba, gioba, Tmoba, zmnoba, Znoba, jerCineba, modreka/Zrva, damWirva, TbÀ, (aR)wba, gerSi leqsemebi, romlebic saTanado adgilas konteqstis moxmobiT araerTxel davimowmeT. gameorebis Tavidan asarideblad magaliTebis moxmobisgan Tavs SevikavebT da mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom am leqsemaTagan zogierTi orive redaqciisaTvis saerToa, zogi ki mxolod erT-erTis kuTvnilebaa: ZliTi, midreka, Zrva, Ãmoba, zmnoba, jerCineba is leqsikuri erTeulebia, romelic orive redaqciis mTargmnelis metyvelebas axasiaTebs; TbÀ, (aR)wbebaÁ (es leqsemebi gvxvdeba „xronoRrafSic’), xolo egera, sadme, mimdemi, (umimdemesad), ZÂnad, iWÂ, mowleoba, gioba (ugiobelad), damWirva, gerSi-mxolod β redaqciis yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebia. es leqsikuri erTeulebi ioane petriws an ar axasiaTebs, an principulad sxva SinaarsiT mouxmobs maT (rogorc es ZliTi, Zrva, midreka terminTa magaliTze vnaxeT). III. terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi: dogmatur-saRvTismetyvelo da leqsikur-terminologiur sakiTxebze msjelobisas sagangebod SevCerdiT ontologiur-metafizikur da drois mcnebis gamomxatvel terminologiaze rogorc a, ise β redaqciebSi. rogorc SevniSneT, terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro sainteresoa A128/Ath.2 redaqcia, radgan locvaTa da gamocxadeba-saswaulTa siWarbis gamo a jgufis xelnawerebi datvirTulia specialuri saRvTismetyvelo leqsikiT. iqve mivuTiTeT, rom es terminebi qmnian sruliad Camoyalibebul terminologiur sistemas, sadac yvela leqsemas Tavisi Sesatyvisi aqvs daZebnili. yofiT da specialur terminologiur sistemaze dakvirvebam kidev erTxel migviyvana daskvnamde, rom a 163 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe jgufis xelnawerebi ioane petriws ar ekuTvnis. amave daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva terminologiur maxasiaTebelTa gamokveTa. Cveni xelnawerebi (rogorc a, ise β jgufisa) terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi sam ZiriTad jgufad davyaviT: a) terminologia, romelic emTxveva sakuTriv arsenis TargmanebSi dadasturebul terminebs. mag., A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebSi gvaqvs: „ipyroben yovlobasa,“ „gardamocemis“ arseniseul TargmanSi - „epyrian yovelni“ (rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, xSir SemTxvevaSi a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori dogmaturi msjelobisas „gardamocemis“ Sesabamis epizodebs TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imowmebs). efrem mcire „pyroba“-s nacvlad mimarTavs „Secva“ zmnas da Targmnis amgvarad: „Seucven yovelni.“ amgvarive viTarebaa „myofobiTi guaris“ SemTxvevaSic, rasac arsenTan igive Sewyvileba, xolo efremTan TvTeba Seesabameba; erTsa da imave konteqstSi berZnuli ktisic efremTan dabadebulis, β xelnaweris mTargmnelTagan ki, arsenis msgavsad, agebulis Sesatyvisia. orive xelnaweris mTargmneli mimarTavs termins jerCineba berZnuli γνωμη-s Sesabamisad, nacvlad efremiseuli terminebisa da a.S. b) terminologia, romelic imeorebs Zvel tradiciul leqsikas (mag. efrem mciris terminebs). amgvar leqsema-terminTa ricxvic ar aris cota: kamaran leqsema β redaqciis mTargmnels efremis msgavsad pirdapir gadmoaqvs (kamara), xolo arseni mas sferissaxeobad Targmnis; berZnuli tropoc β redaqciaSi saxed aris Targmnili (amave xelnawerSi saxe tropoc–is Sesatyvisadac gvxvdeba). tropoc –saxe Sesabamisoba Cveulebrivia, rogorc efremis, ise petriwis TargmanTaTvis. amgvarsave Targmans iziarebda Tavdapirvelad arsenic, xolo SemdegSi daamkvidra tropoc _ guari Sesatyvisoba, rac saerTo gaxda gelaTuri teqstebisaTvis (WeliZe 1995: 124). g) terminebi, romelic sakuTriv Cveni xelnawerebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvar terminTa ricxvs miekuTvneba umTno, rac berZnuli aseβeιaν leqsemis Sesatyvisia da, romelsac mimarTavs orive redaqciis mTargmneli. amgvarad, statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis meTodis gamoyenebam gvaCvena, rom barbares wamebis A 128/Ath.2 redaqcia gelaTis mTargmnelobiT skolaSia Sesrulebuli da arc terminologiurad, arc yofiT-leqsikuri da gramatikuli niSnebiT ar asaxavs petriwis ucilobeli TargmanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel viTarebas. igi ar unda ekuTvnodes ioane petriws. a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori unda iyos bibliisa da (rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmis wignTa) da ,,gardamocemis“ kargi mcodne (rasac gvidasturebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis saxeobrivi sistemis Sedareba-epiTetTa intensiuri moxmoba). xolo, raki Txzuleba gelaTis mTargmnelobiTi skolis principebiTaa Sesrulebuli, SesaZloa misi Semdgeneli unda veZioT gelaTis bibliis mTargmnelTa, arsenis uSualo memkvidreTa da enobriv-stilur 164 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi tradiciaTa gamgrZeleblebs Soris. enobriv-terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, a redaqcia axlos dgas ioane sinelis ,,klemaqsis“ enasTan (romelsac petre gelaTelis saxels ukavSireben). xolo β redaqcia, savaraudod, arsen iyalToelis mieraa Sesrulebuli mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis adreul etapze, „gardamocemis“ xelaxla Targmnamde. amdenad, warmodgenilma meTodikam saSualeba mogvca kritikulad gadagvesinja is daskvnebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiisa da barbares wamebis (a da b redaqciebis) mTargmnelTa Sesaxeb arsebobda da dagvesaxa kvlevis axali mimarTuleba. vfiqrobT, mTargmnelis problemis amgvari meTodologiuri aspeqtebiT ganxilva, romelic werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad gulisxmobs anonimuri Targmanebis enobriv-terminologiur analizs, yuradsaRebi unda iyos msgavsi sakiTxebiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis. damowmebani: aRweriloba 1989: aTonis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. t. I, Tb.: 1989. bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ 2004. danelia 1998: danelia k. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis sakiTxisaTvis. narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriidan. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1998. danelia 1992: danelia k. ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis Zveli qarTuli versiebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1992. Esbroeck 1988: Esbroeck M.v., Eutime l’Hagiorite: le traducteur et ses traductions.- Revue des Etudes Georgiennes et Caucasiennes (Bedi kartlisa XL VII), vol. 4, 1988 kekeliZe 1920: kekeliZe k. TargmanebaÁ eklesiastesi mitrofane zmÂrnel mitropolitisaÁ. Tb.: 1920. kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. qarTuli naTargmni agiografia. etiudebi. V. Tb.: 1957. kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. kimeni. t. I, Tb.: 1918. lolaSvili 1978: lolaSvili iv. arsen iyalToeli (cxovreba da moRvaweoba). Tb.: 1978. meliqiSvili 1996: �������������������������������������������������������������� meliqiSvili d. gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis sakiTxisaTvis. gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uwyebani. 2, Tb.: 1996. meliqiSvili 1975: meliqiSvili d. ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1975. rafava... 1983: rafava m., keWaRmaZe n. amonios ermisis Txzulebani qarTul mwerlobaSi. gamosac. moamzada, leqsikoni da gamokvleva daurTo m. rafavam. Tb.: 1983. 165 nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe WeliZe 1995: WeliZe 1996: WeliZe ed. ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. J. religia, I-II, 1995. WeliZe ed. Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1996. xinTibiZe 1969: xinTibiZe e. bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1969. xoferia 1998: xoferia l. maqsime aRmsareblis `pirosTan sityvisgebis~ qarTuli Targmanebi. sakandidato disertacia. Tb.: 1998. yauxCiSvili 1926: yauxCiSvili s. giorgi amartolis `xronoRrafis~ qarTuli Targmani. 2, Tb.: 1926. xelnawerebi: A 61 - Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa mitrofane zmÂrnel mitropolitisa da ulÂmpiodore diakonisa mier aRwerili TargmanebaÁÁeklesiastisa. A128; Ath.2; H1347; Gel.5 - wmida barbares wameba. A 878 - wmida merkviris wameba. By N. Mrevlishvili, E. Chikvaidze The Challenge of Translation in Ancient Georgia and Main Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Issue Summary Evident orientation of the 11th century Georgian system of thinking to Byzantine cultural processes significantly determined trends of not only specific directions of culture, but also basic cultural trends of Georgia of that period in general. Georgian religious-philosophical concepts or the literary processes in general were developed in parallel with Byzantine cultural processes, and acquired substance accordingly. The intensity of translation activity that emerges in the reality of Georgia of this period is conditioned by the desire of Georgian translators to compare to Byzantium -- a leading cultural country of the world of that period. Therefore, if Georgian writers mainly created original works at an earlier stage, this period is marked by the commencement of active translation activity. Over time, in line with the nature and requirements of the epoch, the concept of translation was formed and refined. The study of literary heritage of Georgian translators and the identification of individual linguistic-terminological qualifiers is important for in-depth research of the issue, as well as for the establishment of the identity of anonymous translators. Frequently the names of a translator, copyist or sponsor are intermixed. Additionally, the cases of erroneous attribution of translators of the same literary school and the same 166 mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi period to other translators are not rare. In such conditions, it is obvious that several factors are to be taken into account for the establishment of actual identity of a translator: 1. Historical sources about the work; 2. Literary traditions; 3. Method of translation, based on which literary school and, respectively, probable time and place of the given work can be ascertained. 4. For the completeness of information national stylistic norms used for this or that translation are to be studied. The following factor is to be taken into account when making a conclusion: the stage of career the translation was performed, since translators continuously elaborated and refined translation method or terminological structure. The work reviews theoretical material on the basis of two works performed pursuant to translation standards of the Gelati Theological school: Gelati version of the interpretation of Ecclesiastes and the Torturing of St. Barbara. The presented methodology (method of statistical qualifiers – V. Fooks, D. Melikishvili) has enabled us to critically review the conclusions that existed in scientific literature about the translators of the Gelati version of Exegesis of Ecclesiastes and of the Torturing of St. Barbara (Editions A and B) and set forth a new direction for the research. In our opinion, tackling the issue of a translator by way of such methodological aspects that entails the analysis of linguistic-terminological analysis of anonymous translations, in addition to written sources, should be noteworthy to the people interested in similar issues. 167 folkloristika _ Tanamedrove kvlevebi dalila bedianiZe amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani mecnierTa Soris sakamaToa sakiTxi – arsebos Tu ara amiranis miTi, Tu Cven mxolod amiranis eposTan gvaqvs saqme. amirani epikuri gmiri ki aris, magram Cveni varaudiT, misi Tavgadasavali Camoyalibebulia qarTul folklorSi rogorc eposad, aseve – calkeul miTebad. Tu promeTes Tavgadasavals miTad miviCnevT, ratom ar unda miviCnioT amiranis Tavgadasavali miTad? arsebobs araerTi Canaweri amiranis Sesaxeb, romelTaganac kompoziciuri mTlianobiT gamoirCeva ori svanuri varianti da erTic – fSauri, Tumca leqsnarevi, magram kompoziciurad mTliani da Sekruli. amiranis Tavgadasavali msgavsebas iCens araerTi xalxis epikuri gmirebis TavgadasavalTan, maT Soris – antikuri miTosis personaJebis TavgadasavlebTan. Cven amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT berZnuli miTosis gmirebTan, heraklesTan, TezevsTan, persevsTan, peiriToesTan amiranis msgavsebaze da mxolod gakvriT SevexebiT promeTes, vinaidan promeTe-amiranis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila da aq axali araferi gvaqvs saTqmeli. Tavis cnobil naSromSi `miTis poetika~ eliazar meletinski exeba amiransac da aRniSnavs, rom amirani – monaTesave berZnuli promeTesi, msgavsebas iCens persevsTan, TezevsTan, heraklesTan – rogorc urCxelTa damamarcxebeli gmiri. didi mecnieri aq mxolod erTi fraziT kmayofildeba da ar ganixilavs msgavsebis faqtebs. Cven mas veTanxmebiT da Cveni mxriv davumatebT, rom amirani peiriToesTanac iCens msgavsebas. amiranis miTis svanuri variantebis mixedviT, misi kompoziciuri detalebi ZiriTadad aseTia: 1. amiranis mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali; 2. amiranis dabadeba; 3. mdinaris piras amiranis akvnis dadgma da monaTvla; 4. amirani mamis saxlSi; 5. amiranis mier mamis Tvalis dabruneba; 6. amiranis Sexvedra calTvala devTan; 7. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola devebTan; 8. amiranis mier baybaydevis damarcxeba; 9. amiranis brZola devTan, romelmac igi gadaylapa (iniciacia); 10. amiranis gamosvla devis wiaRidan; 11. mzeTunaxav qeTus (igive yamari) Zieba; 12. amirani da gmiri ambri-andrerobi; 13. kekluca keisris qalis qeTus motaceba; 14. brZola sacolis mamasTan da Zmebis sikvdili; 15. amiranis Zmebis gacocxleba; 16. amirani – ficismtexeli; 17. amiranis RmerTTan Sexvedra; 18. amiranis mijaWva (Ciqovani 1947: 355-363; 363-375). 168 amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani amiranis miTis svanur variantebs avsebs da siRrmes matebs fSauri varianti, romlis kompoziciuri detalebic aseTia: 1. amiranis mama sulkalmaxs sami vaJi hyavda. umcrosi amirani iyo, qristes naTluli. amiranis dedas darejani erqva. ded-mama daexocaT bavSvebs da maT devebi Cagravdnen. 2. sanadirod wasulT cxra mTas iqiT, meaTe mTaze iremi SexvdaT, romelmac koSkTan miiyvana isini (Semdeg modis poeturi CanarTi koSkisa da camcumis Sesaxeb). 3. amirani da misi Zmebi Sexvdnen baybay devs, romelmac yamari uxsena maT. amiranis mier baybayis mokvlis Semdeg misi Tavebidan amomZvrali sami Wia sam gveleSapad iqca. 4. amiranma daxoca TeTri da wiTeli gveleSapi, Savma ki is Caylapa (iniciacia). amiranma mas muceli gamosWra da gamovida, oRond – gaqosavebuli. 5. igris epizodi. 6. yamaris gzaze devebs hqondaT qorwili – cxra Zma devs. badrma, usupma da amiranma isini daxoces da maT saxls daepatronen. 7. yamaris naxva amiranis mier, motaceba, WurWlis aSla da mdevris dadevneba. 8. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola mdevarTan, Zmebis sikvdili, yamaris mamis mokvla yamaris daxmarebiT. 9. amiranma neka TiTis moWriT Tavi moikla, radgan Zmebi daexocnen brZolaSi, yamarma is Tagvis magaliTze gaacocxla. gaacocxles badri da usupic da Sin wavidnen. 10. amiranis mteri ambri momkvdariyo – misi barkali ver aswia amiranma, ambris dedam aswia da Searcxvina amirani, romelic sabnelos Cajda. 11. RmerTma amirans misi TxovniT Zala moumata, magram amirani gaborotda da gazviadda. 12. amiranma Tavis naTliasTan SeWideba daiJina. RmerTma samjer daaso joxi, romelic amiranma orjer moglija, mesamed ki – vera. RmerTma igi am joxze miajaWva da zed gergeti da yazbegis mTa daaxura. 13. amirans Tan goSiac hyavs, romelic jaWvs lokviT aTxelebs, magram did xuTSabaTs mWedlebi grdemls uros dahkraven da jaWvi isev sqeldeba. 14. amirani erTma monadirem naxa gamoqvabulSi da moindoma misi gaTavisufleba. igi jambara-sakidelis mosatanad wavida, rom amiranis xmali imiT daeZra, magram misma colma ar moisvena, mainc gamoelaparaka (piroba aseTi iyo – monadire aravis unda dalaparakeboda). monadirem coli ki mityipa da amiranTan mivida, magram is gamoqvabulic gaqra da amiranic (Ciqovani 1947: 312-327). Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma qarTulma xalxurma zRaparma `broweu169 dalila bedianiZe lis wyaro~ (rCeuli 1958: 42-47), romelSic gvxvdeba informacia amiranis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. amiranis gaTavisufleba ar aris kavSirSi mTel zRaparTan, igi calke ambad aris CarTuli zRapris SuaSi: devkaci Tavisi sulis Citis kolofs amiranis gasaRebiT aRebs. `es amiranis gasaRebi aris samyura balaxi – sTqva mzeTunaxavma. didxans iyo kldeze mijaWvuli amiran gmirTagmiri, misi codviT dedamiwa iwvoda, cas da qveyanas ebraleboda, magram veravin uSvela... borkili ara tydeboda. erTxel mivida WianWvela da uTxra: mecodebi, rom magre itanjebi da, Tu damimadleb, giSvelio, agiSvebo. amirans gaecina da uTxra: dedamiwis zurgze Senze patara ara dacocavs rao, magram guli ki yvelaze didi gqonia da SeuZlebels iCemebo. WianWvelam uTxra. aba, me getyvi da Sen yuri damigdeo _ erTxel gvelma bayayi daiWira, Caylapva undoda, magram gaaSvebina; bayayma Tavs uSvela, gadaxta balaxebSi, moglija matitela balaxi, daidva nakbenze da wyluli moiSuSa; me gamikvirda, mivedi matitelasTan da qeba Sevasxi: balaxi Sen yofilxar-meTqi. balaxi me kia ara var, ager rom Cems gverdiT samyura izrdeba, is aris, rom cxraklitulebs aRebs da borkilebs amtvrevs... midebis meti ara unda rao. es rom gavigone, mivedi, movglije samyuras meoTxe foToli da wamogiReo. micocda, miadva amiranis jaWvs da gaxsna borkili. amiranma Tavi aiSva da WianWvela daloca: rac tani gaq, erTi aTasad imaze meti Zala mogeceso. es samyura balaxi amirans, raRai Tavi auSvia, gadaugdia, am wyeul devkacs upovnia da sadRac damaluli aqvso. miixed-moixeda ZiZiSvilma da kedels Sua Cakiruli dainaxa amiranis gasaRebi. gamoiRo, miadva kolofs, gaxsna, gamoiyvana Citi, misca xelSi xelmwifis Svils – waaglijes Tavi da mokvda devi~ (rCeuli 1958: 45). niSandoblivia, rom am zRaparSi naxsenebi oTxyura samyura balaxi aris magiuri mcenare da mas msoflio folklorSi saerTaSoriso simbolos mniSvneloba aqvs (bregaZe 2007: megruli). am gaTavisuflebis epizodis gaTvaliswinebiT amiranis miTi kidev ufro srul saxes iZens da ufro met msgavsebas iCens promeTes, Tezevsis da peiriToes miTebTan (herale da persevsi mijaWvulni ar yofilan da Sesabamisad, promeTes miTebSi gaTavisuflebis epizodic ar gvxvdeba). rogorc cnobilia, promeTes miTTan amiranis miTs akavSirebs gmiris xasiaTi da gmiris mijaWva, zemoxsenebuli qarTuli zRapris mixedviT ki Tavs iCens msgavsebis kidev axali detali – gmiris gaTavisufleba. promeTes mijaWva-gaTavisuflebaze bevri Tqmula, am sakiTxs aRar gamovekidebiT, axla CavxedoT Tezevsis da peiriToes miTs (kuni 1965: 201-204): Tezevsi iyo poseidonis Svili, misi mTavari gmiroba iyo minotavris mokvla. igi daumegobrda lapiTebis meomari tomis meTaurs Zlevamosil gmirs peiriToes, romelmac colad SeirTo mSvenieri hipodamia. hipodamia male 170 amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani gardaicvala. peiriToem igi iglova, Semdeg ki Tezevsis daxmarebiT moitaca mSvenieri elene. elene wilisyriT Tezevss ergo da ara peiriToes. maSin peiriToem hadesis colis – persefones motaceba sTxova Tezevss. Tezevss Tavzari daeca, magram megobars uari ver uTxra. isini mividnen hadesTan da colis daTmoba mosTxoves. ganrisxda hadesi, magram Tavi Seikava da gmirebs micvalebulTa samefos SemosasvlelTan kldeSi amokveTil taxtze dajdoma ubrZana. rogorc ki taxtze daeSvnen, orive gmiri zed miejaWva, wamodgoma veRar SeZles da moZraobis unari dakarges. Tezevsi didxans darCa aCrdilTa qveyanaSi. mZime tanjvas iTmenda qvesknelSi, magram bolos heraklem gaaTavisufla igi (niSandoblivia, rom promeTec heraklem gaaTavisufla). rac Seexeba peiriToes, misi bedis Sesaxeb miTSi araferia naTqvami. unda vifiqroT, rom TezevsTan erTad isic gaTavisuflda taxtze mijaWvisagan. Tezevsi skirosis mefe likomedem zRvaSi gadaagdo maRali kldidan da ase daiRupa. am mxriv Tezevsi amiranisgan gansxvavdeba, romelic promeTesaviT ukvdavia, Tumca Tezevsi amiraniviT borot ZalebTan mebrZolia – man mokla minotavri da sxva gmirobebic Caidina. minotavris mokvlaSi mas daexmara masze Seyvarebuli ariadne (Sdr. amirans rogor daexmara RrubelTbatonis mokvlaSi masze Seyvarebuli yamari. es faqti sayuradReboa imiTac, rom aq gvxvdeba qali sakuTari mamis winaaRmdeg Seyvarebulis dasaxmareblad. mkrTalia, magram mainc aris aq analogi medeasa da iazonis ambavs Soris, Tumca ariadne dionises coli gaxda da ara Tezevsisa). amiranis msgavseba heraklesa, persevssa da TezevsTan (peiriToes warmoSoba ucnobia) moicavs gmiris warmoSobasac – igi RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, qal-RmerT dalis Svili, xolo berZen gmirebs mamebi hyavT RmerTebi (herakles –zevsi, persevsac zevsi, xolo Tezevss – poseidoni). amirani herakles hgavs imiTac, rom igi gvelTmebrZolia (gavixsenoT herakles pirveli gmiroba) da imiTac, rom igi ukvdavia (heraklesac xom ukvdaveba mianiWes olimpoze RmerTebma da colad heba SerTes). persevsis miTi msgavsebas iCens amiranis miTTan erTi detaliTac – patara persevsi da dedamisi danae argosis mefe akrisiam, orakulis winaswarmetyvelebiT SeSinebulma, xis kidobanSi Casva da monebs zRvaSi gadaagdebina. kidobani meTevze diqtisma gamoitana zRvidan da orive dedaSvili Tavis Zmas, serifosis mefe polideqtes mihgvara, romlis karzec gaizarda persevsi. es detali Cven mogvagonebs wyalTan dakavSirebul axalSobil miTosur gmirebs – kriSnas, moses da sxva da mogvagonebs amiransac, romlis akvanic wyaros pirTan iqna dadgmuli da romelic ara mSobelma mamam gazarda. persevsis miTs im zRaprebTanac aqvs kavSiri andromedes urCxulisagan gadarCenis detaliT, romlebSic gmiri wylis mflobeli gveleSapis SeWmisagan ixsnis mzeTunaxavs, magram es ukve sxva sakiTxia. persevsi gvelmebrZol gmiradac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rad171 dalila bedianiZe gan gorgona-meduzas, romelic man mokla, Tavze gvelebi asevia da meduzas sisxlis wveTebisgan Sxamiani gvelebi warmoiSvnen – am mxrivac hgavs igi amirans, oRond persevsic mokvdavia, rogorc Tezevsi. amiranis miTTan kompoziciur msgavsebas iCens zogierTi berZnuli miTis dasawyisi detali `gmiris mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali~: herakles dedas alkmenes, amfitrionis meuRles, zevsisagan eyola herakle. zevsma aseve Seiyvara danae – argosis mefis akrisias asuli, moevlina mas oqros wvimis saxiT da misgan danaes eyola persevsi. herakle, iseve, rogorc promeTe da amirani, RmerTebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli gmiria. igi SeebrZola sikvdilis RmerTs Tanatoss (mefe admetes colis alkestidas gamosaxsnelad), zRvis RmerTs nerevss (hesperidebis vaSlebisken mimavali gza aswavlebina), apolons (romelTanac zevsma Seariga), mdinaris RmerT aqeloes (romelic gvelad iqca) – igi mudam gamarjvebuli gamodioda. Tezevsma peiriToesTvis colis, persefones daTmoba sTxova hadess, riTac mis winaaRmdeg gamovida da peiriToesTan erTad amisaTvis mijaWvul iqna. amrigad, zemoxsenebul berZnul miTebTan herakles, persevsis, Tezevsis da peiriToes Sesaxeb amiranis miTi msgavsebas iCens mTavari gmiris xasiaTiT, gvelTmebrZolobiT, mijaWvis da gaTavisuflebis detaliT (oRond es ukanaskneli mxolod Tezevsis da peiriToes Sesaxeb miTSi gvxvdeba, garda promeTesi). amiranis miTis Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili variantebis kompoziciuri detalebi logikurad misdeven erTmaneTs, isini iCenen damoukideblobas sxva qveynebis miTebisagan, aRmocenebuli arian qarTuli cnobierebis niadagze da berZnul miTosTan ramodenime Sexebis wertili aqvT. dasasruls erTsac aRvniSnavdiT _ berZnebs aqvT promeTes saxelTan dakavSirebuli dResaswauli, xolo Cven, qarTvelebs, romelTac gvyavs udidesi miTiuri gmiri amirani, ara gvaqvs amiranoba. damowmebani: bregaZe 2007: kuni 1965: rCeuli 1958: Ciqovani 1947: 172 megruli xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi. J. `le kokaz iliustreSi~ _ moxseneba, wakiTxuli ilia WavWavaZis 170 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil folkloristTa samecniero konferenciaze. 13 ivnisi, 2007. kuni n. a. Zveli saberZneTis legendebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1965. rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. el. virsalaZiT redaqciiT Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1958. Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: 1947. amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani Dalila Bedianidze Compositional Peculiarities of Amirani’s Myth Summary Amirani’s myth is an ancient Georgian legend. There exist a number of its variations. The Svan version of the myth represents Amirani’s story most precisely and clearly. According to Svan version of Amirani’s myth its compositional details are the following: 1. Love story of Amirani’s parents 2. Amirani’s birth 3. Placing Amirani’s cradle on the bank of the river and his baptizing 4. Amirani in his father’s house 5. Amirani returns his father’s eye/ first heroism 6. Amirani’s meeting with one-eyed Ogre (Devi) 7. Amirani’s and his brothers struggle with Ogres (Devis) 8. Amirani defeats Ogre (Devi) 9. Amirani’s battle with dragons; swallowing of Amirani by Black Dragon 10. Amirani’s coming out from dragon’s belly 11. Searching for Qamari 12. Amirani and hero Ambri 13. Kidnapping Qamari, a maiden unseen by the sun 14. Struggle with Qamari’s father and death of Amirani’s brothers 15. Amirani’s suicide; Qamari restores him and his brothers to life 16. Amirani – oath breaker 17. Amirani challenging the God 18. Amirani’s chaining Some of the compositional details of Amirani’s myth have something in common with elements depicting adventures of mythic heroes of other countries. For example, there are similarities in comparison with Greek myth: Prometheus’, Heracles’, Theseus’, Peirithous’ myths. Hero’s birth and his struggle with different evil creatures should be singled out among them. Compare Heracles – struggling with snakes and Amirani – with dragons, hero’s challenging with God or Gods and his punishment, in some cases chaining, in some cases placing under mountain / see Armenian myth – Mheri, in some cases chaining on the chair / see Theseus and Peirithous The heroes of Greek myth are finally liberated. Amirani frees himself too, but we come across this detail not in Georgian myth, but in Georgian folk epic “Source of Pomegranates”, recorded by Elene Virsaladze. 173 Dominik Irtenkauf (Deutschland) Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland und Georgien - Amirani im Zentrum des Interesses I. Einleitende Worte Hans Blumenberg schreibt in seinem Buch Arbeit am Mythos davon, daß den Göttern das Lachen verboten werden soll. Platon schreibt gegen die griechischen Dichter Homer, Hesiod und Aischylos an, die aus der Götterwelt eine allzumenschliche machen, in der es – wie zuweilen bei den Menschen auch – drunter und drüber zugeht. Für meinen Artikel ist diese Auseinandersetzung in der antiken Literatur von Bedeutung, da ich entgegen des Titel dieses Artikels nicht auf eine unabhängige Forschung im Bereich der Mythologie abziele. Als Musa-Stipendiat liegt meine Absicht vielmehr darin, eine stoffgeschichtliche als auch materielle Untersuchung des Mythos anzustellen. Hans Blumenberg beschreibt meine Absicht sehr treffend mit den folgenden Sätzen: „Geschichten brauchen nicht bis ans Letzte vorzustoßen. Sie stehen nur unter der einen Anforderung: sie dürfen nicht ausgehen.“ (Blumenberg 2006: S. 143) Arbeit am Mythos bedeutet im Künstlerischen: Bereitschaft zur Wandlung – in der Wissenschaft: Nachweis dieser Wandlungen. Die Metamorphose durchzieht die Welt der griechischen Mythologie. Zudem besitzt die Mythologie ein immer noch unerschöpfliches Reservoir an Bildern, die für eine literarische Arbeit von Bedeutung sind. Die Wissenschaft – in meinem Fall besonders die Komparatistik – greift genau an jenen Schnittstellen, an denen die literarische Umarbeitung gewisse Grenzen des Stoffs – zum Beispiel der Fesselung des Prometheus an den Kaukasus – zu überschreiten droht. An dieser gefährlichen Grenzüberschreitung tritt die komparatistische Wissenschaft als philologische Kontrolle auf und gibt den Rahmen der Neuinterpretation vor. Das scheint keine besondere Eigenart schriftstellerischen Arbeitens zu sein – die Integrität der Tradition fordert eine solche Vorgehensweise. Auf der anderen Seite ist es für mich als Schriftsteller unerheblich, ob ich einen mythologischen Text aus der Vergangenheit als Unterlage meiner Arbeit nehme oder neue Bilder aus der Re-Lektüre mythologischer Texte in meiner täglichen Umgebung finde. Es kommt mir in meiner literarischen Arbeit auf die Anwendbarkeit des Mythos an. In der Wissenschaft muß man hingegen vorsichtiger im Umgang mit Mythologemen sein. Die Mythologieforschung kann bereits auf eine eigene Tradition zurückschauen. In Deutschland nimmt sie mit Christoph Martin Wieland und Gottfried Herder ihren Lauf. Eine Gesamtüberblick über ihre Geschichte kann ich aufgrund Platzmangel nicht liefern. Meine Arbeit zu Georgien soll nicht zu viel Wissenschaft enthalten. Was heißt das? 174 Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland Die vergleichende Forschung schaut sich nach Bildern um, die Roland Barthes in seinen Mythen des Alltags beschreibt. Wenn die Parallelen zwischen deutscher und georgischer Mythologie in den Blickpunkt gerückt werden, kommen die Konturen der Heldenfiguren im Fall meines Buchprojekts zur besonderen Geltung. Sie werden so genau in ihren Konturen untersucht, um als Palimpsest für meine eigene Literatur zu dienen – eine sofortige Weiterverwendung. Die Arbeit am Mythos bestimmt sich durch die Variabilität der Gestaltung. An bestehenden Mythen wird nach eingehender Beschäftigung fortgeschrieben, was bereits in der Überlieferung enthalten ist. Blumenberg spricht von einer Entgegensetzung zwischen Grundmythos und Wissenschaft. Wissenschaft muß sich, um zu funktionieren, vom Totalitätsanspruch lossagen. Ein Künstler mag Bilder gestalten, die eine breite Fläche beschreiben. Sie drücken eine Aussage zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt aus, die in sich stimmig und abgeschlossen ist. Hier berührt sich immer wieder aktualisierte Kunst mit dem Mythos, der eine Welt nicht unbedingt abschließend im Sinne von vernünftig erklärt, aber ab einem bestimmten Punkt nicht hinterfragt werden möchte, da auf seinen Bildern die Säulen dieser oder einer vergangenen Welt ruhen. Die Wissenschaft ist sich ihrer Vorläufigkeit, besonders der theoretischen Konzepte, stets bewußt, wenn sie sich über ihre eigenen Strukturen bewußt wird. Die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse werden immer wieder aufs neue geprüft. Es sind Bausteine, auf denen Weiteres fundiert werden kann. In der Kunst kommt es nicht so sehr auf philologische Genauigkeit denn auf Überzeugungskraft an. Von Bildern lebt sie und die Rezeptionsforschung stellt eindeutig unter Beweis, daß sich Autoren vermehrt am mythologischen Stoff bedient haben. Stoff meint hier eine abgrenzbare Situation, eine Konstellation der mythologischen Welt, die spezifische Personagen und Beziehungen fordert. Mich interessiert bei meiner Forschung die Zusammensetzung des Palimpsests – unter dem sichtbaren Text an der Oberfläche liegt ein anderer verborgen. Gérard Genette exemplifiziert mehrere Kategorien des intertextuellen Bezugs. Es kommt mir nicht so sehr auf die exakte Anwendung einer Theorie an, als vielmehr auf ein weiterführendes Verständnis der Mythen und vor allem ihre Weiterverarbeitung in der Kunst. Es sind zwei unterschiedliche Annäherungen: das wissenschaftliche Interesse untersucht die Typologie der mythischen Figuren und ihre Genealogie. Das künstlerische Interesse hingegen fragt nach der Bildhaftigkeit. Bei der näheren Beschäftigung mit der Mythologie fällt auf, daß sie nicht aus einem Guß geschaffen worden ist und ständiger Revision unterliegt. Besonders am Beispiel des Halbgotts und Titans Prometheus kann man die ständige Umarbeitung, Nachbearbeitung, Veränderung nachweisen. Schließlich überkommt dem Mythos eine kleine Schwäche, insofern der französische Schriftsteller André Gide im Prometheus-Mythologem eine par175 Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) odistische Note wahrnimmt und dies literarisch verarbeitet (Le Prométhée mal enchainé, 1899). Ich stelle mir selbst die Frage, was passiert, wenn die Götter anfangen, zu lachen. Der Schalk treibt sich möglicherweise in das Gesicht des Forschers. Wenn der mythische Ernst, die Überwindung des anfänglichen Chaos, in heiteres Spiel umbricht, verlieren die Erkenntnisse möglicherweise an Tiefsinn, kaum aber an Überzeugungskraft. Ich spreche hier das Problem der zwiegespaltenen Rede an: der Wissenschaft auf der einen und der Literatur auf der anderen Seite. Geschichten werden nicht geschrieben, um nur einem kleinen elitären Zirkel zugänglich gemacht zu werden. Wer schreibt, möchte Empfänger erreichen. In der zeitgenössischen Literatur entstehen Texte im Nu, ein ästhetisches Urteil wird über die rasante Weiterentwicklung der Medien erschwert. Auch in bezug auf die Rezeption der Mythen im 21. Jahrhundert gilt zu vermuten, daß in allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft ein vages Verständnis anzutreffen ist. Wie bei einem Palimpsest kommt nie deutlich heraus, welche genauen Worte unter den aktuell sichtbaren niedergefaßt sind. Mit einer solchen medialen Praxis kann die Wissenschaft nicht leben, die Kunst schon. Die Wissenschaft fordert klare Definitionen und Abgrenzungen. Der gravierende Unterschied zwischen begründbaren Thesen und überzeugenden Bildern spricht sich meiner Meinung nach am deutlichsten in der Mediengeschichte aus. Als Schriftsteller interessiert mich vornehmlich die Verwertbarkeit des vorgefundenen Materials. In diesem Ansatz komme ich einem Bildenden Künstler nahe, der für einen angemessenen Ausdruck nach den rechten Mitteln sucht. An dieser Schnittstelle greift mein Interesse am Mythos an: Wie schreibt sich dieser durch die Werke? Methoden für eine solchgestaltige Analyse gibt die komparatistische Rezeptionsforschung an die Hand. Ich habe bereits von Genette gesprochen. Ein weiterer Bezugspunkt aus essayistischer Perspektive wäre Roland Barthes – und zwar aufgrund seiner stets bemerkbaren medialen Kompetenz. Sein Buch zur Fotografie (La chambre claire) kann nicht nur zur (theoretischen) Betrachtung von Fotos herangezogen werden, sondern mehr noch zur Orientierung des eigenen Interesses dienen. Einerseits geht Barthes auf eine theoretische Grundlege seiner photographischen Wahrnehmung ein; andererseits versucht der französische Essayist, seine persönlichen Wahrnehmungen bezüglich besonderer Photographien in seine theoretische Erläuterungen zum Wesen der Photographie an sich einzubringen. Dieser dialektische Sprung gelingt in einer präzisen Sprache, die zugleich Raum für persönliches Kolorit zuläßt. Die persönliche Faszination an der Mythologie und ihrer Ausdruckskraft sollte ein Stück weit zurückgenommen werden, um nicht in falschen Pathos und ungenaue Aussagen zu verfallen. Dennoch bleibt zu konstatieren, daß die Vergleichende Mythologieforschung keinesfalls ein persönliches Bekenntnis ausschließen muß, wenn sie sich nicht allein auf die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung begrenzen möchte. Texte entstehen unter Rückbezug auf Vorgängertexte – in kompositorischer Hinsicht 176 Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland ist der Bezug auf diese Vorbilder eine vielgestaltige angewandte Praxis. Während der Arbeit am Mythos verändert sich der Ursprungsstoff und geht anteilig in die Neubearbeitung ein. Jetzt müssten konkrete Beispiele folgen, um die Textarbeit zu verdeutlichen. Darauf möchte ich in meinem Artikel jedoch verzichten und stattdessen auf die Weiterverarbeitung Amiranis im Kontext meines Buchprojektes eingehen. II. Zum Amirani-Mythos Amirani wird auf persönliche Nachfrage bei Einwohnern Tbilissis als starker Mann vorgestellt. Ein Held aus Berufung, Sohn der Jagdgöttin Dali und des Jägers Sukalmachi (nach der Überlieferung des Chikovani-Buchs). Er setzt sich gegen die Unterdrückung des einfachen Volks ein. „Als das Wortgeplänkel begann, gingen sie zum Karren und sagten zu ihrem jüngsten Bruder: ‚Bruder Amirani, du hilfst denen, die in Not und Gefahr sind. Vielen hast du wieder auf die Füße geholfen. Deinem Wesen bist du bis heute nicht untreu geworden.’“ (Chikovani 1978: 122-123) Die Arbeit an mythologischen Stoffen fordert in der schriftstellerischen Praxis eine andere Ausrichtung als in der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung. Im Schriftstellerischen kommt es auf die dramaturgische Zuspitzung an; in der Wissenschaft auf die Darstellung der Zusammenhänge, die Offenlegung der Genealogie, die Rezeptionsgeschichte des mythologischen Stoffs. Wenn ich mich in Georgien mit der Mythologie beschäftige, hat das kein rein historisches oder literaturwissenschaftliches Interesse. Ich bin auf der Suche nach neuem Stoff. Lese ich georgische Romane, um mir einen Einblick in diese Nationalliteratur zu verschaffen, lese ich sie nicht allein als Ausdruck einer bestimmten Nation, die mit anderen Nationalliteraturen verglichen werden kann, sondern auch als Unterlage für meine Arbeit am Palimpsest. In meiner Literatur überarbeite ich meine Forschungserkenntnisse in einen literarisch ausgearbeiteten Text. Amirani entstammt der Märchenwelt, wie einige Parallelen zum Märchenstoff nahelegen. Das Mythologem besitzt eindeutig folkloristische Bezüge, weist ebenfalls Bezüge zur Heldensage auf (Kampf gegen Ungeheuer beziehungsweise Dewis, Eroberung einer schönen Frau, Auszug von der Heimat), doch stellt sich trotz der über dreihundert Fassungen eine gewisse Beschränkung des mythologischen Stoffs ein. Er hat sich aus der Märchenwelt nie wirklich emanzipiert. Das Buch von Micheil Chikovani war bislang aufgrund mangelnder Sprachkenntnisse meine Forschungsgrundlage. Mir ist die Expansivität der Amiranologie bewußt, die Vielzahl an Textvarianten ebenso. Im Palimpsestverfahren können die einzelnen Schichten durcheinander geraten, jeweils 177 Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) den Platz der anderen einnehmen. Hans Blumenberg geht in seinem Buch zum Mythos häufig auf das Prinzip der Metamorphose ein. Diese eigentliche Prinzip der Mythologie möchte ich als Erkenntnismethode übernehmen; und zwar die Arbeit am Mythos bedingt eine Überarbeitung des alten Stoffs und seine Erprüfung im zeitgenössischen Alltag. Die letzte Forderung stammt, so muß ich eingestehen, aus meiner eigenen Emanzipation aus der deutschen Romantik. Die Verbindung der Sagenwelt eines Landes mit den Konstellationen, die sich im Alltag von Zeit zu Zeit wiederholen. Die Leser werden Friedrich Schlegels Rede über die Mythologie sicher kennen. Aus dieser ertönt die Forderung nach einer sogenannten Neuen Mythologie. Meines Erachtens kann diese immer noch bearbeitet werden und sie findet unablässig neue Formen. In der gegenwärtigen deutschsprachigen Literatur besteht ein deutlicher Hang zu einem rein dokumentarischen Stil. Die Mythologie interessiert hierbei nicht viel, da ihr ein bildungsbürgerlicher Ballast, ein akademischer Zwang anhaftet. Erst durch die Vereinfachung ihrer Bildsprache auf wesentliche Figuren gewinnt die Mythologie an neuer Aussagekraft. Was fand ich nun während meines Aufenthalts in Georgien an Amirani? Amirani ist bodenständiger als Prometheus. Aus den mir einsehbaren Quellen geht hervor, daß Amirani allein durch seine Mutter, die Jagdgöttin Dali, einen Bezug zur Götterwelt unterhält. Die notierte Amiranisage ist bereits aus dem Umfeld der georgischen Mythologie herausgelöst. Es gibt kein breites Götterpantheon, in dem er sich bewegt. Ihn begleiten seine beiden Halbbrüder auf seinen Fahrten und bestehen gemeinsame Abenteuer. Das Amirani-Mythologem weist einige Züge der Heldensage auf: die Ausfahrt, das Bestehen der Abenteuer, das Kräftemessen mit Ungeheuern und dem Wolkenkönig – mit dem kleinen, aber gewichtigen Unterschied, daß er nicht an den Ausgangspunkt zurückkehrt, sondern angekettet im Kaukasus endet. Bestraft wird Amirani letztlich für die Herausforderung Gottes, jedoch nicht aufgrund einer Tat für die Menschheit, deren Zweckmäßigkeit Zeus im griechischen Mythos immer wieder in Zweifel zieht, sondern weil er den Gott im Kräftemessen herausfordert und damit seine Unterordnung nicht akzeptiert. Prometheus hingegen wird für den Feuerraub, einer gefährlichen Sache für den Menschen, in den Kaukasus verbannt. Der Kontakt zwischen griechischer und georgischer Welt ist belegt, wofür unter anderem auch die Übernahme des Christentums spricht, wenn auch die Weisungen aus Byzanz, einem ‚Außenposten’ der hellenischen Welt, stammten. Ehrlich eingestanden, habe ich während meiner schriftstellerischen Arbeit in Georgien mehr Sympathie für Amirani empfunden, da dieser weniger „bearbeitet“ wurde als Prometheus. Die Spuren in der georgischen Literatur sind eher spärlich gesät, ganz im Gegensatz zu Prometheus, der auch in der deutschsprachigen Literatur eine breite Resonanz gefunden hat. Am bekanntesten dürfte Goethes Prometheus-Gedicht sein. Ein georgischer AmiraniRoman steht noch aus. Oder besser gesagt: ein Roman, der sich in seinem Kern auf den mythischen Helden konzentriert. 178 Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland Da setze ich an und hinterfrage diese Vernachlässigung. Um ein Buch über das Mythologem eines fremden Landes gewissermaßen gegen ein nur oberflächliches Verständnis abzusichern, ist die Forschung an der Überlieferung notwendig. In der Amiranisage treten, wie ich bereits anführte, Muster der Heldensage auf. Darüber hinaus kann man Amirani als ein archaisches Symptom des Heldentums verstehen. Was heißt das? Amiranis Figur läßt gewisse Schlüsse über die Rolle des Heldens zu. Er unterstützt die Unterdrückten und sorgt für eine Befriedung der noch chaotisch anmutenden Welt, die von Ungeheuern und Bösewichten erfüllt ist. Zieht man nun meine Überlegungen zum Palimpsest in Betracht, kann der AmiraniStoff die fundamentbildende Schicht des Palimpsests abgeben, als Hintergrund einer erneuten Beschäftigung mit georgischer Mythologie. Unterstützend kommt hierbei der Übergang des Amirani-Stoffs in den Sagenschatz zugute, das heißt, der Inhalt des Stoffs erfährt durch Kinder- beziehungsweise Märchenbücher eine weite Verbreitung. Das fällt mir auch in Geschäften auf, wenn ich mich mit Lebensmitteln eindecke, daß erstens der Name ‚Amirani’ bekannt ist und zweitens er als starker Mann, geradezu als Draufgänger wahrgenommen wird – und hiermit ein gewisser parodistischer Zug in die Heldensage kommt. Wohlgemerkt, in der Rezeption kommt dieser parodistische Zug zur Geltung. Nicht im Textkonvolut, was einen interessanten Schluß auf die Perzeption postmodernen Heldentums zuläßt. Im Alltag kann über einen überstarken Helden wie Amirani bloß im Gestus der Ironie gesprochen werden. Diesen parodistischen Zug möchte ich aufgreifen, denn er fungiert als Schnittstelle zur germanischen Mythologie, besser gesagt: zu einem jüngeren Stoff, der aber für die deutsche Literatur in etwa die Bedeutung des Rustaweli-Poems Der Mann im Tigerfell übernimmt. Ich spreche vom Nibelungenlied und seinem Helden Siegfried, der den Drachen tötet und für seinen Herrn Gunther manches Wagnis eingeht. Seine treuherzige Loyalität verunmöglicht eine gegenwärtige Neubearbeitung Siegfrieds als ernstzunehmenden Helden; in der Kunst ist allein ein parodistischer Umgang mit ihm möglich, so meine These. Diese Rezeption des Helden in der deutschen Kunst mag auf die Auswirkungen des Zweiten Weltkriegs zurückzuführen sein. Eine Konzentration auf bloße Kraftmeierei führt zu amüsantem Lächeln während der Einkäufe auf den Straßen Tbilissis. Für mich persönlich führt die Mythologieforschung zu einer integrativen Funktion des Mythos: durch typologische Übereinstimmungen ist eine Verständigung über Ländergrenzen möglich. Grenzverkehr findet statt. Meine Beschäftigung mit Amirani als unterer Schicht des Palimpsests mag unter den kritischen Augen der Amiranologie, einer spezialisierten Disziplin, nicht standhalten können. Durch Textstudium bemühe ich mich um ein close reading, das jedoch den Text als Ausdruck eines bestimmten Diskurs aufliest, das heißt ihm seinen Ort in der Mediengeschichte zuweist. Der Bezug auf die mediale Struktur eines Textes bildet für meine eigenen 179 Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) Forschungen zwischen Literatur und komparatistischer Wissenschaft ein wesentliches Bindeglied. Er erklärt die Rezeption der Mythologie sowohl vom Produzenten als auch vom Rezipienten des Textes aus: die Übernahme eines Mythologems in die Bildkomposition eines Gemäldes oder in den Handlungsverlauf eines Romans läßt Schlüsse auf die Überzeugungskraft des Bildes zu. Diese Überzeugungskraft setzt ein vorgängiges ästhetisches Urteil voraus. Das Urteil kommt auf der Rezipientenseite zustande, was ein möglicherweise schlechtes Licht auf meine Forschung werfen mag, da mich während der Studie für ein Buchprojekt auch stets die andere Seite, der Leser, interessiert, ohne den jede Literatur überflüssig wäre. Diese Einsicht hat keineswegs mit einer Willfährigkeit dem Leser gegenüber zu tun, sondern mit einem ehrlich begründeten Interesse an seiner Position. Ein kleines Land, dessen kulturelles Erbe noch nicht die Aufmerksamkeit bekommt, das es verdient, sollte nicht durch eine unverständliche Sprache noch weiter von Mitteleuropa gerückt werden. Der Spagat zwischen verständlicher und treffender Sprache kann nur durch ein Interchangieren zwischen wissenschaftlicher Forschung und literarischem Ausdruck gelingen. Mein Buch zum ‚zeitgenössischen Amirani’ in Georgien versucht, georgische Mythologie in Literatur zu überführen, mit dem konkreten vierteljährlichen Aufenthalt im Sommer 2007 verbindend. Das heuristische Prinzip der Metamorphosen unterstützt die intertextuelle Bezugnahme der einzelnen Schichten meines Palimpsest-Buchs – je nach Grad der Veränderung sind unterschiedliche Antworten möglich auf die Frage: Wer war, wer ist und wer wird Amirani sein? In der germanischen Mythologie stossen wir auf die drei Nornen, Skuld - Urd – und Werdandi, die die Fäden des Lebens in den Händen halten und über Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft entscheiden. Sie stehen in manchem Supermarket in der Hauptstadt, und teilen mir gewisse Geheimnisse des georgischen Alltags mit. Ich schaue zurück – und sehe: Amirani. Ich schaue auf mich – und sehe: einen in Georgien gestrandeten Schriftsteller. Ich schaue voraus – und sehe: ein Buch über Amirani und Georgien. Die mittlere Schicht wird vom Helden in der Fremde gestaltet. Dieser nimmt sich in der Kampfbereitschaft bewußt zurück; weil es nicht um die Durchsetzung seines Willens geht und der endlose Kampf gegen eine chaotische ‚Ordnung’ in einer post-mythischen Zeit nicht länger zu seiner wichtigsten Pflicht gehört. Der Held in der Fremde tritt aus dem mythologischen Muster und nimmt das Wagnis einer Eingewöhnung an. Im PalimpsestVerfahren funktioniert die literarische Arbeit durch Überarbeitung, Ausstreichung, Fortschreibung. Die Mythologie gewinnt durch konzentrierte Textarbeit an neuem Leben, weil Amirani als bestimmtes literarisches Muster im Handlungsverlauf anwendbar ist. Jedoch gilt es trotz des Palimpsest-Verfahrens trotzdem auf die einzelnen Verknüpfungen und Varianten zu achten. In der germanischen Mythologie läßt sich ein Großteil nur durch andere Zeugnisse rekonstruieren. Häufig muß sich der Mythologieforscher bei römischen Schreibern einen 180 Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland Eindruck verschaffen, wie zum Beispiel bei Tacitus. Jeder Text repräsentiert sicher auch ein spezifisches Interesse an der Sache, und so muß sein diskursiver Entstehungsort stets mitberücksichtigt werden. Das Nibelungenlied nimmt Züge der germanischen Mythologie auf; es läßt sich durchaus als partielle Wiederaufnahme der germanischen Mythologie verstehen, vermengt diese jedoch mit der im Mittelalter fortgeführten Aventiuere, die sich an antike Heldenepen anschließt, jedoch das höfische Ideal der Ritterlichkeit hinzufügt. Amirani ist als mythisches Substrat in einer ‚früheren Stufe’ stehen geblieben, und die Vielzahl an oralen ‚Textvarianten’ belegt zunächst eine gewisse Rezeptionskraft, das heißt: im Reich der Märchen und Geschichten, die man sich abends vor dem Schlafengehen erzählt, besitzt Amirani einen festen Platz. In der Weltliteratur hingegen verfügt er über keine ständige Vertretung. Prometheus wird ihm möglicherweise den Rang abgelaufen haben. Amirani sendet keine Botschafter in die Welt aus. Die Gründe mögen auch in einem höheren Alter des Mythologems liegen. In diesem Artikel wollte ich von meiner Arbeit am Mythos erzählen, weniger von den spezifischen Charakteristika des Mythologems Amirani. „Wenn Lévi-Strauss vorschlägt, alle erhobenen Fassungen eines Mythos in einer Blattstruktur übereinander zu projizieren, um dadurch den Kernbestand zu ermitteln, so ist dies die Ausfällung des Zeitfaktors: alle Varianten werden einer unbestimmten Zeitebene zugeordnet. Es ist nicht mehr das ewig Wahre, aber doch eines, für das Zeitverlauf und Zeitstelle gleichgültig sind. Für eine philosophische Mythologie ist das besonders gehärtete Material des Mythos in seinem Geschichtsgang nicht zuletzt dadurch aufschlußreich, daß an seinem Widerstand gegen die Richtung und Stärke der verformenden und destruktiven Kräfte Aufschlüsse für die geschichtlichen Horizonte gewonnen werden können, aus denen sie einwirken.“ (Blumenberg 2006: S. 301) III. Resümee Mein Fazit möchte ich mit einem Zitat aus einem Brief Gottfried Benns an Käthe von Porada beginnen: „Europa ist der Erdteil der Abgründe und Schatten, denken Sie doch, daß im hellsten Griechenland Prometheus an den Felsen mußte und wie er litt!“ (zitiert bei Blumenberg 2006: S. 329) Der Kaukasus wurde vom deutschen Dichter ins helle Griechenland gerückt. Der Kaukasus verliert an Außerordentlichkeit im geographischen, aber vor allem mythologischen Sinne. Es könnte als Lob aufgefaßt werden, wenn der Felsen im Kaukasus als wenn nicht Mittelpunkt, so doch als Bestandteil Europas wahrgenommen wird. Durch Prometheus rückt der Kaukasus näher an Europa, doch möchte ich nicht in den Kanon einstimmen, Amirani sei ein georgischer Prometheus. Es gibt einige Unterschiede: es fehlen die Tricksterattribute. Amirani ist gewitzt und übermenschlich stark, doch unterliegt er letztlich der göttlichen Herausforderung. Prometheus ebenso, was die Fesselung an den Felsen bezeugt, 181 Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) doch verliert Prometheus nicht den Rückhalt in der Götterwelt. Herakles gelingt es letztlich, Prometheus in manchen Varianten des Mythos zu befreien. Bei Amirani wird diese Befreiung immer wieder vereitelt. Amirani als nationale Allegorie bietet sich für Georgien an, und wurde im 19. Jahrhundert unter anderem von Dichtern wie Akaki Zereteli aufgegriffen. Zu sehr ähnelt die von vielen blutigen Kämpfen geprägte Geschichte Georgiens dem Schicksal des Halbgotts Amirani. Amirani ist unbearbeiteter als die Mythologeme aus der griechischen Mythologie; er läßt – so nehme ich das in meiner schriftstellerischen als auch wissenschaftlichen Praxis wahr – mehr Freiraum für eine Neuinterpretation, die sich an der bestehenden Tradition ausrichtet. Meine Absicht in Georgien ist es, die Amiranisage als untere Schicht des Palimpsests wahrzunehmen, die Textur der Mythologie in der Kultur als auch im Alltagsleben aufzuspüren und mit Hilfe einer Arbeit am Mythos zu verstehen lernen. Hierfür nimmt meine Vorgehensweise wissenschaftliche Züge insofern an, als daß ich Differenzen nicht nivelliere, sondern in meine Arbeit einfließen lasse. Zugleich öffnet sich mein literarisches Auge den offensichtlichen Änderungen an der Oberfläche. Dieses ‚Projekt’ dauert seit Beginn der literarischen Moderne an. Bitte verlangen Sie von mir nicht, ein Werk, einen Schriftsteller oder gar eine Jahreszahl für diesen Umbruch zu nennen. Er macht sich bis heute bemerkbar, ist lange noch nicht ausgestanden und fordert vom wahrnehmenden Subjekt eine jeweils auf die Fragestellung abgestimmte Phänomenologie. Meine Phänomenologie speist sich aus Gérard Genettes Intertextualitätskonzept des Palimpsestverfahrens, Blumenbergs Arbeit am Mythos, den ich weniger philosophisch wie er, sondern medienpraktisch verstehen möchte und meinen eigenen kontingenten Erfahrungen in den drei Monaten, die ich in Georgien verweilte. Aus dieser trigonalen Konzeption entwickelt sich eine Untersuchung zu Amirani, angereichert mit Muskeldehnungen meines Kopfes, die persönliches Kolorit als auch fiktionalisierte Erlebnisse ausdrücken, und Reflektionen zur zeitgenössischen Rezeption jedweder Mythologie. Ich möchte zu Gérard Genette noch einige Worte anführen: In seinem Buch Palimpseste. Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe (Frankfurt am Main 1993) führt er anhand einer Vielzahl an Beispielen vor, in welcher Beziehung ein Hypo- zu einem Hypertext steht, wie in einem neu verfaßten Text Spuren einer Vorlage auftauchen. Aus seinem Ansatz kann ich für meine eigene schriftstellerische Arbeit die Kunst der feinen Trennung erlernen, das heißt mir wird bewußt, daß das Amirani-Mythologem über mehrere Schichten verfügt, die jeweils zeitlich voneinander geschieden werden müssen. Zudem wird ein Gefühl der perspektivischen Veränderung vermittelt - wird der Rahmen einer Vorlage erweitert oder reduziert, neubearbeitet oder übernommen, variiert oder plagiiert? Diese intertextuelle Webarbeit geschieht auf dem Hintergrund einer Arbeit am Mythos, zu der ich bereits oben näheres ausgeführt habe. Bei dieser Arbeit bleibe ich nicht am 182 Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland Original ‘kleben’, sondern führe es in einem anderen Medium - der Literatur - fort, um dadurch die Aussagekraft georgischer Mythologie zu testen. Auch beziehe ich andere Medien als die textuelle oder orale Überlieferung ein; wie zum Beispiel die Bildende Kunst oder den internationalen Film. Auf diese Weise soll eine möglichst ausgewogene Sicht auf das mythologische Umfeld Amiranis ermöglicht werden. Die Ergebnisse kann ich zum derzeitigen Stand meiner Forschungen noch nicht absehen. Spätestens wenn das Buch zu Amirani im Rahmen des Musa-Stipendiums veröffentlicht wird, werde ich nähere Details preisgeben können. Literatur: Barthes 1980: Barthes R. La chambre claire. notes sur la photographi. Paris : Gallimard, 1980. Blumenberg 2006: Blumenberg H. Arbeit am Mythos. Frankfurt am Main, suhrkamp verlag, 2006. Chikovani 1978: Chikovani M. (Hg.). Das Buch vom Helden Amirani. Ein altgeorgischer Sagenkreis, übersetzt von Heinz Fähnrich, Leipzig: Kiepenheuer, 1978. Genette 1993: Genette G. Palimpseste. Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe. Frankfurt am Main, suhrkamp verlag, 1993. dominik irtenkaufi `SedarebiTi miTologia. germania-saqarTvelos Soris sazRvris monacvleoba – amirani interesTa centrSi~ reziume Cemi saboloo mizania, erTad movaqcio mecnieruli kvleva da literaturuli interpretacia, im wignSi, sadac laparaki iqneba amiranis saxeSi gamoxatul gmirobis qarTul miTologiur motivze. winamdebare statia efuZneba leqcias, romelic Cavatare SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutSi 2007 wlis 17 oqtombers, ganaTlebis saministros mier organizebuli programis ,,muza-saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. maSin me visaubre amiranis miTologiis specifiur maxasiaTeblebze da gadavwyvite Tavi ameridebina Temisadmi gansakuTrebulad samecniero midgomisTvis. amis nacvlad, yuradReba gavamaxvile miTologiis warmosaxviT Zalaze dRevandel yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. winamdebare statiaSi amiranis problemis kvleva, erTi mxriv, eyrdnoba Jerar jenetis palimpsestis interteqstualobis Teorias, meore mxriv, _ 183 Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) hans blumensbergis wigns Arbeit am Mythos (miTosze muSaoba), imdenad ramdenadac me mainteresebs is miTologiuri cvlilebebi, romelic ganicada miTologiam mas Semdeg rac pirvelad gamoCnda konkretuli miTologiuri motivi _ gmiri ucxo miwaze. Cemi kvleva miTologiur Temaze SeiZleba SevadaroT amerikeli mecnieris Jozef kempbelis popularul wigns ,,aTasi saxis mqone gmiri~. Tavis wignebSi is yovelTvis cdilobs ipovos msgavseba msoflios sxvadasxa miTologiebs Soris. Cemi statiis da SemdgomSi, wignis, mizania gaacnos germanel mkiTxvels ara marto qarTuli miTologia, aramed yoveldRiuri cxovreba da miTologiis roli dRevandel saqarTveloSi. amis gamo, me ZiriTadad dainteresebuli var qarTuli miTologiisa da zRaprebis aRqmiT xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. es aris Cemi, ase vTqvaT, intermedialuri midgoma. amas garda, vcdilob ganvaviTaro specialuri fenomenologiuri midgoma sakiTxisadmi, raTa davabalanso cru Sexedulebebi da miTis erTi mimarTulebiT aRqma. es fenomenologiuri meTodi Seicavs qarTuli miTologiis pirovnul reinterpretacias, germanuli kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT. germania-saqarTvelos Soris sazRvrebis gadakveTasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi ganixileba kulturuli msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis aspeqtSi. amirani jer kidev ZiriTadi miTologiuri motivia, romelic unda iqnas mxatrulad reinterpretirebuli. 184 kulturis paradigmebi kaxa kacitaZe epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi dasavleTSi sul ufro intrensiurad viTardeba kvlevebis tipi, romelTac samxedro-kulturologiuri SeiZleba vuwodoT da romelic moicavs imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor aRiqmeboda ama Tu im kulturaSi is fenomeni, omis saxeliT rom aris cnobili. m. osovskaias, r. kardinis da sxvebis naSromebma am mimarTulebiT sruliad axali horizonti gaxsna. warmodgenil samxedro-kulturologiuri Tematikisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi Cven SevexebiT omis arqauli aRqmis erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur da dramatul moments _ gmiri-beladis (SeTavsebiT epikuri samxedro gmiris) daRupvasTan dakavSirebul rig aspeqtebs. omi, sikvdili, sicocxle sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom samxedro saqmes sikvdilTan specifikuri damokidebuleba aqvs. es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT gavarCieT „strategiis safuZvlebis“ bolo monakveTebSi (kacitaZe 2006: 501-520) da axla mxolod mokled gavimeorebT ZiriTad daskvnebs. arsebobs sami sfero, romelTac sikvdilisadmi specifikuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, uaRresad intimuri damokidebuleba aqvT. esenia: filosofia, romelic sokratuli Tu kvazisokratuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (romelic XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTul filosofiur skolebze gadamwyvet gavlenas axdenda), sxva araferia, Tu ara `wurTvna sikudilisa~, `sikvdilis treiningi~ _ sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebSi sikvdilis SiSis gadalaxva, inteleqtualuri amaRleba Cven sasrulobaze, oRond sruliad sxva formiT, vidre es, vTqvaT, iaponur kulturaSi iyo; medicina – sfero, romelic gulisxmobda sikvdilisgan dacvas (cxadia, es dacva yovelTvis pirobiTia, vinaidan sikvdili mainc Cveni mudmivi da Tanxmxlebi Tanamgzavria); samxedro saqme, romlis ZiriTadi saqme (`biznesi~) sikvdilia, `mokvdinebaa~, oRond es mokvdineba gacilebiT sxva da specifikuria, vidre, vTqvaT, `qileris~ mier Cadenili mkvleloba. samxedroc klavs, an, sul cota, 185 kaxa kacitaZe gegmavs amas, magram misi qmedeba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia da ara mxolod imitom, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli mkvleloba saxelmwifos mieraa institucionizebuli. es SeiZleba arc ise mniSvnelovani detalia. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom samxedros arsebobis wesi principulad gansxvavdeba qileris arsebobis wesisagan (qilers, rogorc sikvdilisadmi specialur mimarTebas, ar ganvixilavT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is paTologiaa maSin, roca samxedros, medikosisisa an filosofosis damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT normaluri adamianis damokidebulebis formaa). SesaZloa, amerikis strategiuli aviaciis devizi _ `mSvidoba Cveni profesiaa~ _ arcTu adekvaturi xumroba iyo, magram is garkveul zRvars aRniSnavs sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris; zRvars, romelic Zalian myifea, Tumca arsebobs da samxedroebs am myife zRvarze uwevT moqmedeba. magram omis arsi erTxel da samudamod mocemuli ram ar aris, is Tavis istoriul arsebobaSi sxvadasxvagvarad avlens Tavs. ase rom, icvleba damokidebuleba samxedro saqmis mimarT. aseve mudmivad icvleba sikvdilis adamianiseuli gageba. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva epoqebSi adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT samxedroebis (pirvel rigSi, bunebrivia, Cven isini gvainteresebs) mier sicocxlis, sikvdilisa da imis aRqma Tu ra iqmena sikvdilis Semdeg, sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. am sami `ramis~ urTierTmimarTebis gageba udides gavlenas axdens samxedros qcevaze (Tu swams saiqios arseboba, adamiani erTgvarad SeiZleba moiqces, Tu ara swams – sxvagvarad). Tavad urTierTmimarTebas ki kulturis tipi, misi ZiriTadi parametrebi da indikatorebi gansazRvraven. esaa is uSinaganesi kavSiri kulturasa da samxedro saqmes Soris, romelic bolo dromde mkvlevarebis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda. yovel kulturas Tavisi warmodgena aqvs sikvdilze da imazec, Tu ra iqneba sikvdilis Semdeg. am mxriv gamonakliss arc Cven mier ganxiluli kulturebi warmoadgens. metic, es kulturebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad mijnaven „Cveulebriv“ sikvdilsa da omSi daRupvas. magaliTad, Zvelirlandiurad brZolaSi daRupvas erqva torchair, sityvasityviT _ dacema (rom vambobT xolme `brZolis velze daecao~, amis msgavsad), xolo Cveulebriv sikvdils ewodeboda et atbath sityvasityviT: „sikvdiliT mokvda“ (������� warmodgenebi... 2002: 42). Cveulebriv sikvdili mravali formiT ganisazRvreboda, magaliTad: rogorc danakargi, dafarulobaSi gadasvla, wasvla, kleba, qroba da a.S. amasTan sikvdilis sxvadasxva formebisadmi damokidebuleba sxvadasxva socialuri fenebSi sxvadasxva unda yofiliyo. Tu meomrisaTvis brZolaSi moulodneli daRupva samoTxeSi moxvedris garantia iyo, miwis muSisaTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba loginSi mSvidi sikvdvili iyo. gvianzepirsityvieri da masze damyarebuli naratiuli tradicia saiqios Sesaxeb, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, samxedro aristokratias wreSi iqmneboda an, 186 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi, misTvis iyo gankuTvnili da sikvdilze mis Sexedulebebs asaxavda. aq mTavari iyo xanmokle sicocxle da iseTi sikvdili, romelic gmirad gaqcevda da saukuneebis manZilze gagiTqvamda saxels. aRarafers vityviT imis Taobaze, rom amgvari sikvdili saiqios, `samoTxeSi~ moxvedris garantia iyo (rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, warmarTul samoTxes araferi aqvs saerTo qristianulTan). magaliTad: axalgazrda RvTaeba baldri, erTaderTi skandinavuri RvTaeba, Tavad odinis usayvarlesi Svili, romelic regnerankamde iRupeba, germanul-skandinaviur samoTxeSi ki ar xvdeba, aramed erTgvar jojoxeTSi. mizezi erTia: is brZolaSi ar daRupula, sabrZolo iaraRiT ki ara, totis moxvedriT daiRupa da ver daimkvidrebs adgils iq, sadac mxolod omSi daRupulebi eZlevian netarebas, cxadia ise, rogorc es Zvelgermanels esmoda (Tu rogor esmoda, qvemoT vnaxavT). baldris mdgomareobas TviT mamamisi, RvTaebaTa Soris upirvelesi _ odinic ki ver amsubuqebs. msoflio kanonis winaSe wasvla masac ar SeuZlia. amitom sruliad logikuria, rom iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic kuhulini an aqilevsi arian, siyrmidanve irCeven xanmokle, magram saxelovan sicocxles, romelsac garda saaqaoSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelianobisa, saiqioSi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mosdevs. da es logikuri arCevania imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu CavwvdebiT _ rogor esmoda sicocxle, sikvdili da sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovreba winasaxelmwifoebrivi donis samxedro aristokratias. sikvdilis uwyeba sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSani albaT, yvelas gvaxsovs cnobili `sikvdilis niSani~ robert luis stivensonis `ganZis kunZulidan~.es sikvdilis niSani erTi Savad SeRebili qaRaldia, mekobreebma rom gaugzavnes Tavis yofil kolegas. Tumca, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sikvdilis momaswavebel niSanze, am sityvis farTo gagebiT, SegviZlia uamravi arqauli eTnosisa da folkloruli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT visaubroT. Zalian zogadad, esaa raRac xdomileba, movlena an maTi erToblioba, romelic, wesisamebr, personaJis, gmiris (realurad arsebulis da Semdeg miTologizebulis, an Tundac gamogonilis) aRsasruls moaswavebs. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT arsena, romelic, rasakvirvelia, ar aris arqauli da magiuri personaJi, magram tipologiurad garkveul msgavsebas avlens maTTan (gavixsenoT: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba Tqveni arsenas daWera~ da sxv.). arsenas daRupvamde ramdenime xniT adre misdis sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani. mas esizmreba: 187 kaxa kacitaZe vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, imisTana Tqvensa mtersa, vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, sisxlSi viRebavdi wversa, wreul me xom ar movrCebi, rac rom unda gadawydesa, an TaTari miRalatebs, qarTveli ar momarCensa. aseTi uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moiZebnos ara mxolod arqaul folklorSi, an masze damyarebul naratiul ZeglebSi, aramed iseT TxzulebaSic ki, rogoricaa poema simona doliZis Sesaxeb, sadac gmirs, daRupvamde mcire xniT adre esizmreba, rom yelze gveli axvevia. am monakveTis amocanaa sikvdilis momaswavebeli aseTi niSnebis ramdenime tipis gamoyofa da maTi gaaanalizeba. amasTan xazs vusvamT, rom, naSromis Tematikidan gamomdinare, mxolod gmiri meomrebis magaliTebiT SemovifarglebiT. pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom am niSans Tavisi adresati hyavs, romelsac SeuZlia gaigos, rom raRac xdomileba ama Tu im piris (rogorc wesi, Tavad misi) aRsasrulis momaswavebelia (swored ase aRiqvamen sikvdilis niSans arsena da simona doliZe). amasTan es niSani drois an sivrcis garkveul, gansakuTrebul monakveTSi SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli. magaliTad, simona doliZis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti droiT parametrze keTdeba: cxra enkenis Tves mesizmra, viTom yels mexvia gveli, vecade, ver moviSore, ise SemeSala xeli. aranakleb cnobili abragis, mixo WuWulaSvilis sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani ki sivrcis monakveTTan aris dakavSirebuli: Cemi wera da ajali, sizmarSi vnaxe cxadada, Turme viyavi qiziySi, damSvidebuli wynarada, marcxena wveri momparses, marjvena damrCa calada. marjvena xelis TiTebSi, sisxli mdioda Savada. maSinve vuTxari biWebsa, ver gadavrCebi mSralada. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc arsena da arc revolucioneri abra188 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi gebi arqauli personaJebi ar arian da genetikurad maTTan raime kavSiri Tu aqvT, imdenad Soreuli, rom misi daZebna Wirs, magram tipologiurad isini garkveul msgavsebas avlenen arqaul gmirebTan da amitom maT magaliTzec SegviZlia sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSnebis ilustrireba. oreulTan Sexvedra rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani sikvdilis momaswavebel erT-erT niSnad sakuTar oreulTan Sexvedra SeiZleba miviCnioT. principSi oreulTan Sexvedraca da sizmarSi miRebuli sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSanic movlenaTa erT rigs ganekuTvneba. sakuTari daRupvis momaswavebel sizmarSi gmiri, rogorc wesi, garkveul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebul sakuTar Tavs xedavs anu sakuTar oreuls xvdeba. amave dros oreulTan Sexvedra SeiZleba moaswavebdes pirovnebis gaorebas, misi daSlis dasawyiss, romelic sabolood misi aRsasrulis mauwyebelia. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT sarkis gatexva, rogorc sikvdilis an raime ubedurebis momaswavebeli. sarkis gatexva xom gmiris erTiani xatis damsxvrevas, mis fragmentaciasa da, Sesabamisad, aRsasruls moaswavebs. amave rigis movlenebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT sikvdilis momaswavebeli erT-erT niSanTagani, romelic kuhulins evlineba: ukanasknel brZolaSi mimavali kuhulini mdinareze gadasvlisas xedavs axalgazrda mtiral qaliSvils, romelic gasisxlianebul tansacmelsa da abjars recxavs. kargad rom daakvirdeba, kuhulini dainaxavs, rom es misi sakuTari samosi da abjaria. gadalaxavs Tu ara gmiri mdinares, qaliSvili qreba. aseve, irlandiur sagaSi `da hokis saxlis dangreva~ qalRvTaeba badbi ambobs, rom recxavs lagams im mefisa, romelic daiRupeba. Tumca lagami am dros ukve sisxliania. sagulisxmoa sisxlis, rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSnis farTo gavceleba moyolebuli arsenadan, romelic sisxliT iRebavs wversa, damTavrebuli kuhuliniT. rodesac am ukanasknels sasikvdilo brZolis win dedamisi Rvinos miutans, es ukanaskneli sisxlad iqceva. tabus darRveva gmiris mier raime akrZalvis, tabus darRveva agreTve SeiZleba gaxdes sikvdilis niSani. oRond am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro specifikur viTarebasTan gvaqvs, vidre raime saxis winaswarmetyvelebisas. tabus uneblie Tu Segnebuli darRveviT gmiri ara Tu iRebs gafrTxilebas SesaZlo aRsasrulis Sesaxeb, aramed erTgvarad axdens mis provocirebas. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom arsenas sikvdils win swored `tabus~ darRveva uZRvis, rodesac is wiTel paraskevs Rvinis smas iwyebs. 189 kaxa kacitaZe tabuTa amgvari sistema, rogorc aRvniSneT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel irlandiaSi, sadac tabus geisi ewodeboda. geisi SeiZleboda personaJs Tavad daewesebina sakuTari TavisaTvis, aseve SeiZleboda es geisi sxvas daedo masze. amasTan geisis darRvevam SeiZleba prognozistuli funqciac miiRos (igi moaswavebdes gmiris daRupvas) da kauzativurisac (gaxdes gmiris daRupvis mizezi). amasTan problemas warmoadgens is, rom gmirs SeiZleba ramdenime urTierTgamomricxavi geisi edos, romelTagan erTis Sesruleba TavisTavad iwvevdes meoris darRvevas. magaliTad kvlav kuhulinis eposi SeiZleba aviRoT. ukanasknel brZolaSi mimaval kuhulins gzad xsenebuli kalatinis sami jojo asuli Sexvdeba, romlebic kocons arian mimsxdarni da circelis Samfurebze ZaRlis xorcs wvaven. isini kuhulins SesTavazeben am arcTu sasiamovno mwvadis gasinjvas. kuhulins geisi adevs, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZalavs (es geisi kulanis ZaRls da Tavad gmiris saxels ukavSirdeba). magram amave dros adevs geisi, rom uari ar Tqvas sufrasTan mipatiJebaze. didxans uarobs gmiri, magram rodesac jojoebi bralad dasdeben, rom maT Raribul sufras iwunebs, igi ZaRlis xorcs gasinjavs, ris Sedegadac Tavisi Zalis nawils kargavs. amas ki saboloo jamSi gmiris daRupva mosdevs. verbaluri winaswarmetyveleba sikvdilis erT-erT momaswavebel niSans warmoadgens mavanis mier gmirisaTvis misi momavali daRupvis winaswarmetyveleba. aseTi winaswar metyvelebis tradicia mraval arqaul kulturaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad: winaswarmetyvelebis aRmniSvneli irlandiuri sityva tairngire warmodgeba kompozitidan do-airngir, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs winaswar (air=winaswar) yvirils (gair). amasTan amgvari winaswarmetyvelebis avtori SeiZleba mxolod adamiani ki ar iyos, aramed nebismier cocxali arseba. aseTi arsebis rolSi SeiZleba gamovides, upirveles yovlisa, cxeni an ZaRli, romelic patronisadmi erTgulebiT gamoirCeva. maTi qmedeba gafrTxilebaa patronisadmi, ar Caidinos garkveuli qmedeba, Tumca SesaZlebelia sikvdilis winaswarmetyvelis rolSi gamodiodes magiasTan dakavSirebuli sxva arsebac, magaliTad _ gveli an mgeli. cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis magaliTi momavali sikvdilis Sesaxeb narTebis eposSi gvxvdeba. gmiri soslani saiqiodan rom dabrundeba, gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, gzad quds rom dainaxavs, aiRebs da qamarSi gairWobs. sinamdvileSi es Turme qudi ki ara, qudad gadaqceuli soslanis mteri sirdoni yofila. soslani Tavis molaparake cxens imdens awvalebs, aiZulebs _ uTxras, rogor SeiZleba misi (cxenis) mokvla. cxenic iZulebulia 190 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi uTxras, rom is (cxeni) molod maSin mokvdeba, rodesac fexis qaCaCebs qvemoT esvrian. Semdeg ekiTxeba, rogor SeiZleba Tavad gmiris mokvla. razec soslani pasuxobs, rom muxlisTavebs garda mTlianad foladisaa da mxolod maSin mokvdeba, Tu muxlisTavebze balsagis borbali (erTdroulad personaJicaa da, Cans, raRac basri badros msgavsi iaraRic) gadauvlis. `hoda, ar Segindos ufalma, _ uTxra cxenma, _ mec damRupe da Seni Tavic. aba naxe, qamarSi qudis Zvela rom gairWe, eg gaTagis vaJi sirdoni gaxlda~ (narTebi 1988: 164). marTlac, sirdoni jer cxens mouswrafebs sicocxles, xolo Semdeg balsagis borblis meSveobiT soslansac mouRebs bolos (amaze dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT). cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis sxva magaliTia mocemuli kuhulinis eposSi. sabediswero brZolaSi gamgzavrebis win kuhulinis meetle verafriT abams etlSi mis rux cxens. rodesac kuhulini cxens miuaxlovdeba, is samgzis daudgeba marcxena mxariT, xolo Semdeg sam sisxlian kurcxals gadmoagdebs. gasagebia, rom cxenebi, rogorc saiqiosTan dakavSirebuli arsebebi (ix. zemoT), winaswarmetyvelabasTanac arian dakavSirebulni, saxeldobr im winaswarmetyvelebasTan, maTi da maTi patronis daRupvas rom exeba. daTarsva daTarsvasTan dakavSirebuli crurwmenebi sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli _ dawyebuli imiT, rom romeliRac dRes raimes Cadena ar SeiZleba, damTavrebuli e.w. marcxena fexze adgomiT. gmiris daRupvis momaswavebeli niSnis magaliTi isev kuhulinis eposSi SeiZleba vnaxoT, sadac bolo brZolaSi mimaval kuhulins mosasxamis sakinZi dauvardeba, rac sxva miniSnebebTan kompleqsSi sikvdilis momaswavebeli kidev erTi niSania. epikuri gmiris sikvdili gmiris sikvdilis logika gmiris sikvdili ar aris mxolod winaswarmetyelebis ubralo axdoma, tabus darRvevis Sedegi an sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnidan aucileblobiT gamomdinare faqti. sikvdili amave dros gmiris heroizaciis aucilebeli pirobaa, miT ufro, rom es sikvdili veragulad da orTabrZolis patiosani wesebis darRveviT xdeba. metic, am qmedebiT gmirebi TiTqosda gamoisyidian manamde Cadenil uRirs qmedebebs (gavixsenoT, rom arqauli eposis personaJebi sruliadac ar arian wmindanebi). gmiris sikvdili aerTianebs 191 kaxa kacitaZe mTel siuJets im TvalsazrisiT, rom laitmotivad gasdevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, amave siuJets erTianobad hkravs viTarca logikuri dasasruli. amitom sikvdilis gziT gmiris heroizaciaa mTavari da ara Tavad gmiruli sikvdili. miT ufro, rom gmiri SeiZleba srulebiTac ar iRupebodes gmirulad, magaliTad sigurdi an osuri narTebis gmiri soslani. zogjer gmiris sikvdili racionalizebuli da motivizirebulia (magaliTad, sigurdi ciliswamebis msxverpli xdeba). magram gmiris daRupvis faqts yvela SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, imis miuxedavad, gaaCnia raime motivacia, Tu wminda iracionaluri aqtis xasiaTs atarebs. kidev ufro arsebiTia, rom gmirul daRupvamde, anu gmirad saboloo qcevamde, personaJi Tavad Cadis RalatiT mkvlelobas. magaliTad: sigurdi RalatiT klavs fafnirsa da regins (mere ra, rom erTi drakoni iyo da meore _ juja, Tan Tavad apirebdnen sigurdisaTvis bolos moRebas). mTavaria, rom gmiri raindulad ki ar xocavs miwinaaRmdegeebs, aramed _ motyuebiT. vTqvaT, amirani mis gadamrCenel devis das klavs, soslani motyuebiT klavs bibics, romelmac igi daindo (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT soslanis originalur qurqze, romelic misi mtrebis skalpebidanaa Sekerili) da a.S. Tumca, es gasakviri araa, arqauli sazogadoebis samxedro demokratiis epoqa saraindo-kurtuazuli xana ar yofila, amitom gmiris mier sisastikis, an gindac veragobis, Cadena gasakviri ar unda iyos. Tumca, daRupvis logikas am sisastikesTan da veragobasTan araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs. bolos da bolos iRupeba beovulfi, romelsac arc veragoba Caudenia da arc sisastike (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom `beovulfSi” arqauli eposis gmiris niSnebTan erTad Cndeba saraindo romanis personaJisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic). gmiris sikvdilis aucilebel elements mis mkvlelze SurisZieba warmoadgens. rogorc „beovulfis“ 1384-e kupletSia naTqvami, megobrisaTvis Suri unda iZio da ar itiro unayofod. rogorc wesi, daRupuli gmirebi marTlac SurnaZiebi rCebian. Tumca zogjer, iSviaTad, isic xdeba, rom samagieros mizRvis Semdeg Tavad SurismaZiebelic iRupeba. magram yvelaze metad ubeduria is daRupuli gmiri, romelsac potenciuri SurismaZiebelic ki ar hyavs. rasakvirvelia, gmiri SeuZlebelia Cveulebriv brZolaSi moklan. mis dasamarcxeblad an veragobaa saWiro, an _ gansakuTrebuli iaraRi (zogjer Tavad gmirisave), garemoebaTa uCveulo damTxveva an saqmeSi boroti Zalebis CarTva, romlebic yvelafer amas moaxerxeben. sainteresoa, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli folkloris personaJebi arqauli eposis gmirebTan aqac iseTive tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavneben, rogorc sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, 192 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi epikuri gmiris darad arsenas damarcxeba SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi iaraRiT (isev da isev: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba Tqveni arsenas daWera~). amitom kuWatnelis lekis biWma zurgidan veraguli gasroliT mokla arsena oZelaSvili. rainduli romanebis gmirebisa da arsenasi ar iyos, XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli revoluciuri folkloris sami devgmiris damarcxebac mxolod RalatiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. daTiko SevardnaZe vinme WeliZes mouwamlavs, ris Sesaxebac firali guldawuxebuli ambobs: Sen dailoce WeliZev, rom gamikeTe vaxSami, xmeli xili bevri gvqonda, Zveli Rvino da qaTami, sawamlavic Semapare, rom Seviqmeni nasvami. simona doliZe kidev ufro muxTali Ralatis msxverpli gaxda: ar vfiqrobdi Tu gamcemda, Cemi Zma andro doliZe. andro doliZes Zma ar daundvia da simonasTan cnobili uriadniki jafariZe mouyvania _ danarCeni mkiTxvelmac kargad uwyis. rac Seexeba mixa WuWulaSvils, man orjer ganicada Ralatis simware: jer iyo da vinme giorgi mWedliSvili iseve moeqca, rogorc farsadan bodbisxeveli _ arsenas, daaTro da daaWerina. magram mixa cimbiridan gamoipara. Tumca cud xalxs ra gamolevs da vinme Samilas biWma gigam mixas saldaTebi miusia. garSemortymulma mixam tyveobas TviTmkvleloba amjobina. niSandoblivia, rom dasaxlebul poemaTa gardacvlili personaJebi TavianT sikvdilze pirvel pirSi mogviTxroben, rac imas niSnavs, rom sikvdilis miuxedavad, mainc cocxloben, ukve rogorc folkloris maradiuli gmirebi. gmiri soslanis sikvdili rogorc zemoT vTqviT, sikvdilis momaswavebel niSans verc narTebis gmiri soslani gadaurCa. vnaxoT, rogor axda es winaswarmetyveleba. erTxel soslani sanadirod iyo da mSvenieri fur-iremi dainaxa. rogorc xSirad xdeba, is iyo mSvildi daumizna, rom fur-iremi mSvenier qaliSvilad iqca 193 kaxa kacitaZe da soslans colad SerTva sTxova, razec gmirma sakmaod uxeSad upasuxa: `ramdeni gzaabneuli qaliSvilic Semxvdes, yvela colad rom SemerTo, narTebis sofelSi maTi tevac ar iqneba~ (narTebi 1988: 166). qaliSvili daemuqra, razec soslani gacecxlda da mandilosans nezvi uwoda. am Seuracxyofis Semdeg qaliSvili frinvelad iqca da gafrinda. Turme, nu ityvi da xsenebuli lamazmani balsagis (rogorc Cans, mzis gansaxierebaa) asuli yofila. man mamas SesCivla, soslanma Seuracyofa momayenao. ganrisxebulma balsagma Tavis borbals (rogorc vTqviT, Cans, erTdroulad badrosebri basri saganicaa da gansulierebuli personaJic) uxmo da soslanis mokvla ubrZana. borbali soslanis mosaklavad gafrinda. `aba dauxvdi, narTelo vaJkacoo~-o, _ gadmosZaxa balsagma. soslanis kiTxvas, ra iaraRiT upirebda mokvlas, balsagma upasuxa, dasartymeli iaraRiTo da Tan mouwoda: Tu vaJkaci xar, Subli dauxvedreo. soslanma foladis Subli SeuSvira. moxvda borbali, magram Sublma aisxlita, scada soslanma borblis daWera, magram am ukanasknelma dasxltoma moaxerxa. balsagma isev gadmosZaxa, borbali brundeba da mkerdi dauxvedreo. dauxvedra soslanma mkerdi da isev asxlta borbali. axla ki soslanma imarjva, borbali daiWira da ori nekni Caumtvria. borbali Seexvewa: gamiSvi da awi balsagis borbali ki ara, soslanis borbali merqmevao, Tan RmerTi daiyena Tavmdebad. daujera soslanma da gauSva. gauSva da sul tyuilad. gzad borbals muxTali sirdoni Sexda da aswavla, rogor eZia Suri soslanze. nekidan sisxli gamoidine da Semdeg fics Zala daekargebao. mere mWedel qurdalagonTan midi da axal neknebs gamogiWedavs, bolos ki soslani ZmakacebTan erTad zilxanis velze nadirobis Semdeg mosasveneblad iqneba wamowolili, midi da yvelas muxlebze gadauareo. afrinda borbali da, vinc karavSi iwva, yvelas fexebi daaWra. magram soslani Turme karavSi ar yofila. fexebdaWrili megobrebi rom naxa, maSinve mixvda, vin Caidenda amas da borbals gaekida. gzad vels, muryans, cacxvs, rcxilas, wifels, muxas sTxova balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram arc erTma ar daakava da soslanma yvela daswyevla. Semdgom aryis xem scada balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram ver SeZlo. bolos da bolos balsagis borbali sviam daakava. sviis totebSi gabmul borbals soslanma orive gverdi Caumtvria da is iyo, unda moekla, rom borbali Seevedra, sicocxle maCuqeo. didxans uarobda gmiri, magram bolos, mas Semdeg, rac borbalma fici dado, oRond gamiSvi da Cemi ojaxis Tormet wevrs davxocav Seni Tormeti Zmobilis sanacvlodo, soslanma kvlav gauSva borbali. gauSva da isev Secda. ficis Sesasruleblad mimaval borbals kvlav sirdoni Sexvda da daarwmuna, rom ficis Sesruleba mkvlelobis imitaciiTac 194 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi SeiZleboda: saxeldobr imiT, rom Tavisi ojaxis Tormeti wevridan zogisaTvis fexze daeWra frCxilebi da zogisaTvis _ xelze. borbalic ase moiqca. qurdonma qurdalagons kvlav gaamTelebina borblis gverdebi da daarwmuna borbali, kidev erTxel ecada soslanisaTvis muxlebis gadaWra. es mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda, balsagis borbalma soslans muxlebi gadauWra, Tavisi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis daWrili frCxilebi miuyara da cad afrinda. ususurad mwolare soslans jer arwivma gadaufrina, mere qorma, Semdeg _ mercxalma. gmirma samives sTxova, Cemi ambavi narTebs SeatyobineTo, magram mxolod mercxali daTanxmda. Semdeg daTvi, mgeli da melia movidnen. pirvelma orma gulwrfeli wuxili gamoTqves soslanis bedis gamo da man isini daloca, xolo meliam farisevlobisa gamo daiwyo da gmiris wyevla daimsaxura. amasobaSi mercxalma narTebs soslanis samwuxaro bedi amcno. soslanTan mividnen, bajaRlo oqros kubo daumzades, abreSumis sudara. soslanma Zmebs daubara, iseTi saflavi gamiTxareT, sami fanjara rom hqondeso, erTi aRmosavleTiT mzem amosvlisas rom Semaxedoso, erTi SuaSi, mzem SuadRiT rom damxedoso da erTic dasavleTiT, mzem Casvlisas rom damxedoso. Semdeg daibara balsagis borbalsa da sirdonze Suri iZieTo, ris Sesrulebasac misi Wabuki ZmisSvili dahpirda da soslanmac mSvidad ganuteva suli (ise, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mTlianad mainc ar momkvdara). narTebma soslans samfanjriani saflavi gaukeTes, oqros kuboSi Caasvenes da mSvilisaric Caatanes. cota xnis Semdeg soslanis Zmebma sirdoni daibares da uTxres: `soslanis cxeni umxedrod gavelurdeba; Tu kaci xar, zogjer Sejeqi xolme~ (narTebi 1988: 176). sirdonma yasidad iuara, magram didi xnis Txovnis Semdeg dasTanxmda. soslanis cxens rom moajdeboda, dascinoda da patrons augad uxsenebda. erTxel ise gaTavxedda, soslanis saflavze mivida, saflavis irgvliv Weneba iwyo da gmirs saflavSi CasZaxa: `hei, soslan, ras moveswar, Seni naqebi cxeni me damrCa (narTebi 1988: 177). esa Tqva da zed saflavis Sua sarkmelze gadaalaja. ver moiTmina mkvdarma soslanma mtris es Tavxedoba, esrola qvemodan sarkmlis gavliT isari da sirdons tvini cas mianTxevia. erTi balsagis borbalzec maZiebia Surio, _ inatra da, mgoni, sabolood mokvda (rasakvirvelia, Tu folkloris gmiri SeiZleba sabolood mokvdes). misma ZmiSvilma qurdalagons rkinis keti gaakeTebina da balsagis borbali xizis velze daibara. iq ise dascxo rkinis keti, rom balsagis borbals erTi nekni aRar SearCina mTeli. SeSinebuli borbali gaiqca, xan ixvad iqca, xan tyis qaTmad, bolos saflavi gaiTxara da iq daimala. magram soslanis Zmiswulma mainc miagno daatyveva, soslanis saflavTan miiyvana 195 kaxa kacitaZe orad gahkveTa, erTi naxevari TaviT daudo soslans da meore ferxTiT. Catarebuli analizis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soslanis sikvdili gmiris heroizaciis formaa da ara gmiruli sikvdilis nairsaxeoba. mas balsagis borbali veragulad klavs da umweo mdgomarobaSi tovebs. soslanis sikvdili aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis, rom logikurad ganasrulos misi gmirad gadaqceva. balsagis borblis ramdenjerme gaSveba Sinagani logikis matarebelia. man xazi unda gausvas imas, rom Ria brZolaSi gmiri daumarcxebelia da misi mokvla mxolod RalatiT SeiZleba. sikvdili rom soslanis gmirad qcevis procesis gansrulebaa, isic adasturebs, rom igi saflavidanac ki klavs Tavis mter sirdons. amasTan is bednieri mokluli gmiria, ramdenadac hyavs SurismaZiebeli. gmiri kuhulinis sikvdili gmiri kuhulinis mTavari mteri, boroti dedofali medbi ar isvenebda da kuhulinis daRupvas eswrafoda. misi waqezebiT kuhulinis mier mokluli jadoqar kalatinis Svilebma kuhulins mravali ubeduri xilva mouvlines. mas Semdeg, rac gmirma arafrad Caagdo sikvdilis mauwyebeli araerTi niSani da daarRvia geisi, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZalavda, gadamwyveti brZolis Jami dadga. medbma kuhulinis winaaRmdeg axali koaliciis Seqmna moaxerxa, romelsac saTaveSi kuhulinis mier daxocili bumberazebis vaJebi lugaid kuroisZe da erk kairbres Ze Caudgnen. erkma veragoba moifiqra. kuhulinis mtrebs urCia: SeerCiaT ori umamacesi meomari, romlebic orTabrZolis imitacias moaxdendnen, xolo maT siaxloves daeyenebinaT bardi (poeti, romlis Txovnaze uari irlandiaSi samarcxvinod iTvleboda). bards kuhulinisaTvis misi Subi unda eTxova, romelzec nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo, rom misiT mefe ganigmireboda. imis gamo, rom irlandiuri qcevis kodeqsi bardisaTvis nebismier Txovnaze uaris Tqmas krZalavda (erTi gadmocemiT, romeliRac mefe iZulebulic ki gaxda, rom bardisaTvis sakuTari Tvali daeTmo), kuhulini, cxadia, am Txovnas Seasrulebda. maSin kuhulinis mtrebs igi Tavisive SubiT unda ganegmiraT. es veraguli gegma miRebul iqna. amasobaSi kuhulini mowinaaRmdegeTa laSqars miuaxlovda da ganadgureba dauwyo. ra sabrZolo ileTs ar mimarTa: asi quxilis ileTs, samasi quxilis ileTs, samgzis cxra vaJkacis quxilis ileTs... mowinaaRmdegeebi gafanta da Semdeg maT JuJvas mihyo xeli. imdeni mteri gaJuJa, ramdenic zRvaSi qviSaa da caze varskvlavi. uecrad or erTmaneTTan Serkinebul meomars waawyda. maT siaxloves bardi idga. `sircxvili Sen, kuhulin, Tu am meomar vaJkacebs ar gaaSveleb~, _ uTxra kuhulins. kuhulini miuaxlovda 196 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi meomrebs da TiToeul maTgans ise Caartya TavSi muSti, rom tvini gamouvidaT yurebidan da nestoebidan. `WeSmaritad gaaSvele isini, _ uTxra bardma, _ awi isini erTmaneTs zians marTlac veRar miayeneben~. `eseni arafriT ar daurvdebodnen, rom ara Seni Txovna~, _ upasuxa kuhulinma. amis Semdeg bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. kuhulinma upasuxa, rom Subi Tavad sWirdeba, vinaidan mtrebTan omobs. amaze bardma upasuxa, rom Tu Subs ar miscems, bardi kuhulinze damcinav simReras SeTxzavs (irlandiaSi ufro didi sircxvili ar arsebobda). `ar egebis, rom Sevrcxve ZRvnis gacemaze uarisa da wuwuraqobisaTvis~, _ Tqva kuhulinma da bards Subi tariT win tyorcna, Tanac iseTi ZaliT, rom bards Subli gauxvrita da kidev cxra mis ukan mdgomi meomari miayola (warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, Subi wveriT win rom esrola). amis Semdeg kuhulini mtris mwyobris siRrmeSi SeiWra da brZola gaagrZela. xolo misma mterma natyorcni Subi aiRo da kuhulinisken srola daapira. `am SubiT mefe mokvdeba~, _ iwinaswarmetyveles jadoqar kalatinis Svilebma. lugaidma Subi tyorcna, magram kuhulinis nacvlad misi meetle laegi gangmira. kuhulini mxurvaled daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul meetles da brZola gaagrZela Tanac ise, rom meetlis Tanamdebobac SeiTavsa. mtris mwyobris garRvevis Semdeg igi kvlav waawyda or urTierTmebrZol meomarsa da bards. bardma kvlav sTxova kuhulins meomrebis gaSveleba. man meomrebs xeli CasWida da iseTi ZaliT moityorcna sxvadasxva mxares, rom maTi xorcis naglejebi irgvliv mimoifina. Semdeg bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. kuhulinis uars man upasuxa, rom is gmiris gamamasxaravebel leqss SeTxzavda. _ me dReSi mxolod erTxel var valdebuli Sevasrulo Txovna, _ upasuxa kuhulinma, _ dRes Txovna ukve Sevasrule. _ icode Sens gamo mTel ulads gavamasxaraveb, _ daemuqra bardi. _ araodes momxdara, rom Cemi siZunwis an xeiris gamo uladi Sercxveniliyo. marTalia, mcire xnis sicocxleRa damrCa, magram es arc axla moxdeba, _ upasuxa kuhulinma. man kvlav tariT win stryorcna Subi bards, Subli gauxvrita da mis ukan mdgomi cxra meomaric gangmira. Subi axla erk kairbres Zem aiRo da kalatinis ZeT hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT upasuxes, rom am SubiT mefe mokvdeboda. erkis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT erTxel ukve iwinaswarnetyveles, kalatinis Svilebma auxsnes, rom winaswarmetyveleba axda, vinaidan Subma laegi gangmira, es ukanaskneli ki irlandiel meetleebs Soris upirvelesi, Sesabamisad meetleebis mefe iyo. styorcna erkma Subi da kuhulinis cxeni ruxi gangmira. gamoiRo kuhulinma cxenis Wrilobidan Subi da daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul cxens. es ukanaskneli kiserze naxevari caluRiT gaemarTa fuatis mTasTan arsebul rux tbaSi, saidanac is odesRac kuhulinma moipova. kuhulinma brZola etlSi Sebmuli erTi cxeniTRa gaagrZela. Semdgomi 197 kaxa kacitaZe brZolisas igive scena gaTamaSda, rac pirvel or SemTxvevaSi. bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. gmiris pasuxad, rom man bardebis Txovna ukve orgzis Seasrula, mesame bardi daimuqra, rom is kuhulinis mTel gvars Searcxvenda. ise, jobda ar damuqrebuda, vinaidan kuhulinma masac Subli gauxvrita da, rogorc icoda xolme, cxra meomari miayola. Subi lugaidma aiRo da kalatinis vaJebs hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT kvlav upasuxes, rom am SubiT mefe mokvdeboda. lugaidis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT ukve Tqves, rodesac Subi erkma isrola, kalatinis vaJebma ganmartes, rom isini marTlebi iyvnen, vinaidan Subma irlandiis cxenebis mefe mokla. maSin lugaidma Subi styorcna da kuhulini ise gangmira, rom Signeuli gadmoucvivda. amis mxilveli kuhulinis Savi cxeni etlidan gamovida da Savi tbisaken gaswia, sadac odesRac kuhulinma igi moipova. gmiri saSinelma wyurvilis grZnobam Seipyro. man mtrebs sTxova, iqve mdebare tbamde mieSvaT, sikvdilis win rom gagrilebuliyo. es ukanasknelni daTanxmdnen, Tu ukan dabrunebis pirobas miscemda. _ mxolod imas gTxovT, Tavad moxvideT CemTan, Tu ukan dabrunebas ver movaxerxeb, _ sTxova kuhulinma. sasikvdilod daWrilma gmirma ibanava, wyali Sesva da irlandielebs dauZaxa. moaxloebuli mteri rom dainaxa, iqve mdgom maRal qvas mieba, raTa fexze mdgomi Sexvedroda sikvdils. am dros misi ruxi moWenda (romelic TiTqosda mkvdari iyo), raTa patroni daecva manam, sanam cocxali iyo. man kbilebiT gatkvira ormocdaaTi mteri. xolo TiToeuli CliqiT ocdaaT-ocdaaTi kuhulinis sikvdilis mosurne mospo. amis miuxedavad, lugaidi kuhulinTan miiWra da Tavi mohkveTa. am dros gmirs xelidan xmali gauvarda, romelic lugaids marjvenaze daeca da xeli mohkveTa. mtrebma kuhulinis Tavi, xeli da fari waiRes da gzas daadgnen. gzad lugaids banaoba mounda. swored banaobisas wamoewia lugains kuhulinis biZaSvili da Zmadnafici konan Zlevamosili Tavisi ZaRlisTaviani cxeniT, romelsac wiTeli nami erqva. konal Zlevamosili daTanxmda lugaidis Txovnas, mxolod cali xeliT SebrZoleboda mas (rogorc gvaxsovs, lugaids marjvena kuhulinis xmalma mohkveTa. xazs vusvamT, xmalma da ara kuhulinma, romelic am momentisaTvis ukve mkvdari iyo). brZolisas konalma Tavisi cxenis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lugaidi da Tavi mohkveTa. ase iZia gmirma konalma Suri gmir kuhulinisaTvis. konalis sardlobiT uladebma mteri sastikad daamarcxes, kuhulinis mokveTili Tavi daibrunes da Sin gamarjvebulebi dabrundnen. aseTi iyo kuhulinis aRsasruli. Tumca, kuhulini samudamod ar gamqrala. rogorc erTi gviandeli legenda gadmogvcems, igi erTxel kidev gamocxadebia irlandielebs im Jams, roca am ukanasknelTa Soris maTi ganmanaTlebeli wminda patriki qristianobas amkvidrebda. wminda patriks igi saiqiodan gamouZaxia, raTa irlan198 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi diis warmarT xelmwife loigairesTvis eCvenebina qristianobis WeSmariteba da jojoxeTis mTeli saSinelebebi: `erTxel loigaire da wminda patrikis megobari wminda benini mak-indokis velze idgnen. uecrad iseTi Zalis civma qarma wamoubera, rom orivem Zlivs Seikaves Tavi, rom ar waqceuliyvnen. beninma auxsna, rom es qari jojoxeTis karibWidan SemoiWra. karibWe ki cota xniT imitom gaaRes, rom iqidan kuhulini gamoeSvaT. Semdeg veli nislma dafara da nislSi cxadad gamoCnda uzarmazari aCrdilisebri etli, romelSic `oTxiT morbenali” cxenebi iynen Sebmulni. etlSi orni iyvnen _ kuhulini da misi erTguli meetle laegi. kuhulini ametyvelda da mouwoda loigaires moqcevisaken. `irwmune RvTisa da wminda patrikisa, rameTu Sens winaSe demoni ki ara, aramed kuhulinia, Ze sualtamisa~ (rolestoni 2004: 196) imis dasarwmuneblad, rom namdvilad kuhulinia, igi warmarT xelmwifes sakuTar gmirobebs CamouTvlis da jojoxeTis saSinelebebze mouTxrobs. Semdeg kuhulini wminda patriks sTxovs, ufals Seavedros, rom misTvis zecis kari gaixsnas. amboben, ufalma kuhulinisa da wminda patrikis vedreba Seiwyalao, xolo loigaire qristianad moqceula. gmiris datireba am monakveTSi daRupuli gmiris datirebaze visaubrebT. xazs vusvam: laparakia ara sazogadod gardacvlilis, aramed sworedac rom daRupulis datirebaze. daRupuli gmiris amgvari datireba gulisxmobs gansakuTrebuli zepiri poeturi teqstis arsebobas, romelic Seicavs garkveul stereotipul formulebs. aq upiratesad SevexebiT datirebis rituals skandinavur da Zvel qarTul tradiciebSi, Tumca saWiroebis mixedviT gaviTvaliswinebT agreTve keltur da baltoslavur tradiciasac. Cveulebriv datirebis rituals asrulebs solisti (solistebi). rituali morgebulia konkretuli situaciisadmi, magram yovelTvis Seicavs garkveul stereotipul formulebsa da sqemebs. datirebis monawileTa nawili solistis an solistebis qmedebas JestebiT (magaliTad, sxeulis garkveuli qneviT) uWers mxars. cnobili mkvlevari desnickaia aRniSnavs: `epikuri poeziisa da datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datirebis ritualisas did rols TamaSobs improvizireba mza formulebisa da standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 203). mkvlevari Tvlis, rom datirebis teqstebs msgavsi morfologia gaaCnia da Sedgeba Sesavali formulisagan, varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstisa da damasrulebeli wamoZaxilebisagan, romlebic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadis. datireba mimarTulia micvalebulze, TiTqosda am ukanasknels SeeZlos 199 kaxa kacitaZe gaigos yvelaferi, rasac masze amboben. datireba aris im saxis ritualuri teqsti, romelmac micvalebulebsa da cocxlebs Soris kavSiri unda daamyaros, daareguliros kavSiri daRupul gmirsa da cocxalTa samyaros Soris. ufro zustad, datirebas ori adresanti hyavs _ rogorc cocxalTa, ise micvalebulTa samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris siqvelis Sesaxeb. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom datireba ar aris Selocvis nairsaxeoba. am ukanasknelSi adresati sustadaa gamoxatuli maSin, rodesac datirebis adresati, formulebis trafaretulobis miuxedavd personificirebulia. misdami mimarTva Seicavs pirovnebis gadaZaxils pirovnebisadmi. datirebas axasiaTebs maRali toni (lamis wivili) da teqstis Segnebuli gangrZobiTi wakiTxva. laparakia Zaxilze, yvirilze, wivilze, tirilze da a.S. Zvel inglisur teqst `beovulfSi~ SemorCenila monaTxrobi, sadac gmiris damtireblis funqcia gayofilia bebruxanasa da gmiris saZmos Tormet wevrs Soris. beberi qalis mier Sesrulebuli gulisgamgmiravi datireba aviswmomaswaveblad JRerda datirebaze damswre pirTaTvis. balto-slavianuri da balto-finuri monacemebis umetesobiT, damtireblis rolSi mxolod qalebi gamodiodnen. n. ganinas azriT, datirebis mTavar Sinaarss sayovelTao gaubedurebis aRwera Seadgenda. arsebobda datirebis sxva formac, rodesac damtireblis rolSi mefis saZmos wevrebi gamodiodnen. magaliTad, iordanesTan gvaqvs atilas datirebis STambeWdavi suraTi: `hunTa mTeli tomis saukeTeso mxedrebi... eseviTar ixseniebdnen mis gmirobebs: `hunTa didi xelmwife atila, Sobili mamamis munZukisagan, uZlieres tomTa beladi! Sen, romelmac aqamde arnaxuli simamaciT erTma daipyari skviTTa da germanelTa samefoebi, romelmac qalaqTa aRebiT Tavzari daec romaelTa orive imperias, da raTa danarCeni [qalaqebi] ar gaZarculiyo, mowyaleba miiRe, maTi (romaelebis _ k.k.) vedreba Seismine, da yovelwliur xarks dasjerdi. da am yovelives warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg aResrule ara mtris mier miyenebuli Wrilobisagan, ara Senianebis veragobisagan, aramed sixarulSi da mxiarulebaSi, tkivilis gareSe, rodesac mTeli tomi janmrTeli da dauzianebeli iyo. vin CaTvlis amas aRsasrulad, Tu aravin aris iseTi, viszec Suria saZiebeli~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 216). rogorc mkvlevarebi varaudoben, atilas datirebisas mamakacTa samgloviaro simReris adresatia rogorc gardacvlili beladi, ise mamakacTa mTeli samyaro. mamakacuri datirebis specifika imaSia, rom masSi gmiris gardacvalebiT miyenebuli SesaZlo zianis CamoTvlas enacvleba daRupulis Rirsebebis CamoTvla. Tumca, rogorc `beovulfis~ datirebis sqemidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, datirebis teqstSi Sedis wuxili gmiri-beladis (hlafordes 200 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi hryre) daRupvis gamo (ar dagvaviwydes _ atilas SemTxvevaSi damtireblebi mas brZolaSi daRupulad ki ara, lxinsa da drostarebaSi gardacvlilad miiCnevdnen, amitom mis datirebaSi daRupvaze aqcentireba ver iqneboda), naxsenebia lxinis Sewyveta, dacarielebuli darbazebi da a.S. gmiri-beladis daRupva misi garemocvisaTvis (`saZmosaTvis~) didi gamocdaa. is ganixileba ara mxolod socialur, aramed kosmiur planSic, rogorc qaosis Zalebis gamarjveba, mdgradi kosmiuri (romelic Tavisi arsiT socialuricaa) struqturis darRveva. rac ufro maRalia daRupulis socialuri rangi, miT ufro metia garRveva kosmiur doneze da miT ufro Zlieria qaoturi Zalebis Semoteva. datireba ara mxolod zaralis konstantaciaa, aramed im qaosis gamovlineba, romelic samyarosa da sociums misi arsebobis garantis gardacvalebiT moaklda. gmiri-beladis datireba saZmos wevrebis mier gulisxmobs Semdeg moqmedebebs: `Tqma~, `ubnoba~, `gamocxadeba~, `uwyeba~, `qeba~, `dideba~, `gansja~, `gankiTxva~. yvela eseni irTveba ufro farTo mniSvnelobaTa velSi, romelic xasiaTdeba, rogorc `wuxili~, `datireba~, `simRera~, `sevdis simRera~, `reCitativi~, `sityva-simRera~. beladis datireba iazreba, rogorc verbaluri gamoxatva sayovelTao qaosisa, gmiri-beladis gardacvalebas rom mohyveba. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs daRupuli gmiris datirebis ori forma: 1. qalebis mier Catarebuli datirebis rituali, romelsac aqvs Civilis, wuxilis xasiaTi da romliTac aRiwereba qaosi, gmiris sikvdilis Semdeg rom dadgeba. 2. mamakacuri datireba, rogorc qaosis manifestacia, beladis xotba, misi gmirobebis aRwera, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ Surisgebis aRTqma. amasTanave, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, datirebis ena (magaliTad, Zvelgermanuli) monaTesavea epiuri poeziis enisa da dakavSirebulia maRali stilis zepirmetyvelebasTan, romelic sruldeba sazogadoebriv-mniSvnelovani ceremoniebisas. datirebis orive forma gvxdeba arqaul qarTul tradiciebSi. gmiris datireba mamakacis mier gvxvdeba naratul ZeglebSi, xolo qalis mier gmiris datirebia _ folklorul zepirspityvier tradiciaSi. rogorc naratuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, arsebobda specialuri instituti damtireblebisa, `mgosanni glovisani~, romelTa amocana datirebis gziT gmiris gandideba da SesaZlo qaosis dadgomis faqtze xazgasma iyo. leonti mrovelisaTvis miwerili qronikis im monakveTSi, romelic farsman qvels eZRvneba, moTxrobilia, rom sparselebma, veraferi daakles gmir mefes da ubralod mowamles igi (mzareulis mosyidvis gziT). Semdeg teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `maSin iqmna glova da tirili, da tyeba yovelTa qarTvelTa zeda, warCinebulTagan vidre glaxamde. da ityebdes yovelni Ta201 kaxa kacitaZe vsa TvisTa yovelTa Sina qalaqTa da dabnebTa, rameTu dasxdebian mgosanni glovisani, da Sekrbian yovelni da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa, da ityodian esreT: `vai Cuen, rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyveniT monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~ (qc 1958: 53). am framgmentze yuradReba jer kidev pavle ingoroyvam gaamaxvila (ingoroyva 19?: 259-269). is farsmanis datirebis teqsts arqaul originalad miiCnevda, ramac rig mkvlevarebSi skepticizmi gamoiwvia. Tumca, sruliad gaugebaria, rogor Seityo XI saukunis avtorma leonti mrovelma datirebis ritualis Sesaxeb, romelic sxva arqauli xalxebis datirebis ritualis zusti analogia. pirvel yovlisa, aRvniSnavT imas, rom farsmanis datirebis teqsti zustad jdeba arqauli datirebis teqstis zemoT moyvanil daxasiaTebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac (kidev erTxel gavimeorebT): `epikuri poeziisa da datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datirebis ritualisas did rols TamaSobs improvizireba mza formulebisa da standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~. farsman qvelis datirebaSi rom mogvepoveba sintaqsur-stilisturi da leqsikursemantikuri msgavseba epikur teqstebTan, eWvs gareSea (magaliTad, ritmuli prozis wyoba). aseve eWvs gareSea, rom farsmanis datirebis teqstSi gvxvdeba mza formulebi da standartuli sqemebi. erTaderTi saeWvo momenti improvizaciaa, magram misi arseboba an ararsebobaze SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT manam, sanam datirebis sxva analogiur teqsts ar davadgenT. farsman qvelis datireba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT aseve identuria arqauli gmiris datirebisa. aqac xazgasmulia gmiris siqveleni (`axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa~); amasTan `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ _ `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ tirilis teqstis mxolod bolo monakveTia uSualod citirebuli. rogorc zemoT iTqva, arqaul sazogadoebebSi gmiris datireba sam Tanmimdevrul etaps moicavda: 1) Sesavali; 2) varirebadi ZiriTadi teqsti; 3) damasrulebeli wamoZaxili, romelic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadioda. farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstis zusti citati Semonaxuli ar aris, magram datirebis ritualSi mis arsebobas calsaxad adasturebs fraza: `da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa~. cxadia, es moxsenieba teqstis ZiriTadi monakveTi unda yofiliyo. damasrulebeli wamoZaxilia: `vai Cuen, rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyveniT monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~. ubralo dakvirveba naTelyofs, rom aq teqstSi 202 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi aRmavali ritmul-semantikuri eskalacia mimdinareobs (`vai Cuen~-dan `miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~-mde). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es yvelaferi xdeba fonze, rodesac `ityebdes yovelni Tavsa TvisTa~, savsebiT logikuria vivaraudoT, rom msgavsad sxva arqauli datirebis ritualebisa, Cvens SemTxvevaSic datirebis dasasruli albaT xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadioda. datirebis teqstis morfologiis TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi, ris Sesaxebac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstis mixedviT ver vimsjelebT, aris sakiTxi _ hqonda Tu ara datirebas Sesavali nawili. teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia arqauli datirebis is Taviseburebac, rom misi adresati aris sazogadoebac (`vai Cuenda~) da Tavad micvalebulic, romlis siqvelesac esmeba xazi. aseve eWvs gareSea isic, rom datirebaSi xazgasmulia im qaosis dadgoma, romelic gmiris sikvdils mosdevs: `da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~. da bolos, SevexoT `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ instituts, anu pasuxi gavceT sakiTxs, mandilosnebi axorcielebdnen gmiri xelmwifis datirebis rituals Tu mamakacebi. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momxdari ambidan ramodenime saukunis Semdegac ki qalebi da mamakacebi gancalkevebiT sadilobdnen (rogorc es `SuSanikis wamebidan~ Cans) naTeli gaxdeba, rom gmiri mefis damtireblebi mamakacebi unda yofiliyvnen (Sdr. svanur zars). amrigad farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi Semonaxulia gmiri-mefis datirebis ritualisa da Sesabamisi teqstis iseTi momentebi, rogorebicaa: • gansakuTrebuli zepiri poeturi teqstis arseboba; • garkveul stereotipul formulebi; • datirebisas Jestebis arseboba (`ityebdes yovelni Tavsa Tavsa TvisTa~); • ZiriTadi teqsti da damasrulebeli wamoZaxilebi, romelic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadis; • datirebas ori adresanti hyavs: rogorc cocxalTa, ise micvalebulTa samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris siqvelis Sesaxeb; • datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri msgavseba epikuri poeziisTan; • datireba ara mxolod zaralis konstataciaa, aramed momavali qaosis konstatirebac, romelic sociumSi misi arsebobis garantis gardacvalebis Semdeg dadgeba. yovelive es amtkicebs, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxuli datirebis teqsti struqturulad praqtikulad im teqstebis identuria, romlebic skandinaviuri, kelturi da sxva masalis safuZvelzea rekonsturirebuli. es, sxvaTa Soris, garkveul safuZvels iZleva `qarTlis cxovrebis~ genezisis axleburi gagebisTvisac. 203 kaxa kacitaZe Tumca qarTul kulturaSi, saxeldobr folklorSi, moipoveba sxva teqstic, romelSic damtirebeli kaci ki ara qalia. es teqsti naratiul ki ara, zepirsityvierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. am teqstis Sesaxeb moviyvan vrcel amonawers z. kiknaZis wignidan `qarTuli miTologia~ avtors mohyavs datirebis teqsti da vrcel komentars ukeTebs mas: Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo, mTibelni gixarianRaeo? mTibel-mamyrisa sanayrodao dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo? bevrais jixvis gamgoresao, Tofsa xirimsa zidavRaeo? mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao, welsa frangulsa ibamRaeo? stumris bevrisa masamsaxursao, tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo? bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao, enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo? am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad aris aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba, romelTa aRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli. motirali saTiTaod CamoTvlis maT daRupulis cxedarTan Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad. da sagulisxmoa, rom yovelive amas saymo, TiToeuli moyme diacis piriT ismens. romc ar ganmeordes naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeWdavs maTi maxsovroba. SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspinZlobaSi, saymos TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadis cxovreba Sarmanaulisa. motirali Tavisi lakonurobiTa da amomwuraobiT arqetipul mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuri yofierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali, damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: dai tiris Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul erT sicocxleze, rogorc wuTissoflis dasasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs oriode TiTqosda umniSvnelo marcvali `Rae~ (kiknaZe 1996: 192). valhala anu sikvdili da sicocxle saiqioSi Tavidanve aRvniSnav: imas, rac arqauli azrovnebis SemTxvevaSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc `saiqio~, araferi aqvs saerTo am terminis gaazrebasTan monoTestur religiebSi. germanul da gansakuTrebiT keltur tradiciaSi 204 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi saiqio miRmuri, transcendenturi ram ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari paraleluri samyaro, romelic Cveni samyaros gverdiT arsebobs da garkveul wertilebSi kveTs kidec mas. aseTi wertili SeiZleba iyos ukacrieli sasaxle, mTa an borcvi, tbaze mdebare kunZuli da a.S. ramdenadac saiqio, ufro zustad, saiqioebi, paraleluri samyaros xasiaTs atarebs, sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom gmiri Cveni qveynidan saiqioSi moxvdes da Semdeg ukan moaxerxos dabruneba. marTalia, saiqio Cvens samyaros hgavs, magram garkveuli gansxvavebacaa. magaliTad, am pararelul samyaroebSi SeiZleba drois dineba Cvens samyarosTan SedarebiT aCqarebuli an Senelebuli iyos. qarTul tradiciaSi cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac saiqios sityvebs sapirispiro mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre saaqaos. magaliTad, `TefSebis damtvreva~ niSnavs TefSebis darecxvas. saiqios variantad qarTul tradiciaSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT qajeTic. aseTi saiqioebis, ufro zustad, parareluli samyaroebis Tema yvelaze ukeT keltur tradiciaSia ganviTarebuli. Tumca Tema imdenad CaxlarTulia, rom keltologebi dRemde davoben: uamravi paraleluri samyaro arsebobda keltebTan Tu erTi da yvela danarCeni am erTi sxvebismomcveli saiqios nawilebia. magram kelturi gadmocemebi paraleluri samyaroebis Sesaxeb praqtikulad ar Seicavs daRupuli samxedroebis samyoflisa da saiqioSi maTi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb informacias. amitom im informaciiT SemovifarglebiT, romelic SemorCenilia islandiur tradiciaSi, saxeldobr, `umcros edaSi~. snori sturlusonis am TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia valhalas anu im saiqios aRwera, sadac xvdebian daRupuli meomrebi. Tumca, sanam uSualod valhalas aRweraze gadavidodeT, SevexoT saerTod pararelul samyaroebs skandinavur, saxeldobr, islandiur tradiciaSi. daRupul meomarTaTvis gamiznuli mTavari saiqioa cnobili valhala, val-holl `micvalebulTa srasasaxle~. sivrcobrivad is arsebobs gladshaimis gverdiT, xolo droiTi TvalsazriT xasiaTdeba, rogorc dasabamiseuli, rogorc im epoqis produqti, rodesac `RmerTebi mxolod iwyebdnen dasaxlebas~. valhala xasiaTdeba, rogorc veli (vollr), saxli (rann), srasasaxle (salr). valhalas gaaCnia iseTi atributebic, rogorebicaa: farTe (vidr), brwyinvale oqrosi (gullbiartr). valhalasTan dakavSirebulni arian iseTi personaJebi, rogorebicaa: odini, iremi eiqTuTurniro, valkiriebi da a.S. meore saiqio xasiaTdeba, rogorc ukvdavTa samyaro (O-dains-akr). yvela, vinc iq midis, ganikurneba yovelgvari sneulebisagan, siberisgan da arasdros mokvdeba. oiumi – istorikos iordanes `getikaSi~ (goTebis istoriaSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc skviTeTSi arsebuli idealuri qveyana. igi garSemorty205 kaxa kacitaZe mulia WaobebiT da morevebiT, magram qveynis SigniT xvavi da baraqa sufevs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom iordanesTan erT-erTi paraleluri samyaro transformirda kvazirealur mxared iseve, rogorc imave avtorTan miTosuri asebi da vanebi transformirdnen kvazirealurad arsebul tomebad. Semdegi paraleluri samyaro iwodeba Folk-vangr-ad anu samxedro saZmos velad. es valhalis erTgvari variantia, oRond ufro dabali donisa. es fraias saufloa, sadac is odinTan erTad iyofs brZolebSi daRupul vaJkacTa naxevars (ra niSniT xdeba es dayofa ucnobia, magram savaraudoa, rom odins TavisTan valhalaSi saukeTeso mebrZolebi mihyavs, xolo danarCenebi samxedro saZmos velze xvdebian). es paraleluri samyaro zecaSia. Semdegi pozitiur saiqioebs, anu paralelur samyaroebs, Soris aris glas-heimr-i anu brwyinvalebis (sixarulis) samyaro. Zneli saTqmelia, valhalas nawilia igi, valhalis ubralo sinonimi Tu erTgvari miwieri valhala. glas haimri garedanac da Signidanac bajaRlo oqrosia. iq RmerTebma aRmarTes taZari, agreTve Tormeti samefo taxti odinisaTvis. Vingolf-i anu netarebis taZari, rogorc Cans, valhalis gare nawilia (valhalis gverdiTaa). `umcrosi eda~-s mixedviT: `da mas [odins] kidev ewodeba daRupulTa mama, vinaidan isini, vinc brZolaSi daiRupnen, misi Svilobilebi arian. da acxovrebs is mas valhalasa da vingolvSi da ewodebaT maT einheriebi~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 405). aq aRar SevexebiT sxva pozitiur paralelur samyarebs, sadac cxovroben ucodveli adamianebi, vinaidan maT daRupul meomrebTan, omTan da brZolebTan pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT. aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am naTeli saiqioebis garda, arsebobs bneli, negatiuri saiqioebi. maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoiyos hel-i (igive sityva dRevandel inglisurSi jojoxeTs niSnavs). es sityva erTdroulad aRniSnavs mkvdrebis samyarosac da am samyaros meufe goliaT qalsac. heli erTgvarad waagavs berZnul tartarozs. is samyaros centrSi mdebare ifan idrgasilis fesvebSia, CrdiloeTis mxares. Rrmad miwaSi. aq ZiriTadad arian adamianebi, romlebic siberiT an avadmyofobiT daixocnen (anu amgvari sikvdili codvad iTvleba brZolaSi daRupvasTan SedarebiT). iqve binadrobs mgel fenriris oreuli _ giganturi ZaRli harmi da mamali. jojoxeTuri paraleluri samyaros sxva nairsaxeobas warmoadgens nidhafioll-i sityvasityviT _ mTisqveSeTi, erTi sityviT, qveskneli. mis binadarTa Soris cnobilia Savi drakoni, romelsac frTebs Soris gvamebi hkidia. Cans am qvesknelis sinonimuri unda iyos, an masTan raRacnairad dakavSirebuli nidha-vellir-i velis qveSeTi, anu isev qveskneli. SesaZloa laparakia erTi da imave qvesknelis or lokusze, romelTagan erTi dablobebs qvemoTaa moTavsebuli, xolo meore _ mTebs qvemoT. velisqveSeTis qveskneli kvlav uka206 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi vSirdeba drakons. iq binadrobs juja sindri, agreTve micvalebulebic. es qvesknelic CrdiloeTiTaa moTavsebuli. Semdegi bneli paraleluri samyaroa nifl-heimri _ bneleTis qveyana, romelsac helTan igive damokidebuleba aqvs, rogorc olk-vangrs valhalasTan, anu bneleTis qveynis nawili misi identuria. isic msoflio ifnis fesvebs qvemoT aris da iqac siberiT an avadmyofobiT daxocilebi imyofebian. is dasabamiseulad arsebobs da masSi mudmivi sicive sufevs. misi meufec goliaTi helia. da bolos, am arcTu sasiamovno samyaroebis CamoTvla unda davamTavroT Niflhel-iT. is helis kidev ufro qvemoT mdebareobs da iq goliaTi vaftrudniri sufevs. mis Sesaxeb Zalian cota ramaa cnobili. rogorc Cans, iq iseTi negatiuri pirovnebebi xvdebian, romelTaTvis helSi yofnac ki arasakmarisi sasjelia. ase SeiZleba mokled davaxasiaToT saiqioebis Tu paraleluri samyaroebis nusxa skandinavur tradiciaSi. cnobilma rusma mkvlevarma t. toporovam gamowvlilviT ganixila es sakiTxi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom saboloo jamSi es samyaroebi or tipze daiyvaneba. erTi tipi ukavSirdeba iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa: `qveS~, `miwisqveS~ ,`CrdiloeTs~, siSaves, floris ararsebobas, iseT cxovelebs, rogorebicaa: gveli, drakoni, ZaRli, mgeli, mamali. es tipi agreTve ukavSirdeba sikvdils (brZolaSi ardaRupvis garda, sikvdilis TiTqmis yvela formas (siberiT sikvdilidan _ daxrCobamde), da bolos _ siRrmesa da siviwroves. paralelur samyaroTa meore tipi ukavSirdeba cas, samxreTs an aRmosavleTs, xeebs, mcenareebs, yvavilebs. mis faunas Citebi warmoadgenen. am tipis samyaro aris naTeli, manaTobeli an mwvane. is ukavSirdeba sicocxlesa da kosmosis ganaxlebas, agreTve sifarToves, sapirispirod pirveli tipis samyaroebis siviwrovisa. meore tipis samyarosagan yvelaze ukeT valhalaa cnobili, sadac, rogorc vTqviT, daRupul gmirTa sulebi sufeven. unda vifiqroT, rom pirveli tipis negatiur samyaroSi im daRupul arsebaTa sulebi sufeven, romlebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc antigmirebi. germanuli saiqioebis am mokle daxasiaTebis Semdeg gadavideT maTgan yvelaze cnobilze _ valhalaze. jer SevexoT imas, Tu rogor Seityo kacobriobam valhalaSi gabatonebuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze Semdegi gadmocema arsebobs: iyo Svedebis erTi mefe, saxelad gulvi. mas mudam ainteresebda, ratom arian asebi esoden Zlierebi. gulvi jadoqari iyo. erTxel moxucad gadaiqca da asebis samyoflis _ asgardisaken gaswia. magram arc asebi iyvnen gulubryviloebi. Seityves, rom gulvi maTTan modioda da xilva gaugzavnes. asebis samyofelTan misulma gulvim Tavi vinme ganglerad gaasaRa. gulvi-ganglerma qalaqSi (asgardSi) Sesvlisas uzarmazari sasaxle ixila da Semxvedrs sTxova, mis mepatronesTan mieyvanaT. sasaxleSi Sesulma samefo taxtebze mjdomi sami xelmwife dainaxa, 207 kaxa kacitaZe romlebic gaecvnen, rogorc `maRali~, `toladmaRali~ da `mesame~. rogorc monaTxrobidan Cans, samive sxvadasxva hipostasiT warmodgenili iyo odini. ganglerim moridebiT dauwyo maT sxvadasxva kiTxvebis micema. magaliTad, rogor warmoiSva samyaro, vin arian mTavari RmerTebi da a.S. bolos igi valhalis mowyobasac Seexo. qvemoT warmogidgenT im teqstis Tavisufal gadmocemas, valhalas rom exeba da Semonaxulia snori sturlusonis `umcrosi edas~ im monakveTSi, `gulvis xilvebi (zmanebebi)~ rom ewodeba (ramdenadac saqme Tavisufal gadmocemasTan gvaqvs zust citacias ar vaxdenT). maSin ityoda gangleri (anu gulvi): `Sen momiTxrob, rom samyaros dasabamis Jamidan yvela daRupuli axla valhalas odinTan sufeven. riT kvebavs maT odini? ras aWmevs? valhalaSi xom uamravi adamiani grovdeba?~. maSin ityoda maRali eseviTar: `marTals ambob. WeSmaritad mravali xalxia valhalas Tavmoyrili. da metic iqneba, Tumca odes mgeli mova (laparakia rignarekisas mgeli fenriris mosvlaze _ k.k.), mainc ukmarisni iqnebian. ramdeni mkvidric ar unda hyavdes valhalas, yvelas eyofa tax sehrinmiris CiCia. mas yovel dRe xarSaven, magram saRamosTvis kvlav mTelia. Seni kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, vatyob, rom cotani moiZebnebian iseTi brZenni, mTeli simarTle rom uwyodnen. andhrimniri hqvia mzareuls, xolo qvabs _ eldhrimniri. Tqmul ars: andhrimniri xarSavs sehrimnir-taxs eldhrimnirSi xorcifleska -s (germanuli Flasche) SesaniSnavs, mciredebma Tu ician riT ikvebebian einheriebi. maSin ikiTxa ganglerim: `da TviT odini, isic imasve Wams, rasac einheriebi“? maRali ambobs: `mTels saWmels, magidaze rom udgas, or mgels uyris. maT geri da freki hqviaT. ar sWirdeba odins araviTari saWmeli. Rvino _ ai misi saWmeli da sasmeli. iTqmeba: geris da frekis, kvebavs mebrZoli,, meomarTa mama; magram Tavad abjriT mbrwyinavi, mxolod Rvinos svams. 208 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi ori yorani uzis mxrebze da yurSi CasCurCuleben yovelives, rasac xedaven an esmiT. hugini da mugini hqviaT yvavebs. is diliT agzavnis yvavebs da isinic mTel msoflios moifrenen da sauzmisaTvis brundebian. maTgan igebs odini yovelives, rac qveynad xdeba, amitom mas yvavebis RmerTs uwodeben. iTqmeba: hugini da mugini mudam cargvals, frinaven dauRlelad, huginze vSiSob, muginze vSiSob, dabrundebian Tu ara´yvavebi!. maSin hkiTxa ganglerim: `aqvT einheriebs iseTi sasmeli, siuxviT rom ar Camouvardebodes maT saWmels? Tu mxolod wyals svamen? “ maRali pasuxobs: `ucnauria Seni SekiTxva. TiTqos yvelas mama (Alföðr) konungebs, iarlebs da didebulebs dahpatiJebs da wyals SesTavazebs! valhalas moxvedrilT WeSmaritad saukeTeso sasmelad moeCvenebodaT wyali, valhala ukeTes jildos rom ar sTavazobdes Wrilobebisa da sasikvdilo tanjvisaTvis. sxva rasme getyvi: Txa saxelad haidruni cxovrobs valhalaSi da Zovs igi im saxelovani xidan, leradi rom hqvia. Tafli, misi curidan rom moedineba, yoveldRe avsebs did gobs. imdeni Taflia, rom sakmarisia yvela einheriis dasaTrobad”. Tqva maSin ganglerim: `diax, arcTu mcire xeiria aseTi Txidan. saocari unda iyos xe, romlidanac foTlebs Zovs”. isev ganglerim Tqva: `saocar sagnebze momiyevi. ramxela unda iyos valhalis darbazni. albaT maT karebebTan adamianTa didi brboebi dganan. maSin upasuxa maRalma: `ratom ar mkiTxav, ramdeni karia valhalaSi da ramxelebi arian isini? odes Cems pasuxs gaigeb, ityvi, rom ucnauri iqneboda, Tu nebismieri Tavisi surviliT Sevidoda iq, an gamovidoda iqidan. Tumca, isic marTalia, rom iq Camojdoma iseve advilia, rogorc iq Sesvla. `grinmiris sityvebSi” daaxloebiT asea naTqvami: xuTi aseuli karebia, da kidev ormoci valhalaSi, WeSmaritad; rvaasi meomari gamova yoveli karebidan, mgelTan Sesarkineblad. 209 kaxa kacitaZe maSin Tqva ganglerim: `mravali adamiania valhalaSi. da marTla didi meufea odini, amxela jari rom emorCileba. riT erTobian einheriebi, rodesac ar ilxenen”? upasuxa maRalma: `yovel dRes, odes warmodgebian, saWurvels aisxamen da, rom gavlen darbazebidan, erTmaneTs sasikvdilod ebrZvian. esaa maTi garToba. odes sauzmis Jami dadgeba, ukan brundebian valhalaSi da nadims iwyeben. iTqmeba: einheriebi yvelani, marad ibrZvian odinis sasaxlesTan,, orTabrZolaSi ebmebian, amTavreben ra brZolas, mSvidad nadimoben. rogorc vxedavT, valhala marTlac arqauli epoqis, winasaxelmwifoebrivi samxedro saZmoebis cxovrebis maradiuli xatia. iq maradiulad grZeldeba is, rac moZmeTaTvis dedamiwaze sruldeba. da mTel am brZolebsa da nadimebs erTi meufe hyavs _ odini, romelic Tavis valhalel mxedrions arasodes aklebs saWmels, sasmelsa da brZolis Jins. arqauli RmerTebis aRsasruli istoriuli procesis dialeqtikas arqauli epoqa logikurad mihyavs dasasrulamde. am dasasruls mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, dawyebuli instituciuridan (Temebisa da saZmoebis transformireba saxelmwifoebad), damTavrebuli teqnoligiuriT (brinjaos Canacvleba rkiniT). Zvel aRmosavleTSi es procesi ufro adre xdeba da ZvelaRmosavluri tipis saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT sruldeba. igive procesi cota mogvianebiT xdeba antikurobaSic, saberZneTsa da romSi. wina planze saxelmwifos damkvidrebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT iwevs samxedro siqvele, xolo magiuri sawyisi ukana planze gadadis, TumcaRa sruladac ar qreba. principi _ `Samani meomarze Zlieria, magia samxedro siqveleze Zlieria~ _ warsuls bardeba. Cven uars vambobT am transformaciis dayvanaze mxolod erT, romelime faqtorze _ materialursa Tu sulierze. es iseTive umaduri saqmea, rogorc imis garkveva, kvercxi ufro adre gaCnda Tu qaTami. amis miuxedavad, Cven mier ganxiluli sakiTxisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia mcire eqskursi teqnologiis istoriis sferoSi. brinjao, brinjaos iaraRi organul kavSirSia ara 210 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi mxolod magiur mentalitetsa da Temur organizaciasTan, aramed garkveul `samrewvelo ciklTanac~. mcire socialur jgufad, Temad organizebuli sazogadoebis teqnologiuri cikli aseve SezRuduli iyo. teqnologiuri ciklis centrSi mWedeli idga, romelic viwro-lokaluri, Temuri Tu saZmoseuli interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda. es cikli organul kavSirSi iyo magiur msoflmxedvelobasTan da ukavSirdeboda gmirisaTvis iaraRis gamokvervas, razec amdeni visaubreT. rkinis etapis dadgoma gulisxmobs ara mxolod Temis Canacvlebas saxelmwifoTi, aramed rkinis teqnologiebis gavrcelebasac. es teqnologia kargavs magiur xasiaTs da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, gadadis industriul safuZvelze. saxelmwifo organizacia gulisxmobs rkinis iaraRis masobriv gavrcelebas, process, romelic mimdinareobs Temidan da saZmodan saxelmwifos Seqmnis paralelurad. rkinis gaCenasTan erTad, rasac saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis pirobebSi rkinis iaraRis gavrceleba mosdevs, iqmneba `masobrivi~ armiebi. es armiebi bevrad ufro racionaluri principebiT aris organizebuli, vidre magiur-Samanur msoflgancdaze damyarebuli da brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvili laSqari. amgvar armiaTa Setakebisas axali, heroikuli, rkinis eris SenaerTebi gamanadgurebel dartymebs ayeneben ara mxolod brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvil jarebs, aramed TviT magiur mosoflgancdas. aseTi gamarjvebis STambeWdavi aRwera moipoveba romael istorikos titus liviusTan, saxeldobr iq, sadac moTxrobilia romaelTa gamarjvebaze etruskebTan brZolaSi. titus liviusi wers: `Tavdapirvelad romaelebi damarcxdnen, vinaidan romael jariskacebs SeeSindaT qurumebisa, romlebic furiebis msgavsad CiraRdnebis qneviTa da gvelebiT xelSi modiodnen. romaelebi uwesrigod gaiqcnen TavianTi gamagrebebisaken. magram konsulebma, oficrebma da tribunebma jariskacebs dacinva dauwyes imis gamo, rom maT bavSvebiviT SeeSindaT am TvalTmaqcebisa. jariskacebs sircxvilma siTamame daubruna da Seuties im nivTebs, romlebmac isini gaaqcies (sainteresoa, rom romaelebi aq mters ki ara, nivTebs uteven _ k.k.). gafantes ra aCrdilebi, isini Tavs daesxnen namdvil mters, gaarRvies maTi dacvis xazi, xelT Caigdes uzarmazari nadavli da gamarjvebulni dabrudnen. TavianT SiSs isini uxeSi jariskaculi xumrobiT dascinodnen~ (maiani 1964: 320). Znelia ufro STambeWdavi aRwera imisa, Tu rogor daZlia rkinis xanis heroikam brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Samanur-magiuri msoflgancda, romelic samxedro siqveles ki ara, CiraRdnebis qnevasa da gvelebis trialiT Sesrulebuli ritualiT gamowveul SiSs emyareboda. etruskebi romaelebs aCrdilebad warmoudgebaT. aCrdili isaa, rac Tavs gviCvenebs sxvagvarad, vidre sinamdvileSia. mas Tan axlavs magiiT, Samanis mier warmoebuli brZoliT gamowveuli SiSi. am SiSis gamarjvebis erTaderTi saSua211 kaxa kacitaZe leba masze sicilia. amitom romaelebma gamarjveba maSin moipoves, rodesac sakuTar SiSze sicili daiwyes. titusis mier aRwerili romaelTa gamarjveba SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyo, vidre karTagenze gamarjveba, rasac pativcemuli liviusi aranakleb STambeWdavad aRwers. marTalia, punikur omebSi romaelebma antikuri xanis erT-erTi udidesi mxedarmTavris damarcxeba moaxerxes, magram etruskebze moTxrobili gamarjveba mainc ufro mniSvnelovania, rameTu aq romaelebma ara marto mterze, aramed sakuTar SiSebsa da stereotipebze gaimarjves da iqcnen imad, radac mTeli kacobrioba icnobs _ racionalurad warmarTuli omis geniosebad. titus liviusis aRwerili epizodi samxedro da politikuri istoriis sferoSi imasve asaxavs, rasac rkinis gamarjveba brinjaoze. amgvari gamarjvebis saintereso gadmocemas dResac inaxavs qarTuli ena, ufro zustad ki is sityvebi, omis warmoebas rom exeba. `brZola~ imave Ziris Semcvelia, romelic Semonaxulia sityvaSi `brZeni~. es ukanaskneli SemorCenilia mxolod sakuTriv qarTulSi _ enaSi, romelic rkinis xanis dadgomis Semdeg Cndeba. am sityvis dasabamiseul mniSvnelobas megruli inaxavs, sadac qarTul `brZ~-s Sesabameba ~burj~. megrulad `vuburjuanq~ niSnavs `veWidavebi~, `vebRlanZunebi~, `burjafi~ niSnavs bRlarZunsa da Widaobas, magram am semantikur velSi jdeba imave sityvis sawyisiseuli mniSvneloba, rac niSnavs `borgvas~ `SfoTvas~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs raRaciT Sepyrobas, normaluri mdgomareobidan gadaxvevas, erTi sityviT, transs. svanurSi igive Ziri isev da isev Widaobas, uwesrigo brZolas gulisxmobs (Sdr. sityva `borjRals~). amdenad, qarTuli borgva transis mniSvnelobis Semcvelia da es mniSvneloba mogvianebiT transfomirdeba brZenis, rogorc magiuri codnis, mflobelisad. sapirispirod amisa `Serkineba~, romelic mxolod qarTul enaSi moipoveba aRar Seicavs magiuri transis mniSvnelobas. is protoraindul Serkinebas, e.i. rkinis iaraRiT urTierTbrZolas gulisxmobs. marTalia, Tavad rkina SeiZleba davukavSiroT saerTo qarTvelur `rku~-s (rac imasve aRniSnavs, rasac `gawmenda~ da SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad igi madnis gawmendas, sxvagvarad, rkinis miRebas niSnavda). magram es arcaa arsebiTi. mTavari isaa, rom samxedro moqmedebaTa warmoeba magiur-Samanuri brZolidan rkinis iaraRiT SerkinebaSi gadaizarda. omi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, am droidan Cndeba. `zusti gageba~ jer kidev ar gulixmobs imas, TiTqos klauzevicis Tezisi omze, rogorc saxelmwifo politikis gagrZelebaze, ukve ZalaSi Sedis, Tumca aqeTken arsebiTi nabiji idgmeba, gansakuTrebiT antikuri epoqis dasasruls. omi, rogorc kacobriobis saqmianobis Tvisebrivad axali (arqaulTan SedarebiT), instituti im gagebiT Cndeba, rom saxelmwifos gacilebiT ufro meti resursi gaaCnia omis warmarTvisaTvis, vidre Tems, saZmos, anda erTi konkretuli miznisaTvis 212 epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi Seqmnil saZmoebis koalicias. saxelmwifos Seqmnas axali mentalobis Seqmna mosdevs, romlis pirobebSic icvleba mTlianad samyarosa da, maSasadame, omis aRqmac. Zireulad icvleba omis warmoebis wesic, Tumca es gaqroba hegeliseul moxsna-Senaxvis xasiaTs atarebs da gamqrali msoflmxedvelobis rigi elementebi transformirebuli saxiT agrZelebs arsebobas. saxelmwifos dabadebasTan erTad arqauli omis RvTaebebis aRsasrulic dgeba. es aRsasruli mxolod nawilobriv hgavs skandinaviur rognareks, romelsac am wignSi didi adgili davuTmeT. RmerTebis aRsasruls axali wesrigis damyareba mosdevs. es araa im wesrigis ubralo aRdgena, romlis dangrevac mgel fenriris Tavis awyvetiT iwyeba. axali wesrigi saxelmwifos saxes iRebs, romlis mobinadrenic omis sxvagvar gagebas emyarebian, vidre meTemeni an moZmeni. Tumca, amgvari gagebis kvleva omis arsis aRqmisadmi miZRvnili sxva naSromebis sagania. damowmebani: ingoroyva (1978): kacitaZe 2006: ingoroyva p. TxzulebaTa krebuli. tomi IV. Tb.: 1978 kacitaZe k. strategiis safuZvlebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `cisartyela~, 2006. kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia. quTaisi: 1996. maiani 1964: Маяни З. Этруски начинают говорить. М.: 1964 narTebi 1988: narTebi. cxinvali: 1988. roleston 2004: Роллестон Т. Мифы, легенды и предания кельтов. М.: 2004. qc 1958: qarTlis cxovreba. t. I, Tb.: 1958. warmodgenebi... 2002:Представления о смерти и локализация иного мира у древних кельтов и германцев. М.: 2002. Kakha Katsitadze The Death of the Epic Hero and Some Aspects of the War Perception in Archaic Culture The type of researches that can be called military-culturological is developing intensively in the Western countries and studies in what way the phenomenon, known as war, is perceived in each seperate culture. M. Osovskaya’s, R. Kardin’s and others’ works opened totally different perspectives towards this direction. In the given article, concerning military-culturological theme, we will discuss one of the most actual and dramatic moment of the archaic perception of war – a range of aspects connected with the death of a heroleader. 213 kaxa kacitaZe Every culture has its own idea about death and afterlife. Narrative tradition based on folklore about the afterlife, which has reached us, was created in the circle of military aristocracy, or was meant for them and reflected their ideas about death. Here was highlighted such kind of life and death which turned the person hero and would make him famous for centuries. Such heroes as Kuhulin or Achilleus, from the very beginning chose short life filled with fame. Such kind of life does not only bring fame in this world, but is also accompanied by privileges in the afterlife. It was a logical choice, if we take into consideration how the military aristocracy understood life, death and afterlife. The article deals with with the following topics concerning the death of an epic heroleader: sign warning about death, meeting with a double, as a sign alerting death, breaking taboos, verbal fortunetelling, enchantment, logic of hero’s death, mourning over the hero, perception about afterlife and death of archaic Gods. The logic of the hero’s death is emphasised in the article. The hero’s death is not only a simple justification of fortunetelling, consequence of taboo breaking or a fact following the death telling sign. The death, at the same time, is a necessary condition for heroization of protagonist as this death is accompanied by violation of rules. Moreover, with the help of this act, heroes compensate their past actions (we should recollect that the heroes of archaic times, are not saints). On the one hand, the hero’s death unites the whole plot, it accompanies it as a lightmotif and on the other hand, unites this same plot as a logical ending. Therefore, heroization of a protagonist with the help of death is important, and not the heroic death. Moreover, the character may not die heroicaly at all, for example Sigurd or hero of Ossati, Soslan. The way pre-state society understood the phenmenon of war is discussed on the example of hero’s death. Cultural-ritual aspects of war perception and the difference detween past and today’s perception of war is outlined.In the article it is concluded how new tradition, established simultaneously with thefoundation of State defeats old, pre-State approach. 214 debiuti marine germisaSvili qarTuli dramaturgiis saTaveebTan originaluri qarTuli dramaturgia komediis JanriT iwyeba. g. erisTavis, z. antonovis, a. cagarelis da sxvaTa piesebi umetesad swored am Janrs ganekuTvneboda. Sesabamisad, qarTuli drmaturgiis istoriaSi komedias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs. iona meunargia wers: `komedia da sazogadod drama yovelgvar literaturul Txuzulebaze ufro Znelia dasawerad. TviT sagani amrig TxuzulebaTa aris Zneli da miuvali. es is uxilavi, ucnobi da ganuzomeli adamianis sulia, romlis siRrmeSic unda CaeSvas dramaturgi da uTvalyuros yovelgvar sulis moZraobas, yovelgvar mis survils da ganzraxvas. ...sakuTrad komedia imgvar wvrilmans, umsgavsos da umniSvnelo moqmed pirebs iRebs Tavisda Sinaarsad, romelTa survili da saqcieli imdenad damaxinjebulni arian, rom uneblied sicils autexen kacs. komediis mwerlis samkali sul yvelgan aris, saca sulels Tavisi Tavi filosofosad miaCnia, saca uRirsi pirvelobas Cemobs, saca ubralo SemTxvevas didi mniSvneloba eZleva, saca aris farisevloba, Tavismoyvareoba, angareba, Suri, zakva. amisTana mdidari SinaarsiT komediis mwerali sxvadasxvagvarad sargeblobs. zogi imgvar komediebs wers, romelSiac sazogado naklulevaneba aris gamoxatuli mTeli kacobriobisa; zogi komediis Sinaarsad mxolod erTi romelisame eris naklulevanobas iRebs; zogi ki mxolod erTi romelisame sazogadoebis zneobiT simaxinjes~. (meunargia 1954: 283-285.) komediis zegavlena yovelTvis sicilia, xSirad cremlnarevi sicili, rogorc amas akaki aRniSnavs. ,,mayurebeli dascinis moqmedi piris sasacilo mdgomareobas, romeSliac Tavisi ararobiT TviTon gaiba Tavi. am sicils xandaxan Sebralebis grZnobac emateba, Tu komediis gmiri bedisagan itanjeba. komediis sicili sxvanairi sicilia. es sicili gamowveuli unda iyos komediaSi gamoyvanil pirTa mdgomareobiT. es ubralo sicili rodia, es dacinvaa. … xolo am sicilsa da dacinvaSi avtoris dedaaazri yvelagan naTlad unda moCandes, ufro naTels unda hfendes sasacilo sagnebs, maSin komedia sasargeblo da Wkuis maswavlebeli, zneobis Tu patiosnebis damcveli da sworis maCvenebelia~ (gunia 1889: 47,76). cnobilia, rom bevri komedia sxvadasxvagvaria: xasiaTis komedia, zneobis komedia, intrigis komedia da 215 marine germisaSvili sxv. aqedan upiratesoba eZleva xasiaTis komediebs da saukeTeso komediografebic _ minandre, plavtusi, molieri adamianTa sazogado naklovanebebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. giorgi erisTavis dramaturgiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili sworedac rom zneobis komediebs ekuTvnis. ,,giorgi erisTavis komediis Sinaarsi Cveni eris naklulevanebaa. es naklulevaneba aris amaoTmorwmuneoba, daudevroba, uqmad dros gatareba, Zmisa ar gankiTxva, SeZlebazed gardametebulis xarjva, valis siyvaruli, baqiaoba, sizarmace, da sxv. poeti gamovida samwerlo asparezze im dros, roca suyvela es naklulevaneba hqonda Cvens sazogadoebas da Rirseba ki TiTqmis araviTari, garda vaJkacobisa da rainduli xasiaTisa. amgvari usulo da uazro sazogadoeba dacemuli sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac fexze dayeneba sWiroda. … Cvens droSi es didi vali komediam ikisra. qarTveli eris warmatebiT suldgmulma axalgazrda giorgim yovelgvari misi naklulevaneba xelze daixvia da ise xelovnurad gamosaxa es naklulevaneba, ise dascina mas, ise uwyalod hgvema, rom SemdgomSi, rodesac sazogadoebam dainaxa misi komediebi TeatrSi, xalxma TavisTavi icno, dacinvam Tavisi keTili Sedegi moitana da sazogadoeba ramdenadac iyo gamofxizlda. bevrs Tavis naklulevanebas Tavi aaSora komediis SurduliT dawylulebulma gmirma~ (meunargia 1954: 291). volteric amasve adasturebs da ambobs, rom komedia iseTi xelovnebaa, romelic keTil zneobas aswavlis kacsao. amave azris gansamtkiceblad da gasafarToeblad sergei mesxsac moviSveliebT: ,,imisTvis, rom komedias keTili zemoqmedeba hqondes sazogadoebaze, saWiroa < ... > esmodes misi mniSvneloba. Tu sazogadoeba komedias marto imisTvis uyurebs, rom icinos da ar iswavlos, maSin komediis warmodgena amisTana sazogadoebisTvis srulebiT unayofo iqneba~ (mesxi 1953: 120). aki iliac brZanebs: ,,didi komediis Seqmna cxovrebis, adamianTa urTierTobis Rrma codnas, gansakuTrebul niWs da iSviaT mxatvrul ostatobas moiTxovs. molieri azriT, komediis amocana sazogadod adamianuri da umTavresad ki Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebaTa gamoxatvaa. komedoigrafis gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba isaa, rom komikuri situaciis fonze man Seqmna tipiuri saxeebi tipiur garemoebebSi. mis komediebSi sicili, rogorc mZafri satira, Zlieri saSualebaa adamianTa zneobrivi aRzrdisaTvis. igi axlos icnobda rogorc dabali, aseve maRali sazogadoebis cxovrebas. moliers uyvarda Tqma: `me viReb sikeTes yvelgan, sadac ki mas vnaxulob~. Tumca miseuli xalxuroba mogvianebiT uaryofiTad Seafases ganamanaTleblebma, magram verc mis genias uaryofdnen. swored am esTetikur principebze Seiqmna piesebi: `tartiufi anu muzmuzela~, `don Juani anu qvis stumari~, `mizanTrofi~, `sasacilo pranWia qalebi~, `Zalad eqimi~, `JorJ dandeni anu gasulelebuli qmari~, `Zunwi~, 216 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi `gaaznaurebuli mdabio~, `skapenis cuRlutoba~, `eWviT avadmyofi~, `colis SerTvevineba~, `siyvaruli mkurnalobs~, `sicilieli anu siyvaruli mxatvrobs~, `sganareli anu qmari romelsac hgonia coli mRalatobso~, `Cinebuli sasiZo~ da sxva. yvela zemoT xsenebuli komedia, qarTulad iTargmna da TiTqmis yvela daidga kidevac qarTul scenaze. ,,adamianebi komediaSi unda iqnan warmodgenilni, rogorc isini sinamdvileSi arian, ise rom moqmed pirebSi SeiZlebodes Cveni sazogadoebis danaxva. Tu wesebi amas xels uwyobs, xom kargi, Tu ara da maSin maT yuradRebas nu miaqcevT~ _ es iyo molieris komediebis mTavari principi. safrangeTSi klasicizmis komedias miznad dausaxes, `gamovasworoT siciliT zne-Cveuleba~ da namdvili komediac xom mTeli Tavisi siuJetebiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic miznad isaxavs sagnebi da movlenebi asaxos ise, rogoradac arseboben sinamdvileSi. es ki relizmis ZiriTadi principia. erisTavis komediebic am principzea agebuli. ,,igi kritikulad Sexvda Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas,socialur yofas da mogvca am yofis Seulamazebeli suraTebi~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 154). im evropel dramaturgTa Soris, romelTac gamorCeuli roli Seasrules qarTuli komediuri Janrebis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia molieri. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom giorgi erisTavis dramaturgia upirvelesad davalebulia molierisagan da rom axali qarTuli Teatris daarsebis meore welsve (1852) mis repertuarSi molieris piesam _ `Zalad eqimi~ _ daikava adgili. molieris komediebis Temebi, satira, xalxuroba, realuri sinamdvilis asaxva, da sazogadoebis mankieri mxareebis mxileba axlos iyo qarTuli realisturi mwerlobis mizanTan. molieris Semoqmedebis gacnoba da gaTaviseba, XIX saukunis qarTulfrangul literaturul urTierTobaTa erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenaa. “qarTvelobaSi arc erT ucxo mwerali ise cnobili ar aris, rogorc molieri” aRniSnavda aleqsandre sarajiSvilis (sarajiSvilis xelnaweri: 372-g-1:1). molieris piesebis Targmna XIX s.-is 50-ian wlebSi iwyeba. frangi komediografis piesebs Targmnidnen: dimitri yifiani, giorgi TumaniSvili, akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, kote mesxi, elene lorTqifaniZe da sxv. ,,kriJangi~ /”L’ avare”/ 1668 wels molierma dadga Tavis TeatrSi. komedia `Zunwi~ qarTulad iTargmna peterburgis universitetis studentTa jgufis mier 1879 w. ivane maCablis redaqciiT. studentTa am jgufidan cnobilia vasil maCabeli. Targmani ar aris srulyofili. bevri adgili gamotovebulia. enobrivadac Wrelia, rac, savaraudod, gamowveuli unda iyos Targman217 marine germisaSvili ze ramdenime piris muSaobiT. gamotovebuli adgilebi Targmnilia ir. qavJaraZis mier. Jurnal `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul am Targmans axlavs minaweri _ ,,es komedia gadaTargmnil iqmna franciulis enidam peterburgis qarTveli studentobisgan (iveria 1884:); gamoqveynebulia ,,arvicaSvilis anonimuri xelmoweriT, 1897 wlis 18 dekembers, TbilisSi, artist gedevanovis sabenefisod~ (iveria 1897:). `Zunwi~. komedia ,,Zunwi’’pirvelad warmoadgines TbilisSi e.w. TamamSevis TeatrSi. 1852 wlis 18 \ 30 - ianvars, Tavad avtoris xelmZRvanelobiT. am komediis avtografi, ar aris daculi. igi pirvelad calke wignad gamosca TviT giorgi erisTavma da 1852 wels dabeWda sakuTar stambaSi. gamocemis gare ydaze vkiTxulobT: ,,Zunwi~, komedia 2-s moqmedebaSi, Txzuleba T. giorg. erisTavisa. stambasa Sina T.g.eri~. 1879 wlis 5/17 dekembers dadges g. erisTavis komedia `Zunwi~ 1880 wlis 14/26 marts imave komedias kvlav gamoexmaura `droeba~ da recenziaSi vkiTxulobT: `v. abaSiZe Zunwis (karapetas) rolSi iseTive niWieri da xelovnuri iyo Tu ukeTesi ara, rogorc adre. es Cinebuli moTamaSe srulebiT samasxarod da sasacilod ar warmoadgens Zunws. siZunwe TiTqo avadmyofobad, Zvalsa da rbilSi vnebad gardaqcevia da amis gamo imis xasiaTSi v. abaSiZis TamaSiT sasacilo mxareebi ki ara, ufro dasafiqrebeli mxareebi ixateba~(droeba 1880: #61). piesis msvlelobisas mayurebeli yovelTvis daZabuli iyo, radgan mnaxveli zizRiT Sehyurebda siZunwis mankiT daavadebul adamians, da Tu gaicinebda, es iyo ara mxiaruli, udardeli sicili, aramed mwuxarebis amomnTxevi, is, razedac akaki wereTelma Tqva: `vin ra icis rom sicili zogjer cremlze mwareao~ (gersamia 1943: 43). vaso abaSiZeze wignis Semqmneli agrZelebs: `Zunwis Tema ar aris erTi romelime mwerlis kuTvnileba. Zunwoba Zveli, saerTaSoriso da maradiuli Temaa. am Temaze mravalma mweralma Seqmna nawarmoebi: plavti, Seq spiri, molieri, larivei buaroberi, bualo, puSkini, gogoli, balzaki, gi de mopasani,saSa gitri,rober buassi,fernan reino, eJeni Saveti da bevri sxvani. < ... > Zunwoba es adamianis udidesi socialuri mankia.… Zunwi adamiani sulierad daavadebuls mogagonebT, mis cxovrebasa da moqmedebaSi bevri ram aris sasacilo, Zunwi adamiani saerTod aravis ebraleba. amas yovelives Zunwi TviTonac kargad grZnobs, magram am seniT Sepyrobils Tavis gankurna ar SeuZlia... amnairad Zunwoba adamianisaTvis tragediaa. da mwerlebi Tu maT sulier ganwyobilebas umTavresad tragikomediul formebSi xsnian, es imisaTvis, rom dacinvis saSualebiT ufro advilia am senis mxileba da gakilva. Zunwebi <…... > yvela epoqaSi iyvnen. isini Tavis saerTo xasiaTiT _ siZunwiT yvelani erTmaneTs gvanan, magram vinaidan yoveli maTgani Tavisi qveynis da konkretuli epoqis Svilia, ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri 218 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi da politikur pirobebSi aRzrdili, amitom calkeuli maTganis moqmedebas Tavis qveynis Tavisebureba, zne-Cveuleba axasiaTebs, radgan mis wiaRSi uxdeba cxovreba-moqmedeba~ (gersamia 1943: 46, 47). siZunwis Temaze antikur saberZneTSic werdnen komediebs. maT Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, Tumca cnobilia Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba `Zunwis~ Sesaxeb: Zunwi dRe da Rame RmerTs evedreboda, bevri oqro moeca. RmerTma Seusrula survili. Zunwi rasac xels Seaxebda, TviT saWmelsac ki, yvelaferi oqrod iqceoda. sabolood Zunwi SimSiliT mokvda. evklioni, harpagoni, Zunwi baroni, Seiloki, gobseki _ siZunwis sinonimebia. Zunwis mxatvrul damuSavebaSi pirveloba ekuTvnis Zvel berZen mwerals Teofrastes, xolo romaeli plavtusis komediis ,,Ulularias~ siuJetiT TviT moliermac isargebla. rogorc yoveli Zunwi, plavtusis evklionic Civis Tavis siRaribes. mosamsaxure strobili ambobs, rom evklionis saxli `savsea sicarieliT da obobas qseliT~. rogorc Raribi, daxmarebasac ki Rebulobs sazogadoebrivi saSualebebidan. igi imdenad Zunwia, rom dalaqis mier moWrili frCxilebic ki Sin moaqvs, msaxurebs sayvedurobs, rom anTebuli Rumelidan boli gareT gadis da ikargeba, enaneba piris dabanisas daRvrili wyali da RamiT saxeze ifarebs, rom amonasunTqi haeric ar daekargos. evklions ganZi ki miwaSi aqvs dafluli. dRe da Ram masze fiqrobs, eWvi klavs da eCveneba rom mamalic ki, miwis gaCxrekisas, mis ganZsa Txris. mdidar mezobel megadorsac Raribi hgonia evklioni. mas surs evklionis qaliSvilis _ fedras, colad SerTva. evklioni, rodesac rwmundeba, rom mziTevs ar mosTxoven, Tanxmdeba megadorisaTvis qaliSvilis miTxovebas. iwyeba saqorwino mzadeba da am dros megadoris moxerxebuli msaxuris _ strobilis droc dgeba, romelic ganZs hparavs evklions... iwyeba Zunwis tanjva: me davikarge! me daviRupe! me mkvdari var! ox, sad gaviqce da sad ar gaviqce? gaCerdi, daiWire! vin? vis! me ar vici, ver vxedav, me brma var, magram sad wavide? sad var me! vin var me! ar maqvs gagebis unari! momexmareT, gevedrebiT! maCveneT is, vinc is moitaca! ra Tqvi Sen, me mzad var Tqven dagijeroT. saxeze getyobaT, kargi adamiani xarT! es ra aris? Tqven iciT! Tqven yvelas gicnobT. ar meeWveba, rom umravlesi TqvenTagani qurdia... (gaCeCilaZe 1957: ) 219 marine germisaSvili komediis bolo nawili dakargulia. mkvlevarTa azriT, piesa ase unda sruldebodes: ganZi ubrundeba Zunws. gaxarebuli evklioni Tavis qaliSvils mis sasurvel likonids miaTxovebs, ganZs, romelmac aseTi satanjvelSi Caagdo, mziTvad atans fedras. plavtusma didi gavlena moaxdina evropis komediografiis ganviTarebaze. misi gavleniT Seiqmna komedia `Dell’ arte~ (`niRbebis komedia~), romelmac Seqmna trabaxa meomrisa da moxerxebuli msaxuris niRbebi. ra aqvT saerTo plavtusisa da erisTavis komediebs? ruseTSi plavtusiT daintereseba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. am dros Targmnili iyo misi mxolod erTi komedia `tyveebi~. SesaZlebelia giorgi erisTavi ar icnobda am komedias. yovel SemTxvevaSi, plavtusis gavlenaze SesaZloa gaWirdes saubari da Tu komediebi _ `ganZi~ da `Zunwi~ _ moqmedebaTa zogierT situaciaSi erTmaneTs hgavs, savaraudod imitom, rom molieris komedia `Zunwi~, romlis gavleniTac dawera g. erisTavma Tavisi komedia, Seqmnilia plavtusis `ganZis~ mibaZviT. sagulisxmoa, rom siZunwe _ plavtusma, molierma da erisTavma komediis JanriT gadmogvces, puSkinma ki _ tragediis. puSkinis `Zunwi raindi~ tragediaa. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri baronis siZunwis raindia. alberi ase gadmogvcems Tavisi mamis baronis siZunwes: ara! mamaCems arc megobrad da arc msaxurad ar miaCnia igi,misTvis kerpia fuli. emsaxureba mas TviTonve,da mere rogor? rogorc uxamsi mona,rogorc jaWvze dabmuli nagazi. aki zamTar-zafxul Tavis xuxulas ara Sordeba.xmel purze da wyalze gadadis. Tvals ar xuWavs mTeli Rame.yefs da wrialebs. zandukebSi ki udrtvinvelad sZinavT oqroebs...’ (puSkini : 522) Tavad baronis damokidebuleba ganZisadmi amgvaria: viT qarafSuta axalgazrda elis paemans memruSe qalTan, an cru sityviT dabmul diacTan, da suli misdis, egreve mec sulmouTmenlad am wuTs velodi mTeli kvira, sanam idumal Cems saganZurSi am zandukebs ar movakiTxe. sviani dRe maqvs... (puSkini : 525) 220 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi amave monologSi baroni Cumad loculobs oqroTi savse skivrTan. aseTi scena ar aris arc plavtusis `ganZSi~ da arc molieris `ZunwSi~, erisTavis Zunw-karapetas monologi skivrSi Camalul oqroebTan hgavs puSkiniseuli Zunw-baronis aRniSnul monologs. es ori Txzulebac mxolod amiT hgavs erTmaneTs. puSkinis ,,Zunwi raindi~ leqsad dawerili tragediaa, g. erisTavis `Zunwi~ ki _ komedia. pirvelis mTavari personaJi _ baroni raindia, meorisa _ mevaxSe vaWari. g. erisTavis `Zunwi~, molieris imave saxeldebis komediis gavleniTa Cans Seqmnili ise da imgvaradve, rogorc molierma SeTxza Tavisi `Zunwi~ plavtusis `ganZis~ zegavleniT. xolod eg aris, rom plavtusis `ganZis~ gavlena ufro Zlieria molieriseul `Zunwze~, radgan `ganZidan~ moliers nasesxebi aqvs Tema, tipaJi, da zogierTi adgilic ki. harpagonis siZunwiT aRSfoTebuli mzareul Jakis naTqvamSi TvalnaTlivaa warmoCenili harpagonis seni: ,,erTs mougonia, rom Tqven TviTon SemoparulxarT erT Rames Tqvensave TavlaSi, Tqvenve Tqvenisave cxenisTvis qeris moparva gdomebiaT, magram mejinibes mouswvrixarT bnelaSi da imdeni urtyams, rom sul zurgidan tyavi auZvria, magram sircxviliT xma ver amogiRiaT. meores mougonia, viTom Tqven biWebs gangeb ujavrdebiT da eCxubebiT vadis gasvlis dros, rom jamagiri Tqven SegrCeT. mesame ambobs, rom Tqveni mezoblis kataze saCivari SegitaniaT, cxvris dumis nagleji momparao; raRa bevri gavagrZeloT, batono, erTi sityviT, yvelgan Tqveni lanZRva ismis. yvela Tqven yofilxarT: Zunwi, wuwkic, qecianic, laCaric...~ (molieri 1937: 164) plavtusis komediisdarad, aqac gamoyvanilia moxerxebuli msaxuris tipi. es aris Seyvarebulebis gansacdelisagan gamomxsneli lafleSi (frang. isari), romelic miwaSi didi simdidris gadammalav Zunw harpagons oqroTi savse skivrs hparavs. Zunwi itanjeba da Tavzardacemuli gahyviris: `daviRupe! gamcarcves, yeli gamomWres! vin iqneboda? rogor movnaxo? saiT wavide, saiT ara? aq xom ar iqneba? vin icis, iqneb aqvea! dadeq, dadeq! (waivlebs xels mklavze) fulebi, Cemi fulebi damibrune meTqi! vaime! es xom me var! Wkua ameria. ar vici, sad var, vina var, ras vSvrebi? vai, Cemo sayvarelo fulebo! vai, Cemo erTgulo megobaro! wamarTves Seni Tavi! (molieri 1937: 519) harpagonisave monologis gavleniT unda iyos Seqmnili karapetas moTqmis scena: `vai, miSveleT! yaraul! qurdebi! policmeister! Cestis aficer! sad aris Cemi qurdi, vin mompareT?! geTayva, miTxariT... Tavs davixrCob, wyalSi gadavvardebi! ara... ho, movklav Cemi qurdi~ (erisTavi : 210). amasve gvidasturebs kritikosis sityvebi: ,,es qarTul sinamdvilesTan Sefardebuli harpagonis monologia, qarTul realobasTan Sezavebuli da Sesisxorcebuli. TviT harpagonis monologi ki plavtusis evkilionis monologis gavleniT aris Seqmnili~ (gaCeCilaZe : 265). 221 marine germisaSvili erisTaviseuli `Zunwis~ siuJeti, molierisagan gansxvavebiT, martivia. mevaxSe karapetas qaliSvili xamfera uyvars Tavad arCil Raznels, mas surs xamferas colad SerTva. karapeta ar aZlevs SeuRlebis nebas im mosazrebiT, rom `maT fuli ara aqvs~. paralelurad, Zalze mkrTalad, piesaSi mocemulia mosamsaxure imereli biWis ivanikas da mosamsaxure gogo monavardisas siyvaruli. ivanikas rCeviT karapetas mohparaven oqroTi saves yuTs da manamde ar ubruneben, vidre karapeta arCilisa da xamferas qorwinebas ar daTanxmdeba. molieris `Zunwis~ siuJeturi ganviTareba ufro rTulia, vidre erisTavisa. mxolod sailustraciod vityviT, rom pirveli _ xuTi moqmedebisagan Sedgeba, meore ki _ ori; pirvelSi 15 moqmedi piria, meoreSi _ 7. cnobilia, rom me-17 _ 18 ss. -Si saqarTveloSi yuradReba gaamaxviles upirvelesad klasicistur nimuSze. XIX s. -is I naxevarSi iTargmna volteri, korneli, rasini, ruso, lafontenis igav-arakebi da sxv. Tumca arcerTi ar yofila warmodgenili erisTavis TeatrSi; savaraudoa, rom klasicisturi tragediebi ar iyo srul TanxmierebaSi erisTavis realisturi Teatris esTetikasTan. molieri werda: `komediis amocanaa _ gamoxatos adamianuri mankierebani saerTod da umTavresad Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebani~. swored amitom unda yofiliyo, rom giorgi erisTavma qarTuli sinamdvilis srulfasovnad warmosaCenad komediis Janrs mimarTa; da radgan komedia ucxo xili iyo qarTuli kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis, ukeT aRqmis mizniT, qarTvelma komediografma rTuli kompozicia, intrigebi da moqmed gmirTa raodenobac ki _ gaamartiva. jer���������������������������������������������������������������� kidev���������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������� Zvel����������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������� saberZneTSi����������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� , aristofanes���������������������������� ��������������������������������������� komediebSi����������������� ��������������������������� , gvxvdeba������� ��������������� msaxu������ ris niRabi. menandres komediaSi monebi ukve batonebis samijnuro saqmeebs akvaraxWineben. romaul komediaSi, saxeldobr plavtiusis ,,ganZSi~, mona, batonis ganZis qurdi _ strobili, ukve komediis intrigis mTavari RerZia; Sua saukuneebis farsSi ki ukve gaiZvera msaxurad gardaisaxa da aseTia igi, Tundac ariostos ,,skivris komediasa~ da makiavelis `mandragoraSi~. es udevs safuZvlad msaxuris yvelaze srulyofil saxeebs _ arlekins, brigelas, servetas da sxva; swored isini qmnian intrigsac da misi damagvirgvinebelnic isini arian. molieris wyalobiT msaxuris mniSvneloba ufro gaizarda da moralurad batonebze maRlac ki aRmoCnda. molieris lafleSi, skapeni, kovieli da sganareli da bomarSes figaro am niRbis ukvdavi tipebi arian, romelTa mibaZviT mravali eris literatura gamdidrda msgavsi saxeebiT. rac Seexeba qarTuli ,,msaxuris~ niRabs erisTavisave komediebSi, pirvelad igi imereli ivanikas saxiT Semovida. ise rogorc molieris lafleSi, ivanikac yvelaze moxerxebulia. Zunwi 222 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi karapetas modreka mxolod ivanikam SeZlo. eSmakobiT Tavisi Canafiqric ganaxorciela���������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������� da������������������������������������������������������� , ����������������������������������������������������� karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad,��������������� �������������� arCili�������� ������� da����� ���� xamfera daaqorwina. ivanika, gamocdilebiTa da fantaziis mravalferovnebiT, molieris `cuRlutebis mefes~ _ skapens ver Seedreba, magram eSmakobiT maT namdvilad ar Camouvardeba. moliersa da erisTavs aqvT saerTo siuJeturi adgilebic, orive komediaSi mosamsaxureni _ lafleSi da imereli ivanika, TavianT patronebs oqroTi savse yuTs hparaven da swored es aris orive komediis intrigis sayrdeni. es kombinacia aZlevs Seyvarebulebs SeuRlebis saSualebas. molieris kidev erTi scenis msgavsia, saca imereli ,,skapeni~ _ ivanika, uxsnis arCils Tu rogor unda daumalon karapetas fuli da rogor unda mohgvaron `axundi~ kenWebis Sesalocad. giorgi erisTavis `Zunwis~ msgavsebas molieris `ZunwTan~ ganapirobebs is rom, orive nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmiri siZunwis gamo erTnairad `damwvar dadagulni arian~. maTi es Tviseba sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciiTaa gaSlili. harpagoni ambobs: `fuli Cemi sisxl-xorci Cemi gulRviZliao~. mas Tavis ojaxSi sastiki, autaneli reJimi aqvs damyarebuli da yvelas gamudmebiT CasCiCinebs: `aveji bevri ar xexoT, gacvdeba~, `nuravis daalevinebT Rvinos, sanam ramdenjerme ar moiTxovs~, `axal tansacmels xSirad nu CaicvamT, gafuWdeba~, `nasufralze Tvali geWiroT, ar waxdes ra~ da a.S. harpagonis misalmebac ki mis suliskveTebas avlens, _ salami misesxebiao! sakuTari etlis SesakeTebladac ver imetebs fuls; cxenebs aSimSilebs, RamiT, laparakisas sanTels aqrobs, radgan laparaki sibneleSiac SeiZleba da xarjic naklebi iqneba da sxva. giorgi erisTavis karapetac pirwavardnili Zunwia. ZonZebiT daiareba, saRamos mSieri wveba, saSinlad puradZviria. karapeta gaiZaxis: `vaxSami modnaT aRar aris~, ojaxs SimSiliT hklavs, siciviT xocavs, sanTels ar anTebinebs da qaliSvilis _ xamferas gaTxovebasac mxolod mas Semdeg gadawyvets, roca Seityobs, rom qaliSvili da mosamsaxure gogo weliwadSi TxuTmeti Tumani ujdeba. karapeta uswavleli da gaunaTlebelia, magram fulis yadri kargad icis da sakuTar siZes Jangiani xmliT asaCuqrebs. qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis siamaye _ xmali da mklavi, karapetas mxolod sicilsa gvris. mama-papuri xmlis danaxvisas arCils didebuli warsuli axsendeba, raic karapetasvis sruliad ucxoa da mxolod ironias hgvris: `xedamT, Jangian rkinazed rasa bodams! Cemi oqroebs Tvali ar uyura~. karapetam ar icis, ra aris an risTvisaa cxovrebaSi saWiro dambaCa, romelic mas erTma Tavadis msaxurma miutana: 223 marine germisaSvili karapeta – jer miTxar, tambaCa raad minda? msaxuri – erT tyveda Rirs: naxe, inglisia! karapeta – me gana leki var, tyve viyido ... inglisi maTlafa gamigonia. ar minda, xels ar momcems! msaxuri – hei, drov! iaraRi Calis… fasad aRar gadis! aRav, Zalian saWiro aris… rac ginda, is mome. karapeta – es vercxli ahyare, aq iqneba asi misxali: xuTi maneTi mogce. erTi kvira vadiT, es rkina ukan waiRe. karapeta dambaCas ise uyurebs, rogorc ubralo rkinas. msaxuris mier dasagiraveblad mitanil dambaCidan mxolod vercxli xiblavs, radgan kargad uwyis, rom cxovrebaSi warmmarTveli Zala istoriul iaraRs ki ara, vercxlsa da oqros ekuTvnis. karapeta darwmunebulia, rom samoTxeSi mxolod fulia, rom misive wyalobiT ,,dva raza bluRodorni~ gaxdeba. oqro kerpad uqcevia da hgonia, ro fuli cxovrebaSi yvelaferia da sxva arc araferi arsebobs: `Cemi coli Sena xar! Cemi Svili Sena xar. … ase gagifrTxilde, Tu Tqven erTmaneTs mogakloT, Rori gavxde~; anda aseTi frazaebi: ,,bednieri klite! ax netavi me viyo klite, eSmaki ver gamaRebda~; `erTbaSad rom davinaxav ar wamivides guli < ... > Cemi muzika es aris! dee, vinc unda icinos~. Rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, _ `karapeta dabaRovis saxiT erisTavi gvixatavs pirveli damgroveblis tips, romelic Zunwis WeSmariti gansaxierebaa. Zunwis tipi ... axali movlena ar yofila lit-risaTvis, magram erisTaviseuli Zunwi araa adre Seqmnili saxeebis ubralo gameoreba. igi im droindeli Tbiliseli vaWris gansaxierebaa~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 158). giorgi erisTavi yuradRebiT epyroba komediis dasasruls. aq avtori erTgvari Semfaseblis rolSi gvevlineba. komediebs (`gayra~, `dava~) amTavrebs mayureblisadmi mimarTviT, sadac mwerali Seafasebs momxdars da ganvlils. aseTi xerxi damaxasiaTebeli iyo rogorc klasicizmis, ise adrindeli burJuaziis dramaturgiisaTvis. msgavsi mimarTva XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel dramaturgs g. avaliSvilsac aqvs, romelic rus dramaturgs sumarokovs baZavda. rac Seexeba `Zunwis~ dasasruls, igi sxvagvaria. komediaSi kuplets, romliTac karapeta (avtori) mimarTavs mayurebels, araviTari didaqtikuri Sinaarsi ara aqvs: Tu gindaT, rom mxiarulad gaataroT am TeatrSi, nu dagvagdebT gulnaklulad, yvelam dagvikariT taSi. (`Zunwi~ 1937: 215) 224 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi am SemTxvevaSi g. erisTavi iseTsave xerxs mimarTavs, rogorsac molieri `gaaznaurebul mdabioSi~. komedias molieri ase amTavrebs: vaSa aseT warmodgenas, vaSa aseT drostarebas, RmerTebsac ar ganucdiaT ufro tkbili netareba... (molieri 1937: 27). am mcire mimioxilviT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom originaluri qarTuli dramaturgia komediiT iwyeba, romelmac safuZvelmdebi roli iTamaSa giorgi erisTavis Teatris SeqmnaSi. komedia ar aris mxolod usagno sicili, igi, akakisdakvalad, cremlnarev sicils badebs da gonierTaTvis Wkuis saswavlebelia. msoflio komediografnic am xerxs mimarTavdnen da maTeuli sicili zneTswavlulebis ukvdav magaliTad rCeba. damowmebani: gamezardaSvili 1957: gamezardaSvili d. narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis storiidan. w. II. Tb. gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1957. gaCeCilaZe 1945: gaCeCilaZe a. g. erisTavis dramaturgia. Tb.: `sablitgami~, 1945. gaCeCilaZe 1957: gaCeCilaZe a. narkvevebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1957. gersamia 1943: gersamia g. v. abaSiZe. Tb.: 1943. gersamia 1950: gersamia s. g. erisTavis Teatri. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1950. gunia 1889: gunia v. qarTuli Teatri. qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1889. droeba 1979-1980: J. droeba 1879; 1880 # 61. iveria 1984: J. iveria. 1984 # 7/12. mesxi 1953: mesxi s. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t.III. Tb.: 1953. meunargia 1954: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi (g. erisTavi). Tb.: 1954. molieri 1937: molieri Jan-batist. komediebis krebuli. qarTveli da ucxoeli mwerlebi. wigni II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sorapani~, 1937. puSkini 1937: puSkini al. rCeuli nawerebi. qarTuli Targmani. t. II. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1937. puSkini 1975: puSkini al. Zunwi raindi (Tamaz Cxenkelis Targamini). rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975. sarajiSvilis xelnaweri: sarajiSvilis a. xelnaweri. xelnawerTa instituti, 372-g-1:1. qarTyli mwerloba: tomi 10. giorgi erisTavi „Zunwi“. nakaduli, Tbilisi 1995. 225 marine germisaSvili Marine Germisashvili Bases of Georgian Dramaturgy Summary Original Georgian dramaturgy starts with comedy genre. The aim of comedy is not simple, groundless laughter; but it is often mixed with tears, is useful and didactic. Laughter should not be transformed into chatting. Shortcomings are more productively disclosed in the form of comedy… Best Comedy writers – Menander, Plautus and Moliere made emphasis on the shortcomings of mankind. Getting acquainted with Moliere’s works is one of the most essential events of XIX century Georgian-French relations. “No foreign writer is as famous among Georgians as Moliere” was mentioned in Aleksadre Sarajishvili’s manuscript (A. Sarajishvili’s manuscript: Institute of Manuscripts, 372- 1:1). Moliere should be pointed out among European dramaturges, playing the most important role not only in the development of Georgian translational history of literature, but also in the evolution of comedy genre for Georgian theatre. It is enough to say that Giorgi Eristavi’s dramaturgy owes much to Moliere and on the second year after the foundation of Georgian theatre (1852) Moliere’s play – “The Physician in Spite of Himself” occupied its place in the repertoire of a theatre. The aim of comedy is to improve people with the help of laughter and not mockery. Laughter is one of the strongest tools for revealing shortcomings of mankind. This genre is especially close to the audience and raises no less important social issues than tragedy. G. Eristavi’s theatre follows this genre. Themes of Moliere’s comedy, satire, folklore, reflection of reality and revealing society’s shortcomings were close to the aim of Georgian realistic writing. Moliere expressed XVII century French society, Giorgi Eristavi - XIX century Georgian society. Shortcomings of Georgian nation are reflected in the plots of his comedies: clumsiness, sitting around, boasting, laziness and others. “If society watches comedy only for laughing and not studying, then it is of no use for such society”. (S. Meskhi. complete collection of works volume III. 1953: 120) Moliere and G. Eristavi have done great service; against the background of comic situation they created specimen in typical environments. In their comedies, laughter, as a form of satire, is good means for humans’ moral upbringing. “The Miser” /”Lavare”, Moliere showed this play in his theater in 1668, in Georgian it was translated as “krizhangi” (The Miser) in 1879, the translation was done by Petersburg University group of students , under the edition of Ivane Machabeli. Journal “Iveria” 1884 7/12 – under Arvitsashvili’s anonymous signature they staged Eristavi’s comedy “The Miser” in 1879, December 5/17 (Droeba” 254 1879). Comedy “The Miser” was first played in Tbilisi, in 1852, January 18/30, by the su226 qarTuli komediis sawyisebi pervision of the author himself. The signature of this comedy is not reserved. It was first published as a separate book by G.Eristavi. “The topic of meanness is not a property of one concrete author. Meanness is an old, international and eternal theme. A lot of authors created works on this topic: Plautus, Shakespeare, Moliere, Larivie Buarober, Bualo, Pushkin, Gogol, Balzak, Gi de Maupassant, Sasha Gitre, Rober Buass, Fernand Reino, and many others. Meanness is a huge social fallaciousness of a human. They all resemble each other by their general characteristic – stinginess, but as each of them is the son of their epoch, therefore the act of each of them is characterized by the characteristics, habits that are peculiar for their country and epoch. Plautus, Moliere and G. Eristavi expressed meanness with the help of comedy, Pushkinwith tragedy. G. Eristavi’s plot of “The Miser” “is simple in comparison with Moliere’s. The plot development of “The Miser” is more complicated, than Eristavi’s “The Miser”. The first consists of five acts, the second of two. In the first play there are 15 characters, in the second – 7. G. Eristavi’s adroit servant, Imereli boy Ivanika is created by the influence of Molier’s servant. Ivanika cannot be compared with Moliere’s “king of slackers” Scapin. Ivanika is inexperienced, but is as clever as they are. The explanation for this simplicity is that the society of those times was not ready for complicated plots, difficult interreges and for new genre – comedy. In the works of both authors meanness is expressed, as social cruelty: negative impact of money on human, family, moral, social relations. 227 memoria emzar kvitaiSvili mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb 1985 wlis 1 Tebervals, rodesac rva wlis gardacvlil nodar alanias dabadebidan samoci weli unda Sesruleboda, `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ masze gamovaqveyne mcire mogoneba. es keTil samaxsovrod darCaT nodaris meuRles, gamomcemloba `nakadulis~ amagdar redaqtors, daxvewili gemovnebiT literators lili gogoxias (erTi welic ar gasula, rac igi amqveynad aRaraa) da mis yvela sikeTiT Semkul, yuradRebian qailSvils nanas. amjeradac, roca nodaris mSobliurma literaturis institutma gadawyvita Jurnal `sjanSi~ misi TvalsaCino Rvawlis gaxseneba, nana alaniam survili gamoTqva, me is Zveli mogoneba momeZebna. sajaro biblioTekaSi gulisxmieri adamianebi damexmarnen da gazeTis Zveli nomeri mapovnines. ganvlili wlebis manZilze, Cems TvalSiac bevri ram Zireulad Seicvala da gadafasda (es aramcdaaramc ar exeba wminda zneobis kacs, nodar alanias, romlis mimarT siyvaruli da pativiscema arasodes gamineldeba), magram adre gamoqveynebulSi erTi sityvac ar Semicvlia. Zalze sasixaruloa, rom dRevandel, axal Taobas axsovs winamorbedTa damsaxureba, xolo nodar alania swored is kacia, visac saqarTvelo iolad ver daiviwyebs. mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb mis gverdiT gatarebul wlebs. masTan saubari arasodes mogwyindeboda, alesili goneba da maxvili ena hqonda. erT pirovnebaze ar iyo kargi azrisa da miTxra – magis daxasiaTebas me ar Sevudgebi, dros aRar davkargav, namdvili uri hipiao. maxsovs, institutSi dagvianebasa da samsaxuridan adre wasvlaze simkacre daaweses. cota zedmetad aqtiurobda institutis swavluli mdivani guram SaraZe (misma mxecurad mokvlam Zalian damwyvita guli, bevr sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda), vinac Cvenma maSindelma direqtorma, batonma aleqsandre baramiZem ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurva. igi bevr ufros kolegasTan da akademiis xelmZRvanelebTanac erTob daaxloebuli iyo, rogorRac exerxeboda es ambavi. institutis gaRizianebul TanamSromelTa erTma nawilma masTan SebrZoleba ganizraxa (metwilad qalebi iyvnen gamwarebuli). me ganyofilebaSi Cavilaparake – tyuilad nu mocdebian, guram SaraZe TiTqmis yovel saRamos akademiis prezidentis, evgeni xaraZis stumaria, mis Cais WiqaSi mTvarisxela limonis naWeri dacuravs aRma-daRma da Zveleburi, mominanqrebuli ver228 mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb cxlis kovzis wkriali ismis-meTqi. araferi didi xumroba ar iyo, magram nodaris fantaziam gacilebiT meti warmoidgina, sicilisagan kinaRam gadafiCinda, im veeba limonis naWers saxelurian brolis WiqaSi ukve vxedav, es ram gaTqmevinao. ufro Tamam raRaceebsac vambobdiT, verTobodiT, iq myofi guram asaTiani da mirian abulaZec mxars gvibamdnen. guldasawyvetia, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdebi maT ver moeswrnen. winamdebare mogonebaSi `Tanamdebobis piri qali~ figurirebs. igi cekas ideologiuri ganyofilebis mdivani, mSvenieri qalbatoni viqtoria siraZe gaxldaT da aq dasamalic araferia. vercxlis pawia, lamazi viruka ki, nodar alanias mkerdze rom hqonda dabneuli (es mogvianebiT gavige), mis axlobels, didebul vaJkacs, zaur bolqvaZis qvisls, murman xoferias gaekeTebina. mas mec kargad vicnobdi, saukeTeso stomatologi da Tavisi arsebiT namdvili xelovani, iuveliri iyo, rogorc ityvian, xelidan yvelaferi gamosdioda. is samkerde nakeToba oqrosgan surda Camoesxa; sul sami grami daWirdeba, SenTvis ar menanebao, uTqvams, magram nodari uarze damdgara. Tu Zma xar, nu izam magas, oqros viri nametani iqneba, viRacas mdidari vegonebio. zauris colisda, brwyinvale eqimi da yovlad uangaro adamiani, qalbatoni nunu darCia da nodar alania baTumSi Turme erT skolaSi swavlobdnen da mere ojaxebiTac megobrobdnen. nodar alaniaze bevri sxva ramis gaxsenebac SeiZleboda, magram es albaT sxva droisTvis unda gadavdo. amasobaSi imdeni xani gavida (ras vifiqrebdi!), me TviTonac veteranTa ricxvSi aRmoCndi da siberisken sakmaod var midrekili, magram jer kidev bevri maqvs mosawrebi da Tu gangebam ineba, Sevecdebi, warsulis fergadasuli furclebi Cemeburad gavacocxlo. nodari sami wlis gardacvlili iyo, roca, misi nasaxsovari saferflis gamo, wasulis xsovnas, lamazi sicocxlis bolo dReebs, erTi leqsi mivuZRveni. barem imasac aqve davurTav. 229 emzar kvitaiSvili egvipturi flosti (saferfle – nodar alanias naCuqari) ra meTqmis meti, uvlia navsad, auzneqia TiTberis Wvinti, Waobze mimdgars magonebs navsac, man unda gaWras samaris bindi. xan meCveneba: priala, brtyeli muceli misi – uTos Ziria, amoudagavs gul-RviZli, yeli sawyalis, uRvTod gauwiria. basr kideebze, Savad rom bzinavs, tuSi, patronis xeliT navlebi, maniSnebs – Savi migelis bina, metyvis – Senc ase miinavlebi. damdnarma xelma moxata, Reba, is mazRvevinebs bolomde sazRavs, damskdar filtvebis Camesmis yefa da Wiris ofli saxeze masxams. dgas faraoni. etli mardia, versad wauva nadiri tyisa, faraons mSvildi moumarTia, vai, vis ferdsac aZgerebs isars. gacurda tbaze wiTeli sxivi... mzes, laJvardidan oqrod dadenils, dadevnebia, qariviT wivis, Sriala frTebSi xvevs Sevardeni. ver dagemale, lando myefaro, Sen ar gWirdeba arxi da xidi... viTom Cemia, sul me mebaros, yovel nabijze sicocxles vyidi. 230 mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb Rimilis da leqsis kaci ramdenadac ioli da sasiamovno iyo nodar alanias gverdiT cxovreba, imdenadve Znelad Sesaguebeli, gulismomkvleli gaxda misi am qveyanasTan, silamazesTan, leqsTan ganSoreba. uleqsod mas erTi dRec ar ucxovria da arc isaa SemTxveviTi, Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli wamebi leqsis damTavrebad rom CaTvala. qarTul mwerlobas bevr ar hyolia masaviT erTguli, TavSewiruli msaxuri. me minaxavs igi radioSi uecrad gamoZaxebuli, daZabulobisgan saxeaWrelebuli. saaTiani saubari unda Caewera saswrafod Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze. yvelaferi mozoma da gansazRvra, yvelas Tavisi miago da daTqmul droSic gasaocari sizustiT Caetia. aseT rames, ra Tqma unda, mxolod gansakuTrebuli unari da didi siyvaruli SegaZlebinebs. literaturis institutSi nodarTan erTad vmuSaobdi ganyofilebaSi. Cveni gamge – dauviwyari guram asaTiani, erTTavad nodars Txovda wliuri saangariSo moxsenebebis wakiTxvas. Sen kargad gamogdiso, Cveuli iumoriT eubneboda. nodaric RimiliTve Tanxmdeboda; miseburi keTilsindisierebiT, piruTvnelad mimoixilavda yovel naSroms, CanawerSi iSviaTad Tu Caixedavda. ase vyavdiT yvelani ganebivrebuli. miuxedavad xaTrianobisa, saocrad mTliani, daurRveveli pirovneba iyo. Zmoba da gatana, iman rom icoda, iseTi unda, magram roca vinmes siglaxesa da borotebas Seatyobda, imisas aRarafers iwamebda. saucxoo mTxrobeli iyo. erTxel nodari mogviyva erT sasacilo ambavs. Salva nucubiZesTan rom SemTxveoda. guldasmiT waekiTxa batoni Salvas axladgamosuli wigni. erTgan miTiTebul literaturas daeinteresebina da wyaro moeZebna, sadac msgavsi ram saerTod ar werebula. nodars patara, mokrZalebuli baraTi Seedgina; avtors SemCneul uzustobas atyobinebda da iqve keTil rCevasac aZlevda, Semdgom gamocemaSi es lafsusi gaesworebina. baraTi iqve, institutis gverdiT, batoni Salvas saxlis safosto yuTSi Caegdo. amis mere daaxloebiT weliwads gaevlo da Salva nucubiZe raRac saqmeze institutSi misuliyo. mis garSemo maSinve TayvanismcemelTa wre Sekrula da sja-baasi gamarTula. karga xnis mere baton Salvas ukiTxavs – alania aq romeliao; nodars morcxvad upasuxia, me gaxlavarTo. baton Salvas ganze gaxmia da yurSi uTqvams: mere, biWo, saqme dagelia, sxvis nawerSi rom iCiCqnebio. amaze orTaves gulianad uciniaT. yvelam vicodiT nodaris erTi lamazi axireba: didyura da gamrje pirutyvisadmi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli. ramden nivTsa Tu nakeTobas, ranair suraTsa Tu samkauls ar naxavdiT mis samuSao oTaxSi da yvelaferze viri 231 emzar kvitaiSvili iyo gamosaxuli; abaJurzec kudaprexili CoCori konwialobda. am emblemaSi igi, etyoba, bevrad met azrs debda, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. TvalsaCino adgilas hqonda gamodebuli raJden gvetaZis `virebis mesia~. mis biblioTekaSi, ra Tqma unda, gamorCeuli adgili eWira apuleusis `oqros virs~. didad gaixara, roca qarTul enaze waikiTxa givi gegeWkoris mier Targmnili fransis Jamis leqsi `locva, rom samoTxeSi virebTan erTad Sevide~. erTxel nodars romeliRac qalaqSi mivlinebiT agzavnidnen dromoWmul Cveulebebze leqciebis wasakiTxad (rogorc TviTon yveboda, sakmaod maRali done iyo). Tanamdebobis pirma qalma, vinc uSualod aZlevda am davalebas, moulodnelad pijakze daxeda da gaocebisagan Tvalebi gaufarTovda. koxta, oTxkuTxa samkerde niSanze (ranairad iSovna, dResac ar vici) nodaris sayvareli arsebis – yurebaqaCuli saxedris Tavi iyo aRbeWdili. amis damnaxvels bolos gascinebia; TqmiT nodarisTvis araferi uTqvams. arasodes damaviwydeba zamTris saocrad lamazi dRe. tariel Wanturia da me erTi leqsis anTologias (`viT margaliTi oboli~) vadgendiT (am patara wignis gamosvlam SemdgomSi bevri usiamovneba mogvayena). vicodiT, nodar alanias araerTi iSviaTi gamocema moeZeveboda Tavis wignsacavSi da masze ukeTes damxmares am saqmeSi Znelad viSovidiT. gveloda da miseburi sixarulic gamoxata Cvens gamoCenaze. karga xans visaubreT. davasaxelebdiT romelime Zvel wignsa Tu Jurnals, da umal saocari simardiT gamoaZvrenda Taroebad qceuli kedlis xan erTi, xan meore kuTxidan. bevri sasargeblo ram gvirCia im dRes. bolos dagvitrialda da Tavis meuRlesTan, qalbaton lilisTan erTad sanaqebo maspinZloba gagviwia. saucxoo kaxur RvinosTan erTad brolis grafiniT aseve mSvenieri `izabela~ Semodga sufraze – gurulebi xarT da egeba es isurvoTo. Zvirfasi franguli koniakis gaxsnac daapira, magram xelSi veciT, ar davanebeT, meti mogvividoda. misi saTqmeli qarTul leqss, qarTul mwerlobas, samSoblos dastrialebda. arigebda da ar eleoda siyvaruli. erTi gansakuTrebuli sadRegrZelo leningradel eqims miuZRvna, ubrwyinvalesi vaJkacia, saocrad ganaTlebuli da keTili, axla erTmaneTTan didi miwer-mowera da megobroba gvaqvs, sikvdilisgan iman mixsnao, _ gviTxra. wamosvlis win agvixirda, gindaT Tu ara, TiTo rame unda gaCuqoT, Cemgan samaxsovrod dagrCeToh me egvipturi TiTberis patara saferfle CamCara jibeSi, brtyelZiriani, baidis moyvanilobis flosti, Zveleburi simboloebiT moxatuli. ar minda, papiross ar vewevi-meTqi, magram ar momeSva – rom ar gamomarTva wawydebio (es misi sayvareli gamoTqma iyo). tariels miniaturul morze darWobil aseTsave miniaturul culs aZalebda, marTlac lamaz suvenirs, magram verasgziT ver daiyolia, is Cemze principuli aRmoCnda, amas, Zmao, ver waviReb, aqaurobas ufro uxdebao. 232 mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb bindi iwva, gareT rom gamoviSaleT. saxuravebi, xeTa SiSveli totebi spetak, fumfula Tovls mtkavelze Seefifqa. ca da miwa unazes, notio, civ siTeTreSi iyo gaxveuli. mogvianebiT dagvnanebia da gviTqvams me da tariels, rom im Cvens Sedgenil, bevri miTqma-moTqmis gamomwvev wignSi nodar alanias wvlili, misi alali Tanadgoma aRuniSvneli dagvrCa. maxsendeba 1976 wlis avadmosagonari zafxulic. institutis TanamSromlebi leningradis matarebelze vacilebdiT saeWvod gamxdar, ukiduresad dauZlurebul, filtvebdazianebul nodars, romelsac sunTqva uWirda. diagnozi ar iyo sabolood dadgenili, magram sasikeTo piri rom ar uCanda saqmes, vxedavdiT. mas isev Tavisi leningradeli eqimis (anatoli kuriginis) imedi hqonda. kaxuri nabdis quli exura da gaRimebuli (ramdenadac SeeZlo) galeul, sanTeliviT moRvenTil marjvenas gviqnevda vagonis fanjridan. axloblebTan erTad, gverdiT Tavisi siyrmis megobari cotne kikviZe idga, isic mihyveboda. vai, rom amjerad uiRblo gamodga es mgzavroba da, ukan dabrunebuls didi dRe aRar ewera. 20 nombers (52 wlis Sesrulebas zustad erTi kvira aklda) nodar alanias Suqdaklebul Tvalebs samudamod daeSrita mzis naTeli. xSirad mifiqria – ra moxdeboda, sawyali nodarisTvis ase rom ar emuxTla beds-meTqi da pasuxic mudam mzad mqonia. bevri araferi daetyoboda mis xasiaTsa da garegnobas; ise ise msubuqad amoivlida institutis kibeebs, yvelas Tavisi ganumeorebeli RimiliT, xelaweuli miesalmeboda, SemoaRebda meore sarTulze dermatingadakrul did kars, ganuyrel Sav saqaRaldes (didi portfeli mis xelSi ar maxsovs) da axali gazeTebs magidaze dayrida da kiTxvas Seudgeboda. axla samoci wlisa iqneboda igi. araviTar xmaurs ar atexda, kaciSvils ar etyoda, Cemi iubilea da gulTbilad momesalmeTo. ormocdaaTis msgavsad, am Tavis samoc welsac mcxeTis `maranSi~ gadaixdida, axlobeli adamianebiT garSemortymuli. xalisianad aswevda Wiqas, sakuTar Rvawlsa da damsaxurebaze laparaks aravis daaclida, qarTuli miwis, qarTuli leqsis sadidebels ityoda. netamc ase yofiliyo. 1985 weli. 233 nodar alania nodar alania `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~* (wignidan `naTeli siyvarulisa~) madlobeli var guliTa, SoTais sulis lxenama, samSoblos samsaxurisTvis, Cangi gikurTxos zenama. vaJa fSavela akaki daewafa da Caeqsova mSobeli xalxis ukvdavebas. igi saqarTvelom aRiara erT-erT pirvel da usayvarles poetad da xalxis siyvaruli Tan sdevda yovel nabijze. poeti fxizlad exmaureboda yovel movlenas da faqts, Tu ki igi mis samSoblosa da ers odnav mainc Seexeboda. xalxi mouTmenlad eloda mis yovel axal nawarmoebs, aitacebda da Tavis sakuTrebad aqcevda. poeti iTrTvileboda WaRariT, mZimdeboda nabiji, fermkrTaldeboda TvalTa elvareba, guli ki ubereblad rCeboda da igi Wabukurad omaxianad ambobda: ara, ayvavdes imedi, guls ver gamitexs WaRara, gmirebs uZaxis... uyivis Cemi dafi da naRara. samSoblos ubedureba guls useravda, magram `dRiur sicxadiT guldaCagruli~ mainc gamamxnevebeli sityviT mimarTavda xalxs, aRagznebda miferflil kocons da swamda, rom: rkinas cecxli afoladebs, adamians gansacdeli; erTi wava da sxva mova... ase gviwers es sofeli. da maS Wiri dRevandeli nu gaSinebs, nurc gikvirsa... `Wirsa Sigan gamagreba ise unda, viT qviTkirsa~... * Jurnalis redaqcia avtoriseul teqstTan erTad ucvlelad unarCunebs citirebis avtoriseul versias. 234 `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ mxcovan mgosans yvelgan usazRvro pativiscemiTa da mokrZalebiT xvdebodnen, CurCuliTa da sasoebiT axsenebdnen mis saxels, gars exveodnen aRtacebuli SeZaxilebiT, masze zrunavdnen da fiqrobdnen. saintereso detali: 1908 wlis 25 maiss akaki leqcias kiTxulobs SoTa rusTavelze. darbazi ver itevs xalxs. poeti amTavrebs leqcias da madlierebiT kiTxulobs Tavis axal leqss `amirani~. taSi, ovaciebi, aRfrTovaneba da ai, naavadmyofar, daRlil mgosans `fexi gausxta da kinaRam waiqca...~ gazeTebs ar gamorCeniaT es ambavi. ufro meti, igi simbolurad miiCnies. valerian gunias Jurnali am faqts uZRvnis specialur werils da epigrafad umZRvarebs: Cemo samSoblov! Seni dacema ara, ar aris sabediswero... avtori akakis mTel cxovrebas saqarTvelos istorias adarebs da, roca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaze Cerdeba, alegoriulad wers: `...moiRala, moiqanca saqarTvelo, sisuste Seepara muxlsa da mklavSi, magram eg droebiTi movlenaa: Seisvenebs da kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis winamsvlelobas aboboqrebul cxovrebis zRvaze... ra vuyoT, rom aTasSi erTxel fexs wahkravs mterTa da SinaurTa mier win gaxirul dabrkolebas. dabarbacdeba, Seiryeva, magram arasdros ar waiqceva... droebiT dauZlurebuls, dasustebuls saqarTvelos darajad udgas misi RviZli Svilni – Wirisufalni... RvTiuris cecxliT aRenTeba maTi gulebi... mxned da rwmeniT wamoeqomagebian isini dabarbacebuls mSobels mamas, naTelis WaRariT gabadrulsa da mxrebSi amoudgebian yavarjenad... da wamodgeba, welSi gaimarTeba bevri Wir-varamis mnaxveli moxuci da... kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis saqmes, Tavis istorias~.* ai, kidev damaxasiaTebeli epizodi xalxis siyvarulisa; ivane ioseliani igonebs SemTxvevas rkinigzis sadgurze: `...modis daRlili nabijiT. icnes... da sayvareli saxeli CurCuliT gavrcelda xalxSi. mokrZalebiT gzasuTmoben, Sori-axlos mohyvebian... erTma gabeda da vagonze amavals xeli miaSvela. TiTqos amas ucdidnen, xalxi daiZra adgilebidan da is... zeviT aitaces. am dros zarsac Semohkres da matarebeli daiZra. * `niSaduri~, 1938, # 47. 235 nodar alania or-sam wuTSi Cveni kupe alyaSemortymuli iyo. ver gaWra viRac samxedro piris dezebis Cxrialma da rixianma brZanebam. mgzavrebi ieriSiT modiodnen mesame klasis vagonebidan, ukana rigebSi mdgomni weroebiviT igrZelebdnen kisrebs, rom erTi Tvali mainc moekraT sayvareli adamianisaTvis. cxeli haeriT SexuTul kupeSi fanjara Zirs davuSviT da mxolod maSin mivxvdiT, rom mTeli matarebeli akakis leqsebs mReroda. `sanam viyav axalgazrda...~ `daigvianes, jer arsad sCanan...~* axlovdeboda ormocdaaTi weli im bednieri dRidan, roca akakim pirveli leqsi gagzavna ivane kereseliZis `ciskarSi~, qarTveli xalxi Seudga akakis iubilesaTvis mzadebas. amiT mas undoda gamoexata siyvaruli da pativiscema didi poetisadmi. TbilisSi Seiqmna mTavari saiubileo komisia iakob gogebaSvilisa da giorgi yazbegis TavmjdomareobiT, sofrom mgalobliSvilisa da samson fircxalavas mdivnobiT. komisiis wevrebi iyvnen: ivane gomarTeli, valerian gunia, nikoloz erisTavi, ioseb merkvilaZe, pavle TumaniSvili,- mariam orbeliani da parmen WiWinaZe. saqarTvelos yvela Jurnal-gazeTi Tvalyurs adevnebda saiubileo mzadebas, aqveynebda masalebs did mgosanze da sazogadoebas drodadro Seaxsenebda: `wels Semodgomaze Sesrulda ormocdaaTi weliwadi, rac poeti moRvaweobs erovnuli mwerlobis asparezze. ueWvelia qarTveloba Sesaferisi elferiT da didebiT gadixdis Tavis vals bumberazi mgosnis winaSe. yvela Cveni erovnuli dawesebulebani, romelTa daarsebaSi urevia mgosnis madliani xeli, erTad Seikribebian, raTa pativi scen poetis SesaniSnav da samagaliTo Rvawls, qarTveli erisa da qveynis sakeTildReod gaweuls~.** mTavarma saiubileo komisiam dagzavna mowodeba, romelSiac mokled daaxasiaTa mgosnis ganusazRvreli Rvawli samSoblo qveynis winaSe, misi poeziis Rirseba da iTxova Semdgariyo adgilobrivi komitetebi. komitetebs unda exelmZRvanelaT komisiis mier Sedgenili saiubileo programiT da Sesaferi monawileoba mieRoT saerTo dResaswaulSi. mozardi Taobis didma moamagem, iakob gogebaSvilma patarebic ar daiviwya da imedi gamoTqva, rom `am dResaswaulSi mxurvale monawileobas miiReben ara marto didni, aramed norCi qarTvelebic, romelTaTvis sasiqadulo iubilarma Seqmna bevrad meti saucxoo leqsebi da moTxrobebi, vidre sxva Cveneburma mgosnebma...~ * `literaturuli gazeTi~, 1935, # 7. ** `niSaduri~, 1938, # 43. 236 `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ iubile dainiSna 1908 wlis 7 dekembers. gaTenda nanatri dila. sazeimod morTul dedaqalaqs silamazes matebda zamTrisaTvis uCveulo mzis naTeli. zRva xalxi gamofeniliyo quCebSi. im dRis yvela Jurnal-gazeTi, garda mTavrobis oficiozis `kavkazisa~ da reaqciuli `golos kavkazisa~ mTlianad akakis mieZRvna. iyideboda sagangebod am dRisTvis dabeWdili poetis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnili krebulebi da broSurebi, poetis suraTebi. vakidan (sadac am dros akaki cxovrobda), sionis taZramde quCebis orive mxare gaWedilia da xalxis am cocxal kedlebs Sua nela moemarTeba lando. landoSi saiubileo komitetis TavmjdomaresTan erTad zis daTovlili olimpieli. TeTri Tma-wveriT Semosili lamazi saxe gansakuTrebuli naTeliT moCans Savi tansacmlis fonze. sazeimo msvleloba miemarTeba sionis taZrisaken. paraklisi mTavrdeba da taZridan gamosul poets qudmoxdili zRva xalxi taSiTa da `vaSas~ ZaxiliT egebeba. nela miiwevs win TeTr cxenebSebmuli lando, romelsac sapatio eqskorti mihyveba. gamoCnda Teatri, sadac unda Catardes iubile. kvlav `vaSa~ da taSi. 12 saaTze aixada farda. gaisma zaqaria faliaSvilis mier sagangebod am dRisTvis dawerili `mravalJamieri~ da ivane faliaSvilis diriJorobiT orkestris mier Sesrulebuli sadResaswaulo himni. mquxare taSis grialSi mgosani avida yvavilebiT savse estradaze. iakob gogebaSvilis Sesavali sityviT daiwyo xalxTa Zmobis da megobrobis dResaswauli. scenaze erTmaneTs cvlian saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis warmomadgenlebi, kulturul dawesebulebaTa delegatebi, qarTvelebi da rusebi, azerbaijanelebi da somxebi, ukrainelebi da polonelebi. darbazi zanzarebs aRtacebiT da moulodnelad gaismis omaxiani xma: mSobeli qveynis mozarev, unda gimRero mTurada; imav WiriT var sneuli, rac Sen gatyvia wylulada... mec amatira bevrjela Sens Tvalze cremlis denama. netavi bevri gazardos SenisTanebi dedama! es, Carglidan sagangebod Camosuli vaJa fSavela esalmeba Tavis did Tanamokalmes. ovaciebSi iZireba ukanaskneli striqonebi da scenisaken fe237 nodar alania rad-feradi yvavilebi mofrinaven. moxuc mgosans margalitebad auelvarda Tvalebze cremli, roca scenaze savanelma glexebma misi akvani Semoitanes. gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT uyvarda akakis patarebi. ukve sikvdilis pirad mdgari poeti 1913 wlis 29 ivliss gazeT `TemSi~ igonebda Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebidan im oTx SemTxvevas, romelTa gaxsenebac yovelTvis siamis Jruantels hgvrida, agrZnobinebda ganuzomel sixarulsa da netarebas. maTgan ori patarebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. movusminoT TviTon poets: `freilinis quCaze (dRevandeli sulxan-saba orbelianis quCa, _ n.a.) mivdiodi. trotuarze win Semxvda viRac gamdeli; xel-Cakidebuli mohyavda amayad fexadgmuli bavSvi. patara Zlivs mobajbajebda. daminaxa Tu ara im bavSvma, Semomcina, gaabzika TiTi da Zliv CailuRluRa `ei, akaki!~. me gavSterdi, gamdelma bodiSi moixada: ama da am kacis Svilia, Tqven piradad ar gicnoben, magram Tqveni suraTi ukidiaT oTaxSi da am bavSvmac miTi gicnoTo!.. Cem dReSi ar gamomecada da maSin gamovscade siamovnebis ofli. sazogadoebis TanagrZnobis uCveuli ara var, vin mosTvlis ramdeni taSi momismenia, ramdeni `vaSa~ gamigonia! ramdeni sasiamovno ram minaxavs? magram arc erTxel is ar migrZvnia, rac im patara bavSvis TiTma da natitinebma magrbZnobia... ...moRrublulSi golovinis (axlandeli rusTavelis – n.a.) prospeqtze gamovedi, uecrad wvimam dauSva. me, radganac upaltood viyavi, gaveCqare Sinisaken. ukanidam xma momesma: `batono akaki, moicadeT!~ SevCerdi, mivixede da CemTan moiWra qolgiT xelSi viRac Tormet-cameti wlis gogona da SemomTavaza qolga: ai miirTviT, da mere miboZeT! _ mere Tqven? _ me ara miWirs ra, rom davsevlde, da Tqven vai Tu gawyinosT. _ rom aRar momeSva, gadavswyviteT, rom orive im erT qolgas SevfarebodiT da ise mivsuliyaviT Cem sadguramdi. sastumros karebs rom mivadeqi, sadac Sevdeqi, gamomeTxova da Tavis qolgianad gaudga gzas. dResac ar vici misi saxeli da gvari, magram imisi umanko, bavSvuri saxe ki yovelTvis Tvalwin midgas!.. xandaxan rom davfiqrdebi warsulze da warmovidgen Cems uTvalav tanjvebs- yvela imaT Sevuwoni xolme am SemTxvevebs da saswori amaTken ixrebao~, _ igonebda igi. akaki yovelTvis siamovnebiT atarebda dros norCebTan, mouTxrobda saintereso ambebs, eTamaSeboda da erToboda maTTan erTad. maTTvis yovelTvis, yovelgan, Ria maqvs gulis karebi. 238 `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ ambobda igi mozardebze. gulwrfeli sixaruliT Seegeba poeti mis iubileze misalocad mosul Jurnal `nakadulis~ patara mkiTxvelebs. scenaze Semovida qulajaSi, Coxasa da gurul CaquraSi gamowyobili sami ymawvili da qarTuli kabebiT Semosili ori gogona. xelT eWiraT dafnis foTlebisagan dawnuli asoebi: akaki. yvela aso erTi meoreze gadabmuli iyo milocvis teqstiani abreSumis lentiT. patara deputatebi mwyobrad warudgnen mgosans da misaloci leqsiT mimarTa amJamad saqarTvelos sssr skolis damsaxurebulma maswavlebelma, ssr kavSiris sportis damsaxurebulma ostatma giorgi merkvilaZem. `nakadulis~ saxeliT adresi waikiTxa nino nakaSiZem. usazRvrod nasiamovnebma poetma sapasuxo sityvaSi ase mimarTa norCebs: `Cemo patara megobrebo! sxvaTa Soris erTi didi naklica maqvs. musikis ara gamegeba ra, mxolod ki vgrZnob. am nakls yovelTvis mivsebda axalTaobis tiktiki. ai, axlac, Tqveni sityva musikasaviT mwvdeba gulis siRrmemdis da dids madlobasac gwiravT. gTxovT, rom ar daiviwyoT dRevandeli dRe, imitom ki ara, rom Cemis mizeziT aris gamowveuli, ara, ufro sxva mizniT! ai, xom xedavT, xalxSi aRZrula erovnuli grZnoba da mas unda, rom hyavdes namdvili moRvawe da gmiri da ara CemsaviT moCvenebuli. da es gmiri Tqvenma Taobam unda warmoSos. es mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu mudam erovnul niadagze gedgmebaT fexi; vinc Tavis gvartomobas uarhyofs, is veRarc sxvas gamoadgeba. igi uvargisi iqneba Sinac da gareTac. giyvardeT Tqveni qarTveloba, magram Sovinisturi grZnobiT ki ara, e. i. sxvisi daklebiT rame SesZinoT Tqvens erovnebas. ara! im siyvaruliT, romelsac sarCulad unda edvas Zmobis, erTobis da siyvarulis survili! gadaeciT es Tqvens patara amxanagebs!~ 4 saaTze dasrulda dilis zeimi da imave saRamos kvlav gagrZelda. isev milocvebi, deputaciebi, yvavilebi, taSi da aRfrTovaneba... uamravi depeSa mosula iubilaris saxelze. Tavis yofil students ulocavs peterburgis saimperatoro universitetis aRmosavluri enebis fakulteti, salams uTvlian samxatvro Teatris mesveurni stanislavski da nemiroviC-danCenko, Jurnal `russkoe bogatstvos~ redaqciis saxeliT mwerali korolenko, peterburgis saliteraturo sazogadoebidan mwerali anenski, moskovis saliteraturo da samxatvro wris davalebiT al. sumbaTaSvil-iuJini, moskovis universitetis profesori sakulini, aRmosavlur enaTa lazarevis institutis profesorTa sabWos saxeliT institutis direqtori mileri da mdivani aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, ingliseli mwerali qali marjori uordropi da sxvani da sxvani. `politikuri gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi, _ iwerebodnen arxangelskis guberniis qalaq kemidan, _ uerTdebian qarTvelTa saerTo zeims xalxis 239 nodar alania sayvareli, Tavisuflebis momRerali, damonebulTa sevdis gamomTqmeli, samSoblos sasiqadulo Svilis akaki wereTlis iubiles gamo~. qalaq xolmogoridan ityobinebodnen, rom `qarTveli politikuri gadasaxlebulebi uerTeben Tavis xma qarTvelTa zeimis saerTo hangs – xalxis sayvareli, Tavisuflebis momRerali, zeSTagonebuli poetis, politikurad damonebuli xalxis mwuxarebis amsaxvelis, Tavisi samSoblos sasiqadulo Svilis akaki wereTlis iubiles gamo~. saRamos dasasruls iubilarma sityviTa da leqsiT mimarTa Tavis sayvarel samSoblosa da xalxs. akaki wereTlis iubile gadaiqca erovnul dResaswaulad, xalxis siyvarulis mCqefare gamovlinebad. man gadalaxa dedaqalaqi da uricxv mdinareebad ganefina rogorc saqarTvelos soflebsa da qalaqebSi, ise mis sazRvrebs gareTac. 240 gamoxmaureba, recenzia venera kavTiaSvili literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi (recenzia) qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi 2008 wels momxdar mniSvnelovan movlenaTa Soris, Cemis azriT, umniSvnelovanesia SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis mier gamocemuli wigni `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimarTulebebi~. Tu ratom, amas erTgvarad TviT saTauric gansazRvravs da kidev Semdegi: XX saukunis udidesi nawili (70 welze meti) Cvenma qveyanam sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi ganvlo, roca yoveli siaxle, Tu igi am reJimis ideologiis CarCoebSi ar jdeboda, sastikad ikrZaleboda da Tu vinmes sityva an kalami mainc `daukrefavSi~ gaeqceoda, Sesabamisi gaTvaliswinebuli Tu gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegic mohyveboda. aman gamoiwvia Cveni literaturisa da xelovnebis im procesebisagan mowyveta, rac sabWoTa rkinis fardis iqiT, anu dasavlur samyaroSi mimdinareobda. kerZod, CavrCiT e. w. realizmis da sruliad gaugebari `socialisturi realizmis~ WurSi. arada rkinis fardis iqeT literatura, cxovrebasTan erTad, duRda da gadmoduRda: iqmneboda sruliad axali mimarTulebebi Tavisi pozitiuri Tu negatiuri mxareebiT. siaxlisaken swrafva cxovrebis yoveldRiurobas warmoadgenda. amas ki moklebuli iyo rogorc zogadad sabWoTa, ise mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos sulieri cxovreba. Tumca, aq isic uTuod aRsaniSnia, rom Cveni literaturisa da kulturis moRvaweni SeniRbviT mainc axerxebdnen am siaxleebze Tavisebur reagirebas, magram es iyo calkeul uniWieres adamianTa Tavganwirvis tolfasi uiSviaTesi gamovlineba. mas Semdeg ki, rac Tavi davaRwieT am viTarebas, aRmoCnda, rom CavrCenilvarT sadRac me-19 saukuneSi. TviT cxovrebam moiTxova, daCqarebuli tempiT agvenazRaurebina is danaklisi Tu CamorCena, rac am xnis manZilze sulieri cxovrebis sferoSi ganvicadeT. swored am mizniT literaturis instituti Tavisi maRalprofesiuli TanamSromlebis ZalisxmeviT Seecada danaklisis Sevsebas da gamosca dasaxelebuli wigni, romelSic dasavluri literaturul-Teoriuli mimdinareobebis uprecendento siuxvidan gamoarCia mTavari xazi da warmoaCina im skolebis naRvawi da naazrevi, romlebic 241 venera kavTiaSvili seriozulad iyvnen dainteresebuli mxatvruli teqstis mecnieruli analizis problemiT da monaTesave humanitarul disciplinebTan (filosofia, esTetika, lingvistika, fsiqologia) misi mimarTebebis garkveviT. amas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan interdisciplinaruli skolebi gzas uxsnian teqstis kvlevis mravalplaniani modelebis damkvidrebas. am wignis mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebaze mianiSnebs Tundac is, rom misi pirveli gamocema umokles droSi bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. Tanac saanalizo krebuli pirveli gamocemis ubralo gameorebas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed Sevsebulia axali masaliT da rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, darTuli aqvs soliduri moculobis leqsikoni, romelic ganmartavs SromebSi gamoyenebul uamrav ucxo sityvas da gamoTqmas, razec seriozuli Sroma gaswies v. kavTiaSvilma da r. canavam. wignis umTavresi Rirseba da praqtikuli daniSnuleba isaa, rom igi gamoiyeneba rogorc filologiuri, ise, zogadad, humanitaruli profilis studentebis (bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura) swavlebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelod. barem aqve imasac davsZen, rom saWiro gaxdeba Semdgomi metad mZime da Sromatevadi samuSaos Catareba, raTa meore wignis saxiT gamoices praqtikuli xasiaTis krebulic, sadac saanalizo krebulSi mocemuli Teoriebis mixedviT gaanalizdeba qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba, riTac, erTi mxriv, qarTuli mwerlobac Caewereba msoflio literaturul procesebSi, meore mxriv ki praqtikuli analizi studentebsa Tu dainteresebul mkiTxvels gauadvilebs pirvel wignSi mocemuli rTuli Teoriuli msjelobebis aRqmas. ramdenadac wigni kompilaciur xasiaTs atarebs da mTlianad sxvadasxva mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa da TvalsaCino TeoretikosTa naazrevis interpretacias warmoadgens, Cemi recenziis mizanic, Sesabamisad, wignSi Sesuli gamokvlevebis mTavari saTqmelis warmoCeniTa da zogadi SefasebiT ganvsazRvre. wignSi warmodgenili Tematika istoriuli qronologiiT aris dalagebuli da mkiTxvels xels uwyobs saerTo procesisaTvis ara marto Tanmimdevrulad Tvalis gadevnebaSi, aramed calkeuli skolebis Tu mimarTulebebis erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareobis, msgavseba-gansxvavebis da a. S. dadgenaSic. wigni iwyeba Tamar lomiZis mier rusuli formalisturi skolis warmomadgenelTa naRvawis ganxilviT da es ar aris SemTxveviTi, radgan, jer erTi, swored maTi naazrevi daedo safuZvlad SemdegSi ase momravlebul formalistur mimdinareobebs da meorec, am skolis (masSi Sediodnen: `poeturi enis SemswavlelTa sazogadoeba~, moskovis lingvisturi wre da leningradis xelovnebis istoriis institutis TanamSromelTa erTi jgufi) 242 literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi warmomadgenelTa (up. yovlisa, m. baxtinis) praqtikuli kvlevis meTodebma da Sedegebma bevrad gansazRvres struqturuli poetikis, semiotikis, informaciis Teoriisa da manqanuri Targmnis ganviTareba. SromaSi gaanalizebulia rusuli formalizmis iseTi Teoriuli konstruqtebi, rogoricaa: gaucnaureba, formisa da Sinaarsis klasikuri diqotomiis gadaazreba, fabula da siuJeti, zRapris struqturis analizi, poeturi teqstis analizi. T. lomiZis kvlevis paTosi mimarTulia im tendenciebis saCveneblad, romlebmac rusul formalizmSi gareTeoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebisa da codnis SidaTeoriuli dafuZnebis mcdelobebi gamokveTa. am orma urTierTdakavSirebulma tendenciam ki Semdgomi ganviTareba pova semiotikisa da struqturalizmis Teoriul koncefciebSi, romlebic formalizmis msgavsad, literaturaTmcodneobis zust, sistemur mecnierebad qcevas isaxavdnen miznad. meore statiaSi (`struqturalizmi~) T. lomiZe struqturalizms ganixilavs, rogorc rusuli formalizmis memkvidres. mimoixilavs misi Camoyalibebis istoriasa da gavlenis farglebs; am sferos iseTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis Teoriul koncefciebs, rogorebic levi-strosi, miSel fuko, Jak lakani da rolan barti arian. ramdenadac struqturalizmi ar Camoyalibebula erTian Teoriul skolad, aramed igi aisaxa humanitarul dargTa sxvadasxva sferoebSi Catarebul calkeul gamokvlevebSi, dasaxelebuli Teoretikosebis, rogorc sxvadasxva sferoTa warmomadgenlebis, koncefciebis sayrdeni punqtebic sxvadasxva aRmoCnda (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT imas, rom isini erTnairad ganicdidnen sosiuris lingvisturi Teoriisa da rusuli formalizmis zegavlenas). kerZod, Tu levi-strosis, rogorc eTnologis, mizans eTnografiuli kvlevis miznebis, amocanebis da principebis xorcSesxma warmoadgenda (inteleqtualuri racionalizmi, lingvisturi meTodologia, bunebisa da kulturis SemaerTebeli `xidis~, `socialuri nulovani xarisxis~ Zieba), frangi fsiqoanalitikosisa da filosofosis Jak lakanisaTvis mTavari froidis triadis – id, ego, superegos warmosaxuliT, simboluriT da realuriT Senacvleba aRmoCnda. rolan barti ki, rogorc literaturaTmcodne, dainteresda termin `werilobiTiT~ (écriture) da originalurad gadaiazra igi. yvela es sakiTxi mokled, naTlad da amomwuravad gaaSuqa T. lomiZem. irma ratiani krebulSi warmodgenilia oTxi gamokvleviT. igi exeba iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: `baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika~, `fenomenologiuri kritika~, `hermenevtika~, `amerikuli `axali kritika~. sakiTxebi moicavs me-20 saukunis 20-70-ian wlebs. es aris, zogadad dasavlur kulturul sivrceSi warmarTuli rTuli socialur-politikuri kataklizmebiT savse sxvadasxva filosofiur-esTe243 venera kavTiaSvili tikuri azris sinqronuli Tu diaqronuli ganviTarebis procesebisaTvis Tvalis gadevnebisa da kritikuli analizis SesaniSnavi nimuSi. m. baxtinTan dakavSirebul SromaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia `kantis seminaris~ saqmianobaze, romelic mokle droSi `nevelis filosofiur skolad~ Camoyalibda da didi roli Seasrula rogorc Tavad baxtinis filosofiuresTetikuri naazrevis xasiaTis gansazRvraSi, ise me-20 saukunis literaturul-Teoriul sivrceSi dasmul iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo: literaturuli Janris gansazRvra, dialoguri kritikis Camoyalibeba, sicilisa da karnavalis filosofiis SemuSaveba, droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis filosofiuri gaazreba da misi gadatana konkretul mxatvrul teqstebze. Sromis ZiriTadi nawili eTmoba swored aRniSnuli sakiTxebis baxtiniseul damuSavebas; im siaxleebs, rasac Teoretikosi Tavis SromaSi gvTavazobs. kerZod, romanis Janris specifikisa da genezisis definicias; diskursis tipologiis dadgenas; heteroglosiis, rogorc `avtoris xmisa~ da `sxvisi xmis~, statusisa da urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvrisaTvis orxmiani diskursis definicias; dialoguri principis, rogorc polifoniuri romanis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapirobis gansazRvras; menipeas Janris gansazRvras; karnavalizaciis istoriul-ontologiur gaazrebas da qronotopis, rogorc literaturisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovani kategoriebis definicias. sakiTxTa es CamonaTvalic ki naTelyofs, Tu ra mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia ratianis SromaSi gaanalizebuli da specialistebisaTvis SemoTavazebuli. `fenomenologiur kritikaSi~ i. ratiani mimoixilavs germaneli filosofosis – edmund huserlis fenomenologiur moZRvrebas, romelic safuZvlad daedo sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis Camoyalibebas. kerZod, egzistencializms, germanul realontologias, inglisur neorealizms, filosofiur anTropologiasa da sxva. i. ratiani jer axdens cneba `fenomenologiis~ huserliseuli gaazrebis Cvenebas, radgan misi konceptualuri datvirTva winamavali filosofosebisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia, Semdeg ki mimoixilavs fenomenologiuri meTodis gavlenis masStabebs (roman ingardeni, moris merlo-ponti, martin haidegeri) da daaskvnis: `literaturaTmcodneobam warmatebiT moirgo fenomenologiuri moZRvrebis zogadi modeli da zedmiwevniT kargad miusadaga misi calkeuli terminebi da cnebebi literaturuli teqstis specifikas~. gamokvlevaSi `hermenevtika~ i. ratiani aanalizebs sxvadasxva avtorTa Sexedulebebs (fr. Slaimaxeri, v. dilTai, m. haidegeri, h. g. gadameri, e. d. hirSi, p. rikiori) da iziarebs mosazrebas, rom `hermenevtikul interpretaciaSi mTavari araa mxolod literaturuli teqstis rekonstruqcia, arc literaturuli nawarmoebis konteqstisa da Cveni istoriuli konteqctis 244 literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi Tanmimdevruli urTierTganviTareba. interpretaciis mizania mkiTxvelis ganswavlulobis aris gafarToeba da mis mier sakuTari Tavis ukeT Secnoba~. gamokvlevaSi `amerikuli axali kritika~ ganxilulia Tomas eliotis, riCardsis da livisis Teoriebi, romlebmac, rogorc i. ratiani wers, `programis saxe miiRo~ da `romelic met-naklebi prioritetulobiT ganxorcielda amerikuli `axali kritikis~ farglebSi~. amas mohyveba mis ZiriTad tendenciebsa da Tanamedrove literaturis TeoriasTan maT mimarTebaze msjeloba; kritikis im niaRvris gaSuqeba, rac `axal kritikas~ 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daatyda, bolos ki daskvnis saxiT naTqvamia, rom `marTalia, `axali kritika~ 70-iani wlebidan kritikis obieqtad iqca, magram mainc igi im skolad rCeba, romelsac mudmivad unda gaewios angariSi litmcodneobis istoriaSi.“ gaga lomiZe krebulSi warmodgenilia oTxi gamokvleviT (`praRis skola~, `miTologiuri kritika~, `marqsistuli kritika dasavleTSi~ da `axali istorizmi~). cnobilia, rom `praRis skolis~ gareSe me-20 saukunis struqturalizmis saerTo saxis warmodgena SeuZlebelia rogorc istoriuli, aseve Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan swored am skolam SeimuSava esTetikisa da poetikis amocanebi da meTodebi da poststruqturalistebze adre ganaviTara misTvis damaxasiaTebeli epistemologiuri Sexedulebebi. g. lomiZe amomwuravad ganixilavs am skolisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa: interdisciplinaruloba, literaturul da Cveulebriv enebs Soris gansxvavebuloba. aqve farTodaa ganxiluli praRis skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis (muraJkovski, iakobsoni, vodiCka) naSromebi. `praRis skolis~ poeturi enis koncefciaze udidesi gavlena rusulma formalizmma moaxdina da swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is, rom aRniSnuli gamokvleva saanalizo krebulSi `rusuli formalizmis~ Semdegaa moTavsebuli. `miTologiur kritikaSi` g. lomiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: miTologiuri kritika praqtikaSi; anTropologia da misi wvlili; iungis fsiqologia da arqetipis miseuli gageba. rac Seexeba `marqsistul kritikas dasavleTSi~, igi eZRvneba gviandeli xanis marqsisti kritikosebis Rwvas, gamijnodnen `vulgarul~ marqsizms da gaerkviaT, Tu ra mimarTebebi arsebobs literaturasa da ekonomikur formaciebs Soris. aRniSnuli naSromic swored am `gviandeli marqsistebis~ SexedulebaTa aRnusxvisa da warmoCenis sayuradRebo cdaa. statiaSi ki `axali istorizmi~ g. lomiZe cdilobs warmoaCinos, Tu rogor daupirispirdnen `axali istorizmis~ mimdevrebi amerikuli `axali kritikisa~ da mis Semdgom ganviTarebul dekonstruqciul midgomebs. maT mier SemuSavebuli siaxle isaa, 245 venera kavTiaSvili rom igi Slis sazRvrebs `literaturasa~ da `istorias~, `teqstsa da konteqsts~ Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT ganxilulia `axali istorizmis~ iseT warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi, rogorebic stiven grinblati da adroian montrouzi arian. levan bregaZe krebulSi warmodgenilia ori gamokvleviT (`fsiqoanalizi da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba~ da `recefciuli esTetika~). aqedan pirveli, cxadia, zigmund froids da mis fsiqoanalitikur meTods ukavSirdeba, magram l. bregaZes yuradReba gadaaqvs karl gustav iungis SexedulebaTa analizze, romelmac froidis moZRvreba `koleqtiuri aracnobieris~ cnebis SemotaniT ganaviTara. bregaZe vrclad mimoixilavs `koleqtiuri aracnobieris~ bunebas, upirispirebs (iungis mixedviT) pirovnul aracnobiers da yvelaze Rrma, dafarul Sred warmoadgens mas, romelic mnemonikuri (mexsierebiTi) xatebis saxiT SemorCa tvinis anatomiur struqturas, anu is, rasac arqetipebs vuwodebT. `recefciul esTetikaSi~ l. bregaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina mxatvruli teqstis recefciuli esTetikis TvalsazrisiT ganxilvam literaturis Semswavleli mecnierebis ganviTarebaze; literaturuli Janrebis srulyofaze; mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis xerxTa evoluciis Sinagan mizezebsa da motivebze. solomon tabucaZe krebulSi warmodgenilia gamokvleviT `gavlenis Teoria~, romelSic amerikeli literaturaTmcodnis _ harold blumis (`ielis kritikosTa~ jgufis warmomadgeneli) literaturuli urTierTobebis Teoriaa ganxiluli. kerZod, _ `gavlenis SiSis~ Tu blumiseuli `antiTeturi kritikis~ saxeliT cnobili koncefciis analizi. amisaTvis s. tabucaZe blumis oTx naSromsa (`gavlenis SiSi: poeziis Teoria~, `gadakiTxvis ruqa~, `kabala da kritika~, `poezia da represia: revizionizmi bleikidan stivensonamde~) da maT Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT axdens am Teoriis arsisa da raobis ganmartebas: `literatura Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT antagonisturia, rac vlindeba imiT, rom yoveli avtori Tavis winamorbed Semoqmeds ejibreba da ebrZvis. `Zlieri~ poeti axdens winamorbedTa teqstebis radikalur transformacias, rasac blumi `araswor wakiTxvas~ uwodebs da rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia `gavlenis SiSiT~. es SiSi, ritorikasTan nazavi Taviseburi tropebis anu `gavlenis SiSis~ tropebis saxiTaa Casaxlebuli axal teqstSi. amitom winamorbed teqstebTan WidilSi Seqmnil axal nawarmoebSi yovelTvis ritorikulad aris Cawerili SiSi, SfoTi da egzistencialuri kaeSani~. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi gvTavazobs amerikeli literaturaTmcodne sara pratis mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, blumma ori mTavari miznidan (1. unda moxdes Camoyalibebuli warmodgenebis deidealizacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor uw246 literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi yobs xels erTi poeti meore poetis formirebas; 2. imgvari poetikis Seqmna, romelic literaturuli kritikis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels) pirvelSi marTlac miaRwia mizans, xolo meoreSi sruli kraxi ganicada da `miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturis TeoretikosTa Soris blumis Teoria didi aJiotaJisa da gansjis sagnad iqca, misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba mxolod `gavlenis SiSis~ xsenebiT amoiwura~. s. tabucaZe mokled, magram damajereblad ganixilavs im wyaroebs, romlebmac gadamwyveti zemoqmedeba iqonies blumis Teoriaze. eseni arian fr. nicSe da z. froidi. nicSem – Tavisi `moralis genialogiiT~, xolo froidma _ `oidiposis kompleqsisa~ da `ojaxuri romanis~ TeoriebiT. isic aRsaniSnia, rom blumma kritikulad Seafasa maTi naazrevi da ar mouxdenia ubralo gadamuSaveba Tu Canacvleba. blumi gavlenis koncefcias froidis struqturis saxiT warmoidgens, magram sxva SinaarsiT avsebs. `Tu froidis mTavari saidumlo – aRniSnavs s. tabucaZe – libidoa, blumisaTvis igi droSi moiazreba da... froidis mier gamokvleuli meqanizmebi da maTi ambivalenturi funqcionireba gvevlineba... reviziuli mimarTebebis TvalsaCino analogebad, romlebic warmarTaven poetTaSoris kavSirebs~ da warmoadgens amgvari mimarTebebis eqvs saxeobas, romelTa mokle da amomwurav ganmartebas gvTavazobs igi. esenia: 1. klinameni anu poeturi gadakiTxva, gadaxra; 2. tesera anu gansruleba da antiTeza; 3. kenozisi anu gameoreba da memkvidreobiTobis wyveta. 4 daimonizacia anu amaRlebulis sapirispiro, _ personalizebuli kontramaRlebuli. 5. askeza anu ganwmenda da solipsizmi (idealuri subieqtivizmi); mizanmimarTuli qmedeba martoobis mdgomareobis misaRwevad. 6. apofradesi anu micvalebulTa dabruneba. malxaz xarbediac ori naSromiT aris krebulSi warmodgenili: `poststruqturalizmi da dekonstruqcia~ da `naratologia~. orive naSromSi aRniSnuli cnebebisa da maT qveS moazrebuli Teoriebis axsna-gaanalizebaa warmodgenili; enis semiologiuri kvlevis sakiTxebs eZRvneba m. kvaWantiraZis gamokvleva, xolo bela wifuria metad sainteresod ganmartavs postmodernis raobas (rasakvirvelia, iseT TeoretikosTa naazrevze dayrdnobiT, rogorebic ihab hasani, Jan bodreari, frederik jeimsoni, bari luisi, jozef qonTi da sxvebi arian), romelic arc raimes uSualo ganmeorebaa, arc raimes ubralo asli, aramed igi aris asli, originalis gareSe anu simulakra (fenomeni, zematerialuri ideis, pirvlsaxis gareSe; uarso movlenebis kvlavwarmoeba). igi axdens aqamde arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis moxmarebas, gadamuSavebas da gadawerasac ki. Sromis avtori aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanze, rogorc postmodernistuli mwerlobis 247 venera kavTiaSvili mTavar formaze; ironiaze, rogorc postmodernistuli xelovnebis ZiriTad emociur fonze da paranoiaze, rogorc postmodernistuli mgrZnobelobis erT-erT niSanze, rasac xSirad siuJeturi struqturis asagebad mimarTaven; ormag kodirebaze, rogorc teqstis ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze (Tumca ara yvela postmodenistuli teqstisaTvis) da a. S. dasasrul minda kidev erTxel xazi gavusva warmodgenili wignis did mniSvnelobas ara marto literaturaTmcodneobis, aramed mecnierebis momijnave dargebiTvisac. Venera Kavtiashvili The Review of the Book– “Literary Theory – Basic Concepts and Methodological Tendencies of XX Century” Summary The publishing of the book “Literary Theory – Basic Concepts and Methodological Tendencies of XX Century” by Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature should be mentioned among the most essential events that has taken place in Georgian literary criticism in 2008. This is a serious attempt to eradicate the spiritual shortage and drawbacks, from which Georgian culture has suffered during the Soviet period. The book that is under analysis points out the main line from Western literary-theoretical tendencies and the thoughts of the schools which were interested in scientific analysis of artistic texts and tried to identify their relation towards relative disciplines of humanities (philosophy, aesthetics, linguistics, psychology), which paves the path towards the establishment of multidimensional models of text research. The themes that are presented in the book are arranged chronologically and aid the reader not only to look through the general processes, but also to identify the deduction, similarity-difference and others between schools and tendencies. The book starts with the analysis of the works of Russian formalists, which is completely natural, because they later formed bases for formalistic directions that have sprung up. Moreover, the methods and results of the practical research made by them, have defined the development of structural poetics, semiotics, informational theory and machine translation. It is naturally followed by discussion of issues like: “Theoretical Conception of Bakhtin. Dialogue Criticism”; “Phenomenological Criticism”; “Hermeneutics”; “New American Criticism”; These issues cover 20-70s of the XX century and represent a sample for following the processes of synchronic and diachronic development of tough socialpolitical thinking and critical analysis. It is acknowledged, that portraying the general picture of structuralism without Prague School is impossible, from historical as well as from theoretical point of view. This school 248 literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi was the first to work out the tasks and methods of aesthetics and poetics and developed its characteristic epistemological viewpoints before post-structuralism. The book covers the methods that are peculiar for that school, such as: inter-disciplinarity, difference between literary and spoken language. The essential researches, like: “Mythological Criticism in Practice”, “Jung’s Psychology and his Understanding of Archetype”, “Psychoanalysis and Artistic Works”, connected with Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical method are also displayed in the book, but in this case emphases are made on the analysis of Carl Gustav Jung’s viewpoints, who developed Freud’s doctrine by coining the concept of “Collective Unconscious”. The analysis of Harold Bloom’s theory of literary relations, to be more exact “Anxiety of Influence” or the concept known as Bloom’s “Antithetic Criticism” is also represented in the book in an interesting way. In addition, the essence of the concepts and theories implemented in them are also discussed, such as: post-structuralism, deconstruction, narratology, and the essence of postmodernism is defined on the basis of the thoughts of such theoreticians as: Ihab Hassan, Jean Bodrear, Friedrich Jameson, Barry Louise, Joseph Kont and others. The incomplete list of the works presented in the book points to the importance of this book not only from the point of literary criticism but from related sciences as well. 249 nana gonjilaSvili revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ (recenzia) wels b-ma revaz siraZem kulturis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul specialistebsa da farTo mkiTxvels warudgina Tavisi axali wigni _ kultura da saxismetyveleba, romelic aerTianebs konkretuli sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil narkvevebs. b-ni revazi (rogorc yovelTvis) gvTavazobs kulturis sakiTxebis metad mniSvnelovan kvlevas, romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba mwerlobisa da mxatvrobis saxismetyvelebasa da istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTa metyvelebas. wignis winaTqmaSi avtori aRniSnavs da amasTanave ganmartavs, rom narkvevebi exmianeba yofierebis saxeobriv TvalTaxedvas, romlis mixedviT, saxe mTel yofiT sinamdvileSia da ara oden xelovnebis qmnilebaSi. yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefciis wanamZRvrebi warmoCenilia b-ni revazis specialur narkvevSi _ `saxismetyveleba~ (1976), Camoyalibebuli da fundamenturad Seswavlilia missave wignebSi _ „qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan“ (1978), „qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi“ (2000). axali wigni _ „kultura da saxismetyveleba“ (2008) gagrZelebaa aRniSnuli naSromebisa da gaazrebaTa pluralurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, calkeuli sakiTxebis dRevandel problemebsa da safiqralTan dakavSirebas isaxavs miznad. wigni aerTianebs Teqvsmet narkvevs, romlebSic saxismetyvelebiTi kvleva-Ziebisa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebis safuZvelze, tradiciul SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT calkeul sakiTxTa axleburi wakiTxva-gaazrebaa warmoCenili. wignis pirveli narkvevi _ istoria `mkiTxelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyvelebiTi periodizacia _ exeba literaturis periodizacias, romelic nawarmoebis ukeT gagebas unda emsaxurebodes. b-ni revazi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis periodizaciisTvis mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs e.w. aRmosavlur-qristianuli kulturul-istoriuli regionis raobas, masSi Semaval mwerlobaTa Soris ki umTavress _ bizantiur-berZnul literaturas gamohyofs. avtori mimoixilavs k.kekeliZis mier qarTuli literaturis istoriis I tomSi warmodgenil Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis safuZvlebsa da struqturas. Tavis mxriv, mecnier-mkvlevari qarTuli literaturis periodizaciisaTvis aRmosavlur-qristianuli kulturul-istoriuli regionidan gamohyofs da ganmartavs Semdeg niSnebs: 250 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ 1. biblia da masze dafuZnebuli liturgikuli wesi azrovnebisa, romelsac ukavSirdeba drois veqtorul da ciklur gagebaTa erTianoba; 2. yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefcia, romlis mixedviT, saxe da saxeTa sistemebi miemarTeba universaliebs, es ukanasknelni ki sazriss aZleven saxeebs (`Sebrunebuli perspeqtiva~); 3. hermenevtikuli (ganmartebiTi) wesi azrovnebisa, romlis mixedviT, mTavaria maradiul problemaTa mudmivi `Targmaneba~; 4. `ganviTarebis~ pirobiToba literaturis da saerTod, xelovnebis istoriis mimarT, radgan maTSi siaxlenia saZiebeli da ara `ganviTareba~; 5. yvelafris ganmsazRvrelia moZRvreba adamianze, iqmneba `nimuSis esTetika~, amave dros icvleba adamianTmcodneoba. narkvevis vrceli monakveTi eTmoba `teqstis~, rogorc zogad-kulturologiuri kategoriis ganxilvas, rac niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebelia ganixilebodes, rogorc `teqsti~ (istoria, samyaro, TviT adamiani da sxv.). r. siraZe teqstis ganzomilebaze msjelobisas emyareba r. ingardens, amasTanave amjobinebs horizontaluri (teqstis sityvaTa struqturuli Tanamimdevroba) da vertikaluri (teqstis sulieri Sinaarsi) veqtorebis gamoyofas, raTa nebismieri teqsti gaiazrebodes jvarsaxovnebiT (amqveyniuri da sulieri SinaarsiT, romelic jvris vertikals Seesabameba). aRniSnulia, rom droSi xdeba teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba, xolo myisieri SeiZleba iyos sulieri vertikalis SegrZneba. r.siraZis azriT, sasurvelia `jvarsaxovneba~ damkvidrdes literaturul esTetikur sferoSic, garkveuli pirobiTobiT, saero nawarmoebSic SesaZlebelia misi danaxva. `jvarsaxovnebaze~ msjelobisas narkvevSi gamoikveTeba mkiTxvelis fenomeni, romlisTvisac iwereba nawarmoebi da romelic mudmivad qmnis nawarmoebs da literaturul epoqasac. am mimarTebiT, narkvevSi moxmobilia umberto ekosa da piter kornelis Txzulebani, miSel fukos wigni _ `sityvebi da sagnebi~; dasaxelebulia mkiTxvelis problemisadmi miZRvnili qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebi. r.siraZe teqstTa istoriisa da avtorTa gamonaTqvamebis mixedviT warmogvidgens `mkiTxvelis fenomenis~ istorias. am mizniT moxmobilia `wm.ninos cxovrebis~, SuSanikisa da abos `wamebaTa~, ioane zedaznelisa da ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaTa~, `vefxistyaosnis~, `daviTianis~ teqstebidan Sesabamisi epizodebi, romelTa meSveobiT warmoCndeba mkiTxvelis fenomenis raoba. narkvevis qveTavi _ saxismetyvelebiTi periodizaciisaTvis _ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo cdaa Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis. r. siraZis azriT, literaturis istoriisaTvis Sidaliteraturuli faqtorebia amosavali da ara epoqaTa xasiaTi. amisdakvalad, avtori mizanSewonilad Tvlis, gamoiyos oTxi periodi: 251 nana gonjilaSvili 1. eideturi anu miTosuri saxismetyvelebis periodi (winaqristianuli xana), romelic ZiriTadad miTosur xanas moicavs, Tavs iCens agiografiaSic (qristianobis xanaSi dagmobili an desakralizebulia). eidetur saxismetyvelebaSi saxis Sina arsi srulad vlindeba missave formaSi; 2. eikonuri (anu xatisebri) gansaxovnebis xana (IV-XI ss. _ agiografia, himnografia, homiliebi). aq gareforma mianiSnebs mis Sinaarssa da Sina arss, rac miRmuria da suliT SesagrZnobi. r.siraZis azriT, eikonuri saxismetyveleba Tavs iCens Semdegdroindel qarTul mwerlobaSic (moxmobilia d. guramiSvilis, n. baraTaSvilis, a. wereTlis, g. tabiZis, a. kalandaZis poeziidan Sesabamisi nawyvetebi); 3. mesame periodad miCneulia XII- XIII saukuneebi. mxatvruli saxismetyvelebaa am periodis ganmsazRvreli, radgan, rogorc b-ni revazi SeniSnavs, saxeTa safuZveli oden esTetikuria, ar emorCileba arc eikonurobas da arc miToss. am TvalsazrisiT, ganxilulia `amirandarejanianis~, `abdulmesianis~, `Tamarianis~ saxismetyveleba, romelic cxadyofs, rom `esTetikuri TvalTaxedvis dominirebam safuZveli Seqmna dasavlur-qristianuli, antikuri da aRmosavluri (ufro-sparsuli) da miTosuri saxismetyvelebiTi tradiciebis sinTezisa~ (r.siraZe, kultura da saxismetyveleba, Tb., 2008, gv.18); 4. dacemis xana (XIV-XVss.) _ miuxedavad imisa, rom es periodi arc originaluri qarTul nawarmoebTa simravliT da arc saxismetyvelebiTi siaxleebiT ar gamoirCeva, r.siraZis azriT, am dros gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs sakiTxi _ `fsiqologiuri memkvidreoba~ (Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli fsiqologiuri zegavlena), romelic qmnis `mkiTxvelis istorias~, erovnuli xasiaTis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels. enobrivi msoflxedva gansazRvravs literaturis saxismetyvelebas. r. siraZe V periods (XVI-XVIII ss.) e.w. `aRorZinebis xanas~ (romlis saxeldebis uvargisoba karga xania aRiniSneba) ganixilavs yovlismomcveli mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, sparsofilobis amsaxveli da antisparsofiluri narativi, `marTlis Tqmis~ principTa Semcveli saxismetyvelebiTi nakadi (arCili, feSangi, ioseb saakaZe, d.guramiSvili), sparsofiluri saxismetyveleba (Teimuraz I da misi skola), religiur simbolikaze damyarebuli lirika (d.guramiSvili, vaxtang VI), erovnuli saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze arakTa damuSaveba (s.-s.orbeliani). am periodSi Tavs iCens mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba (sparsuli, rusuli, dasavlurevropuli literaturisa). b-ni revazi e.w. `gardamaval xanas~ (XVIII s-is bolo da XIX s-is dasawyisi) ganakuTvnebs axal qarTul mwerlobas. r. siraZis mier SemoTavazebuli saxismetyvelebiTi periodizacia bevri252 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ saTvis SesaZloa, sakamaToc iyos, magram ucilobelia, rom narkvevSi xangrZlivi mecnieruli kvlevis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli axali Tvalsazrisi, meTodologiuri midgoma gamoikveTeba, erTob sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebeli. wignis momdevno narkvevSi _ dro da Jami _ ganxilulia: dro Jamieri (warmavlobisa) da dro maradiuli (i.petriwis naazrevze dayrdnobiT), maTi urTierTmimarTeba (Jamieri drois sawyisi maradiuli droa), Jamieri dro da misi bunebis arsi(dro cvalebadia, ucvlelia _ misi buneba, romelic maradiulobis xatia), dro-sivrcis (qronotopis) cneba da adamiani, siuJeturi dros arsi (igia saxe da xati maradiulobisa), ena da zedrouloba. r. siraZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs: samyaros saxeobriv Semecnebas, qarTuli naazrevisaTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis fenomens (movlena samyaroSi CarTulia rogorc saxe), saxeobrivi gagebis princips (saxeobrivadaa SesagrZnobi drois arseboba, saxeobrioba cvalebadobaa, maradiuloba igiveobriobaa. maradiuloba warmoSobs saxeobriobas, magram igi maradiulobas ver swvdeba). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mkvlevari askvnis, rom `gansaxovnebis Teoria SeiZleba drois Teoriad iqces~ (gv. 29). specialistTa da kulturiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas uTuod miipyrobs narkvevis is nawili, romelic drois bibliur-qristianuli koncefciis ganxilvas eTmoba (wm. ioane damaskelis naazrevis moxmobiT _ dro ganxilulia adamianis arsebobis sazrisiT, kacobriobis arsebobis sazrisi ki ganmartebulia esqatologiuri drois mixedviT, manamde istoriuli an egzistencialuri droa). r.siraZe gamoyofs drois gagebis mTavar mimarTebebs: dro da sikeTe (sikeTea drois saxeobrivi bunebis ganmsazRvreli, misi mizani da Sinaarsi), dro da ricxvi (orive wmindaa da sagnebSi sulis msgavsadaa ganfenili, sagnobriobaSi ar iTqvifeba, ricxvi gansazRvravs dros), ricxvTa simbolikis ganxilva ki warmoCens azrs, rom adamianma unda icxovros RvTiuri droiT. mkvlevari Seiswavlis i.petriwis `ganmartebidan~ drois aRricxvasa da droul ganzomilebas (arsebobs raodenobrivi gazomva droisa, amasTanave ganizomeba drois Tviseba, xarisxi, sazrisi), arsiTa da moqmedebiT Jamiseuls, Jameuli drois samobas (iyo, aris da iqneba, rasac enaSi gramatikuli droc amtkicebs. yovelive sam droSi myofobs), droisa da movlenis bunebis urTierTmimarTebas (movlenis gvareobiTi raobisa da sakuTari bunebis SenarCunebas). b-ni revazi sagangebod gamohyofs i. petriwis filosofiuri msoflxedvis safuZvels _ `erTs~ (yvelafris miRmuri `erTi~ da warmoqmnili, pirvelwarmomqmneli `erTi~; `erTidan~ momdinareobs dro) da or binarul mimarTebas Soris arsebiT kavSirs (maraduloba da dro, 253 nana gonjilaSvili erTi da simravle); drois zecnebiTi aspeqtebis TvalTaxedviT gaazrebulia `martivis~ raoba (simartive umaRlesi erTisa da simartive nivTTa), romelic gansaxovnebis qronotopisaTvisaa sayuradRebo. sanimuSod moxmobilia wm.dionise areopagelis msjelobani RvTaebis antinomiurad gaazrebisaTvis (antinomiurad gasaazrebelia RvTaeba da antinomiuri bunebisaa dro). narkvevSi eortalogiuri dro (dro saqristiano dResaswaulebisa) agiografiis Seswavlis safuZvelze ganxilulia drois saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebebi (moxmobilia `wm.ninos cxovreba~, `abos wameba~). r.siraZe qarTul agiografiaSi gamoyofs kompoziciis sam tips (nawarmoebebi _ uwyveti teleologiuri siuJetiT, triptiquli tipis da centralur-cikluri kompoziciiT) da mas ukavSirebs siuJeturi drois problemas agiografiaSi (am mimarTebiT ganxilulia ``SuSanikis wameba~, `abos wameba~ da `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba). yuradRebulia ZvelqarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi JanrTa (`cxovreba~, istoria da JamTaaRmwerloba) droisadmi samnairi midgoma, TariRTa simcire (rac r.siraZis azriT, imiT aixsneba, rom molenebi mowodebulia zedrouli igavurobiT da ara drouli konkretizirebiT). r. siraZe sagangebod msjelobs saxeobriv sistemebze dafuZnebul yovlismTlianobis ideaze, yovlismomcveli simbolizmis filosofiaze (v. soloviovis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT) da sxvadasxva saazrovno nakadis sinTezirebis kvalobaze ganixilavs i.petriwis azrovnebisaTvis wamyvans _ igavur cnobierebas (samyaroSi nebismieri movlena saxeobrivia, saRvTo sazrisi msWvalavs da aerTianebs yvelafers). `samyaro saxeTa sistemaa, xolo samyaros Secnoba saxeTa Sinaarsis amocnobis gziT xdeba~ (gv. 48). narkvevis dasasruls r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom sikeTea drois sazrisis ganmsazRvreli, misi mizanica da Sinaarsic, drois saxeobrivi buneba ki samyaros saxeobrivi agebulebisa da saxismetyvelebiTi koncefciis erT-erTi mTavari safuZvelia. SevniSnavT, rom wignis zemoganxiluli narkvevi (dro da Jami) Zalze mniSvnelovan cnebebs, ideebsa da movlenebs aerTianebs, mraval sakiTxsa da safiqrals aRZravs, romlebic istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebas ukavSirdeba. b-ni revazi cdilobs, aRniSnuli sakiTxi saxeobrivi Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT warmogviCinos da umTavresze gagvamaxvilebinos yuradReba. am TvalTaxedviT, imdenad yovlismomcveli da tevadia narkvevi, rom yoveli sityva da fraza mkiTxvelisagan did yuradRebas, dakvirvebasa da analizs moiTxovs, Zneldeba misi erTianobaSi aRqma. magram mxolod fiqris aRmZvreli sityvaa faseuli, romlisTvisac Rirs yovelgvari sirTulis daZleva. 254 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ wignis momdevno narkvevSi _ `sveti-cxoveli~ _ sazrisi qarTvelTa sulieri cxovrebisa _ aRniSnulia, rom istoriis sazrisi (Teologiuri istoriosofiis mixedviT) `sveticxovelia~, romelic jvarsaxovnebas aniWebs drosa da garemos. r.siraZe qarTul istoriosofias (qristianul kulturologias), romelic mwyobrad ar gamovlenila, etapobrivad mimoixilavs _ qristianuli religiis dafuZnebas, romelmac `axali cxovreba~ da Sesabamisad miznobrivi dro daamkvidra (`mravalTavebi~, naTargmni da originaluri agiografia, eortalogiuri kalendari da a.S.), `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ e.w. qronikuli nawilis Janrobriv nakadebs, maT mTlianobas. avtori ioane sabanisZis istoriosofiidan oTx niSans gamoyofs, istoriis RvTismetyvelebas nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavis~ mixedviT warmoaCens, `qarTvelTa bunebis~ kritikis maCveneblad `daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebas~ miiCnevs. narkvevSi saubaria _ anton bagrationis `wyobilsityvaobaze~ (saqarTvelos `klasikuri warsulis~ suraTi istoriuli pirovnebebiTaa Seqmnili), gr.orbelianis `sadRegrZeloze~ (mkvidrdeba koncefcia _ qarTvelTa erTianobis gacnobierebis dawyebisa saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebisa da erTiani mwignobrobis Seqmnis droidan), erTiani saqarTvelos ideis mudmiv arsebobaze (gansakuTrebiT vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da d.guramiSvilis istoriosofiaSi), axali qarTuli filosofiis dasawyisze (ilia WavWavaze). r.siraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs qristianul adamianTmcodneobaze, romelSic mJRavndeba qarTuli istoriosofiuli Sexedulebani. am mimarTebiT, mkvlevari ganixilavs saistorio TxzulebaTa saxeldebebs, `wminda mxedris~ ideals, romelic safuZvlad edeba qarTul-renesansul kulturas, Tamaris IV hipostazis ideas, tolerantobas (sparsuli, laTinuri kulturisadmi), enis bunebasa da Sina-arss eris cnobierebasa da yofierebaSi. dasasruls aRniSnulia, rom qarTvelTa sulier cxovrebas aSinaarsebs `sveti-cxoveli~. unda aRiniSnos, rom r.siraZis mier qarTuli qristianuli kulturologiisaTvis `sveti-cxovlis~ sazrisad warmodgena erTob sayuradRebo azria da siaxlis damamkvidrebeli qarTul cnobierebaSi, rac masStaburi xedvisaken warmarTavs Cvens gulisyurs. narkvevSi _ sioni da qarTuli eklesiologia _ r.siraZis azriT, arsebiTia pasuxis gacema Semdeg kiTxvebze: saqarTveloSi ratom iyo popoularuli eklesiaTa saxelwodebad `sioni~? ratom ar iyo saqarTveloSi `sofiis~ saxelobis eklesiebi? am mizniT, narkvevSi warmoCenilia sionis raoba, misi kulturul-religiuri Sinaarsi (bibliur-evangeluri, sofiologiuri da eklesiologiuri mniSvneloba). r.siraZis azriT, `sioni~, viTarca saxe-idea, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes Semdeg saxe-ideebs: RvTismSobeli, wm. sofia (zesTasibrZne), zeciuri `qalaqi~ da eklesia. `sionis~ person255 nana gonjilaSvili ificireba xdeba qalis saxeSi. ierusalimi sionis asulia~ (gv.58). sionTan mimarTebiT, qarTul wyaroTagan upirvelesad moxmobilia `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ WeliSuri varianti, sadac `sioni~ `kaTolike eklesiis~ ZiriTad saxelwodebad moiazreba (Tavdapirveli saxeldebaa `wmidaTa wmida~, SemdegSi _ `sioni~ da `sveticxoveli~); `sionis~ konteqsti warmoCenilia `Siosa da evagres cxovrebisa~ da `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~, juanSeris Txzulebis, `klarjuli mravalTavis~ ioane bolneliseuli sakiTxavis mixedviT. aRniSnulia, rom sveticxovlis taZari solomonis taZarsaa Semsgavsebuli da sibrZnis adgilad miiCneoda iseve, rogorc `sioni~ (`sioni~ aia-sofias, wminda sibrZnis simbolocaa). narkvevis bolos r.siraZe ajamebs kvlevis Sedegebs Semdegi saxiT: 1. saqarTveloSi sionis saxeldebiT eklesiaTa farTo gavrceleba RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobis ideiT, qarTuli eklesiis ierusalimuri warmoSobiT aixsneba; 2. ierusalimis sioni (konstantinepolis aia-sofias gaTvaliswinebiT) SesaZloa yofiliyo zogadi nimuSi Tavdapirveli qarTuli qristianuli taZrisaTvis.; 3. saqarTveloSi wm.sofiis idea daukavSires RvTismSoblis eklesiebs _ sions da amiT unda aixsnas CvenSi wm.sofiis saxelobis eklesiaTa ararseboba. davZenT, rom narkvevSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi metnaklebadaa yuradRebuli, erTiani TvalTaxedviTaa gaazrebuli da Sefasebuli, amomwuravad da mkafiod warmoaCens saTqmels, sazogadoebaSi arsebul bevr kiTxvas scems pasuxs da savaraudo safiqrals naTels hfens. narkvevi _ sveticxoveli, aia-sofia da sioni (simboloTa gaazrebisaTvis) _ erTgvari gagrZelebaa winare kvlevisa. r.siraZis varaudiTiT, pavle mociqulis epistole (romelic eklesias exeba) unda yofiliyo sveticxovlis saxeldebis uSualo safuZveli (`sveti WeSmaritebisa~ qarTul sinamdvileSi Senacvlebulia `sveti cxoveliT~, qristes qarTuli saxeldebis _ `macxovris~ kvalobaze). amdenad, mkvlevris azriT, `sveti-cxoveli~ saRvTo WeSmaritebas, wminda sibrZnes (`aia-sofias~) gulisxmobs, rasac bibliuri safuZveli aqvs. amasTanave `sveti-cxoveli~ ganicdeboda `Zalad RvTisa~. narkvevSi (erT-erT bizantiur traqtatsa da `wm.ninos cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT) warmoCenilia imperator konstantines droindeli aia-sofiasa da sveticxovlis (romelic `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, `sionad~ iwodeba) urTierTmimarTeba (aia-sofia sveticxovlis winasaxe unda yofiliyo). b-ni revazi Tvlis, rom sveticxovlis pirvelnimuSad solomonis `sibrZnis taZarTan~ erTad qristes saflavi da sioni unda qceuliyo (sveticxovelSi Cadgmuli mcire eklesia qristes saflavis taZris analogiuria, `sioni~ ki saqarTveloSi RvTismSoblis taZrebs ewodeba). narkvevSi warmoCenili 256 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ mosazrebani emyareba bibliur wignebs, bizantiur traqtats _ `uwyebaÁ da TxrobaÁ aRSenebisaTvis taZrisa eklesiisa...~, andria kritelis _ `SobisaTvis RvTismSoblisa~, efrem mciris Teologiur leqsikons, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, n.gulaberisZis `sakiTxavsa~ da `galobans~. unda aRiniSnos, rom r.siraZis wignis ori narkvevi _ sioni da qarTuli eklesiologia da sveticxoveli, aia-sofia da sioni _ erT mTlianobadaa gasaazrebeli da aRsaqmeli. es ori gamokvleva garkveulwilad safuZvels umzadebs winmswreb Tavs _ `sveticxoveli~ _ sazrisi qarTvelTa sulieri cxovrebisa. erTianobaSi ki mkiTxveli srulad gaisigrZeganebs, miadevnebs Tvals da gulisyuriT gaacnobierebs qarTvelTa sulieri cxovrebisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani sazrisis _ `sveticxovlisa~ da sveticxovlis Sinaarss. wignis erT-erTi narkvevi _ toponimi `gareja~ da misi eklesiologiuri Sinaarsi _ miznad isixavs samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis yuradRebuli sakiTxis garkvevas, romelic dRemde sakamaToa da kvlavac _ fiqrisa da gansjis aRmZvreli. zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, r. siraZe gamokveTs qarTvelTaTvis `aTcamet mamaTa~ damsaxurebasa da Rvawls, romelic wm.ninos mociqulebrivi Rvawlis kvalobaze warimarTeboda. mkvlevari toponim `garesjis~ eklesiologiuri Sinaarss ganixilavs qristianuli `qarTlis~ sivrcul SinaarsTan mimarTebiT da aRniSnavs, rom `qarTli~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ arsebobis droidan) qarTlTan erTad kaxeTsac gulisxmobs. b-ni revazi `daviT garejelis cxovrebis~ erTi monakveTis mixedviT mimoixilavs `udabnos~ mniSvnelobas da am SemTxvevaSi dausaxlebel garemoSi, garejaSi samonastro sulierebis damkvidrebad miiCnevs. misi azriT, kompoziti `gare-sja~ Tavdapirvelad adgilis saxeldebad, e. i. toponimad ki ar warmoqmnila, aramed samonazvno qmedebis, monazvnis mier tanjvisa da SeWirvebis aRsaniSnavad...~ (gv. 78). mkvlevari `garesjis~ Secvlas forma `garejiT~, Tavdapirvel saxeldebaSi eklesiologiuri Sinaarsis dakargvis SegrZnebiT xsnis. Cveni azriT, savsebiT marTebulia fiqri imasa, rom `garesja~ ar gulisxmobs `gare-gansjas~ (`gare-msjelobas~), aramed, _ rogorc b-ni revazi ganmartavs, _ monazvnis mier tanjvas, asketur `TviT dasjas~, rasac mama daviTi qarTlis mimarT `gare~ regionSi, udabnoSi aRasrulebda. narkvevSi _ bodi-bodbe da soji dedofali _ gamoyofilia wm.ninos dros bodbis gaqristianebis sakiTxi (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ monacemTa mixedviT). aRniSnulia is gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rac mieniWa bodbes da mTel kaxeTs wm.ninos iq dakrZalviT. r.siraZis azriT, wm.ninos saflavs bodbeSi ramdenime momenti gansazRvravs, kerZod, strabonis cnobiT, swored aq unda mdgariyo TeTri qalRmerTis (levkoTeas) taZari, `moqcevaÁ 257 nana gonjilaSvili qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT ki _ miriani SesaZleblad Tvlis wm.ninos armazis asulad miCnevas. mkvlevari varaudobs, rom wm.ninos kultma daZlia qalRvTaebaTa kulti. bodbes mniSvnelobas, b-ni revazis azriT, ganadidebs soji dedoflis pirovnebac, romlis moRvaweoba warmoaCens `didi kaxeTis~ qarTul saqristianosTan gamTlianebas. narkvevSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi soji dedofalTan dakavSirebuli CanarTi, SesaZloa, bodbis eklesiis uZvelesi `sakiTxavi~ iyos. b-n revazi amis maCveneblad Tvlis soji dedoflis mcxeTaSi misvlis didmniSvnelovan faqts, romelic TxzulebaSi sagangebodaa aRwerili, Tavad wm. ninosa da samefo karis mieraa gansakuTrebiT yuradRebuli. da bolos, r.siraZe `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT gamokveTs qalTa Rvawls qarTlis moqcevaSi. qalTa saxeebisa da maTi damsaxurebis mTeli sisruliT warmoCena did STabeWdilebas axdens da erTgvar gakvirvebasac ki iwvevs. nawarmoebis kiTxvisas es fenomeni aseTi masStaburobiT nakleb aRiqmeba; am SemTxvevaSi ki (erTianobaSi warmoCenisas) _ mkiTxvelisaTvis sacnauri xdeba, rom qalTa Rvawli fasdaudebelia, igi qarTlis moqcevis mTel gzas moicavs da saerTod, Txzulebas uwyvet xazad gasdevs. narkvevSi _ ioane petriwis saxismetyveleba _ Seswavlilia saxeobriobis adgili da mniSvnelovneba movlenaTa simravlis petriwiseul warmodgenaSi. am mizniT, r.siraZe ioane petriwis `ganmartebidan~ gamoyofs da ganixilavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: `pirvelmizezis~ mravalmxriv ganmartebas, saxeTa warmoqmnasa da msgavsebas, ierarqiuli wyobis mimarTebasa (zemodan qvemoT da piruku) da ierarqiuli wyobis esTetikur princips, samyaros esTetikuri gaazrebis koncefcias, berZnuli miTologiisadmi mimarTebas, moZRvrebas drosa da sivrceze, `erTisa~ da `simravlis~ urTierkavSirs da sxv. r. siraZis azriT, `pirvelmizezis~ petriwiseul ganmartebaTa Soris `dambadebloba-warmoqmnis~ Tvalsazrisia umTavresi (mxedvelobaSia saxeTa warmoqmna, am warmoqmnisas msgavsebis sakiTxi), gansaxovneba da trfialeba (ierarqiul wyobaSi qvemodan zemoT moZraobis gamomwvevi) ukavSirdeba mSvenierebas. mkvlevari aq gamokveTs erT moments, rom esTetikurobisadmia damorCilebuli (an dakavSirebuli) RmerTis raobaTa gaazrebisaTvis moxmobili sxvadasxva aspeqti. `pirvelmizezis~ mravalmxriv ganmartebaTa Soris b-ni revazi gamoyofs `mzes~ da aRniSnavs, rom petriwis naazrevSi `mze~ pirvelmizezis simboloa (mze araa `zesT arsi~), misi mSvenierebis yvelaze ukeT warmomCeni (rac mravalgzis meordeba). amisdakvalad, mkvlevrisaTvis miuRebelia mzis RmerTobis kvalis arseboba petriwis naazrevSi. sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva Semdegi: petriwis `ganmartebis~ mixedviT, samyaros Seqmna mSvenierebis gamovlinebaa _ arsebobiTac da Tavisi SinaarsiTac arsebulni mSvenierni arian. 258 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ r. siraZe petriwis msoflgagebaSi esTetikis didi mniSvnelovnebis warmosaCenad ganixilavs samyaros ierarqiul wyobas da masSi esTetikuri safuZvelis gamovlenas cdilobs. ganmartebaTa mixedviT, mkvlevari samyaros ierarqias (zeaRmavali wyobiT) Semdegi rigiT warmogvidgens: 1. sxeuli, 2. 4 elementi, 3. ca, 4. buneba, 5. suli, 6. goni (`gonieri arsi~), 7. namdvil myofi, 8. erTni, 9. erTi. am sistemaSi umTavresi, arsis ganmsazRvreli yofila `pirveli goneba~ (`namdvil myofi~). b-ni revazi am ganmartebidan gamokveTs arsebiTs, rom `pirveli goneba~, romelic yoveli myofisa da arsisaTvis dasabamia, mSvenierebis saTave yofila. petriwis naazrevSi mkvlevris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs imis warmoCena, rom `siraTa~ mimarTeba, rogorc amqveynad, iseve zesTasofelSi, saxeobrivia, e.i. mTeli samyaro warmodgenilia saxeTa sistemaSi. samyaro iwyeba da mTavrdeba saxeebiT~ (gv.93). r. siraZe sagangebod msjelobs im faqtze (romelic specialurad yuradRebuli ar yofila), rom petriwTan terminebi _ `saxieri~, `saxierebaÁ~ ar ixmareba. maT nacvlad gamoiyeneba _ `keTili~, `keTilobaÁ~. mkvlevris azriT, amgvar Canacvlebas SeiZleba moeZebnos axsna _ petriwi `saxes~ `gansaxovnebis~ gamosaxatavad iyenebda, gansaxovnebas sikeTesTan erTad mSvenierebac mohqonda; termini `saxieri~ ki _ qarTul mwerlobaSi keTils aRniSnavda da amdenad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom gansaxovnebasTan mxolod sikeTe dakavSirebuliyo. narkvevSi yuradRebulia kidev erTi aspeqti _ samyaros esTetikuri gaazrebis koncefcia _ saxis gaazrebadaa miCneuli samyaros Semecneba, rac siamovnebas gvaniWebs. swored amas aRniSnavs esTetikuri termini `samusikeloTa rTvaÁ~ (mxatvruli morTvis, mokazmvis gza). r.siraZis varaudiT, petriwiseuli Semecnebis ornairi tipidan _ azrTan safexurebrivi miaxlovebisa da uSualo miaxlovebidan _ mxatvruli Semecneba meore tipad CaiTvleboda. r. siraZe ar eTanxmeba petriwis naazrevSi galobis samxmianobasTan dakavSirebiT e.metrevelis Sexedulebas (sami registris erTi bgeris erTianobas) da aRniSnavs, rom aq swored sami gansxvavebuli xmis erTianobaze, harmoniazea saubari da es mxolod musikas ar exeba. mkvlevris azriT, es zogadesTetikuri principia da samyaros zogad kanonzomierebaTa gamoxatulebadaa miCneuli. narkvevSi ganxilulia petriwis mimarTeba berZnuli miTologiisadmi, rac, r.siraZis azriT, literaturuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis Zalze sayuradReboa. sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva, rom petriwma antikuri memkvidreoba qristianobis safuZvelze `moaqcia~. dro-sivrcis petriwiseul filosofiasTan dakavSirebiT ki _ aRniSnulia, rom igi emyareba yofierebis saxeobriobas, maTi sazrisia sikeTe. 259 nana gonjilaSvili petriwis naazrevidan narkvevSi saubaria `erTisa~ da `simravlis~ mimarTebazec (yoveli qmnileba gulisxmobs mis Semoqmeds, magram umaRles erTs ver swvdeba mTeli samyaros gaazrebebi). r.siraZe amisdakvalad gamoTqvams varauds, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi misi Semoqmedis bunebas warmoaCens, yvelaferi ki usasrulod miemarTeba Cveni gonebisaTvis miuwvdomel uzenaes erTs. narkvevis dasasruls, zemoaRniSnul SexedulebaTa ganxilvis Sedegad r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom qarTul neoplatonizmSi saxis buneba mravalmxrivaa Secnobili, rom am naazrevSi esTetikuri Sinaarsis mikuTvnebiT xiluli samyaros faseuloba maRldeboda, soflisa da zeSTasoflis morigebas esTetika axdenda, samyaros esTetikuri faseulobis aRiarebas ki didi mniSvneloba hqonda. aRniSnuli narkvevi mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa ioane petriwis saxismetyvelebis Sesamecneblad. SesaZlebloba gveZleva, am urTules filosofiur naazrevSi sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa (RmerTze, samyaroze, mis ierarqiul wyobaze da a.S) meSveobiT amovikiTxoT filosofosis mier mravalmxriv Secnobili da Camoyalibebuli gansaxovnebis Taviseburebani, ganvsazRvroT saxeobriobis adgili da mniSvnelovneba movlenaTa simravlis petriwiseul warmodgenaSi, romelsac msWvalavs esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. r.siraZis mier ganxiluli urTulesi sakiTxebi mkiTxvels uadvilebs petriwiseuli msoflgagebis aRqmas da gansaxovnebis principebTan dakavSirebiT bevr axal Tvalsazriss awvdis. wignis Semdegi narkvevi _ rusTavelis esTetikuri TvalTaxedva (Teoriuli Sexedulebani) _ warmoaCens rusTavelis literaturul-esTetikur principebs, romlebic Tavad poetis mier Teoriuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli. sakiTxTa uSualo kvlevamde, r.siraZe mimoixilavs rusTavelis esTetikis Seswavlis istorias da aRniSnavs, rom mxolod uaxles samecniero literaturaSi iZebneba specialuri gamokvlevebi rusTavelis literaturulesTetikuri Sexedulebebisa da mxatvruli samyaros Sesaxeb. narkvevSi `vefxistyaosnis~ SesavalSi gamoTqmuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli mosazrebidan gamoyofilia Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. poeturi STagonebis wyaro, 2. poeturi Semoqmedebis elementebi, 3. poeturi Semoqmedebis sagani, 4. mijnuris esTetikuri kvalifikacia. r. siraze aRniSnavs, rom rusTavelisTvis poeturi STagonebis pirvelsaTave RvTaebaa, rac SemoqmedebiT proceSi siyvaruliT gamsWvalvas gulisxmobs. amdenad, SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis pirvelwyarod mkvlevari siyvaruls miiCnevs, romelsac (RvTaebriv siyvaruls) mSveniereba moaqvs. da radgan rusTaveli amqveynad RvTaebrivi siyvarulis gamovlinebas Tamaris saxeSi xedavs, r. siraZe Semdegnairad gaiazrebs siyvarulis rusTvelur 260 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ warmodgenas _ RvTaeba, siyvaruli, Tamari. yuradsaRebia mkvlevris Sexeduleba, rom rusTvelisaTvis `mijnurTa surviliT~ gamsWvalvis gareSe pirovneba mxatvrul SemoqmedebiT unarsacaa moklebuli. es azri samecniero literaturaSi sagangebod araa yuradRebuli da amdenad poeturi STagonebis rusTavelur gagebaSi erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoaCens. r. siraZe rusTavelis naazrevidan gamoyofs poeturi Semoqmedebis 4 elements (ena, guli, xelovaneba, goneba), romlebic poeturi gamoTqmis silamazis (`turfad xsenebis~) misaRwevadaa aucilebeli; poezias ki qmnis am elementTa gamamTlianebeli, poeturi mizandasaxulobis mqone da SemoqmedebiTad STagonebuli pirovneba. narkvevSi ganxilulia RvTaebrivi da adamianuri siyvarulis mimarTeba, dazustebulia rusTvelur sityvaxmarebaSi terminis _ `baZvis~ mniSvneloba, rom igi mimsgavsebasTan erTad `gansaxovnebasac~ gulisxmobs. daskvna aseTia: `amqveyniuri, amaRlebuli adamianuri siyvaruli SeiZleba zeciurs ganasaxovnebdes~ (gv. 114). idealuri mijnuris saxeze msjeloba gamokveTs azrs, rom idealur mijnurSi (romelic adamianis zogadi idealia) RvTaebrivi idealebia Tavmoyrili. rusTveliseuli koncefciis amgvari wakiTxva da gaazreba mxolod erTiani xedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac r. siraZis kvlevis mudmivi maxasiaTebelia. Sairobis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic yvelaze metadaa yuradRebuli samecniero literaturaSi, b-ni revazi warmoaCens gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss, rom rusTavelisTvis yovelgvari sibrZne RvTaebrivia, saRvToc da saeroc, rom poemaSi gvar-saxeobrivadaa ganmartebuli `sibrZnis dargad~, `saRvTod~ gamocxadebuli Sairoba, rac saero poeziis mniSvnelobas amaRlebda. Sairobis Janrobriv sakiTxebze msjelobisas mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom rusTaveli poetur nawarmoebTa gamoyofasTan erTad sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis poetTa klasifikacias axdens. aqve ganmartebulia, rom `grZeli leqsis~ Tqma poetisagan did gamocdilebasa da Sromas iTxovs. r.siraZe rusTvelis poetur RirsebaTa ZiriTad kriteriumebad `grZlad Tqmasa~ da `naTlad Tqmas~ miiCnevs, rac, Cveni azriT, gasaTvaliswinebeli SeniSvnaa. mkvlevari sagangebod msjelobs araerTxel yuradRebul striqonze: `Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi~ da aRniSnavs, rom aq azrovnebis sxva formaTa Soris Sairobis adgilis gansazRvrazea saubari. aRniSnuli strofis gasaazreblad b-ni revazi ganixilavs p.ingoroyvas, g.nadiraZis, m.gogiberiZis Sexedulebebs, ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom `Sairoba~ saerTod xelovnebas da arc mis erT mxares niSnavs, radgan rusTavelTan `xelovneba~ ar ixmareba dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, xolo `esTetika~ im droisaTvis saerTod ar arsebobda dRevandeli 261 nana gonjilaSvili gagebiT. mkvlevari ganmartebis konkretuli Sinaarsis amosacnobad uciloblad miiCnevs, gaviTvaliswinoT moZRvreba orgvari sibrZnis Sesaxeb. narkvevSi gamokveTilia azri, rom rusTaveli mihyveba areopagitul moZRvrebas zogadi TvalsazrisiT da axleburi gaazrebani Semoaqvs _ poemis mixedviT, `sibrZneSi~ ar igulisxmeba mxolod saRvTismetyvelo sibrZne, arc sibrZneTa saxeebia dapirispirebuli, mxolod umecrebaa RvTaebriobis antipodi. rusTavelTan `Sairoba~ sibrZnis rigis movlenaa, misi erT-erTi qvesaxea, xolo `xelovaneba~ aRniSnavs ostatobas da ara xelovnebas. narkvevSi r.siraZe rusTavelis esTetikur naazrevTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi wamoWril mraval sakiTxs sayuradRebo axsnas uZebnis da Sua saukuneebis Teoriul-literaturul principebze dayrdnobiT gvisabuTebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs, romelnic siaxleTa warmomCenelia da WeSmaritebis wvdomis gzaTa Ziebisken gvibiZgebs. `casa caTasa~ (Tamar mefis iambiko) _ ase ewodeba narkvevs, romelSic ganxilulia `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ teqstSi CarTuli Tamar mefis `iambiko xuTeuli~. nawarmoebis gasaazreblad r.siraZe mimoixilavs istoriul viTarebas, dakavSirebuls Samqoris brZolasTan, romelic Tamaris `iambikos~ Seqmnis sababi gamxdara. mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom `iambiko~, romlis mizani RvTis maradiulobis gamoxatvaa, RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis warmodgeniT iwyeba da amqveyniuri sinamdviliT sruldeba, rac `Sebrunebuli perspeqtivis~ principis erTgvari gamovlenaa. b-ni revazis azriT, Tamaris sityvebi _ `casa caTasa~ bibliur-patristikul moZRvrebas emyareba da caTagan gansakuTrebuls gulisxmobs, romlis `damwyebia RmerTmTavroba~. ioane damaskelisa da ioane petriwis naazrevis moxmobiT, mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom `caTa ca~ yofierebis pirvelsaTavea, RvTis adgili, umaRlesi caa, sadac `RmerTmTavroba~ (areopagituli wignebis mixedviT _ RvTaebrivi pirvelsawyisi) da `mRvdelT-mTavrobaa~ (wminda sawyisi). narkvevSi ganxilulia `iambikos~ striqonebi, romlebSic warmoCndeba Sesaqmis gaazreba, adamianis pirvelarsi. r.siraZis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq aqcentirebulia Ze RvTisa, mimarTva mainc RvTismSoblisadmia. bibliasa da patristikaze dayrdnobiT mkvlevars gamoaqvs daskvna, rom caTa ca RvTismSobelia, saRvTo usazRvroebis damtevi, romlis mimarTac Tamari madlierebis vedrebas aRavlens. r. siraZe aRniSnul narkvevSi mniSvnelovan dakvirvebebs gamokveTs da sayuradRebo Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, romlebic saximetyvelebis meSveobiT aixsneba da gaiazreba. sakiTxis amgvari kvleva, `iambikoSi~ gansaxovnebaTa Zieba-warmoCena kvlavac cxadyofs `RmrTivganbrZobili~ Tamar mefis sulier simaRlesa da swrafvans, mkiTxvelisaTvis ametyvelebul ucnob samyaros. 262 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ friad saintereso da mravalmxrivi gansaxovnebis, sulis urTulesi Sreebis wvdomis warmomaCenelia narkvevi _ galaktionis `lurja cxenebi~ da v.kandinskis `lurji mxedari~ (interteqstualuri wakiTxvisaTvis). r. siraZe mimoixilavs galaktionis winare periodis leqsebs (1915 wlis CaTvliT) da gamokveTs im Taviseburebebs, romlebic TavCenilia `lurja cxenebSi~ (1916w.); esenia _ teqstSi azrobrivze metad sityvebis emociuri urTierTkavSiri, saxeTa Sinaarsis mdinarebaSi (da ara statikur formebSi) ganamdvileba, mdinarebis Seqmna sityvaTa metalogikuri miniSnebiT da ara logikuri kavSiriT. mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, nawarmoebSi arasagnobrivi sinamdvile iqmneba sityvaTa sagnobrivi Sinaarsidan abstraqciiT. b-ni revazi `lurja cxenebis~ gaazrebisas warmoaCens im abstraqciaqmnil sivrces, romelic ufro `namdvili~ sinamdvilea, vidre konkretuli garemo. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, am sivrceSi, romelic qaosic-ki aRaraa, yofnisa da aryofnis gverdiT raRac mesamed aRiqmeba `napiri~ (`elvarebda napiri samudamo mxareSi~). mniSvnelovania aRniSvna imisa, rom leqsSi mimarTva _`Sen~ Seicavs `mes~ Sinaarss Taviseburi gaucxoebiT, rac poeturi igiveobaa, `depersonaluri Sinaarsis personalizeba~. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, pirovnulis danaxvis SesaZleblobas aq qmnis SemoqmedebiT procesTan dakavSirebuli impulsebis warmoCena. r. siraZe `lurja cxenebis~ urTulesi Sreebis wvdomisaTvis (romelnic bolomde miuwvdomelia) moixmobs galaktionis leqsebs, Soreuli reminiscenciebisTvis iTvaliswinebs miToss, antikur samyaros kulturas, qristianul ikonografias, qarTul poezias; gansakuTrebiT galaktionis Canawerebia yuradRebuli da poetis azrs, rom maRal poeziaSi `sinamdvileze meti sinamdvilea~, b-ni revazi abstraqcionistul eqspresionizmis principad aRiarebs. mkvlevari `lurja cxenebis~ interteqstualuri gaazrebisaTvis sruliad gansakuTrebulad miiCnevs vasil kandinskis (1866-1944) `lurj mxedars~ (mis grafikul, ferwerul da sxva variaciebs). narkvevSi mimoxilulia v.kandinskisa da f.markis TaosnobiT (redaqtorobiTa da avtorobiT) gamosuli almanaxi `lurji mxedari~ (1912 w.), masSi warmodgenili avtorebi (almanaxis ydazea v.kandinskis graviura _ `lurji mxedari~), gamokveTilia v.kandinskis Semoqmedebasa da `lurji mxedris~ ciklis nawarmoebTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. r. siraZe aRniSnavs, rom kandinskis mxatvroba aramimeturia da arasagnobrivi (am mizniT moxmobilia nawarmoebebi, ganxilulia _ `apokalifsis mxedari~). mkvlevari sagangebod msjelobs kandinskis `lurj mxedarze~, romlis Sinaarsi yofna-aryofnis miRmuria. galaktionis `lurja cxenebis~ darad, aqac danaxulia e.w. `mesame gamoricxuli~, areopagituli antinomiis kvalobaze gasaazrebeli. narkvevSi daZebnili da gamovlenilia `lurja cxenebisa~ da `lurji mx263 nana gonjilaSvili edris~ saerTo Tavisiseburebani _ sulieri yofiereba (avtori Tavis Tavs gamoxatavs), gansaxovnebis arasagnobrioba da ganyenebuloba; feris, formisa, xazis (kandinskisTan) da sityvis (galaktionTan) TavisTavadi raobiT (da ara raimesi) warmoCena, daSlili samyaro da danawevrebuli sinamdvile, gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa siuxve (saTqmelis saboloo miuRwevlobis mizniT), SemoqmedebiTi procesebis Tanamdevi impulsebi, ikonografiuli gansaxovneba (Sinaarsi xiluli realobis miRma). narkvevSi imdenad siRrmiseulad da yovlismomcveli xedviTaa gaazrebuli galaktionis `lurja cxenebisa~ da v. kandinskis `lurji mxedris~ Sina-arsi, rom saTqmelsac TiTqos aRar tovebs, igi fiqrisken da dumilSi gancdisken mimarTavs mkiTxvels. sakiTxTa interteqstualuri kvleva, reminscenciebisa Tu saxismetyvelebis warmoCena nawarmoebTa sulieri Sinaarsis amocnoba-wakiTxvaSi gvexmareba, `sinamdvileze met sinamdviles~ _ teqstismiRmur sinamdviles migvaaxlebs, usaxo da usazRvro sinamdviles realurad SegvagrZnobinebs, sityvier gamomsaxvel saSualebaTa siuxve ki miuRwevlobis SegrZnebas, `verTqmas~ sakuTar gulisTqmad gviqcevs. r.siraZe erTianobaSi gvawvdis avtorTa SemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamdev impulsebs, sulier yofierebasa Tu poetur filosofosobas, daSlil samyarosa da nawarmoebis daSlil sinamdviles, zesinamdvilisken rom iswrafvis; imavdroulad eqspresiiT SevyavarT SemoqmedTa abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis samyaroSi, formas daSorebuli Sinaarsisken Cvenc, mkiTxvelTac gagviyoliebs da erTgvari TanaSemoqmedebisa Tu Tanagancdis grZnobas aRgviZravs. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba imis Tqma (albaT mkiTxvelic dameTanxmeba), rom am narkvevis (iseve, rogorc sxva naSromTa) gacnobisas b-n revazTan mimarTebiT movixmoT galaktionis sityvebi _`me vxedav sizmrebs araTqveneburs~. wignis Semdeg narkvevSi _ apokalifsi wignisa. apokalifsuri xilvani `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ _ ganxilulia wminda wignis apokalifsuri tipis xilva, romelic, r. siraZis SexedulebiT, exmianeba wm.ioanes gamocxadebas. wignTa urTierTmimarTebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoikveTeba azri, rom `gamocxadeba~ ubralo wyaro ki aRar aris, anda marginaluri `sqolio~, aramed is `Sedis~ `cxovrebis~ teqstSi da garkveulwilad erT mTlianobas qmnis~ (gv.157). amgvari dasvna teqstTa Semxvedri adgilebisa da gansaxovnebaTa msgavsebis warmoCeniTaa gamotanili, kerZod, RvTis xilva angelozuri kacis saxiT, `dabeWduli~ (saidumlo sibrZnis Semcveli) wigni, romlis mTavari funqcia misionerulia, sveti-cxoveli, Tvali-patiosani. `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ `wm.ioanes gamocxadebaze~ damokidebulebis maCveneblad r.siraZe miiCnevs `Satberdis krebuls~. aq Setanilia ipolite romaelis `aRsasrulisaTvis JamTaÁsa~, romelSic dasaxelebulia ioane RvTismetyveli da moyvanilia misi citata `gamocxadebidan~. mkvlevari swored 264 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ am nawvetsa da ipolite romaelis ganmartebas (gamocxadebis~ dedakacis Sesaxeb, romelic simboloa eklesiisa) ukavSirebs `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ `eklesiis sulis~ simbolos _ jvars. narkvevSi saubaria wignis apokalifsis mniSvnelobaze (wignis `aTi sityva~ miemarTeba moses `aT mcnebas~) da wm.ninos wigni rjulis dafebis axal iersaxed, axal aRTqmaze damyarebul, axal apokalifsur wignadaa miCneuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom r. siraZis es narkvevi Cvenebaa imisa, Tu raoden didi mniSvnelovnebis, siRrmiseuli Sina-arsis Semcvelia `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ teqsti, paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis da gansaxovnebaTa amouwuravi saunje, interteqstualizmiT aRsaqmeli da gasaazrebeli. narkvevSi _ `idgnen da elodnen~, `dganan da elian~ _ r. siraZis mizania, `interteqstualuri~ wakiTxvis gziT warmoaCinos `mTani maRalnis~ ori wyaro: 1. evsevi aleqsandrielis (Vs.) `kviriakis~ sakiTxavi da 2. goeTes mTaTa bunebis gaazreba `mogzaurobidan italiaSi~. unda aRiniSnos, rom es Txzulebebi pirvelad swored am narkvevSia dasaxelebuli `mTani maRalnis~ (saerTod, vaJas nawarmoebTa) wyarod. mkvlevars evsevi aleqsandrielis sakiTxavidan mohyavs nawyvetebi, romlebSic Svidjeraa warmoCenili am tipis frazebi: `dganan da elian~ da `idgnen da elodnen~, vaJasTan ki _ samjeraa am tipis Sesityveba. r. siraZis azriT, orive nawarmoebSi saRvTo imeds ukavSirdeba molodinis gancda, romelic qristianul sasoebas _ imeds gulisxmobs. mkvlevari goeTes mTaTa bunebis gaazrebis warmosaCenad, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba m. baxtinis Targmans, iTvaliswinebs rusul Targmansa da germanul dedansac. narkvevSi goeTes nawarmoebidan _ `mogzaurobidan italiaSi~ moxmobilia nawyveti, romlis mixedviT, mTis cxovelmyofeli Sinagani pulsirebaa, misive Semogarenis cvalebadobis ganmsazRvreli. yovelive amas miemarTeba vaJas mTaTa gulSi `cecxlis duRili~, idea, grZnoba, ocneba, `usazRvro zRvad~ Camdgari molodini. r. siraZis mier miTiTebuli wyaroebi dro-sivrculi mimarTebiT xsnian da msWvalaven vaJas mTaTa molodinisa da macocxlebeli bunebis arss, maT axali TvalsawieriT msWvalaven. zevsis saxecvlileba _ aseTi saxelwodebisaa narkvevi, romelSic r.siraZe warmoaCens petriwis `ganmartebaSi~ zevsis raobas. Tadapirvelad mkvlevari gamokveTs i. petriwis damokidebulebas miTologiisadmi _ rwmenis safuZvelSia qriste, miTologiidan aRbuli saxelebi (promeTe, hermesi, aTena) ki _ adamianuri fenomenis simbolur saxelwodebebadaa gamoyenebuli. mkvlevari cdilobs gaarkvios, Tu raa saxeldebuli zevsad petriwis naazrevSi. `ganmartebis~ me-60 Tavidan moyvanil nawyvetze dayrdnobiT, r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom petriwi samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis erTerT safexurs (sagnobrivi cnobierebis sferos) uwodebs `zevss~, romelic 265 nana gonjilaSvili kerpTa, samyaros zemdgomi Zalis saxelwodebaa. diois anu zevsis sfero hbaZavs umaRles RvTiur realobas _ `namdvil-myofs~, `erTi~ yvelaze maRla dgas, zevsi ki warmavlobaSi monawileobs. amitomac ar SeiZleba igi uzenaes RvTaebad miviCnioT. r. siraZis msjelobidan gamomdinare, petriwTan antikuri warmodgenebi desakralizebulia, axlebur mniSvnelobas iZens. amdenad, zevsi dabali safexuria umaRles RvTaebriv sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT. igi uzenaesi RmerTisganaa Seqmnili. narkvevi _ `suli saqmiT metyveli~ _ ilia WavWavaZis poemis _ `aCrdilis~ problematikisa da gansaxovnebaTa Taviseburebebis warmoCena-gaazrebas exeba. r.siraZe poemis mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa Soris ramdenimeze aCerebs yuradRebas. erT-erTi maTgani `aCrdilis~ mizandasaxulobis gamokveTasa da garkvevas isaxavs miznad. mkvlevari eikonuri saxismetyvelebiT movlenil xilvad miiCnevs aCrdils, romlis xilvisaTvis poemis III TavSi poetis cnobierebis Semzadebaa mocemuli. r. siraZe ganixilavs aCrdilis saxis raobas da aRniSnavs, rom igi kacsaxovani sulia, adamianSi arsebuli angelosuri suli, romelic TviT ilias sulieri zeswrafvis simbolod warmodgeba. narkvevSi poemis mizandasaxulobad, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul konkretul problemasTan erTad, aCrdiliseburi amaRlebuli cnobierebisken swrafvaa miCneuli. r.siraZe ganixilavs poemis yovel TavSi warmoCenil qristianul msoflxedvis sakiTxs, romelic zogjer problemis saxiT, xan ki _ specifikuri qristologiuri sityvaxmarebiTaa mowodebuli (kerZod, cisa da miwis urTierTmimarTebis idea, galobani erovnuli sinanulisani, optimizmi, idea `dakarguli samoTxisa~). mkvlevari gamoTqvams varauds, rom aCrdilis iliaseuli xilvis erT-erTi STamagonebeli SesaZloa iyos n. gulaberisZis `sveticxovlis sakiTxavi~ _ daviT aRmaSenebels sveticxovlis taZris Tavze eCveneba RvTaeba spetaki moxucis saxiT. am Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmis safuZvels, b-ni revazis azriT, iZleva poemis adreuli radaqciis daTariReba _ 26 ianvari (daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRe). narkvevSi calke sakiTxadaa gamoyofili `aCrdilis~ XVII Tavi, romelic, r.siraZis SexedulebiT, mcxeTis awmyosa da warsuls saRvTismetyvelo saxismetyvelebiT warmoaCens. aRniSnulia ilias saxismetyvelebis mimarTeba `wm.ninos cxovrebasTan~, romlis Seswavla gamokveTs Semdeg azrs _ qarTlis gulidan aRmocenebuli `xe cxovrebisa~, romelsac aqvs `Ziri Tavisuflebis~, unda gulisxmobdes `sveti-cxovels~, Tavisuflebis simbolod `xe cxovrebisas~ gaazreba ki uTanabrdeba `xes cnobadisa keTilisa da borotisa~. r.siraZis TvalTaxedviT, mcxeTas (simbolurad saqarTvelos) ukavSirdeba idea `dakarguli samoTxisa~, romelic potenciurad `samoTxis dabrunebis~ ideas Seicavs, rasac poemis optimisturi dasasruli unda 266 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ gulisxmobdes. mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom poemaSi warmoCenili azrovnebis sxvadasxva formebi aCrdilis cnobierebaSia gamTlianebuli, rac sazogadoebaSi arsebuli urTierTgaucxoebis daZlevis mcdelobas unda niSnavdes. aRniSnuli narkvevi iseve, rogorc r.siraZis yoveli naSromi, `aCrdilis~ axlebur wakiTxvas gvTavazobs, gansxvavebulsa da sayuradRebos poemis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mravalricxovan gamokvlevaTa Soris. aCrdilis saxis, da saerTod poemis amgvari gaazreba da sakiTxTa dasma ilias Semoqmedebisa da msoflxedvis siRrmiseul wvdomas, masTan miaxlebis SesaZleblobas uqmnis qarTuli mwerlobiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels. erTob mniSvnelovani da mravalmxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia narkvevi _ qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis _ romliTac sruldeba r.siraZis wigni. narkvevi ramdenime qveTavisgan Sedgeba da erTi rigis, urTierTganmsazRvrel (urTierTgamWol) sakiTxebs mTlianobaSi warmogvidgens. pirveli sakiTxi _ Teoriuli wanamZRvrebi _ saxismetyvelebis raobis gansazRvrasa da mniSvnelovnebas warmoaCens, gansaxovnebisa, romlis erovnuli raoba enis bunebas emyareba. aRniSnulia, rom qarTuli literaturis saxismetyvelebiTi istoriis gaazreba paradigmul saxeTa Seswavlis gareSe warmoudgenelia; r.siraZe miznad isaxavs enis Sinaformebze damyarebuli literaturuli saxismetyvelebis Seswavla-gamokveTas. mkvlevris azriT, aq arsebiT sakiTxad warmodgeba qarTuli enis indoevropul enebTan mimarTeba, radgan T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis monografiaSi (`indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi~) indoevropul enaTa monacemebze warmodgenili `saganTa samyaros~ klasebis enobrivi movlenebi qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis tipTa dadgenis safuZvelni xdebian. narkvevis qveTavi _ paradigmuli saxismetyveleba da enis Sinaforma _ miznad isaxavs ori problemis _ a) rogor saxeebSi vlindeba erovnuli esTetikuri msoflaRqmis specifika da b) rogor vlindeba enaSi paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis safuZvlebi _ d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis safuZvelze kvlevas. r. siraZe SeniSnavs, rom saxeqmnadoba aracnobieri (anu subieqtis ganwyobis) procesia, gansaxovnebis qvecnobieri safuZveli ki _ enis Sinaforma (gareformis safuZveli, mis miRma sagulisxmo). mkvlevari nawarmoebTa teqstis istorias aniWebs did mniSvnelobas enobrivi msoflaRqmis cvalebadobisa da mTlianobis TvalsazrisiT. aqve aRniSnulia mxatvruli sityvis saxisqmnadobiTi potencia (mxatvruli sityva sWarbobs asasaxav sagans), romelSic warmoCindeba enobrivi msoflxedvis xasiaTi. qveTavi _ saxismetyvelebis zesocialuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb _ warmoaCens saxismetyvelebis Sesaswavlisas bunebasTan erovnuli mimarTe267 nana gonjilaSvili bis sakiTxs, radgan bunebasTan mimarTebiT vlindeba `erovnuli ganwyoba~ (moxmobilia l.gumiliovisa da v.vernadskis Teoriebi). r.siraZe ganixilavs adamianis mimarTebas biosferosa da noosferosTan (orive Cans enaSi cnobieradac da aracnobieradac). aRniSnulia, rom noosfero, ena da gansaxovneba zeklasobrivi raoba-fenomeni-movlenebia. mkvlevari ganixilavs ra v.vernadskis debulebebs, rom kosmiuri mTlianobis nawili _ adamiani Tavisi suliT noosferos nawilia, aRniSnavs am principis platonur-neoplatonistur moZRvrebidan momdinareobas (mxedvelobaSia `soflisa~ da `zesTasoflis~ urTierTmimarTeba). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gamokveTs gaazrebas, rom biosferoze maRlamdgomia pnevmasfero, romelic xelovnebaSi warmoCndeba; gansaxovneba swvdeba `pnevmosferos~, e. i. noosferos. r. siraZe dasZens, rom `gansaxovnebis bunebis Semofargvla socialuri faqtorebiT iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc enis bunebisa~ (gv. 186). `mSveniereba viTarca esTetikuri WeSmariteba~ _ narkvevis qveTavSi sityvis Sinaformis wvdomisaTvis ganxilulia S. nucubiZis aleTologiuri esTetika (sityvaSi arsebiTi, zecnebiTis Zieba), romlis ZiriTadi debulebaa _ mSveniereba esTetikuri WeSmaritebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, r.siraZe SeniSnavs, rom mSveniereba sityvis semantikis miRmur sferoSia, sadac esTetikuri da logikuri erTmaneTs hkveTs. mkvlevari qarTuli saazrovno tradiciebis istoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan adgils `saxeze~ SemuSavebul mosazrebebs aniWebs, kerZod, S. nucubiZiseul Sexedulebas (romelic agrZelebs areopagitikisa da petriwis saazrovno tradiciebs), rom WeSmariteba yovelgvar dapirispirebulobaze maRlamdgomia. mas adamiani `sibrZniT~ swvdeba. r. siraZe `orgvari sibrZnis~ moZRvrebis safuZvelze gamoyofs sityvis semantikis or mxares: konkretulsa da zogads, romelTa urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTSi (binarulobaSi) SesaZleblad Tvlis enobrivi msoflxedvis zogad TaviseburebaTa danaxvas. swored am mizniT, narkvevSi gamoyofilia qveTavi _ sakiTxTa Seswavlis istoriidan, romelic bizantiursa da qarTul esTetikaSi `saxis~ kategorias warmoCens (gansazRvrulia saxis orplanianoba), aRniSnulia mTavari _ sityvaTa `ziareba~ sayovelTao universaliebTan, rac r. siraZis azriT, arsebiTia qarTul sityvaSi orplanianobis ragvarobis gasaazreblad. qristianul xelovnebaSi sityva ganixileba viTarca xati, radgan konkretulidan universaliebisken svlas iTvaliswinebs. mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom gansaxovnebis Seswavlisas konkretul saxeTa analizisTvis saxeTqmnadobis zogad principebTan erTad enis bunebis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, `sityvis semantikuri velis ierarqiis Sreebis gasaazreblad mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod TviT enobriv monacemebs, aramed saxviTi xelovnebis saxeTa paradigmulobasac~ (190). narkvevis qveTavi _ qarTuli paradigmatikis Seswavlis istoriidan _ 268 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ r. siraZe aRniSnavs k.kekeliZis naSromebSi fundamenturi qristologiuri principebis erovnuli adaptaciis Seswavlis mniSvnelovnebas qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis kvleva-ZiebisaTvis. mkvlevari gamoyofs agiografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli paradigmuli kompoziciuri modelebis sam saxes: 1. centralur-cikluri struqturis mqone kompoziciebs (`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, aTonelTa `cxovrebani~, wm.giorgis xatebi); 2. triptiquli struqtura (`abos wameba~, samkaredi xatebi); 3. uwyvet qronologiur Tanamimdevrobaze agebuli kompoziciebi (`SuSanikis wameba). aqvea warmoCenili himnografiasa da qarTul saero mwerlobaSi paradigmulobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, miniSnebulia sparsuli mwerlobis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobac. narkvevis mniSvnelovan qveTavs warmoadgens _ qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyveleba da qarTuli ena. r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom enaSi erovnulTan erTad mJRavndeba isic, Tu ra aris SeTavsebuli da SeTvisebuli erovnuli kulturis mier, amdenad aucilebelia enisa da kulturis mTlianobaSi gaazreba (rasac iTvaliswinebs `kulturis lingvisturi paleontologia~). gamokveTilia azri, rom paradigmul saxismetyvelebaSi uciloblad iCens Tavs samyaros struqturis saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebuli modelebi, `Tu rogoraa fiqsirebuli enaSi adamianis yofasTan dakavSirebul yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenaTa urTierTmimarTebani~ (gv. 194). mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom enaSi fiqsirebuli movlenebis urTierTmimarTebaTa principebi saxisqmnadobebis erovnul bunebas gansazRvravs. molenaTa Sepirispirebis struqturis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia msgavsebagansxvavebebi, opoziciisa da polarizaciis Taviseburebani. yovelive amis naTelsayofad r.siraZe enobrivad fiqsirebuli modelis kvalobaze warmoaCens `sulis~ mimarTebaTa sistemas: suli mcenareTa, cxovelTa da adamianis `sicocxliTi~ suli (samSvineli), `sityvieri~ suli kacisa (`xati da msgavsi RvTisa~), angelozis suli (`meore naTeli~) da suli wmida (`dambadebeli~). mniSvnelovnebaTa simravlis miuxedavad, mkvlevari gamokveTs `sulis~ semantikur opozicias: `suli~ amqveyniuri da `suli~ zeciuri. moxmobili nimuSis kvalobaze r.siraZe aRniSnavs qarTul enaSi binaluri semantikuri polarulobis arsebobas, riTac qarTuli enobrive msoflxedva emsgavseba da kidevac gansxvavdeba (qarTulSi sxvadasxva cnebani erTi sityvieri formiT gamoixateba) indoevropulisgan. r. siraZe qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis Sesaswavlad enobrivi msoflxedvis safuZvelze yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli enis Taviseburebaze _ yofiTi movlenebisa da sulier sferos fenomenTa erTi da imave sityviT gamoxatvis unarze. amgvari semantikuri binaruloba mkvlevars erovnuli msoflxedvis gamomxatvelad esaxeba (semantikuri binaruloba ar 269 nana gonjilaSvili gulisxmobs omonimebs, romlebic mxolod erT mniSvnelobas gamokveTen). b-ni revazi aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs ramodenime sityvas (`sityva~ _ leqsikuri erTeuli da logosi; `saxe~ _ pirisaxe da arso; `erTi~ _ ricxviTi saxeli da RvTiuri yovlismTlianoba; `sofeli~ _ sacxovrebeli mxaris erTeuli da cxovreba; `qveyana~ _ miwa da samyaro; `qalaqi~ _ dasaxleba da mowesrigebuli cxovreba; `xelovneba~ _ ostatoba da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, `guli~ _ organo da centri; `mze~ _ eideturi da eikonuri), romlebic yvelaze metad gamoxataven adamianTa warmodgenebs yofiTsa da sulier samyaroze. aucilebelia aRniSvna imisa, rom narkvevis qveTavSi _ qarTuli paradigmatikis Seswavlis istoriidan _ r. siraZe wamoWris iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs da kvlevas iseTi axleburi TvalTaxedviT warmarTavs, samecniero literaturaSi aqamde rom ar yofila yuradRebuli da gaTvaliwinebuli. qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi paradigmadqceuli sityvebis (romelnic cxovrebisa da samyarosadmi adamianTa mniSvnelovan sferoebs gamoxataven) amgvari meTodiT Seswavla saSualebas iZleva ara mxolod zogierTi ganzogadebisaTvis, Semdgom kvleva-Ziebas uxsnis gzas, SegvagrZnobinebs sityvis saxismetyvelebis potencias da sityvis binaruli mniSvnelobis gziT mxatvruli saxis Sinaarsis amocnobaSi gvexmareba. aRniSnuli narkvevi, Cveni azriT, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da gamorCeulia r. siraZis mravalricxovan naSromTagan da saerTod, qarTuli kulturis Semswavlel samecniero kvleva-ZiebaTa Soris. misi mniSvnelovneba ganisazRvreba rogorc literaturis Teoriis, aseve _ zogadmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT. rac mTavaria, kvlevis meTodebis mravalmxrivoba da siRrmiseuli analizi (azrTa pluralizmis gamomwvevi pirobiTobis Semcveli _ rogorc amas b-ni revazi Tavad aRniSnavs da Cvenc amisaken mogviwodebsxolme) ganapirobebs siaxleTa, axleburi xedvis warmoCena-damkvidrebas (am SemTxvevaSi, sityvis semantikuri binaruloba) qarTul cnobierebaSi. es Sefaseba ara mxolod am narkvevs, mTel wigns Seesatyviseba. r.siraZis monografia _ qarTuli kultura da saxismetyveleba _ SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, Tvali gavadevnoT qarTuli literaturis saxismetyvelebiT istorias, literaturis mxatvrul-esTetikuri Tu saerTo-kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas, qarTuli mwerlobis paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis kvleva-Ziebas, qarTul saazrovno tradiciebs, erovnul esTetikur msoflaRqmas, enobrivi msoflxedvis cvalebadobas, yofierebis saxeobriv koncefcias, kulturis sakiTxebis kavSirs istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebasTan da a.S. amdenad, zemoaRniSnuli wigni qarTuli kulturis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul specialistebsa da mkiTxvels axleburi kuTxiT warmouCens erTi SexedviT nacnob-ucnob sityvas, azrs, ideasa Tu 270 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ movlenas da axal sulier samyaros gadauSlis, romelic sulierebiTvea SesagrZnobi. dasasruls, gvinda SevniSnoT, rom wigni _ qarTuli kultura da saxismetyveleba _ yvelaferTan erTad da upirveles yovlisa, warmogviCens Tavad avtors _ b-n revaz siraZis pirovnebas, miwyiv maZiebels, suliTa da gonebiT Seucnobadis wvdomisaken mswrafs, mkiTxvelisaTvis dafarulis xilva-Cvenebis mosurnes, xedvis Tvalsawieris gamxsnels, sikeTis damnaxavi da mayurebeli TvaliT macqerals, pluralizmis mosurnesa da damfasebels. Nana Gonjilashvili Revaz Siradze – “Culture and Imagology” Summary This year Revaz Siradze presented his new book – “Culture and Imagology” to those interested in culture. Prof. Siradze offers a decisive research of cultural issues, connected with imagology of literature and art, and historical and modern conceptology. The book unites six researches, which represent the new reading-realization of concrete questions, on the basis of researches of imagology and modern conceptology, by taking into consideration traditional opinions. Imagological periodization introduced by R. Siradze (which joins four periods), maybe arguable for a lot of people, but it is worth mentioning that a new viewpoint, methodological approach will be distinguished on the basis of prolonged scientific research. Essay – Time and Period –unites essential concepts, ideas and events connected with historical and contemporary conceptology. Prof. Siradze tries to represent the above mentioned issue by means of image perception. It should be noted that two essays of Siradze’s book – Sioni and Georgian Churchology and Svetitskhoveli, Aia-Sopia and Sioni” – should be analysed and perceived as a whole. These two researches form the basis for the preceding chapter – “Sveti-Tskhoveli” – Essence for Georgian’s Spiritual Life. In general, the reader will get acquainted and will realize the significance of Georgian’s spiritual life –inner-essence of Sveti –Tskhoveli and “Svetitskhoveli”. One of the essays of the book – Toponymy “Gareja” and its ecclesiastic content – aims at clearing the debatable issues of scientific literature which are still disputable and cause discussions. In the essay – Bodi-Bodbre and Soji Queen – is singled out the issue of Bodbe baptizing during St. Nino (on the basis of “Moqtsevai Qartlisai”). There is also mentioned the special importance of Bodbe and entire Kakheti acquiring after St. Nino’s burring there. R. Siradze considers that the personality of Soji Queen also plays an important role in the 271 nana gonjilaSvili importance of Bodbe, whose public life represents ”Big Kakheti’s” union with Georgian Christen world. The work – Ioane Petritse’s Imagology – is crucial for the perception of Ioane Petridze’s imagology. We have an opportunity, in this complicated philosophical thinking, with the help of different viewpoints, to recognize the peculiarities of imaging being perceived and formed by the philosopher. We can define the place and importance of image in Petritse’s opinion about varieties of events. In the essay – Rustaveli’s aesthetical viewpoint - R. Siradze finds interesting explanations to the problems raised in scientific literature concerning Rustaveli’s aesthetical thinking and proves his viewpoints on the basis of theoretical-literary principles of middle ages, which represent the novelty and leads us towards the way of truth finding. In Siradze’s work - “tsasa tsatasa” (Queen Tamar’s Iambic) – R. Siradze singles out essential observations and expresses a significant opinion, which can be explained and considered with the help ofimagology. In the essay – Galaktion’s “Blue Horses” and V. Kandinsky’s “Blue Hosreman” (towards inter-textual reading) – inter-textual analysis of the problems, representation of reminiscences and aesthetics helps us to guess and read the inner(spiritual) content of the creative works. R. Siradze shows us in wholeness the accompanying impulses of creative processes of the writers, spiritual being or poetic philosophy. R. Siradze’s research – Apocalypse of Book. Apocalyptic Contemplate “In St. Nino’s Life” – shows the importance, deep content of the text of “St Nino’s Life”. It is a treasure of paradigmatic imagology, to be perceived and analyzed with the help of inter-textuality. In the essay – “They Stood and Waited”, “They Stand and Wait” – R. Siradze’s aim is to represent two sources of “High Mountains” by means of “inter-textual” reading: !. Evsevi Aleksandriely’s “Kviriaki” and 2. Goethe’s understanding of the nature of mountains in “From Voyage in Italy”. It should be noted that these works are first mentioned as source of “High Mountains” in this research. The essay – “A Soul Speaking with Action” – concerns the representation-consideration of Ilia Chavchavadze’s “Shadow”s problematic. The mentioned research offers rereading of “Shadow” in a new way. Interpreting Shadow’s image and the whole poem in this way enables the reader to take a deep insight into Ilia Chavchavadze’s works and his view point. The essay – Towards Georgian Paradigmatic Imagology - ends R. Siradze’s book. It consists of several subheadings and represents inter-defining issues as a whole. The above mentioned research is one of the decisive and distinguishable between his numerous works and in general among Georgian scientific researches. Its essence is defined as from the point of view of literary theory, as well as general science. R. Siradze’s monograph – Georgian Culture and Imagology – enables us, to look at the history of imagology of Georgian literature, artistic-aesthetic or general-artistic study 272 revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ of literature, research-study of paradigmatic imagology of Georgian literature, Georgian thinking traditions, national aesthetic world perception, change of language perception, connection of cultural issues with historic and contemporary conceptology and others. Therefore, the above mentioned book shows new-old words, ideas and events and opens a new spiritual world to the specialists and readers interested in Georgian culture. 273 axali wignebi revaz siraZe kultura da saxismetyveleba gamomcemloba: inteleqti 2008 es wigni revaz siraZis winare naSromebis _ `qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan~, `qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi~ da sxvaTa _ gagrZelebaa. am naSromSic kulturis sakiTxebi ukavSirdeba saxismetyvelebas mwerlobasa da mxatvrobaSi, agreTve istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebas. avtoris TqmiT, `kultura saxea adamianisa, saxea pirovnuladac, erovnuladac da zogadadamianuradac. amitom kulturologia, SeiZleba, saxismetyvelebiTi iyos~. Tamar barbaqaZe soneti saqarTveloSi gamomcemloba: universali 2008 wignSi monografiulad aris Seswavlili sonetis istoriis etapebi qarTul mwerlobaSi. naSromSi naCvenebia, rom soneti erovnuli poeziis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze gavrcelebul myar saleqso formaTagan dRes yvelaze ufro popularulia. monografiaSi sonetis istoriis da Teoriis sakiTxebi urTierTkavSirSia ganxiluli. ZiriTadi versifikaciuli parametrebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, gaanalizebulia qarTvel poetTa sonetebi. literaturis Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi avtorTa koleqtivi (meore Sevsebuli gamocema) Teimuraz doiaSvili (redaqtori), irma ratiani (redaqtori) gamomcemloba: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba 2008 winamdebare krebuli aris wignis _ `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~ _ meore, Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema. igi eTmoba me-20 saukunis ZiriTadi literaturul-Teoriuli meTodologiuri koncefciebisa da mimdinareobebis analizs. avtorTa koleqtivis naSromi gansazRvrulia literaturisa da literaturaTmcodneobis problemebiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisTvis. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia rogorc filologiuri, ise, 274 zogadad, humanitaruli profiles studentebTan. axal, Sevsebul gamocemas Tan erTvis pirTa saZiebeli da terminTa leqsikoni, romelic venera kavTiaSvilma da rusudan canavam moamzades. sxvadasxva Teoriuli mimdinareobisadmi miZRvnili statiebs, aseve, daemata statia gavlenis Teoriis Sesaxeb. levan bregaZe moTxrobebi literaturaze. gamomcemloba: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba 2008 levan bregaZis am wignSi Tavmoyrilia kritikosis mier bolo wlebSi dawerili saukeTeso werilebi. mkiTxveli aq kvlav gaecnoba avtoris mosazrebebs, isev eqneba saSualeba isiamovnos levan bregaZisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, teqstebis uCveulo kuTxiT kiTxvis maneriT Tu interteqstualuri paralelebis siuxviT. aq gansakuTrebuli isaa, rom am wigniT avtori cdilobs TviTon mogvevlinos mTxrobelad da mxatvruli literaturis Sesaxeb gviambos; an rogorc TviT avtori acxadebs wignis dasawyisSi: `mTxzvelTa ostatobis Sesaxeb Txroba aravis tovebs gulgrils, risi mizezic is unda iyos, rom yvela Cvengani, metad Tu naklebad, mTxzvelia~. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~ (masalebi) gamomcemloba: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti irma ratiani (redaqtori) 2008 krebulSi Tavmoyrilia 2007 wels Catarebuli konferenciis masalebi. rogorc aRiarebulia, klasikuri Txzulebis upiratesoba aris is, rom igi yvela epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvarad wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva da amitomac r kargavs aqtualobas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul teqstebsa da publicistur memkvidreobaze. krebuli aerTianebs rogorc sakuTriv ilias nawarmoebebis mravalferovan interpretaciebs, aseve mis mier sxvadasxva dros ama Tu im sakiTxze gamoTqmuli azris analizs. aq aris rogorc recefciis, ise mwerlis winamorbedi Tu momdevno xanis avtorebis saSualebiT misi Semoqmedebis interpretaciis nimuSebi, Teoriuli kvlevebic da teqstologiuri naSromebic, komparativistuli analizic da folkloristikuli kvlevac. krebulSi Sesulia rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli avtorebis naSromebi. Mapping World Literature: International Canonization and Transnational Literatures Continuum Literary Studies 275 by Mads Rosendahl Thomsen meds rozendal Tomseni msoflio literaturis adgili: saerTaSoriso kanonizacia da transnacionaluri literaturebi gamomcemloba: Continuum 2008 Tomsenis wigns, sadac warmodgenilia gabeduli da profesionaluri analizi msoflio literaturis konceptis Sesaxeb mimdinare kamaTSi sicxadis Setanis TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromia. avtori gvexmareba, rom ukeT gavigoT Cvens Tanamedrove globalistur samyaroSi literaturuli teqstebis Seqmnis da gavrcelebis Taviseburebebi. Tavis mosazrebebs avtori literaturis Tanavarskvlavedebis cnebis saSualebiT ayalibebs. Tomseni Tavis naSromSi TvalsaCino magaliTebis saSualebiT ganixilavs msoflio literaturis cnebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxs da amdenad, mniSvnelovania rogorc komparativistikis studentebisTvis, ise pedagogebisTvisac. Tomsenis wigni msoflio literaturis sxvadasxva fenomenebisa da semantikuri fenebis sistemuri analizis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. Authority Matters: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Authorship by Stephen Donovan (Editor), Danuta Fjellestad (Editor), Rolf Lundén (Editor) sTiven donovani (redaqtori), danuta fielestadi (redaqtori), rolf lundeni (redaqtori) avtorobis sakiTxi: avtorobis Teoriis da praqtikis xelaxali gaazreba gamomcemloba: Rodopi 2008 eseebis am vrcel krebulSi 11 mkvlevris da mwerlis naSromebi erTiandeba, sadac isini avtorobasa da ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjeloben. isini am problemas kulturis teqstebis warmoebasa da maT recefciasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilaven. sanalizo dro moicavs periods renesansidan cifruli gamocemebis xanis CaTvliT. am eseebSi aris mcdeloba, rom xelaxla gaviazroT rolan bartis, miSel fukos da pier burdies gavleniani Teoriebi da gansxvavebuli kuTxiT wavikiTxoT iseTi avtorebis mxatvruli teqstebi, rogorebicaa filip sidnei, Tomas hardi, ieitsi, gertrud staini da sxvebi. Theories of Narrative by T. Hawkes T. houqsi 276 narativis Teoriebi gamomcemloba: Routledge 2008 es samtomeuli 42-nawiliani seriis _ `axali aqcentebis~ nawilia. am seriis pirveli wigni 1977 wels gamovida da maSinve Secvala literaturaTmcodneobis saxe. Writing and Filming the Painting: Ekphrasis in Literature and Film by Laura M. Sager Eidt (Author) lora m. zager aidti naxatis Sesaxeb wera da kinogadaReba: ekfrasisi literaturasa da kinoSi gamomcemloba: Rodopi 2008 am inovaciur interdisciplinur kvlevaSi erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia ferweris gamoyeneba literaturul teqstebsa da filmebSi. oTxi tipis ekfrasisis gansazRvrisas, avtori miuTiTebs ekfrasisis cnebis gafarToebaze da iseT filmebs ganixilavs, romlebic vizualur xelovnebaze an, zogadad, xelovanebze mogviTxrobs. am TvalsazrisiT aanalizebs goias, rembrandtis da vermeeris xelovnebas da maT ekfrasisul gamoyenebas sxvadasxva teqstsa da filmSi. wignSi avtori naTelyofs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ekfrasisi literaturul teqstebsa da filmebSi esTetikuri da ideologiuri sakiTxebis gamosavlenad. wignSi Teoriuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia me-20 saukunis evropuli literaturisa da kinos wamyvani warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedebis fonze. Feminine Discourse in Roman Comedy: On Echoes and Voices by Dorota M. Dutsch (Author) doroTa m. daTSi feminuri diskursi romaul komediaSi: eqoebisa da xmebis Sesaxeb 2008 laTinur enaze dawerili literatura qal avtorebs TiTqmis ar icnobs. amitomac isRa dagvrCenia, rom im periodSi qalebis msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb warmodgena mamakaci avtorebis saSualebiT SevityoT. plavtusis (Zv. w. III-II saukuneebi) da terenciusis (Zv. w. II s.) nawerebSi vlindeba, rom maTi qali personaJebis metyveleba gansakuTrebuli enobrivi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: saalerso sityvebiT da uamrav wvrilman problemaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. 277 Dialogism and Lyric Self-Fashioning: Bakhtin and the Voices of a Genre by Jacob Blevins (Editor) dialogizmi da lirikuli `me~-s formireba: baxtini da Janris saxeobebi jeiqob blevinsi (redaqtori) gamomcemloba: Susquehanna University Press 2008 mixail baxtiniseuli dialogurobis Teoriis amosaval wertilad dasaxviT, am wignSi ganxilulia lirikuli poeturi tradiciis farglebSi dapirispirebul xmaTa gamovlinebebi. lirikuli subieqtis TviTSegneba weris/ metyvelebis aqtis msvlelobisas, sxvadasxva doneze, udavod, dakavSirebulia sxvaTa aSkara Tu Sefarul xmebTan. wignSi Tavmoyrilia klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis, adreuli modernizmisa da modernizmis xanis lirikuli nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb dawerili eseebi, sadac dialogurobis sxvadasxva elementi gvxvdeba, iqneba es mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi, sajaro Tu piraduli diskursebi, interteqstualoba da warsulis xmebi, dialogebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris da, rac mTavaria, dialogi lirikul `me~-sa da mkiTxvels Soris. In Defense of Reading by Daniel R. Schwarz deniel r. Svarci wakiTxvis dasacavad gamomcemloba: Wiley-Blackwell 2008 gavleniani da araerTi premiis mflobeli kritikosis, deniel Svarcis mier dawerili naSromi `wakiTxvis dasacavad: rogor vaswavloT literatura 21-e saukuneSi~ wakiTxvis aqtiT mogvrili siamovnebis gulmxurvale dacvis nimuSia. wignSi dasmulia iseTi problemuri sakiTxi, rogoricaa: ratom da rogor vkiTxulobT teqstebs. aseve dasmulia Tanamedrove universitetebSi literaturis swavlebis problemac. Svarcis Tanaxmad, kargi kritikosisTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania teqstic da konteqstic. masSi avtori ganixilavs iseTi avtorebis teqstebs, rogorebicaa joisi, vulfi, konradi, forsteri, gordimeri da Spigelmani. Dream Notes by Theodor W. Adorno Teodor adorno sizmris Canawerebi gamomcemloba: Polity 2008 278 adornos aocebda sakuTari sizmrebi da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze iwerda maT. sicocxleSi mxolod ramdenime sizmari gamoqveynda. wignSi Sesulia adornos Canawerebi sizmrebis Sesaxeb, romelic misi sicocxlis ukanasknel 25 weliwads moicavs. mas, vinc adornosgan maRalfardovan msjelobas elodeba filosofiuri sakiTxebis, musikisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, imedi gaucruvdeba da mxolod adornos gulaxdili refleqsiebi daxvdeba. masSi igrZnoba avtoris Sinagani survilebi, danaSaulis SegrZneba Tu mRelvareba. sizmrebi warmodgenilia pirdapir, Seulamazeblad. arc maTi analizia aq Catarebuli. Cndeba kiTxva: es yvelaferi gamonagonia, avtobiografiaa Tu cnobierebis winareracionaluri, kvazimiTosuri mdgomareobis moxelTebis mcdelobaa? Ковтун Е. Н. Художественный вымысел в литературе ХХ века: учебное пособие e. kovtuni mxatvruli gamonagoni XX saukunis literaturaSi: saxelmZRvanelo gamomcemloba: Высшая школа 2008 wignSi me-20 saukunis fantastikuri literatura ganxilulia mxatvruli gamonagonis sxva tipebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, rac saerTo jamSi, uCveulos Sesaxeb Txrobis saxesxvaobaTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul erTian sistemas qmnis. wignSi konkretuli magaliTebis moxmobiT, aRdgeba originaluri mxatvruli struqturebi _ modelebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia fantastikisTvis, utopiisTvis, jadosnuri zRaprebisa Tu miTebisTvis. Хосе Ортега-и-Гассет. Анатомия рассеянной души. Пио Бароха. Древо познания xose ortega-i-gaseti. dafantuli sulis anatomia pio baroxa. xe cnobadisa gamomcemloba: Лабиринт 2008 wignSi Sesulia me-20 saukunis ori espaneli klasikosis _ filosofos xose ortega-i-gasetis da mweral pio baroxas Txzulebebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili gamokvevac (ortega-i-gasetis) da saanalizo teqstic��������������������������������������������������������������� (������������������������������������������������������������� baroxas������������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������� romani����������������������������������������������� ). �������������������������������������������� me������������������������������������������ -19-�������������������������������������� me������������������������������������ -20 �������������������������������� saukuneebis��������������������� �������������������� mijnis�������������� ������������� evropuli����� ���� kulturis������������������������������������������������������������� konteqstSi�������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ maTi��������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������� dialogis������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������� wyalobiT��������������������������� ����������������������������������� , mkiTxveli���������������� ������������������������� filosofiuri���� ��������������� re��� fleqsiebis��������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� velSi��������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� aRmoCndeba���������������������������������������� . �������������������������������������� espaneli������������������������������ ����������������������������� filosofosis������������������ ����������������� es��������������� �������������� naSromi������� ������ pirvelad������������������������������������������������������������������ iTargmna��������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������� rusul��������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� enaze��������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� , romanis������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������� teqstis���������������������������� ����������������������������������� ki������������������������� ��������������������������� gadamuSavebuli���������� ������������������������ redaqcii��������� Taa warmodgenili. gamocemis samecniero aparati moicavs Sesaval werils, orive nawarmoebis komentarebs da saxelTa saZiebels. 279 SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili 1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs. 2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:) da Tan axldes: Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da sakontaqto koordinatebi; anotacia qarTul enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi). 3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi. 4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb xuTi gverdisa. 5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad: a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi); b) naSromis teqsti; g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa); d) anotacia; e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm; v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti – Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1; 6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list). misi moTxovnebia: a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi. magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi). b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata gamoiyofa teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10). g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da `axali wignebi~, sadac Sriftis zomebia: ZiriTadi teqsti Lit.Nusx 10, ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9. 7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili). 8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos anotaciis win; b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos, sqolioSi. 9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da marTlweraze. 10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts. 11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs. 12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe. 280 danarTi citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi nimuSi: Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian. isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed – imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis~ mimarTebebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia. . cxrili monacemis tipi wigni, erTi avtori Book, one authors wigni, ori, an meti avtori damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebani-s) forma indeqsis mixedviT Bibliography Form abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970. vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962. kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975. naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTulrusuli literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994. Book, two authors hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E. and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 281 yovelTviuri Jurnalis an sxva tipis perioduli gamocemis statia aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992. Article in a journal or magazine published monthly someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human Characteristics. Journal of Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988. wigni, avtoris gareSe sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi: gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989. Book, no author given cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women’s Resource Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. dawesebuleba, asociacia da misTanani, avtoris poziciiT amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995. Institution, association, or the like, as “author” amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook of Organization and 1995/1996 Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995. redaqtori, an duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis kompilatori, avtoris Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.: poziciiT gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975. Editor or compiler as “author” hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World’s Religions. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950. eleqtronuli dokumenti internetidan mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da sainformacio nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/ Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet. Electronic document: From Internet mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on- line]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet. 282 enciklopedia, leqsikoni vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi: MA: G. и C. Merriam, 1961 Encyclopedia, Dictionary vebsteri 1961: Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961. interviu (gamouqveynebeli) saavtoro xelnaweri morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol riviera, masaCusetsi, Canaweri Interview (unpublished) by writer of paper morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape recording. sagazeTo statia niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz. niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5. Newspaper article niu iork taimsi 1990: “Profile of Marriott Corp.” New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III, p. 5. yovelkvireuli Jurnalis statia naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da msoflios cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990. Article in a magazine publis hed weekly (or of general interest) Tezisebi, an sadisertacio naSromis daskvnebi (debulebebi) naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland’s Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17 September, 1990. Thesis or dissertation filipsi 1962: filipsi o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 1962. filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan’s Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1962. *erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT. magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87). 283
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