qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti
filosofiis departamenti
qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoria
IV tomi
oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da
redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2013
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis meoTxe tomi moicavs saazrovno viTarebas XX s-is saqarTveloSi
da masSi warmodgenilia filosofiis yvela is dargi da calkeuli problema, romelTa kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad
XX s-Si daiwyo.
naSromi agebulia filosofiis calkeuli dargebis damuSavebis principiT da amis Sesabamisad nacadia qarTvel filosofosTa wvlilis Cveneba filosofiis kardinaluri sakiTxebis
Seswavlasa da gadawyvetaSi.
naSromSi vrclad da sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmodgenilia
qarTvel filosofosTa (v. CerqeziSvili, a. jorjaZe, S. nucubiZe, d. uznaZe, s. danelia, m. gogiberiZe, k. megreliZe, k. kapaneli,
k. baqraZe, s. wereTeli, a. boWoriSvili, S. xidaSeli, z. kakabaZe,
g. banZelaZe, m. mamardaSvili, a. begiaSvili, n. WavWavaZe, o. jioevi da sxv.) Semoqmedeba.
naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistTa da qarTuli kulturis istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.
saredaqcio kolegia:
sergi avaliani
andria afaqiZe
Tamaz buaCiZe
guram TevzaZe (mTavari redaqtori)
eduard kodua
mixeil maxaraZe (mTavari redaqtoris
moadgile)
meri WeliZe
tomis redaqtori _ mixeil maxaraZe
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori
© m. maxaraZe, 2013
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis)
ISBN 978-9941-22-007-4 (IVtomi)
2
Sesavali
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria xangrZliv
dros _ TiTqmis 15 saukunes iTvlis. am xnis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc adre da Semdgom saukuneebSi, ise Tanamedrove etapze qarTveli moazrovneebi droulad exmaurebodnen
Tavisi
drois
maTTvis
xelmisawvdom
Tvalsazrisebs, aqtiurad monawileobdnen filosofiis
kardinaluri problemebis Seswavla-damuSavebaSi. amasTan, iyo Cavardnebic, zogjer xangrZlivic (XIII s. meore
naxevari – XVII s.), rac ZiriTadad qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis rolis dakninebiTa da dacemiT iyo ganpirobebuli. XIII da gansakuTrebiT XIX saukuneSi qarTuli filosofiuri azri axal simaRleebze avida da
sisxlxorceuli gaixada Tanamedrove azrovnebis miRwevebi, XX saukunis qarTuli filosofia romelic agrZelebs wina epoqis tradiciebs, amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis ganviTarebis mTavari etapebi Tu calkeuli monakveTebi safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili da gaSuqebuli qarTvel mkvlevarTa (iv. javaxiSvili, n. mari, S. nucubiZe, m. gogiberiZe, S. xidaSeli, v. vagoiZe, g. TevzaZe,
a. Serozia, T. kukava, m. WeliZe, s. avaliani, f. nadibaiZe,
v. kerZevaZe, g. dedabriSvili da sxv.) naSromebSi.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris ZiriTad tendenciebze saubaria oTxtomeulis I tomis SesavalSi. magram igi mainc qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis oTxtomeulis zogadi Sesavalia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom swored XX saukuneSi daiwyo qarTuli
filosofiis istoriis mecnieruli Seswavla da am
dargis calke mecnierebad Camoyalibeba, mizanSewonilia
sakiTxis SedarebiT vrclad warmoCena.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis SeswavlaSi ori periodi unda gamoiyos da orive XX saukunes3
Tan aris dakavSirebuli. pirveli, roca ivane javaxiSvili, niko mari da sergi gorgaZe saukunis dasawyisSi filosofiur, mxatvrulsa da istoriul Zeglebs (ioane
petriwis komentarebi, `vefxistyaosani~, nemesios emeselis `bunebisaTvis kacisa~, sxvadasxva istroiuli wyaro
Tu Sroma) exebian filosofiuri kuTxiT da am mimarTebiT maT mniSvnelobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas.
amave periods unda mivakuTvnoT im qarTvel mecnierTa moRvaweoba, romelTa mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes qarTul filosofiuri azris istoriis calkeuli
sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi. am mimarTebiT unda aRiniSnos
dimitri uznaZis, sergi danelias, konstantine kapanelis
da mose gogiberiZis specialuri naSromebi, statiebi da
werilebi. am etaps miekuTvneba s. gorgaZis mier nemesios
emeselis `bunebisaTvis kacisa~ ioane petriwiseuli
Targmanis gamocema 1914 wels.
meore periodi uSualod Salva nucubiZis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi mravalwliani moRvaweoba qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebze dasrulda qarTuli filosofiis istoriis
ortomeulis1 gamocemiT, riTac qarTul mecnierebaSi
dafuZnda mecnierebis axali dargi _ qarTuli filosofiis istoria.
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ortomeulis gamoqveynebamde S. nucubiZem araerTi gamokvleva miuZRvna
qarTuli kulturis (qarTuli filosofiuri azris,
qarTuli renesansis, petre iberisa da fsevdo-dionise
areopagelis identobis problema)2 sakiTxebs, ramac didad ganapiroba aRniSnuli ortomeulis momzadeba. S.
nucubiZis memkvidreobis uSualo gamgrZelebelma Salva
xidaSelma araerTi gamokvleva miuZRvna qarTuli filosofiis istoriisa da qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebs3.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebis kvleva-ZiebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvT Setanili
Tanamedroove mkvlevrebs rogorc filosofosebs (g.
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TevzaZe, e. kodua, a. Serozia, T. kukava, m. WeliZe, f. nadibaiZe, b. uridia, r. TvaraZe, g. dedabriSvili, s. avaliani, l. aleqsiZe, m. maxaraZe...), ise mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs (s. yauxCiSvili, a. gawerelia, r. siraZe, z. aleqsiZe, e. xinTibiZe, m. rafava, g.
farulava da sxv.).
XX s-is qarTuli filosofia wina periodebisgan
upirvelesad gnsxvavdeba imiT, rom filosofiis calkeuli dargebi arasodes yofila ise mravalferovnad
warmodgenili, rogorc es gansaxilvel epoqaSi. amasTan,
qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTareba XX s-Si arc
TanabarZalovani yofila da arc erTgvarovani. gansaxilvel epoqaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi etapi, romelic miaxloebiT warmodgenas Segviqmnis XX s-is
qarTul filosofiaze, misi ganviTarebis ZiriTad
tendenciebsa da qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi mis
adgilze.
I etaps unda mivakuTvnoT qarTvel moazrovneTa (a.
jorjaZe, v, CerqeziSvili, i. stalini, g. qiqoZe, S. nucubiZe, d. uznaZe, s. gorgaZe, m. wereTeli...) moRvaweoba filosofiasa Tu sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris istoriis sakiTxebze Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
daarsebamde.
II etapi moicavs saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebis (1918 w.) Semdgom xanas, roca filosofiam ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia.
universitetis daarsebidanve Camoyalibda `petriwis saxelobis safilosofio sazogadoeba~, romelmac,
marTalia, male Sewyvita arseboba, magram drois am mcire monakveTSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTuli
filosofiis aRmavlobaSi. aseve didi roli Seasrula
S. nucubiZis daarsebulma filosofiurma seminarma, sadac bevri cnobili qarTveli filosofosi pirvelad
eziara filosofiur sibrZnes.
5
am etapze TiTqmis sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
gamoCenili qarTveli filosofosebi (S. nucubiZe, s. danelia, k. megreliZe, m. gogiberiZe, k. kapaneli, k. baqraZe,
s. wereTeli...) aqveyneben fundamentur naSromebs antikuri filosofiis istoriis, axali da uaxlesi filosofiis problemebze, germanul klasikur filosofiaze,
logikaSi, esTetikaSi, Semecnebis Teoriis problemebze,
sociologiaSi. am xanebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs
marqsistuli
filosofiis
sakiTxebis
damuSaveba.
amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, maSin marqsistuli filosofia mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis, maT Soris filosofiis, meTodologiuri safuZveli iyo, rac boWavda da
abrkolebda Tavisufali azris ganviTarebas. am etapze
farTo gasaqani mieca aTeistur msoflmxedvelobas, mis
ukidures formas e. w. mebrZol materializms, rac
faqtobrivad ideologiuri da propagantistuli mizneiT xdeboda.
III etapis dasawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi filosofiis
institutis daarseba 1946 wels, riTac saqarTveloSi
universitetis Semdeg axali filosofiuri centri Camoyalibda. am faqtidan oTxi wlis Semdeg sakavSiro filosofiur JurnalSi daiwyo mwvave diskusia logikis
problemeze, romelSic mTavar rols asrulebdnen filosofiis
institutisa
da
universitetis
warmomadgenlebi, im droisTvis ukve aRiarebuli filosofosebi k. baqraZe da s. wereTeli. mTavari Tema iyo formaluri da dialeqtikuri logikis mimarTebis sakiTxebi,
maT Soris prioritetis problema. diskusiam, romelSic
monawileoba miiRes agreTve S. nucubiZem, l. gokielma
da sxvebma, didi gamoxmaureba hpova mTel sabWoTa
kavSirSi4.
diskusias hqonda rogorc uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi Sedegebi. kerZod, diskusiis erT-erT aqtiur monawiles s. wereTels sadoqtoro disertaciis dacva aukrZa6
les, Semdgom ki gaaTavisufles filoosofiis institutis direqtoris Tanamdebobidan. yovelive amis miuxedavad, faqtia isic, rom saqarTveloSi aTeuli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi logikis sferoSi kvleva-Zieba, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom am diskusiis ganwyobiT mimdinareobda. amis
sasikeTo Sedegi iyo s. wereTlis fundamenturi gamokvlevis _ `dialeqtikuri logika~ gamoqveyneba (1965
w.). an naSromisTvis, mis avtors sikvdilis Semdeg 1977
wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia mieniWa. amave
dros zurab miqelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda
maTematikuri logikis mZlavri centri, romlis warmomadgenlebic dResac intensiurad agrZeleben kvleva-Ziebas Tanamedrove msoflio standartebis doneze.
IV etapi 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba. es is droa, roca
sabWoTa kavSirSi ideologiuri wnexis erTgavri Sesusteba iwyeba, ramac axali stimuli misca sabWoTa
kavSiris xalxebis inteleqtualur potencials, maT Soris qarTvel filosofosebs. am droidan ufro intensiurad iwyeba Tanamedrove dasavleTis filosofiaSi ukve
didi xania aqtualurad qceuli filosofiuri mimarTulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis (aqsiologia, filosofiuri anTropologia, kulturis filosofia, religiis filosofia da sxv.) Seswavla da analizi. meoTxe etapis
dasawyisad pirobiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1965 wels
TbilisSi Catarebuli sakavSiro diskusia Rirebulebis
problemaze. 20 wlis Semdeg, 1985 wels, amave sakiTxze
kvlav Catarda TbilisSi sakavSiro diskusia. cnobili
faqtia, rom am mimarTebiT sabWoTa kavSirSi qarTvel
filosofosebs erTgvari pirveli gzamkvlevis funqcia
daekisraT. qarTvel filosofosTa sxva damsaxurebebTan erTad es faqti aRiarebulia TvalsaCino rusi
avtorebis _ a. losevis, n. konradis, a. guligas, v. sokolovis, s. braginskisa da sxvaTa mxridan5.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi gamorCeulia a.
boWoriSvilis, g. TevzaZis, z. kakabiZis, g. banZelaZis, o.
7
bakuraZis, o. tabiZis m. mamardaSvilis, a. begiaSvili, n.
WavWavaZis, v. kakabaZis, o. jioevis, e. koduas, T. buaCiZis,
a. popiaSvilis, a. baqraZis, g. SuSanaSvilis, r. balanCivaZis, a. bregaZis da sxvaTa wvlili. aqve aRvniSnavT,
rom gela banZelaZes am dros Seqmnili monografiisTvis _ ,,zneobis progresis Teoria da praqtika” 1983
wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia mieniWa.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom jer kidev sabWoTa epoqaSi, ideologiuri wnexis erTgvari Serbileba-Sesustebis miuxedavad, e. w. aramarqsistul filosofiur
problemebze muSaoba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobda.
kerZod, marqsistuli ideologiiT SeiaraRebuli da
namdvil filosofiasTan Sors mdgomi Zalebi (maT Soris Cveni Tanamemamuleebi) xels uSlidnen qarTvel filosofosebs dawyebuli saqmis gagrZelebaSi. am ukanasknelTa energiuli mcdelobiT 1977 wlis dekemberSi,
TbilisSi Catarda sakavSiro diskusia Temaze `adamianis
problema~, romelSic moskovelTa specialuri komisia
erTgvari msajulis funqcias asrulebda. zogierTma
maTganma diskusiis dasasruls pozicia Seicvala, gaiziara da mxari dauWira qarTvel filosofosebs.
es diskusia, sadac qarTvelma filosofosebma Camoayalibes filosofiuri anTropologiis ZiriTadi
principebi, daasabuTes misi arsebobis kanonzomiereba
da axleburi azrovnebis damkvidrebaSi misi aucilebloba, maTi poziciis marTebulobis demonstraciad
iqca6.
V etapi saqarTvelos saxelmwofoebrivi damoukideblobis wlebs emTxveva da misTvis, upirvelesad, damaxasiaTebelia RirebulebaTa mkveTri gadafaseba, deideologizacia, azris ganTavisufleba ideologiuri
marwuxebisa da saxelmwifeobrivi diqtatisagan.
XX s-is qarTul filosofiaSi garda imisa, rom
gamoikveTa da damkvidrda filosofiis calkeuli, Cveni
saazrovno viTarebisTvis axali dargebi, qarTvelma fi8
losofosebma gamorCeuli wvlili Seitanes ama Tu im
sakiTxis Seswavla-damuSavebaSi. am mxriv unda aRiniSnos qarTvel mkvlevarTa (S. nucubiZe, S. xidaSeli)
damsaxureba neoplatonizmis Seswavlasa da SefasebaSi,
msoflio filosofiasa da qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriaSi misi adgilisa da rolis dadgenaSi.
didia qarTvel filosofosTa wvlili dialeqtikuri da maTematikuri logikis problemebisa da mecnierebis filosofiis sakvanZo sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. am
kuTxiT qarTul filosofiaSi kritikuladaa ganxiluli raselis, vitgenStainis, karnapis, raixenbaxis,
ainStainisa da sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebi.
axali drois qarTuli filosofia mniSvnelovanwiladaa orientirebuli aqsiologiasa da filosofiur
anTropologiaze, ramac didad gansazRvra kulturis
filosofiis mZlavri keris Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi.
es kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi originaluri da humanuri
suliskveTebisaa, rac ganapiroba, erTi mxriv, aqsiologiisa da filosofiuri anTropologiis tradiciebma da,
meore mxriv, dasavleTis filosofiis safuZvlianma analizma da, aseve, kulturis krizisis gacnobierebam, romelic mocemulia qarTvel filosofosTa naSromebSi.
aRniSnuli problemebis damuSaveba saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda filosofiis institutSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi,
saqarTvelos
sxva
umaRles
saswavleblebsa da samecniero centrebSi (TbilisSi, quTaisSi, soxumSi, baTumSi, cxinvalSi, TelavSi). 70-iani
wlebidan filosifiis institutSi strategiuli xazi
da prioritetuli mimarTuleba iyo: adamiani, Rirebuleba, kultura.
filosofiis calkeul dargebSi miRweulma warmatebebma da miRebulma Sedegebma ganapiroba saerTaSoriso, sakavSiro da respublikuri mniSvnelobis diskusiebis, simpoziumebisa da samecniero komferenciebis Catareba saqarTveloSi. ukve aRiniSna Rirebulebis (1965 da
9
1985 ww.) da filosofiuri anTropologiis (1979 w.)
problemebisadmi miZRvnili diskusiebis Sesaxeb.
1965 wels baTumSi Catarda sakavSiro samecniero
konferencia, romelic intuiciis problemebs mieZRvna.
1979
wels TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso
kongresi aracnobieris problemebze. kongresis erTerTi organizatori iyo qarTveli filosofosi apolon
Serozia. kongresis masalebi gamoqveynda oTx tomad.
1979-1987 wlenSi Tbilissa da walkaSi oTxjer Catarda aristoteles filosofiisadmi miZRvnili sakavSiro komferenciebi; 1981 wels TbilisSi gamarTuli
sakavSiro diskusiis Tema iyo kategoriebis problema,
xolo 1985 wels TelavSi Catarebuli saerTaSoriso
konferenciis gansjis sagani _ logikuri problemebi.
1988 wels TbilisSi, baTumsa da quTaisSi Catarda
saiubileo samecniero sesiebi, romlebic mieZRvna S. nucubiZis dabadebidan 100 wels. 1990 wels ki baTumi
maspinZlobda m. gogiberiZis dabadebidan 90-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis monawileebs.
m. gogiberiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis saiubileo samecniero sesiebi gaimarTa 1997 wels Tbilissa da CoxataurSi. amave wels TbilisSi Catarda samecniero sesia,
romelic mieZRvna s. wereTlis dabadebidan 90-e
wlisTavs.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia S. nucubiZis, a. losevisa
da s. wereTlisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebulebis
gamocemebi.
80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara
qarTvel filosofosTa Sexvedrebis tradicias. pirveli
Sexvedra Sedga 1984 wels soxumSi, meore _ 1986 wels
TelavSi, xolo 1987 wels Sexvedris monawileebs
cxinvalma umaspinZla.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebi
warmodgenili iyo sabWoTa xalxebis filosofiis isto10
riis mravaltomeulSi. XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiis istoria Sevida me-5 tomSi (avtori v. gagoiZe)7.
yovel saiubileo wels aT weliwadSi erTxel, sakavSiro filosofiuri Jurnalis erTi nomeri eZRvneboda qarTul filosofias, riTac qarTuli filosofiis
miRwevebi milionobiT rusulenovani mkiTxvelis yuradRebis centrSi eqceoda. am mxriv sayuradReboa T.
buaCiZisa da o. jioevis statia8.
qarTveli filosofosebis monawileobiT Catarda
mniSvnelovani samecniero konferenciebi: erevanSi (1974
w.), baqoSi (1976 w.), kievSi (1987 da 1990 ww.), rostovSi
(1989 w.). 1988 wlis ukrainuli filosofiuri Jurnalis
me-2 nomeri mTlianad qarTvel filosofosTa naSromebs
daeTmo9.
qarTvel filosofosTa naSromebi periodulad
qveyndeba germanul enaze. kerZod, ienis Jurnal `georgika~-Si, rasac tradicia Caeyara 1979 wels. pirveli
nomeri mTlianad filosofiisadmia miZRvnili. is
momzadda TbilisSi. amave JurnalSi (#12, 1989 w.) gaimarTa diskusia qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebze germanel profesor zigfrid volgastsa da qarTvel mecnier
akad. Salva xidaSels Soris10.
1990 wels TbilisSi Catarda germanel da qarTvel
filosofosTa erToblivi saerTaSoriso konferencia
Temaze: msoflmxedveloba, rwmena, adamianis Rirseba.
konferenciis masalebi gamoqveynda rogorc CvenTan11,
ise germaniaSi (q. geseni, 1993).
qarTvel da germanel filosofosTa nayofieri TanamSromlobis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom 1983 wels
germaniis
gamomcemloba
`ditc~-is
`filosofosTa
leqsikonis~ mniSvnelovani statiebis avtorebi qarTveli filosofosebi arian12.
qarTvel filosofosTa miRwevebze sayuradRebo
statia vrceli bibliografiiT `qarTvel avtorTa 300
dasaxlebis filosofiuri wigni~ gamoaqveyna amerikelma
11
filosofosma (warmoSobiT qarTvelma) profesorma eS
goubarma13.
XX s-is qarTul filosofiaSi aRdgenili iqna
ucxouri filosofiuri Txzulebebis Targmnis tradicia, romelic saqarTveloSi jer kidev XI saukunidan
iwyeba. am saqmis damwyebni saqarTveloSi iyvnen Tavisi
drois gamoCenili qarTveli mwignobrebi da moazrovneebi: efTvime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, efrem mcire, ioane
petriwi, arsen iyalToeli da sxvebi.
dReisaTvis qarTul enaze Targmnili da gamocemulia platonis, aristoteles, prokles, laibnicis, dekartis, volteris, rusos, montenis, kantis, hegelis,
nicSes, kasireris, haidegeris, vitgenStainis da sxvaTa
Sromebi Tu calkeuli traqtatebi.
Tavis mxriv qarTvel filosofosTa Sromebi
Targmnili da gamocemulia rusul, germanul, espanur,
bulgarul, vietnamur, polonur, iaponur, Cinur da sxva
enebze. qarTveli filosofosebi (s. wereTeli, S. xidaSeli, z kakabaZe, v. qvaCaxia, m. mamardaSvili a. begiaSvili, n. WavWavaZe, g. TevzaZe, s. avaliani, v. keSelava,
g. vekua, n. naTaZe, m. beJaniSvili, l. mWedliSvili, m.
doliZe da sxv.) monawileobdnen sazRvargareT gamarTul filosofiur kongresebSi, simpoziumebsa da
konferenciebSi.
qarTvel filosofosTa miRwevebze saubaria T. buaCiZisa da o. jioevis, v. gagoiZis dasaxelebul publikaciebSi, m. WeliZis broSurasa da m. maxaraZis statiaSi14.
warmodgenil tomSi gamokveTilia filosofiis
is dargebi romlebic XX saukunis qarTul saazrovno
viTarebaSi intensiuri kvleva-Ziebis sagani iyo da
romlebic Sevida winamdebare qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis IV tomSi (ontologia, gnoseologia,
filosofiis istoria, religiis filosofia, logika,
aqsiologia, filosofiis meTodologiuri problemebi,
12
istoriis filosofia, sociologia, kulturis filosofia da filosofiuri anTropologia).
unda aRiniSnos im siZneleze, rac, rogorc wesi,
Tan axlavs xolme avtorTa jgufis mier erTi saerTo
naSromis momzadebas, es siZnele TiTqmis ar gvqonia
oTxtomeulis I tomis momzadebisas, radganac qarTulis
filosofiuri azris istoriis am monakveTis (IV s. –
XIII s. dasawyisi) kvleva-Ziebis didi tradiciebi arsebobda CvenTan da maSin am nawilis momzadebaSi monawileobda iseTi aRiarebuli mkvlevari, rogoric iyo
Salva xidaSeli. amas daemata g. TevzaZis da m. rafavas
momzadebuli statiebi. garda amisa, tomi Seivso ivane
javaxiSvilis ori statiiT.
IV tomis momzadebasTan dakavSirebuli siZnelis
daZleva redkolegiam Sesabamisi dargis TiTqmis yvela
wamyvani specialistis mowveviT scada, amasTan, maqsimalurad SezRuda avtorTa raodenoba (sul 11), raTa
erTiani xazis gatareba SedarebiT gaiolebuliyo. tomis redaqtirebis procesSi avtorebTan erTad vcadeT
avtorTa stiluri gansxvavebulobis daZleva, rac,
vfiqrob, nawilobriv mainc miRweul iqna.
redkolegias miaCnia, rom qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis IV tomi dasawerad yvelaze rTulia (am
mxriv ar arsebobs araviTari tradicia, bevri ram jer
kidev Sesafasebelia, zogierTi procesi jer ar dasrulebula, qveyanaSi momxdari kataklizmebis gamo bevri
ram gadafasda, bevric axlebul gaazrebas moiTxovs,
arada, am movlenebidan jer cota droa gasuli da sxv.).
amis miuxedavd, es saqme aucileblad gasakeTebeli iyo,
Tundac momavali TaobebisTvis. vimedovnebT, rom momavalSi sxva mkvlevrebi gaiTvaliswineben Cven Secdomebs
da aRmofxvrian im xarvezebs, rac winamdebare maSroms
aRmoaCndeba da ukeTesad warmoaCenen XX saukunis
qarTuli filosofiuri azrisa da saerTod qarTuli
filosofiis mTavar sakiTxebs.
13
pirveli Tavi
XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis
dasawyisis saazrovno viTareba
saqarTveloSi
XIX saukune qarTuli filosofiuri kulturis
seriozuli warmatebebiT aRiniSna. XVIII s-is qarTvelma ganmanaTleblebma (sulxan-saba, daviT reqtori,
anton pirveli da sxv.) qarTuli azrovneba daubrunes
dasavlur orientacias, magram ruseTis SuamavlobiT.
sabas mcdeloba _ evropas ruseTis gareSe dakavSireboda _ marcxiT damTavrda. amis gacnobierebis Semdeg,
qarTvelma moRvaweebma maqsimalurad gamoiyenes amave
miznisaTvis is SesaZlebloba, romelsac ruseTis qveSevrdomoba iZleoda. isini aramarto rusul Targmanebs iyenebdnen, aramed male Tavadac daiwyes mowinave
moazrovneebis Sromebis Targmna. es gansakuTrebiT
iTqmis germanulsa da frangul kulturaze. is, rom
Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi kr. volfs aswavlidnen da antonis leqciebs erekle meorec eswreboda
xolme, bevr rameze metyvelebs. XIX s-is pirveli mesamedi solomon dodaSvilis originaluri filosofiuri sistemis moxazviT aRiniSna. siamayiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom man pirvelma Seqmna kantze orientirebuli
logika rusuli saswavleblebisaTvis. manve SesaniSnavad wamoswia kantis mravalferovani problematikidan
mSvidobis problema. kantis cnobili naSromis _
`anTropologia pragmatistuli TvalsazrisiT~ _ kvalad, s. dodaSvili filosofiis ZiriTad miznad adamianis gagebas Tvlis. misTvis Semmecnebeli adamiani Semecnebis umaRlesi saganic aris, xolo mizani _ mSvidoba, rogorc harmonia, Tanxmoba Cveni cnobierebis
14
gansxvavebul Sinaarsebs Soris, rac adamiansa da samyaros Soris harmoniis safuZvelia. amiT sainteresod gaerTianda kantis gavlena da saqarTveloSi qristianuli neoplatonizmis orientacia mSvidobaze1.15.
gerasime qiqoZis `cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi~ (1858), TergdaleulTa moRvaweobis Sedegebi
narodnikuli ideebi da Semdeg marqsizmiT daintereseba, memkvidreobiT gadaeca XX saukunes. intensiurad
Seiswavleboda evropuli kultura. bunebrivi iyo sociologiiT daintereseba, amasTanave ilia WavWavaZem
istoriis filosofiis problemebi wamoswia. ivane javaxiSvili emzadeba saqarTvelos istoriis, rogorc
eris TviTmyofobis sabuTis, Sesaqmnelad. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ar arsebobda ase
Tu ise mniSvnelovani filosofiuri Tu sociologiuri problema, romelic qarTul presaSi ar ganixileboda. yvela qveynis momavalze fiqrobda da am momavals
maSindeli social-politikuri viTarebis konteqstSi
ganixilavda. ra mimarTulebis warmomadgenelic ar
unda yofiliyo qarTveli moazrovne, garda qarTveli
bolSevikebisa, mis `izms~ qarTuli elferi hqonda,
cdilobda saqarTvelos sasargeblod gamoeyenebina mis
mier arCeuli moZRvrebis ZiriTadi principebi. amiT
gansxvavdebodnen
qarTveli
anarqistebi
saerTod
anarqistebisagan, igive iTqmis sxvebzec.
XX saukunes didi imedebiT Sexvda qarTveli inteligencia. 1901 w. SesaniSnavi qarTveli moazrovne sergi
gorgaZe (1876-1929), nemesios emeselis petriwiseuli
Targmanis gamomcemeli, cnobil Jurnal `moambeSi~
aqveynebs werilTa rigs saTauriT _ `filosofia da misi progresi~. es iyo vindelbandis filosofiis istoriis safuZvelze Sedgenili naSromi filosofiuri
cnebebisa da kategoriebis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis
TanxlebiT. SesavalSi s. gorgaZe aRniSnavda: `Cven
gvwams da vxedavT, rom Cveni eri ganviTarebis gzas
15
adgia. is kai xania Sedga am gzaze da misi gaCereba
yovlad SeuZlebeli saqmea. igi viTardeba sazogadoebrivad da qonebrivad, zneobrivad da gonebrivad. misi
Zveli wes-Cveulebani TandaTan ifxvrebian, misi Zveli
msoflmxedveloba TandaTan iryeva da irRveva. maTs
alagas sxva axali soflmxedveloba modis, maTs
adgils sxva Cveulebani iWeren... axal dros axali
soflmxedveloba unda, xolo axal azrebs da axal
soflmxedvelobas axali sityvebi da ganaxlebuli ena
sWiria~ _ es werili senakSi daiwera, sadac im dros
muSaobda avtori. amis aRniSvna saWiroa, raTa gavacnobieroT, rom eris aRorZineba marto Tbilissa da quTaisSi ki ar xdeboda, aramed, periferiul kulturul
centrebSic, sadac mniSvnelovani Zalebi iyo Tavmoyrili.
s. gorgaZis msgavsad, mravali mowinave moazrovne
fiqrobda, Tumca isini sxvadasxva kuTxiT udgebodnen
problemas,
magram
yvelani
mTavar
yuradRebas
aqcevdnen imas, rac gasakeTebeli iyo. gasakeTebeli da
asaTvisebeli marTlac bevri iyo. amas, cxadia, ufro
isini xedavdnen, visac evropuli ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli
da
realurad
monawileobda
axali
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. geronti
qiqoZe 1914 w. `saxalso gazeTSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi _ `meTodebi Tanamedrove kritikisa~ _ werda:
`bevri ram, rac Cven sibrZnisa da mSvenierebis ukanasknel sityvad migvaCnia, evropam karga xania im
Cardaxze gaagzavna, sadac Zveli avejeuloba inaxeba.
xolo bevri ram, rac evropaSi marTlac axali da sayuradReboa, xSirad sruliad gaugebaria CvenTvis...
floberi, zola, mopasani, ibseni, meterlinki, mane, sezani, van-gogi, rodeni, vagneris saqmeni, romelTac
gardaqmnes stili, forma, gadaabrunes Zveli xelovnebis niadagi da masze uxvad nayofieri ideebi gaabnies...
CvenTvis es saxelebi sruliad ar arsebobs an Tu arse16
boben, ise mkrTalad da bundovnad, TiTqos Soreuli
sizmris moCvenebani iyvnen~.
arCil jorjaZe (1872-1913), romelmac bevri gaakeTa
qarTuli kulturis XX s. doneze dasadgomad, Zvelisa
da axlis sinTezirebas cdilobda, Tanamedrove filosofiuri problemebis sayuradRebo analizs iZleoda,
upirates
yuradRebas
iseT
aqtualur
socialur
problemebs aZlevda, rogoricaa eri, saxelmwifo da
sxv. magram isic werda: `Cveni Zveli azrovneba dairRva,
amJamad axali azris da axali sityvis ZiebaSi varT~2.16.
mTeli es Zieba miznad isaxavda adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis (a. jorjaZe mas `yofierebis sazriss~
uwodebda) kvlevas. cxadia, es ar iyo SemdgomSi haidegeris gavleniT gavrcelebuli sakiTxi, yovlismomcveli yofierebisa, romelsac germaneli moazrovne xan
xdomilebas, xan kidev araras uwodebda, aramed sakiTxi adamianis adgilisa da daniSnulebisa socialur
erTobaSi, rogoricaa klasi, xalxi, kacobrioba3.17misi
pozicia optimisturia da am sazomiT afasebs rogorc
indur filosofias, ise kantis mier SemecnebisaTvis
sazRvrebis dawesebas. igi samarTlianad Tvlida, rom
indoeTSi religia da filosofia ar iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. misTvis mTavari iyo ara es gaumijnaobis faqti, aramed induri msoflmxedvelobis mier adamianis
cxovrebis
sazrisis
gadawyveta,
romelic
amqveyniurobis Rirebulobis uaryofas gulisxmobda.
igi kargad xedavs induri filosofiis kavSirs a. Sopenhaueris moZRvrebasTan da aseve l. tolstois
msoflmxedvelobaze mis gavlenas. a. jorjaZe maTac
uaryofs, Tumca tolstois mimdevari Tavadac karga xani iyo. sicocxlis usazrisobis daskvna da TviTmkvleloba a. jorjaZes egoizmis gamovlinebad miaCnia, rac
adamians xels uSlis dainaxos ufro maRali Rirebulebani, vidre misi piradi cxovrebaa. aseTia kacobrioba da, upirveles yovlisa, eri, romlis ganviTare17
bisTvis zrunva pirovnebis umaRlesi mizani unda
iyos4.18.
aRmavlobis gancda da ukeTesi momavlis imedi
1921 w. saqarTvelos okupaciamde qarTveli inteligenciis didi umravlesobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
1914 w. aleqsandre janeliZe, SemdgomSi cnobili
qarTveli geologi, maSin sorbonis universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli axalgazrda, naSromSi `erovnuli
Semoqmedeba~ qveynis mdgomareobis, gansakuTrebiT sulieri kulturis uaRresad mkacri Sefasebis Semdeg
udavod miiCnevda, rom qarTveli erovneba aRorZinebis
gzas adgas.19
msoflio oms ar gaunelebia es gancda. 1917 w.
Jurn.
`saqarTveloSi~
gamoqveynebul
werilSi
_
`qarTuli renesansi~, grigol robaqiZe SesaZleblad
miiCnevs amtkicos, rom qarTuli renesansisTvis pirobebi TandaTan ukeTesdeba. kulturul aspeqtebTan erTad
is am pirobebSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda
qveynis ganTavisuflebas, rac misTvis ukve ueWveli iyo
_ `dRes Tu xval saqarTvelo ganTavisufldeba~. aq
laparakia Tanamedrove renesansze. ufro adre ki Sua
saukuneebSi arsebul renesansze daiwyo msjeloba (i.
javaxiSvili). 1915 w. `xelovnebis fsiqologiaSi~ g. qiqoZe Sua saukuneebis qarTul renesanss miiCnevs organulad maSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis da mas XX s.
qarTuli kulturis safuZvlad CaTvlis.
1918 w. qarTuli universitetis gaxsna am imedebis
realizaciis yvelaze didi dadasturebaa. 1920 w. ki
Tbilisis universitetSi ukve oTxjer wakiTxuli
kursis `filosofiis Sesavalis~ winasityvaobaSi S. nucubiZe
dawers:
`mSobliur
niadagze
mecnierebis
aRorZinebam frTebi Seasxa ara erT ocnebas. winamdebare wigni nawilia am ocnebaTa ganxorcielebis riJraJisa~6.20
18
amgvari procesi calsaxad da mSvidad arsad mimdinareobs. ase iyo saqarTveloSic; rogorc centrSi, ise
periferiebSi mimdinareobda brZola ara marto Zvelsa
da axlis damcvelTa Soris. did Zalas warmoadgenda maTi sinTezis SesaZleblobisa da aucileblobis damcvelebi a. jorjaZis meTaurobiT. Tavad axlis damcvelebic
upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs samomavlo gzis arCevaSi _
internacionaluri Tu nacionaluri gzis upiratesobaSi
(bolSevikebi da menSevikebi) da sxv.
did masStabs Tu aviRebT da saqarTveloSi
marqsizmis Zlier gavlenas gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba
es dapirispireba ori centris saxiT warmovidginoT:
erT mxares marqsizmi Tavisi internacionalizmis mtkice primatiT, romelic amave dros saqarTveloSi ruseTis gavlenas icavda da, meore mxriv, sxvadxsva saxiT
erovnuli orientaciis partiebi (anarqistebi, nacionalist-federalistebi...).
saqarTveloSi XX s. dasawyisSi marqsizmis kritika ise mniSvnelovani iyo, rom mas ruseTis imperiis
centrSic aqcevdnen yuradRebas da, roca qarTvelma
marqsistebma g. plexanovs sTxoves Cabmuliyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare kamaTSi, igi daeTanxma da amis Sedegi
iyo `kvalSi~ 1901 w. gamoqveynebuli werilebi saTauriT
`rogorc quxs, ise ar wvims~. isini mimarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso saxelis mqone qarTveli anarqistis
varlam CerqeziSvilis (1846-1925) winaaRmdeg.
amave wels ekuTvnis a. jorjaZis saintereso
narkvevi _ `istoriuli materializmis gamo~. aq jorjaZe proncipul gamijvnas marqsisa da hegelis dialeqtikas Soris yuradRebis Rirsadac ar Tvlis, Tumca
marqsi da marqsistebi amaze bevrs da spcialurad
msjelobdnen. im periodSi hegelis kritikas sakmaod
didi istoria hqonda da neohegelizmi (inglisuri, italiuri) Zalas ikrebda, magram jorjaZes is hegeli
ainteresebda, romelic marqsma Tavis safuZvlad aiRo.
19
es iyo hegelis marqsistuli interpretaciis da, amdenad, Tavad marqsizmis kritikac: hegelTan, misi azriT,
Cven mxolod cnebebis TviTganviTareba gvaqvs, xolo
buneba misi ubralo aCrdilia. mas arc Tezisis, antiTezisis da sinTezis gziT ganviTarebis Teoriis Rirebulebis sjera. saerTod, dialeqtikis sami kanoni, misi
azriT, naZaladevi konstruqciaa, romelsac realoba
ar adasturebs. mag. raodenobrivi cvlilebani yovelTvis TvisebrivSi ar gadadis. rac mTavaria, arc
dapirispirebulTa brZolis maradiulobaa marTebuli.
mag. klasTa brZola ki ar Zlierdeba, winaaRmdeg
marqsistebis prognozisa, aramed sustdeba da evoluciuri gzis upiratesoba sul ufro naTlad Cans (mag.
wodebebi gauqmda revoluciis gareSe). dapirispireba
socialur klasTa Soris sul ufro Sesustdeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. mas udavod miaCnda
e. w. revizionistebis azri imis Taobaze, rom kapitalizmma buneba Seicvala da marqsis mier miTiTebuli
gza aris mcdari7.21
yovelive es a. jorjaZes Tavisi erTiani niadagis
Teoriis karg sayrdenad miaCnda8.22is udavod Tvlida,
rom qarTvel kapitalists da qarTvel proletars dapirispirebaze
(romlis
arsebobas
jorjaZe
ar
uaryofda) meti saerTo aqvs9.23unda iTqvas, rom d. sarajiSvilis, zubalaSvilebis da sxva qarTvel kapitalistTa moqmedeba amis Tqmis uflebas aZlevda. gazeT
`cnobis fircelSi~ 1901 w. gamoqveynebul werilSi _
`saerTo moqmedebis niadagi~, jorjaZe moiTxovda, rom
qarTvel muSas Tu kapitalists, skolis darajs Tu
glexs unda aerTianebdes erTi, saerTo erovnuli azri
imis Sesaxeb, rom misi, rogorc pirovnebis arseboba Tu
bedniereba sulierad Tu materialurad ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebyli mis erTan, mis xalxTan. isini, a. jorjaZis azriT, erTad una ibrZodnen ucxo qveynis warmo20
madgenelTa sakuTari qveynis ekonomikaSi batonobis winaaRmdeg.
qarTveli marqsistebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevdnen a. jorjaZis mier marqsizmis kritikas,
radgan Tvlidnen, rom saqarTveloSi igi `yvelaze
TvalsaCino figura iyo marqsizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa
Soris da garkveuli popularobiT sargeblobda muSaTa da imteligenciis wreebSi~10.24
marqsistebi xSirad imowmebdnen darvinis Teorias, rogorc bunebaSi dapirispirebis da brZolis
(brZola arsebobisaTvis) damsabuTebels. qarTveli
anarqistebi cdilobdnen es safuZveli gamoecalaT
marqsistebisaTvis. saTanado literaturis safuZvliani
codnis bazaze v. CerqeziSvili amtkicebda, rom arsebobisaTvis brZolis gaabsolutureba darvinis Teoriis
nakli iyo, romelic evoluciis TavisTavad Rirebul
Teorias cnobilma rusma mecnierma, anarqistma p. kropotkinma (1842-1921) kargaxania moacilao. mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda p. kropotkinis sayuradRebo naSromi _
`erTmaneTis danxmareba da Semweoba cxovelTa da adamianTa Soris~.
maRal Sefasebas aZlevda ra Tavisi megobrisa da
TanamebrZolis am Sromas, v. CerqeziSvili 1901 w. `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul naSromSi _ `induqciuri mecnierebis ganviTareba~ _ socialuri cxovrebis sxvagvari,
humanuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze mouTiTebda. es
kargi daxmareba iyo saerTo moqmedebis niadagisaTvis.
v. CerqeziSvili statiaSi _ `belgiaSi mogzauroba~
(iveria, 1900) _ aRniSnavda, rom evropaSi kapitalistebis ricxvi ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba, es xdeba
erTmaneTis amouwyvetlad, Seurigebeli brZolis gareSe, rom evropa dialeqtikis kanonebis sapirispiro
gziT viTardeba, dapirispireba klasTa da fenTa Soris
mcirdeba1125da rac mTavaria, es Sromis nayofierebis
zrdis safuZvelze xdeba.
21
a. jorjaZe, v. CerqeziSvili da mravali sxva
qarTveli moazrovne uaryofda dialeqtikis kanonebis
qmediTobas rogorc bunebaSi, ise sazogadoebaSi. es
brZola didxans gahyva qarTul azrovnebas. qarTvel
marqsistTa mxridan mas pasuxobdnen rogoc bolSevikebi, ise menSevikebi. pirvelni marqsis leninuri gagebiT,
meoreni, ZiriTadad plexanoviseuliT. pirvelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo i. stalinis `anarqizmi Tu socializmi~ (1907 w.), xolo menSevikTagan _ n. ramiSvilis (1881-1930) mier 1914 w. dawerili da 1916 w. gamoqveynebuli wigni `istoriuli materializmi~. n.
Jordania wignis winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavda, rom igi
saerTaSoriso marqsistul literaturaSi saukeTeso
saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens.
yovelive amis aRniSvna saWiroa, raTa gacnobierdes, rom XX s. qarTul kulturas carieli adgilidan ar dauwyia. sakmaod maRali, xSirad evropuli donis qarTveli moazrovneebis monapovars emyareboda,
magram Tvisebrivi siaxlis saWiroebis gacnobiereba da
pasuxismgebloba eris ukeTesi momavlisaTvis udidesi
iyo da mTavar imeds gasakeTebelze amyarebdnen.
rac Seexeba kantis jorjaZiseul kritikas, igi miuxedavad mis mier marqsizmis kritikisa, garkveul
punqtebSi marqsizmis gavlenas amJRavnebs. misi azriT,
kantis mier Semecnebis sazRvris dadgena, mis miRma Seumecnebadis daSveba, gamocdilebis da praqtikis rolis
gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegia. isic, iseve rogorc
engelsi, Tvlis, rom Semecnebas esazRvreba araSeumecnebadi, aramed jer Seumecnebeli. gamocdilebis sazRvrebis TandaTanobiT zrda a. jorjaZes Seumecnebadis sferoSi SeWrad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi ki kanti gamocdilebisa da mecnierebis usasrulo ganviTarebas uSvebda
yvelafer imis mimarT, rac drosa da sivrceSia moqceuli, Semecnebis sazRvari ki iqaa, sadac am ori apriorulis formis miRma arsebulia moqceuli. aRniSnul mo22
azrovneTa sapirispirod a. jorjaZe amtkicebs, rom aucilebelia gonebisadmi ndoba. gonebam unda daasabuTos,
rom adamianma am qveynad unda eZebos cxovrebis sazrisi
da mas SeuZlia bednierebis miRweva12.26
religiisa da mecnierebis dapirispirebaSi jorjaZe mecnierebis mxarezea, magram religiis mniSvnelobas sulac ar uaryofs. iseve rogorc kanti, igi
Tvlis, rom religia saWiroa, radgan igi aZlevs adamians imas, rasac ver aZlevs mecniereba13.27
XX s. dasawyisis qarTuli azrovnebis optimizms
didi dartyma miayena ilias mkvlelobam. 1907 w. mixako
wereTeli (1878-1965) mravalis azrs gamoxatavda, roca
ilias TbilisSi Camosvenebisas ambobda: `Turme sul
tyuili yofila Cveni imedi, rom cotaTi mainc win wavediT XIX s. meore naxevarSi swored iseTi kacebis
wyalobiT, rogoric iyo ilia WavWavaZe. sul tyuili
yofila Cveni zneobrivi progresi, kidev ufro dacemuli varT”14.28
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, 1957 w. `bedi qarTlisaSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi m. wereTelma ufro obieqturad Seafasa didi mamuliSvilis veragi mkvlelobis mniSvneloba. igi amtkicebda, rom iliam aqac didi
samsaxuri gauwia qarTvel ers. igi ilias mokvlaSi
uSualo monawileobas ar abralebs saerTod qarTul
social-demokratias, romelic `saqarTveloSi SemoWrili ucxo msoflio xedviT... da ideologiiT~ ebrZoda
ilias da romelTaTvis `gaRrmaveba klasTa brZolisa
udidesi revoluciuri miRweva iyo~. maTi brali iyo
is, rom Seqmnes situacia am aqtisaTvis. `me darwmunebuli var TviT maxaraZe da geleiSvilic ver gabedavdnen
uSualod moewyoT igi~. magram brali mainc rCeboda.
amitom `ilia WavWavaZis mokvlis Semdeg f. maxaraZe
gaqra saqarTvelodan, ara viTar sindiss Sewuxebuli
iuda, aramed, viTarca iuda, iudas saqmis gamgrZobi~15.29
23
`ilias mokvlam Tvali agvixila~, ganagrZobs m.
wereTeli. `davinaxeT `raSigan varT, davirazmeT samsaxurSi, mivxvdiT ra, rom sxva udidesi movaleoba adamianisaTvis ar arsebobs... gons movida TviT qarTuli
marqsiszmic, qarTvelTa social-demokratia... daiwyo
agreTve gamoyofa marqsizmis wiaRTagan qarTuli social-demokratiisa, romlis meTaurebad erTni saukeTesoni gamovidnen~1630da noe Jordaniac dros ucdida,
qarTveli erisTvis is mieca, risTvisac ilia WavWavaZe
ibrZoda, da romelTanac mas winaT mudmivi Teoriuli
dava da Setakeba hqonda~17.31
samwuxarod, es cvlileba qarTvel bolSevikebs
ar Sexebia. isini kvlavac didi mondomebiT upirispirebdnen
qarTveli
inteligenciis
umravlesobis
erovnul orientacias, e.i. Tanmimdevrul internacionalizms. maT Soris udavod gamoirCeoda i. stalinis
`anarqizmi Tu socializmi~, aseve naSromebi nacionalur sakiTxze.
saerTod qarTvel menSevikTa da, kerZod, maTi beladis noe Jordanias poziciis amgvari cvlileba s.
daneliamac daafiqsira maT mier Zalauflebis aRebis
Semdeg. adre ki, 1921 w. s. daneliam werilSi _ `qarTveli social-demokratia da nacionalizmi~ _ mkacrad
gailaSqra n. Jordanias winaaRmdeg, romelic, misi
azriT, internacionalurisTvis srulad swiravda nacionalurs. sakuTari arCevanis gamarTlebisTvis n.
Jordania amtkicebda, rom qarTvel ers erovnuli
grZnoba ar aqvso. s. danelias azriT ki, saqme swored
piriqiTaa. saqarTvelos mTeli warsuli da awmyo
erovnulobisaTvis brZolaa. s. danelia Tvlis, rom
erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia
`erovnuli TviTmmarTveloba~. amave dros, igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom erovnuli ar gamoricxavs internacionalurs da, piriqiT, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
mizani `erTa mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba unda iyos~. am
24
TanaarsebobaSi yoveli maTganis Tavisebureba uzrunvelyofili iqneba. eris Taviseburebis, misi specifikis
gansasazRvrad s. danelia mogvianebiT daweril werilSi frangi kutanis sapasuxod ZiriTad mniSvnelobas mianiWebs ideals. enis, teritoriisa da saerTod
istoriis, rogorc eris bunebis gamovlenis, gverdiT
gadamwyveti erisaTvis, misi azriT, saerTo idealia. es
isaa, rasac miznad isaxavs eri, radac gaxdoma surs.
amgvari
miznis
amorCevaSi1832mniSvneloba
aqvs
istorias, ekonomikas, socialursa da politikur viTarebas, magram, unda daveTanxmoT s. danelias, arCevanSi
mudamaa garkveuli Tavisufleba da amitom gadawyvetilebaSi eris buneba mJRavndeba, qarTveli iseTia, rogoric mas surs gaxdes, igulisxmeba, rom es uSeRavaTo
da yovelives ganmsazRvrelia erisaTvis.
XIX s. gamoyolil mtkivneul problemaTa Soris
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo enebis (kerZod,
mcire erTa enebis) mniSvnelobisa da momavlis sakiTxi.
s. danelia, d. uznaZe da sxv. icavdnen gerasime qiqoZis
pozicias, romelsac swamda qarTuli enis momavlis,
marqsistebi ki _ rusofili qarTveli aristokratiisas.
saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da
filosofiuri azri SeuZlebelia srulyofilad warmovidginoT anarqistebis moRvaweobis gareSe. anarqizmi, romelic evropaSi XIX s. Sua xanebSi warmoiSva,
saqarTveloSi saukunis bolodan Semodis. mas iseTi
mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebi hyavda, rom maTi gavlena saqarTvelos farglebs Soris scildeboda (v. CerqeziSvili, m. wereTeli da sxv.). anarqistebs marqsistebTan saerTo hqondaT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZola misi moxsnis, gauqmebis mizniT. orives,
anarqistebsa da socialistebs, gulubryvilod egonaT,
rom es axlo momavlis saqmea. stalinis `anarqizmi Tu
socializmi~ (1906-07 ww.) imis mowmoba iyo, rom anarqizmi seriozuli socialuri Zala iyo. es ara marto
25
imitom, rom v. CerqeziSvilis safrangeTsa da ruseTSi
moRvaweobas didad afasebdnen. CerqeziSvilis gavlenis
mowmobaa misi `furclebi socializmis istoriidan~
(1896), romelic mraval evropul enaze iTargmna.
anarqistebis brZola tradiciis winaaRmdeg egueboda marqsistebisas. Tavad n. Jordania dasawyisSi miiCnevda nacionalizms da nacionalur moZraobas saerTod `feodaluri tradiciebis gagrZelebad~19.33 magram sayuradRebo isaa, rom rogorc qarTulma socialdemokratiam mogvianebiT, ise qarTulma anarqizmma yvela sxvisagan gansxvavebuli xasiaTi miiRo. gr. robaqiZe werda: v. CerqeziSvili msoflioSi erTaderTi
anarqisti iyo `anarqizmis da nacionalizmis Semzavebeli~. mas sakmao raodenobis mimdevrebi hyavda. amis gamo
iyo, rom 1903 w. 19 ivniss JenevaSi Seikriba qarTvel nacionalistTa da anarqistTa konferencia20.34am safuZvlidan amozrdili iyo m. wereTlis `eri da kacobrioba~, romelsac gansxvavebisa da garkveul sakiTxebSi dapirispirebis miuxedavad, didad afasebda a.
jorjaZe, romelic gulwrfelad eZebda saerTo niadags gansxvavebul mimarTulebebSi.
1. arCil jorjaZe (1872-1913)
arCil jorjaZe yvelaze mets akeTebda qarTuli
socialuri, politikuri da filosofiuri azris gasaerTianeblad, aseve tradiciis SesanarCuneblad, radgan
kargad esmoda, rom tradiciis uaryofa Zirs uTxris
winsvlis SesaZleblobas. amis SesamCnevi magaliTia a.
jorjaZis mier 1901 w. gamoqveynebuli werili _ ,,Zveli
Taoba~. misi mizani iyo `Seuwyveteli da SeTanxmebuli
moRvaweoba Zvelsa da axal Taobas Soris~. Zveli Taobis meTaurad mas, bunebrivia, i. WavWavaZe miaCnda. mas a.
jorjaZe bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeboda. misi azriT, wodebriobaze damyarebuli qonebrvi uTanasworo sazogadoebis daurRvevlad SeuZlebelia is, rac ilias
26
surda _ `Sromaze damyarebuli sazogadoebis~ aSeneba21.35amitom darCao ilia WavWavaZe, keTili survilebis
da WeSmariti miznis miuxedavad, `urazmod~, ganmartoebuli da gaugebari. aseve mouvidao n. nikolaZes, aseve
keTilSobil moazrovnes, romelsac mizani iliasTan
saerTo hqonda. am ukanasknels jorjaZe, didi pativiscemis miuxedavad, vulgarul materializms abralebda, ramdenadac misTvis SimSili da siyvaruli iyo
adamianis mamoZravebeli22.36
a. jorjaZe yvelafers erovnul pozicias uqvemdebarebda. erisaTvis saxelwifoebriobas aucileblad
Tvlida, gansxvavebiT n. Jordaniasagan, romelic
fiqrobda, rom SeiZleba eri saxelmwifoebriobis gareSec Camoyalibdes da magaliTisaTvis litvelebze miuTiTebda. a. jorjaZis azriT, saxelmwifom Sva eri,
Jordanias azriT, maT Soris aucilebeli kavSiri
araa23.37eri misTvisac, rogorc iliasTvis, pirovnebaa
da mas `dro da gasaqani sWirdeba~ Tavis pirovnebis
damkvidrebisaTvis. erovnuli problemis mTavar sakiTxad enisa da swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxi miaCnda da
am aspeqtiT gansakiTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda i. gogebaSvilis Sexedulebebs. amave mizniT afasebda i. javaxiSvilis `saqarTvelos ekonomikur istorias~, aRtacebuli iyo misiT da es naSromi istoriul-sociologiuri nawarmoebis pirvel cdad~ miaCnda CvenSi24.38
a. jorjaZis mier gulmodgined damuSavebuli saerTo moqmedebis niadagis Teoria dResac didad sayuradReboa da aqtualuri. `demokratiul dawesebulebaTa SeqmnisaTvis, _ werda igi, _ saWiroa yvela progresuli partiis SeerTebuli Zala da am mizniT saWiroa
klasTa brZolis simwvavis Sesusteba~25.39rogorc vxedavT, igi ar uaryofs klasebis arsebobas. ar uaryofs,
rom memamulesa da glexs, vaWarsa da daqiravebul muSas sapirispiro ekonomikuri interesebi aqvT, rac
gansazRvravs maT cxovrebas, magram ara absoluturad.
27
CvenSi, misi azriT, imgvari movlenebic arsebobs,
romlebic qmnis niadags `saerTo praqtikuli movlenebisaTvis, SesaZlebels xdis umTavresisaTvis gaerTianebas. es umTavresi saerTo Rirebulebani arian: I.
qarTuli enis dacva; II. qarTuli vaWroba-mrewvelobis
Seqmna; III. qarTuli meurneobis qarTvelTa xelSi SenarCuneba. am uknasaknelSi ZiriTadad miwis mflobeloba igulisxmeba26.40
marTalia, a. jorjaZe didad afasebda qarTuli
eklesiis rols, magram mas mainc saxifaTod miaCnda
erovnulobisa da sarwmunoebis gaigiveba, ris safuZvelzec kaTolike qarTveli Tavis Tavs ,,frangs”
uwodebda, xolo musulmani _ `TaTars~. XX s. dasawyisSi qarTveli social-demokratebi amtkicebdnen,
rom erovnebis upiratesobaze da eris uflebebze
xazgasma asustebs klasobriv brZolas, e. i. progresis
sawinaaRmdegoa. ase fiqrobdnen bolSevikebic da menSevikebic, romelTa gaTiSva rsdmp II yrilobam (1903 w.) daafiqsira. amave wels ekuTvnis qarTveli menSevikebis da
Semdeg ruseTis soc-demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erTi
TvalsaCino moRvawis k. wereTlis (1882-1959) sityvebi
`kvalSi~. es sityvebi `mesame dasis~ saerTo pozicias gamoxatavda. es iyo `internacionalizmis~ saxeliT
erovnulis uaryofa, faqtobrivad ki rusuli nacionalizmis interesebisaTvis qarTuli interesebis Sewirva.
Cven ar gvaqvs ufleba iseT moazrovneebs, rogorebic iyvnen n. Jordania, k. wereTeli, k. CxeiZe da sxvebi, pirferoba davwamoT. am periodSi maT albaT egonaT, rom proletars samSoblo ar aqvs da rom igi Tavisi ganTavisuflebiT yvela klass gaaTavisuflebs. am
safuZvelze miaCndaT, rom erovnuli unda Seewiros sakacobrios. magram, roca movlenaTa msvlelobam gviCvena, rom saqarTvelos interesebi zogadsakacobrios ki
ara, rusuli imperializmis axal saxeebs ewireboda,
28
bevrma aSkarad uaryo Zveli gza da eris samsaxurSi
Cadga.
samagierod qarTvelma bolSevikebma (f. maxaraZe,
stalini da sxv.) gaagrZeles Zveli gza, e. i. SeinarCunes pozicia, romelic 1903 w. k. wereTelma ase gamoTqva: `Cven varT qarTvelebi, romelTac ver akmayofilebs verc gacveTili patriotizmi, verc samSoblosa
da qarTuli enis yvirili. Cveni ideali sakacobrio
idealia. Cven am idealebiT vcocxlobT. amiT vimedovnebT. awmyo Cven gveliviT gvezizReba, warsuli WiriviT gvejavreba, Cven viyurebiT brwyinvale momavlisaken.~ a. jorjaZem Cveuli safuZvlianobiT miuTiTa,
rom es pozicia ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad marqsisa da
engelsis pozicias am sakiTxSi. ixsenebda ra am
sityvebs, a. jorjaZe gulistkiviliT kiTxulobda:
`visRa dasWirdeba brwyinvale momavali, Tu qarTveli
eri ar iqneba Tavisi warsuliTa da awmyoTi?~ jorjaZe
amiT ar ifargleba da Cveuli safuZvlianobiT
aRniSnuli sityvebis erovnul nahilizms upirispirebs
marqsisa da engelsis ersa da mis uflebebze. isini
aSkarad amtkiceben, rom swored erovnuli Cagvris mocilebis Semdeg eqneba ers ganviTarebis saSualeba,
rom aucilebelia erovnuli damoukideblobis miRweva
da rom aq saqme calkeuli erebis damoukideblobas
exeba. amis sabuTi Tavad `komunisturi partiis manifestia~. iq naTladaa aRniSnuli, rom calkeuli erebis
damoukideblobis aRdgenis gareSe ar moxdeba arc
proletariatis gaerTianeba da `arc erebis mSvidobiani da Segnebuli TanamSromloba~.
2. stalini (i. juRaSvili) (1879-1953)
TiTqos a. jorjaZis am sityvebis pasuxia stalinis werilebi nacionalur sakiTxebze da am pasuxSi
rusi marqsistebis (leninelebis) specifikac mJRavndeba. aq igulisxmeba stalinis werili 1913 w. `naciona29
lizmis gziT~. am werilSi stalini gvacnobs 1903 w.
mdgomareobas, roca kavkasiis soc-demokratebi aRiarebdnen internacionalizmis princips, ris safuZvelzec kavkasiis soc-demokratia izrdeboda nacionalizmTan brZolaSi. 1906 w. mwuxarebiT aRniSnavs igi,
rom kavkasiis saolqo konferenciaze pirvelad wamoiWra kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomiis sakiTxi. igi
wamoayena da mis miRebas moiTxovda quTaiselTa patara
jgufi. am wamowyebis samarcxvinod Caflavebis erTerTi organizatoris rols i. stalini siamovnebiT miiwers. Semdgom am pozicias icavdnen rogorc menSevikur, ise bolSevikur presaSi. magram dadga 1912 w. ganagrZobs stalini, da `aRmoCnda, rom Cven gvesaWiroeba
kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomia, ra Tqma unda (ra
Tqma unda!) proletariatis interesebisaTvis~27.41stalins es miaCnda sxvadasxva eris proletariats Soris
nacionaluri da kulturul-organizaculi zRudeebis
aRmarTvad. es tradiciuli zRudeebis xelovnuri gamagrebaa. es zRudeebi ingreva istoriuli aucileblobiT da misi gamagreba aravisTvisaa saWiro. raSia
saqme? erTguli leninelis azriT, saqme imaSi yofila,
rom `glexurma quTaisma Tan gaiyola Tbilisis `socdemokrati oqtiabristebi~. kavkasiis likvidatorebis
saqmeebs amieridan gadawyvets mebrZoli nacionalizmiT
daSinebuli quTaiseli glexi~. likvidatorebi, rogorc cnobilia, isini iyvnen, vinc (Jordania da sxv.)
revoluciur brZolaze uars ambobdnen da dasavluri
tipis reformistul partias ayalibebdnen28.42
stalini saocrad Tanamimdevruli iyo. mTels Tavis samwerlo moRvaweobaSi yvelafers proletariatis
ZiriTad sakiTxs umorCilebda, amgvarad es kargad Cans
imiT, Tu rogor `uguebs~ igi eris uflebebis sayoeelTao aRiarebas marqsizmis klasikosebis mier (razedac a. jorjaZe da sxvebi miuTiTebdnen) imdroindel
konkretul saWiroebas. stalini ar uaryofs, rom naci30
onaluri avtonomiis sakiTxi marTlac ar ewinaaRmdegeba rsdmp programas (me-9 muxli) da arc marqs-engelsis
naTqvams ugulebelyofs. magram stalini moulodnel
aspeqtze miuTiTebs: ers aqvs amis ufleba, magram gana
partiisaTvis sul erTia rogor gadawyvets sakiTxs
esa Tu is eri! centralizmis Tu separatizmis sasargeblod? gana partiam gavlena ar unda moaxdinos
erovnebis nebaze, raTa sakiTxi ise gadawyvitos, rac
yvelaze
ufro
Seefereba
erovnebis
interesebs?2943partia sarwmunoebaTa Tavisuflebis momxrea~,
magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom partia `ar SeebrZoleba msoflmxedvelobis am formebs~30.44
am suliskveTebiT daiwera stalinis `marqsizmi da
nacionaluri sakiTxi~ (1913 w.), romelic gamoica
Jurnal `prosveSCeniaSi~. rogorc cnobilia am `SesaniSnavi qarTvelis~ naSromi v. lenins ise moewona, rom
misi sadiskusiod gatanis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi
iyo, mTlianad iRebda. igi aq xedavda gavrcelebuli
nacionalizmisaTvis internacionalizmis nacadi iaraRis unarian dapirispirebas31.45
stalini aq ayalibebs eris im gansazRvras, romelic socialisturi banakis yvela met-naklebad ganaTlebulma adamianma icoda zepirad. Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom es sakmaod safuZvliani da Sorsgamiznuli gansazRvreba yvelas esmoda. `eri aris adamianTa
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebis da im
fsiqikuri wyobis erTobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa kulturis erToba~32.46eri swored da mxolod
aRmavali kapitalizmis epoqis Svilia, e. i. istoriuli
kategoriaa. nacionalizmi burJuaziisaTvis aris saWiro, raTa sakuTar bazarze sxvebi daamarcxos. misi
azriT, bazari pirveli skolaa, sadac burJuazia nacionalizms swavlobs33.47aq aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac,
31
rom stalinis Rrma rwmeniT, nacionalizmis socializmis dros gaqreba burJuaziasTan erTad34.48
am naSromSi ufro vrcladaa dafuZnebuli `eris
uflebebi~. `soc-dem. acxadebs eris TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas~, magram am uflebaTa yvela aspeqts, mag. gamoyofis uflebas, axlavs `magram~, rac faqtobrivad
auqmebs sakiTxis TavisTavad Rirebulebas da mxolod
proletariatis interesebiT zomavs. igi akritikebs o.
bauers da, cxadia, mis qarTvel mimdevrebsac, romelnic cdiloben muSaTa klasobrivi brZola Seuguon
erebis brZolas da proletariati nacionaluri droSis qveS daayenon35.49
ra soc-demokratebi arian isini, kiTxulobda stalini, romlebic dRes `klasTa brZolis gamwvavebs epoqaSi klasTa Soris nacionalur kavSirebs zRudaven?
naTelia, `saerTo niadagze~, romelzedac a. jorjaZe
msjelobda, aq laparakic ar SeiZleba.
stalini nacionalur avtonomias `saolqo avtonomias~ amjobinebs, radgan aq ar iqneba nacionalobis mixedviT dayofa, e. i. proletariatis dezorganizacia
da klasTa brZolis Sesusteba36.50
`glexurma quTaisma~, romelic ase ar moswonda
msoflio proletariatis momaval belads, SemdgomSic
iCina Tavi. tyuilad ar xedavda masSi stalini proletariatis `saerTo saqmis~ safrTxes saqarTveloSi.
3. Salva nucubiZe (1888-1969)
1917 w. 10 ivniss quTaisis TeatrSi S. nucubiZis mier wakiTxuli leqcia _ `ori gza socializmisken~ _
qarTuli socialuri azris ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebze miuTiTebs: 12 ivnisis gazeTma `Sromam~ am
leqciis Sinaarsi gamoaqveyna. avtori uaryofs istoriuli materializmis mier istoriuli aucileblobis
uaryofis mtkicebas. veraviTar Rirebulebas ver xedavs
dialeqtikur materializmSi, sadac dialeqtika klavs
32
materializms da piriqiT. arafrismTqmelad miaCnia
marqsis cnobili fraza _ ,,mdgomareoba qmnis Segnebas~.
avtori marqsisti rom aRaraa aSkaraa, magram mis
axal pozicias marqsizmis gavlena mainc mravali
aspeqtiT etyoba. cnobilia, imdroindel pirobebSi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda moazrovne
Segnebuli pirovnebis moRvaweobas, rogorc inteligents, romelic damoukideblad azrovenbs da socialisturi ideebi Seaqvs xalxSi, e. i. qalaqis muSebsa
da mSromel glexobaSi. S. nucubiZe (romelic am dros
ukve federalisti iyo) fiqrobda, rom glexoba karg
pirobebs
iZleva
socialisturi
propagandisaTvis,
radgan mSromeli glexi naklebadaa damokidebuli kapitalistur nawarmze, glexi sakuTari SromiT irCens
Tavs. igi arc eqiraveba vinmes da arc qiraobs sxvas.
S. nucubiZes socializmisken es gza – mSromlebSi
socialisturi Segnebis Setanis gavleniT socialisturi ujredebisa da kooperativebis Seqmnisa ufro saimedod miaCnia, vidre qveynis kapitalizaciis saSualebiT
socializmSi gadasvla.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki ruseTis yofili imperia sxva gziT wavida socializmisaken, romelmac auracxeli ubedureba moutana msofliosa da upirveles
yovlisa, imperiaSi Semaval da mis mezobel (e. w. socialisturi banakis) qveynebs.
kooperativebis, rogorc socializmisaken realuri gzis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi nucubiZis azrs mravali
momxre hyavda. 1919 w. 23 maiss saqarTvelos kooperatiuli yriloba, romelic xelisuflebasTan sruli solidarobiT mimdinareobda, aRniSnavda, rom saqarTveloSi
ukve 15 000 sakooperativo dawesebulebaa da saSualod
TiTqmis qarTveli xalxis 1/3 kooperaciaSia Cabmuli37.51
yrilobis erT-erTma monawilem a. gafrindaSvilma
ganacxada, rom `kooperacia iseTi demokratiuli organizaciaa, rom kapitalistur warmoebas Secvlis da so33
cializmis drosac Sesaferis rols iTamaSebs~. misi
gamosvlis kvalad, meore delegatma m. diasamiZem daazusta es pozicia. misi azriT, kooperacia aris `iseTi
burji, romelzedac unda aRmocendes socialisturi
sazogadoeba~38.52mesame nawilis _ a. erqomaiSvilis
azriT, `kooperacia mxolod nawilia klasTa brZolisa, romelic mimarTulia kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg~39.53
gansxvavebul poziciebs saerTo mimarTuleba hqondaT.
mag. kidev erTi monawile maliSevski (iniciali araa
oqmSi), romelic ar iziarebda marqsizms da Tavs socialist-utopists uwodebda, Tvlida, rom `kooperacias
mivyavarT socializmisaken~40.54
1918 w. ki quTaisis `xalxis megobari~ 5 ianvris
nomerSi gvatyobinebs petrogradis universitetis privat docentis S. nucubuZis Sesaxeb, rom igi meore
kandidati iyo ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebisa `saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio
partiisagan~. bolSevizmis pirvel Secdomad S. nucubiZe Tvlis imas, rom maT `Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba
sakmarisad CaTvales socializmis dasamyareblad~, meore da sabediswero imas, rac maT nacionalizmis sakiTxSi gaakeTes. igulisxmeba, rom maT Zalauflebis
centralizaciisaTvis erebs uari uTxres TviTgamorkvevaze da mesame _ `socializmis ganxorcielebas
yalbi gzebiT lamobdnen, amis gamo ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi da anarqiaa~. gamosavals nucubiZe xedavs nacionalur saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis daCqarebaSi, raTa Semdeg
maTgan Seiqmnas SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi.
S. nucubiZis Sexedulebebi amtkicebs, rom saqarTvelos marqsizmi martivad, mxolod bolSevikebis
anda menSevikebis interpretaciiT ar miauRia. savsebiT
axalgazrda S. nucubiZem 1908 w. grigol robaqiZes
iwvevs sajaro paeqrobaSi sakiTxze _ `marqsizmi da pirovneba~. robaqiZes erT-erT miznad saqarTveloSi
marqsizmis ganadgureba hqonda. paeqroba ar Sedga ro34
baqiZis qedmaRlobis gamo, magram quTaisis gazeTi `naperwkali~ (1 ivlisi 1908 w.) aRniSnavda, rom 19 wlis
nucubiZiT Zalian kmayofili darCa auditoria. 1912 w.
is werili – ki kvlav robaqiZis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
misi leqcia iyo _ `xelovneba da sinamdvile~. aq avtori profesiulad ufro momzadebulia, ukve Cans, rom
bolcanos da Tanamedrove filosofias kargad icnobs.
Semecnebis mier analizisa da sinTezis SeerTebis
uunarobisgan gamowveuli siZneleebis aRniSvnis Semdeg
S.
nucubiZe
amtkicebs,
rom
Semecneba,
rogorc
refleqsuri, mxolod imeorebs sinamdviles, misTvis
SeuZlebelia axal RirebulebaTa Seqmna. saimedod
intuiciis gza miaCnia. misi ZiriTadi pozicia gamoiTqmeba debulebiT, rom yoveli Seqmna droSi xdeba,
xolo samaradiso ewinaaRmdegeba `droulobas~. droSi
mxolod empiriuli SeiZleba Seiqmnas. amitom `xelovneba ar qmnis maradiuls~. es iyo robaqiZis Tezis uaryofa _ ,,sinamdvilis Seswavla da misi gardaqmna intuiciis gziTaao SesaZlebeli. mxolod intuiciaSi xedavso adamiani SeubRalav sinamdviles~41.55
meore dResve amave gazeTSi gamoqveynda gr. robaqiZis `sapasuxo baraTi~, sadac igi axalgazrda avtoris pozicias konspeqts uwodebs, Tanac azris gamoTqmis uunarobas abralebs. robaqiZe miuTiTebs maTematikiT da xelovnebiT gamosaxul maradiolobaTa
gansxvavebaze da mxatvrul saxes Tvlis individualobaSi gamoxatul maradiulobad. Seqmnili, cxadia, droulia, magram masSi (mag. `venera milosSi da beThovenis
simfoniaSi~) gamosaxuli maradiuli sxvaa. Tavis
leqciaSi _ `Semoqmdeba da sinamdvile~ robaqiZe
kargad alagebda nicSes Sexedulebas apolonursa da
dionisurze, rogorc `gancdas da gancdilis yuris
devnebas~ da maT msaxiobis da mayureblis pozicias
adarebda.
35
socialuri problemebisadmi didi yuradRebis miuxedavad, S. nucubiZe axerxebs intensiur filosofiur
muSaobas. 1913 w. igi cnobil JurnalSi _ `voprosi filosofii i psixologii~ aqveynebs solidur naSroms _
`bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria”. aq ukve Cans gezi
axali
originaluri
sistemisaken.
es
nucubiZis
mudmivma oponentma prof. s. daneliamac aRniSna Tavis
recenziaSi 1920 w. S. nucubiZis werilze _ `bunebisaTvis cnebisa~, romelic `universitetis moambis~ #1Si gamoqveynda.
hegelis Tanamedrove da misi mowinaaRmdege, didi
Cexi maTematikosi da filosofosi b. bolcano (17811848) axalgazrda avtorma S. nucubiZem XX s. dasawyisSi filosofiis winaSe mdgari siZneleebis gasarkvevad da maTi gadalaxvis gzebis saZieblad gamoiyena. amisaTvis mas ukve sakmao wrToba hqonda miRebuli peterburgis istoriul-filologiur fakultetze
a. vedenskis, n. loskisa da i. lapSinis seminarebSi. laipcigis uneversitetSic iyo namuSevari, sadac 1911 w.
moxseneba waikiTxa aleTologiis e.i. WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis principepze.
am naSromSi S. nucubiZe mxolod evropuli tradiciidan amodis. misTvis gacnobierebuli araa arc
petriwis, arc ganmanaTleblebis, arc dodaSvilis
mniSvneloba saZiebeli sakiTxebisaTvis. asea, miuxedavad, n. marisa da s. gorgaZis mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebisa. amis gacnobiereba moxdeba mogvianebiT sakuTari
sistemis ZiriTadi principebis siRrmiseuli gaazrebis
cdisas. qarTuli neoplatonizmis mniSvnelobis gasagebad didi mniSvneloba hqonda mis mier germaneli moarovnis e. laskis moZRvrebis Seswavlas. laski axal
germanul filosofiaSi neoplatonuri motivebis Semomtania da amave dros m. haidegerTan am aspeqtebis
mniSvnelobis stimulatori.
36
S. nucubiZis mier gaazrebul mraval sayuradRebo
sakiTxs Soris aq gamovyofT geniosis cnebis damuSavebis cdas. es sayuradReboa ara marto bolcanos
intenciebis gasagebad, aramed misi sakuTari Tviganazrebis gamosavlenadac. misi azriT (bolcanosTan
TanxmobiT), geniosi aRniSnavs, yovlismomcvel niWs,
romelsac erTnairad ainteresebs yvelaferi42.56bolcanos cnobili enciklopediurobis garda, aq S. nucubiZis sakuTari gegmebic SeiniSneba. amasTanaa kavSirSi
interesis cnebis aSkarad ararealisturi ganmarteba.
gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi adamianebisgan, genioss ara
aqvs interesi raime konkretulisadmi. misi `interesi~
adamianis bunebis SeuzRudvelobas gamoxatavs, romelic erTnairi ZaliT moicavs da Zlevs yvelafers. magaliTebad aristotele da laibnici mohyavs. albaT
bolcanos germanul idealizmnTan dapirispirebis gamo
nucubiZe ar adarebs bolcanosa da fixtes `mecnierebaTswavlebebs~. arada, bolcanosTanac gvaqvs am
moZRvrebis praqtikulad da Teoriulad dayofa43.57didi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili bolcanosaTan yofierebis (zainis) da munyofierebis (dazainis), mocemuli yofierebis mniSvnelobis analizs. magram mTavari am
naSromSi mainc aris `debuleba TavisTavadis~ cneba.
gasagebia, rom im dros, roca fsiqologizmis winaaRmdeg brZola mimdinareobda da huserli antifsiqologizmis medroSed iTvleboda, bolcanos am debulebis wamowevas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. nucubiZe ironiuladac ki SeniSnavda, Tu rarig isjeba kaci didi
moazrovnis ucodinarobis gamo44.58`debuleba TavisTavad~ aRniSnavs misi Sinaarsis ganTavisuflebas fsiqologiuri aqtis gavlenisagan, droisa da sivrcisagan.
magram aqvea unauri debuleba: mcdar debulebasac aqvs
iseTi Sinaarsi, romelic TavisTavadia, e. i. Tavisufalia droisa da sivrcisagan45,59e. i. munyofierebisagan
(dazainisagan). am TavisTavads obieqturi WeSmariteeba
37
ewodeba, Tundac misi Sinaarsi aravis gamoeTqvas (mag.
am xis foTlebis ricxvi), magram nucubiZes ar surs es
obieqturoba absuluturi iyos. igi inarCunebs cnobierebasTan mimarTebas, magram araa adamianuri, aramed
RvTaebrivia46.60es imas niSnavs, rom yovelgvari cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. rogor SeiZleba es TavsiTavadi WeSmariteba Cvens codnad
iqces, e.i. WeSmarit codnad! magram igi araWeSmaritebsac gulisxmobs. S. nucubiZe kargad adarebs mas
laibnicis Teodiceis problemas gnoseologiis enaze
Targmnils47.61nucubiZe eTanxmeba bolcanos, roca is
aigivebs codnas da WeSmaritebas48.62magram ar moswons,
rom laibnics surs daasabuTos WeSmariteba. mas igi
mocemulad unda CaeTvala. yoveli WeSmaritebis sxva
WeSmaritebisagan gamoyvanilad CaTvla, misTvis miuRebelia49,63sayvedurobs bolcanos, rom man sagangebod ar
Seiswavla Secdomis problema, radgan es misi azriT,
codnis Teoriaze naklebad mniSvnelovani ar aris50.64aq
Cans ara marto bolcanos, herbartisa da huserlis,
aramed maimonis, rikertis da sxvaTa seriozuli wvdoma, magram S. nucubiZe ar axsenebs f. nicSes. misi
azriT, kantis damsaxureba da bolcanosTan kavSiri
isaa, rom kanti `codnis Teorias ki ar qmnis, aramed
mocemuli codnidan amodis. amiT Tavadve genetizmis
Tvalsazrisze dgeba da es ganapirobebso `codnis Tanamedrove Teoriis savalalo istorias~. am moduri SeniSvnis gverdiT sainteresoa misi kritika, `sakmarisia
daveWvdeT, rom apriorul sinTezurma msjelobebma dakargon Tavisi Rirebuleba~51.65am azrs mogvianebiT m.
gogiberiZesTanac SevxvdebiT. bolcanos Teoria nucubiZes misi Tanamedrove daavadebuli gnoseologiis gamanadgureblad miaCnia, magram amave dros uaryofs
skepticizms, rogorc Sinagani winaaRmdegobis mqones
da fiqrobs, rom misi sicocxlisunarianobis sakiTxi,
mxolod Semecnebis fsiqologiis ganxilvis sagani Se38
iZleba iyo52.66krizisisagan gamosavals S. nucubiZe xedavs dapirispirebaze maRla mdgomSi. idealuri samyarosaTvis savaldebulo araa winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, azrovnebisaTvis ki, rogorc droul vrceul samyaroSi myofisaTvis _ aucilebelia. es
neoplatonizmisken gzaa. sayuradReboa, agreTve, pragmatizmis adgilis gaazreba. Rirebulebis cnebis Semotana neokantianelobaSi S. nucubiZes miaCnia praqtkis
sferoSi gadasvlad da pragmatizmis gamarTlebad,
romlis Tanaxmadac, rac `kargad muSaobs, is aris
WeSmariteba~ da `sargebloba faravs yvelafers~53.67nucubiZe eswrafvis codnas, romelSic araferi fsiqikuri ar aris. amas ver gvaZlevs verc huserli, verc rikerti, verc intuitivizmi. isini codnas ganixilaven,
rogorc qmnadobas, e. i. igi genetikuria. am naSromis
mWidro kavSirze aleTologiasTan (1 wigni _ ,,WeSmaritebis problema~) Tavad avtori laparakobs 10 wlis
Semdeg54.68
S. nucubiZis naSroms 1914 w. yuradreba miaqcia saerTaSoriso Jurnalma `logosma~. interesiT Sexvdnen
naSromsac da avtoris momaval gegmebsac. magram am
gegmebs avtori ukve qarTul universitetSi da qarTulad asrulebs, Semdeg ki germanel mkiTxvels gaacnobs55.69
4. mixako wereTeli (1878-1965)
mixako wereTeli yovelmxriv gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo: aRmosavleTmcodne, sociologi, politikosi. misi wigni `eri da kacobrioba~ (1910 w.), romelic avtoris erT-erTi fsevdonimiT _ `batoniT~ gamoqveynda,
araCveulebrivi popularobiT sargeblobda revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi da SeiZleba iTqvas, rigi
aspeqtiT dResac samagido wignia.
nacionaluri sakiTxi m. wereTlisTvisac mTavari
iyo. mTeli misi Zalisxmeva iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom
39
daesabuTebina: eri warmoadgens realobas, igi namdvilia, rac Seexeba kacobriobas, romlis mesityvedac gamodiodnen marqsistebi da anarqistebi da moiTxovdnen
eris interesebis Sewirvas kacobriobisaTvis _ igi ar
arsebobs.
m. wereTlis am pozicias Taviseburad exmaureboda ufro zomieri moazrovnis geronti qiqoZis Sexeduleba xelovnebaze. misi azriT, realurad arsebobs
upirveles yovlisa, nacionaluri literatura, rogorc konkretuli individualoba. evropuli literatura ki _ ganyenebuli cnebaa56.70
m. wereTeli Tanmimdevrulad agrZelebda g. qiqoZis brZolis mcire erebis interesebis dasacavad. igi
akritikebda ara marto didi erebis warmomadgenelTa,
aramed gadagvarebuli qarTveli inteligenciis rigi
warmomadgenlis nakls. imasac xedavda, rom ,,saqarTveloSi rusis internacionalizmi rusis centralizmad
gardaiqmna~57.71mTavar ubedurebad mainc is miaCnda, rom
oriode kacs garda, fiqroben, `urusod qarTuli Tavisufleba da qarTuli socializmi SeuZlebelia, ar
SegviZlia uZiZod gaZlebao~. es urwmunobaa sakuTari
sicocxlisa. m. wereTelma kargad icis, rom mizezi am
urwmunobisa wina asi wlis istoriaa, magram ara marto
es! Tavad yovelives akeTebda mis dasaZlevad58.72
wignSi wamoyenebulia dasavleTis gamocdilebidan miRebuli swori ganzogadeba: internacionalizmze
gadasvla SeiZleba mxolod nacionaluri sakiTxebis
mogvarebis Semdeg. am etapis gamotoveba ar SeiZleba.
XIX s. meore naxevridan ase gavrcelebuli internacionalizmi daiviwyes im erebma, sadac erovnuli sakiTxi
gadawyvetili iyo59.73visac es ar hqonda gadawyvetili
da ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas _ Sovinizmi daswames. misi
swori da zusti daskvniT: erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetamde erebisaTvis internacionalizmis Tavs moxveva
aris swored imperializmi. isic savsebiT sworia, rom
40
eri ar unda Seewiros kacobriobas, romelic dResac
ar arsebobs socialurad~60.74igi faqtobrivad arsebobs, rogorc dedamiwaze arsebuli mravali xalxi,
romelTac cota ram Tu aerTianebs.
m. wereTeli gulnatkenia, rom ,,saqarTveloSi socializmi uqveSevrdomiles grZnobebs ucxadebs rusis
socializms, gansxvavebiT poloneTisa da fineTisagan.
germanelsa da rus socialistebs undaT internacionalizmi sakuTar interesebs moargon. isini daCagruli
erebis kulturasa da enis Tavisuflebas aRiareben, mis
avtonomias ki uaryofen. saWiroa swored avtonomiebis
saSualebiT daiSalos es saxelmwifoebi da `TviToeul ers sruli Tavisufleba mieniWos~61.75
anarqizmis mimarT m. wereTlis sayvedurebic am
aspeqtiTaa gamoTqmuli. misTvis eri saerTod ar arsebobs da mogonili uazrobaa. anarqizmisTvis arc enas
aqvs mniSvneloba. m. wereTeli uazroT Tvlis erebis
arsebobis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul im sabuTs, rom dRes
`wminda eri~, sxvebis Serevisagan Tavisufali, ar arsebobs. `eri eTnografiuli cneba ki ar aris, aramed socialuri~62.76
avtori ar malavs, rom erT dros masac swamda
marqsi, engelsi, kaucki, plexanovi. plexanovs igi cudad SeniRbul rus nacionalists uwodebs, xolo lenins `Sovinists da imperialists~63.77marqsizmisagan
ganTavisuflebis Semdeg m. wereTeli bakuninisa da
kropotkinis gavlenis qveS moeqca. aq mis yuradRebas
pirovnebis
interesebis
dacva
ipyrobs.
magram
anarqistebi, misi azriT, ver xedaven ganuyrel kavSirs
pirovnebasa da ers Soris. ver xedaven, rom eris gareSe ar arsebobs pirovneba. amitom anarqistebma eris Tavisufleba unda aRiaron, rogorc pirovnebis Tavisufleba64.78anarqistebs
Soris
igi
gamionaklisad
Tvlis v. CerqeziSvils, romelsac Tavis maswavlebels
uwodebs da mas uZRvnis am wigns.
41
kacobriobis, rogorc socialuri mTelis da pirovnebis arsebobis m. wereTliseuli daxasiaTeba sayuradReboa imis dasanaxad, Tu ramdenad Seicvala kacobriobis struqtura da funqcia msoflioSi meoce
saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde.
kacobrioba ar arsebobs, m. wereTlis azriT,
radganac mas:
1. ara aqvs saerTo ena, gansxvavebiT erisagan. es
ki niSnavs, rom igi ar arsebobs socialurad.
2. kacobriobas ar aqvs erTiano mowesrigebuli
ekonomikuri cxovreba. enasTan erTad es niSanic rom
hqondes, kacobrioba ,,marTlac erTad erTi socialuri
arsi iqneboda~65.79
3. kacobriobis Semadgenel sxvadasxva erebs sxvadasxva aqvT ojaxis wyoba, religia, mecniereba, zneoba.
,,papuasis zneobrivi wesebi da Sotlandielisa Zlier
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan~.
4. ar aris saerTo samarTali. sul sxvadasxva iuridiul normebs vxvdebiT sxvadasxva xalxSi.
5. ar arsebobs erTi sakacobrio saxelmwifo, aramed _ saxelmwifoni. am mxrivac kacobrioba aSkara
fiqciaa66.80am TvalsazrisiT, `Zlier Soreul momavalSic ar aris araviTari imedi, rom mTelma kacobriobam Seqmnas am sxvadasxvaobaTagan erovneba. savsebiT
erTsa da igive socialur wesebs daumorCilos miliard naxevari adamiani”67.81
m. wereTelma Tavad o. kontsac ar apatia kacobriobis interesebis eris interesebze maRla dayeneba. `didi ogiust konti Secda da es fiqcia gaxada raRac fetiSad”68.82m. wereTels saerTaSoriso samarTlis arseboba ar aviwydeboda. iTvaliswinebs am mxridan mosalodnel Sepasuxebas: saerTaSoriso samarTali xom
swored mTel kacobriobazea mimarTuli da mowodebulia igi erT sazogadoebad gardaqmnas. wereTeli ara
Tu ver xedavs realur Zalas am miznis gansaxorcie42
leblad, aramed amtkicebs, rom ,,saerTasoriso samarTali gansazRvriTa TvisiTa ewinaaRmdegeba sakacobrio sazogadoebas~69.83misi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, radgan didia erTa sxvaoba ganviTarebis doniT
da kulturiT. winaswar kulturiT mainc unda daemsgavson erebi da xalxebi erTmaneTs. miuxedavad
survilisa, amas ver SeZleben verc socialistebi TavianTi internacionalizmiT.
eris upiretesi uflebis dasacavad m. wereTeli
mkveTrad upirispirebs erTimeores kosmopolitizmsa
da internacionalizms. kosmopolitizmSi igi gulisxmobs ideas, romelic mTels kacobriobas erTi saxelmwifos, erTi polisis Semadgenlad warmoidgens.
amdenad igi gamoricxavs saerTaSoriso samarTals,
radgan sxva saxelmwifo, an gancalkevebuli eri ar
arsebobs. internacionalizmSi ki, igulisxmeba saerTaSoriso samarTali. es azriani ideaa, Tumca Zalian Soreuli. gansxvavebiT kosmopolitizmisagan, sadac `TviT
sityvac uazro da SeuZlebelia~. umjobesi iyo geopolitizmi exmaraT. magram isic realobis winaaRmdegia
da arsad arsebobs70.84
m. wereTeli sruliadac araa Caketilobisa da
izolaciis momxre. igi XX saukunis dasawyisSic da
Sua wlebSic (`bedi qarTlisaSi~ 1952-1956 wlebSi gamoqveynebul werilebSi, romelic erTi saTauris qveS
_ `mimcemi~ da `mimRebi~ moeqca), erTgulad icavs
kulturaTa kavSiris `mimbaZvelobis~ did dadebiT
rols eris ganviTarebaSi, romelic sulac ar uaryofs
eris
TviTmyofadobas.
dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan
Zalze STambeWdavia m. wereTelis mier iaponiis magaliTze miTiTeba: ,,iaponia pirveli maCvenebelia imisa,
Tu rogor moqmedebs erzed wambaZveloba. arasdros iaponias ar ganumtkicebia Tavisi individualoba ise
Zlierad, rogorc gancdil wambaZvelobis Semdeg. man
mTeli evropuli kultura SeiTvisa wambaZvelobiT,
43
magram Tanac Zlier erad gadaiqca, Zlieri iaponiis
erad da ruseTic ki daamarcxa, raTa Soreul aRmosavleTSi Tavisi gavlena ganemtkicebina. igi did erad
gadaiqca, romelsac araTu Tavisi kultura aqvs aramed mTels aziaSi cdilobs gaabatonos Tavisi erovnuli kultura~71.85
m. wereTeli is moazrovnea, romelic yvelafers
eris interesebis sazomiT zomavs. amave sazomiT udgeba
igi yvela erisaTvis erTi enis Seqmnis sakiTxsac. misi
azriT, `erTi enis Seqmna utopiaa~. rac Seexeba esperantos, igi kidev erTi enaa mraval kerZo enaTa Soris72.86nacionaluri enis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs xalxisaTvis. `samSoblo ena uZvirfasesi ganZia,
damcveli erovnuli sulisa~73.87eris uflebas m. wereTeli
saerTaSoriso
samarTlis
upirvelessa
da
umniSvnelovanes sagnad Tvlis da miaCnia, rom mis gareSe namdvili internacionalizmi verasodes iarsebebs.
eris uflebis auRiarebloba mas didi xarvezad miaCnia, miT umetes im dros, roca adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebi aRiarebulia74.88marTalia, igi kacobriobas maSindeli faqtobrivi viTarebis mixedviT ararealursa da fiqcias uwodebda, magram erebis urTierTobisTvis aucileblad miaCnia saerTaSoriso samarTali,
romlis xarisxs igi risTavelisgan nasesxebi terminiT
axasiaTebs: `uzenaesi saerTaSoriso marTali samarTali, uzenaesi saerTaSoriso zneoba _ ai, ra unda iyos
Cveni gzis maCvenebeli varskvlavi, romelic wargvitacebs erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolisaken, momavalSi ki moawesrigebs Tavisufal erTa kavSirs~75.89
mxolod Tavisufal erSi aris SesaZlebeli pirovnebis Tavisufleba. am safuZvelze gasagebia misi,
rogorc anarqistisa da amave dros, eris erTguli Svilis sazogadoebrivi ideali: `komunizmi da Tavisufleba individisa Cvens sazogadoebaSi... romlis ganxorcie44
leba Rirs-hyofs Cvens ers momaval saerTaSoriso Zmobis wevrobisa~76.90
amitom misTvis yvelaze win dgas _ `eris damoukidebloba, radgan uamisod araviTar ideals CvenTvis
azri ara aqvs... yoveli saxis monoba mteria `kacobriobisa~. erovnuli monoba _ umZimesia yvelaze, radgan igi
monobaa mTeli socialuri pirovnebisa~77.91
yvela eris Tavisuflebasa da erTa Soris urTierTobaSi zneobrivi idealis upiratesobis dasaxviT m.
wereTelma SesaniSnavad ganWvrita kacobriobis momavali progresuli ganviTareba, romelsac es ukanaskneli
mxolod ori saSineli msoflio omis gamocdilebis
Semdeg daadga. is, rasac dRes axali azrovneba ewodeba da rac kacobriobis winaSe mdgari globaluri
safrTxis gacnobierebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, imis danaxva iyo, rom zneobriobis sazomis gareSe yvela gza
kvlav da kvlav imave katastrofis safrTxis winaSe
dagvayenebs.
5. geronti qiqoZe (1885-1960)
XX saukunis dasawyisis moRvaweebs ra mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini,
hqondaT raRac saerTo da specifikuri, rac, saerTo
sakacobrios garda, swored maTi qarTvelobidan gamomdinareobda. es exeboda TiTqmis yvela moRvawes, gamonakliss qarTveli bolSevikebi Seadgendnen, romlebic TviT rusi bolSevikebisTvisac samagaliTo iyvnen
antinacionalizmSi, romelic faqtobrivad, rogorc m.
wereTelma aCvena, rusul nacionalizms warmodgenda.
qarTvel bolSevikTa Soris iyvnen iseTebic, vinc
mogvianebiT gaerkvenen amaSi da TandaTan tovebdnen
maT rigebs. maT Soris iyo geronti qiqoZe. igi Tavisi
epoqis saWirboroto problemebs exmaureboda. gazeT
`droebaSi~ qiqoZe aqveynebs werils _ `erovneba, ena da
45
esTetikuri kultura~. am werils gamorCeulad keTilSobiluri da Rrmad safuZvliani toni Seaqvs maSindeli qarTuli kulturis mravalxmianobaSi. g. qiqoZis interesi kulturis TiTqmis yvela sferos Seexeboda. Cven gamovyofT mis mosazrebebs enaze, erze, religiasa da zneobaze. dasawyisSi qiqoZe gaurboda politikas. laifcigSi is, rogorc Tavad wers qarTvel
studentTa `aqtiur jgufTan erTad~ bolSevikebs SeuerTd78.92
g. qoqiZem moRvaweoba bolSevikobiT daiwyo da keTilSobili epikurelis poziciiT daamTavra, romelic
sayovelTao pativiscemiT saregeblobda mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris.
aq Cven SedarebiT dawvrilebiT SevexebiT religiisa da zneobis mimarTebaSi kantis moZRvrebis profesiuli da amave dros gasageb gadmocemas naSromSi _
`cxovreba da zneobrivi ideali~ (1910). marqsistobis
miuxedavad, qiqoZisaTvis mamoZravebeli erovnuli motivi iyo, gansxvavebiT im bolSevikebisagan, romelTac
m. wereTeli iudebs uwodebda (mag. f. maxaraZes), `mTavar iudas~ _ i. juRaSvilis meTaurobiT. g. qiqoZes
surda erovnulisaTvis Tavisi adgili moenaxa saerTo
sakacobrioSi, romelsac, m. wereTlisagan gansxvavebiT,
sulac ar miiCnevda fiqciad. g. qiqoZe gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevda eris adgils socialur-politikuri cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT da Tvlida, rom erovnuli specifikurobis miuxedavad, am sferoSi `sakacobrio fsiqikuri Semoqmedeba ufro aSkaraa, vidre
erovnuli~79.93
g. qiqoZe cdilobs marqsistuli poziciidan emsaxuros eris interesebs. misi azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba midis klasebad dayofili demokratiisaken. es
sayovelTao tendenciaa da mas verc erTi qveyana ver
aicilebs. amitom upriania am tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT gadavwyvitoT erovnuli problemebi. naTqvamidan ga46
sagebia, rom misi Sexeduleba gansxvavebuli iqneba m. wereTlis poziciisagan saxelmwifosa da eris urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxSi. g. qiqoZes miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo ki ar qmnis erovnebas, aramed piriqiT, erovneba aris
erovnuli saxelmwifos Semoqmedi. erovnebas ki SeuZlia
arseboba saxelmwifos gareSe. faqtia, rom erovnebani
arseboben da aviTareben TavianT nacionalur TviTSegnebas sxvis saxelmwifoSi. aseTia Cexebi da polonelebi80.94faqtebi im TeoriaTa naklze miuTiTebs, romlebic
saxelmwifos qonas erovnulobis aucilebel niSnad miiCneven. amgvar Teoriebs gasagebi mizezebis gamo didi
gavlena hqonda maSindel saqarTveloSi.
miuxedavad marqsistobisa, g. qiqoZe icavs erTiani
erovnul-fsiqikuri erTeulis arsebobas, romelTanac
`organuladaa SeerTebuli~ yoveli wris pirovneba.
amiT igi uaxlovdeba rogorc d. uznaZis pozicias erisa da pirovnebis urTierT mimarTebaSi, aseve a. jorjaZis saerTo moqmedebis Tvalsazriss. oRond misTvis
`erovnuli ara mxolod iqvemdebarebs pirovnebas, aramed Tavadac ganicdis pirovnebaTa aqtiur zemoqmedebas~. erTeuli sulis individualoba arsad ise
naTlad ar ixateba, rogorc xelovnebaSi da, cxadia,
enaSi81.95
werilSi _ `cxovreba da zneobrivi ideali~ damuSavebulia adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis problema. qiqoZe mas `arsebobisas~ uwodebs. aq xazi esmis adamianis
Tavisuflebas, rogorc mis specifikas. magram esaa Tavisufleba jer kidev Seusrulebeli moqmedebis winaSe.
amasTan kavSirSia gagebuli adamianis istoriuloba82.96sayuradRebodaa dasmuli sakiTxi Tavisuflebis
gancdisa da realurad misi mdgomareobis Taobaze.
saqme isaa, rom Tavisuflebis gancda mizezobriobis
samyaroSi xdeba. amitom `is, rac Tavisufali gadawyvetilebis nayofi gvgonia, aucilebeli yofila~, e.i. SesaZlebeli amorCevis da Sesrulebis Semdeg igi auci47
leblobis jaWvSi eqceva. miuxedavad amisa, Tavisuflebis grZnoba `mainc uryevi fsiqikuri faqtia~83.97
roca, g. qiqoZis es werili dawera, neokantianeloba mTels evropaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. ruseTis
msoflmxedvelobiTi azrovnebac maSin evropul doneze
iyo. gasakviri araa, rom g. qiqoZe problemas ise ayenebs, rom gamosavlis Zieba kantianuri gziTaa savaraudo. marqsistoba amaSi xels ar uSlida, radgan maSin
mravali cdilobda marqsis Sevsebas kantiT. g. qiqoZe
didi codniTa da obieqturobiT aanalizebs moralis
istoriul Teoriebs. vrclad Cerdeba kantze, romelic
Seecada gaeTavisuflebina morali im calmxrivi monuri daqvemdebarebisagan religiaze, romelSic igi
dogmaturma qristianobam Caayena. kanti Seecada daebrunebina moralisaTvis didi xnis winaT dakarguli
avtonomia. `man arsebiTad sruliad Seabruna arsebuli
urTierToba am or sulier ZalTa Soris da, piriqiT,
morali daudo saZirkvlad sarwmunoebas. qristianobisaTvis uzneobad iTvleba yvelaferi, rac sarwmunoebas
ewinaaRmdegeba, kantTan ki, piriqiT, dasagmob crumorwmuneobad miiCneva, rac zneobas ar eTanxmeba.
qristiani moralurad valdebulia sarwmunoebisa da
eklesiis brZaneba Seasrulos, Tundac es mis sindiss
ewinaaRmdegebodes. kantisaTvis ki amis winaaRmdeg, savaldebulo mxolod is aris, rac subieqtur sindisTan
imyofeba
srul
harmoniaSi~84.98subieqtur
sindisSi
TviTneboba ki ar igulisxmeba, aramed subieqtis mier
Tavisufali nebiT kategoriuli imperativis arCeva, romelic maqsimalurad Tavisufalia egoisturisagan da
yvela pirovnebas garkveuli Seucvleli Rirebulebis
matareblad miiCnevs.
gamoyofs
ra
Teoriuli
Semecnebis
sferos
sazRvrebs da amis safuZvelze rwmenis sferosaTvis
ganTavisuflebul adgils kantis moZRvrebaSi, g. qiqoZe
gadmoscems `Sinagani zneobrivi kanonis~ bunebas. igi
48
Tumca `empiriulad arsad ar arsebobs da arc odesme
iarsebebs~, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tavs upirobo
absoluturi brZanebis saxiT gvamcnobs. arsebulsa da
zneobrivad savaldebulos Soris winaaRmdegoba `eTikuri Semecnebis ZiriTadi faqtia~, magram es ar aris
`winaaRmdegoba amqveyniursa da imqveyniurs Soris, rogorc amas Teologiuri eTika fiqrobs. imqveyniuri yofa araviTar amqveyniur SegnebaSi ar moipoveba, rogorc realuri gancda... es araa agreTve winaaRmdegoba
grZnobadobasa da gonebas Soris, rogorc es racionalistur eTikas hgonia. grZneuloba (grZobadoba) da
gonebac erTnairad SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc
arsebulis, ise savaldebulos TvalsazrisiT... gana im
racionalizmis mier aTvaliswinebul `grZneul grZnobebSi~ xSirad aTasjer ufro naTlad ar ixateba adamianis zneobrivi sispetake da keTilSobileba, vidre
ugrZnob da mSral WkuagonebiTs SemoqmedebaSi?!~85.99
sworadaa ra aRniSnuli, rom pirovneba kantisaTvis `arasdros ar unda gadaiqces mxolod saSualebad~, xazgasmulia kantis `mkacri pozicia~ evdemonizmis, hedonizmisa da moqmedebis moralis winaaRmdeg.
wamoweulia kantisaTvis Sinagani gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadoba. rac Seexeba moraluri miznis saiqioSi gadatanas, g. qiqoZe platonisa da qristianobis gavleniT
cdilobs mis axsnas. Znelia mkvlevars daveTanxmoT
kantTan `cxovrebisadmi siZulvilis~ arsebobaSi86.100Sileris gavleniT gavrcelebul amgvar gagebas, g. qiqoZe
ukavSirebs qristianobis gavlenas, meore mxriv, Sopenhaueris filosofiaSi am xazis `ukidures logikur
Sedegs~ xedavs. amave dros Sopenhauerisagan gansxvavebul principad miaCnia qiqoZes adamianis `zneobrivi
valdebuleba sakuTari pirovnebis winaSe~. amaSi igi
mniSvnelovan socialur moments xedavs. visac es ar
aqvs, is verc sazogadoebisaTvis pasuxismgeblad ga49
modgeba, SopenhauerTan ki `pirovnebas araviTari damoukidebeli socialuri Rirebuleba ara aqvs~87.101
g. qiqoZe am werilSi arc mxolod kantis gamarTlebas isaxavs miznad da arc mxolod mis
farglebSi darCenas, rac kargad Cans mis mier sindisis fenomenis gagebaSi. es idumali Zala, romelsac
sokratem `demoni~ uwoda, arc `RvTaebis~ xmaa (rogorc
amas Teologiuri eTika amtkicebs), arc Cveni `zegrZnobiTi arsebisa~ (rogorc kanti gvaswavlis), arc `faqtebisa~ (rogorc T. lipsi fiqrobs), esaa adamianis xma,
romelic mogviwodebs nivTze maRla pirovneba davayenoT, xolo pirovnebaze maRla _ sazogadoeba88.102es
interpretaciac aaxloebs qiqoZes gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis wamyvan warmomadgnenlebTan maSindel saqarTveloSi. `sindisis da valdebulebis winaaRmdegia
is moqmedeba, romelsac win individualur grZnobaTa
gamarjveba uZRvis socialurze da romelic pirovnebas
centrad xdis, xolo sazogadoebas... pirovnuli batonobis asparezad aqcevs”89.103es werili mouwodebs
qarTvel mkiTxvels, sinamdviles Tvali gausworo da
iwamo, rom `mkvdreTiT aRdgoma~ amave cxovrebaSia SesaZlebeli da zneobrivad savaldebulo90.104
am procesSi g. qiqoZe gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs xelovnebas. igi qarTveli moazrovnisaTvis marto
cxovrebis gamoxatuleba ki ar aris, aramed erovnuli
aRorZinebis udidesi Zalaa. igi eTanxmeba imaT, vinc
xelovnebis kritikas socialuri cxovrebis kritikad
Tvlis. es kritika `farTo msoflmxedvelobas unda daeyrdnos~91.105ar moswons lirikis mZlavroba CvenSi,
radgan es xSirad eTnikuri daRlilobis maCvenebelia92.106magram imedianadaa, radgan `qarTveli xalxi
advilad iTvisebs umaRles kulturul Rirebulebebs
da ufaqizes idealebs~93.107es imedi qarTul enasac emyareba, rogorc `erovnuli sulis simdidris da siZlieris gamomxatvels~94.108magram enis SesaZlenlobaTa
50
srul gamovlenas sWirdeba, rom igi ixmarebodes saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, skolaSi, ojaxSi. yvelaferi unda daeqvemdebaros `mTliani saqarTvelos ideis
ganmtkicebas~95.109
kantTan kavSirSi g. qiqoZe aanalizebs kantis cnobil `oponents~ fr. nicSes. mas ar moswons zekacis
kulti, radgan igi kvlav saSualebad aqcevs adamians.
arc nicSes mier ganmeorebis aRorZinebuli idea miaCnia misaRebad. misi azriT, nicSem es ideac berZnebisgan aiRo, romlebic samyaros harmoniul sferulad
warmoidgendnen. es arsebiTia, radgan Tanamedrove
warmodgeniT samyaro usasruloa, es ki sul sxva Sinaarss aZlevs ganmeorebis princips. roca samyaro sferod da aqedan gamomdinare sasrulod migvaCnia, gasagebia, rom misi SesaZleblobebi SeiZleba amoiwuros da
ganmeoreba daiwyos. dRevandeli mecnierebisaTvis sferuli da mowesrigebuli mxolod dedamiwasTan dakavSirebuli planetebia, samyaro ki miuwvdomlad
usasruloa. amitom ganmeorebas safuZveli ecleba.
`ucnauri iqneboda ganmeorebaze laparaki iq, sadac SesaZleblobas ar uCans dasasruli~96.110
amgvari safuZvliani kritikuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad, g. qiqoZe raRacaSi nicSesTanac saerTos naxulobs, roca wers: `udidesi zneobrivi sikeTe TviT
cxovrebaa~97.111magram es epikuruli idealis saxiTaa gagebuli98.112garda amisa, g. qiqoZe swored zneobriobas
usvams xazs. nicSes ki gabatonebuli zneobrioba evropuli kulturis erT-erT naklad miaCnia. sicocxlis
filosofiisaTvis mTavaria sicocxle, rogorc Zalauflebis neba da ara misi erT-erTi saxe, romelic
TviT cxovrebas dauqvemdebarebs garkveul mizans.
qarTul azrovnebaSi es nicSes pirveli xseneba
ar yofila. mas axsenebda k. abaSiZe, xolo `kvalSi~ gamoqveynebul werilebis seriaSi vrclad Seexo a.
Cxenkeli. misi azriT, nicSes damsaxureba individis win
51
wamoweva iyo, sociumisagan misi ganTavisuflebisaTvis
brZola. magram qarTvel avtors ar moswons nicSes mier pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis Seurigebeli dapirispireba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mas zekacis
kulti ar miaCnia arsebiTad nicSes moZRvrebisaTvis. es
moZRvreba ki sistemas arasgziT ar warmoadgens.
kidev ufro dauaxlova qarTul sinamdviles
nicSe konstantine kapanelma (1889-1952). 1912 wels, roca
jer kidev studenti iyo (man safrangeTSi kerZod,
nantisa da grenoblis universitetebSi miiRo ganaTleba). k. kapaneli miznad isaxavs nicSes ideebis Rirebuleba qarTul mxatvrul literaturaze Seamowmos.
cnobil gazeTSi `zakavkazskaia reC~ _ igi aqveynebs werilebis serias `tanjvis idea da zekacis poezia
qarTul literaturaSi~. qarTuli literaturis warmomadgenlebidan igi n. baraTaSvilsa da vaJa-fSavelas
Semoqmedebas ixilavs. es werilebi g. robaqiZis leqciebTan erTad, sicocxlis filosofiis, rogorc damoukidebeli filosofiuri mimarTulebis dasawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos XX s. saqarTveloSi.
k. kapanelma Tavisi pozicia ufro Rrmad da originalurad warmoadgina 1917 w. rusulad gadmocemul
wignSi _ `tanjva da Semoqmedeba~99.113
6. sergi danelia (1888-1963)
g. qiqoZis garda, maSindel qarTul azrovnebaSi
kantze sxva moazrovneebic iyvnen orientirebulni. isini bejiTad adevnebdnen Tvals axal movlenebs
msoflio filosofiur azrovnebaSi. maT Soris gamoirCeoda saqarTveloSi filosofiis istoriis, rogorc
damoukidebeli disciplinis damfuZnebeli, s. danelia.
man, jer kidev moskovis universitetis studentma 1910
w. TbilisSi leqcia waikiTxa pragmatizmis Sesaxeb.
leqciis teqstidan aSkaraa, rom axalgazrda
avtori sruladaa kursSi pragmatizmis maSin ukve
52
gavrcelebuli mimdinareobis arsebisa da, aseve icis
maSindeli wamyvani moazrovneebis azri mis Sesaxeb. am
mimarTulebis analizi igi iwyebs C. s. pirsis (1838-1914)
cnobili weriliT _ `rogor gavxadoT Cveni ideebi naTelni~. aRniSnulia, rom am mimarTulebam dasawyisidan
mxolod 20 wlis Semdeg (1898) miiqcia yuradReba amerikeli fsiqologis u. jeimzis (1842-1910) wyalobiT. miTiTebulia j. diuisa (1859-1952) da inglisel f. Sileris
(1864-1937) moZRvrebebze. ganxilulia maTi brZola saerTod racionalizmisa da kerZod, inglisuri neohegelianizmis winaaRmdeg.
moZRvrebis arsis ukeT gasagebad s. danelia u.
jeimzs arCevs da `pragmatizmis mamis~ msoflmxedvelobis SedarebiT dawvrilebiT analizs iZleva.
bunebrivia, rom s. danelia gansakuTrebul yuradRrebas aqcevs msoflmxedvelobis bunebis jeimziseul analizs. igi iwyebs jeimzis mier citirebuli g.
Cestertonis (1874-1936) sityvebiT: `msoflmxedveloba
TiToeul adamianSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania~100.114es cneba aq gagebulia, rogorc garegan samyarodan adamianSi
Semosul SegrZnebebze reagirebis individualuri wesi.
es ki, saboloo angariSiT, TiToeulis temperamentiT
ganisazRvreba.
am kuTxiT danaxuli tradiciuli sistemebi _
dogmaturi Tu skeptikuri, racionalisturi Tu empiristuli, ukiduresobas warmoadgens. isini Cveulebriv
saSualo adamianisaTvi Znelad gasagebi da Sesaguebeli iyo. pragmatizms surs adamianTa am did umravlesobas misces misTvis saWiro, misaRebi da gasagebi filosofia. Tavad jeimzi aRniSnavda: `pragmatizmi axali saxelia zogi Zveli meTodisa~101.115s. daneliac, sokratedan dawyebuli, mraval gamoCenil moazrovnesTan naxulobs am moZRvrebis niSnebs (aristotele, berkli, loki, hiume, maxi da sxv.).
53
s. danelia specialurad Cerdeba WeSmaritebis
pragmatistul gagebaze, e. i. WeSmaritebis maradiulobis uaryofaze da imis mtkicebaze, rom WeSmariteba
azris, ideis maradiuli niSani ki ar aris, aramed igi
emarTeba xolme ideas. es emarTeba azrs maSin, roca
igi gamosadegi xdeba, e. i. sasargeblo. es sargebloba
aris amave dros azris WeSmaritebis Semowmebac. `WeSmariteba iqmneba SemowmebiT~102.116amdenad, pragmatizmi aigivebs WeSmaritebas samuSao hipoTezasTan. mag. roca
flogistonis Teoria, specialistebis azriT, gamocdilebas awesrigebda, maSin igi WeSmariti iyo. s. danelias arc C.s. pirssa da u. jeimzs Soris gansxvaveba gamorCenia. misi azriT, am or moazrovnes Soris principul gansxvavebas qmnis termin `praqtikul Sedegebis~
sxvadasxvagvari gageba. pirsi mas SegrZnebebiT Semofarglavs, jeimzi ki mis sazRvrebSi sxvadasxva emociur gancdebsac Semoitans. amitom misTvis WeSmariteba
aRqmasTan Tanxmoba ki ar aris, aramed emociebTanac. am
safuZvelze religiur aspeqts meti gasaqani eZleva.
ramdenadac Cvens Tavmoyvareobas, Cvens egoizms
urCevnia RmerTis arsebobis daSveba meqanikis Sedegad
yofnas, jeimzi idealistur msoflmxedvelobas irCevs.
es s. danelias WeSmaritebis cnebis zedmet gafarToebad miaCnia. igi Tavidanve kvlevis obieqturobas
aqcevda yuradRebas. jeimzis pozicia ki, danelias
azriT, warsulis nebismieri rwmenis Tu crurwmenis gasamarTleblad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.
1911 w. moskovis universitetSi eTikis problemebTan dakavSirebul seminarze s. daneliam waikiTxa
referati `kantis eTikis formaluri xasiaTis Sesaxeb~.
axalgazrda mkvlevari marburgis skolis fuZemdeblis
h. kohenis kvalad Tvlis, rom kantis `praqtikuli gonebis kritika~ Tumca Tavad araa eTika, magram nebismieri
pozitiuri eTikuri sistemis Sesavalia103.117aRniSnavs,
rom morali kantisaTvis warmoadgens faqts, rom misi
54
dasabuTebaa saWiro da ara Seqmna, Tumca misi deduqcireba arafrisagan ar SeiZleba. s. danelia wamowevs
kantis azrs imaze, rom upirobod keTili mxolod keTili nebaa. keTili ki is nebaa, romelic adamianis daniSnulebas Seesabameba. swored es daniSnuleba aris
zneobrivi ganwyobilebis ganxorcieleba. es misi
valdebulebaa da mis Sesabamisad moqmedi neba keTilia.
valdebuleba, Tavis mxriv, aris kanonis moqmedeba da
mxolod kanonis pativiscemiT, roca sxva motivi samoqmedo ara gvaqvs, radgan es sxva SeiZleba mxolod
materialuri iyos.
avtoris azriT, kantisaTvis moralis dafuZneba
niSnavs imis Cvenebas, Tu rogoraa igi SesaZlebeli104.118kantamdelebi eTikas an empiristuli safuZvlebidan gamoiyvandnen (aristotele, epikure), anda RvTis
nebidan (amgvari Sefstberis sistemaa). amdenad, maTTan
zneobrivi kanoni raRac pirobiTia, e. i. ase Tu ise
empiristuli da utilitaristuli. kantisaTvis Tu moraluri kanoni arsebobs, is avtonomiuri unda iyos. es
niSnavs, rom mxolod wminda gonebas efuZnebodes, anu
misi subieqti transnacionaluri unda iyos105,119anu
mxolod formaluri, aseTia kategoriuli imperativi _
`imoqmede ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad SeiZlebodes iqces~. magram materiis mokleba ar
niSnavs Sinaarsidan daclas. samarTlianad akritikebs
s. danelia paulsens. isic sworia, rom es materiis
gandevna ki araa, aramed misTvis uaris Tqma imaze, rom
moraluri moqmedebis principi iyos106.120
axalgazrda mkvlevris azriT, kantis kritikosTa
mTeli gaugebroba, kantis arazust gamoTqmebis garda,
emyareba `moralsa da eTikis arevas~. kantisaTvis morali apriorulia, zneoba ki _ `rasakvirvelia, aposteriori~. magram igi brmad ar misdevs kants. sakmaod
mkacrad akritikebs mis araTanmimdevrobas eTikaSi. kategoriul imperatiuli mas zneobis mxolod uaryofiT
55
kriteriumad miaCnia. igi, rac mTavaria, pozitiur kriteriumad arc gamodgeba, radgan `subieqti ki ar
wyvets imas, Tu raa zneobrivi, aramed sazogadoeba~107.121aq kargad Cans maSindeli qarTuli inteligenciis orientacia pirovnebis mimarT sazogadoebis primatze. `zneobrivi kanonis safuZveli, _ werda danelia,
_ transnacionaluri subieqti ki ara, aramed sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetileba unda iyos~. amasTan erTad
igi kants naklad uTvlis kategoriuli imperativis III
formulirebas (miznis Semoyvanis Taobaze). es mas eTikis avtonomiis moxsnad da heteronomul eTikasTan
dabrunebad miaCnia. amave rigisaa misi sxva SeniSvnac:
`robinzonisaTvis ar SeiZleba arsebobdes zneobrivi
kanoni~108.122
am mkacri kritikis miuxedavad s. daneliam gaagrZela kantze muSaoba da TandaTan uaxlovdeboda
mas. amis sabuTia, ara marto g. Spetisadmi misi werili
(1928), aramed moskovis universitetSi imave seminarze v.
vindelbandis Sesaxeb wakiTxuli referati.
7. dimitri uznaZe (1886-1950)
v. vundtis seminarebSi ganswavluli filosofosi
da fsiqologi, SemdgomSi cnobili qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli _ d. uznaZe 1909 w. warmatebiT icavs sadoqtoro naSroms _ `vladimer soloviovi
_ misi Semecnebis Teoria da metafizika~ (hale, 1909).
d. uznaZis da S. nucubiZis SromebiT SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarTveloSi akademiuri filosofia XX s-Si,
romelic universitetis gaxsnis erT-erTi safuZveli
gaxda.
d. uznaZe pirveli Sromebidanve gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevda pirovnul aspeqts msoflmxedvelobaSi. v. soloviovis Sesaxeb naSromSi d. uznaZe, warmoadgenda ra mis metafizikas, aRniSnavda, rom metafizika `Tavisi uSinaganesi arsebiT aucileblad dakavSire56
bulia misi Semqmneli moazrovnis pirovnebasTan~. metafizika aris `yvelasaTvis dafarul ganwyobilebaTa
samyaros pernamentuli cnebiTi gansxeuleba~109.123
1909 welsve qarTulad gamoqveynebul werilSi _
`baraTaSvilis lirikis motivebi~ (gaz. `droeba~) uznaZe akritikebs antimetafizikuri pozociis damcvelebs
qarTul azrovnebaSi. maTTvis `metafizikuri azrovneba
uZlurebis utyuari gamoaSkaravebaa, CvenTvis _ Zlierebis utyuari niSani~, uznaZe xedavs, rom `dRes metafizika azrovnebidan TiTqmis gaZevebulia, _ es adamianis
filosofiuri sulis daqancvis niSania... Cveni epoqa xanaa dadebiTi da istoriuli codnis Segrovebisa~110.124
d. uznaZe aq gadaWriT icavs pirovnebis aqtivobas
da garemosagan mis garkveul damoukideblobas. `garemos aprioritetoba fsiqikis pasiurobaa,~ _ wers uznaZe,. amas igi `fsiqikis substanciur gagebas~ uwodebs.
`fsiqika substanciuria da aqtualuri mxolod raimes
zegavleniT xdeba~ _ uznaZe kategoriulad uaryofs am
azrs. igi Tvlis, rom `fsiqika aqtualuria da ara
substanciuri, aseTi mxolod gareSe bunebaa, vinaidan
es ukanaskneli, energiis igiveobis principzea damyarebuli. fsiqika ki SemoqmedebiTobiT xasiaTdeba. amas
mecnierebis faqti Seuryevlad amtkicebs (esaa Cveni
principi), magram yoveli fsiqika ormxrivia: igi ganusazRvrelad Semoqmedia, magram amave dros pasiuric
aris imdenad, ramdenadac receptulia, mimRebia. adamianis fsiqika... ori mowinaaRmdege mimdinareobis warmomadgenelia: Semoqmedi gonebisa da pasiuri gonebisa.
adamiani, ramdenadac igi Semoqmedia, absoluturia,
magram ramdenadac grZneulia da amitom pasiuri, imdenad gansazRvrulia, Semofargluli SezRuduli, amitom uZluri da drouli. maT Soris brZola is dramaa,
romelic msoflio istoriuli ganviTarebis Sinaarsia~111.125
57
es grZeli citata imitom moviyvaneT, rom igi d.
uznaZis mravalmxrivi momavali Semoqmedebis mimarTulebaze miuTiTebs. garda amisa, igi sayuradReboa
qarTuli filosofiuri terminologiis SemuSavebis
istoriis
TvalsazrisiTac.
uznaZe
aqve
pirdeba
mkiTxvels, rom igi mis mier wamoyenebul princips fsiqikis SemoqmedebiTobis Sesaxeb specialur gamokvlevas
miuZRvnis.
Sepirebul gamokvlevas d. uznaZe ukve 1910 w.
awvdis mkiTxvels `saxalxo gazeTSi~ gamoqveynebuli
narkveviT _ `individualoba da misi genezisi~. sakiTxis analizi iwyeba fsiqikuri cxovrebis, rogorc
arsebulTagan yvelaze rTuli movlenis daxasiaTebiT.
fsiqika mudam moqmedia da amave dros `gansacvifrebelparadpoqsuli~. masSi mravali tendenciaa, `romlebic
Zalian xSirad ZiriTadad ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs,
magram maT Soris harmonia SesaZlebelia, rac kidev
ufro sainteresod xdis am fenomenis kvlevas~112.126
fsiqikuri cxovreba qmnis: erTi mxriv, adamianis
individualobas, meore mxriv, mis swrafvas universalobisaken. amiT arsebuli orad ixliCeba `wyvdiadis
ufskruliT~, iyofa me-d da mTel danarCen samyarod.
neokantianelTa fraiburgis skolis msgavsad, d. uznaZe
cdilobs uCvenos, rom adamiani Tavissave mier gaTxrili ufskrulis amovsebas SemecnebiT cdilobs. amis gakeTeba surs sayovelTao da aucilebeli kanonebis
dadgeniT (ptolemeosi, koperniki, galilei da sxv.).
mecnierebas Tavisi Zalisa da SesaZleblobebis amouwuravobis miuxedavad, mxolod es aspeqti ainteresebs,
kerZod, zogadi da araindividualuri, ganumeorebeli113.127magram es ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos uznaZe asaxvis
Teorias aRiarebs. igi imeorebs kantis sityvebs, rom
adamiani samyaros Tavis sakuTar kanonebs ukarnaxebs114.128
58
cnobierebis mier universumidan TavisTavis gamoyofa, e.i. misi gadaqceva `med~ niSnavs dapirispirebas
danarCen samyarosTan da Semecnebis saSualebiT misi
dauflebis miznad dasaxvas. es uznaZes Secdomad miaCnia. visi Secdomaa es? uznaZis azriT, es cnobierebis
Secdomaa. `cnobierebam warmoSva idea sakuTari `mesi~.
`es Secdoma aris radikaluri Secdoma msoflioSi~.
uznaZe yoveli problemebidan uZiriTades filosofiur-Teologiur problemebze gadis. aRniSnuli amis
kargi magaliTia. am pirvelad codvis sakiTxia adamis
Secdoma, anda platonis ideaTa `Camovardna~ grZnobad
samyaroSi. es anaqsimandres mier dafiqsirda berZnul
filosofiaSi da evropul azrovnebaSi winaaRmdeg maSin fexmokidebuli azris Semecnebis subieqtis Sesaxeb,
ramdenadac dekartis mier Semecnebis sakuTar TavSi Caketvam, maTi azriT, ganapiroba XX s. krizisi filosofiasa da kulturaSi (n. hartmani, m. haidegeri, e.
laski).
meore mxriv, aqve xazgasmuli ideiT imis Taobaze,
rom cnobierebis gza imTaviTve Secdomis gzaa, ramdenadac is Semecnebas cdilobs. avtori ukavSirdeba
evropaSi k. poperis falsobilizms, saqarTveloSi
_ m. gogiberiZis Semecnebis aqsiomatur dasabams, xolo
mogvianebiT cnobili frangi filosofosis J. p.
sartris azrs Semecnebaze, rogorc maararavebelze,
anu arsSi araras Semqmnelze.
cnobierebis moqmedeba Semecnebis mizniT Secdomis gzaa. esaa `SemecnebiTi miswrafeba da WeSmaritebis
mudmivi Zieba~. amiT cnobierebam Tavisad miiCnia is,
rac misi ar iyo115.129cnobierebam mis gareT yoveli
arsebuli droSi da sivreceSi Casva da mecnierebis
ganmazogadebeli kanonebiT konkretuli realoba daukarga. am problemis mniSvneloba mTelma momdevno
evropulma filosofiam daamtkica. Tumca rogorc
uznaZesTan, ise sxvebTanac auxsneli darCa metafiziku59
ri sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor warmoSva adamianis
`cnobierebam... idea sakuTari mesi~116.130
am Secdomis Semdeg gaCenil indivudualobas
uznaZe ase gansazRvravs genezisis aspeqtriT: `individuroba aris yovladi AZala moTavsebuli TviTcnobierebis viwro farglebSi~117.131
aqve ixilavs d. uznaZe aracnobieri fsiqikuris
sakamaTo sakiTxs, romelic Semdeg misi da s. danelias,
xolo mogvianebiT _ a. boWoriSvilis da sxvaTa
xangrZlivi kamaTis sagani gaxdeba. igi aracnobieris
arsebobis
momxreTa
Soris
gamoyofs
laibnics
(igulisxmeba misi mcire percefciebi) da e. hartmans,
xolo mowinaaRmdegeTagan gamoyofs kants (miuTiTebs
ra `anTropologiaze~) da v. vundts. sakiTxi exeba
aracnopbier fsiqikur movlenaTa sulier arsebobas,
rac uznaZesTan gamodis `Segnebul sulier movlenaTa
arseboba~118.1321918 w. Tbilisis universitetis `moambis~
pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi (`laibnicis petit percefcionTa adgili fsiqologiaSi~) ukve Tanamedrove qarTul terminologias vxvdebiT: `aracnobieri sulieri cxovreba~119.133
saZiebeli problemisadmi mesame pozicias d. uznaZesTan warmoadgens maSin popularuli filosofosi v.
ieruzalemi da amerikeli pragmatizmis warmomadgenlebi. isini Tvlian, rom aracnobieri SemecnebisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebaa, Tumca misi realuri arseboba
CvenTvis saidumloebaa. uznaZis azriT, es aracnobieri
pozitiur mecnierebaTa sferos gareTaa da misi wyaroa
poeturi aRfrTovaneba. igia erTaderTi wyaro metafizikisa. mecnierebisaTvis ki mas `imdeni mniSvneloba
ara aqvs~120.134aq igi pozitiur mecnierebebs gulisxmobs,
Torem aracnobieri mas aucileblad miaCnia istoriasa
da Tavad ganviTarebis arsebobis faqtis asaxsnelad.
Seugnebeli fsiqikuri cxovrebis daSvebis gareSe ar
aixsnebao arc is, rom ganviTarebaSi aucilebelia mivi60
RoT es hipoTeza. igi `mecnierebisaTvis metad saWiro
da sasurvelia~121.135
pirovnebis gasagebad amgvari daSveba aucileblad
miaCnia d. uznaZes. amis wyalobiTaao, rom adamiani im
TaviTve aracnobierad ukavSirdeba gare samyaros da
sxva adamianebs. amitomaa, rom ar arsebobs `radikaluri individualoba~, e. i. yovelives mowyvetili da TavisTavSi Caketili individurobis cnobiereba Tavad
iqmnis am aracnobieridan, `romlis arsebobis sabuTad
mas miaCnia `fsiqikis neitraluri mdgomareoba~ (mag.
roca CaZinebis win garkveulobas kargaven Cveni azrebi), aqedan amoRebuli mravalferovneba gadaaqvs adamians bunebaSi da aq SeiZleba gavimeoroT kantis debuleba, rom `adamiani qmnis mravalsaxeobas bunebaSi~122.136
imave `saxalxo gazeTSi~, imave wels daibeWda d.
uznaZis saintereso werili _ `ra aris Semecnebis Teoria~. igi wina werilis Tanmimdevrul gagrZelebas
warmoadgens. aq gansxvavebulia gulubryvilo msoflmxedveloba, romlisTvisac materialuri samyaro subieqtisagan damoukidebelia da filosofiuri, romelic
subieqtis cnobierebiT iwyebs da transsubieqtur Rirebulebas xedavs masSi. amave dros d. uznaZe gvafrTxilebs, rom ar icavs Supesa da Subert-zoldernis
Tvalsazriss maT mxolod problemis Sinaarsis naTelyofisTvis iyenebs. Tu Cven subieqturad gamoTqmul
azrs ver miveciT obieqturi, yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa Zala, maSin es kacobrobis erTianobis da progresis uaryofa iqneboda. amdenad, Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxia: `aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli yvelasTvis savaldebulo Semecneba?~123137rac Seexeba Semecnebis wyaroebs, uznaZis azriT, Semecnebis Teoria
kritikulia da igi ver daemyareba winaswar miRebul
wanamZRvars, rogorc amas akeTebs magaliTad, fizika
da sxva mecnierebani. aq uznaZe emyareba transsubieqti61
vizmis cnobili Teoretikosis e. huserlis kritikosis
i. folkeltis naSroms _ `gamocdileba da azrovneba~124.138
d. uznaZe fiqrobs, rom `Semecnebis Teoria fsiqologiis erT-erTi nawilia~125.139amdenad mas ar unda
hqondes pretenzia sakuTar meTodze da calke mecnierebad yofnaze. am sakiTxze maSin dapirispirebul fsiqologTa da antifsiqologTa anu formalistTa Soris
gaCaRebul kamaTSi uznaZe maqsimaluri obieqturobiT
axasiaTebs sapirispiro Teoriebs _ fsiqologistebs
(loki, hiumi, mili, maxi), antifsiqologistebs huserlis meTaurobiT, romelTa mixedviT, Semecnebis Teorias araviTari kavSiri aqvs arc fsiqologiasTan,
arc saerTod empiriul mecnierebasTan. igi ikvlevs
`TavisTvis WeSmaritebis~ Tavisebur mesame sferos.
antifsiqologistebs anu formalistebs uznaZe miakuTvnebs kants, hegels. kohensa da natorps. mesame Sualeduri mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebad igi Tvlis
vundts, hefdings da palagiis. vundtis azriT, yoveli
Semecneba, rogorc aseTi, fsiqikuri aqtia, magram fsiqologia am faqtTa logikur Rirebulebas ar aanalizebs da ar afasebs. igive pozicias icavs hefdingi Tavis `religiis filosofiaSi~ (fsiqologia ikvlevs Cveni cnobierebis Sinaarsis faqtobriv warmoSobas da yuradRebas ar aqcevs maT SemecnebiT Rirebulebas). uznaZe am werilSi mxolod mimarTulebaTa poziciebis
gadmocemiT kmayofildeba da Tavad arc erTis mxares
ar ikavebs. Tumca v. vundtis poziciisadmi simpaTia,
rogorc yvelgan, ise aqac igrZnoba. isic igrZnoba, rom
yvela am sakiTxze pasuxisaTvis mas ukve aqvs momzadebuli soliduri safuZveli imisaTvis, rom filosofia
daasabuTos, rogorc erT-erTi mecniereba mecnierebaTa
Soris126.140rogorc Cans, uznaZes socialurad aqtualurma problemebma gadaadebines sakuTari Teoriis Camoyalibeba. 1911 w. gazeT `kolxidaSi~ gamoqveynda d.
62
uznaZis patara, magram Zalze sayuradRebo werili _
`filosofiuri saubari. sikvdili~. sikvdilis, rogorc
sicocxlisaTvis imanenturis gagebis sakiTxSi d. uznaZe g. zimelis Teorias iziarebs garkveuli SesworebebiT. aq sakmaod naTladaa gamokveTili sikvdilis
Sesaxeb cxovrebis eqsistencialisturi azri. amave
dros igi Secdomad miiCnevs g. zimelis azrs imis Taobaze, rom `adamianis cxovrebas TviT sikvdilis faqti
aZlevs TiTqos formas~127.141misTvis sikvdilis ideaa
ganmsazRvreli adamianis cxovrebisa da ara sikvdilis
faqti, romelic garegani faqtia Cveni cxovrebisaTvis.
igi Tvlis, rom `Zneli warmosadgenia cxovreba, romelsac mizani Tavis farglebs gareT hqondes dasmuli.
cxovreba sicocxlisTvis xdeba da ara sxva ramisTvis~128.142swored sicocxlisaTvis axsovs adamians
mudam sikvdili da `am ideis magvarad warmarTavs Tavis cxovrebas~129.143
Tumca gasakviria, rom fr. nicSes msgavsi azris
miuxedavad, avtori arc aq da arc i. WavWavaZis `gandegilisadmi~ miZRvnil werilSi (sadac neba adamianis
`mes~ utoldeba) araa naxsenebi nicSe, romelic im
dros kargad iyo cnobili saqarTveloSi. sxva rom
ara, ukve 1901 w. yovelkvireul JurnalSi `kvali~ daibeWda cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, qarTvel menSevikTa
erT-erTi lideris, erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis
Tanmimdevruli damcvelis a. Cxenkelis (1874-1959) werili _ `fridrix nicSe~.
omis dawyebis wels gaz. `saxalxo furcelSi~ gamoqveynebul narkvevebSi d. uznaZe mkacrad akritikebs
omis vl. solovieviseul gagebas, romlis azriTac oms
dadebiTi roli aqvs istoriaSi. uaryofs soloviovis
mier sicocxlis sazrisis gagebasac (misi terminebiT _
`cxovrebis azris~). cxovrebis sazrisi qarTveli moazrovnis azriT, amqveyniuri cxovrebis mniSvnelobis,
misi amaRlebis da gakeTilSobilebis gzebis Ziebaa.
63
aqve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli ers.
udavod miaCnia misi sruli upratesoba pirovnebis mimarT. kulturis matareblad da Semqmnelad mxolod
eria miCneuli. kultura misTvis aris pasiuri materiis
gansuliereba adamianis aqtivobis saSvalebiT. rac Seexeba kacobriobas, igi jer ar ariso ise erTiani, rom
SeiZlebodes masze, rogorc kulturis Semoqmedze, laparaki. Tumca 1925 w. werilSi _ `cxovrebis raoba~
uznaZe laparakobs sakacobrio istoriis erTianobaze.
adamianis aqtivobas uznaZe Teologiur `dasabuTebasac~ aZlevs. igi fiqrobs, rom RmerTma adamianiT daasrula Semoqmedeba, sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT adamianis daniSnulebaa kulturis Seqmna da ganviTareba.
cxadia, amas axorcielebs pirovneba, magram martoka?
aragziT, pasuxobs uznaZe. cxovrebis sazrisis subieqti
sxvagan unda veZioT. amgvari subieqti aris eri. adamiani erSi arsebobs. amas uznaZe imdenad did mniSvnelobas aZlevs, rom pirovnebisaTvis `calke fiqri da
calke grZnoba ukve SeuZlebelia~. igi damokidebulia
erze, eria is, rac qmnis da raSic iqmneba kultura. aq
gamoyofilia `erovnuli sulis~ mniSvneloba. magram
erovnebani mravalia. maT Soris dapirispirebanic
faqtia. magram es faqti araa aucilebeli. erTaderTi
gamosavali isaa, rom maT gaacnobieron dapirispirebis
damRupveloba. cxovrebis sazrisi (es yvela ers exeba)
aucileblobiT moiTxovs erTa solidarobas. amrigad,
is, rac meore msoflio omis Semdeg axali azrovnebis
Sinaarsis saxiT gamovida, uznaZisaTvis iseve rogorc
mraval sxva progresul moazrovneTaTvis pirveli
msoflio omis drosac naTeli iyo. magram maSin ar iyo
TvalsaCino gamaerTianebeli da qmediTi saSiSroeba,
romelic kacobriobis arsebobas emuqreboda _ atomuri
omis safrTxe. Tumca uznaZe asxvavebs TavdacviT da SeteviT omebs, magram misTvis udavo iyo, rom omi saboloo angariSSi, arc erTi erisTvis araa sasargeblo.
64
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg saqarTvelos damoukideblobis realuri SesaZlebloba Seeqmna. 1918 w. es
SesaZlebloba sinamdviled iqca. ganTavisufleba saqarTvelom mecnierebisa da kulturis sferoSi aRniSna
qarTuli universitetis gaxsniT. saubedurod, es damoukidebloba didxans ar gagrZelebula. magram im
arasruli sami wlis manZilze, rac Tbilisis universitetSi gakeTda, waruSleli da warmmarTveli kvali datova qarTul kulturasa da mecnierebaSi.
8. aleqsandre janeliZe (1888-1975)
a. janeliZem 1910 wels parizis sorbonis universiteti daamTavra, dabrunda da 1915 wlidan quTaisSi maswavleblobda. SemdgomSi qarTuli geologiuri
skolis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da xelmZRvaneli, 1914 w.
quTaisSi aqveynebs SesaniSnav narkvevs `erovnuli Semoqmedena~. aq igi msoflmxedvelobrivad a. bergsons
emyareba, ukiduresad kritikulia maSindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebis namdvili viTarebis SefasebaSi, magram
gulmodgine mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi (da ara TaviosTavad, istoriuli aucileblobis wyalobiT) imedianad
uyurebs momavals. maSindeli qarTuli yofis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli viTarebis codna mas
sWirdeboda erovnuli Semoqmedebis, energiis sruli
mobilizaciisaTvis. avtori SesaniSnavad icnobs ganviTarebis maSindel modur Teoriebs, iqneba es nicSeanuri Tu darvin-lamarkiseuli. ueWvelad miaCnia, rom yovelive cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebas eqvemdebareba,
magram
uaryofs
ganviTarebaSi
ganmeorebis
SesaZleblobas. es mas drois faqtobrivi arsebobis
uaryofad miaCnia, Tvlis, mxolod bergsoni iTvaliswinebs drois WeSmarit bunebas, romelic amtkicebs, rom
sicicocxlis ganviTarebis yoveli aqti axalia. yovelives mamoZravebelia sasicocxlo swrafva (a. janeliZe mas `sicocxlis gaqanebas~ uwodebs130).144bergsonis
65
Teoria mas didad nayofierad miaCnia rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad. CvenSi arsebuli `sicocxlis
gaqaneba~ aris is, rac mudam aRmarT-aRmarT migverekeba131.145
a. janeliZe im xazs agrZelebs CvenSi, romelic
geronti qiqoZisgan daiwyo da patara erebis awmyosa
da momavlis dacvas emsaxureba. janeliZe swuxs, rom
maSindel saqarTveloSi momavlis gzebis Ziebis procesSi zogierTebisaTvis (mag. m. saRaraZisaTvis _ `Cven
axal TaobaSi~) saeWvo xdeba TviT pirovnuli Rirebulebis sakiTxi, ramdenadac civilizaciis winsvlasTan
erTad fiqroben, rom erovnebac gaqrebao. amis dasadgenad, bunebrivia gavigoT, Tu ra aris erovneba. misi
azriT, igi ar utoldeba arc teritoriis flobas, arc
saxelmwifos qonas, arc gvartomobas da arc Tavad
enis qonas, Tumca ToToeuls didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
a. janeliZe SedarebiT dawvrilebiT ganixilavs
maSin Zalze moduri frangi mwerlisa da mecnieris,
`averoesis da averoizmis~ cnobili avtoris e. renanis
Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom `erovneba aris suli~132.146magram Tu ar avxseniT, raa es suli da rogoria misi genezisi, peticio principiis miviRebT.
`erovnuli sulis~ raRac msgavsia marqsistebis e.w.
`erovnuli Segneba~, janeliZe akritikebs maT pozicias
(kerZod, n. Jordanias, romlis Tanaxmadac erovnuli
Segneba kapitalistur xanaSi gaCnda)133.147
a. janeliZesac iseve, rogorc mravals im droisaTvis, moswons m. wereTlis `eri da kacobrioba~,
magram ar eTanxmeba, rom mxolod eria sazogadoebrivi
organizmi da ara Temi, saxelmwifo anda kacobrioba.
a. janeliZe pativs miagebs a. jorjaZis `saerTo
moqmedebis niadagis~ Teorias, sadac mTavari punqti
iyo erovnuli vaWroba-mrewvelibis Seqmna. aRniSnavs,
rom igives fiqrobda g. wereTeli, adrindel periodSi
66
n. Jordania da o. baueris qarTveli mimdevari, vinme nariZe134.148
a. janeliZe ar uaryofs, rom erSi arsebobs klasebi da maT Soris dapirispireba, magram fiqrobs, rom
igi ver arRvevs eris kulturul ekonomikursa da socialur erTianobas. ena aqac gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs. `sadac araa sepcifikuri ena, araa erovneba.~
enis sxvaoba aRzrdis sxvaobasac iwvevs. ramdeni ena
gvaqvs Cven, qarTvelebs, megruli da svanuri xom sxva
enebia. gamaerTianebeli ena, aris `samwerlo ena~.
magram ena marto upiratesoba araa, eri, iseve rogorc
yoveli cocxali organizmi ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis, e.
i. ukeTesi arsebobisaTvis. magram gvexmareba amaSi
qarTuli ena? igi xom araa momgebiani arc karieraSi,
arc vaWrobaSi, arc ganaTlebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vibrZviT am enisaTvis. amas qvia erovnebisTvis
brZola~135.149janeliZe yuradRebas ar aqcevs, rom amiT
icvleba moqmedebis motivi. ZiriTadi xdeba ara ukeTesi
mdgomareoba pirovnebisaTvis, aramed erisTvis, rogorc
TviTRirebuli organizmisTvis.
a. janeliZe akritikebs istoriul materializms,
rogorc mavnes maSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis, romelic
yvelafris aucileblobisadmi daqvemdebarebiT da
progresis Seuferxeblobis mtkicebiT xels uwyobs
Cvens gadagvarebas, radgan qarTvels `pasuxismgeblobis SiSisagan aTavisuflebs~136150sworia imaze miTiTebac, rom es mtkicebani aucileblad gulisxmobs pretenzias absolutur codnaze.
miuxedavad
yvelafrisa,
a.
janeliZe
xedavs
erovnuli sulis gaZlierebas CvenSi. esaa poeziaSi vaJa-fSavela, esaa axalgazrda qarTuli burJuazia. mas a.
jorjaZis anticentralizmic moswons. igi esmis, rogorc erovnuli energiis ganviTarebisaTvis centralizmsa da diqtaturasTan dapirispireba decentralizaciisa da adgilobriv ZalTa ganviTarebisTvis. sa67
qarTvelos cxovrebaSi progress igi miiCnevs a.
jorjaZis mier xalxis gulSi Cagdebuli `wminda
Teslis~ gaRviZebad da gaZlierebad. Cveni kultura viTardeba. magram es iseve Zviri jdeba, rogorc Cveni
enis ganviTareba. Cveni gadarCenis sakiTxi udris sakiTxs imis Taobaze, SevZlebT Tu ara Cven `erovnuli
kulturis xarjis gawevas. warmateba araa garantirebuli raime aucileblobiT, magram SesaZloa Cveni erTiani mcdelobiT. amgvari `subieqturi optimizmi~ miaCnia
a. janeliZes eris momavlis realur gzad.
68
meore Tavi
anarqizmi saqarTveloSi
anarqistuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX s-is dasasrulidan daiwyo da XX s-Si TiTqmis or aTeul
wels grZeldeboda. saqarTveloSi anarqizmis mamamTavari iyo msoflio anarqizmis erT-erTi beladi varlam
CerqeziSvili (1846-1925). mis garda, Tavisi moRvaweobis
sawyis etapze, anarqizmiT iyo gatacebuli SemdegSi
emigraciaSi wasuli da iq cnobili mecnieri, asiriologi mixako wereTeli (1878-1965).
v. CerqeziSvili da m. wereTeli miekuTvnebodnen
im yaidis anarqistebs, romlebic evropeli da rusi
anarqistebisgan gansaxvavebiT, erovnul problematikas,
kerZod, saqarTvelos sakiTxebs did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom v. CerqeziSvili da m.
wereTeli erovnuli orientaciis anarqistebi iyvnen.
qarTvel anarqistebSi, aRniSnulis paralelurad
arsebobda, agreTve, anarqistebis radikaluri frTa
(Zmebi gogeliebi), romelic erovnul sakiTxebisadmi
gulgrili iyo. metic, am sakiTxs maTTvis araviTari
mniSvneloba ar hqonda.
$ 1. erovnuli orientaciis qarTveli
anarqistebi
1. varlam CerqeziSvili.
varlam nikolozis Ze (jan aslanis Ze) CerqeziSvili daibada 1846 wlis 16 seqtembers kaxeTSi, sof.
ToxliaurSi, gardaicvala londonSi, 1925 wlis 18
agvistos. qarTveli politikuri da erovnuli moRvawe,
saerTaSoriso anarqistuli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri.
69
v. CerqeziSvili adreuli bavSvobidanve, 1855 wels,
Tavis ufros Zma mixeilTan erTad gaemgzavra ruseTSi.
Tavdapirvelad varlami swavlobda moskovis meore kadetTa korpusSi, romelic miatova ,,gulmkerdis tkivilis” gamo. 1866 wlis ianvridan man swavla gaagrZela
moskovis petrovsko-razumovskis sasoflo-sameurneo
akademiaSi. amave periodidan axalgazrda qarTveli Tavadi Caeba revoluciur moZraobaSi, rac misi cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetileba aRmoCnda. igi jer monawileobda
p. a. spiridovis revoluciur wreSi, xolo 1864 wlidan
gaxda cnobili nikoloz iSutinis revoluciuri wris
aqtiuri wevri.
1866 wlis 4 aprils wris erT-erTi wevris dimitri karakozovis imperator aleqsandre meoreze warumatebeli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg, 27
aprils v. CerqeziSvili daapatimres da rva TviT patimroba miusajes. ganTavisuflebisTanave man peterburgSi Seqmna aralegaluri revoluciuri wre
,,smorgonis akademia”, romlis garSemoc Tavs iyrida
,,mTeli
imdroindeli
peterburgis
revoluciuri
1151
axalgazrdoba”. 1868-1869 wlebis zamTarSi v. CerqeziSvilma amjerad peterburgis universitetSi swavla
miatova da moskovSi cnobili sergei neCaevis saidumlo organizacias ,,narodnaia raspravas” daukavSirda.
1869 wlis dekembris bolos qarTveli revolucioneri meored daapatimres. 1871 wlis ivlisSi mimdinareobda ,,neCaevelTa” gaxmaurebuli procesi. amjerad ganaCeni bevrad mkacri aRmoCnda: v. CerqeziSvils yovelgvari wodebrivi uflebebis CamorTmeva da 5 wliT
cimbirSi gadasaxleba miusajes. 1871 wlis dekemberSi
CerqeziSvili etapiT gagzavnes cimbirSi, q. tiumenSi,
1873 wlis dekembris bolos ki tomskSi gadaasaxles. meore cnobiT, CerqeziSvili 1873 wlamde moskovSi kvlav
gadasaxlebulTa cixeSi imyofeboda da mxolod amis
70
Semdeg gaamweses cimbirSi. rogorc gadmogvcemen, CerqeziSvili cixeSic agrZelebda revoluciur propagandas.
1876 wlis 20 ianvars v. CerqeziSvili cimbiris gadasaxlebidan evropaSi gaiqca. aqedan daiwyo misi
xangrZlivi emigrantuli cxovreba. qarTveli revolucioneri, romelsac ukve kargad icnobdnen, rogorc
,,karakozovels” da ,,neCaevels”, muSaobas da TanamSromlobas iwyebs londonSi gamomaval rusul
xalxosnur Jurnal ,,vperiodSi”. misi redaqtori iyo
rusuli xalxosnobis cnobili ideologi petre
lavrovi. axal TanamSromels lavrovma Jurnalis erTi
ganyofileba Caabara. es iyo ruseTis saSinao cxovrebis amsaxveli rubrika: ,,or kviraSi”. am rubrikis
pirveli werili CerqeziSvilma 1876 wlis 1 maiss gamoaqveyna da wlis bolomde TiTqmis yvela nomerSi
beWdavda werilebs. igi xalxosnur moZraobaSi bakuninis mimdevari iyo da naklebad iziarebda lavristebis
propagandistul strategias. amitomac, dekemberSi
qarTvelma revolucionerma ,,vperiodis” redaqcia datova da Sveicarias miaSura.
arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iyo. imxanad cxare brZola mimdinareobda anarqistebsa da marqsistebs Soris.
lavristebi ufro marqsistebisken ixrebodnen da amitom CerqeziSvili maTTan did xans veRar gaCerdeboda.
imxanad swored SveicariaSi moqmedebda evropuli
anarqistuli organizaciebis centrebi, romelTagan
mTavari iyo iuris federacia. aq moRvaweobdnen
anarqistuli moZraobis aRiarebuli Tavkacebi: frangi
elize rekliu, italielebi: karlo kafiero, enriko malatesta, jeims giliomi. maT SeuerTda rusi petre
kropotkini, romelmac 1876 wels gardacvlili mixeil
bakunini Secvala saerTaSoriso anarqizmis aRiarebuli
liderisa da ideologis adgilze. am anarqistul Tanavarskvlaveds SeuerTda v. CerqeziSvili _ ,,Tavadi
Cerqezovi”.
71
amave periodidan v. CerqeziSvili sistematurad
scems anarqistul Jurnal-gazeTebs an aqtiur monawileobas iRebs maTs gamocemaSi; aqveynebs statiebs, monawileobs saerTaSoriso anarqistul kongresebSi, RonisZiebebSi, organizebas uwevs maT mowvevas; ,,cnobili
Tavadebi _ kropotkini da Cerqezovi” xSirad moixseniebian saerTaSoriso anarqistuli aqciebis meTaurebad,
maT Soris pirveli ufro Teoretikosi da ideologia,
xolo meore rogorc praqtikosi da organizatori.
1878 wels v. CerqeziSvili rus revolucionerebTan stepniak-kravCinskisTan, p. aqselrodTan, n. JukovskisTan da sxvebTan erTad JenevaSi scems bakunistur rusulenovan Jurnals ,,obSCinas”. mas aq mihyavs
mudmivi rubrika: ,,qronika-ruseTi.” am SemTxvevaSic
CerqeziSvilis werilebi ruseTis saSinao cxovrebis
gaSuqebas, iq gamefebul socialur da erovnul
ukuRmarTobebs mimoixilavs.
1879 wlis TebervalSi petre kropotkinma JenevaSi gamosca anarqistuli gazeTi ,,Le Revolte” (meamboxe).
gazeTis gamocemaSic da funqcionirebaSic aqtiurad
monawileobda imxanad JenevaSi mcxovrebi v. CerqeziSvili. ,,swored am wlebSi daiwyo CerqeziSvilis megobroba p. a. kropotkinTan, _ wers b. nikolaevski. CerqeziSvili iyo erT-erTi wevri internacionaluri wrisa,
romelmac 1879 wels JenevaSi gamosca ,,le revolte” _ organo, romelmac aseTi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove anarqizmis TviTgamorkvevaSi”2.152
1877 wlis aprilSi anarqistuli internacionalis iuris federaciis organoSi: ”Bulletin de la Federacion
iuressienne"-Si da bernSi gamomaval ,,reiterreitung"-Si gamoqveynda cnobili germaneli marqsistis vilhelm
libknextis winaaRmdeg saprotesto werili, romelsac
anarqizmis sxva liderebTan erTad CerqeziSvilic
awerda xels.
72
1877 wels evropul rusul emigraciaSi Seiqmna
,,ruseTis politikuri devnilebis xelSemwyobi sazogadoeba”, romlis erT-erTi damaarsebeli da mdivani iyo
v. CerqeziSvili. 1879 wlis meore naxevridan CerqeziSvili parizSi eweva revoluciur saqmianobas da aq
aarsebs
anarqistul
seqciebs.
parizSi
gamodis
anarqistuli organo: ”La Revolution sociale". 1880 wlis bolos Tu 1881 wlis dasawyisSi qarTvel revolucioners
safrangeTidan aZeveben. igi kvlav SveicariaSi Cadis da
kropotkinis TxovniT, saerTaSoriso anarqistuli
organos ,,La Revolte"-s gamocemas udgeba saTaveSi.
1881 wlis 21 oqtombers teroristebma lionSi,
belkuris Teatris Ramis kafeSi dinamiti aafeTqes.
erTi adamiani daiRupa, ramdenime ki daiWra. xelisuflebam teroristuli aqti anarqistebs daabrala da
mTel qveyanaSi daiwyo maTi liderebisa da aqtivistebis dapatimrebebi. maT Soris iyvnen kropotkini, luiza
miSeli, sxvebi. v. CerqeziSvili dapatimrebas mxolod
imitom gadaurCa, rom manamde is Sveicariis xelisuflebam qveynidan gaaZeva. 1883 wlis ianvarSi daiwyo
e. w. lionis procesi, sadac ramdenime aTeuli frangi
da safrangeTSi myofi ucxoeli anarqisti gaasamarTles. rogorc CerqeziSvilis erT-erTi biografi b.
nikolaevski SeniSnavs, lionis procesze xSirad figurirebda CerqeziSvilis saxeli. rac Seexeba, Tavad
varlam CerqeziSvils, igi 5-6 wlis manZilze daxetialobda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, gamocvlili
gvar-saxeliT, imaleboda da Tavs aridebda im qveynebs,
sadac mas daeZebdnen, an saidanac gasaxlebuli iyo:
safrangeTidan, Sveicariidan, italiidan, germaniidan,
avstriidan, espaneTidan.
1888 wlidan, xuTi wlis gauCinarebis Semdeg ,,Tavadi Cerqezovi” londonSi damkvidrda. aq ukve dasaxlebuliyo 1886 wels patimrobidan ganTavisuflebuli ,,Tavadi kropotkini”. mis garSemo Tavs iyrida
73
anarqist-emigrantTa mcire jgufi, romelmac miznad daisaxa farTo sagamomcemlo-propagandistuli saqmianoba. 1889 wels petre kropotkinma londonSi gamosca
pirveli inglisurenovani anarqistuli gazeTiF,,reedom" (Tavisufleba). es gazeTi, rogorc aTi wlis win
gamocemuli ,,le revolte,” iqca saerTaSoriso anarqistuli
moZraobis centralur ideologiur organod. mis daarsebaSi da gamocemaSi aqtiurad monawileobda v.
CerqeziSvili, romelmac mravali statia gamoaqveyna gazeTSi.
saerTod, 1890-1900-iani wlebi erTob nayofieri
iyo CerqeziSvilis publicistur-Teoriul moRvaweobaSi. man gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana anarqizmis
istoriaSi, rogorc marqsizmis kritikosma. marqsizmis
kritika qarTvelma Teoretikosma jer kidev gazeT
,,freedomSi” gamoqveynebul werilebSi daiwyo. 1890-ian
wlebSi v. CerqeziSvilma Tavis Teoriul-inteleqtualur analizs Tavi mouyara or ZiriTad naSromSi:
,,furclebi socializmis istoriidan” (parizi, 1899 _
frangulad). da ,,internacionalis winamorbedebi” (briuseli, 1899 _ frangulad).
am wignebma, rogorc avtors da Teoretikoss, v.
CerqeziSvils msoflio saxeli da aRiareba moutana.
wignebi swrafad iTargmna inglisur, germanul, italiur, espanur, rusul, Cinur da iaponur enebzec ki. ,,v.
Cerqezovis” naSromebi imdenad popularuli iyo, rom
zogierT qveyanaSi ramdenjerme gamoicemoda. ruseTSi
orive wigni gaerTianebuli da odnav Secvlili saTauriT,
oTxjer
gamoica
(В.
Черкезов.
Предтечи
Интернационала. Доктрины Марксизма. Книгоиздательства
Голос труда. Петербург-Москва, 1919 г.). ukanasknelad
qarTveli anarqistis wigni, raoden ucnauric ar unda
iyos, sabWoTa kavSirSic ki gamoqveynda, aw ukve leningradSi, 1924 wels.
74
,,internacionalis
winamorbedebSi”
v.
CerqeziSvilma evropel mkiTxvel sazogadoebas SesTavaza
socialisturi moZraobis istoriis sakuTari interpretacia, romelic mkveTrad upirispirdeboda marqsistul
models. CerqeziSvili asabuTebda, rom socialisturi
moZRvrebebis Seqmna, TeoretikosTa analizis Sedegi ki
ar iyo, aramed TviT socialist moazrovneTa produqcia iyo Sedegi evropis qveynebis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebisa, dawyebuli reformaciisa da glexTa
omebis periodidan, vidre TviT pirveli internacionalis Seqmnamde. qarTveli avtori prioritetul rols
aniWebda saxalxo moZraobebs, rogorc moazrovneTa
inteleqtualuri muSaobis mTavar wyaros.
v. CerqeziSvilma sferos Rrma codniT gadmosca
socialisturi moZraobis cnobili Teoretikosebis: uiliam godvinis, ouenis, sen-simonis, Sarl furies, prudonis, viqtor konsideranisa da sxvaTa naazrevi. man
daasabuTa, rom sxvadasxva socialisturi moZRvrebebi
erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad dapirispirebul ideebs ki ar
warmoadgendnen,
aramed
erTiani
socialisturi
moZRvrebis organulad Semadgenel nawilebs. man Seurigebeli polemistis stiliT uaryo marqsisa da gansakuTrebiT engelsis mier damkvidrebuli Tezisi _ socialisturi moZraobis or etapad _ ,,utopiur” da
,,mecnierul” nawilebad gamijvnis Sesaxeb. qarTveli
anarqistis mtkicebiT, yvela marqsamdeli socialisturi moZRvreba mkveTrad uaryofda saxelmwifoebriv socializms da saerTod, saxelmwifos miiCnevda klasobrivi uTanasworobis mTavar wyarod. am da Semdgom
naSromebSic v. CerqeziSvilma gamoavlina aramarto
evropis socialuri moZraobebis, aramed ekonomikis,
mecnierebis, kulturis istoriisa da ganviTarebis
Rrma codna, masStaburi xedva da gaanalizebis iSviaTi
unari, romelic vlindeboda publicisti-Teoretikosis
mier SedarebebiT, polemisturi xerxebiT gajerebul,
75
gonebamaxviluri sarkazmiT Semkobil, mkiTxvelisaTvis
iSviaTad naTel da mimzidvel teqstebSi.
saerTaSoriso marqsizmisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
mZime aRmoCnda v. CerqeziSvilis pirveli naSromis gamoCena _ ,,furclebi socializmis istoriidan”. am
naSromma namdvili skandali gamoiwvia msoflios socialistur moZraobaSi da marqsistebsa da aramarqsistebs Soris dapirispirebis mudmivi wyaro
gaxda. qarTveli anarqisti-avtori skrupulozurad
icnobda marqs-engelsisa da maT mimdevarTa naSromebs.
masTan Teoriuli dapirispireba uWirdaT calkeuli
qveynebis adgilobriv marqsist-beladebs. CerqeziSvilis winaaRmdeg kamaTSi gasvla mxolod msoflio
masStabis social-demokratiis aRiarebul avtoritetbs
Tu SeeZloT, iseTebs, rogorebic gaxldnen: vilhelm
libknexti, karl kaucki, arturo labriola, giorgi
plexanovi, ioseb stalini... roca qarTvelma socialdemokratebma ver gabedes TavianTi mwiri literaturul-Teoriuli resursebiT CerqeziSvilTan SekamaTeba,
specialurad daukavSirdnen plexanovs da sTxoves
qarTvel anarqists gamopasuxeboda. rusuli marqsizmis
mamamTavari jer vera zasuliCs sTxovda didi britaneTis biblioTeka-arqivebSi saTanado masalebiT momaragebas, xolo, roca man rogorc iqna moaxerxa qarTul
presaSi daecva marqsizmi qarTveli anarqistis Setevebisagan, misi pasuxi sakmaod susti da dausabuTebeli
aRmoCnda.
v. CerqeziSvili mravalricxovani wyaroebiT, dokumentebiT, mdidari literaturul-Teoriuli damowmebebiT amtkicebda, rom marqsizmis klasikosebma da maTma
memkvidreebma ,,miiTvises” da marqsizms miaweres gamoCenil evropel filosofosTa, istorikosTa, ekonomistTa
da sxva moazrovneTa araerTi aRmoCena, kanoni Tu mecnieruli miRweva.
76
erT-erTi da pirveli Tezisi, romelsac CerqeziSvili gamoyofs, esaa xelfasis minimumis kanoni, romelic engelsis mtkicebiT, man da marqsma 1844 wels
,,aRmoaCines”. 1886 wels engelsi werda, rom ..kanoni,
romlis mixedviTac ,,bunebrivi”, e. i. samuSao Zalis
normaluri Rirebuleba emTxveva xelfasis minimums... es
kanoni pirvelad aRmoCenil iqna Cems mier ,,politikuri
ekonomiis kritikis nawyvetebSi” (parizi, 1844) da ,,muSaTa klasis mdgomareoba inglisSi”. rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, marqsi aRiarebda maSin am kanons.
Cvengan SemdgomSi igi gadaiRo lasalma”3.153
magram v. CerqeziSvilis mtkicebiT msgavsi araferi
momxdara. misi dasabuTeba dokumenturia, mtkicebulebebi naTeli da udavo: am kanonis Sesaxeb, _ wers qarTveli anarqisti, _ icoda jer kidev tiurgom me-18 saukuneSi: ,,yvela saxis daqiravebuli Sromis dros xelfasi
ganisazRvreba muSis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli minimumiT”. 1812 wels tiurgos formula rikardom xelfasis
Teoriis saxiT Camoayaliba, xolo adam smitma mas ,,rikardos kanoni” uwoda. CerqeziSvilis mier mravalricxovani wyaroebis moxmobiT irkveva, rom xelfasis kanoni, romelsac misi TqmiT, brwyinvale lasalma
..xelfasis minimumis rkinis kanoni” uwoda kargad
icodnen me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevris sxva evropelma
moazrovneebma: milma, lavelem, frangma da ingliselma
socialistebma. CerqeziSvilis mxileba imdenad dasabuTebuli iyo, rom nebismieri rangis marqsist Teoretikoss gauWirdeboda engelsis dacva. engelsis nayalbevi
saxeze iyo.
kidev ufro gazviadebuli iyo marqsizmis Teoretikosebis mier marqsisa da engelsisadmi klasTa brZolis, rogorc sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis
istoriis mTavari da ganmsazRvreli faqtoris ,,aRmoCena”. unda aRiniSnos, rom CerqeziSvilis keTilsindisiereba misi mTavari oponentebis _ marqsizmis klasikose77
bis mimarTac vlindeba. igi cdilobs obieqturi iyos
maT mimarT da erTmaneTisagan gamoyofs marqss da
engelss.
misi
vrceli
dasabuTebebiT,
mTavari
yalbismqmneli engelsi gaxldaT. am SemTxvevaSic swored engelsma ikisra yalbismqneloba, roca 1888 wels
dawera, rom klasTa brZolis Teorias iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda istoriisaTvis, rogorc darvinis Teorias
biologiisTviso da am azramde me da marqsi anu ,,Cven
oriveni mivediT 1845 wlamde ramdenime wliT adreo”.
arc amjerad iyo istoriuli realoba marqsizmis
mxareze. v. CerqeziSvilis mtkiceba kvlav mravalricxovani wyaroebiT, amonawerebiT, gamonaTqvamebiT da me-1819-e saukuneebis evropel moazrovneTa naSromebidan
argumentebiTaa dasabuTebuli. ,,klasTa brZola, maTi
warmoSoba da ganviTareba, maTi istoriuli roli... _
daaskvnida v. CerqeziSvili, _ brwyinvaled daamuSaves
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi frangma istorikos-evolucionistebma”; ..klasTa brZolis istoriuli ganviTareba”,
rogorc sazogadoebis evoluciis erT-erTi faqtori”
warmatebiT daamuSaves ogiusten tierma, sismondim, miniem, gizom, diupuaiem, karelim da sxvebma4.154
ase, rom vrcel dasabuTebaTa Semdeg kidev erTxel
daaskvnida v. CerqeziSvili da es daskvnac TiTqmis dauZleveli uarsayofi iqneboda nebismieri keTilsindisieri oponentisaTvis, _ moZRvreba klasTa brZolis Sesaxeb ,,ukve sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli me-19 saukunis
20-iani wlebis istorikosebisaTvis da socialistebisaTvis; masze werdnen 30-40-ian wlebSi germaneli socialistebic: veitlingi, griuni, Susteri... maTi memkvidreebi iyvnen marqsi da engelsio”, wers marqsizmis qarTveli oponenti.
v. CerqeziSvili pirveli kritikosi iyo, romelmac
azrobriv-Teoriuli winaaRmdegobebi SeniSna marqssa da
engelss Soris. qarTveli anarqisti werda, rom maSin,
roca marqsis mixedviT, ingliseli filosofosebi beko78
ni da loki materialistebi iyvnen, engelsi irwmuneboda, rom orive ingliselma bunebismetyvelebidan filosofiaSi gadmoitana induqciuri msoflmxedveloba da
daamkvidra ,,azrovnebis metafizikuri wesi”. am braldebam gansakuTrebiT daabnia marqsisti Teoretikosebi da
SemdgomSi sabWoTa ideologia. ramdenime aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi evropeli marqsistebi da SemdgomSi sabWoTa ideologia, amaod cdilobdnen daeZliaT marqssa da
engelss Soris SeniSnuli winaaRmdegoba, romelic
principuli xasiaTisa iyo. bolos, me-20 saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi sabWoTa filosofosebmac ki aRiares engelsis
Secdoma da didi ingliseli filosofosebi frensis bekoni materializmisa da Tanamedrove eqsperimentuli
mecnierebis mamamTavrad, xolo jon loki materialisturi sensualizmis fuZemdeblad aRiares5.155
verc meoce saukunis pirveli ocwleulis evropelma marqsistma avtoritetebma da verc maTma realurma memkvidrem _ sabWoTa ideologiam ver daZlia
qarTveli
,,Tavadi-anarqistis”
(v.
CerqeziSvilis)
braldebaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris:
is, rom fridrix engelsis 1884 wels ciurixSi
gamoqveynebuli: ,,ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebis da saxelmwifos warmoSoba”’, romelic miCneuli iyo marqsizmis
erT-erT klasikur nawarmoebad da romelsac umaRles
saswavleblebSi aswavlidnen, faqtobrivad da realurad iyo cnobili amerikeli eTnografis luis morganis
marTlac klasikuri naSromis ,,Zveli sazogadoebis” popularuli varianti. saqme is iyo, rom morganis naSromis konspeqti Tavdapirvelad marqsma gaakeTa, magram misi gamocema ver moaswro. samagierod, igi gamosca
engelsma da Tan ise, rom morganis ramdenime principuli xasiaTis mecnieruli dakvirveba, mtkicebuleba da
siaxle marqss miawera.
is, rom engelsis mier 1844 wels gamocemuli cnobili wigni: ,,muSaTa klasis mdgomareoba inglisSi”,
79
sxva araferi gaxldaT, Tu ara, 1840 wels gamoqveynebuli e. biures marTlac kapitaluri ortomiani, 924gverdiani naSromis Semoklebuli kompilacia, eWvgareSea. biures naSromis saxelwodeba iyo: ,,mSromeli klasebis siRatakis Sesaxeb inglissa da safrangeTSi”. naSromi
safrangeTis akademiam daajildova, xolo marqsisti avtorebi, roca engelsis kompilacias exebodnen, biures arc
axsenebdnen. v. CerqeziSvilma dawvrilebiT Seiswavla biures naSromi da iqidan mTeli furclebi da didi abzacebi,
aTeulobiT mohyavda, romlebic engelss, avtorisa da wyaros yovelgvari miTiTebis gareSe hqonda gadawerili.
CerqeziSvilis es braldebac, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe ityoda, imdenad ,,sabuTiani” iyo, rom avtoritetulma
marqsistebma aRiares. germaniis muSaTa moZraobis cnobili moRvawe, filosofosi da istorikosi franc meringi
werda: ,,sruli simarTlea, rom engelsi ar iyo pirveli
vinc aRwera ingliseli proletariatis yofa da igi ueWvelia, ramdenadme Cqmalavda kidec Tavisi winamorbedebis
damsaxurebas, romelTa Sromebic misTvis fundaments
warmoadgendnen”6.156
isic,
rom
marqsizmis
mimdevrebma
TavianT
maswavleblebs
miaweres
pirveli
internacionalis
Seqmnis iniciativa da marqsi da engelsi am saerTaSoriso
organizaciis
damaarseblebad
gamoiyvanes,
am
SemTxvevaSic v. CerqeziSvilis braldeba ucdomeli da
zusti iyo. man Cveuli mravalricxovani dokumenturi masalebis moxmobiT daasabuTa, rom pirveli internacionalis Seqmnis iniciatorebi iyvnen ara marqsi da
engelsi, aramed frangi muSa prudonistebi tolenis meTaurobiT da ingliseli tred-unionistebi ojerisa da
iungis xelmZRvanelobiT. marqsi internacionals SeuerTda mas Semdeg, rac mas mosawvevi gaugzavna iungma,
xolo engelsi saerTod ar daswrebia pirveli interna80
cionalis damfuZnebel kongress. internacionalis generaluri sabWos prezidentad airCies iungi, generalur
mdivnad _ krimeri, xolo marqsi airCies internacionalis germaniis seqciis mdivnad.
dabolos, arc erT CerqeziSviliseul braldebas
ar gamouwvevia imdeni xmauri, rogoric misi ukanaskneli mxileba iyo. qarTveli anarqisti-avtori Seexo saerTaSoriso marqsizmis fundaments _ ,,komunisturi
partiis manifests”. misi mtkiceba amjeradac ukompromiso, gamanadgurebeli da erTis SexedviT skandaluri
iyo _ marqsis da engelsis pirveli da umTavresi
programuli dokumenti ar iyo originaluri, igi gadawerili iyo frangi furieristis viqtor konsideranis
aseve programuli naSromidan: ,,socializmis principebi
(me-19 saukunis demokratiis manifesti)”. igi orjer 1843
da 1847 wlebSi gamoqveynda marqs-engelsis broSuris gamosvlamde da es ukanaskneli mis plagiats warmoadgenda.
amis Taobaze v. CerqeziSvili werda: ,,orive manifestis msgavseba gamaognebelia ara mxolod SinaarsiT,
aramed argumentaciiT da formiT. is yvelaferi, rasac
engelsi fiqrobda germaneli mkiTxvelebisTvis warmoedgina, rogorc marqs-engelsisi aRmoCena, konsideranTan gadmocemuli iyo ,,wminda franguli sicxadiT,
azris sizustiT, da pirvelxarisxovani frangi publicistisTvis
Cveuli
brwyinvale
literaturuli
formiT”7.157am erTi SexedviT, marTlac skandalur
gancxadebas mosdevda kidev ufro moulodneli cxadi
dasabuTebani _ konsideranis manifestidan marqsengelsis manifestSi gadawerili Tavebis saxelwodebebi, identuri Sinaarsis gverdebi, abzacebi, formulirebebi, azrebi, vrceli pasaJebi, romelTa raodenoba mraval aTeuls moicavda.
1900-ian wlebSi v. CerqeziSvili kidev orjer gamovida marqsizmis kritikiT. amjerad man ,,marvelis”
81
fsevdonimiT, gazeT ,,iveriaSi” gamoaqveyna werilebis seria: ,,belgiaSi mogzauroba”, 1900 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi. imis miuxedavad, rom statiebis seria qarTulad gamoqveynda, man mainc msoflio literaturuli rezonansi gamoiwvia. v. CerqeziSvilma amjerad marqsis
warmoebis koncentraciis Teoria gaakritika. rogorc
aRvniSneT, qarTvelma social-demokratebma daxmareba
plexanovs sTxoves da manac Tavisis sakmaod dausabuTebeli pasuxi ,,kvalSi” gamoaqveyna.
marqsizmis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi ukanaskneli da Semajamebeli gamosvla iyo v. CerqeziSvilis wigni, romelic man rusul enaze, TbilisSi gamosca: ,,rogorc iqna
aRiares (pasuxi kauckis)”. imxanad marqsizmis mTavarma figuram karl kauckim qarTveli anarqistis sawinaaRmdegod
1906 wlis agvistoSi ,,noie caitSi” gamoaqveyna naSromi:
,,komunisturi partiis manifesti, rogorc plagiati”.
swored mis sapasuxod iyo dawerili v. CerqeziSvilis
wigni. erTi ram cxadia, rom CerqeziSvilis dasabuTebulma kritikam, evropis socialistur moZraobaSi, seriozulad Searyia rwmena da avtoriteti marqsisa da
engelsis moZRvrebis universalobis Sesaxeb.
v. CerqeziSvilis uaRresad energiuli da avtoritetuli moRvaweoba saerTaSoriso anarqizmis sarbielze grZeldeboda SemdgomSic da imdenad mravalferovania, rom did kvlevas moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT dasavlur-evropul presaSi da siZveleTsacavebSi.
am sarbielze farTo da masStaburi moRvaweobis
miuxedavad, v. CerqeziSvilis cxovreba ar Semoifargleboda mxolod anarqistuli idealebis erTgulebiT. iyo
kidev erTi sazrunavi, romelic erTaderTi iyo, rac
zRudavda da periodulad wyvetda kidec xolme mis
anarqistul moRvaweobas. es gaxldaT _ saqarTvelos da
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli Tavisufleba.
v. CerqeziSvilma emigraciaSi Casvlis pirvelive
wlidanve daiwyo saqarTvelos Sesaxeb wera jer ru82
sul, xolo SemdgomSi evropul presaSi. 1876 wlis Semodgomaze Jurnal ,,vperiodSi” qarTveli publicisti
aqveynebs informaciebs svaneTSi glexTa gamosvlebisa
da iq mimdinare represiebis Sesaxeb. 1878 wels misi
informaciebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb qveyndeba meore rusulenovan Jurnal ,,obSCinaSi”. igi mkacrad akritikebs
ruseTis koloniur politikas saqarTveloSi, sadac miwis nayofierebis miuxedavad, glexoba mainc siRaribeSi
cxovrobs; sadac mZvinvarebs rusifikatoruli politika. ,,Turqebi, es barbarosebi, _ wers erT-erT werilSi
CerqeziSvili, _ rTaven skolebis arsebobis nebas
bulgareTSi da am skolebSi swavleba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enaze mimdinareobs... maSin, roca Cems mSvenier samSobloSi... oficialuri ena – rusulia, sruliad
ucxo ara marto glexebisaTvis, aramed Tavadaznaurobis umravlesobisTvisac; skolaSi swavlebac savaldebuloa rusul enaze”8.158
1882 wels v. CerqeziSvilma JenevaSi, rusul enaze
gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli wigni saxelwodebiT: ,,gadiaCeli dragomanovi rus socialistebTan brZolaSi”. es
wigni imiT iyo saintereso, rom qarTvelma avtorma,
pirvelad ruseTis imperiis ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, aRZra erovnuli sakiTxi, pirvelad revolucioner
avtorTagan specialurad gaamaxvila yuradReba erovnuli problemis Sesaxeb. man daicva imperiis dapyrobili
xalxebis, maT Soris qarTveli xalxis ufleba –
aRedgina sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba erovnuli avtonomiis saxiT.
londonSi dasaxlebis Semdeg v. CerqeziSvili
iwyebs inglisur presa-periodikaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb werilebis gamoqveynebas. misi pirveli werili, georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis darRvevis Sesaxeb
qveyndeba 1888 wels, cnobil inglisur Jurnal ,,taimSi".
1895 wels, erT-erT prestiJul britanul JurnalSi:
,,mecxramete saukune” (Nineteenth century) daibeWda misi
83
vrceli werili: ,,saqarTvelos xelSekrulebebi ruseTTan” (Georgian Treaties with Russia).
1998 wels londonSi arsebul-moqmedi rusuli Tavisufali presis fondis mier gamocemuli e.w. ,,mfrinavi
furclebis” 42-e nomerSi, imperiis agenturis informaciis mixedviT, gamoqveynda CerqeziSvilis statia: ,,werili saqarTvelos Sesaxeb”. ruseTis imperiis mier
dapyrobili saqarTvelos mZime socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis da misi politikuri Tavisuflebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli CerqeziSvilis werilebi, mravladaa mimobneuli inglisur, frangul, germanul da sxvaenovan evropul da amerikul presaSi.
xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli patriotanarqistis werilebma da ramdenime wignma, evropul sazogadoebas gaacno saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba da safuZveli moumzada qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis sakiTxis dasmas dasavleTis politikuri wreebis winaSe. sul bolos, 1919 wels,
maSin, roca safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi mimdinareobda
cnobili samSvidobo konferencia, parizSi gamoqveynda
v. CerqeziSvilis wigni inglisur enaze: ,,saqarTvelo. misi tradiciebi da politikuri uflebebi”. gaugonari
ambavi xdeboda – anarqizmis erT-erTi saqveynod aRiarebuli beladTagani, yovelgvari saxelmwifoebriobis
uarmyofeli – dasavleTis politikuri elitis winaSe
gamodioda, rogorc sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis damcvel-damsabuTebeli da qarTveli
erisaTvis, msoflios ,,damoukidebel erebs Soris Tavisi istoriuli adgilis dabrunebas moiTxovda”9.159
1890-iani wlebidan v. CerqeziSvili mWidrod daukavSirda qarTul patriotul-politikur mimdinareobebs da kerZod, 1900-ian wlebSi warmoqmnil avtonomiisaTvis mebrZol politikur jgufebs. 1904 wels man
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo socialist-federalistTa
blokisturi partiis SeqmnaSi. axal partiaSi sxva po84
litikur mimdinareobebTan erTad Sevidnen qarTveli
anarqistebic, romlebic CerqeziSvils cxadia TavianT
aRiarebul xelmZRvanelad Tvlidnen.
v. CerqeziSvilis mTavari damsaxureba iyo, rom misi patriotuli msoflgagebis wyalobiT, qarTulma
anarqizmma erovnuli mimarTuleba miiRo. amitomac, rodesac qarTul anarqistul moZraobaze vsaubrobT,
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom faqtobrivad es iyo
nacional-anarqistuli politikuri mimdinareoba saqarTveloSi. CerqeziSvilTan erTad am mimarTulebas
ekuTvnodnen mixako wereTeli, aleqsandre gabunia da
sxvani. qarTuli anarqizmi _ nacionalizmTan anarqizmis
kompromiss warmoadgenda da es saerTod anarqizmis
istoriaSi unikaluri epizodi iyo.
im mravali patriotul-politikuri aqciebidan,
romelic v. CerqeziSvilis xeliT, monawileobiT Tu iniciativiT ganxorcielda, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi iyo
– saqarTvelos peticiis wardgena haagis konferenciaze.
jer kidev sazRvargareT gamoqveynebul mravalricxovan
werilebSi v. CerqeziSvilma wamoayena idea, rom saqarTvelos hqonda saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis istoriuli ufleba. igi asabuTebda rom 1783 wels saqarTvelom, rogorc damoukidebelma saxelmwifom, gaaforma
xelSekruleba
ruseTis
imperiasTan.
georgievskis
traqtatis pirobiT, saqarTvelos unarCundeboda saxelmwifoebrioba. 1801 wels ruseTma ukanonod gaauqma
qarTuli saxelmwifo da amiT daarRvia saerTaSoriso
samarTali. amitom qarTvel xalxs hqonda istiriuli
ufleba – saerTaSoriso samarTlis mxardaWeriT –
aRedgina sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba da mas unda
ebrZola am mimarTulebiT.
v. CerqeziSvilma icoda rom evropelebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv aqtebs.
man
gadawyvita
saqarTveloSi
moemzadebina
samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, romelsac xels moawerdnen
85
qveynis yvela fenis mowinave warmomadgenlebi da es dokumenti gadaeca haagis samSvidobo konferenciisaTvis,
romelic 1907 wels agvistosaTvis iyo dagegmili. aqciis mizani iyo saerTaSoriso politikuri elitis winaSe
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxis aqtualizacia. am mizniT v. CerqeziSvili 1906-1907 wlebSi
samSobloSi Camovida da energiul saqmianobas Seudga.
man giorgi gvazavasTan erTad moamzada qarTveli
xalxis peticiis teqsti, romelsac ramdenime aTasi mowinave qarTveli awerda xels. dokumenti misive megobari ingliseli moRvaweebis daxmarebiT gadaeca haagis
samSvidobo konferenciis monawile delegaciebs.
saerTaSoriso forums marTalia dRis wesrigSi ar
Seutania saqarTvelos peticia, magram igi dasavleT
evropisa da amerikis qveynebis Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynda da didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. pirvelad daisva
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso forumze. qarTvelebi brals sdebdnen ruseTis
xelisuflebas, romelmac ukanonod gaauqma qarTuli saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos da dasavleTs
sTxovdnen aRedgina samarTali. rogorc Tavad CerqeziSvili aRniSnavda: _ ,,pirvelad iyo rom qveynierebam
saqarTveloze dailaparaka”10.160
dabolos, v. CerqeziSvilis moRvaweobis kidev erTi
Strixi. 1893 wlis 23 ivniss, ilia WavWavaZis ,iveriis”
furclebze daibeWda londonidan gamogzavnili werili
saTauriT:
,,xvna-Tesvisa
da
meurneobis
sakiTxi
inglisSi”. werils xels awerda vinme ,,W. Vasiani”. bevrma
ra Tqma unda ar icoda, rom aRniSnuli fsevdonimiT,
,,iveriaSi” werilebis gamoqveyneba daiwyo londonSi
mcxovrebma emigrantma, msoflioSi saxelganTqmulma
anarqistma da rac mTavaria – ruseTis imperiis upirvelesma mterma da moZulem v. CerqeziSvilma. am dRidan,
1893-1902 wlebSi, ,,iveriaSi” qarTveli anarqistis asamde
werili, statia, feletoni, serialebi gagrZelebebiT da
86
a.S. gamoqveynda. SemdgomSi, 1902-1904 wlebSi qarTveli
emigrantis werilebis beWdva ganagrZo gazeTma ,,cnobis
furcelma".
bunebrivia, daismeba kiTxva: CerqeziSvili _ ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis mier devnili da imperiisTvis
erT-erT saSiS mtrad iyo gamocxadebuli, ratom daayena
sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari gazeTi, ilia WavWavaZem
safrTxis qveS; ram ganapiroba ilia WavWavaZisa da
varlam CerqeziSvilis – am ori srulad gansxvavebuli
pirovnebis urTierTndoba da riskis Semcveli megobroba. kargadaa cnobili, rom ilia ar swyalobda revolucias da revolucionerebs.
revolucionerebTan aseTi frTxili damokidebulebis miuxedavad, ilia yvelaze ukidures revolucionerad miCneul anarqists, asamde werils uqveynebs Tavis
,,iveriaSi” da ar erideba aSkara safrTxes – xelisufleba Tu dainteresdeba da ,,W. Vasiani”-s pirovnebas
daadgens, ,,iverias” maSinve daxuraven. yvelafris miuxedavad, iliam mainc, rogorc ityvian, – gariska da mxari
dauWira v. CerqeziSvilis proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis
brZolaSi, georgievskis traqtatze dayrdnobiT – istoriuli uflebis faqtoris gamoyenebas, saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi institutebis mxardaWeris mopovebis
gziT. man igrZno, rom saqarTvelos politikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxis popularizaciaSi CerqeziSvilis saerTaSoriso avtoritets, didi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZlo.
kidev iyo erTi garemoeba, ramac ilias, v. CerqeziSvilis ,,iveriaSi” TanamSromloba gadaawyvetina. ilia
da didi qarTveli Tergdaleulebi, saqarTvelos evropeizaciis propagandistebi iyvnen. maTi ocneba da mizani,
socialur-ekonomikurad, kulturula-inteleqtualurad
da politikurad – evropul sistemaze gardaqmnili saqarTvelo gaxldaT. v. CerqeziSvilis ,,iveriis” mkiTxve87
lebisTvis unda gaecno yvelaferi evropisa da gansakuTrebiT _ inglisis Sesaxeb. da marTlac, Tu mkiTxveli CerqeziSvilis qarTul presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis Tundac saTaurebs gadaavlebs Tvals, aq yvelafers naxavs maSindeli erT-erTi mowinave qveynis,
inglisis Sesaxeb – mis werilebSi saubaria didi britaneTis istoriis, politikuri cxovrebis, partiebis,
parlamentis, moRvaweebis, soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobis, finansebis, biznesis, koloniebis, mwerlobis,
mxatvrobis, xelovnebis, qalaqebis, moqalaqeebis, geografiis, klimatis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. am werilebiT v.
CerqeziSvili gvevlineba, rogorc pirvelxarisxovani
evropeisti publicisti da popularizatori, romelsac
surs Tavisi samSoblo ixilos iseTive mdidari, dawinaurebuli, mSromeli, disciplinirebuli, Semoqmedi, moazrovne, mSenebeli, kulturuli, Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da momavalze orientirebuli, rogoric inglisi
da ingliselebi arian11.161
varlam CerqeziSvils mcire xniT ausrulda
cxovrebiseuli ocneba, roca damoukidebel saqarTveloSi Camovida da cxovrobda Tavis frang meuRlesTan
fridasTan erTad. 1921 wlis aprilSi man kvlav Tavis
emigrantul da amjerad ukanasknel navTsayudars
londons miaSura da iq gardaicvala 1925 wels. ukanaskneli Canafiqris ganxorcieleba _ mogonebebis dawera, man ver moaswro, romelic albaT erT-erTi saintereso da unikaluri iqneboda qarTul memuaristikaSi.
2. mixako wereTeli
mixako wereTeli daibada 1878 wels Sorapnis
mazraSi.
swavlobda
odesis
uniersitetis
bunebismetyvelebis
fakultetze,
magram
revoluciuri
moRvaweobis gamo igi daapatimres da odesa daatovebines. Semdeg swavlobda kievis universitetSi, Tumca
isev revolucionerobis gamo, miatova universiteti da
sazRvargareT wavida. evropaSi igi moRvaweobda berli88
nisa da briuselis universitetebSi. msoflioSi cnobili asiriologi gardaicvala 1965 wels q. miunxenSi.
m. wereTeli adre anarqizmiT iyo gatacebuli, ris
Sesaxebac igi aRniSnavs Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ ,,eri
da kacobrioba” (Tb., 1910), romelmac mas didi aRiareba
moutana. igi aRniSnuli naSromis winasityvaobaSi wers:
,,mec viyavi erTxel gatacebuli socializmisa da
kerZod, anarqizmis diadi idealiTa, romelic aris mTeli kacobriobis gardaqmna da sruliad axal safexurze damyareba misi coxvrebisa”12.162
rogorc vxedavT, m. wereTeli aRniSnul naSromSi
anarqizmisadmi simpaTias amJRavnebs. Tumca cota zemoT, avtori laparakobs gatacebaze _ ,,ukiduresi da
ukeTilSobilesi ideebiT”. laparakobs, agreTve, fanatikosebze, romlebic msgavs idealebs ,,acxoveleben”.
Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom m. wereTlis
azriT, ,,rodesac ideali Rrma rwmenad iqceva, _ siyvarulis sagnad, _ igi kritikas gaurbis”13,163maSin imTaviTve misi eWvi anarqizmisadmi cxadi gaxdeba.
m. wereTlis Ria Tu faruli eWvi anarqizmisadmi
kargad Cans mis sxvadasxva mosazrebaSi. sanimuSod SevexoT m. wereTlis Sexedulebas qarTvelTa mavne Cvevebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, qarTvelebs axasiaTebT brma
mimbaZveloba, sxvaTa azris ukritikod miReba, sulac
ar fiqroben esa Tu is Teoria Seesabameba Tu ara Cven
Cvevebsa da tradiciebs da sxv. am mimarTebiT igi Tavis
Secdomazec aRniSnavs: ,,diax rogorc zemoT vambobdi,
erTxel mec Sevscure aseT morevSi... jer marqsis,
engelsisa da kauckisa, merme bakuninisa, kropotkinisa
da reklius idealebi da Teoriebi TiTqmis sarwmunoebis simbolod mimaCdnen, Tumca am ukanasknelT ufro
kritikulad veqcodi”14.164
marTalia aq kargad Cans m. wereTlis kritikuli
damokidebuleba anarqizmisadmi, magram es jer kidev ar
niSnavs, rom mas ukve kavSiri gawvetili aqvs aRniSnul
89
mimdinareobasTan. es kargad Cans misi im Sexedulebidan, romelic mas parizsa da JenevaSi mogzaurobidan
Camouyalibda: ,,kai xnis anarqisti viyavi, roca parizSi
da JenevaSi Tval-yurs vadevnebdi aseT movlenebs. social-demokratiulma socializmma ver mimizida, radganac Cemi ideali ufro maRali iyo da anarqizmi ufro
makmayofilebda. igi ukeT swyvetda adamianis pirovnebisa da adamianTa sazogadoebrivi organizaciis problemebs”15.165
aq bunebrivia kiTxva: riT iyo gamowveuli, Tundac
garkveuli droiT, iseTi Rrma safuZvliani mecnieris
da erovnuli idealebiT gamsWvaluli swavlulisTvis,
rogoric iyo m. wereTeli aseTi interesi anarqizmisadmi?
safiqralia, rom axalgazrda m. wereTeli, romelic gatacebuli iyo socialisturi ideebiT, swored
anarqizmSi xedavda sakuTari miswrafebebis xorcSesxmas. arc isaa gamoicxuli, rom misi mxridan anarqizmisadmi simpaTia garkveulwilad ganpirobebuli iyo
marqsizmisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT.
igi werda, rom marqsizmi Tavisi kerZo SovinizmiT,
sxva erTa uflebebis ugulebelyofiTa da agreTve,
dogmatizmiT, misTvis miuRebeli iyo.
anarqizmisadmi es simpaTiebi m. wereTels garkveuli drois Semdeg gaunelda, dainaxa, rom am moZraobaSic fanatizmsa da dogmatizms myarad hqonda fexi mokidebuli. wereTelma kargad dainaxa, rom anarqistebs,
iseve rogorc socialistebs erovnuli problematika,
miT umetes, qarTuli, arafrad uRirdaT16.166
m. wereTelma isic SeniSna, rom anarqistebi, gansakuTrebiT
rusebi,
erovnuli
problematikisadmi
,,gulgrilni” arian, mxolod maSin, roca saqme Seexeba
sxva eris satkivars. sinamdvileSi ki im zogadi Sexedulebebis paralelurad isini sakuTari eris interesebs emsaxurebian. am garemoebiT wereTeli gakvirvebu90
li iyo, rac mas anarqistuli moZraobis mimarT eWvs
aRuZravda. Tumca im droisTvis igi ver idga myar poziciaze da sakmarisi iyo inglisSi gacnoboda
msoflio anarqizmis liders p. kropotkins (1842-1921),
rom misi imedgacrueba anarqizmis mimarT optimizmiT
Secvliliyo.
aq aRniSnuli imis naTeli dadasturebaa, rom m. wereTeli, romelic misive aRniSvniT, erT dros gatacebuli iyo anarqizmiT, am sakiTxSi araTanmimdevrulia.
m. wereTeli aRiarebda da did pativs scemda gamoCenil qarTvel anarqistsa da mravalmxriv moRvawes
v. CerqeziSvils. es naTlad Cans im Sedarebisas, rasac
mimarTavs wereTeli kropotkins, rekliusa da CerqeziSvils Soris. igi CerqeziSvils aqebs imisTvis, rom
masTan gamokveTilia eris problematika da am pozicias igi Tanmimdevrulad icavs. maSin, roca arc ,,...kropotkinsa da arc reklius sistematurad ar gaurkveviaT cnebani erisa, kacobriobisa, eris uflebisa da
internacionalizmisa”17.167
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom erT xans m. wereTlisTvis anarqizmi iyo is saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac igi rusebis centralur Sovinizmsa da Sovinistur internacionalizms ebrZoda.
saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli m. wereTeli agrZelebs anarqizmisadmi erTgulebas da propagandas uwevs
mis ideebs. Tumca mis am damokidebulebaSi winaaRmdegobac Cans. igi erTi mxriv did imeds amyarebs
anarqizmze da amave dros qveynad mimdinare procesebs
miiCnevs bunebrivad. gamodis, rom risTvisac ibrZoda
igi, es isedac xdeboda, bunebrivad. amas aRiarebiT ki,
nebsiT Tu uneblied, m. wereTlis Sexedulebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modis erTmaneTTan.
m. wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi anarqizms erTi arc Tu
ise umniSvnelo monakveTi uWiravs da igi misi moRvaweobis sawyis periods miekuTvneba. Tu ra adgili ekava
91
mis SemoqmedebaSi anarqizms, amaze amomwurav pasuxs
TviTonve eZleva, roca aRniSnavs, rom erT dros isic
iyo gatacebuli anarqizmis ,,diadi idealebiT”. rakiRa
m. wereTeli mis interess anarqizmis sakiTxebisadmi
,,gatacebad” Tvlis, unda vivaraudoT, rom sakuTriv
igi SemdgomSi amas did mniSvnelobas aRar aniWebda.
amis
miuxedavad,
m.
wereTelis
mosazrebebi
anarqizmis idealebze mas ufro aaxloebs v. CerqeziSvilTan, romlisTvisac erovnuli sakiTxi TviT iseTi araerovnuli msoflmxedvelobis SigniT, rogoric
anarqizmia, mTavari iyo.
m. wereTlis anarqizmis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa qarTul mecnierebaSi. zogierTi Tvlis, rom man
daZlia anarqizmi, zogierTi piriqiT _ ver daZlia. SeiZleba ase mkveTrad sakiTxis dayeneba arc iyos gamarTlebuli,
Tumca
wereTlis
Sexedulebebi
anarqizmze ori aucilebeli daskvnis safuZvels iZleva:
1. wereTlis anarqizmze Sexedulebebi Sinagan winaaRmdegobebs Seicavs da araTanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.
2. anarqizmis mTavari principis sawinaaRmdegod, m.
wereTeli wina planze ayenebs erovnul problematikas.
m. wereTlis Semoqmedeba filosofiisTvis sxva saintereso sakixebsac Seicavs, romlebic amave wignis
sxva TavebSia ganxiluli.
$ 2. qarTuli anarqizmis radikaluri frTa
erovnuli orientacis qarTveli anarqistebis _ v.
CerqeziSvilisa da m. wereTlisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli anarqizmis meore jgufi, Zmebi _ giorgi (komando)
da Salva gogeliebi mkveTri radikalizmiT gamoirCeodnen. rogorc erTi, ise meore mxars uWerda terors,
saxelmwifo gadatrialebas, gaficvebs, kritikulad
92
iyvnen ganwyobili xelisuflebisa da parlamentizmis
mimarT da a.S. amasTan, maTTvis ucxo iyo erovnuli sakiTxi.
1. g. gogelia (1878-1924). g. gogelias Sexedulebebi
ZiriTadad gadmocemulia misive redaqtorobiT gamomaval JurnalSi _ ,,Хлеб и Воля” da k. orgeianis fsevdoniT gamoqveynebul naSromSi _ ,,kritika social demokratiisa” (1908).
dasaxelebul JurnalSi g. gogeliam gamoaqveyna
statia _ ,,Cveni politikis xasiaTis Sesaxeb”, romelic
Jurnalis ramdenime nomerSi ibeWdeboda. am statiaSi
igi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs klasobriv brZolas, romelzec SeiZleba dafuZndes ,,mizandasaxuli revoluciuri taqtika”18.168avtorisayvedurobs social-revolucionerebs, ufro sworad socialistebs, romlebic ar
erTguleben klasTa brZolas.
g. gogelia am mimarTebiT kritikis qarcecxlSi
atarebs uklebliv yvela saparlamento partias, romelTac daviwyebuli aqvT klasTa brZola da misi
arsi, TanamSromloben burJuaziul partiebTan. am
mxriv anarqistuli partia erTaderTia, romelic
klasTa brZolis erTgulia, ar Sedis urTierTobaSi
burJuaziul partiebTan da ebrZvis maT.
g. gogelia uaryofiTad afasebs, saerTod parlaments, mas miiCnevs arafris maqnisad, romelsac ar SeuZlia damoukideblad raimis gakeTeba da amis nimuSad
mohyavs safrangeTis parlamenti19.169
g. gogelias SexedulebebSi mTavari Tema terorizmia. igi teroris Zirebs Soreul warsulSi xedavs,
kerZod, im droidan, roca sazogadoeba or nawilad _
mdidrebad da Raribebad gaiyo.
terors, g. gogelia relvolucias ukavSirebda,
masze uaris Tqma, revoluciisadmi Ralatad miaCnda.
teroris oTx saxes gamoyofs g. gogelia: individualuri, fabrikuli, agraluri da masobrivi20.170
93
g. gogelias teroris mTavar daniSnulebad miaCnia _ Zaladobis gamo xelisuflebis daSantaJeba. misi azriT, roca tirans klaven ara misi axali tiraniT
Secvlis mizniT, aramed klaven rogorc tirans, amas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs. mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs am aqtis
propagantistuli xasiaTi.
g. gogelia exeba, agreTve, mSromelTa gaficvebs,
muSebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebs, reformebs
da sxv. Tumca es mas xels ar uSlis bolomde uerTgulos anarqistul idealebs21.171
naSromSi _ ,,kritika social-demokratiisa”, romelic rogorc ukve aRiniSna, k. orgeianis fsevdonimiT
gamoqveynda, g. gogelia kvlav ganixilavs gaficvis
mniSvnelobas da exeba, agreTve, politikur partiebs.
misi azriT, politikuri partiebi mxolod sakuTari
miznisTvis ibrZvian da sulac ar anaRvlebT xalxis
bedi. amitomac proletariati TviTon und aiyo sakuTari bedis, momavlis baton-patroni. am miznis misaRwevad
ki unda mimarTos gaficvebs, revolucias22.172
radikalurad ganwyobili anarqisti g. gogeliasTvis umTavresi amocanaa saxelmwifos gauqmeba,
radganac misi azriT, ,,vidre saxelmwifosa da kapitalis uReli arsebobs, proletariati mxolod erT
ucvlel taqtikas unda adges _ ngrevis taqtikas”23.173
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom g. gogeliasTvis srulad miuRebelia xelisuflebisTvis brZolis yovelgvari demokratiuli saSualeba da yvela eseni mas
Tavis motyuebad miaCnia. misTvis misaRebia mxolod
brZola saxelmwifos sruli mospobisTvis.
2. S. gogelia. Salva gogelia Tavis ZmasTan giorgi
gogeliasTan
erTad
cxovrobda
JenevaSi,
dabrunda saqarTveloSi da daarsa anarqistuli gazeTi ,,xma”, romlis ramdenime nomeri gamovida. moRvaweobda quTaisSi.
94
saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli S. gogelia TanamSromlobda gamocemebSi _ ,,nobaTi”, ,,muSa” da ,,xma”.
S. gogelias ekuTvnis naSromebi: ,,Cveni mtrebi da
megobrebi” (1902), ,,dialeqtikis kritika” (1906) da ,,kritika social-federalizmisa” (1908).
,,dialeqtikis kritikaSi” S. gogelia akritikebs
hegelis dialeqtikas da am sakiTxSi igi erTgvarad v.
CerqeziSvilis momxred gvevlineba. misi danarCeni ori
naSromi anarqistuli xasiaTisaa24.174
pirvel naSromSi, romelic 1902 wels gamoaqveyna,
S. gogelia ixilavs social-politikur, religiur da
sxva sakiTxebs. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, aTeisturi poziciebidan akritikebs RmerTis cnebas, samebas da a.S.25175
S. gogelia am naSromSi kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebs saxelmwifos, parlaments, eklesias, batons,
ojaxs26.176
S. gogelia aseve ixilavs xalxis megobrebs da
aseTad mas miaCnia: is adamianebi, romlebic xalxis Tavisuflebas qadegeben, isini vinc ebrZvian usamarTlobas, iZulebiT muSaobas, uzneobas da a.S. aseve xalxis
megobrebad ver CaiTvlebian is politikuri partiebi,
romlebic ar ibrZvian xalxis keTildReobisTvis da
sxva da sxva xerxebiT cdiloben saxelmwifos xelSi
Cagdebas27.177
S. gogelias saboloo daskvna xalxis megobrebze
aseTia: xalxis megobrebi arian isini ,,visac miaCnia,
rom anarqia aris saboloo gadawyveta, yvela socialuri kiTxvebisa, romlis Semdegac daiwyeba ankara, mudam
mozomili nakaduli socialisturi cxovrebisa”28.178
anarqizmis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili S. gogelias
meore naSromi ,,kritika social-federalizmisa” (1908),
SeiZleba iTqvas ufro daxvewli da logikuria. eWvgareSea, rom pirveli naSromis gamoqveynebidan meores
gamoqveynebamde eqvs wlian monakveTs tyuilad ar Cauvlia. am periodSi avtori ufro CauRrmavda misTvis
95
saintereso sakiTxebs da naSromi ufro soliduri gamovida. Tuki pirvel naSroms publicisturi elferi
dakravs, meores Tavisuflad SeiZleba akademiurobis
pretenzia hqondes.
am naSromSi S. gogelia, iseve rogorc misi Zma giorgi, saxelmwifos arsebobis winaaRmdegia, mas miiCnevs
saziano meqanizmad CagrulTaTvis. saxelmwifoze Tavis
pozicias S. gogelia ayalibebs am sakiTxze social-federalistebis Tvalsazrisis kritikis safuZvelze. igi
ar
iziarebs
social-federalistebis
pozitiur
Tvalsazriss saxelmwifoze, kerZod: is, rom saxelmwifo xalxs _ farTo masebsac sWirdebaT, saxelmwifo
xels uwyobs kulturis ayvavebas, rom igi sulac ar
aris ekonomikuri batonobis iaraRi da a.S.29179
S. gogelia sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis da ganviTarebis arszec saubrobs. aq ori mTavari xazia _ sasuliero da saero, rac damaxasiaTebelia feodaluri
epoqisTvis. es aris erTgvari dualizmi. burJuaziuli
sazogadoebisTvis amgvari dualizmi araa damaxasiaTebeli, aq es ori xazi gaerTianda da Camoyalibda ganuyofeli saxelmwifo30.180
S. gogelia ar eTanxmeba im azrs, romelic raime
formiT saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pozitiur azrs gamoTqvams. am mimarTebiT igi akritikebs social-federalistebs. misi azriT, social-demokratebsa da socialfederalistebs saxelmwifos SenarCuneba undaT. es
imis gamo, rom proletarul sxaelmwifos SenarCuneba
unda gabatonebulTa asalagmavad. maSasadame, kvlav
iqneba SenarCunebuli saxelwifo da revolucias araferi Sedegi ar moutania.
iseve rogorc g. gogelia, S. gogeliac winaaRmdegia parlamentisa da parlamentarizmis, parlamentis
meSveobiT wesrigis damyareba da samarTlianobis
aRdgena Tavis motyuebaa da meti araferi.
96
S. gogelia ufro Sors midis da parlaments
Cagvris iaraRad miiCnevs. igi qmnis kanonebs da swored
kanonebis meSveobiT axSobs Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebas. misi azriT, burJuaziam Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad parlamenti SemoiRo. is aris Cagvris
iaraRi31.181
kritikas ver uZlebs S. gogelias Tvalsazrisi
saqarTvelos avtonomiaze. misi azriT, Tu es ganxorcieldeba, maSin avtonomiuri saxelmwifo da misi Sesabamisi mTavroba saqarTveloSi, burJuaziis xelSi igive
Zaladobis iaraRi iqneba mSromeli xalxis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad32.182
S. gogeliasTvis aseve miuRebelia social-federalistebis Tvalsazrisi kulturasTan erovnuli sakiTxebis dakavSirebaze. misTvis kultura proletariatis monapovaria. miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos gaqrobasTan erTad gaqreba erovnuli sakiTxic. erovnuli
sakiTxi S. gogeliasTvis miuRebelia imis gamoc, rom
igi gamoricxavs klasTa brZolas da socialur movlenebTan dakavSirebiT kidev sxva sakiTxebs.
aRniSnul naSromSi S. gogelia sxvadasxva sakiTxebs kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. magaliTad, igi
naSromis dasawyisSi, Semdeg da dasasruls, ixilavs
saxelmwifos sakiTxs, Tumca axals arafers ambobs da
saxelmwifos
gauqmebas
aucileblad
miiCnevs.
es
anarqizmis, miT umetes misi radikaluri frTisTvis,
romlis warmomadgeneladac unda CaiTvalos S. gogelia, amosavali debulebaa.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi anarqizmi im TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rom erTi
frTis warmomadgenelTaTvis (v. CerqeziSvili, m. wereTeli) anarqistul ideebTan erTad erovnuli sakiTxi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, meore frTis warmomadgenelTaTvis (Zmebi gogeliebi), erovnuli sakiTxi
ignorebulia da mwvane Suqi enTeba reaqciul ideebs
97
(terori, xelisuflebis ZladobiT damxoba, demokratiis elementaruli normebis uaryofa da a.S.).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anarqizms mTlianobaSi
qarTul sinamdvileSi raime realuri gavlena ar hqonia, imis miuxedavad, rom maT ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen
iseTi didi masStabis Teoretikosi, rogoric iyo v.
CerqeziSvili da msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieri m.
wereTeli.
98
mesame Tavi
filosofiis sagani da meTodi
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis
erT-erT centralur sakiTxs filosofiis sagnis
problema warmoadgens. am mimarTulebiT S. nucubiZe
pirveli
iyo,
romelmac
sakuTari
filosofiuri
koncefciis SemuSavebis procesSi gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. igi uwinaresad ebrZvis
im koncefcias, romelic filosofiis sagans SemecnebiT Semofarglavs. Semecneba, aRniSnavs igi, sinamdvilis mxolod erTi nawilia da ara mTeli sinamdvile.
filosofia ki swored mTels exeba.
S. nucubiZis mixedviT filosofiasa da specialur mecnierebaTa Soris kavSiri aucilebelia. magram
misTvis miuRebelia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT
filosofia axdens `ganzogadebas umaRles ganzogadebaTa~1,183rom filosofiis sagania specialuri mecnierebis `zogad debulebaTa umaRlesi ganzogadeba~. Tu filosofia sxva araferia, garda am mecnierebaTa Sedegebis ganzogadebisa, maSin, S. nucubiZis azriT, filosofiis damoukideblobis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia,
filosofia damokidebuli iqneba specialur mecnierebebze. filosofiis sagnis amgvari gageba, amtkicebs
igi, istoriul sinamdvilebs ewinaaRmdegeba: filosofia mecnierebis calkeul dargebze adre Camoyalibda.
filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa urTierTobis zemoaRniSnuli koncefciis safuZvelze sruliad
gaugebari iqneba filosofiis arseboba specialur
mecnierebebamde.
Tvalsazrisi, romelsac S. nucubiZe akritikebs,
pozitivisturia. es is droa, rodesac pozitivizmis
axali etapi, e. w. `mesame pozitivizmi~ yalibdeba da mi99
si liderebi filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa
swored im gagebas iziareben, romelsac S. nucubiZe
akritikebs. filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb pozitivisturi
Tvalsazrisis nucubiZiseul kritikas dResac ar daukargavs mecnieruli mniSvneloba.
S. nucubiZe erTmaneTisagan mtkiced ganasxvavebs
filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa sagnebs.
`WeSmariteba filosofiis sagania~, amtkicebs igi.
mecniereba ki swavlobs ara WeSmaritebas saerTod,
aramed `WeSmarit sagans~. an kidev: `mecniereba arkvevs
WeSmarit sagnebs, filosofia _ WeSmaritebas~2.184es imas
niSnavs, rom `filosofia arkvevs mecnierebis mier
miRweuli WeSmaritebis problemebs~3.185filosofiis sagania WeSmariteba TavisTavad, rogorc arsebulis
garkveuloba. `faqtze danarTi, mis bunebaze warmatebuli momenti garkveulobisa aris Semecnebis sagani, romelsac Cven vuwodebT WeSmaritebas TavisTavad~4186TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb S. nucubiZis moZRvrebas WeSmaritebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilavT; amJamad ki imis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebiT,
rom filososfiis sagnad S. nucubiZe Tvlis sinamdvilis uzogades kanonzomierebas, xolo Semecnebis
sagnad _ WeSmaritebas TavisTavad.
filosofiis
sagans
exeba
k.
baqraZec.
igi
aRniSnavs, rom istoriulad filosofia yvela mecnierebas moicavda, romelsac Semdgom specialuri (kerZo)
mecnierebani gamoeyo, romelTac sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebi gainawiles; amis Semdeg filosofia
TiTqos usagnod darCa. `amis miuxedavad arsebobs erTi
sagani, romelsac arc erTi konkretuli mecniereba ar
swavlobs _ aseTia TviTon Semecneba, rogorc sagani~5.187konkretuli (specialuri) mecnierebani materiis
moZraobis calkeul formebs swavlobs. `magram TviTon
Semecneba,
rogorc
arsebuli
faqti,
moiTxovs
100
Seswavlas... amitom sakiTxi unda daisvas saerTod Semecnebis Sesaxeb~6.188
yvela mecnierebas, amtkicebs k. baqraZe, Tavisi
kanonebi aqvs. specialuri mecnierebani imecneben sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebis kanonebs. `magram kanonis cnebis garkveva scildeba am mecnierebis sferos~.
aseve mecnierebaSi iyeneben mizezobriobis cnebas. specialuri mecnierebani ikvlevs TavianTi obieqtebis mizezebs. `magram Tu ra aris mizezobrioba, es misi
kvlevis farglebs gareT rCeba~. mecnieri mizezobriobis cnebaSi garkvevul Sinaarss gulisxmobs. `magram es
Sinaarsi sruliadac ar aris misi specialuri kvlevis
Sedegi; is am cnebas da mis Sinaarss sesxulobs romelime filosofiuri Teoriidan, Tundac arc iyos
mTlianad garkveuli, Tu ra filosofiiT xelmZRvanelobs igi~7.189is fizikosebi, romlebic mizezobriobis
sakiTze muSaoben, `arsebiTad amuSaveben filosofiis
da ara fizikis sakiTxebs~.
aseve iTqmis WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb. yvela mecnierebas WeSmariteba ainteresebs, magram WeSmaritebis bunebas mxolod filosofia swavlobs da ara specialuri
mecnierebani. sabolood k. baqraZe daaskvnis, rom `Semecneba, mecnierebis procesi, _ ai, is sagani, romelsac
swavlobs filosofia. filosofia am azriT aris Semecnebis Teoria~8.190
es Tvalsazrisi gnoseologisturia, magram k.
baqraZe
cdilobs
ar
darCes
gnoseologizmis
farglebSi. amitom igi msjelobas ganagrZobs Semecnebis sagnis gamorkvevis mimarTulebiT. igi gveubneba,
rom Semecnebis sagani cnobierebis gareSe arsebobs;
amitom unda gadawydes sakiTxi, Seesabameba Tu ara Semecneba Sesacnob sagans. Tu aseTi Sesabamisoba ar
arsebobs, maSin Semecnebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia.
`namdvili, mecnieruli Semecneba, _ amtkicebs k.
baqraZe, _ aucilebeli xasiaTis matarebelia~. marTa101
lia, mecnierebaSi bevri ram sadavoa, magram kacobriobis mier SeZenil codnaSi bevri ram uryevia, romelsac
aucileblobis xasiaTi aqvs. ra aZlevs Cvens codnas
aucileblobas? xom ar aris es cnobierebaze damokidebuli? am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa gamovarkvioT
cnobierebisa da misi sagnis raoba, rac cnobierebisa
da yofierebis urTierTobis garkvevamde migviyvans.
amgvari kvleva ki mxolod filosofias SeuZlia, mis
kompetenciaSi Sedis da ara sxva romelime mecnierebisa.
kerZod, sakiTxi Seexeba imas, cnobierebis obieqtebi materialuria Tu idealuri? isini cnobierebis produqtebia, Tu maTgan damoukideblad arsebobs? es sakiTxi mxolod filosofiam unda gadawyvitos da ara
romelime sxva mecnierebam.
codnis obieqturobis safuZvlad k. baqraZe obieqturi sinamdvilis arsebobas Tvlis. `codna, Semecneba,
romelsac aqvs pretenzia obieqtur xasiaTze, arafriT
ar aixsneba, garda obieqturi sinamdvilisa~9.191
filosofia, k. baqraZis azriT, ar wyvets da verc
gadawyvets specialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebs. magram
filosofia specialur mecnierebaTa meTodologias
warmoadgens, vinaidan specialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebis gadawyveta damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra filosofiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs esa Tu is mecnieri, rogor
esmis mas kanonis, WeSmaritebis, mizezobriobis da a.S.
cnebebi.
filosofiis sagnad xSirad miCneulia sinamdvilis ganviTarebis uzogadesi kanonebi. gabriel baCulaSivli am uzogadesi kanonebis bunebas ikvlevs. uzogadesi, _ amtkicebs igi, _ ewodeba arsis uzogades
gansazRvrulobebs, romlis magaliTebia dialeqtikis
kanonebi da kategoriebi. amitom uzogadesis cnebas igi
dialeqtikis kanonebisa da kategoriebis magaliTebze
ganixilavs. vinaidan kategoriaTa ricxvi usasruloa,
102
amitom g. baCulaSvili am usasrulo ricxvis kategoriebidan irCevs zogadisa da aucileblobis kategoriebs.
es kategoriebi specialur mecnierebebSic Taviseburad
figurirebs. amitom uzogadesi kategoriebis bunebis
garkveva saerTod filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa urTierTobis garkvevas niSnavs.
filosofiuri principebis uzogadesoba,amtkicebs
g. baCulaSvili, maTi mniSvnelobis uzogadesobas
niSnavs. maTi mniSvnelobis aucilebloba ki logikuri
aucileblobis safuZvelze mtkicdeba, rac filosofiis pirvelsawyisi principis dialeqtikur-logikur kriteriums warmoadgens.
g. baCulaSvili miuTiTebs uzogadesis niSnebze:
sayovelTao mniSvneloba, upirobo aucilebloba, arsis
arsebobis sayovelTao garkveuloba, logikuri dasabuTebadoba da sxv. es niSnebi, misi azriT, SeiZleba erT
gansazRvrebaSi gaerTiandes: uzogadesi aris arsis
arsebobis `uzogadesi da upirobo-aucilebeli garkveuloba (forma, wesi), romelic dasabuTebad principSi
gamoixateba~10.192
arsis uzogadesi gansazRvrebani (formebi, wesebi),
g. baCulaSvilis azriT, pirveli filosofiis sagans
warmoadgens. pirveli filosofia ki aris ontologia.
misi azriT, sxvadasxva filosofiur mimarTulebas, maTi
gansxvavebis miuxedavad, kvlevis saerTo sagani aqvs. magaliTad, platonisa da aristoteles diametrulad
gansxvavebuli moZRvrebebis sagania cvalebadoba da
ucvleloba, materialurisa da idealuris erTianoba,
arseba da movlena, erTi da mravali, arsi da ararsi da
a. S. aseve iTqmis yvela filosofiur mimarTulebaze.
is uzogadesi, romelic yvela filosofiur
sistemas exeba, pirveli filosofiis sagania. magram am
saerTo sagnis arseboba maT gansxvavebas ar gamoricxavs, vinaidan es filosofiuri mimarTulebani am
saerTo sagans sxvadasxvagvarad moiazrebs. magaliTad,
103
Tu am uzogadesis gansazRvrulobebs mxolod cnobierebis formebze gamoviyenebT, maSin gnoseologizms miviRebT. aseTi iyo kantis filosofia. magram erTi da
igive sagnis es gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi am sagans ar auqmebs. erTi da igive sagnis sxvadasxva gagebas
sxvadasxvagvari
msoflmxedvelobis
arseboba
iwvevs. amitom yvela filosofiuri mimarTulebis saerTo saganze laparki SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu filosofiis msoflmxedvelobrivi momentebis abstraqcias movaxdenT. zogadobis
niSnis mixedviT, amtkicebs g. baCulaSvili, filosofiisa da specialuri mecnierebebis sagnebis gansxvaveba
SeuZlebelia, vinaidan zogadia specialur mecnierebaTa saganic. filosofiasa da specialur mecnierebebs
Soris arsebobs ara gvarsaxeobiTi damokidebuleba,
aramed uzogadesisa da kerZo (specialuri) zogadis
damokidebuleba. filosofiis sagania uzogadesi, specialuri mecnierebisa ki kerZo (specialuri) zogadi, xolo specialuri filosofiuri disciplinbisa _ iseTi
specialuri zogadi, romelic uzogadesTan erTianobaSia. uzogadesia formaluri logikis kanonebic. magram
filosofiis uzogadesi formaluri logikis kanonebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom formaluri logikis kanonenebi uzogadesia mxolod sagnobriobis, logikuri
SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, maSin roca mis arseboba-ararsebobas yuradReba ar eqceva. filosofiis uzogadesi ki arseboba-ararsebobisadmi gulgrili ver
iqneba. amaSia maT Soris gansxvaveba.
filosofiis sagnis sakiTxs ikvlevda o. juRelic. misi azriT, filosofiis sagania `samyaro, rogorc mTeli~. igi wers: `filosofia... aris moZRvreba
samyaroze, rogorc mTelze, mis uzogades kavSirebze
da misi cvalebadobis uzogades kanonebze~11.193magram es
imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos igi iyos sinamdvilis
calkeuli sferoebis erTianoba. igi iseTi uzogadesi
104
kanonzomierebaa, romelic mTel sinamdviles aerTianebs. am uzogadesi kanonebis Semswavleli mecniereba
aris ontologia.
o. juReli icavs ontologiisa da gnoseologiis
ganuyrelobis Tvalsazriss. SeuZlebelia arsze msjeloba misi Semecnebis gareSe. amitom ontologiis
problemebis kvlevisas gnoseologiis problemebic
unda vigulisxmoT da piriqiT. aqedan isic gamomdinareobs, rom arsi da azri, cnobiereba da yofiereba
mWidro kavSirSia, rac ontologiuri kvlevis safuZvels qmnis.
filosofiur mecnierebas o. juReli kategoriebis
saSualebiT Semecnebad Tvlis. misi azriT, ontologia
da gneseologia Tanabari Rirebulebis filosofiuri
mecnierebania. `ar aris swori gnoseologiis gamocxadeba
dabali
rangis
specialur
filosofiur
disciplinad, rogorc amas Cadian ontologistebi
CvenSi; miT umetes ar arian swori gnoseologistebi,
romlebic savsebiT auqmeben ontologias, rogorc
mecnierebas da misi problematikis mogvarebis saqmes
gnoseologias akisreben~12.194
o. juRelma specialuri wigni miuZRvna idealuri
gnoseologiuri aspeqtis gamokvlevas, rac filosofiis sagnis problemasTan arsebiT kavSirSia. idealuris
cnebaSi mas cnobiereba, azris logikuri Sinaarsi
esmis da erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs idealuris ontologiursa da gnoseologiur aspeqtebs. ontologiuri
azriT, idealuri arsis sferos miekuTvneba da sxva
arsebulTagan, rogorc arsebuli, ar gansxvavdeba. idealuris gnoseologiuri aspeqtis qveS ki avtors esmis
cnobiereba, rogorc obieqturi sinamdvilis subieqturi saxe. amdenad, idealuri erTsa da imave dros subieqturic aris da obieqturic.
o. juReli mkacrad akritikebs im mimarTulebas,
romelsac idealuri fsiqo-fizikur (fsiqo-fiziologi105
ur) kanonzomierebaze dahyavs. mas miaCnia, rom `adamianis fsiqo-fizikuri organizacia SemecnebaSi uSualod
ar monawileobs~. amitom WeSmaritebis Semecnebis axsna
fsiqo-fizikuri kanonebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia.
`Tumca isini xels uwyoben am process, romelTa gareSe mecniereba SeuZlebeli iqneboda~. garda amisa,
amtkicebs, o. juReli, adamiani biosocialuri arsebaa
da misi codna praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi yalibdeba; es ki imas adasturebs, rom idealuris dayvana fsiqo-fizikur kanonzomierebaze SeuZlebelia.
o. juReli Tvlis, rom idealuri gnoseologiuri
TvalsazrisiT realatiuria ara mxolod imitom, rom
adamianSi arsebobs, aramed imitomac, rom ganicdis ra
fsiqo-fizikuri organizaciis gavlenas, igi mxolod
nawilobriv asaxavs Tavis sagans. misi Sinaarsi obieqturia, vinaidan igi obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvas
warmoadgens; magram es obieqturi Sinaarsi mocemulia
subieqtur formaSi. amrigad, ,,fardobiToba anu subieqturoba idealuris gnoseologiur daxasiaTebas mis
formas warmoadgens~. amasTanave idealuri, romlis
qveS ZiriTadad cnobiereba igulisxmeba aqtiuria, rac
imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi realuri sagnis idealur
saxes qmnis.
idealuris realurobas o. juReli imaSi xedavs,
rom `idealuri asaxva mTlianad ar emTxveva obieqtur
sinamdviles~13.195saerTod unda iTqvas, rom WeSmaritebis mecnierebas sakuTari kanonzomiereba aqvs da Semecnebis Teoriis sagans swored es kanonzomiereba Seadgens14.196
filosofiis sagnis problemis Semadgeneli nawilia filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa damokidebulobis sakiTxi. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnilia geno
cincaZis naSromebi: `filosofiisa da kerZoO mecnierebaTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb~ (Tb., 1973), `filosofiisa
da kerZo mecnierebaTa urTierTobis zogierTi sa106
kiTxi~ (statia krebulSi, `filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb~, rus. enaze) da sxv. am gamokvlevebSi g. cincaZe
amtkicebs, rom filosofiasa da kerZo (specialur)
mecnierebebs Soris mWidro, aucilebeli kavSiria. civilizaciis ganviTarebis pirvel safexurze adamianma,
uwinares yovlisa, gamoyenebiTi mecnieruli codna (meqanika, maTematika, medicina da sxv.) daagrova, vinaidan
am tipis codna mas yvelaze metad esaWiroeboda. filosofia ki ufro mogvianebiT _ gamoyenebiTi tipis mecnieruli codnis dagrovebis Sedegad warmoiSva, saxeldobr maSin, roca, specialur-mecnieruli codnis
sakmao maragi dagrovda sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomieris Sesamecneblad.
g. cincaZe akritikebs im azrs, rom kerZo mecnierebani filosofias gamoeyo. filosofia imTaviTve Seicavda kerZo mecnierebebs. mas miaCnda, rom `ar mtkicdeba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofia codnis yvela
dargs moicavda; piriqiT, filosofiuri da kerZo
mecnieruli codna sakmaod mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli~15.197
g. cincaZe erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa urTierTobis istoriul formebs.
1. is specialuri mecnierebni, romlebic filosofiamde warmoiSva, maTgan damoukideblad viTardeboda.
aseTia maTematika, meqanika, astronomia, medicina da sxv.
2. kerZoO mecnierebani filosofiaSi Sedioda, xolo Semdeg misgan gamoeyo da damoukidebloba SeiZina.
3. axal droSi Camoyalibebuli kerZo mecnierebani
(kibernetika, eleqtronika, informaciis Teoria da
sxv.), romlebic filosfiis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad warmoiSva.
4. TviTon filosofiaSi Semavali SedarebiT damoukidebeli filosofiuri mecnierebani (eTika, esTetika,
107
sociologia da sxv.), romlebic amJamad gamoyofis procesSi imyofeba.
amasTanave g. cincaZe Tvlis, rom specialuri
mecnierebani sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs filosofiuri
codnis CamoyalibebaSi imisda mixedviT, Tu ra filosofiuri sakiTxebi wydeba da ra filosofiuri procesebidan ganixileba am sakiTxebis gadawyveta. misi
azriT, filosofiis ganviTarebaze sazogadoebriv (humanitarul) mecnierebaze met gavlenas maTematikuri da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani axdens.
filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis urTierTobis sakiTxi zogadisa da kerZos urTierTobis meTologiuri poziciidan aixsneba. kerZo mecnierebani sinamdvilis zogad kanonebs swavlobs, filosofia ki
maTze damyarebiT Seiswavlis sinamdvilis uzogades
kanonzomierebas. `kerZo mecnierebani swavloben sinamdvilis calkuel sferoebs da adgenen maT maregulirebel kanonebs. magram amiT jer kidev ar Seimecneba
samyaro, rogorc mTlianoba, e. i. samyaros uzogadesi
kanonebi da mimarTebebi, romlebic warmoadgens filosofiis kvlevis obieqts16.198
avtori Tvlis, rom filosofias aqvs saerTo
niSnebi sazogadoebriv, bunebis, maTematikursa da gamoyenebiT mecnierebebTan. magram igi ar warmoadgens am
niSnebis konglomerats. filosofia sruliad damoukidebeli mecnierebaa. `misi sazogadoebriv mecnierebad
CaTvla, gvgonia, aferxebs im Taviseburebebis dadgenas,
romlebic gaaCnia filosofias~17.199
avtori asabuTebs filosofiis gavlenas specialur-mecnierul kvlevaze. mas miaCnia, rom Semecnebis
triumfuli ganviTareba, rac Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli, filosofiis gareSe SeuZlebeli
iqneboda.
filosofiis sagani a. begiaSvils anTropologiuri azriT esmis. igi wers: `filosofiuri kvlevis saga108
nia ara mxolod samyaro da misi kanonzomiereba, ise,
rogorc igi aris TavisTavad, aramed agreTve samyarosi da adamianis urTierToba~18.200filosofiis sagnis
amgvari gageba wiTel zolad gasdevs a. begiaSvilis
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas.
filosofiis sagani, amtkicebs a. begiaSvili, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sxva mecnierebaTaA sagnebisagan. bunebismetyveli Semecnebis procesSi mxolod gareT ixedeba, filosofia ki _ ara marto gareT, aramed SigniTac. es niSnavs, rom garegani sinamdvilis universaluri kanonebis kvlevis paralelurad azrovnebis, cnobierebis procesebsac ikvlevs.
aqedan avtori im daskvnamde midis, rom filosofia erTsa da imave dros msoflmxedvelobacaa da
mecnieruli condac. magram misi mecnieruloba specialur-mecnierul codnisagan gansxvavdeba. saxeldobr,
filosofiuri codnis mecnieruli xasiaTi imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad sworad esmis mas epoqis
moTxovnebi, ramdenad sworad asaxavs adamianis adgils
samyarosa da mocemul epoqaSi.
a. begiaSvili, Tvlis, rom Cven saukuneSi gaizarda filosofiis roli specialur-mecnieruli kvlevis sferoSi. aSkara gaxda filosofiis saWiroeba specialuri mecnierebebisaTvis. filosofia maTSi SeiWra.
am process a. begiaSvili `filosofiis eqspansias~ uwodebs. TviT teqnikur mecnirebebSic daibada sakiTxi moraluri faqtorebis Sesaxeb. ,,moraluri principebis
gaZliereba~
teqnikur
mecnierebaTa
ganviTarebis
Tanmdevia. mecnierebi msjeloben TavianTi moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis winaSe, gansakuTrebiT atomuri bombis arsebobis pirobebSi. bunebismetyveli fiqrobs misi kvlevis Sedegebis sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobaze. am SemTxvevaSi igi Tavis sferodan gadis da filosofosobs. es garemoeba erTxel kidev adasturebs filosofiis aucileblobas specialu109
ri mecnierebisaTvis. saboolod, avtori im daskvnamde
midis, rom filosofias didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia mecnierul-teqnikur revoluciis epoqaSi.
arCil begiaSvilis mier am statiaSi Camoyalibebuli ideebi ganviTarebuli saxiT warmosdga mis ukanasknel wignebSi: «О природе философского познания» (ТБ.‚
1989)‚ «Структура метафилософии» (ТБ.‚ 1993). amasTanave, am
or wigns avtori erT mTlian gamokvlevad Tvlida
saxeldobr, `metafilosofiis struqturas miiCnevda
1989 wels gamocemuli wignis `filosofiuri Semecnebis bunebis Sesaxeb~ gagrZelebad.
wignSi `filosofiuri Semecnebis bunebis Sesaxeb~
naCvenebia filosofiuri Semecnebis specifika, misi roli da mniSvneloba adamianis sulieri cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi. avtors miaCnda, rom `filosofiuri Semecnebis specifikis Seswavla samyarosTan adamianis mimarTebis ganxilviT unda daviwyoT~19.201amasTanave es
gamokvleva tardeba mTeli filoosfiis istoriis kritikuli gaazrebis safuZvelze. kerZod, avtori amtkicebs, rom filosofia aris is mecniereba, romelic yovelTvis, sxva mecnierebebze metad, awvdida sazogadoebas pasuxs saWirboroto kiTxvebze: ra adgili uWiravs
adamians samyaroSi? ra azri aqvs mis arsebobas da ra
cxovrebis wesi da mizezi unda airCios man, raTa
bednieri arseboba uzrunvelyos? es da sxva fundamenturi kiTxvebi mudam Tan sdevs adamians da maTze
pasuxis gacema mxolod filosofias SeuZlia.
avtori ganixilavs im `resursebs~, romlebic aqvs,
erTi mxriv, sinamdviles, rogorc Semecnebis obieqts,
da, meore mxriv, Semmecnebeli subieqtis cnobierebas.
pirvel mxaresTan dakavSirebiT avtori amtkicebs, rom
arsebobs sinamdvilis gansakuTrebuli sfero, arsis
specialuri fena, romlis wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod filosofiuri Semecnebis saSualebiT. filosofiuri Semecnebis specifikis Seswavlas
110
win unda uswrebdes samyarosTan adamianis mimarTebis
Seswavla. es mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos Teoriuli,
praqtikuli an emociuri. praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi miiReba gaadamianurebuli buneba. amasTanve `adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweoba, Teoriulze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, bevradaa damokidebuli mecnierul aRmoCenebze~20.202
adamianis urTierToba bunebasTan, amtkicebs avtori, saganTa samyaroSi iseT sferoebs, regionebs aRmoaCens, rogoricaa saganTa sruli arsi da gaadamianurebuli samyaro, rac saganTa sruli arsis safuZvelze
yalibdeba. meore mxriv, adamianis `polusze~ gvaqvs
adamianuri realoba, romelic yovelTvis `Riaa~ garesamyarosTan urTierTobisaTvis. swored es aris Semecnebis aucilebeli piroba da amosavali.
filosofiuri Semecneba aris arsis ara mxolod
zogierTi sferos Semecneba, aramed saerTod adamianis
mimarTeba
samyarosTan
da
TviTon
sinamdvilis
azrovbrivi realizaciac mxolod filosofiaSi SeiZleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gaadamianurebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. swored es gaadamianurebuli samyaroa
filosofiuri Semecnebis obieqti.
filosofiuri Semecnebis procesSi `sagnobriv polusze~ saqme gvaqvs samyarosTan, xolo `adamianur polusze~ _ subieqtTan. maT Soris urTierToba SeiZleba
damyardes komunikaciis iseTi saSualebiT, rogoricaa
ena. enis funqcionirebis poziciidan a. begiaSvili sam
moments gamoyofs: sagans, am sagnobriv suraTsa da
sityvas, rogorc gamosaxvis formas. enis funqcionirebis idealuri SemTxveva maSin gvaqvs, roca mocemulia
samive momenti. magram es yovelTvis arc SesaZlebelia,
arc sasurveli.
avtori laparakobs enis `kreacionul unarze~,
rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom ena qmnis obieqtisaTvis
arsebiT saxelebs. amasTanave, enis mier Seqmnili arse111
biTi saxelebi arsebebs, substanciebs hgavs. enis kreacionuli funqcia adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis aucilebelia21.203
a. begiaSvilis ukanaskneli wignis saxelwodebaa
`metafilosofiis struqtura~, romelsac avtori, rogorc vTqviT, wina wignis gagrZelebad Tvlis. metafilosofias igi uwodebs mecnierebas, romelic ikvlevs
filosofiuri Semecnebis bunebas, mis Taviseburebebsa
da kriteriums22.204metafilosofiuri gamokvlevis struqtura, misi azriT, sami blokis problemebs Seicavs:
pirveli exeba filosofiuri Semecnebis obieqts, meore
_ im cvlilebebs, rasac adgili aqvs filosofiis
ganviTarebaSi da mesame im findamenturi cnebebis analizs, romelic saerTo aqvs filosofias da metafilosofias. pirveli problema ganxilulia wignSi `filosofuri Semecnebis buneba~, ukanaskneli ori ki ganixileba ,,metafilosofiis struqturaSi~.
a. begiaSvili Tavis gamokvlevas imiT iwyebs, rom
filosofiur Semecnebas aqvs sakuTari sagani, sakuTari kvlevis sfero. es aris adamianis mimarTeba samyarosTan. `filosofiis obieqtia samyaro, romelSic adamianma adamianuri wesrigi Seitana~. es idea wiTel zolad gasdevs mTel gamokvlevas metafilosofiis
struqturis Sesaxeb.
avtori, uwinares yovlisa, ikvlevs, Tu ra wesiT,
ra meTodiT unda aigos filosofiuri doqtrina. igi
gaarCevs sam sxvadasxva variants, romelTagan mesames
misTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. filosofiuri
doqtrinis agebis am variantis arseba imaSia, rom agebis procesSi adamianuri realobidan amovdivarT. es
meTodi, avtoris azriT, gamoiyena fenomenologiam da
egzistencializmma, ris safuZvelzec maT filosofiuri anTropologia Seqmnes. maSasadame, filosofiuri
anTropologia ontologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegia. fenomenologia da egzistencializmi adamianis realobis
112
pirveladobidan amodis. es koncefcia, avtoris azriT,
huserlma SeimuSava da Semdeg egzistencializmma gaiziara, romelmac adamianuri realoba `arsis safuZvlis rangSi~ aiyvana. es niSnavda moZraobas `subieqtidan win sagnobrivi samyarosaken~. magram am
SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo adamianis yvela
aspeqti. am xarvezis Sevsebas ki Sedegad mohyva filosofiuri anTropologiis Camoyalibeba.
a. begiaSvili Tvlis, rom samyaros Sesaxeb msjeloba adamianis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom aseT samyaroSi adamianis gaTvaliswinebis pirobebSi da misi
gziT Semodis goneba da mizanSewoniloba, romelsac
`garkveuli wesrigi Seaqvs samyaros srul yofierebaSi~23.205amgvarad viRebT samyaros suraTs. magram amgvari
samyaro aris `anTropologizirebuli samyaro~, Tumca
igi mTlianad adamianis Seqmnili rodia. anTropologizirebuli samyaro martooden imas niSnavs, rom `samyaros struqturaSi adamianuri realoba gansakuTrebulsa
da friad arsebiT rols TamaSobs~24.206magram `adamians
ara marto Seaqvs goneba samyaros wesrigSi, aramed
agreTve SesaZleblobas iRebs, rom Seqmnas ontologia
_ moZRvreba samyaros arsis uzogadesi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb~25.207
ontologiis sagani sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomierebebia, romlis dasadgenad adamians araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnia. igi xom sasruli arsebaa da
sasruli usasrulos sisriliT ver Seimecnebs. amitom
adamiani mimarTavs eqstrapolacias, rac mxolod subieqturi aqti rodia. sxva gza adamians samyaros universaluri kanonzomierebis dasadgenad ar gaaCnia.
Semdeg avtori exeba mecnierebis filosofiis geneziss da amtkicebs, rom rogorc ontologiidan filosofiuri anTropologia Camoyalibda, aseve gnoseologiidan
warmoiSva
mecnierebis
filosofia.
am
SemTxvevaSi igi emyareba o. fr. bolnovis Tvalsazriss
113
da amtkicebs, rom mecnierebis filosofia aris `Semecnebis Teoriis memkvidre~26.208qvemoT igi ufro
azustebs am azrs da gveubneba, rom `im nawilSi romelSic Semecnebis Teoria mecnierul Semecnebas eweva,
mecnierebis filosofiis xasiaTs unda atarebdes~27.209es
niSnavs, rom ramdenadac Semecnebis Teorias mecnieruli SemecnebiTi xasiaTi aqvs, amdenad igi mecnierul
filosofias warmoadgens.
naSromis bolo nawilSi a. begiaSvili ufro radikalur daskvnebs akeTebs, saxeldobr, igi amtkicebs,
rom filosofiuri Semecnebis procesSi adamiani mravali SesaZlebeli msjelobidan erT-erTs upiratesobas
aniWebs da mas WeSmaritad Tvlis. es aris arCevani, romelic Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom `filosofiur SemecnebaSi arCevans mtkice adgili uWiravs~28.210arCevans, cxadia, adamiani awarmoebs. magram es
arCevani ar aris sruliad Tavisufali. arCevani Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. magram es Tavisufleba
nawilobriv SezRudulia, determinirebulia. amitom
ismeba kiTxva: sanamde vrceldeba Tavisufleba?
a. begiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamians adamianuri wesrigi Seaqvs
garesamyaroSi, iwvevs mis gaadamianurebas. am procesSi
igi mravali SesaZlebeli wesidan erT-erTs irCves, upiratesobas aniWebs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT. `am upiratesobis micema aris arCevani~29.211es arCevani, misi azriT,
`garegnulad gamoiyureba rogorc arCevani~, ramdenadac `realobis erTi aspeqti ayvanilia `pirveli realobis~ (substanciis da a. S) rangSi~30.212amitom filosofieri Semecnebis procesSi arCevani Tu ara gadamwyvet, mniSvnelovan rols mainc asrulebs.
arCevani gansazRvrulia socialuri garemoTi, im
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebiT, romelSic adamians
uxdeba moRvaweoba `ueWvelia, rom am arCevanze,
romlis Sedegad esa Tu is filosofiuri moZRvreba
114
iqmneba, gavlenas axdens specialuri faqtorebi~31.213es
niSnavs, rom arCevanis procesSi Tavisufleba da aucilebloba erTmaneTSia Serwymuli.
Tavis filosofiur pozicias am sakiTSi arCil
begiaSvili aseTi fraziT gamoxatavs: `filosofiuri
Semecneba filosofiuri nebis Sedegia~. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasurveli iyo am poziciis mimarTebis dadgena
konvencionalistur meTodologiasTan.
filosofiis sagnis kvlevis paralelurad qarTveli moazrovneebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen filosofiis zogad meTodologiur problemebs, kerZod, dialeqtikisa da metafizikis, materializmisa da idealizmis, sulisa da sxeulis mimarTebisa da sxva msgavss
sakiTxebs.
XX saukunis damdegidan qarTul presaSi zedized
qveyndeba statiebi filosofiis fundamentur problemebze. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda
qarTveli eqimi da publicisti ivane gomarTeli. misi
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba materialisturi iyo
da am kuTxiT aSuqebda TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs, rogorc
filosofiaSi, aseve sociologiaSi. vrcel statiaSi
`nebis Tavisufleba Tu aucilebloba~, romelic 1902
wels gazeT `kvalSi~ daibewda, igi icavs deterministul Tvalsazriss adamianis qcevis motivebiT
gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb da arsebiTad nebelobis Tavisuflebas uaryofs. i. gomarTelis meqanisturi determinizmi gansakuTrebuli sisruliT gamovlinda mis
wignSi `tvini da suli~ (Tb., 1925), romelSic igi amtkicebs, rom adamianis cxovreba, mTeli misi fsiqika materialuri orgamos _ tvinis _ produqts warmoadgens.
avtori uSeniSvnod iziarebs darvinis evoluciur Teorias, romlis mixedviT adamiani materialuri samyaros
ganviTarebis produqtia da, kerZod mis winapars maimuni warmoadgens. avtori cdilobs daamtkicos, rom adamians ara aqvs arc erTi iseTi Tviseba, romelic orga115
nuli samyaros ganviTarebis safuZvelze ar SeiZleba
aixsnas. erTi sityviT, mTeli naSromi materialisturi
filosofiis propagandas emsaxureba.
erTi mxriv XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis
da XX saukunis damdegis qarTuli presisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma materialisturma tendenciebma, xolo, meore mxriv, ruseTSi gavrcelebulma marqsistulma literaturam ganapiroba marqsistuli filosofiis propaganda saqarTveloSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelona hqonda ioseb stalinis (juRaSvilis) naSroms
`anarqizmi Tu socializmi?~, romelic 1906-07 wlebSi
gazeT `axal TaobaSi~ daibeWda. am naSromSi avtori
gadmoscems marqsistuli filosofiis, kerZod, dialeqtikuri meTodisa da materialisturi Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs, ekamaTeba anarqistebs da brals sdebs
maT am debulebaTa damaxinjebaSi da akeTebs praqtikul daskvnebs marqsistuli sociologiuri Teoriis
sasargeblod. marqsizmi, amtkicebs i. stalini, filosofiuri sistemaa, saidanac proletaruli socializmis Teoria gamomdinareobs. `am filosofiur
sistemas dialeqtikuri materializmi ewodeba~32.214
dialeqtikuri meTodi, i. stalinis mixedviT,
amtkicebs, rom samyaroSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, arsebobs axali da Zveli, mzardi da momakvdavi.
aqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom proletariati, rogorc
axali mzardi klasi, `bolos mainc gaimarjvebs~. avtori eweva ra hegelis cnobili debulebis parafrazirebas, wers: `yovelive is, rac namdvilad arsebobda, e. i.
yovelive is, rac dRiTi dRe izrdeba _ gonieria, xolo yovelive is, rac dRiTi dRe iSleba _ ugonoa da,
maSasadame, damarcxebas ver ascdeba~33.215
i. stalini laparakobs moZraobis or formaze _
evoluciursa da revoluciurze, romelTagan pirveli
dakavSirebulia `wvril-wvril raodenobriv cvlilebebTan Zvel wesebSi~, xolo revoluciur cvlilebebs
116
Tvisebrivi xasiaTi aqvs. amasTanave raodenobrivi
cvlilebebi TvisebrivSi gadaizrdeba, rasac d. i.
mendeleevis `elementTa perioduli sistemaa~ adasturebs.
i. stalini erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs hegelis
dialeqtikur meTods, romelsac igi `mecnierulsa da
revoluciurs~ uwodebs da mis `metafizikur sistemas~,
romelic i. stalinisTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia. igi
akritikebs anarqistebs, romelTac `erTmaneTSi erevaT
hegelis metafizikuri sistema da misive dialeqtikuri
meTodi~34.216
marqsistuli materialisturi Teoriis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT laparakia materiisa da cnobierebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb da gadmocemulia idealisturi,
dualisturi da materialisturi Tvalsazrisebi am
problemaze. dualizmis winaaRmdeg igi ambobs, rom
`idealuri da materialuri mxare ori sxvadasxva
formaa erTi da igive bunebis an sazogadoebis; isini
uerTmaneTod warmoudgenelia~35.217am mosazrebiT stalini uaryofs dualizms da icavs materialistur monizms. `erTi da ganuyofeli buneba, _ wers igi, _ or
sxvadasxvanair formaSi gamoxatuli _ materialursa
da idealurSi, erTi da igive sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, or sxdadasxvanair formaSi gamoxatuli _ materialursa da idealurSi _ ai, rogor unda vuyurebdeT
bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebas.
aseTia monizmi materialisturi Teoriisa~36.218
cnobierebis ganviTarebas, amtkicebs i. stalini,
win uswrebs da ganapirobebs materialuri samyaros
ganviTareba. jer materialuri mxare icvleba da Semdeg
Sesaferisad icvleba Segneba, idealuri mxare~37.219
naSromis mesame nawilSi ganxilulia proletaruli socializmis Teoria dialeqtikur materializmTan
mWidro kavSirSi. filosofiuri msjelobebidan avtors
117
praqtikuli daskvnebi gamoaqvs, cxadia, marqsistuli
moZRvrebis TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTveloSi
filosofiis
meTodologiuri
problemebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XX saukunis meore naxevridan. am mimarTulebiT pirveli iyo
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mier gamocemuli
saxelmZRvanelo `dialeqturi materializmis sakiTxebi~
(1955), romelSic dialeqtikisa da metafizikis, agreTve
dialeqtikis kanonebis kvlevas eZRvneba savle wereTlis ori statia: `dialeqtika da metafizika~ da `materialisturi dialeqtikis ZiriTadi kanonebi~.
statiaSi `dialeqtika da metafizika~ s. wereTeli,
uwinares yovlisa, ganixilavs metafizikis cnebis
orgvar gagebas _ msoflmxedvelobrivsa da meTodologiurs. is gansakuTrebiT vrclad Cerdeba ukanasknelze,
vinaidan metafizikis, rogorc azrovnebis wesis, gagebis
gareSe dialeqtikuri meTodis gageba SeuZlebelia. metafizikuri azrovnebis pirvel niSans, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, movlenaTa urTierTkavSiris, urTierTganpirobebulobis uaryofa warmoadgens. metafizikosebi, cxadia,
kargad xedaven movlenaTa samyaros urTierTkavSirs,
magram maT ar SeuZliaT am kavSiris axsna, iseve rogorc isini ar uaryofen moZraobas, rogorc empiriul
faqts, magram SeuZleblad miaCniaT misi moazreba, `cnebaTa logikaSi~ gamoxatva.
marTlac, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, `movlenaTa Soris namdvili urTierTkavSiris gageba rTulia~. maT Soris kavSiri maSin iqneba dasabuTebuli, Tu movlenaTa
simravleSi erTi saerTo da zogadi iqneba dasabuTebuli, Tu movlenaTa simravleSi erTi saerTo iqneba aRmoCenili. aseve saganTa Soris urTierTkavSiris aRmoCena
SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu maT moZraoba-ganviTarebis gareSe ganvixilavT. `urTierTkavSiris aReba moZraoba-ganviTarebis gareSe metafizikas iZleva. magram metafizikis
dasaZlevad arc moZraoba-ganviTarebis aRiareba kmara,
118
vinaidan mis Sesaxeb metafizikac laparakobs, Tumca mis
qveS raodenobriv cvalebadobas gulisxmobs da Tvisebriv naxtomebs uaryofs. amgvarad gagebuli ganviTareba ki ar aris namdvili ganviTareba, aramed misi
uaryofaa. ganviTareba ar aris mxolod evoluciuri
procesi. misi warmodgena revoluciis _ naxtomebis _
gareSe SeuZlebelia.
metafizikuri azrovnebis wesi, amtkicebs s. wereTeli, azrovnebis ganviTarebis aucilebel safexurs
warmoadgenda. azrovnebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze ganviTareba esmodaT mxolod rogorc moZraobacvalebadoba, xolo meore moments _ mdgomareobas
uaryofdnen, ris gamoc sinamdvilis srul suraTs ver
iZleodnen. es iyo ganviTarebis calmxrivi gageba;
`calmxrivoba Secdomas warmoadgens~.
s. wereTeli miuTiTebs metafizikis orgvari _
msoflmxedvelobrivi da meTodologiuri _ gagebis
urTierTkavSirze. metafizika, rogorc moZRvreba sinamdvilis miRma arsebuli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, gagebuli iyo rogorc moZRvreba ucvleli, maradiuli arsis
Sesaxeb. amrigad, metafizikis orgvari gageba erT saerTo safuZvelze iyo Camoyalibebuli.
s. wereTeli kidev ufro vrclad ganixilavs dialeqtikis Teorias. igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs dialeqtikis Zvelsa da Tanamedrove gagebas. Zveli gagebiT
dialeqtika aris kamaTis xelovneba, romelic azrTa
urTierTdapirispirebis gziT WeSmaritebis dadgenas
emsaxureba. ase fiqrobda platoni. rarig mcdaric ar
unda iyos es Tvalsazrisi, is ki sworia, rom dialeqtikisaTvis arsebiTia winaaRmdegoba.
dialeqtikis brwyinvale nimuSebi mogvca aristotelem. erT-erT aseT nimuSs warmoadgens erTeulisa da
zogadis erTianobis aRiareba, rasac igi platonis ideebis Teoriis kritikis procesSi ayalibebs. maTi erTmane119
Tisagan mowyveta TiToeul maTgans auqmebs, vinaidan maT
erTmaneTis mimarT aqvT azri.
filosofiis istoriaSi, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, ganuwyvetlad warmoebda brZola dialeqtikasa da metafizikas Soris. amitom `filosofiis istoria marto materializmisa da idealizmis brZolis istoria ki ar
aris, aramed dialeqtikisa da metafizikis istoriacaa.~
s. wereTeli kantis uaryofiTi dialeqtikis mTavar
Secdomas imaSi xedavs, rom igi `dialeqtikas mxolod
gonebaSi aTavsebda da mas Secdomad Tvlida~. ufro
progresulia hegelis dialeqtika, romelic dadebiTia.
winaaRmdegoba, hegelis mixedviT, mTel sinamdvileSi
arsebobs. Sinagani winaaRmdegoba moZraoba-ganviTarebis
wyaros warmoadgens. `hegelma, _ wers s. wereTeli _
sastikad gaakritika azrovnebis metafizikuri wesi da
Camoayaliba dialeqtikis niSnebi~.
WeSmariti dialeqtikuri meTodi `sinamdviles
TviTmoZrabaSi ganixilavs~. moZraoba-ganviTarebis wyaroa Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, dapirispirebulTa brZola,
romelic sagans cvlis, Zvels spobs da axals qmnis. winaaRmdegoba arsebobs ara mxolod obieqtur sinamdvileSi, aramed mis amsaxvel azrSic. subieqturi dialeqtika aris obieqturi dialeqtikis asaxva. dialeqtikis kanonebs ki unversaluri xasiaTi aqvT.
amave wignis meore statiaSi, romlis saTauria `materialisturi dialeqtikis ZiriTadi kanonebi~, s. wereTeli gadadis dialeqtikis kanonebisa da niSnebis
ganxilvaze, romlis ZiriTad azrs is warmoadgens, rom
winaaRmdegobis kanoni (anu dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni) dialeqtikis birTvs warmoadgens.
dialeqtikis kanonebi, s. wereTlis azriT, ganviTarebis kanonebs warmoadgens. ganviTareba axlis warmoSobaa, magram yoveli axali ar aris ganviTareba. `ganviTareba aris iseTi aucilebeli kavSiri, sadac axali
120
rogorc ufro maRali, warmoiSoba, sadac progress aqvs
adgili~38.220ganviTareba martividan rTulisaken aRmavali procesia, romelic sworxazobrivi ki ar aris, aramed spiraliseburi forma aqvs, romelic droebiT
ukandaxevasac gulisxmobs. ganviTarebis tendencia ki
zeaRmavalia.
raodenobrivi cvlilebis TvisebrivSi gadasvlis
kanoni, s. wereTlis azriT, ganviTarebis procesis gzis
daxasiaTebas iZleva. raodenoba sagnis araZireuli, garegani gansazRvrulobaa. Tvisebrioba ki aris `sagnis
Sinagani, arsebiTi, Zireuli gansazRvruloba, romlis
arseboba-ararseboba
sagnis
arseboba-ararsebobas
39
221
udris~ . raodenobrivi cvlilebani evoluciuria, Tvisebrivi ki revoluciuri, romelic naxtomebiT xasiaTdeba. `ganviTareba, rogorc axlis warmoSoba, xorcieldeba raodenobrivi cvlilebebis TvisebrivSi da piruku kanonzomieri naxtomiseburi gadasvliT~40.222amrigad, am kanons ganviTarebis procesSi principuli
mniSvneloba aqvs.
uaryofis uaryofis kanoni ki imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba aRmavali, winsvliTi procesi. es kanoni arsebiT kavSirSia raodenobrivi cvlilebebis TvisebrivSi
gadasvlis kanonTan, vinaidan `axali Tvisebrioba Zveli
Tvisebriobis uaryofas warmoadgens~. dialeqtikaSi
uaryofas ara aqvs absoluturi mniSvneloba, vinaidan
warmoSoba da mospoba ar aris araraobidan qmnadoba an
araraobad gadaqceva. `Zvelis mospoba da axlis warmoSoba cvalebadobas niSnavs; warmoSoba-mospoba raimes
sxva raimeTi Secvlas niSnavs~41.223erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs ra meqanikursa da dialeqtikur uaryofas, s.
wereTeli am ukanasknels ganviTarebis procesis aucilebel momentad Tvlis.
dialeqtikuri uaryofa ara mxolod Zvelis
moxsnaa, misi uaryofaa, aramed agreTve Zvelidan imis
Senaxva, rac aucilebelia axlis warmoSoba-ganviTarebi121
saTvis. wminda uaryofis SemTxvevaSi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ganviTareba memkvidreobis gareSe
ar arsebobs. `rom uaryofis dros Senaxvasac ar
hqondes adgili, maSin ara Tu istorias ar eqneboda
progresuli xasiaTi, aramed TviTon istoriac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. warsuli rom sruliad ikargebodes da
awmyoSi Taviseburi xasiaTi ar inaxebodes, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda istoria da mis Sesaxeb garkveuli
mecnierebis Seqmna~42.224magram amasTanave axlis mier Zvelidan raimes Senaxva ar niSnavs Zvelis naSTebis SenarCunebas, rac ara marto xels ar uwyobs ganviTarebas, aramed abrkolebs mas. Zvelidan inaxeba is, rac
progresulia, rac axlis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis xelSemwyobia. amitom Zvelidan Senaxuli axalSi ganviTarebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, `ganuviTarebeli ganviTarebis
safexuria~. swored awmyoSi, rogorc ganviTarebis maRal safexurze moCans Zveli, adamianis anatomiaSi moCans maimunis anatomia.
amasTanave moxsna-Senaxva, amtkicebs s. wereTeli,
Sinagani Zalebis safuZvelze xdeba. sagani Tavis ganviTarebaSi Tavisi Tavis uaryofiT amzadebs axlis warmoSobis pirobebs. igi uaryofs Tavis Tavs da am uaryofis
saSualebiT viTardeba, adis ufro maRal safexurze.
amitom axali ZvelSi mzaddeba, axlis warmoSobis pirobebi ZvelSi iqmneba.
Sinagani uaryofis Sedegad sagani gadadis ara saerTod sxvaSi, aramed garkveul sxvaSi. ase rom ar iyos,
maSin kanonzomiereba ar iarsebebda, cvalebadobas qaosuri xasiaTi eqneboda. es garkveuli sxva aRniSnavs s.
wereTeli, aris swored is, rasac hegeli ,,Tavis sxvas”
uwodebda.
s. wereTeli gansakuTrebiT vrclad ganixilavs dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanons, vinaidan es kanoni gviCvenebs ganviTarebis wyaros, mis mamoZravebel Zalebs da, maSasadame, ganviTarebis process
122
amomwuravad axasiaTebs. s. wereTlis gansakuTrebuli
interesi am kanonisadmi sruliad gasagebia Tundac imitom, rom misi usasrulo daskvnis Teoria, uwinares
yovlisa, am kanons emyareba da dialeqtikuri logikis
safuZvelsac es kanoni (cxadia, dialeqtikis sxva kanonebsa da kategoriebTan kavSirSi) warmoadgens.
erTi Tvisebriobis meoreSi gadasvla, aRniSnavs s.
wereTeli, SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tuki is Tvisebrioba,
romelic meoreSi gadadis, TavisTavTan srul igiveobaSi imyofeba, Tuki igi TavisTavSi araviTar winaaRmdegobas ar Seicavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi `auxsneli darCeba is,
Tu ras gadahyavs igi meore TvisebriobaSi _ ris safuZvelze xorcieldeba es gadasvla~43.225aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `erTi Tvisebriobis meoreSi, rogorc sawinaaRmdegoSi, gadasvla SesaZlebeli unda iyos mxolod
maSin, Tu Tvisobrioba Tavis SigniT winaaRmdegobas Seicavs, Tu moZravi da ganviTarebaSi myofi sagani winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia~44.226es winaaRmdegoba, romelic
erTi Tvisebriobis meoreSi gadasvlas ganapirobebs, kidev metic, am gadasvlis wyaros warmoadgens, aris Sinagani winaaRmdegoba. yvelaferi Seicavs Tavis TavSi Sinagan winaaRmdegobas. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba
ganviTarebis procesi. `Sinagani winaaRmdegoba aris yovelgvari moZraobis, cvalebadoba-ganviTarebis arseba~45.227
dialeqtikis am kanonTan dakavSirebiT s. wereTeli
ganixilavs da originalurad moiazrebs erTianobis,
igiveobis, winaaRmdegobis mxareebis, dapirispirebulTa
erTianobis momentebs da sxva sakiTxebs. igi uwinares
yovlisa, ar eTanxmeba im mkvlevarebs, vinc igiveobisa
da erTianobis cnebebs erTmaneTisagan ar asxvavebs. igiveoba metafizikaSi absoluturi azriT ixmareba, dialeqtikaSi ki igi gansxvavebasac Seicavs. dapirispireba
erTianobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. brZola da winaaRmdegoba garkveul erTianobas gulisxmobs. `SeuZlebelia
123
Sinagani winaaRmdegoba erTianobaSi ar iyos. erTsa da
imave saganSi arsebuli winaaRmdegoba, cxadia, erTianobaSia~46.228dapirispirebulTa erTianobis cnebis sazrisi
imaSia, rom `dapirispirebulni erTmaneTs ganapirobeben
da garkveul pirobebSi erTi meoreSi gadadian~47.229am
erTianobis gareSe maTi dapirispireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. erTianoba ki SedarebiT mdgomareobas, SedarebiT
umoZraobas gulisxmobs. amitom winaaRmdegoba absoluturia, erTianoba ki SedarebiTi. magram absoluturi da
SedarebiTi erTmaneTis gareSe ar arsebobs. `absoluturi ar arsebobs SedarebiTis gareSe, iseve rogorc SedarebiTi _ absoluturis gareSe. winaaRmdegoba, rogorc absoluturi, erTianobaSia _ SedarebiTSia~48.230Tu
maT erTmaneTs movwyvetT, maSin dialeqtikis nacvlad
subieqtivizms da relativizms, sofistikasa da skepticizms miviRebT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `erTianoba
ar aris wminda SedarebiTi, arc winaaRmdegobaa wminda
absoluturi; wminda SedarebiTi da wminda absoluturi
araferi ar arsebobs~49.231
aqedan s. wereTeli daaskvnis, rom winaaRmdegobis
erTianobaSi arc erTs da arc meores ar SeiZleba upiratesoba mivaniWoT _ arc winaaRmdegobas da arc erTianobas. sinamdvileSi arsebobs winaaRmdegobis erTianoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom dapirispirebulni erTmaneTs
uaryofen da am Sinagani uaryofiT erTianobaSia.
`uaryofa qmnis erTianobas, radgan Sinagani winaaRmdegobis mxareebi erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben; isini
ara mxolod uaryofen erTmaneTs, aramed kidec adgenen~50.232
Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli,
ormag uaryofas warmoadgens, vinaidan Sinagani winaaRmdegobis TiToeuli mxare uaryofis uaryofaa. es
ormxrivi uaryofis uaryofa gansazRvravs ganviTarebis
procesSi
erTi Tvisebriobis meoreSi gadasvlas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT s. wereTeli miuTiTebs dapirispi124
rebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanonis fundamenturobaze dialeqtikis sxva kanonebTan SedarebiT. `Sinagani winaaRmdegobis kanoni ufro mTavaria _ wers igi _
vidre uaryofis uaryofis kanoni~51.233
urTierTuaryofis procesi, amtkicebs s. wereTeli,
imas ki ar niSnavs, rom urTierTuarmyofel mxareebs
erTnairi mniSvneloba hqondeT. `winaaRmdegobas ori
mxare aqvs, _ wers igi, _ am ori mxaridan ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT erTi ufro mniSvnelovanis, vidre meore,
magram maT uerTmaneTod arseboba ar SeuZliaT da erT
mTel sagans Seadgenen, romelic swored Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT moZraobs da viTardeba~52.234
winaaRmdegobis procesSi, s. wereTlis azriT,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba antagonisturi da araantagonisturi, arsebiTi da araarsebiTi Sinagani da garegani winaaRmdegoba. Sinagani Zalaa, romelic moZraobasa
da cvalebadobas ganapirobebs. garegani winaaRmdegoba
ki aseTi ar aris. antagonisturi da araantagonisturi
winaaRmdegobani sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mTavari da aramTavari
winaaRmdegoba. mTavars s. wereTeli uwodebs im winaaRmdegobas, romelic movlenis arsebas gansazRvravs.
aramTavari ki movlenis romelime mxaris Taviseburebis
ganmsazRvrelia. mTavari winaaRmdegoba mxolod erTi
SeiZleba iyos, romlis safuZvelzec aixsneba aramTavari winaaRmdegobani. garkveul pirobebSi SesaZlebelia
aramTavari winaaRmdegoba da mTavari winaaRmdegoba rolebs icvlidnen. miuxedavad amisa, mTavari winaaRmdegoba mainc yovelTvis mTavari rCeba.
sainteresoa s. wereTlis Tvalsazrisi dialeqtikis, logikisa da Semecnebis Teoriis igiveobis Sesaxeb,
romelic man specialur naSromSi `dialeqtikis, logikisa da Semecnebis Teoriis igiveobisaTvis~ ganixila
(ix. krebuli `dialeqtikuri materializmis Semecnebis
Teoriis problemebi~. red. sergi avaliani, Tb., 1966). am
125
problemis kvlevis dasawyisSive s. wereTeli aRniSnavs,
rom es debuleba unda gavigoT ara rogorc am sami
mecnierebis gaigiveba, romelime maTganis gauqmeba, aramed rogorc iseTi axali mecnierebis Seqmnis moTxovna,
romelic erTsa da imave dros iqneba logikac, dialeqtikac da Semecnebis Teoriac. es axali mecniereba
unda iyos Semecnebis Teoriuli dialeqtikuri logika.
`azrovnebis dialeqtikurobaSia SemecnebiTobac da logikurobac~. es aris ZiriTadi Tezisi, romlis dasabuTebisadmia miZRvnili s.wereTlis zemoaRniSnuli naSromi.
es axali mecniereba _ dialeqtikuri logika _
formaluri logikisagan gansxvavebiT, aris `dialeqtikuri azrovnebis formis Semswavleli mecniereba~. igi
swavlobs `azrovnebis umaRles formas~ _ dialeqtikur
azrovnebas.
s. wereTeli uaryofs dialeqtikis, logikisa da
Semecnebis Teoriis igiveobis Tezisis Secvlas am sami
mecnierebis erTianobis TezisiT. mas miaCnia, rom am sami
mecnierebis erTianoba problemas sruliadac ar warmoadgens, vinaidan maT erTianobaze klasikuri filosofia
didi xania laparakobs. logikis, dialeqtikisa da Semecnebis Teoriis igiveobaze laparaki, misi azriT, maSin SeiZleba, Tu logika aris codnis logika. codna
aris WeSmariti azri, romelic sagnis asaxvas warmoadgens. `logikis sagans warmoadgens ara saerTod azri,
aramed WeSmariti, obieqturi Sinaarsis da am SinaarsiT
gansazRvruli azris formebi, aseTi azris kavSirTa kanonebi da wesebi~53.235aqedan, cxadia, rom WeSmariteba, e.
i. azris obieqturi Sinaarsi gansazRvravs logikasac
da Semecnebis Teoriasac. `azris obieqturobis aspeqtSi
erTmaneTs emTxveva logika da Semecnebis _ codnis _
Teoria; logika aris codnis, WeSmariti azris logika~54.236
dialeqtikis, logikisa da Semecnebis Teoriis igiveoba, s. wereTlis azriT, emyareba Sinaarseuli zoga126
dis Tvalsazriss. zogadobis formalur-logikuri gageba s. wereTels ar akmayofilebs. Sinaarseuli zogadoba
gansxvavebulTa erTianobaa, sinTezuri damokidebulebaa, rac konkretul zogadobas warmoadgens. logika,
romelsac saqme aqvs Sinaarseul zogadobasTan, kategoriebis logikaa. aseTia dialeqtikuri logika, romelic
sinTezurobiTa da aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba. logikuri aucilebloba yvelaze metad imaSi vlindeba, rom
`logikuris logikurad uaryofa SeuZlebelia da misi
uaryofiT igive dgindeba~55.237logikuris es aucilebloba misi absoluturobis maCvenebelia, rac WeSmaritebis
absoluturobiT ganisazRvreba. aqac logika da Semecnebis Teoria garkveuli aspeqtiT igiveobrivia.
logika, ambobs s. wereTeli, codnis formaTa logikaa;
codna
aris
azri
arsis
Sesaxeb.
arsi
gansazRvravs azrs, codnas, xolo am ukanasknelis logikuri formebi logikis sagans Seadgens. amitom logika ontologias emyareba; igi, s. wereTlis azriT, aris
ontologiuri logika. aseTi logika erTsa da imave
dros Semecnebis Teoriac iqneba da dialeqtikac.
dialeqtikas dasabuTebadi xasiaTi aqvs. dialeqtikuri meTodi, rogorc dasabuTebis meTodi, logikuri
ganviTarebis meTodia. logikuri aucilebloba logikur ganviTarebaSi xorcieldeba, ris gamoc igi dasabuTebas warmoadgens. logika erTsa da imave dros mecnierebacaa da dasabuTebis sistemac, vinaidan mecniereba
dasabuTebis sistemas unda warmoadgendes. aseTi unda
iyos logikac, rogorc sistema. azris formebis ganviTarebiTi sistema dialeqtikuri logikaa, romelic `logikuri kategoriebis logikur sistemas warmoadgens~.
kategoriebis sinamdvilis uzogadesi mxaris amsaxveli
cnebebii. swored amitom, daaskvnis s. wereTeli, `aseTi
kategoriebis logikuri ganviTarebiTi sistema aris dialeqtikac, logikac da Semecnebis Teoriac; igi erTi
mecnierebaa~56.238
127
dialeqtikisa da Semecnebis problemebi gamokvleulia m. gogiberiZisa da o. bakuraZis naSromebSi. m. gogiberiZe dialeqtikis Sesaxeb saintereso interpretacias
iZleva. cnobilia, rom hegelis dialeqtika cnebis dialeqtikaa, magram misi wakiTxva SeiZleba saganTa dialeqtikad. amis pirobas is qmnis, rom cnebaTa dialeqtika hegelTan ganTavisuflebulia Semmecnebeli subieqtis
ukanaskneli aCrdilisagan da igi obieqturia, e. i. WeSmariticaa. idea WeSmaritebaa, WeSmariteba ki isaa, rom
obieqturoba udris cnebas. aqedan erTi nabijiRaa
darCenili saganTa dialeqtikamde.
dialeqtika, amtkicebs m. gogiberiZe, calkeuls ki
ar adgens, aramed calkeulebs urTierTobaSi. amdenad,
dialeqtikuria cneba, romelSic rogorRac gaerTianebulia obieqturi sinamdvilis yvela sagani da movlena.
aqedan keTdeba seriozuli daskvna: amiT unda daiZlios
marqsistebSi gavrcelebuli `antifilosofiuri ganwyobileba~. ra daskvnazea laparaki? laparakia imaze, rom
dialeqtika hegelTan erwymis mis idealizms. masTan ar
arsebobs dialeqtika idealizmis gareSe da piruku, e. i.
TviT hegelis aRiareba, rom misi dialeqtika metafizikaa. amiT gasagebi xdeba, rodesac pozitivistebi
marqsistebs sayvedurobdnen maTi filosofiis metafizikurobis gamo, esec hqondaT mxedvelobaSi: hegelidan wamoRebuli dialeqtika Tavis `naxtomebiT~ da `revoluciebiT~ ukve TviTonaa msoflmxedveloba, metafizika,
romelic Zveleburad filosofosobis yvela niSans atarebs.
oTar bakuraZe detalurad ixilavs `metafizikis~
daZlevis cnobil istoriul mcdelobebs, gansakuTrebiT Cerdeba iumsa da kantze da midis im daskvnamde,
rom `metafizikis saboloo da gadamwyvet gabaTilebas
dialeqtikuri materializmi warmoadgens. es filosofia
principulad uaryofs metafizikas misi orive mniSvnelobiT _ rogorc meTodsa da rogorc Teorias~57.239
128
ufro naTlad da garkveviT Tqma aRar SeiZleba.
amas mohyveba imis dasabuTeba, Tu rogor Tanamimdevrulad SeiZleba gamoiricxos transcendentalizmi. materialistebis materia `miRmul realobas~ ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mocemulobas da a. S. damowmebulia
marqsic, romelic Tvlida, rom `metafizikas sabolood
daamarcxebs materializmi~58.240amis Semdeg arsebiTad
uaxles pozitivistTa antimetafizikuri ganazrebani da
kvlav gakeTebulia daskvna, rom e. w. `unayofo metafizikas~ ise Tanamimdevrulad veravin gamoricxavs, rogorc marqsizmi. saboloo daskvna SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: tradiciul filosofias, rogorc metafizikas,
samarTlianad aqvs naTqvami uari misi aramecnierulobis
gamo (mis debulebebze ver imas vityviT, rom mcdaria da
ver imas, rom WeSmaritia), magram SeiZleba filosofia
iyos mecnieruli, anu mecniereba.
dialeqtikuri materializmis problemebTan erTad
o. bakuraZe ganixilavs istoriuli materializmis zogierT principul sakiTxs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs
daTmobili
istoriuli
kanonzomierebis
sakiTxs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT garCeulia Tavisuflebisa da humanizmis problemebi. mTeli kvleva ZiriTadad marqsistuli filosofiis poziciebidan warmoebs, magram es xels
ar uSlis avtors, rom gamoTqvas bevri saintereso mosazreba filosofiis zogad-meTodologiur sakiTxebze.
Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis urTierTobis
problema gamokvleulia bakuraZis monografiaSi `Tavisufleba da aucilebloba~ (Tb., 1964). am naSromSi avtori iZleva Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis filosofiuri kategoriebis detalur analizs rogorc filosofiis istoriul, aseve problematur aspeqtSi. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs nebelobis (nebisyofis)
Tavisuflebis problemas da Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia
aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis cnebebis gancalkevebiT ganxilva. isini, Tumca dapirispirebuli, magram
129
urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebi ar aris. Tavisufleba
unda gagebul iqnas specifikuri determianaciis terminebSi. am debulebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba mTeli
naSromi.
avtori erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs nebelobasa da
moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. `nebisyofaze damokidebuli
moqmedebis ganxorcieleba moqmedebis Tavisuflebas
warmoadgens~59.241
nebelobiTi qceva, avtoris azriT, umotivo ar
aris, misi motivi `pirovnebis moTxovnilebebidan momdinareobs~. magram motivi da mizezi erTi da igive ar
aris. motivi SeiZleba fsiqikuric iyos, xolo fsiqikuri mizezobrioba SeuZlebelia.
`nebisyofis Tavisufleba _ daaskvnis avtori _
uTavsdeba mizezobriobas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im specifikur determinacias, romelsac nebismieri qcevis subieqti eqvemdebareba. Tu nebisyofis Tavisufleba gagebulia rogorc kauzaluri kavSirebis gawyveta, maSin
kategoriulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebisyofis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs. Tavisufali nebisyofis WeSmariti
cneba gulisxmobs da moiTxovs mizezobriobis cnebas.
es iqneba specifikuri mizezobrivi determianacia~60.242
o. bakuraZe indeterministul Teoriebs imis safuZvelze uaryofs, rom gancdaSi nebelobis Tavisufleba principulad ar gveZleva, magram faqtia Tavisuflebis gancda, romelic unda aixsnas. Tavisuflebis
gancda nebelobis Tavisuflebis gancdas rodi warmoadgens. `subieqtis mier gadawyvetis aqtis TviTaqtivobad gancda imis erT-erTi dadasturebaa, rom aseTi subieqti aucileblobisagan garkveuli damoukideblobis
mizniT moqmedebs. es arasodes ar gveZleva introspeqciulad; mis Sesaxeb SeiZleba mxolod davaskvnaT61.243
avtori erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Tavisuflebasa
da SemTxveviTobas, akritikebs meqanikur determinizms
da icavs im debulebas, rom `Tavisufleba aris Segnebu130
li aucilebloba~. Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis
erTianoba ki adamianisa da bunebis erTianobis dasturia. amodis ra Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis dialeqtikuri gagebidan, o. bakuraZe moralur Tavisuflebas moralur aucileblobasTan kavSirSi ganixilavs.
amasTanave moraluri Tavisufleba nebelobis Tavisuflebisagan gansxvavebulia. Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis ganuyreloba moralis sferoSic vlindeba.
amrigad, o. bakuraZe aCvenebs Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis ganuyrelobas, maT
erTianobas. amaSi mJRavndeba am sapirispiro filosofiuri kategoriebis dialeqturi urTierToba.
dialeqturi meTodis calkeuli aspeqtebis gamokvlevas Tengiz mSvidobaZem ramdenime wigni miuZRvna:
`dialeqtikuri mTeli da momenti~ (Tb., 1974), `dialeqtikuri materializmi, rogorc filosofiuri sistema~
(Tb., 1966), `logikuri dialeqtikuri mTelis aspeqti~
(Tb., 1984) da sxv. am naSromebSi avtori amtkicebs, rom
materialuri samyaro TviTmoZravsa da TviTmizezobriv
sinamdviles warmoadgens, romelic urTierTgansxvavebulsa da urTierTdapirispirebul movlenebs erT
mTlianad kravs; swored amitom igi dialeqtikuri mTelia. materialuri sinamdvile, rogorc dialeqtikuri
mTeli, substanciuri mTlianobaa, romelic absoluturobiT xasiaTdeba. `substanciurad arsebobis erTaderT
formas warmoadgens dialeqtikuri mTeli. materialuri
sinamdvile yovel konkretul gamovlenaSi TviTmoZraobis, TviTmizezobriobis substanciuri kanonzomierebiT
arsebobs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, dialeqtikuri mTelis
formiT arsebobas gulisxmobs~62.244
dialeqtikuri mTeli, rogorc absoluturi realoba, mxolod TavisTavTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. amgvari mimarTeba mxolod absoluturs axasiaTebs, xolo sxvasTan mimarTebaSi myofi SefardebiT
mTels warmoadgens. magram `TavisTavTan mimarTebis
131
absoluturi kanonzomiereba dialeqtikuri momentis saxiT gulisxmobs sxvasTan mimarTebas, anu fardobiTobis, realisturobis aspeqts~63.245romlis moazreba SesaZlebelia mxolod dialeqtikuri mTelis TvalTaxedviT, am poziciebidan SeiZleba avxsnaT cnobierebisa
da yofierebis mimarTeba. cnobierebis yofierebasTan mimarTeba gaazrebuli unda iqnas... rogorc mimarTeba dialeqtikuri mTelisa Tavis momentTan~65.246dapirispirebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis arseboba mxolod da mxolod dialeqtikuri mTelis safuZvelze SeiZleba. `dialeqtika~ `orTa kamaTs~ niSnavs; sianmdvileSi ki aris
erTis orxmovaneba~66.247
dialeqtikuri mTelis logikur gamovlenas Tengiz
mSvidobaZe ikvlevs wignSi `logikuri dialeqtikuri
mTelis aspeqtiT~. am naSromSi ganxilulia dialeqtikuri materializmis damokidebuleba logikurTan. avtori
Tvlis, rom `logikuri analizi dialeqtikuri mTelis
aspeqtiT sxva araferia, Tu ara dialeqtikuri materializmis safuZvelze agebuli logika~66.248logikuri analizi, misi azriT, moiTxovs `materializmisa da dialeqtikis fundamenturi principebisa da debulebebis
mTlian da zust gamoyenebas~67.249logikurSi unda aisaxos ara mxolod dialeqtika, aramed materializmis
principebic. avtori ganmartavs, rom `materializmi, iseve, rogorc dialeqtika, logikurSi pirveloba-meoradibis Tvalsazrisis gatarebas niSnavs~68.250pirveladis
qveS dialeqtikuri mTeli igulisxmeba, xolo meoradis
qveS _ misi momentebi. dialeqtikuri mTeli mis momentebze dominirebs. logikuri dialeqtikur mTelTan
mimarTebaSi meoreulia.
dialeqtikuri
materializmis
meTodologiuri
principebi gadmocemulia imave avtoris wignSi `dialeqtikuri materializmi, rogorc filosofiuri sistema”, romlis pirveli nawili 1983 wels gamoqveynda, xolo meore – 1986 wels. pirvel wignSi gadmocemulia di132
aleqtikuri materializmis fundamenturi principebi, meore nawilSi ki dialeqturi materializmi ganxilulia
rogorc filosofiuri sistema. am wignSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba dialeqtikuri materializmis principebis erTianobas, romelic, avtoris azriT, safuZvlad
uZevs codnis struqturul mTlianobas. dialeqtikuri
materializmi, amtkicebs avtori, codnis sistemurobas
moiTxovs, romelsac dialeqtikuri xasiaTi aqvs, e. i.
agebulia dapirispirebulTa erTianobis principze. TviTon
dialeqtikuri
materializmic
filosofiuri
codnis sistemas warmoadgens. masSi ontologiuri da
gnoseologiuri aspeqtebi dapirispirebulTa erTianobas
qmnis da erTiani sistemis saxiT warmosdgeba.
aRniSnul monografiebSi Tengiz mSvidobaZe mtkiced dgas dialeqtikur materializmis poziciebze da
yvelgan mis dacvas da gamarTlebas cdilobs. amave mizans emsaxureba mis mier idealizmisa da metafizikuri
msoflmxedvelobis kritikac.
filosofiis zogad-meTodologiuri, kerZod ontologiuri problemebi ganxilulia levan ambrolaZis
wignSi `sawyisisa da mizezobriobis problema filosofiaSi~ (Tb., 1971). avtori ikvlevs substanciis, rogorc
mTeli sinamdvilis pirveli mizezisa da sawyisis damokidebulebas mizezobriobasTan. gamokvlevas safuZvlad
daedo savle wereTlis naSromebi dialeqtikuri logikis dargSi. magram l. ambrolaZes ainteresebs ara logikuri sawyisi, aramed mTeli sinamdvilis sawyisi _
pirvelmizezi _ anu substanciis problema da misi mimarTeba mizezobriobis kategoriasTan; maSasadame, am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara logikur, aramed ontologiur problemasTan. `ontologiuri sawyisis arseba _
amtkicebs avtori _ winaaRmdegobrivi mxareebis dialeqtikuri erTianoba unda iyos da amasTanave aseTi
sawyisi substancias da samyaros `pirvelmizezs~ Tan
emTxveva~69.251substancia, rogorc sinamdvilis sawyisi
133
da pirveli mizezi, `imavdroulad aris TviTmoZraobis
sawyisic~.
samyaros ontologiuri sawyisi Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia, dapirispirebulTa erTianobas warmoadgens. swored amitom igi aris `moZraobisa da cvalebadobis Sinagani impulsi~. bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobisa da cvalebadobis axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod da
mxolod substanciuri sawyisis Sinagani winaaRmdegobis
safuZvelze. es Sinagani winaaRmdegoba ki imaSia, rom
igi, erTi mxriv, ucvlelisa da maradiulis, xolo, meore mxriv, cvalebadisa da warmavlis sawyiss warmoadgens. aseTia materialuri substancia, romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmi mTeli sinamdvilis arsebad
Tvlis materia, avtoris azriT, Sinagani tviTaqtiurobis unaris mqonea.
materialur samyaroSi mizezobriobis kanoni sufevs. mizezobriobasac dialeqtikuri buneba aqvs _ dapirispirebulTa erTianobas warmoadgens. `mizezobrioba
moZraobis saxiT uSualod mxolod urTierTqmedebas
ukavSirdeba~70.252avtori winaaRmdegia mizezobriobisa da
urTierTqmedebis gaigivebisa, Tumca maT Soris mWidro
kavSirs xedavs.
l. ambrolaZe vrclad aanalizebs substanciuri
sawyisisa da mizezobriobis cnebebs axal filosofiaSi
(dekartidan hegelis CaTvliT) da cdilobs daasabuTos,
rom sawyisisa da mizezobriobis urTierTobis problemis erTaderT swor gadawyvetas dialeqtikuri materializmi iZleva. sawyissa da mizezobriobas Sors dialeqtikuri kavSiria. am kavSiris damaxinjebul asaxvas
avtori idealistursa da metafizikur sistemebSi xedavs. misi azriT, mizezobriobis problemis mecnieruli
axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod materialuri
substanciis daSvebis safiZvelze.
filosofiis sagnis, dialeqtikis Teoriis, filosofiuri kategoriebis, filosofiuri meTodologiisa
134
da sxva msgavsi problemebis kvlevas qarTveli filosofosebi amJamadac warmatebiT ganagrZoben. jer kidev 1973
wels daibeWda krebuli «О предмете философии» (red. s.
avaliani), romelSic qarTvelma filosofosebma, yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebis masStabiT, pirvelad
wamoayenes Tvalsazrisi ontologiuri kvlevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rasac sabWoTa ideologia TiTqmis
kategotiulad krZalavda ontologiis problemebisadmia miZRvnili sergi avalianis wignebi; «Абсолютное и
oтносителъное» (Tb., 1980), `mecnieruli ontologia~ (Tb.,
1994), romlebSic mocemulia axali ontologiuri sistemis agebis cda. ontologiis problemebi ganxilulia
akaki cimintias wignebSi _ `yofna da cvalebadoba~ (Tb.,
1989) `filosofiis Sesavali~ (Tb., 1997) `ontologiis ZiriTadi problemebi~ (Tb., 2002). filosofiis fundamenturi sakiTxebi gaanalizebulia wignSi `filosofiis Sesavali~, romelic 1990 wels gamoqveynda da romlis avtorebia sergi avaliani, giorgi vekua da geno cincaZe. analogiuri xasiaTi aqvs vaxtang erqomaiSvilis wigns `filosofia~ (Tb., 1994). es orive Txzuleba navaraudevia
saxelmZRvanelod filosofiis Semswavleli studentebisaTvis.
filosofiuri kategoriebis gamokvlevas mieZRvna
i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofia-sociologiis fakultetis mier
gamocemuli krebuli `TanafardobiTi kategoriebi~ (Tb.,
1993), romlis avtorebia murTaz bakuria, Tamaz buaCiZe
da vaxtang erqomaiSvili. sagnis, Tvisebisa da mimarTebis kategoriebi gamokvleulia giorgi maCitaZis wignSi
`sagani, Tviseba da mimarTeba~ (Tb., 1975). adamianis Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis problemis Seswavlas
mieZRvna vaxtang erqomaiSvilis wigni `adamianis Tavisufleba da pasuxismgeblobis problema~ (baTumi, 1989).
dialeqtikuri
materializmis
meTodologiuri
mniSvneloba gamokvleulia arCil gonaSvilis wignebSi:
135
,,dialeqtikuri materializmi _ mecnierebaTa zogadi meTodologia~ (Tb., 1979), da `dialeqtikuri meTodis SemoqmedebiTi gamoyeneba~ (Tb., 1984).
kanonis kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynda
Salva kobaxiZis wigni: «Некоторые проблемы категории закона
и источника развития» (Tb., 1977).
ukanasknel wlebSi filosofiis zogad-meTodologiur problemebze ramdenime krebuli daibeWda. 1976
wels Catarda amierkavkasiis respublikebis gaerTianebuli konferencia (q. erevani) filosofiuri meTodologiis problemebze, romlis masalebi calke krebulis
saxiT daibeWda saTauriT: «Философия и методологические
вопросы науки» (erevani, 1977. redaqtorebi: s. avaliani, j.
axmedli, h. gevorqiani). filosofiis institurma gamoaqveyna krebulebi: `obieqturi sinamdvilis dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba~ (Tb., 1978), `dialeqtikuri materializmis ontologiuri aspeqtebi~ (Tb., 1987; red. s. avaliani) da sxv.
1995 wels Camoyalibda saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademia (prezidenti _ sergi avaliani),
romlis mizans warmoadgens qarTuli filosofiuri
azrovnebis Semdgomi progresi da qarTuli filosofiuri Zalebis konsolidacia. am mimarTulebiT intensiuri
muSaoba mimdinareobs. akademiam daarsa weliwdeuli
organo `filosofiuri Ziebani~, romlis 17 tomi ukve
gamoqveynda.
filosofiur
mecnierebaTa
akademiam
mWidro kavSiri daamyara sazRvargareTis filosofiur
akademiebsa da sazogadoebebTan.
ramdenime qarTveli filosofosi momxseneblad miiwvies XX saerTaSoriso filosofiur kongresze q.
bostomSi (aSS).
ganaxlda Jurnal `macnes~ (filosofiis seria) gamocema. gamococxlda filosofiuri kvleva-Zieba mTel
respublikaSi.
136
meoTxe Tavi
Semecnebis Teoria da mecnierebis filosofia
§ 1. Semecnebis sagani da Semecnebis procesis
zogadi kanonzomiereba
Semecnebis Teoriis problemebi XX s.-is qarTuli
filosofiuri azrovnebis erT-erT centralur sferos
warmoadgenda. jer kidev 1910 wels gamoqveynda cnobili qarTveli moazrovnis dimitri uznaZis statia `ra
aris Semecnebis Teoria~1,253romelSic mokled gadmocemulia Semecnebis Teoriis principebi. kerZod, am statiaSi d. uznaZe uwinaresad Semofarglavs WeSmaritebis
Semecnebis sazRvrebs da amtkicebs, rom gulubryvilo
adamianis warmodgenebs ar SeiZleba WeSmaritebis statusi mivakuTvnoT. isini jer safuZvlian kritikul analizs unda davuqvendebaroT da Semdeg SeuZlia filosofias maTi miReba `Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad~. marTalia, amtkicebs d. uznaZe, garegani
samyaros sagnebze msjeloba SeuZlebebia maTi aRqmis
gareSe, magram am subieqtur movlenebs transsubieqturi, e. i. Semmecnebeli subieqtis gareSe arsebulis
mniSvneloba eZlevaT. maSasadame, subieqturi moiTxovs
transsubieqturis daSvebas. is, rac CemSi xdeba, Cems
gareT unda movaTavso. sxvagvarad Semecnebas ver
SevZlebT.
amis Semdeg d. uznaZe svams kiTxvas: ra safuZvelze vTvliT subieqturs transsubieqturad, Cveni
cnobierebisagan damoukideblad an ratom vaZlevT
Cvens individualur gancdebs zogadobisa da sayovelTaobis, e. i. obieqturobis xasiaTs? zogadis daSveba, gveubneba igi, nebismieri Semecnebis Teoriis amosavalia. Semecnebis procesSi adamiani transsubieqturidan amodis da mis safuZvelze subieqturi warmodgene137
bis obieqtur dasabutebas iZleva. d. uznaZe akritikebs
imanentus filosofias Supesa da Subert-zoldernis
saxiT, romelTa Tvalsazriss igi `istoriul gaugebrobad~ Tvlis, romelic `berklis dogmatebs~ emyareba. transubieqturis Semecnebis uaryofa Semecnebis
SesaZleblobis uaryofis tolfasia. es niSnavs, rom d.
uznaZe mtkiced dgas Semecnebis SesaZleblobis poziciebze. Semecnebis Teoriis sagans Semecnebis procesi
warmoadgens; magram vinaidan Semecnebas calkeuli
mecnierebani axorcielebs, Semecnebis Teoriis kavSiri
sxva mecnierebebTan aucilebelia.
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dadgenis Semdeg Semecnebis Teoriam Semecnebis wyaroebi unda gamoavlinos. d. uznaZe erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Semecnebis
fsiqologiursa da logikur aspeqtebs. igi did yuradRebas uTmobs agreTve Semecnebis kanonzomierebis
foligeneziis, mis istoriul ganviTarebas, romelsac
ganasxvavebs Semecnebis rogorc fsiqologiuri, ise
logikuri aspeqtebisagan.
Semecnebis Teoriam, d. uznaZis mixedviT, Semecnebis sazRvrebic unda gamoikvlios. am SemTxvevaSi igi
monisturi koncefciisaken ixreba da Tvlis, rom bunebis mravalferovnebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad adamians
ebadeba kiTxvebi substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb, rac
bunebis mravalferovnebis safuZvlad Zevs da cdilobs
masze pasuxis gacemas.
Semecnebis
Teoriis
problemebia
aRZruli
SemdgomSi gamoCenili geologis _ aleqsandre janeliZis statiaSi `mecnieruli WeSmariteba da Semoqmedeba~2254avtori
mkacrad
akritikebs
kantis
aprio3
255
rizms . grZnobis organoebi, amtkicebs igi, WeSmaritebis kriteriumi ar aris, magram aqedan sruliadac ar
gamomginareobs WeSmaritebis Seumecnebadob. TviTon is
faqti, rom Cven vamCnevT grZnobis organoebis CvenebaTa
naklovanebebs, imaze miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs WeSmari138
tebis wvdomis ufro sando saSualeba. aseTia goneba.
amasTan dakavSirebit al. janeliZe alagebs kantis
Tvalsazriss Semecnebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, igi ganixilavs mizezobriobis, sivrcisa da drois problemas
Tanamedrove mecnierebis Suqze da im daskvnamde midis,
rom mizezobrioba, sivrce da dro ar aris absoluturi. amis safuZvelze igi uaryofs maT apriorulobas
da aCvenebs maT kavSirs cdiseul monacemebTan. amis safuZvelze igi uaryofs absoluturi WeSmaritebis arsebobas da amtkicebs mis relatiurobas.
WeSmaritebis kriteriumis gagebis sakiTxSi al.
janeliZe pragmatizmis poziciebze dgas. imdroindel
(da ufro adrindel) qarTul presaSi xSirad msjelobdnen pragmatizmsa da pragmatistebze (magaliTad,
jeimzze), ramac, rogorc Cans, gavlena moaxdina al.
janeliZis gnoseologiur Sexedulebebzec. magram zemoaRniSnul qarTvel avtorebs TavianTi gnoseologiuri Sexedulebani SemdgomSi aRar gauRrmavebiaT da
arc gaufarToebiaT.
XX saukunis gnoseologiuri koncefciebidan
ufro mniSvnelovania im moazrovneTa Sexedulebani,
romlebic profesionali filosofosebi iyvnen, ris gamoc maT Tvalsazrisebs qvemoT ufro detalurad
ganvixilavT.
Semecnebis Teoriis problemebidan XX saukunis
qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva or ZiriTad problemas: Semecnebis sagani da, saerTod, Semecnebis procesis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba da WeSmaritebis problena. amjerad SevexebiT ZiriTad Tvalsazrisebs pirvel problemasTan
dakavSirebiT.
yvelaze soliduri filosofiuri koncefcia XX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, romelsac ara mxolod gnoseologiuri aramed ontologiuri Sinaarsic hqonda,
SeimuSava Salva nucubiZem, romelic cnobilia aleTo139
logiis Teoriis, anu rogorc TviTon uwodebda, aleTologiuri realizmis saxelwodebiT. aleTologia
WeSmaritebis Teoriaa (berZ. `aleTeia~ _ WeSmariteba,
`logos~ _ moZRvreba e. i. aleTologia aris moZRvreba
WeSmaritebaze)4.256amdenad igi ZiriTadad gnoseologiis
sferos ekuTvnis, magram ramdenadac es Teoria laparakobs TavisTavad, e. i. ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, amdenad igi ontologiacaa, anu, rogorc misi
avtor amtkicebda, igi aris `pirveli filosofia~.
amjerad SevexebiT Salva nucubiZis Tvalsazriss Semecnebis sagnisa da Semecnebis procesis uzogades kanonzomierebaze, xolo momdevno paragrafSi specialurad ganvixilavT WeSmariyebis problemas.
S. nucubiZe aleTologias mecnierebaTa mecnierebad Tvlida, yvela mecnierebaze maRla ayenebda da
amis Sesabamisad uaryofda im Tvalsazriss, romelsc
gneseologia `pirvel filosofiad~ miaCnia. `pirveli
filosofia~, misi azriT, is mecniereba iqneba, romelic filosofiis sagns ikvlevs. Semecneba ki, am filosofiur disciplinasTan SedarebiT meoradia, vinaidan
arsis arseboba win uswrebs mis Semecnebas. Semecnebis
Sesaxeb moZRvreba meoradia arsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebasTan SedarebiT. aq aSkaraa, rom S. nucubiZe ontologias upiratesobas aniWebs gnoseologiasTan SedarebiT, Tumca maT ganuyrel kavSirSi ganixilavs. `Semecnebis Semecneba _ wers igi _ WeSmaritebis Teoriaa
da Tu aqedan iwyebs filosofia, WeSmaritebis Teoriac
pirveli filosofiuri disciplina unda iyos~5.257WeSmaritebis Teorias ki igi aleTologias uwodebs.
S. nucubiZe Tvlis, rom Semecnebis sagnis garkveva gnoseologiis uZiriTadesi amocanaa. magram Semecnebis sagnis garkvevamde saWiroa Semecnebis pirobebis
garkveva. igi asaxelebs Semecnebis sam uzogadessa da
aucilebel pirobas: 1. `Semecneba meoreobiTi movlenaa~6;258es niSnavs, rom Semecneba, uwinares yovlisa, sa140
Wiroebs sagns, romlis mimarT Semecneba meoradia. jer
unda iyos sagni da mere Semecneba, anu sagnis arseboba
win unda uswrebdes mis Semecnebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi akritikebs dekarts, kantsa da kantianelebs,
romlebic am pirobebs ar icaven. dekartma scada SemecnebiT dawyeba; mas yvela Sinaarsi gamoacala da
`filosofiis Senebas~ uSinaarso, SemecnebiT Seudga,
rac, cxadia, uSedego gamodga. uSinaarso sagnis gareSe
Semecneba Seuzlebelia. Cogito, ergo, sum ar niSnavs imas,
rom TiTqos azrovnebidan arseboba gamoiyvaneba. `azri
gulisxmobs arsebobas, e. i. meoreobiTi movlenaa~7.259Semecnebis primatobis dasabuTeba verc kantma
SeZlo. erTi sityviT, mas udavod miaCnia, rom `Semecnebas Sesacnobi aucileblad win unda uswrebdes (logikurad)~. am pirobas S. nucubiZe `Semecnebis pirvel ZiriTad pirobas~ uwodebs8.260
Semecnebis meore piroba asea gamoTqmuli: `Sesacnobi aucileblad garkveulobas unda warmoadgendes~9.261Semecneba gaurkvevelis garkvevas niSnavs.
am SemTxvevaSi gaurkveveli niSnavs CvenTvis gaurkvevels, romelic Semecnebis Sedegad gaurkveveli xdeba.
Semecnebis sagani ki TavisTavad uTuod garkveuli
unda iyos. TavisTavad gaurkvevels Cveni Semecneba veraviTar SemTxvevasi ver gaarkvevs. am punqtSi igi akritikebs kants, romelmac Semecnebas TavisTavad gaurkvevelis garkveva daakisra. Semecnebis sagni rom TavisTavad gaurkveveli iyo, maSin, S. nucubiZis azriT, Semecneba saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneboda. am mimarTulebiT S. nucubiZes ufro Zveli (antikuri) filosofosebi moswons, gansakuTrebiT platoni, romelic amtkicebs, rom `uformo, e. i. gaurkveveli arc arsebobs da
arc Seicnoba... arseboba TavisTavad garkveulobaa da
aseT rames moklebuli igi arc SemecnebisTvis arsebobs~10.262
141
Semecnebis mesame piroba aseTia: `Semecneba da Sesacnobi dagvari unda iyos~11.263Tu Semecnebasa da Sesacnobs Soris `araferi saerTo araa~, maSin Semecneba
SeuZlebeli iqneba. am debulebas s. nucubiZe aqsiomad
Tvlis, romelsac empedokledan dawyebuli, yvela filosofosi icavs.
S. nucubiZe Tvlis, rom Semecnebis pirobebi
martooden am sami faqtoriT ar amoiwureba. aq laparakia mxolod ZiriTad pirobebze. aleTologiis Teoria,
misi azriT am moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. `Semecnebis”
sagania is, rac aris, rogorc garkveuloba. igi
sxvagvarad aryofnaa da amdenad WeSmaritebaa TavisTavad. rogorc WeSmariteba TavisTavad, igi Seicavs imaze
mets, vidre misi arseboba~12.264am or winadadebaSia gamoTqmuli SekumSuli saxiT mTeli aleTologiuri realizmi.
S. nucubiZe erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs samgvar
WeSmaritebas: WeSamriteba TavisTavad, anu ontologiuri WeSmariteba. aseTia arsis garkveuloba, romelic
SeiZleba SemmecneblisaTvis gaurkveveli iyos, magram
TavisTavad garkveulia. meore saxisaa WeSmariteba
CvenTvis. es aris gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba, Cveni
codna, azri, msjeloba, romelic asaxavs WeSmaritebas
TavisTavad. da, bolos, Cveni WeSmariteba romelic
Secdomis wyaros warmoadgens. Semecneba niSnavs WeSmariteba TavisTavadis gadaqcevas WeSmaritad CvenTvis13.265Semecneba ki ar qmnis Tavis sagans, rogorc
kanti fiqrobs, aramed Seicnobs mas, WeSmaritebas TavisTavad gadaaqcevs WeSmaritebad CvenTvis amrigad,
`WeSmariteba Tavistavad da WeSmariteba CvenTvis is bunebrivi sazRvrebia, romelSic imaleba Semecneba. sinamdvile, rogorc arsebuli, gamoxatulia WeSmaritebaSi TavisTavad~14.266
aq aSkarad Cans gnoseologiis, rogorc Semecnebaze moZRvrebis meoradoba TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis
142
Semswavlel mecnierebasTan SedarebiT, romelsac S.
nucubiZe aleTologias uwodebs. igi araorazrovnad
amtkicebs, rom `gnoseologia arsebuli saxiT unda moixsnas da adgili dauTmos ufro maRal mecnierebas,
romelsac Cven aleTologias vuwodebT~15.267S. nucubiZe
Tvlis, rom `aleTologia filosofiis iseTi dargia,
romelic unda Seicavdes rogorc azris, ase arsis
principebs erTsa da imave dros~. erTi sityviT, igi
aleTologias universalur, `pirvel filosofiad~
warmoadgens.
Semdeg S. nucubiZe ufro dawvrilebiT ganixilavs
Semecnebis sagansa da mis bunebas. Semecnebis sagnad
igi Tvlis WeSmaritebas TavisTavad. `Semecnebis sagania
WeSmariteba TavisTavad WeSmaritebad CvenTvis gadaqceuli~16.268
Semecnebis sagnis upirveles niSnad S. nucubiZe
damoukideblobas Tvlis. igi damoukidebelia Semecnebisagan, magram imave dros mis mizans warmoadgens. Tu
Semecnebis sagani damokidebulia Semecnebaze, maSin is
Tavis mizans verasdros miaRwevs. Semecnebaze damokidebuli Semecnebis sagani ar iqneba obieqturi da maSin
yvela kriteriums vkargavT da anTropologizmSi
vvardebiT. Semecnebis sagnis mxolod damoukidebloba
aZlevs Cvens codnas obieqtur xasiaTs.
Semecnebis saganTan dakavSirebiT S. nucubiZe
uaryofs rogorc transcendentizms, aseve imanentizms,
rogorc calmxriobebs da imanentur-transcendentizmis
poziciebze dgeba. `Semecnebis sagani, iseve rogorc Semecneba, _ wers igi, _ erTsa da imave dros transcendentursa da imanentur Tvalsazrisebs moTxoven~17.269am mosazrebas S. nucubiZe WeSmariteba TavisTavadis WeSmaritebad CvenTvis gadaqcevis magaliTze
ganmartavs. rac arsebiTad Semecnebis procesis daxasiaTebis tolfasia. `sagani transcendenturia, ramdenadac
igi TavisTavadi WeSmaritebaa; igive sagani imanenturia
143
ramdenadac CvenTvis WeSmaritebaa~18.270amaSi mdgomareobs
transcendentizm-imanentizmis arsi. ar SeiZleba rom sagani mTlianad Semecnebis gareT iyos, vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi `Sesacnobi araferi iqneboda... masze azric
ar gaCndeboda~. an sxvagvarad: `Sesacnobi sagani Semecnebis sferoSi unda iyos~. es aris imanentoba. magram
S. nucubiZe am imanentobaSi transcendenturobas eZebs.
`TviT imanentobaSi unda Caqsovil iqnas transcendentoba~19.271es transcendeturoba Semecnebisagan sagani damoukideblobaa, WeSmaritebis TavisTavadobaa.
Semecnebis sagani nebismieri faqti ki ar aris,
aramed mxolod da mxolod garkveuli faqti an faqtis
garkveuloba. Semecnebas win uswrebs mxolod es
garkveuloba da es xdis mas SesaZleblad. faqti rom
TavisTavad garkveuli ar iyos, maSin Semecneba mas ver
gaarkvevda. `ai, es faqtze danarTi, mis bunebaze warmatebuli momenti garkveulobisa aris Semecnebis is sagani, romelsac Cven vuwodebT WeSmaritebas TavisTavad~20.272arsi TavisTavad ar niSnavs garkveulobas,
arsi, rogorc aseTi, gaurkvevelia. magram roca igi mocemuli gvaqvs amgvarad, amgvari arsis (Sosein) saxiT,
maSin igi arsze metia da garkveulobasac warmoadgens.
ai, es garkveuloba iqneba |WeSmariTeba TavisTavad rogorc Semecnebis sagani. Semecnebis sagnisa da Semecnebis magvarobis magvaroba, rogorc Semecnebis SesaZleblobis mesame piroba swored amaSi gamoixateba.
Semecneba garkvevaa, ucnobis nacnobad gadaqcevaa. Semecnebis sagani ki TavisTavad garkveulia. ai, aq xvdeba
erTmaneTs Semecnebis sagani da Semecneba, rac SesaZlebels xdis Semecnebis faqts. amitom aris Semecnebis
zemoxsenebuli pirobebi `ZiriTadi~, principuli xasiaTis pirobebi.
Semmecneblisa da Sesacnobis erTianobis ideis
analogs S. nucubiZe filosofiis istoriaSic eZebs da
kidec poulobs. es idea, misi azriT, sruliad aSkarad
144
gamoTqmulia jer kidev empedokles mier, romelmac Semecnebis sagansa da Semecnebas Soris ontologiuri da
gnoseologiuri msgavseba SeamCnia. platonma Semecnebis
sagnad materiis iseTi wyoba gamoacxada, romelSic
`gamoxatulia wesi, garkveuoba da sistema~. ideasTan
msgavseba SesaZlebels xdis Semecnebas. aseve aristotelesTvis Semecnebis sagania `is wesi, is kanoni,
romlis erT-erT gamoxatulebas warmoadgens kerZoobiTi~. aristotelem icis, rom yoveli kerZo zogadis saxeobaa. swored amitom `aristotele am zogads garkveviT
axasiaTebs,
rogorc
WeSmaritebas
TavisTavad~21.273marTalia, aristoteles ara aqvs termini
`WeSmariteba TavisTavad~, magram misi cneba uTuod
aqvs. amitomaa, rom aristotele kerZos ar Tvlis Semecnebis sagnad. marTalia, Semecneba kerZoTi iwyeba,
magram Semecnebis sagans warmoadgens zogadi da ara
kerZo. S. nucubiZe Tavis Tanamoazres eZebs laibnicTanac. `monada erTsa da imave dros Semmecnebelicaa da
Sesacnobic~22.274Semmecnebelia monada da Semecnebis sagansac `monadaTa damokidebuleba anu sistema~ warmoadgens. igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs, S. nucubiZis azriT,
aramxolod racionalizmSi, aramed empirizmSic. dasaxelebulia devid hiumi, romlisTvisac Semecnebis sagania ideaTa Soris damokidebuleba da mimarTeba da aseTive mimarTeba movlenaTa Soris. hiumi TviTon Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofs, magram Semecnebis sagani
mas mimarTebaTa sistemad esmis.
„Semecneba win unda uswrebdes Sesacnobi – aseTia
mTavari transcendentaluri piroba Semecnebisa”23.275vinc
amas ar miiRebs, man unda dauSvas Semecnebis sagnis
Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, rac sagnis winaswreba imaSi
niSnavs, rom „empiriul WeSmaritebas, an, rogorc Cven
vityodiT, WeSmaritebas CvenTvis win unda uZRodes
transcendenturi WeSmariteba (anu WeSmariteba TavisTavad)”24.276
145
aleTologiis problemebTan dakavSirebiT S. nucubiZe ikvlevs mecnieruli Semecnebis bunebasac. mecniereba sinamdviles imecnebs, magram mecnieruli Semecnebis buneba TviTon warmoadgens gamokvlevis sagans. es
garemoeba aucilebels xdis mecnierebaTa mecnierebis
arsebobas, romelic specialur mecnierebaze `ufro maRali mecniereba~ iqneba. es iqneba mecnierebis Teoria,
romlis Sinaarss Semecnebis Semecneba warmoadgens. SeiZleboda am mecnierebisaTvis `Semecnebis Teoria” gvewodebina, magram gnoseologia da mecnierebis Teoria
sul sxvadasxva ramaa. amitom umjobesia mas WeSmaritebis Teoria, anu aleTologia vuwodoT25.277
S. nucubiZe gveubneba, rom aleTologiis cneba
lambertma Semoitana, romlis qveS maS WeSmaritebis
Teoria esmoda. magram lamberti mas meorad filosofiur
disciplinad
Tvlida
azrovnebis
wesebis
Semswavlel mecnierebasTan _ dianoiologiasTan _ SedarebiT. S. nucubiZe ar eTanxmeba am Tvalsazriss da
igi aleTologias mecnierebaTa Soris pirvel adgils
miakuTvnebs.
S. nucubiZes aucileblad miaCnda mecnierebisa da
filosofiis kavSiri da arsebiTad winaaRmdegia spekulaciuri filosofiisa. igi gveubneba, rom, `WeSmaritebis azrovnebidan gamoyvana ar SeiZleba, radgan igi sinamdvilesTanaa dakavSirebuli~26.278mecnierebanic imecneben TavianTi sagnis WeSmaritebas. `WeSmariteba, rogorc
masala filosofiuri Ziebisa, mocemulia mecnierebaSi.
sxva gza mis misaRebad arc arsebobs~27.279am mosazrebaSi
aSkarad Cans mecnierebisa da filosofiis urTierTkavSiri. igi specialurad svams sakiTxs mecnierebisa
da filosofiis sagnebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb da Tan
am ukanasknelis qveS aleTologias gulisxmobs.
specialuri mecnierebani, amtkicebs S. nucubiZe,
`sinamdvilis erT mxares arkvevs~. es imas niSnavs, rom
igi gamoavlens sinamdvilis movlenaTa Soris arsebul
146
damokidebulebas. magaliTad, fizika adgens, rom `liToni eleqtrobis kargi gamtaria~ es debuleba marto
imas ki ar niSnavs, rom am or movlenas Soris aseTi
damokidebulebaa, aramed imasac, rom `yvela amas
sxvagvarad yofna ar SeuZlia da mxolod am garkveulobis saxiT aris~28.280garkveuloba ki arsebobasac Seicavs da WeSmaritebasac. swored aq aris kavSiri specialur mecnierul codnasa da filosofias Soris.
mecnieruli Semecneba garkvevas, garkveulobas emsaxureba. mecnierebis mier mowodebuli masala `araa
usistemo da usafuZvlo~. marTalia, specialur mecnierebas uSualo WeSmaritebis sakiTxi ar ainteresebs,
magram mecnieruli debulebani `WeSmarit movlenaTa mimarTebis asaxvaa~. zogadad rom vTqvaT, `mecniereba
arkvev WeSmarit sagnebs, filosofia ki WeSmaritebas _
rogorc sagans~29.281aqac filosofiis cnebis qveS avtori aleTologias gulisxmobs.
mecnierebasa da filosofias Soris S. nucubiZis
azriT, imdenad mWidro kavSiria, rom, garkveuli
azriT, `filosofiis sagani igive mecnierebis sagania;
mecniereba mas arkvevs rogorc empiriul mocemulobas,
filosofia _ am mocemulobis garkveulobas~30.282ufro
martivad rom vTqvaT, `mecnierebas ainteresebs realur
movlenaTa Soris arsebuli realuri damokidebuleba,
filosofias _ arsebulSi gansxvavebuli WeSmariteba
anu arsis WeSmaritebis formiT gansaxiereba~31.283
aseTia S. nucubiZis Tvalsazrisi Semecnebis
sagnis da Semecnebis procesis kanonzmierebis Sesaxeb.
WeSmaritebis problemas ki qvemoT specialurad ganvixilavT.
Semecnebis sagnisa da Semecnebis procesis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb originaluri koncefciis SemuSavebis cda mocemulia mose gogiberiZis filosofiur
memkvidreobaSi. magram misma filosofiurma msoflmxedvelobam radikaluri cvlileba ganicada. mis mier
147
dasaxuli sakvleo-samecniero gegmebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
ganuxorcielebeli darCa. daumTavrebelia misi ZiriTadi gnoseologiuri Txzuleba `Semecnebis aqsiomaturi
dasabami~, romelSic Camoyalibebulia momavali muSaobis gegma. es ZiriTadad im mZime ideologiuri viTarebiT aixsneba, rac marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis batonobas mohyva, romelic yovelgvar originalur
azrovnebas imTaviTve gamoricxavda da mecnierul
azrovnebas, gansakuTrebiT filosofiurs, marqsizmis
prokrustes sarecelze aTavsebda. gogiberiZisaTvis am
ideologiur wnexs fizikuri ganadgurebac mohyva. man 53
wlis asakSi sapyrobileSi dalia suli.
amitom Znelia mose gogiberiZis filosofiur
msoflmxedvelobaze saerTod da, kerZod misi Semecnebis Teoriaze msjeloba. qvemoT mose gogiberiZis gnoseologiur Sexedulebebs gadmovcemT misi sakmaod
dasrulebuli naSromis `Semecnebis sagnis problema~
mixedviT, romelic 1928 wels daibeWda misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamocemul `rCeul filosofiur TxzulebaTa~ pirvel tomSi (red. g. TevzaZe). aqve
SevniSnavT, rom bevri ram am TxzulebaSic gaurkvevelia, vinaidan igi aramarto ase Tu ise dasrulebuli
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegia, aramed agreTve momavali
muSaobis programasac warmoadgens.
m. gogiberiZe iwyebs im udavo debulbiT, rom Semecnebas aqvs sagani; usagno Semecneba ar arsebobs. davis obieqts warmoadgens Semecnebis sagnis raoba, misi
statusi. kerZod, Semecnebis sagani Semmecneblis mier
Seqmnilia, Tu misgan damoukideblad arsebobs? m. gogiberiZe akritikebs fenomenalizms, romelsac `Semecnebis sagnis movla ar SeuZlia~. es niSnavs, rom igi ar
eTanxmeba im Tvalsazriss, romelic Semecnebis sagans
Semmecneblis mier Seqmnilad Tvlis. magram misTvis
aseve
miuRebelia
Semecnebis
sagnis
mowyveta
Semmecneblisagan. amis Sesabamisad m. gogiberiZe kriti148
kulad ganixilavs jer Semecnebis sagnis gnoseologiursa da ontologiur Teoriebs, xolo Semdeg gamoTqvams sakuTar Tvalsazriss Semecnebis sagnis Sesaxeb, romelic, misi azriT, orive _ gnoseologiuri da
ontologiuri _ Teoriisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.
Semecnebis sagnis gnoseologiuri Teoriebi m. gogiberiZis azriT, amtkicebs, rom `Semecneba Tavis
dasrulebas mecnierebaSi aRwevs~. ar arsebobs mecnierul codnaze ufro swori codna. igi umaRlesi donis
codnas warmoadgens. am tipis Semecnebis Teoriebi, gveubneba m. gogiberiZe, Tavisi bunebiT scientisturia.
`kantma saucxood gaarkvia, rom Semecnebis sagani
mecnierebis faqts emyareboda~, magram Semecnebis
sagnis problema mainc ver moagvara; man `sworad daayena Semecnebis sagnis problema, magram sworad ver gadaWra~32.284kantis warumateblobis mizezs am sferoSi m.
gogiberiZe imaSi xedavs, rom mas `Semecnebis sagani daekarga~, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom Semecnebis sagani
Semmecneblis produqtad gamoacxada.
m. gogiberiZis mTavari uTanxmoeba Semecnebis gnoseologiur TeoriebTan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es Teoriebi Semecnebis sagans viwro gnoseologiur sferoSi ixilavs. Semecnebis dayvana mecnierul Semecnebaze
ar SeiZleba. `Semecnebis sagnis problema ufro farTo
problemaTa sferos ekuTvnis, vidre mecnieruli
codnis sagnis problema~33.285kerZod, m. gogiberiZe
Tvlis, rom es problema dialetikursa da aqsioleqtikur areSi unda ganvixiloT.
`Semecnebis upirveles problemad~ m. gogiberiZe
realobas Tvlis; amitom `Semecneba... realobis mtkicebis cdas warmoadgens~. man unda daasabuTos, axsnas,
gasagebi gaxados realoba. es aris Semecnebis mTavari
daniSnuleba.
Semecnebis gnoseologiuri Teoriebis nakls m.
gogiberiZe imaSic xedavs, rom `gnoseologiuri Zieba
149
savsebiT da unaklod ver amowuravs Semecnebis sagnis
problemas~, vinaidan igi Semecnebis sagnis dasabamis
aRniSvniT kmayofildeba. igi `swavlobs imas, rac ase
Tu ise mocemulia~, magram `mas mocemulis Secvla ar
SeuZlia~. am naklis gamosasworeblad m. gogiberiZes
saWirod miaCnda iseTi cnebis Zieba, romelic `gnoseologiis saRvrebs miRma Zevs~ da Tavisi bunebiT dialeqtikuria. aseT gzas igi entifatikurs uwodebs. igi
aucileblad cvlis Semecnebis problemisadmi axlebur, kerZod, dialeqtikur midgomas. `dialeqtika, _
wers igi, _ gnoseologiis gaRrmavebad, xolo aqsiomatika _ dialeqtikis areSi gaurkvevlad garCeuli
problemis gadawyvetis xerxia~. m. gogiberiZe mkacrad
akritikebs neokantianelebs (koheni, natorpi) da fenomenologiur Teorias (huserli), romlebic Tvlian, rom
`Semecnebis sagani azrovnebis mier Seqmnilia Semecnebis procesSi~34.286am tipis Teoriebs igi `idealisturs~
uwodebs, romlebic `sagans realurad arsebobis uflebas arTmevs~. idealizmi Tvlis, rom `sagnis forma damokidebuli unda iqnes azrovenis formisagan~. magram
kvlevis procesSi idealizmi imaSi rwmundeba, rom `sagani SemecnebaSi raRacas iseTs niSnavs, rac damoukidebelia Semecnebis aqtisagan~. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
es sagani `realurad arsebuli arsia~. magram amis
Segneba idealizms ewinaagmdegeba, vinaidan `realurad
arsebuli arsis aRiareba ki niSnavs idealizmis yvela
uflebaze uaris Tqmas~35.287amitom, m. gogiberiZis
azriT, idealizmi cdilobs Tavi daaRwios am winaaRmdegobas. am mizniT igi cdilobs Semecnebis iseTi
sagnis aSenebas, romelic Semecnebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli iqneba. amis dasturia bolcanos moZRvreba `debuleba TavisTavadisa~ da `WeSmariteba TavisTavadis~ Sesaxeb.
m. gogiberiZe Tvlis, rom analogiuri viTareba
gvaqvs huserlis fenomenologiaSic. huserli lapara150
kobs `mniSvnelobis~ Sesaxeb; magram mniSvneloba `arc
cnobierebis Sinaarsia da arc realuri arsi~. igi `mesame arsia~, romelic `ar aris arc sulieri, arc materialuri, arc warmosadgeni, arc RmerTi, arc buneba,
aramed umaRlesi, magram arsebuli pirobaa TiToeuli
Semecnebis formisa, da, rogorc aseTi, is savsebiT
obieqturia~36.288igi `ganagebs rogorc WeSmaritebis, ise
mcdarobis ares~. aseT sagans antiscientisturi xasiaTi aqvs. magram `bneliT moculia mxolod is, Tu ras
unda akeTebdes es mesame arsi SemecnebisaTvis~37.289es,
marTalia, Zneli gamosacnobia, vinaidan igi Semecnebas
`arc aklebs da arc hmatebs~ rames, amitom `Semecnebis
sagnis rTuli problema amiT ar gadawydeba~.
m. gogiberiZe vrclad aanalizebs da mkacrad
akritikebs rikertis Tvalsazriss Semecnebis sagnis
Sesaxeb. kritikis Sedegad im daskvnamde midis, rom
`rikertis cdebi am mimarTulebiT fuWi wamowyebaa”38.290
Semecnebis sagnis gnoseologiuri Teoriis kritikis Semdeg m. gogiberiZe gadadis Semecnebis sagnis
ontologiuri Teoriis kritikaze.
Tu Semecnebis sagnis problemebis axsnas cnobierebis safuZvelze daviwyebT, gveubneba m. gogiberiZe,
maSin uTuod idealizmamde mivalT. swored amitom
`gnoseologiuri sagnis Teoriebi saboloo angariSiT
idealisturi Teoriebia~39.291magram mecnierebis Semecnebis sagnis axsna SeiZleba daviwyoT ara cnobierebidan,
aramed mis gareSe da misgan damoukidebeli realobidan _ arsis sferodan. am SemTxvevaSi mivalT realizmamde. am meore gziT wavida n. hartmani. axali tipis realizmi amtkicebs, rom Semecnebis sagani damoukidebelia Semmecneblisagan. sagans sakuTari garkveuloba gaaCnia. sagani aramarto ar aris azriseuli, aramed misdami kidec indiferenciulia. misTvis sul
erTia, Tu ras akeTebs cnobiereba mis mimarT. Semecnebis sagani ucvlelia; icvleba martooden Semecnebis
151
suraTi Cvens cxovrebaSi. amitom `gnoseologia principebs ontologiidan sesxulobs~40.292es Tvalsazrisi,
erTi SexedviT, mtkicea, magram Tu davukvirdebiT
mTlad ase ar aris. `Cveni sakuTari TvalsazrisisaTvis
realizmi TumcaRa misaRebia, magram ontologiuri realizmi mas ver akmayofilebs da ai, ratom: realizmis
mixedviT, `subieqti~ icnobs movlenebs... am movlenas
ukan Tu kidev sxva rame arsebobs, saidanac movlenebi
vlindebodnen, es sakiTxi realizmisaTvis metafizikuri kiTxvaa; is, cxadia, uaryofiTad upasuxebs. aseTi
realizmi fenomenaluria da is Semecnebis sagnis
problemas iseve ver arkvevs, rogorc sxva misi moZme
fenomenalisturi Teoriebi~41.293swored amitom m. gogiberiZes ar moswons ontologiuri realizmi. mas fenomenalizmamde mivyavarT. fenomenalizmi ki iseTi Teoriaa, romelic Semecnebis sagnad movlenaTa samyaros
Tvlis da mis safuZvlad mdebare arsebaTa samyaros
Semecnebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. aqedan isic
cxadi xdeba, rom m. gogiberiZe arc `metafizikuri realobis~ Semecnebaze ambobs uars.
m. gogiberiZe realistebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs mis maswavlebels (germaniaSi) n.
hartmans. miuxedavad amisa, misTvis n. hartmanis poziciac miuRebelia Semecnebis sagnis gagebis sakiTxSi. n.
hartmanma, gveubneba igi, realizmis axali varianti
warmogvidgina, romelic ZvelTan SedarebiT `bevri upiratesobis Semcvelia~, magram `sabolood verc is
arkvevs Semcenebis sadavo problemebs~42.294Semecnebas
dialeqtikuri xasiaTi aqvs da `Semecnebis sagnis mecnieruli dafuZneba SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod
aqsiomaturi gziT~43.295mecnierebis sagnis gnoseologiuri da ontologiuri Teoriebis kritikuli analizis
Semdeg m. gogiberiZe sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemaze gadadis, romelsac igi `mecnierebis sagnis dialeqtikur aqsioleqtur transformacias~ uwodebs.
152
igi udavo debulebiT iwyebs: Semecnebas aqvs sagani. Semecnebis Sinaarsi ki mis sagnis Sinaarss udris.
Semecnebis ganviTarebis nebismier safexurze viciT, Tu
ra aris Semecnebis sagani, magram Semecnebis cvlilebasTan erTad misi sagani icvleba. saerTod, Semecnebis
sagnis problema nebismieri Semecnebis dros filosofiuri problemaa. verc erTi mecniereba ver ityvis, Tu
ra aris misi sagani. Semecnebis sagnis Semecneba filosofiuri
kvleva-Ziebis
saqmea.
`Semecnebis
sagnis
problema mxolod da mxolod filosofiuri problemaa~44.296kerZo mecnierebebs Tavisi sagnis `aramc Tu
movla, aramed misi gagebac ar SeuZliaT~. es ar aris
maTi saqme. filosofiis saqme ki is aris, rac mecnierebis saqme ar aris. filosofia am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad masalas saWiroebs, romelsac igi kerZo mecnierebebisagan iRebs.
m. gogiberiZe amtkicebs, rom Semecnebis sagnis
sakiTxSi ori mimarTuleba ebrZvis erTmaneTs. erTis
azriT, `Semecnebis sagnis gasagebad saWiroa Semecnebis
msvlelobis ubralo aRwera; meore Semecnebis faqtis
ase Tu ise interpretacias emyareba~45.297pirvel mimarTulebas m. gogiberiZe imdenad ususurad Tvlis,
rom misi dalagebac ki zedmetad miaCnia. meoris Sesaxeb ki ukve zemoT iyo laparaki, romelsac m. gogiberiZe agreTve usafuZvlod Tvlis. Semecneba, misi azriT,
winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia, xolo zemoaRniSnuli Teoriebi am winaaRmdegobas gaurbis. amaSia maTi mTavari
nakli. es imas niSnavs, rom `interpretaciuli Teoriebi ukiduresobamde antidialeqturi Teoriebia~. Semecnebis sagnis problema ki `uaRresad dialeqtikuri
problemaa~. am gzaze n. hartmanis moZRvrebas m. gogiberiZe uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. igi Tvlis,
rom n. hartmanma `Seangria interpretaciuli Teoriebis
simagre da sagnis dialeqtikuri gagebisaTvis gakafa
gza~46.298
153
am zogadi SeniSvnebis Semdeg m. gogiberiZe gadadis Semecnebis sagnis dialeqtikis daxasiaTebaze. am
SemTxvevaSi igi kvlav im aqsiomatur debulebidan amodis, rom Semecnebas aqvs sagani. Semdeg svams kiTxvas:
ra Sinaarsi aqvs Semecnebis sagans? da pasuxobs: `Semecnebis sagnis Sinaarss Cven mecnierebis faqtis saxiT
vnaxulobT~. amitom Semecnebis `sagnis Teoriis~ asaSeneblad `mecnierebas unda mivmarToT, saWiro masala
misgan unda miviRoT~47.299aq naTlad Cans m. gogiberiZis
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba spekulaciuri filosofiisadmi, romelic filosofias specilauri mecnierebebisagan wyvets da mxolod da mxolod wminda gonebis
produqtad warmogvidgens. filosofia masalas specialuri mecnierebebisagan iRebs, vinaidan Semecnebis
uzogadesi kanonzomiereba Tanabrad batonobs mecnierevbasa da filosofiaSi. filosofia, rogorc umaRlesi zogadobis codna, arsebobas ver SeZlebda specialur mecnierebebSi miRebuli codnis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinareobs mecnierebis ugulebelyofis SeuZlebloba, mecnierebisadmi skefsisi dauSvebelia. magram filosofiuri SemecnebisaTvis mecnieruli codna sakmarisi ar aris. ,,mecniereba gvaZlevs sagnis Sinaars da
ara TviT sagans~. filosofia ki am SemTxvevaSi Semecnebis sagans eZebs. ,,Semecneba yovelTvis arsis Semecnebas niSnavs; Semecnebis sagani ki saSualebaa arsis
Semecnebis misaRwevad~48.300magram Semecnebis sagans, rogorc mecnierul Sinaarss, arsiseuli substanciuroba
aklia. mecnieruli SemecnebisaTvis wyali aris qimiuri
elementebis erTianoba. magram filosofias amiT dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. is aRmoaCens Semecnebis sagnis
winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs, mis dialeqtikur bunebas.
m. gogiberiZes miaCnda, rom gnoseologiuri da
ontologiuri Teoriebi, romlebic zemoT ganvixileT,
logikurad Tanamimdevari iyo winaaRmdegobis uaryofis TvalsazrisiT. yvela isini Tvlida, rom ,,sagnis
154
cneba formalur winaaRmdegobas ar unda Seicavdes~. m.
gogiberiZe ki, piriqiT Tvlis, rom, sagnis cneba
ganxorcielebeli winaaRmdegobaa da amitomac misi Sina antituenti dialeqtikuria49.301xolo dialeqtikurad
gagebuli Semecnebis sagnis suraTi, m. gogiberiZis
azriT, swored aseTi unda iyos.
iseve da isev Semecnebas unda hqondes sagani, romelsac igi mecnierebaSi poulobs. Tu Semecnebis sagani
mecnierebis faqtis gziT iqneba mocemuli, maSin ,,Semecnebis filosofiuri pretenzia dakmayofilebulia~,
raki napovni iqneba Semecnebis sagani; magram es ar
xerxdeba, vinaidan mecniereba ver poulobs Semecnebis
iseT sagans, romelic realuri sagnis adekvaturi iqneba. m. gogiberiZe aseT daskvnas akeTebda: ,,a) Semecnebas
aqvs sagani; Semecnebis sagani udris Semecnebis faqtiT
mocemul sagans, magram mecnierebis faqtiT mocemuli
sagani ar udris Semecnebis sagans. b) sagani Sesavalia
arsisa; TiToeuli mecnierebis faqtobrivi da SesaZlebeli aqtiT mocemul sagans moepoveba Tavisi ekvivalenti elementi arsis saganTa rigSi. magram jami arsis
saganTa rigisa ar udris mecnierebis aqtiT mocemul
Tu mosacem saganTa jams. yvela SesaZlebel saganTa
integrali udris arss, magram arsi metia, vidre mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali yvela sagnis integrali~50.302
m. gogiberiZes miaCnia, rom ,,es ori debuleba aris
saganTa dialeqtikis dasayrdeni, Tan aucilebeli Sesavali sagnis entifatikuri gagebisaTvis~51.303aqve igi SeniSnavs, rom ,,vinc gonebis dialeqtikur operaciebSi
Cveuli ar aris, mas aq ucnaurobis meti arafris amokiTxva ar ZaluZs~.
Semecnebis sagnis or zemoaRniSnul debulebaSi,
gveubneba m. gogiberiZe, aris ,,ganxorcielebeli winaaRmdegoba logikuri kanonis aspeqtisaTvis~. swored
amis gamo ,,aqsiomatikam SemecnebisaTvis is logikuri
155
winaaRmdegobani unda gadalaxos, rac dialeqtikam wamoayena, magram ar gadaulaxavs~52.304
amgvarad, m. gogiberiZes Semoaqvs axali mecnieruli cneba _ aqsiomatika _ romelic, misi azriT, mowodebulia dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad.
,,filosofiuri aqsiomatika _ wers igi _ aqsiomatur-negaciuri
meTodiT
dialeqtikurobis
gadalaxvas
niSnavs~. dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobis aRmoCena kvlevis saboloo Sedegi ar aris. m. gogiberiZe gveubneba,
rom aqsiomatikas igi uwodebs racionaluris Camoyalibebas ,,savsebiT zusti da garkveuli mecnieruli definiciebis saxiT ~53.305
ganmartavs ra aqsiomatikis cnebas, m. gogiberiZe
amtkicebs, rom ,,aqsiomatika iqneba dialeqtikis mier
aRmoCenili alogikuri elementebis miReba, Semecnebis
sagnis cnebaSi winaaRmdegobis arsebobis aRiareba,
magram orives racionaluri definiciebis saxiT dalageba; amiT ki entifatikuri meTodi bolomde miyvanilia~54.306
Semdeg m. gogiberiZe exeba aqsiomatikis problematikas, e. i. im mecnierebis problematikas, romelmac Semecnebis saganSi aRmoCenili dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba unda gadalaxos. igi gveubneba, rom ,,aqsiomatika
im wesebis sistemaa, romelTa daxmarebiT logikur winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxva SesaZlebeli xdeba~. aqsiomatikis Tezisia: ,,WeSmariteba ar aris arc filosofiuri
da arc mecnieruli problema55.307m. gogiberiZis azriT,
,,aqsiomatikurma meTodma ise unda aaSenos TiToeuli
mecniereba, rom mis aRnagobaSi WeSmaritebis sakiTxi
arc ki unda wamoiWras~56.308es uzrunvelyofili iqneba
imiT, rom aqsiomebi logikuri Tu empiriuli TvalsaCinoebebis gamo Semowmebas ar saWiroebs. es niSnavs, rom
aqsiomatikis sferoSi ar SeiZleba sakiTxi daisvas
imis Sesaxb, WeSmaritia Tu ara esa Tu is debuleba.
debulebis TvalsaCinoeba, sicxade WeSmaritebis Sesa156
xeb sakiTxis dasmis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.
Semdeg m. gogiberiZes Semoaqvs axali cnebebi, romelTa
axsnas ar iZleva. igi gveubneba, rom Semecnebis sagani
dialeqtikuria. ,,dialeqtikuri sazrisis entifatikuri
gageba ki niSnavs sagnis fenomenSi ori nawilis garCevas: aqsioleqtursa da aqsiomatikurs. aqsioleqtikuri
iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra aris Semecnebis sagani? ,,Semecnebis sagania is winaaRmdegoba, romelic arsebobs
rogorc gadaulaxavi sxvaobis koeficienti azrsa da
arss Soris~57.309sadac ar aris es winaaRmdegoba, iq
arc Semecnebaa da arc sagani. aqsiomatikis mizania am
winaaRmdegobis gamoricxva. erTi sityviT, aqsioleqtika winaaRmdegobas aRmoaCens, xolo aqsiomatika mas gadalaxavs. Semecnebis sagania arssa da azrs Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba, romelsac aqsioleqtika aRmoaCens; xolo am winaRmdegobis moxsna ki aqsiomatikis
saqmea.
SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ,,Tu Semecnebis sagani
winaaRmdegobis demonstraciaa, maSin raRas emyareba
Semecnebis SesaZlebloba?~ m. gogiberiZe Tvlis, rom am
kiTxvaze aqsiomatikas aseTi pasuxis gacema SeuZlia:
,,Semecnebis SesaZlebloba WeSmaritebis miRwevas ar
niSnavs, aramed sagnis iseT konkretul realizacias,
romlis praqtikuri ganxorcielebisaTvis azrsa da
arss Soris arsebuli sxvaobis koeficienti unda moixsnas da Semecnebis sagani realur sagans daemsgavsos~58.310
dasasrul, m. gogiberiZe gveubneba, rom Teoriuli
Ziebis dros Semecneba WeSmaritebas ki ar eZiebs, aramed
Tavis praqtikas amarTlebs. Semecnebis praqtikis gamarTleba aris mecnierebis esa Tu is dargi. Semecnebis
SesaZlebloba mecnierebaSi dasturdeba. ,,amitom Semecnebis sagnis sanimuSo realizacias Semecnebis
praqtikis mixedviT agebuli mecniereba iZleva~. Semecnebis sagnis aseTi sarealizacio sfero aris aqsiomatu157
rad agebuli mecniereba. aseTia Tanamedrove maTematika
da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani. ,,aq da mxolod aq
Semecneba poulobs Tavis sagans da filosofiuri aqsiomatikis daxmarebiT aqcevs realuri sagnis warmomadgenlobad~. amiT winaRmdegoba daZleulia da ,,Semecnebis sagnad arsebuli sagania gamocxadebuli~59.311
aseTia m. gogiberiZis koncefcia filosofiis
sagnis Sesaxeb. udavoa, rom am koncefciaSi bevri ram
saintereso da originaluria. avtori eZebs problemis
gadawyvetis axal gzebs da ar kmayofildeba arsebuliT. amaSi vlindeba misi azrovnebis originaluroba,
SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi. samwuxarod, avtors bevri originaluri idea, proeqti bolomde daumTavrebeli, ganuxorcielebeli darCa. amaSi uTuod im socialursa da
politikur viTarebas miuZRvis brali, romelSic igi
cxovrobda. sruli ufleba gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, m. gogiberiZes soliduri filosofiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba SeeZlo.
Semecnebis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba dialeqtikuri materializmis poziciidan ganxilulia k. baqraZis
naSromebSi. misi azriT, Semecnebis sagani Semecnebis
procesisagan damoukidebelia. ,,Semecnebas, codnas,
mecnierebas obieqturi xasiaTi aqvs... codnis, Semecnebis
obiqturoba
mis
aucilebel
niSans
warmo60
312
adgens~ .
adamianis codnas obieqtur xasiaTs aZlevs is garemoeba, rom igi obieqturi realobis asaxvas warmoadgens, xolo TviTon obieqturi realobis arseboba
logikurad ar sabuTdeba; misi dasabuTeba mxolod da
mxolod praqtikis sferoSi SeiZleba. ,,mravali aseuli
da aTaseuli wlebis praqtikuli moRvaweoba, Sromis
procesi, bunebaze zemoqmedeba da bunebis movlenebis
gardaqmna – ai, is safuZveli, romelic asabuTebs obi158
eqtur samyaros, adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli bunebis arsebobas~61.313
k. baqraZe amtkicebs, rom ,,Semecnebis procesi yovelTvis praqtikasTan aris dakavSirebuli~, yvela
mecniereba adamianTa praqtikuli moTxovnilebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. praqtika ara mxolod codnis warmoSobis wyaroa, aramed agreTve mecnieruli Teoriis
aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebisa. magram Tavis mxriv
mecnierebac gavlenas axdens praqtikaze, gardaqmnis mas.
k. baqraZe icavs im debulebas, rom cnobiereba ara
aris ra, garda yofierebis asaxvisa~. es niSnav, rom
,,mTeli masala, romelic gaaCnia adamianis azrovnebas
da romelsac is amuSavebs, aRebulia obieqturi sinamdvilidan~62.314
k. baqraZe akritikebs empirizmisa da racionalizmis safuZvel debulebebs. empirizmi uaryofs zogadis Semecnebas da calkeulis SemecnebiT ifargleba63.315k. baqraZe amtkicebs, rom ,,calkeulis Semecneba
SeuZlebelia zogadis gareSe, movlenisa – arsebis gareSe~64.316amitom Semecnebis mizani calkeulis Semecneba
ki ar aris, aramed zogadisa, mecniereba cdilobs saganTa da movlenaTa Soris arsebuli ucilobeli
kavSirebis aRmoCenas. empirizmi uaryofs e. w. ,,meoradi
Tvisebebis” (feri, gemo, suni da a.S.) obieqturobas. k.
baqraZe ki amtkicebs, rom meoradi Tvisebebi ,,gamowveuli arian obieqturi sagnebis zemoqmedebiT Cvenze da,
maSasadame, isini obiqturia”.
racionalizmis winaaRmdeg k. baqraZe amtkicebs,
rom ,,Tu azrovneba qmnis mxolod WeSmarit ideebs, maSin riT unda aixsnas Secdomis faqtebi?~65.317iqneb
Secdoma SegrZnebebiT aixsneba? magram, k. baqraZis
azriT, es saqmes ver Svelis, radgan racionalistebis
mixedviT, ,,SegrZnebebs ara aqvs SesaZlebloba zegavlena moaxdinon azrovnebaze. azrovneba xom Caketilia Tavis TavSi, mas xom ara aqvs ,,fanjrebi~, romelTa saSua159
lebiT obieqtur samyaros SeuZlia masSi Sevides
SegrZnebebisa da aRqmebis saSualebiT?~66.318
k. baqraZe akritikebs agreTve kantis cdas,
romlis mizani iyo empirizmisa da racionalizmis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva. igi gveubneba, rom kantis Teoria TiTqos mecnierebis SesZleblobas icavs, magram
namdvilad uaryofs namdvil mecnierebas, uaryofs obieqturi sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas~. vinaidan ,,agnosticizmi principulad ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierebas, xels uSlis mis ganviTarebas~67.319k. baqraZe daaskvnis, rom ,,empirizmisa da racionalizmis kantiseuli ,,gadalaxva~ sityvieri aRmoCnda. am sakiTxSi kanti
principulad imave Tvalsazrisze dgas, rogorc racionalistebi da empiristebi~. maTi Secdoma erTia:
,,grZnobierebis mowyveta azrovnebidan~.
aseTia ZiriTadad k. baqraZis Sexedulebani Semecnebis sagnisa da misi uzogadesi kanonzomierebis
Sesaxeb.
axla gadavideT qarTvel filosofiur moazrovneTa Sexedulebebis ganxilvaze. Semecnebis Teoriis uZiriTadesi cnebis – WeSmaritebis – Sesaxeb, romelic nebismieri Semecnebis Teoriis birTvs warmoadgens.
$ 2. WeSmaritebis problema
Semecnebis Teoriis mTavar sakiTxs WeSmaritebis
problema warmoadgens. filosofiis istoriaSi WeSmaritebis TvalTaxedviT cnobilia ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: gnoseologiuri da ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoriebi. filosofosTa erTi jgufi Tvlis,
rom WeSmariteba aris codnis niSani, Semecnebis Sedegi, romelic mxolod da mxolod adamianis cnobierebaSi arsebobs. amgvarad gagebul WeSmaritebas SeiZleba
gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba vuwodoT, romelic WeSma160
ritebis erT-erT gvars warmoadgens. saxelwodeba ,,gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba~ mis bunebas gamoxatavs, vinaidan igi swored codnis (,,gnosis~ codna) sferos miekuTvneba da, maSasadame, mis gareSe ar arsebobs.
meore mimarTulebas WeSmaritebis gagebis sakiTxSi warmoadgens ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria, anu moZRvreba TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb.
es Teoria ganixilavs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebul
realobas, romelic cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad arsebobs; WeSmariteba mas esmis, rogorc
arsi, sagnobrivi viTareba (Sachverhalt). swored amitom
ewodeba mas ontologiuri (on, ontos – arsi, logos _
moZRvreba) WeSmariteba.
XX s.-is qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi figurirebs WeSmaritebis orive gvari _ gnoseologiuri da
ontologiuri WeSmariteba. vinaidan istoriulad gnoseologiuri WeSmaritebis Teorias XX s.-is qarTul
filosofiur azrovnebaSi win uswrebda ontologiuri
WeSmaritebis Teoria, amitom WeSmaritebis problemis
ganxilvas swored amiT daviwyebT.
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi ekuTvnis Salva nucubiZes. am Teoriis Sesaxeb igi msjelobs jer kidev
1913 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi ,,bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria~, romelic daibeWda moskovis fsiqologiuri sazogadoebis JurnalSi ,,voprosi filosofii i
fsixologii (Вопросы философии и психологии)” (1913, wigni
I, gv. 39-100 da wigni II, gv, 111-173). am TxzulebaSi Camoyalibebuli ideebi safuZvlad daedo mis filosofiur
koncefcias ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, romelic cnobilia ,,aleTologiuri realizmis~ saxelwodebiT. es Teoria S. nucubiZem Camoayaliba naSromebSi:
,,aleTologiis safuZvlebi~ (Tbilisi, 1922), ,,Wahrheit
und Erkenntnisstrukur~ (Berlin, 1926) da ,,Philosophie und
Weisheit~ (Berlin, 1931)1.320S. nucubiZis ontologiuri
161
WeSmaritebis Teoria anu aleTologiuri realizmi ZiriTadad Cexi filosofosis b. bolcanos ideebidan
amodis; agreTve iTvaliswinebs huserlisa da laskis
ideebs WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb. amitom S. nucubiZis ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoriis gasagebad aucilebelia
misi winamorbedebis ontologiuri moZRvrebis mokle
mimoxilva.
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoriis Soreul winaprad platons Tvlian, romlis ideaTa samyaros
WeSmaritebis niSanic miewereba. magram ontologiuri
WeSmaritebis Teoriis fuZemdebels bernardi bolcano
warmoadgens. bolcanos azriT, msjelobaSi erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT msjelobis aqti, romelsac
procesis xasiaTi aqvs da maSasadame, droSi sruldeba
da am aqtis saSualebiT gamoTqmuli debuleba, romelic arsebobs TavisTavad, subieqtisagan damoukideblad. igi ase axasiaTebs debulebas TavisTavad (Satz
an sich): ,,debuleba TavisTavadis qveS me mesmis mxolod
nebismieri gamoTqma (Aussage), rom raRac aris da aseve
ar aris; es gamoTqma WeSmaritia an mcdari, vinmes mier
sityvebiT gamoTqmulia an ar aris gamoTqmul, gonis
(Geist) mier moazrebulia, an ar aris moazrebuli~2.321maSasadame, debuleba TavisTavad, bolcanos azriT, ar
aris imaze damokidebuli, igi gamoTqmulia Tu ar aris
gamoTqmuli, WeSmaritia Tu mcdari, vinmes mier moazrebulia Tu ar aris moazrebuli. erTi sityviT, mas sruli damoukidebloba gaaCnia, ontologiuri sazrisi
aqvs, Tumca igi nivTis saxiT ki ar arsebobs, aramed
idealuri bunebis mqonea. moZRvreba TavisTavadi debulebis Sesaxeb bolcanos sWirdeba ontologiuri
WeSmaritebis (,,WeSmariteba TavisTavad~) Teoriis dasafuZneblad, an, rogorc S. nucubiZe ambobs, ,,debulebis
TavisTavad Sesaxeb moZRvreba mxolod preliudiaa
WeSmaritebis TeoriisaTvis~3.322marTlac, WeSmariteba
TavisTavad aris iseTi debuleba TavisTavad, romelic
162
realur viTarebas asaxavs, mas gamoxatavs ise, rogorc
is aris. misi idealuroba imaSi vlindeba, rom igi
sivrcisa da drois gareSea. bolcano asaxelebs piTagoras Teoremas, romelic ar aris damokidebuli drosa (yvela droSi erTi da igivea) da sivrceze (sul
erTia, mas erTi kaci gamoTqvams, Tu mravali). aseve
bolcanos miaCnia, rom WeSmariteba TavisTavad obieqturi, saqmis viTarebis, sagnobrivi viTarebis gamoTqmas warmoadgens. SeiZleba igi aravis mier ar iyos
gamoTqmuli, magram igi mainc gamoTqmaa. ,,WeSmaritebaSi
TavisTavad me vgulisxmob nebismier debulebas, romelic gamoTqvams raimes ise, rogorc igi aris; amave
dros me sruliad gaurkvevlad vtoveb sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, vinmes mieraa moazrebuli an gamoTqmuli es debuleba Tu ara. pirveli viTareba gvaqvs Tu meore _ es
sul erTia; debulebas unda vuwodoT WeSmariteba TavisTavad, Tuki is, rasac igi gamoTqvams, aris ise, rogorc igi gamoTqvams an, sxva sityeviT, Tuki sagans,
romelsac es debuleba ganixilavs, sinamdvileSi miewereba is, rasac mas mivawerT~4.323
WeSmariteba TavisTavadis sailustraciod bolcanos moaqvs xis foTlebis magaliTi. igi wers: ,,im
foTlebis ricxvi, romliTac gasul gazafxulze Seimosa garkveuli xe, romelic garkveul adgilze dgas,
savsebiT gansazRvrulia, kidec rom amis Sesaxeb aravin
araferi icodes. debulebas, romelic miuTiTebs am
ricxvze, me vuwodeb obiqtur WeSmaritebas, kidec rom
mas aravin Seimecnebdes~5.324
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria gaiziara da
Taviseburad daasabuTa e. huserlma. igi erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs msjelobis aqts da mis Sinaarss. Cvens mier Catarebuli msjelobis aqti 2X2=4 droSi mimdinareobs da maSasadame, igi empiriuli Sinaarsis mqonea,
magram TviTon am msjelobis Sinaarsi idealuri fenomenia da, maSasadame, drois gareSea. igi aris WeSmari163
teba TavisTavad, romelic Semecnebaze ar aris damokidebuli. zemoaRniSnul maTematikur debulebas, amtkicebs huserli, TviTon RmerTic ki ver Secvlis. igi maSinac arsebobda, rodesac adamianebi jer kidev ar
iyvnen
amqveynad.
aseve
huserli
amtkicebs,
rom
msoflio mizidulobis kanonis gamomTqmeli msjeloba
niutonamde arsebobda. samkuTxedis Sida kuTxeebis jami udris or swor kuTxes imisagan damoukideblad, SevimecnebT mas Tu ara.
huserlis ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria Taviseburad gaiziara e. laskma. igi, iseve rogorc
bolcano da huserli, aRiarebs Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebeli WeSmaritebis arsebobas, romelic
mas esmis, rogorc transcendentaluri logikuri arsi,
rac intuiciis gziT miiwvdomeba.
bolcanos, huserlisa da laskis ontologiuri
WeSmaritebis Teoriebis gavlena ganicada S. nucubiZem,
romelmac aleTologiis Teoriis axali varianti Camoayaliba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom pirvel
naSromSi ,,bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria~ S. nucubiZe sakmaod kritikulad ekideba bolcanos ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teorias, Tumca misi ZiriTadi debulebebi misTvis misaRebia. igi akritikebs ra bolcanos
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teorias, aRniSnavs, rom
,,WeSmariteba TavisTavad aris is, rac ar aris msjeloba, ris gamoc igi ar aris arcodna~6.325mas miaCnia, rom
bolcanos moZRvrebas ,,WeSmaritebis TavisTavadis Sesaxeb emuqreba universalur realizmad gadaqceva misi
absoluturi yofierebiTurT~7.326sxvagvarad es niSnavs,
rom WeSmariteba TavisTavadi aris ara msjeloba, debuleba, romelsac vinme gamoTqvams, aramed arsi. ufro
gviandeli periodis naSromebSi ki igi mTlianad iziarebs bolcanos, huserlisa da laskis moZRvrebas TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb da ayalibebs am Teoriis axal variants zemoaRniSnuli filosofosebis mo164
sazrebebze dayrdnobiT. S. nucubiZis aleTologiis Teoriis fuZemdebluri cnebaa ,,WeSmariteba TavisTavad~,
ris gamoc igi Tavis Teorias ,,aleTologiur realizms~ uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom WeSmariteba, rogorc
sagani, filosofiis kvlevis mTavari obieqtia.
S. nucubiZe erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs samgvar
WeSmaritebas: WeSmariteba TavisTavad anu ontologiuri WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba CvenTvis anu gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba da Cveni WeSmariteba, romelic Secdomis wyaroa. WeSmaritebas TavisTavad araviTari Sinaarsi ara aqvs. igi alogikuria da yovelgvar winaaRmdegobaze maRla dgas, magram rodesac Mmas adamiani Seimecnebs, e.i rodesac igi Semmecnebul subieqts gaucxadebba, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuli da misgan arsebuli faruli WeSmariteba, maSin igi gadaiqceva gnoseologiur WeSmaritebad, anu WeSmaritebad CvenTvis. am
gagebiT Semecneba sxva araferia, garda TavisTavad
arsebuli WeSmaritebis gacxadebisa. „WeSmariteba TavisTavad gadaiqceva WeSmaritebad CvenTvis, ai, Sinaarsi
Semecnebisa“8.327mas miaCnia, rom WeSmariteba TavisTavad
aris Semecnebis aucilebeli piroba. „msoflio miziduloba da eleqtroba rom ar yofiliyvnen, rogorc
WeSmariteba TavisTavad, SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi
WeSmaritad CvenTvis gadaqceva“9.328an kidev: „WeSmariteba
TavisTavad rom ar iyos, maSin arc CvenTvis WeSmariteba iqneboda, e.i sinamdvileSi rom ar iyos Cvengan damoukideblad magnolia misi gaSlili 15 yvaviliT, masze
WeSmariti msjelobis gamoTqma, anu misi Semecneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda“10.329sxvagvarad es niSnavs, rom „is,
rac unda gaxdes WeSmaritebad CvenTvis, ukve arsebobs
rogorc WeSmariteba TavisTavad“11.330WeSmaritebis damoukideblobas S. nucubiZe imaSi xedavs, rom „igi gamoxatavs sagnis an movlenis garkveulobas“. sagnis garkveuloba, misi amgvarad yofna aris WeSmariteba. arsi, zogadad aRebuli, garkveulobas moklebulia; amitom igi
165
ararsSi gadadis. magram garkveuli arsi (Sosein) am
garkveulobiT aris „arsze meti“ (mehr als Sein). am
SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs WeSmariteba. TviTon arsi ar aris
WeSmaiteba, aramed mxolod da mxolod misi garkveuloba. maSasadame, Semecnebis sagania ara obieqturi
arsi, aramed WeSmariteba TavisTavad. „Semecnebas win
uswrebs WeSmariteba, rogorc misi transcendentaluri
piroba da mTeli gasaqani Semecnebisa WeSmaritebis TavisTavad WeSmaritebis CvenTvis gadaqcevaa“12.331
WeSmariteba TavisTavad, S. nucubiZis azriT, aris
„garkveuloba arsisa“. es garkveuloba anu WeSmariteba
„movlenebSia Caqsovili“13.332magram xels ar uSlis
imas, rom igi „Sualeduri“ rgolis rolSi gamovides
arsisa da azrovnebis mimarT14.333es niSnavs, rom WeSmariteba erTsa da imave dros arsicaa da azric; mas
orive maTganis niSnebi axasiaTebs. miuxedavad amisa,
igi yovelgvar dapirispirebulobaze maRla dgas da
amaSi gamoixateba misi uSinaarsoba da alogikuroba.
zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom S. nucubiZis WeSmariteba TavisTavad arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba imisgan, rasac bolcano am cnebaSi gulisxmobda. bolcanosTan
WeSmariteba TavisTavad Sinaarsulia, S. nucubiZesTan
ki uSinaarso da alogikuri. TiTqmis mTeli gansxavaveba maT Soris amaze daiyvaneba. S. nucubiZis ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria agreTve enaTesaveba e. laskis
TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis koncefcias (es garemoeba
aRniSnuli aqvs TviTon S. nucubiZes da mis recenzents
b. bauxs)15.334daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas huserlis Sesaxeb. aqve SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom WeSmariteba TavisTavadis Teoria bolcanom daafuZna, romlis
sxvadasxva variants warmoadgens huserlis, laskisa da
nucubiZis koncefciebi TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb.
ontologiuri SeWmaritebis Teoriis mTavari
problema Semdegia: ra aris WeSmariteba TavisTavad,
166
igi msjelobis Sinaarsia, Tu arsi anu sagnobrivi viTareba? Tu azria, Tu msjelobis Sinaarsia, maSin igi vis
ekuTvis, vis mier aris gamoTqmuli es msjeloba? xolo
Tu igi ara aris msjelobis Sinaarsi, masSi gamoTqmuli azri, aramed arsi anu sagnobrivi viTarebaa, maSin
riT gansxvavdeba arsisgan da ratom vuwodebT mas
WeSmaritebas? xom ar vurevT am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTSi arssa da azrs, msjelobasa da msjelobis obieqts, anu sagnobriv viTarebas? am Teoriis avtorebi
gveubnebian, rom WeSmariteba TavisTavad aris arsis
garkveuloba da ara TviTon arsi. magram arsis garkveuloba gana arsis garkveuloba ar aris da isev arsis
kuTvnilebas ar Seadgens? es problema ontologiuri
WeSmaritebis avtorebTan gadawyvetili ar aris. am
mxriv SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba gvaqvs bolcanosTan, romelic Tvlis, rom WeSmariteba TavisTavad,
marTalia, adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebobs,
magram RmerTis mier gamoTqmuli sagnobrivi viTarebaa,
anu igi aris msjelobaSi gamoTqmuli iseTi azri, romelic absolituri sizustiT asaxavs sagnobriv viTarebas. erTi sityviT, bolcano mimarTavs RmerTis cnebas, ris saSualebiTac igi TavisTavad WeSmaritebis
cnebas ixsnis sagnobriv viTarebasTan (arsTan) gaigivebisagan. S. nucubiZe ki, iseve rogorc huserli da
laski, RmerTis cnebas ar mimarTavs, ris gamoc zemoaRniSnuli problema kidev ufro mwvavdeba da rig
SemTxvevaSi
bundovanebis
areali
kidev
ufro
farTovdeba. bundovanebas gansakuTrebiT is iwvevs,
rom ontologiuri WeSmariteba gaigivebulia xan msjelobis SinaarsTan an debulebasTan, romelic aravis
ar ekuTvnis, aravis mier ar aris gamoTqmuli da xan
arsTan, sagnobriv viTarebasTan. es orazrovneba gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT Cans S. nucubiZis aleTologiur
realizmSi. magaliTad, igi wers: „msoflio miziduloba da eleqtroba rom AAar yofiliyvnen rogorc WeSma167
riteba TavisTavad, SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi WeSmaritebad CvenTvis gadaqceva“16.335amrigad, msoflio mizuduloba da eleqtrooba CaTvlilia WeSmaritebad TavisTavad; aq TviTon maT garkveulobazec ki ar aris
laparaki; miT umetes ar aris laparaki am sagnobrivi
viTarebis gamoTqmul msjelobaze, aramed TviTon
sagnobriv viTarebze anu arsze. Semdeg: „garkveuloba
arsisa... Seadgens WeSmaritebas TavisTavad“. kidev:
„magnolia misi gaSlili 15 yvaviliT“ aris WeSmariteba
TavisTavad17.336swored WeSmariteba TavisTavadisa da
sagnobrivi viTarebis gaigiveba hqonda mxedvelobaSi S.
nucubiZis wignis „filosofia da sibrZne“ erT-erT
germanel recenzets (de-frizs), roca SeniSvnis saxiT
werda: „WeSmariteba TavisTavad... sabolood gautoldeba yovelgvari cnobierebisagan damoukidebel arss...
magram sakiTxavia, maSin „WeSmariteba“ sxva raRaa, Tu
ara arsis axali saxeli?“18.337
magram S. nucubiZe am SemTxvevaSi Tanmimdevrulobas ar iCens da zogjer WeSmariteba TavisTavad esmis
ara rogorc arsi, sagnobrivi viTareba, aramed rogorc
misi gamoTqma, msjeloba mis Sesaxeb. igi wers: „damoukidebuloba WeSmaritebisa imaSia, rom igi gamoxatavs
sagnis an movlenis garkveulobas“19.338Semdeg: „arsis
garkveuloba Seadgens Sinaarss WeSmaritebisa TavisTavad. igi araa TviT sinamdvile, aramed sinamdvilis
arsebobis
faqtis
gamomxatveli,
misi
sxagvarad
aryofnis aRmniSvneli“20.339aqac ontologiuri WeSmariteba da arsi erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia, Tum ca,
bolcanosagan gansxvavebiT, araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin aris am sagnobrivi viTarebis gamomxatveli, gamomTqmeli, aRmniSvneli – adamiani Tu RmerTi.
adamiani rom ar aris es faqtia, vinaidan misi TavisTavadoba swored adamianisagan damoukideblobaSi gamoixateba. magram araferia naTqvami arc RmerTze, rogorc
168
obieqturi viTarebis gamomTqmelze. amdenad, sakiTxi
kvlav Ria rCeba.
aseTia S. nucubiZis ontologiuri WeSmaritebis
Teoria, anu aleTologiuri realizmi. es koncefcia,
cxadia, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba gnoseologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoriisagan, romlis poziciebzec marqsistuli filosofia – dialeqtikuri materializmi – idga.
komunisturi ideologiis gabatonebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi daiwyo brZola S. nucubiZis aleTologiur realizmis winaaRmdeg, ris gamoc 30-iani wlebidan S. nucubiZe iZulebuli gaxda mietovebina Tavisi filosofiuri moZRvreba da xeli moekida qarTuli filosofiis istoriisaTvis, rac, garkveuli azriT, iZulebiTi
nabiji iyo, Tumca am „iZulebam“ didi nayofi moutana
qarTul filosofiur istoriis kvlevis saqmes.
jer kidev 20-ian wlebSi, roca aleTologiuri
realizmi ar iyo sisruliT Camoyalibebuli, ontologiuri WeSmaritebis sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva
sergi daneliam. igi 1925 wels aqveynebs statias „WeSmaritebis gvari“21.340romelSic man mkacrad gaakritika
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoria da WeSmaritebis
gnoseologiur-fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi daicva. am
statiis avtoris mizania imis garkveva, Tu ra aris
WeSmariteba. mas miaCnia, rom WeSmaritebis bunebis gasarkvevad aucilebelia misi gvaris dadgena, saxeldobr, sinamdvilis ra sferos miekuTvneba. s. danelia erTmaneTsagan ganasxvavebs logikursa da genealogiur gvars. gvari SeiZleba iyos logikuri da genealogiuri, romelTa erTmaneTSi aRreva dauSvebelia.
genealogiuri damoukideblobis princips, mis ZiriTad
mizans mizezobrioba warmoadgens, logikuri damoukideblobisa ki – msgavseba. sadac ar aris mozezobrioba, iq SeuZlebelia genealogiur gvarze laparaki, xolo sadac ar aris msgavseba, iq aris logikuri urTierToba. mizezobrioba droSi sruldeba; mizezi win
169
uswrebs da warmoSobs Sedegs. genealogia swored amaSi mdgomareobs.
s. danelia Tvlis, rom WeSmaritebis gvari logikuria da ara genealogiuri; igi ar eqvemdebareba mizezobriobis kanons da, maSasadame, arc droSi arsebobs.
kidec metic, igi Tvlis, rom WeSmaritebas arsebobis
niSani ar miewereba. am SemTxvevaSi avtori imas gulisxmobs, rom WeSmariteba ar aris empiriulad arsebuli. iseve rogorc bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi. saerTod ki WeSmaritebis arsebobas igi, cxadia, uaryofs.
WeSmariteba Secdomis sapirispiro cnebaa. WeSmaritebisa da Secdomis saerTo gvars ki msjeloba
warmoadgens. WeSmariteba gamoTqmulia msjelobaSi,
aseve Secdomac msjelobaSi gamoiTqmeba. WeSmaritebac
da Secdomac azria; azri ki yovelTvis msjelobis saxiT arsebobs.
magram s. danelia azrs ganmartavs, rogorc fsiqikur movlenas, igi gveubneba rom azric da grZnobebic
fsiqikuria. azris gvari, s. danelia mixedviT, aris
fsiqikuri, azri ki aris msjelobis gvari, xolo msjeloba WeSmaritebis gvaria. am debulebaTa kombinaciidan s. danelia daaskvnis, rom fsiqikuri aris WeSmaritebis gvari. man WeSmariteba gaigo, rogorc fsiqikuri
movlena, rac niSnavs fsiqologizms gnoseologiaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, s. danelia mkacrad akritikebs
rogorc fsiqologizms, aseve antifsiqologizms WeSmaritebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi amtkicebs, rom fsiqologizmsac da antifsiqologizmsac (am ukanasknelis qveS
igi huserlis moZRvrebas gulisxmobs) WeSmaritebis gauqmebamde mivyavarT. fsiqologizmi skepticizmia, vinaidan
igi
WeSmaritebis
Semecnebis
SesaZleblobas
uaryofs, WeSmariteba dayavs fsiqikurze (es kritika nawilobriv s. daneliac Seexeba). antifsiqologizmis
(mxedvelobaSia huserli) winaaRmdeg amtkicebs, rom huserli WeSmaritebis cnebas fizikuri damokidebulebiT
170
(arafsiqikuriT) cvlis. am SemTxvevaSi ki sityva „WeSmaritebas“ azri ekargeba. antifsiqologizmis mier WeSmaritebis amgvar gagebas s. danelia „daTvur samsaxurs“
uwodebs da huserls brals sdebs logikur SecdomaSi
ignorantio elenchi. antifsiqologizmis mTavar Seccdomas
igi imaSi xedavs, rom uaryofilia WeSmariteba, rogorc azri da igi sagnobriv viTarebasTan aris gaigivebuli. antifsiqologizmi WeSmaritebis gvarad Tvlis
fizikurs da ara fsiqikurs, sadac ar aris subieqti,
„me“, iq arc fsiqikuria da arc azri, xolo sadac ar
aris azri, iq WeSmaritebaze laparaki zedmetia.
s. danelias am statias gabatonebuli marqsistulleninuri ideologiis mxridan mkacri, magram usafuZvlo kritika moyva. 1934 wels gazeT „komunistSi“
daibeWda werili myvirala saTauriT: „Zirs idealizmi“.
s. danelias zemoaRniSnuli statiis Secdomas Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT idealizmi ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed fsiqlogizmi. romelsac igi TviTon ebrZvis.
WeSmaritebis gvari logikuria da ara fsiqikuri.
movlenebi droSi imyofeba da realuri arsis sferos
miekuTvneba. WeSmariteba, ki, rogorc amas s. daneliac
amtkicebs, zedroulia. misi zedroulobis mtkiceba ki
niSnavs ara mis fsiqikurobas, aramed logokurobas.
zedrouli logikuria da ara fsiqikuri. magram am
SemTxvevaSi mTavari isaa, rom s. danelia WeSmaritebis
gnoseologiuri Teoriis gzaze dgas. Semdgomi drois
qarTveli mkvlevarebi am Tvalsazriss fsiqologizmis
saburvels Camoxsnian da WeSmaritebas gnoseologiur
aspeqtSi warmoadgenen. aseTia, mokled, s. danelias
Tvalsazrisi WeSmaritebaze. k. baqraZe kategoriulad
uaryofs ontologiuri WeSmaritebis arsebobas. „WeSmaritebis obieqtur sinamdvilesTan gaigiveba _ wers igi,
_ obieqtur idealizms warmoadgens“22.341igi ekamaTeba
ontologiuri WeSmaritebis damcvelebs: hegels, huserls, bolcanos. „huserli ver atyobs, _ wers igi, _
171
sagnis garkveuloba ar warmoadgens mis Semecnebas, xolo Semecnebis gareSe SuZlebelia arsebobdes WeSmariteba. obieqturi sagani arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari.
is mxolod arsebobs. vinc sagans WeSmaritebisa da
mcdarobis niSans miawers, is obieqtur sinamdviles
cnobierebad, azrad aqceven anda sagans, obieqtur sinamdviles gonebis konstruqciad aqcevs“23.342ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom msjelobis _ „dedamiwa arsebobda
adamianamde“ – Sinaarsi WeSmariti iyo maSinac, roca
dedamiwaze jer kidev adamianebi ar iyo. an geometriis
aqsiomebidan gamomdinare Sedegebi WeSmaritia im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini aravis ar mouazrebia da arc
arasodes moiazrebs. am debulebis WeSmaritebaze msjeloba manmade, vidre isini vinmes ar mouazrebia, ar SeiZleba. isini manmade arc WeSmariti iyo da arc mcdari, radgan im dros arc msjeloba arsebobda da arc
misi Sinaarsi. aqsiomebis SemTxvevaSi „ris WeSmaritebaze SeiZleba msjeloba? Cven ar viciT, ra Sedegebi gamomdinareoben am aqsiomebidan; isini jer aravis gamouyvania, isini jer kidev aravis mouazrebia da vin icis,
Tu vinme odesme moiazrebs“24.343
gnoseologiuri WeSmaritebis Teoriis damcveli
dialeqtikuri meTodis safuZvelze iyo savle wereTeli. WeSmaritebis problemis kvlevisas igi im debulebidan amodis, rom „azri, romelic sinamdviles, saxeldobr, dialeqtikur sinamdviles asaxavs, TviTonac
dialeqtikuri bunebisaaa“25.344swored amitom s. wereTeli miznad isaxavs gaarkvios WeSmaritebis cnebis dialeqtikuri buneba. igi imis dasabuTebas cdilobs, rom
WeSmaritebis cnebas dialeqtikuri xasiaTi aqvs. WeSmariteba, misi azriT, aris sinamdvlis asaxva Cvens cnobierebaSi; WeSmaritia Cveni warmodgenebis, azrebis iseTi Sinaarsi, romelic damoukidebelia subieqtisagan
da, saerTod, kacobriobisagan. WeSmaritebis amgvar gagebaSi, s. wereTelis azriT, ori momenti igulisxmeba:
172
azri da obieqti, sagani. kerZod, aq naTqvamia, rom
„azrSi unda iyos is, rac sagnobrivi obieqturia, araazrobrivi, arasubieqturi xasiaTisaaa. subieqtSi unda
iyos arasubieqturi, obieqturi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gveZleba WeSmariteba“26.345es, rasakvirvelia is ar
unda gavigoT, rogorc azrSi sagnis yofna. „Semecnebis
TvalsazrisiT sagnis azrSi yofna am sagnis mxolod
codnas niSnavs“. miuxedavad amisa, „WeSmariteba gvaqvs
maSin, Tu azrSi ar aris is, rac ar aris azri, rac
araazrobrivia; magram es araazrobrivi azrSi arsebobs
codnis, asaxvis formiT“27.346sxva sityvebiT, „WeSmariteba mxolod maSin arsebobs, Tu azrs SeuZlia Tavis Sinaarsad iqonios is, misgan sruliad damoukidebelia“28.347azris erTianoba imasTan, rac azrisgan sruliad damoukidebelia, magram azris Sinaars Seadgens, dapirispirebulTa erTianobis gamoTqmaa. es gansazRvreba,
s. wereTelis azriT, dadebiTia, Tumca Tavis TavSi
uaryofis momentsac Seicavs. amaSi mJRavnedeba misi dialeqtikuri buneba.
am mizniT s. wereTeli ikvlevs subieqturisa da
obieqturis dialeqtikur damokidebulebas WeSmaritebaSi. azrovneba, rogorc fsiqikuri elementi, misi azriT,
subieqturia. igi droSi arsebobs, xolo aseT gnoseologiursa da logikurs ver mivakuTvnebT. azrovneba,
cnobiereba Semmecnebeli subieqtia. imecnebs subieqti
swored cnobierebis saSualebiT. es niSnavs, rom
azrovneba Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT subieqturia. igi
subieqtSi arsebobs da ara mis gareT. am SemTxvevaSi
laparakia azrovnebaze, rogorc fsiqikur fenomenze.
azrovneba fsiqikuri momentis gareSe SeuZlebelia,
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos azrovneba fsiqikurze daiyvaneba. s. wereTeli mkacrad uaryofs fsiqologizms gnoseologiaSi, vinaidan igi masSi subieqtivizms xedavs, xolo subieqtivizmis pirobebSi Semecnebaze laparaki ar SeiZleba. WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT
173
azrovnebas obieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs. amitom saWiroa gairkves, Tu ra urTierTobaa subieqtursa da obieqturs
Soris WeSmarit azrSi.
WeSmaritebis subieqturobis aRiareba, amtkicebs
s. wereTeli, SeuZlebelia Tundac imitom, rom igi saerTod auqmebs WeSmaritebas; Tu yvelaferi WeSmaritia,
maSin, meore mxriv, araferi ar aris WeSmariti. WeSmaritebis subieqturobis daSvebis siyalbe mis obieqturobas asabuTebs. WeSmariteba obieqturia, magram ara iseTi obieqturi, rogorc cnobierebis gareSe arsebuli
sagnebi da movlenebi; WeSmariteba azris niSania da mas
sagnobrivi arseboba, cxadia, ara aqvs. am gagebiT WeSmariteba ar aris obieqturi. s. wereTeli uaryofs WeSmaritebis albaTurobis Tvalsazriss; albaTuri imas
ewodeba, rac WeSmaritebas hgavs, magram TviTon ar
aris WeSmariti; es ki, misi azriT, niSnavs, rom albaTurs WeSmaritebiT aqvs azri da gamarTleba; igi gulisxmobs WeSmaritebas da, maSasadame, mas WeSmaritebis
Secvla ar SeuZlia; arc WeSmaritebis uaryofa ar SeiZleba; WeSmaritebis uaryofa TviTon unda CavTvaloT
WeSmaritad da, maSasadame, amiT TviTon WeSmaritebis
arsebobas davasabuTebT. „WeSmariteba aucileblad
arsebobs; misi uaryofa SeuZlebelia. es imas niSnavs,
rom WeSmaritebis obieqturoba aucileblad unda vaRiaroT“29.348
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom „WeSmariteba
subieqturisa da obieqturis garkveul erTianobaSi
mdgomareobs“30.349SeuZlebelia uarvyoT WeSmaritebis
subieqturobac da obieqturobac. WeSmaritebis subieqturobis SemTxvevaSi dagvrCeba mxolod obieqturi
sagani da, maSasadame, WeSmaritebis sakiTxic moixsneba,
aseve WeSmaritebis obieqturobis uaryofas WeSmaritebis gauqmebamde mivyavarT. erTaderT gamosavals s. wereTeli imaSi xedavs, rom WeSmariteba subieqturisa da
obieqturis erTianobad gamovacxadoT.
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WeSmaritebis obieqturebis qveS s. wereTels
azris obieqturi Sinaarsi esmis, romelic obieqturad
arsebuli sagniTaa gansazRvruli. igi azris obieqturi
Sinaarsia, magram mainc azris gansazRvrulobaa. aq
mJRavndeba misi subieqturoba. „obieqturi SeiZleba
arsebobdes
swored
subieqtur
formaSi“31.350erTi
sityviT, WeSmariteba maSin gvaqvs, rodesac sagnis obieqturi Sinaarsi subieqtur formaSi warmosdgeba.
„WeSmariteba, _ ambobs s. wereTeli _ aris obieqturis
subieqturi saxe; WeSmariteba, rogorc azris obieqturi Sinaarsi, aris obieqturi sagnis subieqturi saxe.
sagani subieqtur formaSi, azris formaSi unda
warmosdges da mxolod maSin gveZleva WeSmariteba“32.351swored es aris, s. wereTelis mixedviT, WeSmaritebaSi subieqturisa da obieqturis damokidebulebis
dialeqtika. aq mJRavndeba, rom WeSmariteba dapirispirebulTa erTianobas warmoadgens.
magram WeSmaritebis dialeqtikuri buneba, s. wereTelis azriT, martooden amiT ar amoiwureba. WeSmaritebis relatiuri da absoluturi momentebis ganxilva
am garemoebas kidev erTxel cxadyofs. amitom s. wereTeli amjerad ikvlevs absoliturisa da relatiuris
damokidebulebas WeSmaritebaSi.
zogierTi filosofosi (magaliTad, parmenide, demokrite, platoni, aristotele da sxv) WeSmaritebis
absoliturobis safuZvels Semecnebis sagnis maradiulobaSi xedavs. ucvleli, maradiuli obieqtis Sesaxeb
codna agreTve ucvleli da maradiulia, absoluturia.
s. wereTeli akritikebs am Tvalsazriss da aRniSnavs,
rom Semecnebis sagnis ucvleloba WeSmaritebis absoluturobas mainc ver uzrunvelyofs. SeiZleba davuSvaT mecnierebis sagnis ucvleloba da, imave dros,
am sagnis Sesaxeb azris cvalebadobac da relatiurobac. sruliadac ar aris savaldebulo, rom ucvleli
sagnis Sesaxeb azric ucvleli iyos. erTi sityviT,
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„WeSmaritebis absoluturoba ar niSnavs WeSmariti
azris sagnis ucvlelobas“33.352WeSmaritebis absoluturobas verc Semecnebis unaris ucvleloba uzrunvvelyofs. piriqiT, absoluturi, WeSmaritebis miRweva SesaZlebelia Semecnebis unaris ganviTarebis pirobebSi.
zogjer
WeSmaritebis
absoluturubis
qveS
codnis ucvleloba esmiT. magram WeSmaritebis cvalebadobis aRiareba WeSmaritebis uaryofa rodia. WeSmariteba procesia; igi srulyofasa da ganviTarebas ganicdis, magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs misi absoluturobis uaryofas. „absoluturi WeSmaritebis uaryofa, – SeniSnavs s. wereTeli _ saerTod WeSmaritebis
uaryofaa. WeSmariteba yovelTvis Seicavs absoluturis moments“34.353
absoluturi WeSmaritebis qveS codnis obieqturoba da sisrule igulisxmeba; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
WeSmaritebis
obieqturoba
mis
absoluturobasac
niSnavs. amitom absoluturi WeSmaritebis uaryofa imave dros obieqturi WeSmaritebis uaryofacaa. Cveni
codnis arasisrule, ambobs s. wereTeli, ar uaryofs
WeSmaritebis absoluturobas. TviTon codnis miaxloeba sisrulisadmi WeSmaritebis obieqturobas, mis absoluturobas amtkicebs. marTalia, absoluturi WeSmariteba, rogorc sinamdvilis amomwuravi codna, miuwvdomelia, magram absoluturi WeSmariteba arsebobs
codnis sisrulis yovel etapze nawilobrivi saxiT.
relatiuri, SedarebiTi WeSmariteba swored aseT nawilobriv absolutur WeSmaritebas ewodeba. aqedan cxadia, rom relatiuri WeSmaritebis arsebobis aRiareba
ukve amJRavnebs WeSmaritebis dialeqtikur xasiaTs, vinaidan relatiuroba da absoluturoba erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, magram erTmaneTs ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed relatiuri Seicavs absoluturs.
s. wereTeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs relativizmsa da relatiuri WeSmaritebis aRiarebas. relati176
vizmi WeSmaritebis subieqturobis, absoluturi pirobiTobis daSvebaa da, maSasadame, WeSmaritebis obieqturobis uaryofasac niSnavs. amaSia misi Secdoma; WeSmaritebis obieqturobis uaryofa igivea, rac WeSmaritebis uaryofa saerTod35.354
WeSmaritebis relatiurobis safuZvels s. wereTeli, erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis ganuwyvetliv cvalebadoba-ganviTarebaSi xedavs. swored amis gamo SeuZlebelia
sinamdvilis sruli, absoluturi Semecneba. WeSmariteba yovelTvis relatiuria. magram, meore mxriv, Tundac
sinamdvile ucvleli iyos, absoluturi WeSmariteba
mainc miuwvdomeli iqneboda codnis obieqtis, e.i obieqturi sinamdvilis usasrulo mravalmxriobisa da
siRrmis gamo. erTi sityviT, s. wereTeli Tvlis, rom
„WeSmaritebis SedarebiTobis safuZveli mxolod is ki
araa, rom sinamdvile mudmiv ganviTarebaSia, rom Semecnebis farglebi yovelTvis SezRudulia, Tumca es
farglebi mudam icvleba da maTi gadalaxvis procesi
usasrulod grZeldeba“36.355marTalia, adamianis SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobani SeuzRudvlia, magram am SesaZleblobaTa ganxorcieleba yovel mocemul etapze
SezRudulia. swored es iwvevs WeSmaritebis relatiurobas, Tumca relatiuri WeSmariteba yovelTvis Seicavs Tavis TavSi Tavis sapirispiro absolutur WeSmaritebas. am azriTac WeSmariteba dapirispirebulTa
erTianobas warmoadgens.
relatiuri WeSmariteba WeSmaritebisa da Secdomis erTianobaa; igi WeSmaritebaa, magram ara absoluturi, aramed arasruli, romelic Tavis TavSi Secdomasac Seicavs. swored amas niSnavs misi relatiuroba.
relatiuri WeSmariteba absoluturi WeSmaritebis nawilobriobas warmoadgens.
Semmecnebeli subieqti praqtikuli moRvaweobis
procesSi sinamdvilis mxolod erT mxares aqcevs yuradRebas, saxeldobr, imas, rac mas esaWiroeba, gamoa177
calkevebs mas sxva mxareebisagan da amaSi gamoixateba
misi subieqturi midgoma sinamdvilisadmi. „obieqturidan calkeuli mxareebis gamoyofa, romelsac adamiani
axdens praqtikul-revoluciuri moqmedebis procesSi,
WeSmaritebis nawilobriobas – SefardebiTobas _
gvaZlevs“37.356
magram calke aRebul nawils sxva Tvisebebi aqvs,
vidre igive nawils mTelis sxva nawilebTan erTad.
Cveni codna sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxaris Sesaxeb mainc nawilobrivi, e.i relatiuri WeSmariteba iqneba, vinaidan igi gancalkevebuli nawilis codnaa da ara nawilisa mTelis sxva nawilebTan kavSirSi. amasTanave,
aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, absoluturi WeSmariteba relatiuris miRma ki ar arsebobs, aramed TviTon masSia
marcvlebis saxiT mocemuli, romelTa dagrovebis
gziT TandaTan ufro srulad vimecnebT sinamdviles.
absoluturi da relatiuri WeSmaritebis urTierToba, daaskvnis s. wereTeli, absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebis urTierTobas emyareba. absolutursa da relatiurs Soris gansxvaveba TviTon
aris relatiuri. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs wminda
absoluturi an wminda relatiuri. absoluturis absoluturi
uaryofa
relatiuris
gaabsoluturobas
warmoadgens da, maSasadame, absoluturis moucileblobas amtkicebs. aseve relatiuris uaryofa azrs
ukargavs absolutursac. erTi sityviT, absoluturi
da relatiuri urTierdapirispirebuli cnebebia da
imave dros erTmaneTis arsebobas asabuTebs. „absoluturi SedarebiTicaa, _ wers wereTeli, _ ramdenadac
mas azri aqvs relatiurTan dapirispirebasTan da relatiuriT. amdenad absoluturisaTvis aucilebelia
relatiuri. relatiursac azri aqvs absoluturiT; relatiuris cneba aucileblobiT gulisxmobs absoluturs“38.357
178
s. wereTeli Tvlis, rom relatiurisa da absoluturis dapirispirebaSi, rac, imave dros, maT aucilebel erTianobas ganapirobebs, absoluturi primatis
mqonea, upiratesia. „namdvili absoluturi maTi, rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa“39.358
amrigad, WeSmaritebis absoluturi da relatiuri
momentebis
ganxilvis
Sedegad
s.
wereTeli
im
daskvnamde midis, rom „SedarebiTi da absoluturi
WeSmariteba erTimeoris sapirispironi arian da aucilebel erTianobaSi imyofebian. amdenad WeSmariteba, am
mxrivac,
dapirispirebulTa
erTianobas
warmoadgens“40.359Semdeg s. wereTeli ganixilavs WeSmaritebis
konkretulobis dialeqtikur bunebas. adamianis mier
sinamdvilis yovelmxrivi Semecneba WeSmaritebis miRwevas niSnavs. sinamdvile mrvalamxrivia, amitom misi
amsaxveli WeSmaritebac mraval gansazRvrulobaTa
erTianobas warmoadgens. magram sinamdvilis mravalmxrivobis Semecneba SesaZlebelia misi calkeuli
mxareebis Semecnebis Sedegad. amrigad, mravalmxrivis
Semecneba calmxrivobis Semecnebis gziT sruldeba.
konkretuli – mravalmxrivi – ar gamoricxavs –
calmxrivs – abstraqtuls, aramed Seicavs mas. Tuki
sinamdvilis mravalmxrivobis Semecneba SeuZlebeli
iyos, maSin, s. wereTelis mixedviT, ar iarsebebda
WeSmaritebis konkretuloba, aramed igi yovelTvis
calmxrivi da abstraqtuli iqneboda. magram sinamdvileSi WeSmariteba yovelTvis konkretulia, vinaidan sinamdvilis erTi mxaris Semecneba ukve gulisxmobs sxva
mxareebis codnasac (yovel SemTxvevaSi imas mainc, rom
sxva mxareebi arsebobs). amdenad abstraqtuli da
konkretuli erTmaneTs gulisxmobs.
WeSmaritebis konkretuloba, ambobs s. wereTeli,
mravalmxrivobis erTianobaa; mravalmxrivobaSi ki arsebiTi dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa, vinaidan mravali
mxare sabolood SeiZleba or urTierTdapirispire179
bulze daviyvanoT, romelic aramarto uaryofen erTmaneTs, aramed „erTmaneTsac avseben erTianobamde da
erTianobaSi“. dapirispirebulTa erTianoba konkretulis, rogorc mraval gansazRvrulobaTa erTianobis
Zirs warmoadgens. swored amitom „ukokretulesi TviTon dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa. WeSmaritebis konkretuloba
arsebiTad
dapirispirebulTa
erTianobas
41
360
niSnavs“ . es garemoeba naTeli xdeba WeSmaritebis
uaryofis mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi. WeSmaritebis uaryofa
SeuZlebelia, vinaidan aseTi uaryofa TviTon asabuTebs
WeSmaritebis aucileblobas. WeSmaritebis uaryofa TviTon unda miviRoT WeSmaritebad da, maSasadame, igi misive dasabuTebaa. aq, s. wereTelis azriT, yvelaze naTlad
Cans WeSmaritebis dialeqtikuri Tviseba.
WeSmaritebis cnebis gansazRvrebis sakiTxs s. wereTeli dialeqtikur-logikuris problematikas ukavSirebs. am mizniT igi sakmaod vrclad ganixilavs sakiTxs
WeSmaritebis dialeqtikuri bunebis logikuri formis
Sesaxeb.
WeSmaritebis dialeqtikuroba, amtkicebs s. wereTeli, ganapirobebs logikuris samive formis – cnebis,
msjelobisa da daskvnis – dialeqtikurobas. „dialeqtikuri sinamdvile aiZulebs azrovnebas iyos dialeqtikuri“. dialeqtikuria WeSmariteba da aseTivea
mis gamomsaxveli logikuri formebi.
s. wereTeli fiqrobs, rom WeSmaritebis sruli
logikuri forma aris dialeqtikuri daskvna, radgan
„WeSmariteba... dapirispirebul msjelobaTa aucilebel
dialeqtikur erTianobas warmoadgens“42.361
roca erTi debulebiT meore mtkicdeba an uariyofa, maSin saqme gvaqvs garkveul pirobiTobasTan,
calmxrivobasTan, rasac adgili aqvs formalur logikaSi. am sferoSi winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni moqmedebs. magram sul sxva
mdgomareoba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac raimes uaryofa
180
masve asabuTebs. am SemTxvevSi miiReba erTgvari upirobo da sisruliT warmosdgeba dapirispirebulTa erTianoba. magaliTad, „WeSmaritebis uaryofiT WeSmaritebis dasabuTeba aris daskvna – uaryofis saSualebiT
Sesrulebuli SualobiTi kavSiri, sadac logikuri aucilebloba mTeli sisruliT mJRavndeba“43.362
amrigad, s. wereTeli daaskvnis, rom „WeSmaritebis
bunebis gamomxatveli logikuri forma TviTon aris
dialeqtikuri“. mTeli gamokvleva am debulebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba.
WeSmaritebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT s. wereTeli ganixilavs ontologiuri WeSmaritebis koncefcias. ontologiuri WeSmaritebis platonuri gageba,
amtkicebs s. wereTeli, absoliturad gamoricxavs dialeqtikas, moZraobasa da cvalebadobas, vinaidan ontologiuri WeSmariteba, platonis mixedviT, absoluturad igiveobrivia Tavis TavTan, ucvlelia, maradiulia.
samagierod hegelma scada ontologiuri WeSmaritebis
dialeqtikuri
gageba,
Tumca
es
cdac
marcxiT
damTavrda.
WeSmaritebis kriteriumad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
amosavali debulebis sicxade, rogorc amas dekarti
fiqrobda. „sicxade rom kriteriumad gamoviyenoT, maSin
winaswar unda vicodeT, rom cxadi azri yovelTvis
WeSmaritia“. maSasadame, sicxade „TviTon saWiroebs Semowmebas, amitom kriteriumad ar gamodgeba“44.363
WeSmaritebis kriteriumad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
arc logikuri principebi an kategoriebis winaswari
moculoba (apriorizmi), radgan „yovelgvari logikuri
principi da kategoria, rogorc Cveni azrovnebis
formebi, TviTon arian azrebi da amitom problematurSesamowmebel sferoSi imyofebian“45.364Sesamowmebeli
swored azria da, maSasadame, erTi azri meore azris
kriteriumad ar gamodgeba.
181
WeSmaritebis kriteriumad logikuri principis
SerCeva, amtkicebs s. wereTeli, Seuwynarebelia. logikuri kavSirebi, wesebi TviTon emyareba WeSmaritebas,
isini TviTon unda iyvnen WeSmariti da, cxadia, kriteriumad ar gamodgeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba vTqvaT rom
WeSmaritebisTvis aucilebelia winaaRmdegobis ar
arseboba, magram es ukanaskneli WeSmaritebis sakmaris
pirobad mainc ar gamodgeba, vinaidan arawinaaRmdegobrivi SeiZleba mcdari azric iyos. amrigad, logikur princips ar SeuZlia WeSmaritebis kriteriumis
rolis Sesruleba.
s. wereTeli akritikebs imaTac, vinc Tvlis, rom
esa Tu is debuleba WeSmaritia maSin, Tu igi debulebaTa sistemas eTanxmeba (vTqvaT, mecnierul TeoriaSi).
sistemasTan Tanxmoba WeSmaritebis garanti ver iqneba,
vinaidan WeSmariteba aris azris Tanxmoba obieqtur sinamdvilesTan da ara azris azrTan Tanxmoba. azri
amarTlebs azrs, magram es gamarTleba sxva gziT unda
Semowmdes. codnis kriteriumi ar SeiZleba iyos codna.
radgan saZebari swored codnis kriteriumia.
s. wereTeli daaskvnis, rom „azris WeSmaritebis
kriteriumi TviTon azri ar SeiZleba iyos“46.365aseT
kriteriumad SeiZleba gamodges is, rac ar aris codna.
magram arc is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom WeSmaritebis kriteriumia sagani, arsi, vinaidan arsi gulgrilia imisadmi, mas asaxaven Tu ara, an rogor asaxaven. saWiroa
imis Semowmeba, azri swored asaxavs Tu ara arss; amas
ki arsi ver ikisrebs. erTi sityviT, WeSmaritebis kriteriumia praqtika, adamianis mier sinamdvilis gadamqmneli moqmedeba. praqtikis cnebas pragmatizmic
xmarobs. magram pragmatizms praqtikis qveS piradi
sargeblianoba, mogeba esmis. aseTi kriteriumi ki kriteriumad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan igi WeSmaritebasa da
Secdomas erTmaneTisagan ver gaarCevs.
182
praqtika, ambobs s. wereTeli, ki ar aniWebs Cvens
codnas WeSmaritebas, aramed mxolod amowmebs mas. igi
amarTlebs Cvens mier ukve miRbul codnas, arkvevs mis
WeSmariteba-mcdarobas, amave sabuTiT praqtika Semecnebis safexurad ar gamodgeba, praqtikas ar SeuZlia
savsebiT daadasturos an uaryos raime azri. igi
erTgvar „gaurkvevlobas“ Seicavs, rac relatiuri da
absoluturi WeSmaritebis gansxvavebas ukavSirdeba. s.
wereTeli Tvlis, rom „praqtikis „gaurkvevloba“ qmnis
SefardebiTi da absoluturi WeSmaritebis gaurkvevlobas“. swored praqtikuli saWiroeba gamoyofs sagnis romelime mxares an mxareebs, riTac safuZveli eyreba
WeSmaritebis nawilobriobas, mis relatiurobas. praqtikis gaurkvevloba nebas ar aZlebs codnas, rom igi
absoluturad iqces. igi yovelTvis relatiuria. es garemoeba, cxadia, ar uaryofs codnis nawilobriv absoluturobas. relatiuroba swored absoluturobis nawilobriobaa. es ki ganpirobebulia imiT, praqtikac mis
safuZvelze warmoSobili codnac procesis xasiaTisaaa.
s. wereTeli Tvlis, praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi adamiani sinamdviles subieqturad udgeba, igi
gamoarCevs (misi interesebis Sesabamisad) sinamdvilis
erT an ramdenime mxares sxva mxareebisagan. es qmnis Semecnebis erTmxrivobas, romelSic WeSmariteba da mcdaroba erTianobaSia, orive nawilobrivaa warmodgenili.
„amitom praqtika kriteriumis rolSi gamosvlisas
savsebiT ver adasturebs da verc uaryofs Cvens
azrebs“47.366es iwvevs praqtikis „gaurkvevlobas“, romelic imave praqtikis procesSi swordeba. praqtikis
ganviTareba ganapirobebs absoluturi WeSmaritebisaken
svlis process relatiuri WeSmaritebis gziT. ase
xsnis s. wereTeli WeSmaritebisa da Secdomis SesaZleblobas da praqtikis kriteriumis „gaurkvevlobas“.
183
praqtika ar aris codna. igi swored praqtikaa da
ara Teoriul-SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba. swored amitom,
miuxedavad am „gaurkvevlobisa“, praqtika Tavis mxriv
axal kriteriums ar moiTxovs. „WeSmaritebis erTaderTi
saboloo kriteriumi aris praqtika“48.367aseTia, mokled,
s. wereTelis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebani49.368
gnoseologiuri WeSmaritebis ramdenime aspeqti
ganxiluli aqvs giorgi SuSanaSvils wignSi „Semecnebis Teoria“ (naw. III, Tb., 1981). igi akritikebs WeSmaritebis sxvadasxva (hegelis, jeimzis, huserlis, haidegeris, nucubiZis da sxv.) Tvalsazrisebs. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa misi mosazrebani aleTologiuri realizmis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, nucubiZis WeSmaritebis
Teoriis mizania „WeSmariteba gaigos ara rogorc adamianis azrovnebis Seqmnili, aramed iseTi ram, rac mis
azrovnebas win uswrebs. amgvarad S. nucubiZis WeSmaritebis Teoria raRac idealistursa da mistikurs ar
Seicavs, radgan arsis amgvaroba namdvilad misi Semecnebis wina da aucilebeli pirobaa“50.369miuxedavad
amisa, misTvis miuRebelia ontologiuri WeSmaritebis
Teoria, radgan WeSmariteba mas esmis rogorc azris,
msjelobis niSani da, maSasadame, gnoseologiuri
WeSmaritebis poziciebze dgas.
WeSmaritebis gnoseologiuri xasiaTi, g. SuSanaSvilis azriT, ar gamoricxavs mis obieqturobas. igi
eTanxmeba im azrs, rom subieqturi WeSmariteba SeuZlebelia; WeSmariteba mxolod obieqturi SeiZleba iyos.
amave dros WeSmaritebis obieqturoba sagnis obieqturobisagan gansxvavdeba. „moazrovne arsis damoukideblad, _ wers igi, _ sagnebi, fizikuri Tu qimiuri,
biologiuri Tu geologiuri, arseboben, magram isini
WeSmaritebis Sinaarsad maSin iqcevian, roca maTdami
moazrovne arsi iqneba mimarTuli, romelic msjelobas
gamoTqvams. ise rogorc mTvares mzis gareSe sinaTle
ara aqvs da is mxolod misgan Rebulobs mas, aseve
184
sagnebi WeSmaritebis Sinaarsad arsebobas mxolod moazrivne arsisagan Rebulobs. WeSmariteba iseTi azria,
romelic sagans ise gamoxatavs, rogorc is arsebobs“51.370amaSi mdgomareobs WeSmaritebis obieqturoba.
vinaidan WeSmaritebis obieqturoba, amtkicebs g.
SuSanaSvili, arsis azrSi gamoxatvaa, cnobierebis mier
arsis asaxvaa, amitom igi ar SeiZleba iyos calkeuli
individis kuTvnileba; „zogadsayovelTao mniSvneloba
aqvs. WeSmariteba zepirovnulia da is pirovnebis
farglebSi ar eteva“52.371
miuxedavad amisa, WeSmariteba Tavisi formiT subieqturia, „ramdenadac is subieqtis mieraa Seqmnili“.
WeSmaritebis gamomxatvelia nebismieri msjeloba, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi. msjeloba, cxadia,
mcdaric SeiZleba iyos, Tu igi ar gamoTqvams sagans
ise, rogorc is aris. rogorc WeSmaritebas, aseve mcdarobas sayovelTao mniSvneloba aqvs. aq g. SuSanaSvili
akritikebs a. bogdanovis Tvalsazriss, romelsac
WeSmariteba esmis rogorc koleqtiuri cdis Sedegi. am
Tvalsazrisis Secdoma, misi azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom WeSmariteba gagebulia rogor adamianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegi, rac obieqturi WeSmaritebis uaryofas
niSnavs. ar SeiZleba WeSmaritebis CaTvla socialur
movlenad, vinaidan aseTi mtkiceba imas niSnavs, rom
socialuri
viTarebis
cvalebadoba
WeSmaritebis
Secvlasac iwvevs. „WeSmariti azri sagnis bunebis
amoxsnaa da is SeuZlebelia socialuriT iyos
gansazRruli“53.372
vinaidan WeSmariteba msjelobis niSania, amitom
„WeSmariteba msjelobamde ar arsebobs“. cnebasa da
daskvnas WeSmaritebasTan uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT.
cneba msjelobis miRebas warmoadgens. g. SuSanaSvili
ekamTeba hegels, romelic fiqrobs, rom msjeloba
WeSmaritebas ver gamoxatavs, vinaidan igi calmxrivia.
hegelis mosazreba msjelobis naklovanebis Sesaxeb, mi185
si azriT, „emyareba msjelobis yalb gagebas“, magram
sxvadasxva msjelobas orive maTganis gamoxatva da, maSasadame, hegelis mier aRniSnuli naklis moxsna SeuZlia. msjelobas SeuZlia aramarto erTobis, aramed
gansxvavebis gamoxatvac; swored amitom misi calmxrivoba moxsnilia.
g. SuSanaSvilis azriT, „SedarebiTi WeSmaritebis
is saxe, romelic Semecnebis nakliTaa gansazRvruli, mainc obieqturia“54.373marTalia, adamiani Semecnebis procesSi xSirad cdeba, raki mas usasrulo Semecnebis unari ar gaaCnia, magram Cveni codna am SemTxvevaSic „saganTa viTarebis daaxloebiT amsaxvelia“. Semecnebis sagans zogjer iseT niSans mivawerT, rac mas ara aqvs an
gamovtovebT iseT niSans, rac mas aqvs, magram Cvens msjelobaSi ver avsaxeT. SefardebiTi WeSmariteba rom obieqturi ar iyos, maSin Cvens codnas saerTod ar eqneboda
obieqturi xasiaTi, vinaidan yvela mocemul SemTxvevaSi
SefardebiT WeSmaritebas vflobT. amrigad, WeSmaritebis
namdvili
saxea
„obieqtur-SefardebiTi
WeSmariteba“55.374absoluturi WeSmariteba ki, g. SuSanaSvilis
azriT, „Semecnebis usasrulo mizania“. igi arasdros
sisruliT ar xorcieldeba. absoluturi WeSmaritebis
Semecneba Semmecnebeli subieqtis mizans warmoadgens,
magram igi „SefardebiT WeSmaritebaTa rigia“.
WeSmaritebis konkretuloba g. SuSanaSvils esmis,
rogorc „sagnis yovelmxrivobaSi Seswavla“. magram vinaidan es moTxovna rTuli Sesasrulebelia, „erTbaSad
ar xorcieldeba“, amitom Semecneba ganuwyvetliv
uaxlovdeba konkretulobas; „adamianis Semecneba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc ufro da ufro meti
konkretulobisken svla“56.375an sxva sityvebiT: „mecnieruli Semecnebis istoria aris konkretulobisaken
svlis istoria“57.376
WeSmaritebis kriteriumis problemas mieZRvna n.
kirvaliZis gamokvlevebi: „WeSmaritebis sazomis proble186
ma filosofiaSi“ (Tb., 1978) da «Проблема критерия истины и
«Советология» (Tb., 1982). am wignebSi mocemulia im argumentebis kritika – dawyebuli antikurobidan Tanamedroveobamde – romelic wamoyenebuli iqna WeSmaritebis obieqturis sazomis SesaZleblobis winaaRmdeg da, maSasadame,
Semecnebis
Teoriis
agnostikuri
gagebis
sasargeblod. avtori im debulelebidan amodis, rom WeSmaritebis kriteriumia praqtika, romlis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli argumentebi mizans ver aRwevs. praqtika avtors
esmis. rogorc adamianTa materialuri moRvaweoba da amaSi xedavs mis specifikas. Teoriuli moRvaweobis an saerTod sulieri momentebis Setana apraqtikaSi, misi
azriT, imTaviTve auqmebs praqtikas, mis kriteriul xasiaTs, amasTanave praqtika iseTi kriteriumia, romelic Tavad araviTar kriteriums ar saWiroebs, vinaidan Tavis
TavSi Seicavs Tavis safuZvels; sxvagvarad igi WeSmaritebis kriteriumis rolis Sesrulebas ver SeZlebda. n.
kirvaliZe akritikebs ra sxvadasxva drois skeptikosebsa
da agnostikosebs WeSmaritebis kriteriumis problemasTan dakavSirebiT, im daskvnamde midis, rom „praqtikas,
rogorc kriteriums, ZaluZs im siZneleebis daZleva, roliTac skeptikosebi da agnostikosebi filosofiaSi spekulacias ewevian“58.377sxadasxva Tvalsazrisebis kritikisa da WeSmaritebis kriteriumis kvlevis procesSi avtori emyareba dialeqtikuri materializmis koncefcias
praqtikis, rogorc WeSmaritebis kriteriumis Sesaxeb da
mTeli kvleva am koncefciis dacvasa da dasabuTebas
emsaxureba.
WeSmaritebis pozitivisturi Teoriis kritika mocemulia r. kviJinaZis wignSi „WeSmaritebis problema
da Tanamedrove pozitivizmi“ (Tb., 1964). am wignSi
vrclad ganxilulia Tanamedrove pozitivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principi da naCvenebia, rom am
principis gamoyenebas Semecnebis TeoriaSi subieqtivizmamde da, sabolood, Semecnebis SeuZleblobamde
187
mivyavarT. empiriuli verifikaciis principi ver daasabuTebs WeSmaritebis obieqturobas, romlis gareSe
WeSmaritebaze da, saerTod, Semecnebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. „neopozitivizmis pretenzia, _ amtkicebs
avtori – axsnas da gaamarTlos empiriuli Semecneba
igive verifikaciis principis safuZvelze, marcxiT
mTavrdeba, radgan mis mier wamoyenebuli principi ver
asabuTebs empiriuli xasiaTis mtkicebaTa obieqtur xasiaTs. obieqturobas moklebuli codna ki SeiZleba
yvelaferi iyos, magram ara codna“59.378avtors miaCnia,
rom Tanamedrove pozitivizmi subieqturi idealizmia,
xolo subieqtivizmis poziciebze Semecnebis Teoriis
ageba SeuZlebelia.
Semecnebis kriteriumad empiriuli verifikaciis
gamocxadeba, n. kviJinaZis azriT, niSnavs zogadis Semecnebaze uaris Tqmas, romelic „Cveni codnis yvelze
mniSvnelovani mxarea“. empiriuli verifikacia arsebiTad warmoadgens „ama Tu im mtkicebis Sedarebas uSualod mocemulobasTan“, rac SemecnebisTvis sruliadac
ar aris sakmarisi. amave viTarebas codnis obieqturobis uaryofamde mivyavarT, rac agreTve niSnavs Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas.
r.
kviJinaZes
SeuZleblad
miaCnia
sazrisis
problemis gadaWra empiriuli verifikaciis principis
safuZvelze. „nacvlad imisa, rom saganTan da sagnobriobasTan damokidebulebaSi eZebos Semecnebis sazrisi,
igi am ukanasknelis gansazRvrebad miiCnevs Semowmebadobis, e.i verifikaciis princips, esmis ra es ukanaskneli rogorc empiriuli Semowmebadoba; amas mivyavarT
Semecnebis araswor, mcdar gagebasTan“60.379aseTi amosavali principebidan amosvla, avtoris azriT, erTi
mxriv, ,,iwvevs Semecnebis subieqtivistur interpretacias“, xolo, meore mxriv, ukiduresi empirizmi aviwroebs
Semecnebis sferos, saxeldobr, „formaluri mecniere188
bani – logika da maTematika, da agreTve filosofia,
araSemecnebadad cxaddeba“61.380
garda amisa, Semowmebadoba sazrisis kriteriumad
imitomac ar gamodgeba, rom „sazrisi logikurad win
uswrebs Semowmebas“, maSin roca unda iyos piriqiT –
Semowmebam unda daadginos sazrisi. Semowmeba individualuri, ganumeorebelia da subieqtebze damokidebuli. am garemoebas ki subieqtivizmamde mivyavarT. aseTi
winaaRmdegobani iCens Tavs neopozitivizmis Semecnebis
TeoriaSi.
akritikebs ra WeSmaritebis neopozitivistur
koncefcias, n. kviJinaZes miaCnia, rom „neopozitivizmma
erTgvari wvlili Seitana Semecnebis meTodologiis
sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi da amiT garkveuli avtoriteti daimsaxura specialur mecnierebaTa warmomadgenelTa
Soris“62.381neopozitivistebma
mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitanes logikis, logikuri semantikis da
sxva sakiTxebis damuSavebSi, ris Sedegad logikam,
„gansakuTrebiT logikurma semantikam udidesi mniSvneloba moipova“. garda amisa, avtoris azriT, Tanamedrove pozitivizmis bevri warmomadgeneli „umniSvnelovanesi politikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros progresul Tvalsazrisze dgas“. es gamoixateba brZolaSi
omis winaaRmdeg, mSvidobiani msofliosa da socialuri progresisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, avtori sabolood iZleva ra neopozitivisturi moZRvrebis Sefasebas, wers: „es aris
savsebiT logikuri filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, romelSic Zalze cota ram aris originaluri da axali;
igi ekleqtikuri, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi, araTanmimdevruli, mcdari da reaqciuli Tvalsazrisia“63.382
Semecnebis Teoriisa da codnis Teoriis (gnoseologiis) problemis kvlevas qarTveli filosofosebi
intensiurad agrZeleben. ibeWdeba originaluri narkvevebi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi Semecnebisa da
189
codnis aqtualur sakiTxebze, romelTagan sanimuSod
mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT. 1964 wels daibeWda
Tamaz buaCiZis wigni „WeSmaritebis obieqturobis Sesaxeb“, romelSic gakritikebulia WeSmaritebis subieqtivistur-fsiqologisturi
da
obieqtur-idealisturi
koncefciebi da dasabuTebulia WeSmaritebis obieqturoba, misi damoukidebloba adamianis nebasa da sxva
fsiqologiuri faqtorebisagan. codnis obieqturobis
problema
gamokvleulia
akaki
cimintias
wignSi
„codnis obieqturobis problema marqsistul gnoseologiaSi“ (Tbilisi 1968). masSi, erTi mxriv, gakritikebulia filosofiis istoriaSi cnobili Tvalsazrisebi
codnis obieqturobis Sesaxeb (empirizmi, racionalizmi, kriticizmi, panlogizmi da imanentizmi), xolo,
meore
mxriv,
gamokvleulia
codnis
logikuri
struqtura da misi obieqturobis kriteriumi. sergi
avalianis wignSi «Природа знания и ценности» (Tbilisi,
1989) Camoyalibebulia fsevdo-absoluturis Teoria,
romlis pirveli variantebi mis sxva naSromebSic figurirdeba. 1987 wels berlinis universitetma specialuri kolokviumi miuZRvna am Teorias saxelwodebiT
„fsevdoabsoluturis filosofia“, romelzec mosmenil da ganxilul iyo sergi avalianis moxseneba
codnis fsevdoabsoluturis bunebis Sesaxeb. napo kvaracxeliam gamoaqveyna monografia „adamianis, rogorc
Semmecnebelis subieqtis problema“ (Tbilisi, 1986), romelSic ganxilulia Semecnebis Teoriis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Semecnebis Teoriis problemebze muSaoben
qarTveli filosofosebi: jansul korZaia, kote arCvaZe, nino TomaSvili da sxv.
190
$ 3. mecnierebis filosofia
mecnierebis filosofiis sakiTxebs XX saukunis
qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi TvalsaCino adgili
uWiravs. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi am problemisadmi
gansakuTrebul interess iCenda cnobili qarTveli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe giorgi wereTeli. XX saukunis filosofiis mkvlevarebi am tradiebis Rirseuli
damcvelebi da gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen.
pirvel, gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo naSroms am mimarTulebiT warmoadgens mose gogiberiZis wigni
„ainStainis relativebis Teoria da misi filosofiuri
safuZvlebi“, romelic 1924 wels daibeWda. wignSi popularulad dalagebulia ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria (specialuri da zogadi), xolo Semdeg ganxilulia
am Teoriis filosofiuri safuZvlebi. am wignis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imaSia, rom igi qarTvel
mkiTxvels sistemur warmodgenas aZlevs im dros
msoflioSi ukve gaxmaurebuli ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb.
m. gogiberiZe wignis pirvelsave gverdebze miuTiTebs ainStainis Teoriis filosofiuri mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb. igi sruliad marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom
„ainStainis Teoria yvela safuZvelmdebeli principis
damuSavebis dros eyrdnoba gnoseologiur safuZvlebs“.
igi Tvlis, rom relatiurobis Teorias filosofiisaTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. misi azriT,
„ainStainiT iwyeba azrovnebis istoriis savsebiT axali
xana. „am Teoriis saSualebiT SeiZleba sabolood
davZlioT skepticizmi da agnosticizmi“.
marTalia, avtori ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis filosofiuri safuZvlebis gamoklevas sxva
naSromSi gvpirdeba (rac, samwuxarod, ganuxorcielebeli darCa), magram aqc saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams am mimarTulebiT. kerZod, igi, uwinares yovli191
sa, kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom „relativobis Teoriidan gamomdinare filosofiur daskvnebs araferi saerTo ara aqvs e.w. Cveni Semecnebis relativobasTan“1.383ainStainis Teoria obieqtur relatiurobas
amtkicebs da ara subieqturs. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi
miuTiTebs protagoras relativizmis tipis relatiurobis mavneblobaze, romelic istoriulad gorgias nihilizmiT damTavrda. avtori kategoriulad uaryofs
petcoldtis azrs, romlis mixedviT, ainStaini gamocxadebulia protagoras memkvidred.
relatiurobis Teoriis momzadebaSi, aRniSnavs
avtori, mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis e. maxs, romelmac „pirvelad miitana ieriSi Zveli fizikis winaaRmdeg da kidec daangria igi, xolo axali ver aaSena“2.384
m. gogiberiZis azriT, evropuli filosofia „Zalian moumzadebeli Sexvda ainStainis mecnierebas“, vinaidan „dasavleTis filosofosebi dRemde evklidesa da
niutonis saazrovno saSualebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen“.
amitom maTTvis gaugebari darCa lobaCevskis, kantorisa
da ainStainis Teoriebi.
avtori mkacrad akritikebs, erTi mxriv, bergsons,
xolo meore mxriv fiqcionalistebs, romlebic amtkiceben, TiTqos ainStains araferi axali ar uTqvams maTTan
SedarebiT. aseT mosazrebebs igi „srul gaugebrobasa“
da „kuriozebs“ uwodebs. uaryofs ra am Tvalsazriss, m.
gogiberiZe daaskvnis, rom „idealistur Tvalsazriss
aRar ZaluZs Tanamedrove mecnieruli azrovnebis
problemebs mosasmeni pasuxi gasces“3.385faihingeris
fiqcionalizmma, amtkicebs m. gogoberiZe, „aramc Tu ver
axsna relativobis Teoriis meTodologiur-gnoseologiuri safuZvlebi, aramed pirdapir autanel absurds
qadagebs“.
Semdeg avtori ganixilavs kantisa da ainStainis
Teoriebis urTierTobas sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. mas
192
miuReblad miaCnia kantis „morgebis“ mcdeloba ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriasTan. „Cven gvgonia, _ wers
igi, _ rom SesaZlebeli aris kantis avtoriteti xeluxlebad davtovoT da mainc davamtkicoT, rom axali
drois mecnierebis ganviTarebam sabolood uaryo
kantis kriticizmis safuZvlebi“4.386kantisTvis sivrce da
dro intuiciis aprioruli formebia da, maSasadame, subieqturia; „sivrce da dro ainStainis Teoriis mier
savsebiT moxsnilia subieqtis sferodan da gadatanilia
obieqtis samyaroSi“5.387amaSi xedavs m. gogoiberiZe ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas kantisa da ainStains Teoriebs Soris. kantianelebis damokidebulebis saxiT ainStainis
TeoriasTan, gveubneba avtori, „xSirad filosofosebisaTvis Cveul medidurobaze aSenebul gaugebrobasTan
gvaqvs saqme“6.388maTi argumentebi dRes mxolod Rimils
iwvevs.
m. gogiberiZe materializms poziciebze dgas da
amtkicebs, rom „mecnierebam filosofiur idealizms
nel-nela xelidan gamoacala yvela pozicia“7.389mas miaCnia, rom „mecnierebis didi gamarjveba materializmis
gamarjvebac iyo“. demokrites materializmma „sabolood gaimarjva sulze, cnobierebaze da adamianis
Tvalsazrisze“8.390
Semdeg avtori ganixilavs WeSmaritebis problemas
ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Suqze. igi uaryofs
ucvleli da maradiuli WeSmaritebis arsebobas da
amtkicebs, rom „WeSmariteba Zveli gagebiT kargavs yovelgvar Sinaars“. amiT, misi azriT, „sabolood
gandevnilia idealizmi misi ukanaskneli simagreebis, e.i
WeSmaritebis problemis gadaWris sferodan“9.391
exeba ra hegelisa da ainStainis damokidebulebas,
m. gogiberiZe wers: „idealizmis dialeqtikuri Senoba
daingra. mis nangerevebze unda aSenebuliyo dialeqtikuri materializmi, magram filosofiurma azrma ver
SeZlo, mecnierulma azrma ki ainStainis saxiT sisru193
leSi moiyvana hegelis didi problema da amitom ainStaini
migvaCnia
Cven
hegelis
geniis
kanonier
10
392
memkvidred“ .
Semdeg ganxilulia realobis problema imave
ainStainis Teoriis TvalTaxedviT. m. gogiberiZe amtkicebs, rom ainStainis Teoriam uaryo realobis idealisturi gageba, misi azriT, „suls uxuTavs mecnieruli azris winsvlas“. avtors moswons demokrites materializmi da axal fizikaSi (ainStainTan erTad damowmebulia m. plankic) mis dasabuTebas xedavs. m. gogiberiZes miaCnia, rom ainStainis TeoriaSi „realobis
problema gadaWrilia“.
dasasrul mokled laparakia relatiurobis Teoriis aqsiomatur safuZvlebze. naTqvamia, rom ainStainma
TiTqos daasabuTa, rom „Semecneba agebuli yofila
arsis cnobierebaSi aqsiomaturad mocemulobis safuZvelze“11.393amgvari cnobiereba arss aRar daupirispirdeba, aramed „gadaiqceva arsis nawilad“. es ki safuZvlad daedeba „axal filosofiur disciplinas“, romelsac avtori momavalSi gvpirdeba „filosofiuri
aqsiomatikis“ saxelwodebiT.
1924 wels JurnalSi „kavkasioni“ daibeWda gamoCenili qarTveli maTematikosis andria razmaZis vrceli
statia saTauriT: „relatiurobis Teoria einSteinisa“,
romelic 1989 wels calke wignad gamoica. am naSromma,
m. gogiberiZis zemoxsenebul wignTan erTad, didi roli
iTamaSa ainStainis ideebis popularizaciis saqmeSi
qarTvel mkiTxvelTa Soris.
ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriebis ZiriTadi cnebebebis gadmocemis Semdeg avtori ganixilavs mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebs ainStainis Teoriebis
Suqze. mas miaCnia, rom es Teoriebi mniSvnelovan etaps
warmoadgens bunebis saidumloebaSi Cawvdomis gzaze.
ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam, amtkicebs a. razmaZe,
Zireulad Secvala Cveni warmodgenebi obieqturi si194
namdvilis, gansakuTrebiT sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb
da gamoiwvia klasikuri azrovnebis formebis (evklides
geometria da niutonis fizika) msxvreva.
mecnierebis kanonebis buneba gamokvleulia savle
wereTelis wignSi „mecnierebis kanonTa bunebis Sesaxeb“, romelic 1955 wels gamoqveynda.
Semecnebis obieqts, amtkicebs s. wereTeli am
wignSi, materialuri sinamdvile warmoadgens, romlis
kanonzomierebis Semecneba mecnieruli Semecnebis mizania. materialuri sinamdvilis kanonzomiereba, misi
azriT, TviTonac materialuria. „materiaSi arsebuli
kanonzomiereba sxva araferia, Tu ara materialuri
movlenebis kavSiri, is urTierTkavSiri, romelic moZraobis saxiT arsebobs“12.394moZraobis specialur formebs
specialuri mecnierebani swavlobs; filosofia ki sinamdvilis uzogades kanonebs Seiswavlis, maSasadame,
igi specialuri mecnierebebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavedeba. mecnierebis kanonebi obieqturia. isini arc iqmneba
da arc ispoba. maTi darRveva ar SeiZleba. am niSniT
isini normatiuli kanonebisagan gansxvavdeba, romelTac
adamianebi qmnian da auqmeben. magram obieqturi da
normatiuli kanonebi erTmaneTisagan rodis mowyvetili.
obieqturi kanonebi normadac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, xolo normatiuli kanonebi araa moklebuli obieqturobas, magram es garemoeba maT specifikas ar gamoricxavs.
s.
wereTeli
azrovnebis
kanonebis
obieqturobis
Tvalsazriss icavs. „azrovnebis obieqturi kanonebi
obieqturi xasiaTisa, radgan maT Cven nebasurvilis mixedviT ki ar vqmniT, aramed, piriqiT, maTi daqvemdebarebiT. swori, WeSmariti azrovneba xorcieldeba imisda
miuxedavad, viciT Tu ara misi kanonebi. obieqturi kanonebis gareSe logika, rogorc mecniereba, ar iarsebebda“13.395
s. wereTeli uaryofs obieqturi kanonebis ucvlelobas. kanonebs, misi azriT, xangrZlivoba axasiaTebs;
195
sazogadoebis kanonebi ufro naklebad xangrZlivia,
vidre bunebis kanonebi. mas dasaSvebad miaCnia obieqturi kanonebis konkretizacia-ganviTarebac.
kanonebi SeiZleba iyos ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi.
araZiriTadi kanonebi meoradia ZiriTad kanonebTan SedarebiT. kanonebis meoradoba, erTi mxriv, niSnavs mis
daqvemdebarebas ZiriTad kanonebze da meore mxriv, imas,
rom azrovnebis kanonebi obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvas
warmoadgens.
kanonebis obieqturoba, s. wereTelis azriT, ar
niSnavs uTuod mis arsebobas cnobierebis gareT.
azrovnebis kanonebic obieqturia, magram isini cnobierebis gareSe rodi arsebobs. kanoni ar SeiZleba subieqturi iyos. „subieqturi kanoni ar aris kanoni. Semecnebas mxolod obieqtur kanonebTan aqvs saqme“14.396
garda obieqturobisa, Semecnebis kanonebs aucileblobac axasiaTebT. „saerTod yoveli mecniereba aucileblobis codnaa da mteria SemTxveviTobisa“15.397yovel sagans an movlenas aqvs Sinagani da garegani mxareebi. garegani Sinaganis movlenaa, Sinagani ki aucileblobis matarebelia. mecniereba swored am saganTa
da movlenaTa am Sinagan mxareeebs swavlobs.
kanoni, s. wereTelis azriT, ganviTarebis kanonia;
igi aCvenebs „gabatonebul tendencias“, saiTkenac sinamdvilis msvleloba miemarTeba. „kanoni arsebulisa
da momavlis kavSiria“16.398
kanoni aucileblobas gamoxatavs, magram samyaroSi
martooden aucilebloba rodia. SemTxveviTobis uaryofa ar SeiZleba. wminda aucileblobis daSveba fatalizmsa da mecnierebis uaryofas niSnavs. kidev ufro
uaresia SemTxveviTobis daSveba. sinamdvileSi arsebobs
erTic da meorec, magram ara erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad, aramed urTierTkavSirSi. mizezi aqvs SemTxveviTsac da aucilebelsac. magram „sagnis SemTxveviTi
mxare garegan da ara Sinagan mizezzea damokidebuli“.
196
miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc arsebisgan momdinareobs.
arsebiTi kavSiri garegani kavSiris saxiT gamovlindeba
da SemTxveviTobis formas iRebs. aucilebloba arsebiTi kavSiria, SemTxveviToba ki – araasebiTi. amitom aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas Soris Aaucilebeli
kavSiria. aucilebloba SemTxveviTobaSi gamovlindeba,
xolo SemTxveviToba aucileblobis gamovlenis formaa.
„SemTxveviToba aucileblobis sapirispiroa, magram isini iseT aucilebel kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan, rom
erTmaneTis gareSe ar arseboben“17.399
es kavSiri imaSi vlindeba, SemTxveviTi SeiZleba
aucilebeli gaxdes da piriqiT, rac niSnavs, rom
„SemTxveviTobasa da aucileblobas SedarebiTi da
absoluturi xasiaTi aqvs; is, rac SemTxveviTia erTgvar
damokidebulebaSi, SeiZleba aucilebeli iyos meoregvar damokidebulebaSi“18.400
kanonis niSania SedarebiTi identuroba, igiveoba.
„kanoni aris SedarebiT myari da mudmivi, SedarebiT
identuri ram movlenaTa cvalebadobaSi, maT moZraobaganviTarebaSi“. am niSanTan dakavSirebulia kanonis zogadoba. „mravalisaTvis saerTo da igveobrivi aris is
zogadi, romelic kanonis erT-erT arsebiT niSans Seadgens“19.401
kanonis arsebiTi niSnebis analizis safuZvelze s.
wereTeli kanonis cnebis aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva;
„kanoni aris moZraoba-ganviTarebaSi myof movlenaTa
obieqturi, aucilebeli, arsebiTi kavSiris zogadobis
forma, uZiriTadesi kanoni ki aris dapirispirebulTa
Sinagani, aucilebeli dadebiTi kavSiri, erTianoba“20.402
mecnierebis kanonebis am zogadi, Teoriuli analizis Semdeg igi ganixilavs, erTi mxriv, dialeqtikis kanonebs, xolo, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis zogadsa da
specifikur kanonebs. igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanons, magram amasTanave
aRniSnavs maT Soris saerTo niSnebs. amasTan dakavSire197
biT s. wereTeli akritikebs rikertisa da mis TanamoazreTa Tvalsazriss, romlebic ver xedaven saerTos
bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebs Soris, uaryofen
istoriaSi kanonebisa da kanonzomierebis arsebobas. sazogadoebis kanonebs garkveuli specifika aqvT da isini
bunebis kanonebze ar daiyvaneba. kanonebis bunebis analizisas s. wereTeli gamoavlens maT dialeqtikur xasiaTs. igi wers: „raime sagnis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanoni am ganviTarebis Sinagan mamoZravebels warmoadgens.
aseTi kanoni yovelgvari moZraoba-ganviTarebisaTvis
aris Sinagani winaaRmdegobis kanoni. araZiriTadi ki is
kanoni iqneba, romelic sagnis ganviTarebis romelime
calkeuli mxaris ganmsazRvrelia“21.403
mecnieruli Semecnebis logikis sakiTxebi gamokvleulia konstantine sanaias naSromSi „ra aris
mecnieruli Semecnebis logika“ (Tb., 1979). am naSromSi
avtori sakmaod detalurad ganixilavs mecnieruli Semecnebis logikis Taviseburebebs da mis adgils mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs k. poperis gnoseologiur-logikuri Teoriis analizi, romelic gadmocemulia mis wignSi „gamokvlevis logika“ da
mis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli postpozitivisturi
moZraoba (T. kuni, i. lakatosi, p. feierabendi). avtori
aCvenebs am koncefciis dadebiTsa da uaryofiT mxareeebs. am moazrovnebaTa Sexedulebebis dalagebis Semdeg
avtori gadmoscems sakuTar Tvalsazriss mecnierebis
logikis Zireuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. „mecnierebis logika – misi azriT _ aris codnis is dargi, romelic
swavlobs, asaxavs mecnieruli Semecnebis logikur mxares, logikur struqturas, mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebul logikur operaciebsa da meTodebs,
mecnierebis specialur cnebaTa da terminTa, agreTve
mecnierul debulebaTa da daskvnaTa Taviseburebebs,
mecnierul kanonTa amsaxvel msjelobaTa niSnebs,
calkeuli mecnieruli Teoriebis, koncefciebis, ideebis
198
logikur struqturas da urTierTdamokidebulebas,
agreTve mecnieruli codnis zrda-ganviTarebis evoluciuri da revoluciuri etapebis logikur Taviseburebebs, mis gardasaxvas logikur formebSi“22.404
avtori ikvlevs sakiTxs: „aris Tu ara mecnierebis
logika filosofiuri mecniereba?“ igi am sakiTxs dadebiTad pasuxobs. mecnierebis logika ar SeiZleba mecnierebaTmcodneobasTan gavaigiveoT, vinaidan es ukanaskneli ikvlevs mecnierebas, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formas. mecnieruli Semecnebis logika, misi
azriT, mecnierul codnas ikvlevs rogorc mza saxiT,
ise mis ganviTarebaSi. amitom igi dialeqtikur logikas
unda emyarebodes raTa gamoavlinos mecnieruli codnis
zrdisa da ganviTarebis dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba.
momijnave problemisadmia miZRvnili imave avtoris
meore wigni „ra aris sistemuri kvleva“ (Tb., 1981).
am wignSi avtori ikvlevs sistemuri warmoSobis
kvlevis mizezebs, mis Taviseburebebs, ZiriTad principebsa da cnebebs. avtori gadmoscems l. fon bertalanfis Tvalsazriss sistemuri kvlevis Sesaxeb, romelic am mimarTulebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. sistemuri
koncefcia daupirispirda klasikur mecnierebaSi gabatonebul meTodologiur Tvalsazriss. meqanicizmi mTelis kvlevas erideba; igi mas nawilebad Slida da nawilebis Seswavlis gziT cdilobda mTelis Seswavlas.
sistemurma kvlevam miuTiTa, rom mTeli ar aris nawilis jami, aramed igi masze metia. avtori amtkicebs, rom
sistemuri kvleva da, saerTod, sistemuri analizi
mecnieruli kvlevis axali formebia, romelTac didi
perspeqtivebi aqvT. sistemuri kvlevis meTodis erT-erT
Rirsebad imasac Tvlis, rom igi upirispirdeba rogorc
meqanicistur meTodologias, aseve vitalistur meTodologias
pozitivistur
reduqcionizmTan
erTad;
amJRavnebs maT seriozul naklovanebebs. „sistemuri
kvlevis meTodologia ar upirispirdeba da yvelaze me199
tad pasuxobs zogadi filosofiuri meTodologiis
moTxovnebs“23.405
sistemuri meTodis gamokvlevas mieZRvna agreTve
geno cincaZis wigni „mecnieruli kvlevis sistemuri meTodi“ (Tb., 1980). am naSromSi avtori, uwinares yovlisa,
axasiaTebs meTodologiuri azris ganviTarebis etapebs.
pirvel etapad mas miaCnia antikuri filosofosebis meTodologiuri poziciebi, romelic racionalur xasiaTs atarebs. meore etaps Seadgens XVI-XVIII saukuneebis
meTodologia, romelic Semdgom meqanizmSi gadaizarda.
meqanicizmma Tavis droze dadebiTi roli iTamaSa meqanikuri procesebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. mesame etapad
avtori Tvlis XIX saukunidan dawyebul meTodologiur kvlevas, romelic dialeqtikur meTodTan aris dakavSirebuli.
avtors miaCnia, rom sistemebis zogadi Teoria anu
sistemuri midgoma XIX saukuneSi warmoiSva, Tumca misi
warmoSoba didi xania mzaddeboda kerZo mecnierebebisa
da filosofiis urTierTobis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi.
avtori Tvlis, rom „sistemuri midgoma miznad isaxavs sakvlevi obieqtis mTlianobrivi integraciuli
Tvisebebis, misi sxvadasxva saxos kavSirebisa da
struqturis Semecnebas, sistemis TviTaqtivobis meqanizmis garkvevas da a.S.“24.406avtoris mixedviT, sistema,
misi elementebi da struqtura ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
maTi adgiliT sinamdvilis Sesabams sferoSi. ar SeiZleba sistemuri midgomis arc Seufasebloba da arc
gadafaseba. orive ukiduresoba Secdomaa. „sistemuri
midgoma, _ amtkicebs avtori, _ dialeqtikuri bunebisaa,
magram igi filosofiur meTodologias ar warmoadgens.
sistemuri
midgoma
dialeqtikis
erT-erTi
kerZo
SemTxvevaa. amave dros sistemuri midgoma amdidrebs dialeqtikuri meTodologiis Sinaars da aRrmavebs mis
kavSirs Tanamedrove mecnierebis ZiriTad tendenci200
ebTan”25.407sistemuri midgoma ki ar gamoricxavs mizezobriv midgomas, aramed iyenebs mas da Tavis TavSi Seicavs. mizezobrioba „Tanamedrove mecnieruli Semecnebis, saerTod, sistemur-struqturuli midgomis erTerTi aucilebeli komponentia“26.408
aucileblobis da SemTxveviTobis filosofiuri
kategoriebi bunebismecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT fizikisa
da biologiis uaxlesi monacemebis safuZvelze gamokvleulia geno cincaZis monografiaSi „aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis urTierTobis Sesaxeb“ (Tbilisi,
1965). wignis pirvel TavebSi avtori aanalizebs aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis kategoriebis dialeqtikur-materialistur gansazRvrebebs da aCvenebs am kategoriebis kavSirs dialeqtikis sxva kategoriebTan, saxeldobr, SesaZleblobis, sinamdvilisa da mizezobriobis kategoriebTan, xolo wignis danarCen TavebSi gamokvleulia, Tu ra adgili uWiravs aucileblobisa da
SemTxveviTobis kategoriebs fizikasa da biologiaSi.
avtori Tvlis, rom SemTxveviToba, romlis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove fizikaSi laparakoben, ar niSnavs umizezos.
albaTuroba ar aris mezezobriobis uaryofa; marTalia,
„albaTur movlenebSi Znelia, ufro zustad, SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisagan gamovacalkevoT aucilebeli da
SemTxveviTi“27,409magram es ar niSnavs maT darRvevas.
mikroobieqturobis albaToba imas niSnavs, rom „maTi
moqmedebis mravali SesaZleblobaa“. am sferoSi statistikuri kanonebi moqmedebs da ara mkacri dinamikuri
kanonebi, rogorc es klasikur fizikaSi iyo warmodgenili. statistikuri kanonzomiereba ki „aucileblobisa
da SemTxveviTobis dialeqtikur erTianobas warmoadgens“28.410dinamikuri aucilebloba SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnas rogorc „wminda, yovelgvari SemTxveviTobisagan gawmendili“ ara imitom, rom iq saerTod ar aris
SemTxveviToba, aramed imitom, rom iq umniSvneloa
SemTxveviTobis roli. sul sxva viTarebaa statistikur
201
kanonzomierebaSi,
romelic
SemTxveviTobasac
gulisxmobs.
avtori Tvlis, rom „aucileblobis absolitur
formas, rogorc ucvlel fizikur sidides... ar adasturebs Tanamedrove fizika“29.411aucilebloba kanonebis
arsebobaSi vlindeba. „samyaros yvela sferoSi kanonebis arseboba da maTi gansazRvruli roli obieqtur
procesebSi niSnavs aucileblobis absoluturobas“.
cnobieri da aracnobieri fsiqikuri bunebis gamokvlevas mieZRvna apolon Serozias ortomiani wigni
«К проблеме сознания и бессознательного» ( t I, Tb., 1969, t II,
Tb., 1973). am Txzulebis pirvel tomSi mocemulia cnobierisa
da
aracnobieris
fsiqikuris
urTierTobis
problemis analizi dimitri uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis
Suqze. avtori ganwyobis Teoriis iseT interpretacias
iZleva, romelic principulad upirispirdeba froidizms, rogorc zogad meTodologiur Teorias aracnobieris fsiqikuris Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi igi amodis
TviTon dimitri uznaZis miTiTebebidan am ori Teoriis
dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis Sedegad a. Serozia im
daskvnamde midis, rom ganwyoba warmoadgens „kavSiris
princips, rogorc fsiqikurisa fsiqikurTan, aseve fsiqikurisa transfsiqikurTan, anu obieqturTan. misi azriT,
ganwyobis aracnobiereba sul sxvagvaria, vidre tradiciulad cnobili aracnobieri fenomenebisa. ganwyoba
mxolod imdenad aris fsiqikuri, ramdenadac igi fsiqikuris „elementarul nawils“, mis „qvemdebares“ warmoadgens. ganwyoba funqcionirebs, rogorc fsiqikuri,
magram igi ar aris gancda da amitom cnobierebis sferoSi ar Sedis. es niSnavs, rom ganwyobis Teoria
aracnobieris fsiqikuris Teorias warmoadgens. amaSi
mdgomareobs avtoris mier mocemuli ganwyobis Teoriis
interpretaciis sazrisi.
meore tomSi gadmocemulia cnobieri da aracnobieri fsiqikuris zogadi Teoria. am Teoriis arsi mokled
202
aseTia: adamiani unda dafuZndes Tavis TavSi, rogorc
idealuri pirovneba, magram, meore mxriv, unda dafuZndes, rogorc bunebis uSualo gagrZeleba, an rogorc anti pirovneba. ramdenadac Tavis TavSi dafuZndeba, amdenad igi idealuri pirovnebaa, magram ramdenadac
igi bunebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens, amdenad igi antipirovnebaa. magram am dafuZnebisas upiratesoba mis pirovnebas eniWeba. amitom adamianis gansazRvrisas unda
gaviTvaliswinoT ara mxolod is, rom igi aris pirovneba, aramed isic, rom igi mis sapirispiro antipirovnebas
warmoadgens. es debuleba aris am Teoriis erT-erTi
amosavali principi, romelsac avtori cnobieri da
aracnobieri fsiqikuris Sesaxeb gvTavazobs.
avtori Tvlis, rom cnobiereba da aracnobieri
fsiqikuri adamianis fsiqikas warmoadgens. cnobieri da
aracnobieri fsiqikuris gaerTianeba pirovnebis sferoSi xdeba. amitom pirovnebis ganxilvisas orive momenti
unda gaviTvaliswinoT. adamianis fsiqika mTlianobaSi
unda ganvixiloT, romelic, rogorc cnobier, aseve
aracnobiers fsiqikurs moicavs. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba adamianis fsiqikis mecnieruli Seswavla. am
mTlianobis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi ki pirovnebis mecnieruli Seswavla SeuZlebelia. avtori araerTgzis amtkicebs, rom cnobierebis zogadi Teoria da aracnobieri
fsiqikuris Teoria ar SeiZleba cal-calke aigos, vinaidan cnobierebac da aracnobieri fsiqikuric pirovnebis
erTiani maxasiaTebelia. cnobieri da aracnobieri fsiqikuris Teorias avtori pirovnebis zogad Teoriad
Tvlis da gTavazobs pirovnebis erTiani sferos cnebas,
rogorc zemoxsenebuli Teoriis ZiriTad kategorias.
sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemisas a. Serozia mimarTvas n. boris damatebiTobis princips, romelsac igi
fsiqologiur interpretacias aZlevs. cnobiereba da
aracnobieri fsiqikuri, amtkicebs igi, erTi mxriv,
203
urTierTgamomricxvelia, xolo, meore mxriv, erTmaneTs
emateba da pirovnebis mTlian suraTs qmnis.
a. Serozias ganzraxuli hqonda Txzulebis III tomi mieZRvna pirovnebis Teoriisadmi, romelSic cnobieri
da aracnobieri fsiqikuris zogadi Teoriis safuZvelze
Seswavlili iqneboda pirovnebis sxvadasxva aspeqti:
eTikuri, esTetikuri da a.S. magram, samwuxarod, avtorma
am miznis ganxorcieleba ver moaswro.
***
mecnierebis filosofiis problemis kvleva Cvens
respublikaSi gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT daiwyo gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan. gamoqveynda monografiuli gamokvlevebi da calkeuli statiebi mecnierebis
filosofiis aqtualur sakiTxebze. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia sergi avalianis wignebi: «Очерки философии
естествознания» (Tbilisi, 1968)), „bunebismecnierebis filosofiis istoriis narkvevebi“ (Tbilisi, 1983)), „albert
ainStaini“ (Tb., 1972, maTe mirianaSvilis TanaavtorobiT), ,,ainStaini” (Tb., 1983), „bunebismecnierebis filosofia“ (Tbilisi, 1974), „mecnierebis filosofiis Sesavali“ (Tb., 1991), ,,XX saukunis naturfilosofia” (Tb.,
2004). usasrulobis problemas mieZRvna giorgi xuciSvilis wigni «Проблема бесконечности в свете современной науки»
(Tb., 1981). azrovnebis struqturis genezisi gamokvleulia imave avtoris meore wignSi «Генезис структуры
мышления» (Tb., 1989). medicinis filosofiur problemebze gamoqveynda giorgi vekuas naSromebi: „Tanamedrove
medicinis filosofiuri problemebi“ (Tb., 1972), „mizezobriobis problema filosofiasa da medicinaSi“ (Tb.,
1977), „medicinis filosofia“ (Tb., 1994) da sxv. leonide
jaxaiam mecnierebis filosofiis problemebze dabeWda
wignebi: «Классификация наук, как философская и науковедческая
204
проблема» (soxumi, 1969), «Наука и искусство» (Tb., 1977),
«Практическая ценность науковедения» (Tb., 1980), «Современная
наука Проблемы и тенденции» (Tb., 1987) da sxv. mamuka doliZem gamoaqveyna wigni „damatebiToba, rogorc zogad filosofiuri principi“ (Tb., 1989). determinizmis problemebi gamokvleulia vaxtang erqomaiSvilis naSromebSi;
realobis problema kvantur meqanikaSi – vasil gurgeniZis naSromebSi, verner haizenbergis filosofiuri
ideebis Seswavlas mieZRvna valerian meifarianis wigni
„verner haizenbergis filosofiuri Sexedulebani“ (Tb.,
1963); materiis kategoriis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda varlam
qacaravas wignebi: „materia da misi arsebobis formebi“
(Tb., 1965) da „materiis cnebis leninuri gansazRvreba“
(Tb., 1978). enis filosofiuri problemebi gamokvleulia
guram ramiSvilis naSromebSi, maT Soris wignSi „enaTa
Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba enaTmecnierebisa da kulturis
Teoriis TvalsazrisiT“ (Tb., 1995). mamuka biWaSvilma gamoaqveyna wigni „sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria“ (Tb., 1994) da sxv.
1979 wels sergi avalianis iniciativiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumTan daarsda bunebismecnierebis filosofiis samecniero sabWo (Tavmjdomare evgeni xaraZe, moadgile sergi avaliani), romelic
Semdgom mecnierebis filosofiis samecniero sabWod gadaiqca (Tavmjdomare sergi avaliani). samecniero sabWom
gamosca ori krebuli: „filosofia da mecniereba“
(Tb.,1986) da „filosofia da bunebismetyveleba“ (Tb.,
1987).
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi ikiTxeba bunebismecnierebis filosofiis axali kursi; mzaddeba
axali kadrebi am dargSi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis s. wereTelis saxelobis filosofiis institutSi da a.S.
205
mexuTe Tavi
filosofiis istoria
1918 wels 8 Tebervals TbilisSi qarTuli saxelmwifo
universitetis
gaxsniT
warmatebiT
dagvirgvinda is didi saqme, romelic qarTvelma mamuliSvilebma (i. mamacaSvili, d. baqraZe, i. gogebaSvili,
a. furcelaZe, n. cxvedaZe da sxv.) 1879 w. 15 maiss
„qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelTa sazogadoebis“ SeqmniT daiwyes. d. yifiani sazogadoebis
Tavmjdomare iyo, ilia WavWavaZe – Tavmjdomaris moadgle, xolo 1885 wlidan – Tavmjdomare. am sazogadoebis safuZvelze 1907 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoeba, 1908w. „sityvakazmul mwerlobis sazogadoeba“, amave wels _ „qarTuli kulturis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba“. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaxsniT qarTuli kulturis
da mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqme Tvisebrivad axal da
myar safuZvelze dgeba. gamonakliss arc saqarTveloSi
filosofiis ganviTareba warmoadgens.
1918 wels 29 maiss Seiqmna „petriwis saxelobis
safilosofio
sazogadoeba“.
es
Taviseburi
msoflmxedvelobis mzaobis dasawyisi iyo axlad
ganTavisuflebuli qveynisaTvis. amierkavkasiis seimi
xom mxolod sami dRiT adre daiSala da saqarTvelo
damoukidebel respublikad gamocxadda. qarTuli universiteti ramdenime TviT adre ianvarSi gaixsna. amave
wlis 3 seqtembers saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom universiteti saxelmwifo dawesebulebad gamoacxada finansuri uzrunvelyofiT. ukve agvistoSi mas qarTuli
gimnaziis (dRes universitetis I korpusi) mTeli Senoba
daeTmo. manamde ki universitets mxolod sami oTaxi
ekava amave SenobaSi (ix. v. beriZe, „kultura da xe206
lovneba damoukidebel saqarTveloSi“ (1918-1921 w.w. Tb.,
1992), gv. 8). „petriwis saxelobis safilosofio sazogadoeba“ Tbilisis universitetSi am universitetis TanamSromelTa mier Camoyalibda. damfuZnebel krebas
eswrebodnen: universitetis reqtori p. meliqiSvili, d.
uznaZe, S. nucubiZe, s. danelia, g. axvlediani, x. yauxCiSvili, g. qiqoZe da msxv. Tavmjdomared airCies
cnobili qarTveli mecnieri s. gorgaZe. erTi wlis
Semdeg sazogadoebas d. uznaZe Caudga saTaveSi. wesdebis pirvelsave muxlSi sazogadoebis mizani mWidrod
iyo dakavSirebuli filosofiur-istoriul kvlevasTan:
„sazogadoebis mizania filosofiuri codnis gavrceleba qarTvel erSi da kerZod – Seswavla, gamokvleva
da gamoqveyneba Zveli qarTuli filosofiuri literaturisa“1.412
$ 1. Salva nucubiZe (1888-1969)
Salva nucubiZis, iseve rogorc XX s-is saqarTveloSi filosofiuri azris fuZemdebelTa umravlesobis moRvaweoba axal azrsa da stimuls iZens qarTuli
universitetis daarsebiT. igi d. uznaZesTan erTad,
iyofda axali filosofiuri kadrebis momzadebis mZime
tvirTs. rogorc misi saxelovani mowafe k. baqraZe
werda werilSi _ „Tbilisis universiteti da filosofiuri mecnierebis ganviTareba“ (1968w.) – dasawyisSi S.
nucubiZis „erTs uxdeboda leqciebis kiTxva filosofiis istoriaSi, logikaSi, aseve seminarebis Catareba
filosofosTa klasikosTa Sromebze“.
pirvel naSromSi, romelmac S. nucubiZes rusulenovan literaturaSi aRiareba moutana, b. bolcanoze
Sroma
iyo,
romelic,
misive
sityvebiT,
mWidro
kavSirSia „aleTologiis safuZvlebTan“2.413es wigni
1922 w. gamoica. ociani wlebis bolomde S. nucubiZe
207
cdilobda mis mier wamoyenebuli filosofiuri sistemis danarCeni nawilebic SeemuSavebina da gamoeqveynebina, magram ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisa da
gasabWoebis Semdeg saamiso pirobebi TandaTan uaresdeboda. ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisidan igi iZulebuli
iyo qarTuli azrovnebis istoriiT Semofargluliyo.
magram Sinaganad igi am sferoSic sakuTari sistemis
ZiriTadi principis – dapirispirebulobaze maRla
mdgomis qmediTobis Semowmebas axdenda. man daadgina,
rom qarTuli azrovnebis istoriisaTvis ganmsazRvreli neoplatonizmi imave xaziT awarmoebda kvleva-Ziebas, rasac XX s. 20-ani wlebis dasavluri azrovneba,
romelic anTropologizmisa da subieqturobisagan gaTavisuflebas cdilobda. es iyo Zieba Semecnebisagan
damoukidebeli ganzomilebisa, romelsac emil laskma
„dapirispirebulobaze maRla mdgomi Rirebuleba“ uwoda. laskis mier dapirispirebulobaze maRla mdgomis
neoplatonisturi principis wamoweva saorientacio
gaxda ara marto S. nucubiZis originaluri ZiebisTvis,
aramed Tavad m. haidegerisTvisac3.414nucubiZes araerTxel aRuniSnavs axlobelTa Soris, bednieri
SemTxveva Tu gangebis wvlili iyo, rom man dasavleTis uamrav filosofiur Teoriisagan swored emil
laskis moZRvreba airCia, romelic, rogorc Semdeg
aRmoCnda, Zveli qarTuli filosofiis neoplatonur
orientaciasTan garkveul msgavsebas Seicavda. amdenad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad sakuTari filosofiuri sistemis ZiriTadi principebis oficialuri uaryofisa, S. nucubiZe agrZelebda maTi WeSmaritebis dasabuTebas rogorc qarTul, ise msoflio filosofiis
istoriaSi. amis dasturia mis mier Seqmnili aRmosavleTis renesansis Teoria da qarTuli filosofiis
istoria, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargi.
orive neoplatonizmis ZiriTadi principis garduval
Rirebulebas emyareboda.
208
1920 w. S. nucubiZe aqveynebs „filosofiis Sesavals“, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos, romelic, „tfilisis
universitetSi“ ukve orjer iyo wakiTxuli. amrigad,
„filosofiis Sesavali“ iyo qarTul universitetSi
pirveli saxelmZRvanelo filosofiaSi. igi amave dros
filosofiis istoriaSi maorientireblis rols asrulebda. Tbilisis universitetSi ikiTxeboda filosofiis istoria, iyenebdnen ucxo enaze daweril mraval saxelmZRvanelos, gansakuTrebiT rusuls da germanuls.
S. nucubiZis „filosofiis Sesavali“, romelic filosofiis istoriis garkveul gagebas emyareboda, kargi
saSualeba iyo maTi Sinaarsis SesarCevad.
filosofiis Sesavals, rogorc wesi, qmnian an
rogorc sakuTari filosofiis poziciis Sesavals, an
rogorc Taviseburad SerCeul problemaTa sistemas,
romelic filosofiis SemTxveviTi Semoklebis saxes
iRebs. S. nucubiZe orive am SesaZleblobas uaryofs.
fiqrobs, rom orive istoriuli meTodis saxeliT SeiZleba gaerTiandes. misi Sedegi SeiZleba iyos mxolod filosofiis cudi istoria. meore meTodi, romelsac avtori sistemurs uwodebs, aseve miuReblad
miaCnia, radgan aq sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas saerTod
filosofias uigiveben da mis Sesavals alageben (aseTad avtors maSin popularuli germaneli filosofosis f. paulsenis „filosofiis Sesavali“ miaCnda), anda
sruli obieqturobis pretenziis mqone „wyalwyala
enciklopedias“. amgvarad moskovis universitetis profesoris cnobili filosofosisa da fsiqologis g. i.
Celpanovis naSroms Tvlida). am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
mkiTxveli veraviTar orientacias ver Rebulobs4.415
avtori irCevs tipologiur meTods, es imas
niSnavs, rom „masSi aRZruli sakiTxebi garCeulia
istoriul tipuri magaliTebis mixedviT“. amiT, misi
azriT, daculia rogorc istoriuli, ise sistemuri me209
Todis dadebiTi mxareebi da misi aucilebeli naklovanebani.
sayuradReboa is viTareba, rom filosofiis istoriis,
„rogorc
mecnierebis
gagebis
sakiTxi
axalgazrda
qarTuli
universitetis
filosofiis
mesveurTa Soris gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.
mecnierulobis udavo pirobad maT aucileblad obieqturobis maqsimumi miaCniaT. amitom iyo, rom S. nucubiZe kategoriulad uaryofda filosofiis istorias
da filosofiis Sesavals, rogorc mosamzadebels
avtoris sakuTari msoflmxedvelobisaTvis (filosofia nucubiZisaTvis warmoadgens mecnierebebze dafuZnebul msoflmxedvelobas)5.416amaze igi garkveviT
miuTiTebda rogorc bolcanos Sesaxeb naSromSi, ise
„filosofiis SesavalSi”. 1922w. ,,aleTologiis safuZvlebis” I wignSi, romelsac „WeSmaritebis problema“ ewodeba, avtori aRniSnavda, 10 wlis winaT man dainaxa WeSmaritebis uZvelesi problemis is aspeqti, romelic am axal sistemas edeba safuZvlad. „WeSmaritebis udidesi Teoritikosis bolcanos SexedulebaTa
revizia“ man Tavisi ganzraxulis sisworis Sesamowmeblad Caaatara. „amitomac im naSroms winamdebare
TxzulebasTan mWidro kavSiri aqvs6.417es kidev ufro
met uflebiT iTqmis „filosofiis Sesavalze“, romelic oriode wliT adre gamovida. amdenad, S. nucubiZis mier filosofiis istoriis, anda filosofiis SesavlisaTvis sakuTari filosofiuri poziciis momzadebad yofnis meToduri TvalsazrisiT dawuneba ar
unda gavigoT, rogorc sakuTari poziciis istoriuli
fesvebis Ziebis akrZalva. am moTxovnis azri mxolod
maqsimaluri obieqturobis garantireba iyo.
S. nucubiZis Sromebis akademiuri gamocemis II
tomSi redaqtorma a. begiaSvilma winasityvaobaSi miuTiTa aRniSnul garemoebaze da misgan gamosavalze: „S.
nucubiZes Tumca saWirod miaCnda, rom saxelmZRvane210
los hqonoda erTi meTodologiuri centri, magram
amasTan igi xazs usvamda imasac, rom saxelmZRvanelo
ar unda gadaqceuliyo avtoris mier aRiarebuli filosofiuri sistemis Sesavlad, rom saxelmZRvanelo
unda Seicavdes masalis obieqtur da miudgomel dalagebas. am ori sapirispiro tendenciis SerigebisaTvis S.
nucubiZe saWirod miiCnevs, rom avtorma unda daicvas
zoma... S. nucubiZis „filosofiis Sesavali“ iZleva
swored aseTi zomis dacvis nimuSs“7.418
es problema S. nucubiZem maSindeli qarTuli filosofiis saerTo yuradRebis sagnad aqcia. 1922 w. fakultetma s. danelias sacdeli Temis leqciad SeurCia
„aristotele, rogorc filosofiis istorikosi“8.419miuxedavad imisa, rom s. danelia S. nucubiZesaviT cdilobda istoriis maqsimaluri obieqturobis pirobebi
Camoeyalibebina, igi gacilebiT ufro mkacri iyo da
ise Sors mimaval daskvnebs akeTebda, rom winaaRmdeg
tradiciisa, Tavad aristoteles uTxra uari filosofiis istorikosad yofnaze, ramdenadac igi, winamorbedTa azrebs sakuTari principebis Rirebulebis
sailustraciod
iyenebda.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
SemdgomSi am ori didi mkvlevris dapirispireba filosofiuri kvlevis sxvadasxva sferoSi obieqturobis gagebis aq warmodgenil sxvaobas efuZneboda.
istoria saerTod Cveni mexsierebis Sinaarsis obieqturi mowesrigebis cdaa. filosofiis istoria filosofiuri cnobierebis mexsierebaSi arsebuli Sinaarsis mowesrigebas cdilobs. filosofiis istoriis
nucubiZiseuli gagebis naTelsayofad upriania mis mier „filosofiis SesavalSi“ mocemuli filosofiaSi
progresis raobis sakiTxis analizis gadmocema.
sarwmunoeba da filosofia orive msoflmxedvelobas qmnian. pirveli rwmenas emyareba, meore _ mecnierebas. amitom pirveli gacilebiT farToa, vidre meore.
pirveli koleqtiuri azrovnebis Sedegia, romelsac pi211
rovneba, rogorc wesi, upirobod emorCileba, meore –
individualuri. masSi ZiriTadi principebis dasabuTebaa. amis gamo sarwmunoeba avtoritets efuZneba,
gansxvavebiT mecnierebisa da filosofiisagan.
filosofia emyareba mecnierebas, magram misi buneba, nucubiZis azriT, ufro rTulia, vidre mecnierebisa. man mecnierebebis meTodi da miRwevebic unda gaiTvaliswinos, msoflmxedvelobis individuri aspeqtic
da im koleqtiuri azrovnebis arsic, rac religiur
msoflmxedvelobas udevs safuZvlad. am rTulbunebovnebis gamo filosofia „neli nabijiT midis win“
konkretul mecnierebebTan SedarebiT9.420amas isic emateba, rom filosofosebi erTi da igive arsebiTi
problemebis aspeqtebs amuSaveben, rac imis iluzias
qmnis, TiTqos filosofia ar viTardebodes. S. nucubiZem Tavisi pozicia am sakiTxSi naTlad Camoayaliba.
amasTanave, isic uCvena, Tu rogor esmis mas filosofiisa da filosofiis istoriis kavSiri.
„Tu filosofias dResac igive sakiTxebi ainteresebs, rogorc mravali saukunis win, es kidev imas ara
niSnavs, rom masSi araviTar progress, araviTar
winsvlas adgili ar hqondes. winsvlis problema sakiTxebis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT ki ar iWreba, aramed
pasuxlebis; sakiTxebis igiveoba niSnavs, rom buneba
filosofiisa erTi da igive yofila yvela droisaTvis,
rac Seexeba pasuxebs ama Tu im sakiTxebze, gana iTqmis,
rom filosofia erTsa da imave pasuxs iZleva romelic sakiTxze, maSin raRa azri eqneboda im mecnierebas, romelsac filosofiis istoria ewodeba. aSkaraa,
rom problemaTa igiveoba sruliad ar Seexeba
winsvlis sakiTxs filosofiur SemoqmedebaSi“10.421
S. nucubiZis „filosofiis Sesavali“ 1920w. gamovida, magram igi, rogorc avtori aRniSnavda, orjer
iyo wakiTxuli Tbilisis universitetSi. es teqstis SinaarsSic Cans, roca gnoseologiaSi transcendenta212
lur-logikur mimarTulebas exeba da am skolis meTauris SexedulebaTa ganviTarebSi panmeTodizmidan idealizmisaken svlas arCevs, aRniSnavs, rom „kohens jer
ar dauweria metafizikuri sistema“11.422h. koheni 1918 w.
gardaicvala da SemdgomSi marburgus skola p. natorpis meTaurobiT, Seecada ZiriTadi principebis modernizebas, rac naTlad gamoikveTa 1924 w. p. natorpis
70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi. am axal etapze
refleqsia qarTul azrovnebaSi m. gogiberiZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic am periodSi germaniaSi imyofeboda.
„filosofiis SesavalSi“ avtori marTlac zomierad uTavsebs erTimeores filosofiis istoriis
sakvanZo problemebsa da imdroindeli filosofiuri
azrovnebisaTvis aucilebeli problemis analizs. igi
specialurad
gamoyofs:
gulubryvilo
realizms,
skepticizms, racionalizms, sinTezur filosofias,
kriticizms anu transcendentalur filosofias gnoseologiaSi, transcendentalur-logikur da transcendentalur-fsiqologiur
mimarTulebebs.
naSromi
sruldeba Semecnebis Teoriis logikis mimarTebis analiziT, rasac avtori e. huserlis saxels ukavSirebs
da raSic filosofiis momavali ganviTarebis mTavar
gezs xedavs. naSromSi es ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
ganxilulia istoriul-logikurad, maTi ZiriTadi
warmomadgenlebis moZRvrebis analizis gavlenis periodTa aRweris ostaturi SexamebiT. aq kargad Cans, rom
ama Tu im mimarTulebis mier gabatonebuli mdgomareobis dakargva sulac ar niSnavs saerTod misi mniSvnelobis uaryofas. igi, hegelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
moxsnili da Senaxuli saxeliT gasdevs filosofiis
momdevno istorias, romlis mizans S. nucubiZe mecnieruli filosofiis, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis, winaaRmdegobaTagan TandaTan gaTavisuflebaSi xedavs. es
winaaRmdegoba Sinagania. igi ganpirobebulia filoso213
fiis, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis yovlismomcvelobiT
da mecnierebis konkretulobiT. misi moxsna SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im msoflmxedvelobaSi, romelic mecnierul WeSmaritebas filosofiur WeSmaritebamde aamaRlebs12.423filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis istoriulad pirvel saxed S. nucubuZe gulubryvilo realizms Tvlis. igi fiqrobs, rom es mimarTuleba demokritemde iyo gabatonebuli Zvel berZnul kulturaSi. gulubryvilo realistia is, vinc „yovel masalas
iRebs ise da im saxiT, rogorc mas es evlineba, am
SemTxvevaSi araviTar kritikas, araviTar SerCevas
adgili ara aqvs“13.424materalistma demokritem sanimuSod gaakritika SegrZnebaTa da saerTod grZnobaTa
ndobaze damyarebuli pozicia. aqedan iwyeba misi dacemac. Tumca igi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba, aRar arsebobs, magram filosofia didxans ver aRwevs Tavs mis
am gavlenas. igi Tavs iCens yvela im moZRvrebaSi, sadac msoflmxedvelobis raime elementi ukritikodaa
miRebuli. mas adgili aqvs ise maRali donis moazrovneebTanac, rogoric iyvnen spinoza da hegeli.
maT mier absoluturis daSveba nucubiZes swored
amgvar aspeqtad miaCnia.
istoriulad gulubryvilo realizms, rogorc
adamianuri Semecnebis Zalebisadmi srul ndobas,
misdami sruli undobloba mohyva. gulubryvilo realizmis uaryofis safuZvelze warmoiSva skepticizmi,
romlis pirvel „damuSavebul saxeobad“ S. nucubiZe
sofistebis moZraobas Tvlis (protagora, gorgia da
sxv.) specifikuri aspeqtebiT amuSaveben am mimarTulebas akademiuri skepticizmisa da pironizmis warmomadgenlebi. momdevno epoqebSic skepticizms mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebi hyavda, m. monteni iqneba es Tu
misi mowafe p. Saroni. filosofiur istoriul masalis
analizis safuZvelze S. nucubiZe akeTebs sayuradRebo
meTodologiuri mniSvnelobis daskvnas: skepticizmi da
214
dogmatizmi, miuxedavad dapirispirebisa, „arc ise ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs“14.425skepticizms, miuxedavad
misi moeWve da kritikuli bunebisa, arsebiTad mainc
sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. igi damokidebulia imaze, rasac uaryofs. Tavisi kritikis obieqtisagan igi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvrulia imiTac, Tu rogor akritikebs skeptikosi mas15.426
racionalizmis mimarTulebis mamamTavrad S. nucubiZes platoni miaCnda da ara parmenide. am gnoseologiuri mimarTulebis Tanaxmad, adamianis Semecnebis
dasabami gonebaSi unda veZioT. platonis mier miTis
specifikur gagebas yuradReba ar eqceva da sulis ideaTa samefoSi winaswari yofna mogonebis Teoriis safuZvladaaa miCneuli. platonis saxelmwifoSi gamoqvabulis miTis analiziT avtori im daskvnamde midis,
rom adamianis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba platonTan
„grZnobebTan odnavadac araa dakavSirebuli“16.427„saganTa da movlenaTa Soris iseTi kavSiria, rogorc
ideaTa Soris“17.428es debuleba, rogorc cnobilia, gamokveTili saxiT pirvelad spinozas „eTikaSi“ gvxvdeba. am moazrovnesTan, iseve rogorc dekartTan, naTlad
gacxadda racionalizmis arseba, romlis arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom Semecnebisagan damoukidebeli movlenebis kavSirurTierTobani logikuri bunebisaa. hegeli
aq araa ganxiluli.
empirizmi, rogorc racionalizmis sapirispiro
mimarTuleba. antikurobaSi naxulobs Tavis udides
warmomadgenels – aristoteles. am didi moazrovnis
empiristad gamocxadebaSi p. natorpis gavlena Cans.
aristotele induqciis meTodis Camomyalibebelia – saboloo angariSiT, „Tavidan bolomde cdazea damyarebuli“18.429aqedan gamomdinare, avtoris azriT, aristotele uSualod platonis ideaTa Teorias akritikebs.
masTan Tandayolil ideebs adgili ara aqvs Semecnebis
215
wyaro mxolod gonebaSi araa, rom mTavar masalas da
mizansac igi gamocdilebidan iRebs.
axal filosofiaSi empirizmis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebad „filosofiis SesavalSi“ miCneulia j.
loki, j. berkli da d. hiumi19.430es ukanaskneli misTvis
gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa.
S.
nucubiZes
SesaZleblad miaCnia amtkicos, rom hiumis mier Catarebuli cnobierebis analiziT kidev erTxel damtkicda is,
rac „xelmisawvdomelia yovelive skepticizm-relativizmisTvis. es aris empiriul movlenaTa miRma arsebuli aleTologiuri sferos Semecneba“20.431amis sabuTad
mas miaCnda maTematikuri Semecnebis ueWvel WeSmarit
Semecnebad CaTvla. nucubiZisaTvis, romelic im dros
ukve eZebda gzas dapirispirulobaze maRla dgomisaken,
mTavaria, rom d. hiumis yovlismomcvelma eWvmac ki dauSva ueWveli codna Cvens cnobierebaSi.
racionalizmisa da empirizmis gamocdilebam daarwmuna msoflmxedvelobis maZiebeli azrovneba, rom
saWiroa axali gza, romelic orive aRniSnuli mimarTulebis naklisagan Tavisufali iqneba, magram maT
dadebiT aspeqtebs gaaerTianebs. S. nucubiZe mas winaaRmdegobaTa SezRudvebis, anu sinTezis aucileblobis
gacnobierebad Tvlis. aseTi sinTezuri filosofiis
nimuSad mas laibnicis filosofia miaCnia. am moazrovnem bevri gaakeTa racionalizmsa da empirizms
Soris ufskrulis amosavsebad, magram saboloo angariSiT dekartes gavlenam imZlavra, e.i. saswori, ambobs
nucubiZe, racionalizmisaken gadaixara.
mniSvnelovani iyo „filosofiis Sesavlis“ daweris drosac da axlac S. nucubiZis mtkiceba, rom mTeli originalurobis miuxedavad, laibnici dekartis
poziciidan afasebda maTematikas, e.i miiCnevda mas, rogorc mxolod wminda gonebis operacias. „kantma ki
TviT maTematikuri azrovneba sxagvarad gaigo“21.432es
gageba S. nucubiZes samarTlianad miaCnda.
216
S. nucubiZe SesaniSnavad icnobda kantianur mimarTulebebs. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda
marburgisa da fraiburgis skolebs, magram sakuTar
amosavlad mainc kantis teqsts miiCnevda. igi xelmZRvanelobs kantis azriT, rom namdvili filosofia SeiZleba mxolod sinTezuri iyos. kohenisa da natorpisagan principulad gansxvavebulad esmis maTematikis
istoria da misi mniSvneloba kantTan. Tu antikurobaSi
maTematika savarjiSo sagnad iTvleboda, kantTan igi
SemecnebaSi Semecnebis sagnis agebis (S. nucubiZe
ambobs – aSenebis) maCvenebelia. „filosofiis SesavalSi“ wamoweulia i.f. herbartisa da b. bolcanos
mniSvneloba logikis Sinaarsis fsiqologiis samoslisgan ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi.
kantisa da neokantielTa Semoqmedebas wignis umetesi nawili eTmoba. es problematika pirdapir gadadis
maSindel aqtualur kiTxvebze da aleTologiasTan midis; rogorc yvelgan, S. nucubiZe kantis aTasjer
ganxilul moZRvrebaSi axal da saintereso aspeqts
aRmoaCens. mas SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo, magram misi dayenebis samarTlianobas ver uaryof da arc misi gauTvaliswinebloba SeiZleba, Tu axali filosofiis istoriis gageba gvsurs. samagaliTod skepticizmis problemis interpretaciac kmara. cnobilia, rom skepticizms
Sopenhaueri zedmetad Tvlida kantTan, koheni – arsebitad. mas nucubiZec arsebiTad Tvlis, magram igi wamoswevs azrovnebisa da Wvretis formebis Sinagan naTesaobas, razedac kantma miuTiTa, magram CvenTvis miuwvdomlad gamoacxada: „adamianis Semecnebis ori mTavari Sto arsebobs, romlebic SesaZlebelia erTi saerTo, magram CvenTvis ucnobi Ziridan warmodgeba, saxeldobr, mgrZnobeloba da gansja“22.433nucubiZe amtkicebs, rom swored Sinagani naTesaoba transcendentaluri esTetikisa da transcendentaluri analitikisa
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis Tavdebis intuiciis forma217
Ta sinTezsa da gonebis mier warmoebul sinTezTa Soris principuli igiveoba arsebobs23.434sqemebis arseboba
swored am naTesaobas emyareba. drois ormxrivobac
swored am naTesaobas amJRavnebs. igi, erTi mxriv, realuria (transcendentaluri azriT) da meore mxriv,
idealuria (aseve transcendentaluri azriT). miuxedavad imisa, rom kanti aq Zalian bundovania (da amas
eTanxmeba nucubiZe), aq yvelaze naTelia, Tu ra surs
kants. aRniSnuli Sinagani naTesaobis naTelsayofad
wamoayena S. nucubiZis aprioruli Wvretis formebSi
sinTezis arsebobis sakiTxi. fiqrobs, rom aq ukve aris
is sinTezi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis movlenas. „analitikis sinTezisagan igi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom
aerTebs sxvadasxvagvar fenomenebs“24.435
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mosalodneli iyo,
rom S. nucubiZe imaT miemxroboda, vinc sqematizms
„wminda gonebis kritikis“ centralur problemad miiCnevs. igi sxvagvarad fiqrobs. misi azriT, sqematizmi
realobis sakiTxis TandaTanobiTi gaRrmavebis mxolod erT-erTi safexuria. es problemebi dResac aqtualuria kantis mkvlevarTa Soris.
„filosofiis SesavalSi“ S. nucubiZe germanul
klasikur idealizms calke ar ixilavs. mTels am mimarTulebas is miiCnevs evropuli azrovnebis cdad
kantisagan gansxvavebuli gzis gakvlevisa. am gzis
mcdaroba male gacnobierda. XIX saukunis samociani
wlebidan gavrcelebuli lozungi _ „ukan kantisaken“
– mas amis sabuTad miaCnda. ufro saintereso isaa, rom
avtori h. kohenisa da h. rikertis saxeliT cnobil mimarTulebebsac am sazomiT zomavs da orives miuReblad Tvlis, radgan isinic uaryofeno TavisTavadi
nivTis (S. nucubiZesTan _ „sagani TavisTavadis“) arsebobas. ixsenebs ra h. iakobis klasikur formulas
kantis filosofiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis Taobaze, S. nucubiZis azriT, kohenisa da rikertis Teoriebi
218
misaRebi iqnebodnen maSin, Tu isini SesZlebdnen TavisTavadis nivTis datovebiT kantis filosofiaSi
darCenas. es maT ver gaakeTes da amitom kantis gageba
kvlav morigi sakiTxia25.436
samomavlo Teoriebs S. nucubiZe verc v. Supes saxelTan dakavSirebul imanentur TeoriaSi xedavs da
verc e. maxisa da r. avenariusis empiriokriticizmSi.
oriveni kantamdeli filosofiis (Sesabamisad, j.
berklisa da d. hiumis) kantisave filosofiis safuZvelze aRorZinebaa.
namdvil axal da samomavlo movlenad S. nucubiZes XX s. dasawyisidan wamoWrili logikis axleburi
problema miaCnda. es mimarTuleba sul ufro met yuradRebas iqcevda da sapirispiro poziciebze gavlenas
axdenda. „logika, ramdenadac dro midis, mets da met
pretenzias acxadebs WeSmaritebis arsebiTi ZiebisaTvis. Semecnebis Teoria transcendentaluri filosofiis saxiT axlo miudga im ZiriTadi principebis Ziebas, romelTa moxmareba rogorc azrovnebis siswores,
ise WeSmaritebis miwvdomasac niSnavs. am mimarTulebiT
savsebiT momzadebulia niadagi Semecnebis Teoriisa da
logikis erT disciplinaSi gaerTianebisaTvis“26.437am
mimarTulebas safuZveli kantis transcendentalurma
filosofiam Cauyara, saxeldobr, transcendentalurma
analitikam, romelsac surda movlenaTa samyaroSi
WeSmaritebis logikis funqcia ekisra, formaluris
gverdiT da masTan kavSirSi. germanuli klasikuri idealizmis mier kantis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi (fixte, Selingi, hegeli). am mxriv Catarebul kvleva-Ziebas da
mis Sedegebs S. nucubiZe sakuTari poziciidan da epoqis ganwyobidan gamomdinare calke ganxilvis sagnad
ar aqcevs. ufro saWirod miaCnia e.w. gnoseologiuri
logikis gamomuSavebis mcdelobaTa aRniSvna (v. Supe,
rusuli neokantianelobis mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli a. vedenski, romelmac 1917 w. gadamuSavebuli saxiT
219
xelaxla gamoaqveyna Tavisi Sroma _ „logika rogorc
Semecnebis Teoriis nawili)“.
rogorc cnobilia, S. nucubiZe Tavisi pirveli
didmniSvnelovani naSromidanve, romelic b. bolcanos
Seexeboda, germanuli idealizmis kantis Semdgomi gzidan gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT eZebda XX s-is filosofiis winaSe mdgari aqtualuri problemebis gadaWras. Semecnebis Teoriis WeSmaritebis Teoriad qcevis procesi swored am gzas ukavSirdeba. kvlevis am
axali mimarTulebis Sedegad S. nucubiZes miaCnia imis
dadgena, rom azrovnebis sisworis wesebi Tavad emyareba Sinaarseuli Semecnebis wesebs da maTgan warmoiSoba. am damsaxurebas igi miawers a. vedenskis mowafes,
cnobil rus filosofossa da fsiqologs i. lapSins.
1906 w. gamocemulma misma naSromma _ „azrovnebis kanonebi da Semecnebis formebi“ – seriozuli yuradReba
daimsaxura. am procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
e. huserlis gamokvlevebs eniWeba. S. nucubiZis azriT,
TandaTan naTeli xdeba, rom Semecnebis Teoriac da
logikac mxolod nawilia WeSmaritebis Teoriis anu
aleTologiis. aleTologia SeZlebs moxsnas logikisa
da gnoseologiis calmxrivobani27.438XX s. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi naTqvami am prognozis Semowmeba XX s.
dasasruls, cxadia, advilia, magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom S. nucubiZe energiulad da
arcTu unayofod cdilobda Tavisi gegmis Sesrulebas.
man mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi analizis sfero.
sakmarisia iTqvas, rom „filosofiis SesavalSi“
misTvis arc e. laskisa da arc m. haidegeris kvlevaTa
Sedegebi ar arsebobda, romlebmac Semdeg arsebiTi
mniSvneloba SeiZines aleTologiaSi (germanelebi
amboben ,,aleTeiologia”). misi germanul enaze gamocemuli naSromebi uyuradRebod ar darCenila evropul
azrovnebaSi, magram SemdgomSi socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba im gziT wavida, rom S. nucubiZes
220
aRar SeeZlo raime zegavlena moexdina dasavleTis filosofiur azrovnebaze. mas arc sakuTar qveyanaSi SeeZlo Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis dacva da ganviTareba.
amitom igi Seecada filosofiis istoriis masalaze
daesabuTebina Tavisi principebis Rirebuleba.
S. nucubiZis mier qarTul msoflmxedvelobiT
azrovnebaSi
Semotanilma
problemebma
didad
gansazRvra misi momavali. da Tumca ideologiuri
atmosferos gamo, mas xSirad ar asaxelebdnen xolme,
magram misi ideebi muSaobda da axal situaciebSi axal
saxes iRebda. magaliTad, filosofiis fakultetze
saswavlo gegmaSi moeqca filosofiis Sesavali. am saxeliT ori naSromi Seiqmna: 1983 w-s – v. qvaCaxias, xolo 1994 w. – e. koduas avtorobiT. orive Tsu gamomcemlobam dabeWda. 1989 w. Jurnal „georgikaSi“ gamoqveynda prof. S. xidaSelis da prof. volgastis polemika qarTuli renesansis Taobaze. amave Jurnalis
1990/91 ww. nomrebSi gamoqveynda prof. a. begiaSvilis
saintereso werili S. nucubiZis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb,
xolo 1997 w. q. nucubiZis narkvevi didi mecnieris
cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze. S. nucubiZis saiubileo
TariRebis aRniSvnis oficialuri Tanxmobis miReba mis
sicocxleSi ver moxerxda. mxolod 1978 w. a. begiaSvilis redaqtorobiT gamoica krebuli, romelSic
qarTveli filosofosebi da maSindeli sabWoTa kavSiris respublikaTa sxva warmomadgenlebi afasebdnen S.
nucubiZis mravalmxrivsa da nayofier memkvidreobas.
did movlenad iqca saqarTveloSi S. nucubiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi iubile. es farTo RonisZieba S. nucubiZis mSobliur farcxanayanebSi daiwyo, gagrZelda q. quTaisSi, Semdeg q. baTumSi. procesi damTavrda TbilisSi, sakavSiro konferenciiT. saiubileo konferenciebSi qarTvel filosofosTa yvela
Taobam miiRo monawileoba. am TariRs mieZRvna Tsu
Sromebis 317-e t., romelic 1995 w. gamoica.
221
$ 2. dimitri uznaZe
XX s. saqarTveloSi filosofiis istoriis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis Seswavla, s. gorgaZis mier vindelbandis filosofiis istoriis adaptirebuli TargmaniT daiwyo. didi mniSvneloba hqonda n.
maris mier 1909w. rusulad gamocemul naSroms _ „ioane
petriwi – XI-XII ss. qarTveli neoplatonikosi“. amave
wels germaniis qalaq haleSi gamodis d. uznaZis SesaniSnavi sadisertacio naSromi germanul enaze _ „v. soloviovis Semecnebis Teoria da metafizika“. es naSromi mxolod 1984 w. iTargmna qarTulad, magram soloviovis msoflmxedvelobis kvlevis Sedegebis garkveuli
aspeqtebi d. uznaZem ufro adre gaacno qarTul sazogadoebas. 1914 wels werilSi _ „omis filosofia“
mkacrad Seafasa v. soloviovis Sexedulebani, romlis
Tanaxmadac omic „cxovrebis azris (gaerTianebis)
ganxorcielebas unda emsaxurebodes“1.439uznaZis azriT,
am
Sexedulebis
„Serigeba
uricxv
istoriul
faqtorTan SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda“2.440uznaZe miuTiTebs
omebze, romelTa Sedegma gaerTianeba ki ara sayovelTao ubedureba da gaTiSva moitana. 1918 w. Jurnal
„promeTeSi“ gamoqveynda d. uznaZis mozrdili werili
_ „organuli msoflmxedveloba (v. soloviovi)“. am did
rus moazrovnes d. uznaZe Tvlis g. v. laibnicis tipis
mkvlevrad, romelsac miznad hqonda obieqturad ganexila istoriulad arsebuli filosofiuri moZRvrebani, maTSi „saRi elementebi aRmoaCinos da am ukanasknelT Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis umaRlesi sinTezis zRudeTa Soris Sesaferisi adgili miuCinos“3.441
v. soloviovi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gezs
„daqsaqsul ZalTa sinTetur SeerTebaSi xedavs”4.442adamianis azrovneba sami saxiT cdilobs xeli Seuwyos am
process: mecnierebis, mis niadagze aRmocenebadi ganyenebuli filosofiis da Teologiis saSualebiT. solo222
viovisaTvis uTeologiod filosofiuri ideebi uSinaarso iqneboda, xolo mecnieruli faqtebi – indiferentul masaladRa darCeboda. d. uznaZis Teologiis
mniSvnelobas ar uaryofs, magram mis daniSnulebis realizaciasac filosofiasa da mecnierebasTan kavSirSi
xedavs. WeSmaritebas igi „maT Soris solidarul damokidebulebad“ miiCnevs. msgavsi azri ki Tanamedrove
mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs. uznaZis mTeli moRvaweoba
miznad isaxavda mis Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gamefebuli da sul ufro progresirebadi danawevrebisaTvis
gamTlianebis safuZveli moenaxa.
d. uznaZis didi roli filosofiuri sazogadoebis da universitetis saqmianobaSi kargadaa cnobili.
k. baqraZe Tbilisis universitetis 60 wlisTavisadmi
miZRvnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom „axali kadrebis
aRzrdis saqmeSi didia gamoCenili qarTveli fsiqologis d. uznaZis damsaxureba. misma seminarebma platonis
dialogebze, aseve leqciebze frang filosofos
bergsonze (romelic calke monografiis saxiT gamoica) xels Seuwyves filosofiuri azrovnebis maRali
kulturis ganviTarebas“.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis moambis #1Si gamoqveynebuli naSromi _ „laibnicis petit
percefcionTa adgili filosofiaSi“ – filosofiis
istoriis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, radgan d. uznaZe aq asabuTebs, rom mcire percefciebis saSualebiT
laibnici cdilobda moexsna dekartis mier dakanonebuli ufskruli nivTiersa da suliers, rogorc ganfenilobiT warmodgenilsa da azrovnebis samyaros Soris.
„igive ufskrulma cnobiersa da aracnobiers Soris
iCina Tavi“. am safuZvelze moixsna cnobierebis genezisis sakiTxi, radgan dekartisaTvis „suliereba da
azrovneba, azrovneba da cnobiereba erTi da igive
iyo“5.443laibnicisaTvis ki mTavaria imis garkveva, „Tu
rogor daibada cnobieri aracnobierisagan“6.444laibni223
ci dekarts imitom ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, rom nivTieris
sulierze zegavlenas uSvebs, aramed imitom, rom ganasxvavebs, erTi mxriv, aracnobiersa da nivTiers, xolo meore mxriv suliersa da cnobiersa, sulieri ki
„Tavis moculobaSi cnobiersac Seicavs da aracnobiersac“. laibnicisaTvis ueWvelia, gansxvavebiT logikisagan, is, rom Cvens sulSi „zogi ram iseTic xdeba,
ris cnobierebac Cven ar gvaqvs“. d. uznaZe im moazrovneebs eTanxmeba, visac laibnicis aracnobieris
Teoriis mamamTavrad miaCnda7.445
saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom laibnicis pozicia aqac
dekartisave interpretaciaa, radgan TanSobili ideebis
TeoriaSi dekartesTan, iseve rogorc Tavis droze
platonTan, igulisxmeboda Cvens sulSi raRac iseTis
arseboba, romelic Cven ar viciT, magram SesaZlebelia
gavigoT. laibnicis
mcire
gancdebs,
anu mcire
percefciebs Cveni sulis am ori sferos urTierTobis
axsna surs. meore mxriv, uznaZis azriT, amiT garkveulad uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs dekartTan gaTiSuli
nivTieri da sulieri. „nivTiersa da cnobiers Sua
daSvebulia aracnobieri sulieri cxovreba“ da cnobierebac, misi rwmeniT, am saSualo sferos wyarodan
unda gamomdinareobdes8.446
saerTod, or gansxvavebuls Soris saSualos Zieba maTi dakavSirebis mizniT, laibnicis principia. igi
uwyvet kavSirs uSvebs arsebulTa Soris, romelic
usasrulo saSualebebiT xorcieldeba.
originalurad gadamuSavebul amgvar xedvas didi
mniSvneloba mieniWa d. uznaZis ganwyobis TeoriaSi.
d. uznaZis ZiriTadi naSromi filosofiis istoriaSi aris misi monografia – „anri bergsoni“, romelic
1920 w. TbilisSi qarTulad gamovida. es araa maSin
ukve didebis mwvervalze myofi, parizis akademiis
wevris (1914 wlidan) saqveynod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis ubralo dalageba. uznaZe iZleva axali drois
224
filosofiis istoriis koncefcias, XX saukunis winaSe
mdgari msoflmxedvelobrivi problemebis sakuTar gagebas da am safuZvelze gadmoscems sicocxlis filosofiis,
ase
vTqvaT,
franguli
mimdinareobis
gansazRrul moZRvrebas. cxadia, d. uznaZe 1920 w. ver
dawerda bergsonze imgvar wigns, romelic yvela mis
naSroms da mis moZRvrebis yvela aspeqts moicavda.
bergsoni, romelic 1941 w. gardaicvala da 1927 w. nobelis premiis laureati gaxda, am dros nayofierad ganagrZobda kvlevas. 1919 w. gamodis misi „spiritualuri
energia“, 1921 w. _ „grZeoba da erTdrouloba“, 1932 w.
„moralisa da religiis ori wyaro“, _ 1934w. _ „azri
da moZraoba“ da sxv. d. uznaZe Tavad aRniSnavs, rom
igi bergsons gadmoscems I msoflio omamde gamosuli
naSromebis mixedviT, magram es is naSromebia, romelTac am frangi moazrovnis adgili gansazRvres
evropuli azrovnebis istoriaSi. uznaZe miznad isaxavs
bergsonis rTuli da Sinarsobrivi naazrevis erTianoba, misi „uwyveti mTlianoba warmoadginos“9.447
a. bergsonis didi gavlenisa da popularobis mizezs d. uznaZe xedavs ara mis brwyinvale stilSi, aramed imaSi, rom man gamonaxa ZarRvi, romelic maSin sazogadoebis interess amoZravebda, magram saTanadod
gacnobierebuli ar yofila. bergsonma igi aiyvana
„cnobierebis gaSiSvlebul Suagulze“10.448aqve unda
iTqvas, rom brwyinvale stili a. Sopenhauers udavod
hqonda, magram misi gavlena sakmaod gvian aRiniSna, xolo hegelis mZime stili sayovelTaodaa cnobili da
amas misi xangrZlivi gavlenisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia.
dekartis mier axal filosofiaSi dafuZnebuli
racionalizmis Zalisa da misi udidesi gavlenis mizezs d. uznaZe imaSi xedavs, rom „racionalizmi adamianis
gonebis
bunebrivi
rwmenaa“11.449es
Rirebuli
dakvirvebaa. oRond rwmena aq religiuri azriT ar
unda iqnas agebuli. adamians sjera gonebis, radgan
225
goneba misTvis, mTeli misi naklovanebebis miuxedavad,
yvelze saimedo megzuria da gzis maCvenebeli. fxizel
gonebas sakuTari Zalis dasabuTebac SeuZlia da adamianis sxva unarebisaTvis adgilis miCenac. daaxloebiT
ise, rogorc es kantTan moxda: SeizRuda codna, raTa
rwmenisaTvis adgili darCeniliyo. es SezRudva, cxadia, Tavad gonebis ZaliT moxda. wminda goneba TviTon
akritikebs Tavis Tavs. amdenad, kantis e.w. agnosticizmi da iracionalizmi gonebis mier sakuTar Tavis
kritikaa. kantis Semdeg misma mimdevrebma, misi warmatebiT waqezebulma, kvlav dakarges sifxizle da
TviTkritikuli suli. d. uznaZe am process Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: racionalizmi imdenad Tanaarsia adamianisaTvis, rom kantic ar iyo misgan Tavisufali. amitom wamovida kantis Semdeg racionalisturi moZRvrebani – fixte, axalgazrda Selingi, hegeli. XVIII saukunes swamda, rom gonebas veraferi daemaleba. Tu igi
raimes winaSe Seferxdeba, es gonebis uZlurebis ki
ara, „ama Tu im mkvlevaris Semecnebis sisustis maCvenebelia“. darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom iracionalizms arsebobis sxva safuZveli ara aqvs. „absoluturi gonebisaTvis Seucnobeli araferi arsebobs“12.450uznaZes aqac
ar aviwydeba socialuri faqtori, socialur cxovrebaze filosofiuri azrovnebis gavlena. filosofiurma
Teoriebma gaaZliera adamianis bunebrivi rwmena gonebisadmi. igi ara marto ganmanaTleblobis xanis safuZveli gaxda, aramed „evropis revoluciur miZraobebs sasicocxlo Zala STabera“ XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi.
gonebis kulti marTlac saocrad miRebuli iyo.
safrangeTis revoluciis mesveurebi (mag., robespieri)
amas yovelmxriv xels uwyobdnen. magram revoluciebma
rom ver gaamarTla, es, albaT, yovelgvar Teoriul
argumentze didi dartyma iyo racionalizmisaTvis.
sul ufro met yuradRebas iqcevda gonebisaTvis gaugebari viTarebebi. „inteleqtualizms gasavali daekarga
226
da filosofiur azrovnebaSi misi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebisaTvis gza gaexsna“13.451uznaZis azriT, es
pirvelad Selingma SeniSna da gamoxata. magram Selingis mistikurma iracionalizmma ver Secvala hegeli, ver daZlia misi gavlena. is ki SesZlo, rom Tavisi
voluntarizmiTa da iracionalizmiT hegelis inteleqtualizmi da racionalizmi Searyia da amiT Sopenhaueris voluntarizms gza gauxsna. d. uznaZe
fiqrobs, rom Sopenhauerma uaryo Selingis misticizmi
da Tavisi metafizika oden metafizikur nebas daamyara.
man kantis filosofiis iracionalisturi interpretacia mogvca da nivTi TavisTavadi adamianis uSualo
WeSmaritebaSi mocemulad da gancdilad CaTvala. cxadia, es Wvreta ver iqneboda kantis mier daSvebuli
mecnieruli SemecnebisaTvis aucileblad CaTvlili
grZnobadi Wvreta. Sopenhauers, cnobilia, arc inteleqtualuri Wvretisadmi aqvs midrekileba. amitom
uznaZe mas ufro zust saxels ar arqmevs. am mimarTebaSi kantis TavisTavadi nivTi „Cvens winaSe wminda nebelobis saxiT iSleba, neba, amgvarad, mTeli sinamdvilis azria“. igi rasakvirvelia araa movlenebis samyaroSi arsebuli neba, romelic warmodgenaTa zegavleniT moqmedebs, igi Tavisufalia gonebasa da mizezobriobasTan kavSirisagan. es aragonieri nebaa „romelsac araferi surs garda sicocxlisa, araferia
garda survilisa“14.452es iwvevs maradiul winsvlas.
esaa „msoflios namdvili raoba“, romelic ara marto
araa bunebisgan gansazRvruli, aramed misTvis gaugebaricaa.
d. uznaZes bergsonTan surs Sopenhaueris dakavSireba da amitom xazs usvams Sopenhaueris inteleqtualizmsa da sicocxlis nebis kavSirs, xolo im mxares,
rom SopenhauerisaTvis upirovno metafizikur nebasTan
SeerTebaa saboloo mizani da sicocxlis nebam sakuTari Tavi unda dasZlios, _ yuradRebas ar aqcevs. aRsa227
niSnavia, rom miuxedavad mkiTxvelis molodinisa, uznaZe aq nicSes filosofiasa da masTan Sopenhaueris
kavSirze arafers ambobs. es evropuli filosofiis miseuli gagebis Taviseburebas gamoxatavs.
Sopenhaueris voluntarizmma da iracionalizmma,
d. uznaZis samarTliani dakvirvebiT, gonebas mxolod
empiriuli sinamdvile dautova. aman ki materializmis
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma gamoiwvia. magram misiT gatacebam
male ganvlo, rogorc fr. a. langem Tavis cnobil
„matrializmis istoriaSi“ daamtkica, es materializmi
iseTive metafizikuri Teoria iyo, rogorc idealistur naturfilosofia. aq d. uznaZe gulisxmobs
erTxans saocrad gavrcelebul vulgarul materializms, romelic Tavs foierbaxis gagrZelebad Tvlida.
marqsizmis filosofias d. uznaZe aq saerTod ar axsenebs. albaT, Tvlida, rom igi ekonomikuri materializmia da ara sakuTriv filosofiuri originaluri
Teoria, rogorc amas maSin mravali moazrovne
fiqrobda.
fr. a. lange, rogorc cnobilia, neokantianelobis erT-erTi mamamTavaria e. celeris, o. libmanisa da
h. fiSeris gverdiT. d. uznaZis azriT, vulgaruli materializmis usafuZvlo pretenziebisa da „pozotivizmis samecniero, mewvrilmanuri kvleva-Ziebis ganviTarebam faqtobrivi sinamdvilis naTelsamyofad, xelaxla filosofiuri suliskveTebis gaRviZeba gamoiwvia“. d. uznaZes udavod miaCnia, rom mecniereba didi
xniT ver wyvets kavSirs filosofiasTan, romlisganac
igi warmoiSva da romelic adamianis SemecnebiTi
miswrafebis macocxlebeli ZarRvi da mTavari wyaroa15.453d. uznaZis azriT, am situaciaSi savsebiT bunebrivia, rom kanti airCies da ara hegeli. magram maT
kanti „wminda gonebis kritikiT“ Semofargles, igi
„mxolod Semecnebis Teoritikosad iqna gamocxadebuli“. am safuZvelze ki aucilebeli iyo kantis aprio228
ruls fsiqologisturi problemis saxe mieRo. masTan
erTad Semecnebis problemac amgvarad iqna gaazrebuli. „amgvarad, saukunis bolos filosofia filosofiis istoriad da fsiqologiad iqca“, fsiqologia ki
empiriul mecnierebad gamocxadda, romelsac namdvil
filosofiasTan araferi hqonda saerTo16.454
am safuZvelze voluntarizmisa da inteleqtualizmis tradiciulma dapirispirebam axali saxe miiRo:
„ra aris upirvelesi – Semecneba Tu moqmedeba?“. avenariusma Tavisi azrovnebis ekonomiis principi WeSmaritebis kriteriumad gamoacxada. amiT mTavari mniSvneloba debulebis gamosadegobas da xelsayrelobas mieca. pragmatizmma es pozicia bolomde ganaviTara da
wamoayena principi _ „WeSmariteba praqtikul gamoyenebas niSnavs“17.455xelaxla wamoiwia kontis azri, rom
„filosofias gansakuTrebuli adgili ar hqonda“. am
mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad v. vindelbandma da h.
rikertma „axali idealizmi“ Seqmnes. axali filosofiis ganviTarebis es saintereso koncefcia d. uznaZes
sWirdeba a. bergsonis filosofiis adgilisa da Rirebulebis dasadgenad.
axal filosofiaSi, uznaZis azriT, „ebraelTa
wvlili erTi mxriv imaSi gamoixateba, rom man kacobriobas antiinteleqtualizmis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli misca, xolo meore mxriv, bergsonis saxiT –
inteleqtualizmis. bergsonis damsaxurebas d. uznaZe,
mraval Tanamedrove mkvlevarTan erTad, imas Tvlis,
rom igi pozitivizmis batonobis epoqaSi, roca filosofiis damoukidebeli Rirebuleba eWvs qveS iyo dayenebuli da mas mxolod mecnierebaTa kvlevis Sedegebis
klasificireba da ganzogadeba evaleboda, win aRudga
filosofiis „mecnierebis ubralo msaxurad gamocxadebas“. Seecada filosofiis specialuri saqme, misi
funqcia warmoeCina18.456
229
gansxvavebiT s. daneliasagan, romelTanac raimes
gagebisaTvis misi warmoSobis, genezisis garkvevas
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, d. uznaZesTan, bergsonTan
TanxmobiT, raimes Rirebulebis gasagebad swored genezisis dadgenaa aucilebeli. ramdenadac inteleqti
cnebebiT azrovnebaa, xolo cneba warmodgenebs emyareba, warmodgena ki Tavis safuZvlad gancdas gulisxmobs, aqedan gamomdinare, Tu gancdis arsebas gavigebT, es SesaZlebels gaxdis warmodgenis gagebas,
aqedan cnebis bunebis gageba SesaZlebloba iqneba, rac
inteleqtis gagebamde migviyvans. Tavad gancdas, romelmac mTeli am ierarqiis gasaRebi unda mogvces, genezisi ar mieyeneba. „igi imTaviTve mocemulia da, rogorc aseTi, aracnobieria“. igi obieqtur gaRizianebasa
da fsiqikurs aerTebs. ase rom gancda jer da mere ar
gvaqvs, igi imTaviTve mocemulia19.457bergsoni mas kosmiur movlenas uwodebs, magram is cnobieri araa da d.
uznaZes aq laibnicis mcire percefciebTan misi Sedarebis aSkara uflebianobaSi eWvi ar epareba. bergsonis
samyaroSic
yvela
fenomeni
„mTeli
sinamdvilis
20
458
aracnobier gancdas atarebs“ .
tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, bergsoni amtkicebs,
rom adamianis „tvins SemecnebasTan araviTari kavSiri
ara aqvs“. Semecneba aq gagebulia, rogorc sinamdvilis,
romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, swori gageba. arc gancdas,
arc warmodgenasa da arc inteleqts Tavisi arsebobis
miznad ar miaCniaT Semecneba. inteleqtis mizani
praqtikulia, kerZod, esaa arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi
gamarjveba. amisaTvis igonebs da qmnis igi iaraRebs. es,
bergsonis azriT, adamianis warmoSobis safuZvlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas amitom ufro „homo faberi“
unda ewodos, vidre „homo sapiensi“. inteleqti, upirveles yovlisa, warmoebas eswrafvis. Semecneba ki, Tu
sWirdeba, isic ara saganTa bunebis, aramed maTi urTierTobis gasagebad, raTa mis mier Seqmnili iaraRis
230
moqmedeba sayovelTao da saimedo iyos (amitomacaa misi msjelobebis forma hipoTezuri. Tu pirobebi aseTi
iqneba, Sedegi garkveul saxes miiRebs da sxv.)21.459misi,
e.i. mecnierebis Semecnebis sagani aris sivrceSi arsebuli
araorganuli
buneba.
igi
araa
samyaros
gansazRvruli Semoqmedebis swrafvis sapirispiro, anda
misgan damoukidebeli ram. araorganuli buneba aris
yovlismomcveli SemoqmedebiTi swrafvis SezRudvis
ukiduresi gamoxatuleba da ara misi sruli Sewyveta22.460inteleqti garkveuli warmatebis safuZvelze gadawyvets xolme – rom mTel sinamdvileze gaavrcelos
Tavisi meTodebi. am gadaWarbebul optimizms gadaWarbebuli pesimizmi mosdevs.
bergsoni ar Tvlis, rom es pozicia sicocxlis
gagebaze uaris Tqmas niSnavs. adamians xom marto inteleqti ara aqvs, misi inteleqti is unaria, romelsac
esmis sicocxlis raoba. instiqturia wiwilas moqmedeba, roca igi kvercxis kans niskartiT texavs. amas
bergsoni
„sicocxlis
TviTSemecnebas“
uwodebs23.461magram es codna aracnobieria. instiqts ara
aqvs inteleqtis sicxade da es misi naklia. mas is
naklic aqvs, rom praqtikuli moTxovnilebaTa sferoSi
Caketili. roca instiqti amgvar viwro interess Tavs
daaRwevs da amaRldeba masze, e.i. SesZlebs Tavisi obieqti am interess gareSe ganixilos, igi cnobieri
gaxdeba da „TviT sicocxlis wiaRSi Segviyvans“. ase
iqceva instiqti inteleqtis daxmarebiT intuiciad24.462Tavis mxriv, intuiciac exmareba inteleqts. intuiciis mier raime problemaze moZebnil, ganWvretil pasuxs inteleqti „gasagebsa da mkafio sistemur saxes
aZlevs“, oRond es gadamuSaveba logikur formebSi sicocxlis moqcevaa, sinamdvilis damaxinjebaa da
bergsoni
maT
dafasebas
moiTxovs25.463frangi
moazrovnis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas nebis Tavisuflebis
problema
imsaxurebs.
es
d.
uznaZesTvisac
231
didmniSvnelovani sakiTxia. mas, iseve rogorc g. qiqoZes, nebis Tavisufleba Cveni cnobierebis ueWvel
faqtad miaCnia. g. qiqoZe kants emyareboda, d. uznaZe –
bergsons.
verc idealizmi da verc realizmi (uznaZe materializms angariSsgasawev mimarTulebad ar Tvlida) ver
axerxebs gadawyvetilebis aqtis axsnas, Tumca uSvebs,
rogorc namdvilad arsebuls26.464dro aris fsiqikuri
cxovreba, igi uwyvet cvalebadobas warmoadgens da yoveli sulieri movlena amgvari uwyveti cvalebadobis
procesia. oRond es ubralo cvalebadoba ki araa, aramed SemoqmedebiTi cvalebadoba, romelsac bergsoni
xanierebas uwodebs. igi midis daskvnamde, rom dro da
sulieri cxovreba erTi da igivea27.465am safuZvelze
bergsoni nebis Tavisuflebis problemas „uqm problemad“ miiCnevs. igi „am azriT, sulier movlenaTa mSobiarobis Tavisuflebaa. igi faqtia ise, rogorc faqtia
TviT sulieri cxovrebis procesi“28.466moZraobis es
procesi savsebiT uwyvetia. sityva „xaniereba“ swored
amaze miuTiTebs. rogorc sulier uwyvetoba-qmnadobaa.
am procesis danawevreba Cveni praqtikuli interesebis
msaxuris – inteleqtis saqmea.
es sayovelTao, ganuwyveteli da ganuyofeli aqti
bergsonisaTvis aris sicocxlis swrafva (elan vital). es
fsiqologiuri aspeqti aris evoluciis mamoZravebeli
faqtori. sicocxlis impulsi imTaviTve aqvs organizms
mocemuli. am safuZvelze d. uznaZe bergsons „Tavisebur teleologistad“ Tvlis29.467platonTan gasamijnavad bergsoni mis ideaTa Teorias adamianis inteleqtis
produqtad miiCnevs, romelic praqtikul interesebs
emsaxureba. amitom platoni moZravs uZravs udebda safuZvlad. Tavad igi ki piriqiT fiqrobs. mamoZravebeli
Semoqmedebis gamapirobebeli es impulsi, SeiZleba
RmerTad iwodos. igi mocemuli gvaqvs, rogorc maradiuli da misi warmoSobis sakiTxis dasma bergsoni232
saTvis uazrobaa. aq frangi moazrovne uneburad hegels uaxlovdeba, romelTanac absolutis „instinqturi miswrafeba“ konkretulobisaken, miuxedavad misi (hegelis) cdisa – yvelaferi daesabuTebina, winaswaraa
miRebuli da misgan ganpirobebul procesSi Rebulobs
gamarTlebas.
instinqtisa
da
inteleqtis
naklovanebaTa
xazgasma bergsons intuiciis upiratesobis saCveneblad
surs. instinqti cnobieri codna ar aris (mag: krazana
mxolod abruebs da ar klavs Tavis msxverpls). aq
moqmedeba nagrZnobia da ara Segnebuli. meore mxriv,
gacnobierebas igi „instinqtis deficits“ uwodebs.
cnobiereba
arCevis
SesaZleblobas
gulisxmobs,
instinqti ki ar irCevs, aramed moqmedebs. mecniereba maTematikuri
sazomiT
zomavs
yovelives.
sxvagvar
wesrigs is ar scnobs. magram arsebobs „sicocxlis
wesrigic“, romelsac instinqti grZnobs, magram ver
acnobierebs. aq iSleba, bergsonis azriT, filosofiis
perspeqtiva. is mecnierul codnas metafizikur codniT
avsebs, igi sinamdvilis arss swvdeba.
d. uznaZem, rogorc yovelTvis, aqac maqsimaluri
obieqturobiT da keTilganwyobiT gadmosca saanalizo
obieqti da Semdeg iwyebs mis kritikul Sefasebas. misi
azriT, kantis Semdeg bergsoni axal etaps qmnis „filosofiur-samecniero azrovnebis istoriaSi“30.468mis
winamorbedTa Soris asaxelebs paskals, Selings, Sopenhauers. am rigSi gansakuTrebul adgils miuCens v.
soloviovs31.469rac Seexeba kants, bergsonma misi monapovari aiTvisa da Seiwynara, ramdenadac saqme samecniero azrovnebas, anu inteleqts exeboda da mecnieruli
codnisaTvis (e.i gansjisaTvis) TavisTavadi sinamdvile
moiwvdomlad gamoacxada. bergsonma mecnierebis axali
monacemebis moSveliebiT axali metafizika daafuZna.
is, Tanamedroveebis msgavsad, Semecnebis TeoriiT ki ar
233
Semoifargla, aramed „metafizikas kvlav pativi da
avtoriteti daubruna“32.470
d. uznaZes eWvi ar epareba, rom filosofia
bergsonis gzas daadgeba, magram mas mainc saWirod miaCnia kritikulad ganixilos swored is principebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad miaCnda msoflmxedvelobirivi azrovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
1.
inteleqti
bergsonisaTvis
metafizikurad
uZluria da intuicia ueWvelad nayofieria. amas emyareba bergsonis Semecnebis Teoria. d. uznaZis azriT,
es winaswar dasabuTebamde miRebuli debulebaa da
amasTan gulismobs metafizikuris ueWvel codnas. Tu
platonma inteleqtis cnebebis hipostazireba moaxdina,
bergsoni aseve moiqca intuiciis Sinaarsis mimarT da
misi Secdoma platonisaze naklebi araa, radgan metafizika win uswrebs inteleqts, e.i. Cveni Semecnebis
kritikas, maSin ra fasi SeiZleba hqondes mas inteleqtis TvalSi? aq saqme bergsonis argumentebis bunebas exeba, Torem uznaZe mas eTanxmeba inteleqtis kritikaSi da ar surs, rom misi amgvari pozicia inteleqtis dacvad miiRon33.471
2. d. uznaZe eTanxmeba bergsonis kritikosebs imaSi, rom igi praqtikul moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs. isic
sworad
miaCnia,
rom
bergsonis
mier
aRwerili
instinqtic praqtikas emsaxureba, magram misi kritika
ar xdeba. uznaZe Tvlis, rom inteleqtsa da instinqts,
aseve Semecnebasa da praqtikas Soris raime iseTi
principuli dapirispireba ar arsebobs, rom erTi meores uaryofdes. ase rom yofiliyo, sicocxlisaken
swrafva mecnierebisa da inteleqtis ki ara, intuiciis
sul ufro ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels34.472
3. bergsonTan intuiciis sarbielia metafizika.
inteleqtisTavis is gaugebaria. sxvadasxva adamianebma
rogor unda gaiziaron erTmaneTs sakuTari xedva?
bergsoni ar amtkicebs, rom „intuiciis monapovarTa
234
sxvisadmi gaziareba SeuZlebelia: magram amas is inteleqtisagan moelis. es ki imis daSvebas niSnavs, rom
intuiciis monapovarma Cveni diskursiuli azrovnebis,
e.i. inteleqtis gamocda unda daiWiros, sxvagvarad xom
metafizikis
miReba-armiReba
filosofosis
nebasurvilze iqneba damokidebuli“35.473
4. bergsoni cdilobs gadaWras uZvelesi da urTulesi problema sulisa da materiis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. masTan es problema aigeba rogorc
pasiurobis (materiis) da Semoqmedebis (sulis) urTierTdamokidebuleba. bergsoni amas tradiciul dualizmad miiCnevs. orive aucilebelia da erTmaneTze ar
daiyvaneba. maTi dakavSirebisaTvis bergsoni mimarTavs
zecnobiers, rogorc maT safuZvels. igi orives wyaroa. dgeba sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aviTarebs
es zecnobieri Tavis Sinaarss, Tu masSi winaaRmdegoba
ar aris. materializmi, amtkicebs uznaZe, bergsons ar
gamoadgeba am problemis gasarkvevad. magram arc spiritualizmis niadagze dadgoma surs, misTvis „suli
umateriod ar arsebobs“36.474a. bergsonma zecnobierebidan materiis gamomdinareoba ver uCvena. amrigad,
bergsonma dualizmi ver gadalaxa. am daskvnas
amagrebs isic, rom bergsonisaTvis materia „damoukidebeli moZraoba ar aris, aramed cxovrebis aRmarTi
moZraobis ukubrunvaa“37.475verc imis mtkiceba, rom
„garkveulobas da mkafio sagnobriobas materias mxolod inteleqti aniWebs“, verc sulisa da materiis
urTierTgamsWvalulobis mtkiceba da am TvalsazrisiT
axali mecnierebis monacemebis gamoyeneba bergsons saSualebas ar aZlevs, Tavi daaRwios tradiciul,
vulgarul dualizms, iseve rogorc tradiciul monizms da samomavlo Teoria Seqmnas. momdevno wlebSi
d. uznaZe mTlianad gadaerTveba fsiqologiis sferoSi
da qmnis sayovelTaod cnobilsa da aRiarebul ganwyobis Teorias. magram mis yovel naSroms aSkarad etyoba
235
Rrma filosofiuri ganswavluloba. es gansakuTrebiT
iTqmis filosofiisa da fsiqologiis sasazRvro
problemebze. misi Sromebi fsiqologiis filosofiuri
problemebis dafuZnebacaa saqarTveloSi.
$ 3. sergi danelia (1888-1963)
cnobili qarTveli filosofosi, filologi da
mTargmneli sergi danelia qarTvel moRvaweTa im
jgufs miekuTvneba, vinc pirveli Aamoudga mxarSi
erovnuli uniersitetis damaarseblebs da maTTan
erTad Seqmna aRorZinebuli kulturis is myari safuZveli, romelmac arsebiTad gansazRvra saqarTveloSi mecnierebisa da saerTod sulieri cxovrebis mTeli
Semdgomi ganviTareba.
universitetis daarsebam didi stimuli misca filosofiur azrovnebas saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom saqarTvelom 1921 wels kvlav dakarga damoukidebloba da reJimi sul ufro mkacri xdeboda, 20-iani
wlebi mainc didad nayofieri aRmoCnda. Seiqmna originaluri Teoriebi: S. nucubiZis aleTologia, m. gogiberiZis ,,Semecnebis aqsiomaturi dasabami“, s. daneliam
daafuZna filosofiis istoria, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba. k. baqraZem mogvca germanuli klasikuri
filosofiis arsebis axali gageba. am dros S. nucubiZis filosofiur seminarebSi yalibdebodnen: a. boWoriSvili, s. wereTeli, k. megreliZe da sxv.
s. danelias wilad xvda saqarTveloSi, Zveli filosofiuri tradiciis mqone qveyanaSi, filosofiis
istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis dafuZneba. igi 1888 w.
martvilis axlos mdebare patara sof. najaxaoSi daibada. 1905 w. revoluciaSi aqtiurad monawileobisaTvis
VI klasis warCinebul moswavles saswavleblis datoveba mouxda. momdevno wels s. daneliam mainc moaxerxa
236
simwifis atestatis areba da swavla xarkovis universitetSi gaagrZela. Semdeg igi moskovis universitetis studenti gaxda. iq igi filosofias swavlobs da
iseT mkvlevarTa yuradrebas imsaxurebs, rogorebic
iyvnen: a. kubicki, v. Celpanovi, l. lopatini. universitetis damTavrebis Semdgom maswavleblobs ruseTsa da
saqarTveloSi (foTi, xaSuri, axalcixe). 1922 w. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi miiwvies filosofiis
maswavleblad. 1927 w. s. danelia gaxda filosofiur
mecnierebaTa pirveli doqtori, romelmac Tbilisis
universitetSi miiRo umaRlesi xarisxi.
qarTul
universitetSi
muSaobis
dawyebiT
sruldeba s. danelias moRvaweobis pirveli periodi,
romelSic gansazRvruli iyo qarTveli eris bunebis,
misi specifikisa da momavlis problemebi. meore periodis dasawyisidanve s. daneliam misTvis Cveuli garkveulobiTa da sizustiT gamokveTa Tavisi amocana saerTo erovnul aRorZinebaSi da mTeli sicocxle mas
Seswira. es amocana gulisxmobda saqarTveloSi filosofiis istoriis, rogorc kvlevis specialuri dargis
Tanamedrove doneze dafuZnebasa da aqedan gamomdinare
kacobriobis msoflmxedvelobiTi azrovnebis sakvanZo
punqtebis konkretul analizs. amis Sedegi iyo: „helveciusis zneobis Teoriis gamokvlevis cda“ (1922 w.),
„atomisturi filosofia Zvel saberZneTSi“ 1925 w.),
„qsenofare kolofonelis msoflmxedveloba“ (1926 w.),
„griboedovis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis“ (1931), ,,kantis
cxovreba da moRvaweoba” (1972 w.). es da mravali sxva
pirvelxarisxovani naSromi Cveni filosofiuri literaturis siamayes warmoadgens. isini dResac samagido
wignebia. igive iTqmis s. danelias Targmanebze (aristoteles, kantisa da laibnicis). im drois specifikis gamo s. danelias naSromebis gavlena sabWoTa kavSiris
farglebs ver gascda, magram aq maT umaRlesi Sefaseba
daimsaxures iseTi specialistebisagan, rogorebic
237
iyvnen: gr. wereTeli, i. kubicki, g. Speti, a. losevi, a.
guliga da sxv.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioane petriwis Semdeg s. daneliamde qarTul filosofias ar hyolia iseTi mkvlevari, romelic mxolod im moazrovneebs aanalizebdes,
romelTa Sromebi misTvis originalSivea misawvdomi.
amas s. danelia filosofiis istorikosisaTvis aucileblad Tvlida. igi, rogorc cnobilia, ikvlevda
berZen, laTinurenovan, frang, inglisel, germanel da
rus moazrovneebs. eseni iyvnen: qsenofane kolofoneli
da parmenide, demokrite da sokrate, aristotele da
lukreciusi, dekarti da helveciusi, laibnici da spinoza, hiumi, kanti, griboedovi da mravali sxva.
s. danelias pirveli nabeWdi naSromi filosofiis
istoriaSi 1920 w. TariRdeba. esaa „patara percefciebi
laibnicis filosofiaSi“, romelic Jurnal „ganaTlebis“ #2-Si gamoqveynda. amave wels amave Jurnalis #5Si danelia aqveynebs recenzias d. uznaZis narkvevze _
„laibnicis mcire percefciaTa adgili fsiqologiaSi“,
romelic Tbilisis universitetis „moambis“ #1-Si gamoqveynda. igi miesalmeba „moambis” gamosvlas, rogorc
qarTuli universitetis qmediTobis nayofs. aRniSnavs,
rom universitetma aaRorZina Zveli tradicia, roca
CvenSi „Rvioda mecnieruli kulturis cecxli“1.476s. danelia aWarbebs am kulturis siZlieris Sefasebisas,
magram miaCnda, rom igi (universiteti) warmatebiT
asrulebda kulturuli eris struqturaSi Tavis amocanas. „ganTavisuflda Tu ara qarTveli carizmis
morCilebisagan – pirvel yovlisa, man miapyro yuradReba mecnierebis keras, man daarsa universiteti,
romelmac unda Cagvinergos Rrma siyvaruli uambicio
WeSmaritebisadmi“2.477s. danelia amiT Tavis programasac
acxadebs. igi mTeli sicocxle iRvwoda uambicio, e.i
obieqturi, mkacri mecnieruli WeSmaritebisaTvis. Tu
xSirad igi zedmetad mkacri iyo, unda iTqvas, aseve
238
mkacri iyo sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. mkacria s. danelias mier d. uznaZis zemoaRniSnuli naSromis Sefasebac. naSromis mizani iyo imis Cveneba, Tu rogor iqneboda laibnicTan „cnobiereba aracnobieri elementisagan“. aRniSnavs ra naSromis Rirsebas, Semdeg imdenad
arsebiT SeniSvnebs gamoTqvams, rom faqtobrivad uariyofa winaswari Sefaseba. aseTive mkacri iyo d. uznaZis
pasuxic amave Jurnalis #5-Si. man Tavis recenzets
swored istoriuli sinamdvilis damaxinjebasa da kidev imaSi dasdo brali, rom „laibnici cudad gagebul
kantad gadaaqcia“. faqtobrivad, pirvelad aq daisva
CvenSi interpretaciis sazRvrebis sakiTxic3.478
daaxloebiT aseTive situacia Seiqmna s. danelias
mier amave JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli S. nucubiZis
narkvevis _ „bunebisaTvis cnebisa“ – recenziis Sedegad. recenzenti aRiarebs, rom S. nucubiZis aleTologia, romlis bunebis garkvevis cdaa aRniSnuli narkvevi, „sruliad axali movlenaa filosofiis istoriaSi“4,479magram saboloo angariSiT igi „ubralo deklaraciad“ darCa. rac Seexeba adrindel naSroms (1913w.)
bolcanos Taobaze, mas „namdvilad mecnierul gamokvlevad“ Tvlis, oRond S. nucubiZesTan n. loskis
„uxeiro gavlenasac“ xedavs.
s. daneliam dainaxa, rom „upozicio WeSmaritebis“
poziciac poziciaa da masac dasabuTeba da gamarTleba
sWirdeba. mas ar surda, ubralod gadmoeRo n. hartmanis Teoria idealizmis da realizmis urTierTobis Sesaxeb, Tumca xedavda mis Rirebulebas. igi filosofiis istorikosobisaTvis emzadeboda da Cveuli safuZvlianobiT Seudga saqmes. igi iwyebs filosofiis
istorikosis da saerTod istorikosis cnebaTa garkvevas konkretuli analiziT. 1922 w. man waikiTxa sacdeli leqcia Temaze _ „aristotele, rogorc filosofiis istorikosi“. momdevno wels Tbilisis universotetis „moambis“ #3-Si igi qveyndeba saTauriT _ „aristo239
tele winamorbedTa Sesaxeb“. es moazrovne, cxadia,
SemTxveviT ar iyo arCeuli. filosofiis istoria, hegelis Semdeg, Tavisi arsebobiTa da doniT, swored
aristotelesganaa davalebuli. TiTqos udavoa, rom
igi filosofiis istorikosicaa. magram es sakiTxi sakamaTo iyo maSinac da axlac. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad s. danelias aucileblad miaCnia winaswar imis
garkveva, Tu ra evaleba filsofiis istorikoss.
aristotelesadmi didi mowiwebis miuxedavad, s. danelia Tvlida, rom es didi filosofosi, romlisganac
amdeni mecnierebaa davalebuli Tavisi SromebiT, ver
akmayofilebda filosofiis istorikosad yofnisaTvis
aucilebel pirobebs.
istorikosis cnebis niSnebis s. daneliaseuli gageba SeiZleboda ase Camogveyalibebina:
1. istorikosma yoveli ideologiuri faqti da,
maT Soris – filosofiuri Teoriac, unda gaigos, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT ganpirobebuli da
rogorc am cxovrebis Taviseburi asaxva.
2. istorikosma arc erTi mowmoba, Tundac udidesi avtoritetis saxeliT gantkicebuli, ar unda miiRos Semowmebis gareSe.
3. istorikoss unda hqondes warsulis intuiciis
niWi, e.i. gardasuli situacia unda gacocxldes mis
warmodgenaSi, riTac Cvens saZiebels bunebrivi garemo
Seeqmneba.
4. istorikosma istoriulSi, e.i. realur procesSi, viTarebaSi, faqtSi logikuri unda amoikiTxos,
magram arasodes ar unda anacvlos, anda Seswiros
istoriuli logikurs.
5. istorikosi unda gamodiodes im rwmenidan, rom
saerTo kultura, e.i. filosofiuric, emsaxureba kacobriobis winsvlas idealisaken, im idealisaken, romelic „kacobriobas mxolod sakuTari wiaRidan SeuZlia
warmoSvas“5.480
240
s. daneli Tvlis, rom istorikosisaTvis erTnairad sazianoa rogorc calmxrivi racionalizmi, ise
empirizmi. Tu istorikosma ver moaxerxa gonebis mier
kanonzomierebis namdvilad arsebuli istoriuli masaliT realizacia, is cudi istorikosia. magram Tu is
amis gakeTebas ar Tvlis saWirod, is saerTod ar aris
istorikosi. s. danelias azriT, aristoteles yvelaferi hqonda imisaTvis, rom yofiliyo filosofiis istorikosi. igi sxvaze ufro ukeTesad icnobda istoriul
masalas da misi logikuri damuSavebis SesaZlebloba
hqonda. magram is amgvari muSaobis Catarebas saWirod
ar Tvlida. aristotele daaxloebiT iseve iqceva, rogorc hegeli. igi hegeliviT logikuri ganviTarebiT
xelmZRvanelobs da ara qronologiuriT. qronologias
iSviaTad mimarTavda da Tu mimarTavda mxolod maSin,
roca es mis mizans Seesabameboda. igi problemis saWiroebis mixedviT moqmedebda da ara realobis. mag. „metafizikaSi“ aristotele eleatizms mxolod parmenideTi warmoadgens. sxvebi, am aspeqtiT, misTvis metad
tlanqebia. istorikosi ase ar moiqceoda. aqve aristotele, problemis analizis saWiroebisada mixedviT, xan
empedokles anaqsagorasTan aerTebs da anaqsimandres
upirispirebs, xan ki empedokles anaqsimandresTan
erTad warmoadgens da orives anaqsagoras upirispirebs. naTelia, wers s. danelia, rom mas istoria mxolod Tavisi debulebebis sailustraciod undoda6.481filosofiis istorikosi, mag. Teofraste, ase ar
moiqceoda.
naTqvami ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos danelias azriT, filosofoss ufleba ara aqvs sxvadasxva
aspeqtis analizisas sxvadasxva mozrovne gaaerTianos
da TiTqos igi aq aristoteles Secdomas xedavs. sruliadac ara, igi Tavad mimarTavda am xerxs problemuri analizisas. mas mxolod imis Tqma surda, rom filosofiis istorikoss, rogorc istorikoss, ufleba
241
ara aqvs erTi romelime aspeqtis gamo sxva ugulebelyos. aristoteles ki, sruli uflebiT „metafizikaSi“ sxva ainteresebs winamorbedi istoriidan, „fizikaSi“ – sxva, „aTenelTa politikaSi“ – kvlav gansxvavebuli, aseve „poetikaSi“
da a.S. SeiZleba davuSvaT,
rom yovelive es rom gaaerTianon, winamorbedTa sruli suraTi mogvecema, magram es axali naSromi iqneba,
romelic aristoteles ar dauweria. aq, daaxloebiT,
iseTive viTarebaa, rogorc hegelTan gveqneboda, mas
rom filosofiis istoria ar daewera (ufro sworad,
leqciebi rom ar waekiTxa filosofiis istoriaSi). uamisod Cven, cxadia, bevri ram SegveZlo amogvekiTxa winamorbedTa Sesaxeb hegelis Sromebidan. magram saWiro
iqneboda mxedvelobaSi migveRo, rom hegeli aq filosofiis istoriis daweras ar isaxavda miznad. igi
problemuri TvalsazrisiT aSuqebda winamorbedTa naazrevs.
s. danelia ar uaryofs aristoteles did mniSvnelobas filosofiis ganviTarebis sokratemdeli periodis aRdgenisaTvis. sapirispiro mosazrebas gzas
uxsnis aristoteles nihilistur uaryofas da xelidan
gvaclis antikuri filosofiis SeswavlisaTvis aucilebel saxelmZRvanelo Zafs. amgvari Sexeduleba iyo
gamoxatuli a. liovenhaimis 1914 w. gamosul germanul
wignSi „demokrites mecniereba“7.482avtoris azriT, sxvaa
aristoteles Sefaseba, rogorc filosofiis istoriis
wyarosi da sxva sakiTxia, aris Tu ara igi filosofiis istorikosi.
1926 wels gamodis s. danelias „antikuri filosofia (sokrates win)“. es pirveli akademiuri saxelmZRvaneloa qarTul enaze antikur filosofiaSi. avtori
ixilavs antikuri filosofiis Seswavlis mniSvnelobas, kvlevis meTodebs, wyaroebs, berZnuli filosofiisa da aRmosavluri kulturebis mimarTebis sakiTxs da
Semdeg sistemurad alagebs berZnul filosofias Ta242
lesidan sofistebis CaTvliT. am wignma Cveni kulturis didi xarvezi Seavso. am droisaTvis mowinave erTa
enaze mravali SesaniSnavi saxelmZRvanelo arsebobda
antikuri filosofiis istoriaSi. SeiZleba gvefiqra,
rom erT-erTi maTganis TargmaniT gadaiWreboda Cvens
winaSe mdgari amocana. es daneliasTvis siZneles ar
warmoadgenda, magram is xedavda, rom am Targmans imdeni ganmarteba da damateba dasWirdeboda qarTul sinamdvilesTvis mosargebad, rom faqtobrivad axal
naSromTan gveqneboda saqme. Tanac mas ukve Tavisi pozicia hqonda SemuSavebuli da sakuTari principebis
mixedviT miaCnda saWirod aRniSnuli periodis analizi. es rom ar yofiliyo, is, cxadia, Targmans mimarTavda. sakamaTo araa, rom eris kulturas ekuTvnis
is, rac mis enaze da mis saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT
aris Seqmnili, anda Targmnili. filosofia axal
qarTul kulturaSi fesvs ver gaidgamda qarTul enaze
Sesrulebuli filosofiur-istoriuli gamokvlevebis
arsebobis gareSe. sokratemdeli filosofiis zogadi
kursis Seqmnis Semdeg s. danelia Seudga Tavisi originaluri koncefciis konkretul ganxorcielebas. mas
surda filosofiis istoriis sakvanZo punqtTa axali
gagebiT eCvenebina Tavisi Teoriis Rirebuleba. „kaci
monaa, Tu mas sakuTari azri ara aqvs“, werda s. danelia „antikuri filosofiis“ winasityvaobaSi. aq igi
Tavs qarTul kulturis warmomadgenlad Tvlida da
sakuTari originaluroba undoda eCvenebina, rogorc
am
kulturis
unari
sakuTari
sityvis
Tqmis
TvalsazrisiT. amis ganxorcielebis SesaniSnavi nimuSi
iyo 1927 w. gamoqveynebuli „qsenofare kolofonelis
msoflmxedveloba“. am wignis udavod maRalma donem
droebiT iseTi oponentebic ki Seariga s. daneliasTan,
rogorebic iyvnen S. nucubiZe da m. gogiberiZe. Semdeg
man saqarTvelos gareTac moipova pativsmcemelni. Tama243
mad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi dResac SesaniSnavia Tavis sferoSi.
„mecnierebis ganviTarebis utyuar maCveneblad
iTvleba misi specializacia“ werda XXs. qarTuli filosofiis Tavkaci S. nucubiZe Jurnal „mnaTobis“ 1927
w. #4-Si gamoqveynebul werilSi _ „qarTuli gamokvleva qsenofane kolofonelze“. am SromaSi S. nucubiZem
dainaxa qarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli specializaciis dasawyisi da sixaruliT miesalma mas. naSromi man nimuSad miiCnia im dros qsenofanes Sesaxeb arsebul litaraturaSi saerTaSoriso
masStabiT. s. danelias recenzentis kritikuli SeniSvnebi amgvari maRali Sefasebis faqtobriv uaryofad moeCvena da ar miiRo isini. igi mtkiced icavda Tavis pozicias. Tavis damsaxurebad am naSromSi danelia
xedavda miletelTa da qsenofanes poziciaTa principul gamijvnaSi. fiqrobda, rom man uaryo militel fizikosTa tradicia, rac siaxle iyo sokratemdelTa gagebaSi8.483danelias mtkicebiT, qsenofane, winaaRmdeg
tradiciisa, arc panTeisti iyo, radgan RmerTis niSnebi masTan upirispirdeba bunebis niSnebs. recenzentma
arc es da arc s. danelias mesame debuleba miiRo,
romlis Tanaxmadac qsenofanesTan Cven mTeli moZRvrebis safuZvlad da mamoZraveblad „zneobriv Segnebas“
vxedavT. 1928 w. amave organoSi („mnaTobi“, #1) nucubiZem pasuxis pasuxi gamoaqveyna, sadac aRniSnavda, rom
igi tradiciul Sexedulebas icavda qsenofaneze,
magram misi avtori vinme ki ara, aramed antikuri filosofiis gagebis didostati e. celeri iyo da igi
jerjerobiT e. celeris poziciaze rCeba9.484„mnaTobis“
amave wlis #8-9 gamoqveynda s. danelias „werili redaqcias“, sadac igi ufro mtkiced icavs Tavis pozicias.
keTilganwyobilad Sexvda s. danelias Sromebs m.
gogiberiZec. orive Sromas igi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs,
244
gansakuTrebiT meores, romelic qsenofanes exeba. erTerTi samarTliani sayveduri s. danelias „elitarobas“
exeboda. mas ucxo enebze mravali citata mohyavda
Targmanis gareSe. s. danelia mkacrad Sexvda im SeniSvnebsac, romlebic ZiriTadad qronologias exeboda.
misi azriT, „istoria aris faqtebis dalageba ara aucileblad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, aramed iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rom gasagebi gaxdes kavSiri am
faqtebs Soris“10.485Tavis „ganmartebaSi“ m. gogiberiZe
Seecada ar gaemwvavebina polemika11.486
s. danelia, rogorc polemisti – calke da Zalian
saintereso Temaa. is bevris amxsnelia XX s. humanitaruli kulturis ganviTarebaSi. misi Seurigebloba gamorCeuli iyo. ar iqneboda swori, Tu vityodiT, rom
igi ver xedavda kavSirs Tavis oponentebTan, ver xedavda, rom erT saqmes emsaxurebodnen. saqme exeboda
miznisaken gzebis SerCevas. „usastikesi brZolis warmoeba, _ werda s. danelia, _ swored imasTan gvixdeba,
vinc yvelze axlo dgas CvenTan... magram bolomde ar
migvyveba da Sua gzaze gvtovebs“.
qsenofanes Sesaxeb s. danelias naSromi rom saetapo iyo XX s. qarTul filosofiis ganviTarebaSi,
amaze misi oficialuri oponentis, antikurobis aRiarebuli mkvlevris gr. wereTlis recenziac miuTiTebs,
romelic umaRles Sefasebas aZlevs sadoqtoro disertaciad warmodgenil am naSroms, xolo aq mocemul
analizs fsevdo-aristoteluri traqtatisa _ „meliso,
qsenofane, gorgia“ – sanimuSod Tvlis12.487
s. danelias, rogorc filosofiis istorikosis,
moRvaweobis Semdgom safexurs, warmoadgenda naSromis
_ „atomisturi filosofia Zvel saberZneTSi“ – gadamuSavebuli da gafarToebuli rusuli varianti, romelic 1931 w. gamovida moskovSi, saTauriT _ „mecnieruli codna demokrites warmodgenaSi“. cnobili rusi
filosofosis g. Spetis recenzia am naSromze gva245
uwyebs, rom aq avtori „udavod axal wvlils“ gvaTavazobs. samadlobel werilSi s. danelia aRniSnavs, rom
misi naSromis mTavari punqti imis dasabuTebaa, rom
„demokrites moZRvrebaSi winaaRmdegobis wyaroa WeSmaritebis gageba, rogorc sinamdvilis asaxvisa“13,488amis
damtkicebas (mag. demokrite ar iyo racionalisti) igi
cdilobda e. celerisa da p. natorpis winaaRmdeg. natorpis xseneba da masTan dapirispireba SemTxveviTi
araa. s. danelia studentobis drois naSromebidan
dawyebuli, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda kants
da cdilobda, misi moZRvrebis dedaarsi daecva,
Tundac Tavad kantis winaaRmdeg. am werilSi, romelic
maRali donis specialistTan dialogs warmoadgens,
danelia acxadebs, rom igi kantianelia: „me ar vtoveb
transcendentaluri filosofiis pozicias, aramed
mxolod aRvniSnav im SemTxvevebs, roca transcendentaluri filosofiis fuZemdebelni da gamgrZelebelni
scildebian am filosofias“14.489
kantisave safuZvelze s. danelia kants sayvedurobs imas, rom igi cnebis Rirebulebis Sesamowmeblad
maTi dabadebis mowmobas Txoulobs. es mas generistfsiqologistTa poziciaze dadgomad miaCnda da
trancendentaluri filosofiis principis Ralatad. es
werili 1928 welsaa dawerili, e.i. sabWoTa reJimi ukve
mtkice iyo da erTaderT WeSmarit filosofiad
marqsistuli filosofia iTvleboda. am dros asaxvis
Teoriis Rirebulebis uaryofa da kantianelad Tavis
gamocxadeba s. danelias iseT gabedul moazrovneTa
gverdiT ayenebs, rogoric g. Speti da a. losevi iyvnen,
Tumca mogvianebiT maTac mouxdaT oficialurad uari
eTqvaT sakuTar poziciaze.
vfiqrobT, maT amis moraluri ufleba hqondaT.
mecnierebasa da kulturas sWirdeba ara marto jordano brunoebi, aramed galileis msgavsebic. winaaRmdeg
246
SemTxvevaSi reJimis batonobis Semdeg Cven kulturas
nulidan mouxdeboda dawyeba.
qsenofanes Sesaxeb s. danelias naSromi rusulad,
marTalia, mxolod 1986 w. gamoica Tsu-is gamomcemlobaSi, magram misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili, romelsac ewodeba „meliso qsenofanesa da gorgias Sesaxeb anonimuri Txzulebis Taobaze“, 1927 w. cnobili
gaxda antikuri filosofiis gamoCenili mkvlevris a.
kubuckisaTvis, romelsac rusulenovani mkiTxveli
aristoteles „metafizikis“ SesaniSnav rusul Targmans
umadlis. kubickim maRali Sefaseba misca naSromSi
warmodgenil mkacr filosofiur analizs da damajereblad miiCnia kvlevis Sedegebi. es Sedegebi ki maSindel wamyvan mkvlevarTa poziciisagan mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeboda. es naSromi s. daneliam moskovSi Seasrula, sadac igi erTi wliT miavlina Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma. a. kubicki sasargeblod Tvlida naSromis rusulad gamoqveynebas. es survili mxolod samoci wlis Semdeg ganxorcielda prof. e. koduas mcdelobiT, magram naSroms Rirebuleba dakarguli
ar hqonda. es wigni dResac Tanamedrovea da saWiro.
amas marto is ki ar ganapirobebs, rom arc qarTulad
da arc rusulad am sakiTxze sxva specialuri monografia ar arsebobs, aramed isic, rom s. danelias zogi debuleba mogvianebiT, misgan damoukideblad iqna dadgenili filosofiis istoriis Tanamedrove gamoCenil
mkvlevarTa mier.
aviRoT profesor a. bogomolovis 1986 w. gamocemuli sayuradRebo wigni „antikuri filosofia“. qsenofanes msoflmxedvelobis analizisas veravin auvlis
gverds zemoxsenebul traqtats. a. bogomolovi „Tanamedrove kritikis“ miRwevad acxadebs imas, rom
dadginda am traqtatSi gorgiasa da melisos Sesaxeb
cnobebis sakmao sandooba. bogomolovi eTanxmeba
germanel mkvlevar o. Jigons, romelmac 1968 w. berZnu247
li filosofiis warmoSobisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi
daaskvna: „am garemoebaSi meTodurad dauSvebelia, rom
ar vaRiaroT qsenofanes Sesaxeb teqstis, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, aseTive utyuaroba“15.490axla movusminoT s.
danelias: „vinc unda iyos Cveni Txzulebis avtori,
aristotele Tu Teofraste... ukve is faqti, rom zedmiwevniT sisworiT gadmoscems melisosa da gorgias Sexedulebebs, gvaZlevs sabuTs vifiqroT, rom man qsenofanes Sexedulebebic sworad gadmogvca“16.491damTxveva
aSkaraa. rogorc cnobilia, aristoteles kvlevis Tanamedrove dones Tvlian v. iegeris epoqaluri naSromebidan: „narkvevebi aristoteles metafizikis warmoSobis
istoriidan“ (1912w.) da „aristotele, misi ganviTarebis
istoriis safuZvlebi“ (1923w.). v. iegers garda, XX s.
dasavleTSi ori didi figura gamoikveTa – h. Canisi da
u. gaTri. mizanSewonilia Canisis, gaTris da kidev
erTi gamoCenili specialistis, mak daiarmidis msjeloba SevadaroT s. danelias mosazrebebs.
1923w. s. danelia werda: winamorbedebis aristoteleseuli mimoxilva „rom namdvil istoriad iqnes
miCneuli, saWiroa damtkicdes, rom aristoteles mier
aRmoCenili urTierToba Zvel filosofosTa Teoriebs
Soris iyo namdvili an realuri, rom mag, Talesis
msoflmxedvelobidan iseve daibada anaqsimandres filosofia, rogorc aristoteles gamohyavs... aristotele Tavad aRiarebs, rom Semcdari iqneba is, vinc amis
mtkicebas ganizraxavs“17.492
h. Canisi 1951 w. inglisur enaze aqveynebs werils
_ „winasokratuli filosofiis xasiaTi da Sedegebi“.
igi gamoqveynda „ideaTa istoriis Jurnalis“ #12-Si.
„aristoteles rogorc filosofoss sruli ufleba
hqonda ekiTxa, Tu ra pasuxis gacema SeeZloT sokratemdel sistemebs kauzalobis problemaze im saxiT,
rogori formulirebac man misca, magram imis daSveba,
rom kiTxvis amgvari dasma istoriulia, e.i. imis miReba,
248
rom romelime sistema SeiZleboda gamomuSavebuliyo
problemasTan imgvari mimarTebiT, rogorc igi aristotelem daaformula – Seicavs am sistemis gaugebrobis
safrTxes da udavod yalbi gadmocema iqneboda misi
Semqmnelis motivebisa da miznebis“18.493
1923 w. s. danelia amtkicebda: „aristoteles mier
winamorbedTa mTeli mimoxilva isea dawerili, rom
yvelsaTvis, vinc maT yuradrebiT waikiTxavs, cxadi
gaxdeba, rom es ... am filosofosTa imgari gaSuqebaa,
rom is aristoteles filosofiuri Senobis saparolo
Sesasvlelad iqceva“19.494aristotelesaTvis „istoriuli faqti aris cnebis gasamartavi ilustracia“20.495
j. mak daiamidi 1953 w. „klasikuri filologiis
harvardul StudiebSi“ gamoqveynebul werilSi _ „Teofraste winasokratul viTarebaTa Sesaxeb“ – werda:
„aristoteles istoriuli faqtebi, rogorc aseTi saerTod, ar ainteresebda... winamorbedebi misTvis mxolod imdenad iyvnen saintereso, ramdenadac misi miznisaTvis masalas iZleodnen“21.496kidev erTi Sedareba amave naSromidan: s. danelia _ „aristotele ar malavs,
rom igi ar gadmoscems Zvel filosofosTa naazrevs
ise, rogorc es ukanasknelni namdvilad azrovnebdnen“.
anaqsagoras Sesaxeb aristotele aRniSnavs, rom roca
anaqsagoras miawers ori stiqionis Teorias, am dros
is emyareba „im sabuTebs, romlebic TviTon anaqsagoras ar ganuviTarebia, magram usaTuod miiRebda maT,
rom misTvis moeyvana vinmes es sabuTebi“. s. danelia
„metafizikaSi“ (wigni I) aristoteles mier gamoTqmul
azrs emyareba22.497
j. mak daiamidi wers: „rogorc aristotele aRiarebs, igi gadmoscems ara anqsagoras moZRvrebas, aramed logikurad aviTarebs imas, rac anaqsagoras Tavad
ar gaukeTebia“23.498sabuTad rogorc danelia, ise mak
daiamidi aristoteles „metafizikis“ erTsa da imave
adgils miuTiTeben.
249
aq, rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia. 20 da 30
wlis Semdeg dasavleTSi antikuri filosofiis wamyvani mkvlevrebi s. danelias mier miRebul Sedegebamde
midian. es kongenialuri azrovnebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia. amis wyalobiT SeinarCuna saqarTveloSi filosofiurma azrma da saTanado done, miuxedavad imisa,
rom 20 welze meti faqtobrivad mowyvetili iyo dasavleTSi mimdinare kvlevis Sedegebs.
Canisisa da mak daiamidis sabuTebi aristoteles,
rogorc filosofosis istorikosis winaaRmdeg, rogorc davinaxeT, aSkarad emTxveva s. danelias argumentebs. magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, s. danelia sulac
ar fiqrobs aristoteles mier mowodebuli cnobebis
mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofas. aq misi pozicia emTxveva
u. gaTris Sexedulebas. am avtoris „berZnuli filosofiis istoriis“ eqvstomeuls e. celeris epoqis
Semqmnel naSroms adareben. man 1957 w. gamoaqveyna
naSromi _ „aristotele rogorc filosofiis istorikosi“24.499ufro adre, 1952 w. gaTri aqveynebs Tavisi
fundamenturi naSromis Tavisebur winaswar ganacxads
_ „berZeni filosofosebi“. aristoteles SefasebaSi
igi Zalze hgavs s. danelias. ar uaryofs, rom aristoteles mravali nakli hqonda, magram xelaRebiT uaryofas, cxadia, ar imsaxurebs. misi mosazrebebisa da cnobebis kritikuli aTvisebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba
Zveli berZnuli filosofiis saTanadod gageba. isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom gaTris wignis _ „berZeni filosofosebis“ rigi adgili saocrad hgavs s. danelias mier
amave sakiTxebis gaSuqebas, aseTia, mag., sokrates
moZRvrebis analizi, saTnoebis cnebis evolucia da
sxv.
Zveli berZnuli filosofiis Sesaxeb s. danelias
SexedulebaTa gadmocema sruli ar iqneba, Tu berZnuli da aRmosavluri msoflmxedvelobebis mimarTebis
Taobaze misi Sexeduleba ar aRvniSneT. berZnuli fi250
losofiis aRmosavleTidan sesxebis Teorias uZvelesi
fesvebi aqvs. Tavad Zveli berZeni filosofosebi ar
uaryofdnen aRmosavluri sibrZnis gavlenas. parmenide
poemidan dawyebuli plotines biografiiT damTavrebuli amis mravali sabuTi arsebobs. meore mxriv, aRmosavluri kulturis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen diadi berZnuli filosofiis SeqmnaSi sakuTari naazrevis
wvlili, rac SeiZleba win wamoewiaT. aristotele
aleqsandrielidan
da
filonidan
dawyebuli
is
braldeba, rom berZnebma moses sibrZne „moipares“,
qristianuli
TeologiaSic
gadmovida.
muslimuri
kultura, romelic mogvianebiT warmoiSva, Tavs aRmosavluri sibrZnis memkvidred Tvlida da al-farabis
piriT
ganacxada,
rom
filosofia
qaldevelebma
Seqmnes. es erayis teritoria iyo. aqedan igi egvipteSi
gadavida, maTgan ki – berZnebma SeiTvises25.500sapirispiro poziciis damcvelebi ganasxvavebdnen filosofiasa
da sibrZnes. fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad zegavlenisa,
is, rac filosofiis, rogorc dasabuTebuli codnis
specifikas Seadgens, berZnebis Semoqmedebas warmoadgens. kantic gadaWriT icavda am Teorias, s. danelias aqac kantis mimdevaria. igi gulmodgined akritikebda berZnuli filosofiis aRmosavluridan sesxebis
Teorias, Tumca mas XX s. dasawyisSi filosofiis iseTi avtoritetuli istorikosi icavda, rogoric Teodor gomperci iyo. s. danelia ise iyo darwmunebuli
Tavis sisworeSi, rom gompercic sasacilod aigdo.
gomperci Tavis „berZeni moazrovneebis“ I tomSi amtkicebda, rom erT-erTi wyaro aRmosavleTis berZnebze
gavlenisa iyo berZnebis mier barbarosi qalebis colad moyvana da TiTqos maTi gavleniT aRmosavluri
filosofiuri Sexedulebani SemoiWra berZnul cxovrebaSi. „rogorc vxedavT, gompercs haramxana filosofiis auditoriad warmoudgenia. rom gompercis mosazreba
251
swori iyos, osmaleTi aw gaqristianebuli unda yofiliyo“26.501
aseve mkacria s. danelia XX s. cnobili germaneli avtoris a. gladiSis mimarT. misi Sromebia: „piTagora da Cinelebi“ (1841), „empedokle da egviptelebi“
(1858), „eleatebi da indoelebi“ (1844), „heraklite da
zoroastra“ (1859), „anaqsagora da izraelebi“ (1864). s.
danelia ixilavs gladiSis am da sxva Sromebs da samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom TeoriaTa Soris msgavseba
sulac ar aris sakmarisi maTi maTganisagan warmoSobis
asaxsnelad27.502s. danelia ar uaryofs berZnuli filosofiisaTvis aRmosavleTis mniSvnelobas, magram igi
darwmunebulia, rom „mecniereba, am sityvis namdvili
mniSvnelobiT
aRmosavleTSi
ar
arsebobda“.
maT
hqondaT „empiriuli xasiaTis zogadi codna“ ekonomikasTan dakavSirebul dargebSi28.503filosofiisaTvis
aucilebelia pirovnebis Tavisufleba. xolo aRmosavleTSi Tavisufleba es iyo SezRuduli, rom „iq pirovneba
ar
arsebobda“29.504iq
msoflmxedvelobis
ganmsazRvreli religia gamorCeulobas, gansakuTrebulobas krZalavda. sakuTari azri vinmes rom dabadeboda, „mas ZirSive Caklavdnen da mis patrons sazogadoebidan gaaZevebdnen“30.505
is, rac aRmosavluri sibrZnis saxeliTaa cnobili, egviptelebis, finikielebis, qaldevelebis, Tavad
ebraelebis, sparselebisa Tu indoelebisa, mTeli maTi
mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, specifikurad filosofiurs
arafers Seicavs. metic, s. danelias azriT, Tu maTSi
raime filosofiuri arsebobs, es mogvianoa da Tavad
berZnuli filosofiis gavleniT unda aixsnas31.506WeSmariti viTarebis dasadgenad mas aucileblad miaCnda
imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom warsulis moazrovneebi xSirad filosofias sul sxvas uwodebdnen, mag. zogjer
„filosofosi“ asketis sinonimad iyo cnobili. XX s-Si
dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis kulturaTa erTianobis
252
problema rogorc filosofiaSi (m. haidegeri da sxv.),
ase literaturaSi (h. hese da sxv.) arsebiTia. evropul
da aRmosavlur kulturaTa gzebis arsebiTi gansxvavebis gacnobiereba sulac ar uSlis xels gaerTianebis
aucileblobas da amis orive mxaresaTvis sargeblianobis Segnebas. sabWoTa sinamdvileSi 40-ian wlebSi aman
maxinji ideologiuri forma miiRo, rogorc evropocentrizmis winaaRmdeg brZolam. zogi axerxebda reJimis es politikuri dakveTa mecnierebis sasargeblod
gamoeyenebina. s. danelia maT Soris ar iyo. magram
dRes, roca es sakiTxi mecnierulad SeiZleba iyos
ganxiluli, s. danelias mosazrebani aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia. SeiZleba iTqvas rom dRes, zogjer
aRmosavleTis dasavleTze ganmsazRvreli gavlena
savsebiT ukritikod da SeuzRudavad miiReba, rasac
filosofiaSi racionaluri Semecnebis Rirebulebis
dakninebamde mivyavarT.
30-ian wlebSi s. danelia iZulebuli iyo rusuli
literaturis kvleva-ZiebisaTvis daeTmo ZiriTadi yuradReba. am maRali donis filosofosis mier rusuli
litaraturis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebis ganxilva
(puSkini, griboedovi, nekrasovi, CerniSevski, Cexovi da
sxv.) didad uwyobda xels ori kulturis daaxloebas.
am naSromTagan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa „narkvevebi XX s. rusuli literaturis istoriidan“ (1936), romelic Semdeg samjer gamoica, aseve, „werilebi griboedovze“ da „igoris laSqrobis ambavi“.
1940 w. gamoica g. laibnicis „monadologia“ s. danelias TargmaniTa da komentarebiT. laibnici s. dodaSvilis „logikiT“ gamoikveTa qarTul azrovnebaSi.
XX s. II naxevarSi ilias mier gamoqveynebuli laibniciseuli gageba drois monakveTebs Soris kavSirisa
Cveni kulturis centrSi stovebda did germanel moazrovnes. Tavad s. danelias erT-erTi pirveli naSromic mas exeboda. magram laibnicis teqstis Targmani
253
pirvelad s. daneliasagan miiRo qarTvelma mkiTxvelma.
s. danelia laibnicis Sefasebis drosac kantidan gamodioda, misgan afasebda. germaneli enciklopedisti
misTvis „transcendentaluri filosofiis uaxloesi
winamorbedi“ iyo32.507
aseve pirvelad gaacno qarTvel mkiTxvels s. daneliam r. dekartis „metafizikuri ganazrebani“. 1955 w. saqarTvelos filosofiis institutis SromaTa saredaqcio kolegia Targmanis winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavda,
rom es „dekartis filosofiuri TxzulebaTa qarTulad
gamocemis pirvel SemTxvevas warmoadgens“. gamoCenil
qarTvel filosofosTa Soris franguli filosofiis
analizis da misi saqarTveloSi danergvis mxvriv yvelaze meti s. daneliam gaakeTa. am mxriv, mas mxolod merab
mamardaSvili Tu Seedreba. franguli filosofiisadmi
miZRvnili pirveli naSromi s. daneliam gamoaqveyna
1922w. _ „helveciusis zneobis Teoriis gamokvlevis cda“
– rusul enaze. am SesaniSnav naSroms, ramdenadac rusulad iyo dawerili, kritikosebic meti hyavda. gamocemidan 30 wlis Semdeg, 1953 wels, roca helveciusis Sromebis ortomeuli gamosces moskovSi, misma redaqtorma x.
momjianma winasityvaobaSi gaumarTleblad mkacrad gaakritika s. danelias wigni, radgan igi Cveul sabWoTa
ideologiur sqemaSi ar eteoda.
am sakmaod vrcel naSromSi s. danelia amomwuravad ixilavs problemas. gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis
winaaRmdeg, igi mWidro kavSirs xedavs helveciusis mier wamoyenebul zneobis Teoriasa da Tavad mas, rogorc zneobriv pirovnebas Soris. aseve aratradiciulad wyvets kondiliakisadmi mis damokidebulebis sakiTxs33.508cdilobs uSualo kavSiri dainaxos helveciussa da lokis Sromebs Soris. amasTanave, mkvlevari
ar cdilobs „savsebiT originaluri debulebebi“ aRmoaCinos masTan. aq s. daneliasaTvis Cveuli obieqturobiTaa naCvenebi zneobaze helveciusis relativisturi
254
Teoria, ramdenadac igi „zneobas empiriuli subieqtis
funqciad Tvlida“. miaCnda, rom „erTian da ucvlel
zneobaze msjeloba, rogorc faqtze, realobis ugulebelyofaa“34.509
1947 w. s. danelia daubrunda franguli kulturis
kvlevas. igi aqveynebs wigns _ „Jan-Jak rusos cxovreba
da pedagogiuri sistema“. didi ganmanaTleblis winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse cxovrebis dawvrilebiT analizis Semdeg, gadmocemulia rusos moZRvrebis ZiriTadi
principebi, romelTa safuZvelzea agebuli misi pedagogika. filosofiaSi rusos damsaxurebas s. danelia imaSi xedavs, rom man energiuli brZola gamoucxada racionalizms, „raTa daecva grZnobis uflebebi“.
s. danelias moswons rusos brZola racionalizmis ukiduresobaTa winaaRmdeg, magram Tvlis, rom
am brZolaSi igi Tavad meore ukiduresobaSi gadavarda. man, gansxvavebiT sokratesagan (romelsac Cveulebriv adarebdnen rusos), mecnierTa winaaRmdeg brZola gadaitana „TviT mecnierebis winaaRmdeg“ brZolaSi35.510aqve s. danelia iZleva kulturis cnebis
gansazRvrebas, rogorc yovelive imis sistemisa, „rac
Wkuis saSualebiT aris damuSavebuli“.
1959 w. gamodis s. danelias patara wigni _ „ogiust kontis cxovreba da moRvaweoba“. aq sazRvriTi
sicxadiTaa dalagebuli XIX s. Sua xanebSi franguli
da evropuli azrovnebis centraluri figuris – pozitivizmis mamamTavris moZRvreba mis mTlianobaSi (pozitiuri religia, sami stadiis kanoni, mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, filosofiisa da mecnirebis mimarTeba).
s. danelia mkacrad akritikebs konts, romelmac
konkretuli da maTematikuri mecnierebebis meTodebi
gaabsolutura da filosofias uari uTxra damoukidebel mecnierebad yofnaze. misi sakuTari pozicia am
SemTxvevaSi emTxveoda gabatonebuli ideologiis pozicias kontis agnosticizmis mimarT. amitom masTan Cveu255
lebrivze ufro xSiria marqsistuli terminologia da
braldebebi. magram saerTod misi pozicia obieqturia
da samarTliani. samarTliania misi daskvnac: „filosofiis saxelwodebiT konti gvawvdis mxolod specialur
mecnierebaTa mimoxilvas, rac, cxadia, filosofia ar
aris. filosofiis magivrad kontis „kurss“ sjobda
„mecnierebaTa
enciklopedia“
wodeboda.
veravin
uaryofs, rom enciklopedia sasargebloa, magram yoveli sasargeblo saqme filosofia ar aris“36.511
zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom s. danelia Tavis Tavs
kantianelad
Tvlida.
mas
miaCnda,
rom
kantis
transcendentaluri meTodi is ZiriTadia, romelSic
Tavs iyris axali filosofiis yvela mTavari problema
da romlisganac gamodis momdevno mimdinareobani.
transcendentaluri
meTodis
siwmindis
dasacavad
zogjer igi Tavad kantsac ki ewinaaRmdegeboda, araferi rom ar vTqvaT gamoCenil neokantialelebze – p. natorpze, v. vindelbandze da sxv. 1958 w. s. danelia
kvlav daubrunda kantis filosofiis specialur analizs da am farTod ganzraxuli wignis mxolod xuTi
Tavis dawera moaswro 1963 w. moulodnel gardacvalebamde. gardaicvala igi Tavis postze, _ universitetis
kaTedraze, roca samecniero sabWos sxdomaze sadisertacio kamaTSi monawileobda. is xuTi Tavi, romlis
dawera man moaswro, Semdegia: kantis filosofiis
mniSvneloba, kantis epoqis daxasiaTeba, kantis cxovrebis gza, kantis filosofiis kritikamdeli periodi da
kantis „wminda gonebis kritika“. es nawerebi maRal
profesiul donezea Sesrulebuli. garkveulia avtoris pozicia kantis filosofiis mravalferovan
interpretaciaTa Soris, rac mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas
aZlevs daaxloebiT warmoidginos, ra saxes miiRebda
wigni avtors rom misi bolomde miyvana SesZleboda.
kritikul filosofias s. danelia Rirebulebis filosofiad miiCnevs, rac misTvis mniSvnelobis filosofi256
as uigivebda, igi ikvlevs Semecnebis, zneobis, esTetikuri gancdebis Rirebulebas. uaryofs maT genetikur
kvlevas, e.i. eZebs ara saganTa mizezebs, aramed
afuZnebs maT Rirebulebas, anu mniSvnelobas. ramdenadac kvlevis samive aspeqti adamianis unarebis kvlevaa,
s. danelias azriT, kantis filosofia adamianis kvlevaa, amdenad igi kantis moZRvrebis kvlevisas s. dodaSvilis azrs agrZelebs.
s. danelias cxovrebis ZiriTadma saqmem – antikuri filosofiis kvleva-Ziebis mecnierul safuZvelze
dayenebam da ganviTarebam nayofieri niadagi Seqmna saqarTveloSi am dargis Sesaswavlad. qarTvel filolog klasikosebTan erTad, 1979 wlidan dawyebuli, q.
walkaSi, sadac berZenTa kompaqturi dasaxleba iyo,
oTxjer Catarda e.w. „aristoteluri kiTxvani“, anu sakavSiro konferenciebi antikur filosofiisa da
kulturis sakiTxebze (1979, 1981, 1984, 1987). konferenciaTa muSaoba asaxuli iyo aramarto qarTulsa da rusul filosofiur presaSi („voprosi filosofii“, „filosofskie nauki“), aramed e.w. Soreul sazRvargareTSic, kerZod, germanul Jurnal „georgikaSi“ (1988,
#11). yvelaze masStaburi iyo 1987 w. Tbilisis-walkis
simpoziumi, romlis masalebi gamoqveynda „Tsu-s SromebSi“ (1989, 292 t.).
muSavdeboda
rogorc
antikuri
filosofiis
konkretuli problemebi, ise zogadi koncefciebic. gamoica s. wereTlis „antikuri filosofia“ (avtoris
sikvdilis Semdeg, 1968.). T. kukavas _ „berZnuli filosofiis istoria“. wign. I (1972). m. WeliZis _ „antikuroba da dauwereli filosofiis problema“ (1986), gamoqveynda amave avtoris „elinizmis filosofia“ (1992),
g. TevzaZis „antikuri filosofia“ (1995) da sxv.
iTargmna
mravali
Zegli:
„demokrite,
epikure,
fragmentebi, werilebi“ (1959), aristoteles _ „metafizika“ (orive T. kukavas Targmani), platonis „fedoni“
257
(1966), „nadimi“ da mravali sxv. (b. bregvaZis TargmaniT
da sayuradRebo gamokvlevebis TanxlebiT). qarTulad
arsebobs TiTqmis sruli platoni. qsenofontis „mogonebani sokrateze“ da „sokrates apologia“ Targmna, SesavaliTa da komentarebiT aRWurva a. uruSaZem (1973),
maRali donisaa l. aleqsiZisa, T. doliZis, m. mWedliZisa da sxv. Targmanebi da gamokvlevebi.
$ 4. mose gogiberiZe (1897-1949)
filosofiis istoria filosofiuri moZRvrebis
organuli nawilia. amgvari mimarTebis safuZveli isaa,
rom yoveli axali filosofiuri moZRvreba arsebuli
filosofiuri moZRvrebis axlebur gagebasa da gadaazrebas iwvevs, romlis mizania warsulis ganviTareba
sakuTar Sesavlad warmoadginos. cxadia, arseboben moazrovneebi, romelTac filosofiuri sistema Seqmnes
da filosofiis istoria ar dauweriaT (mag. i. kanti, i.
g. fixte, l. vitgenStaini da sxv.) meore mxriv – filosofiis istorikosebi sakuTar sistemaze pretenziis gareSe (diogene laerti, e. celeri, k. fiSeri, u. gaTri
da sxv.), magram orive SemTxvevaSi korelatiuri wevri
nagulisxmevia da misi rekonstruqcia siZneles ar
warmoadgens.
qarTul azrovnebaSi filosofiuri moZRvrebis
istoriuli dafuZnebis mniSvneloba ukve petriwTanaa
gaazrebuli. s. dodaSvilis „logikas“ filosofiis
istoriuli ganviTarebis garkveuli koncefcia uZRvis.
rac Seexeba specialur filosofiur-istoriul kvlevas, igi CvenSi 1901 w. s. gorgaZis mier „moambis“ #9-Si
gamoqveynebuli saintereso da saWiro kompilaciiT _
„filosofia da misi progresi“ – daiwyo. Semdeg filosofiur-istoriuli gamokvlevebi Seqmnes v. CerqeziSvilma, a. jorjaZem, d. uznaZem, g. robaqiZem, S. nucu258
biZem da sxv. miuxedavad amisa, CvenSi filosofiis
istoriis, rogorc specialuri dargis, dafuZneba s.
danelias saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. m. gogiberiZem am
procesSi sapatio adgili miekuTvneba. man evropuli
filosofiis calkeul warmomadgenelTa moZRvrebebis
analiziT daiwyo da daasrula filosofiuri azris
saerTo ganviTarebis sakuTari safuZvliani koncefciiT, romelSic qarTulma msoflmxedvelobrivma azrma
pirvelad naxa Tavisi istoriuli da logikuri adgili.
m. gogiberiZis, rogorc sistematikosi filosofosis ganviTarebas, Tan axlda filosofiis istoriis Sesabamisi gageba da am gagebis realizaciis sayuradRebo Sedegebi. roca igi filosofiaze maTematikis
gavlenas gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda da „Semecnebis aqsiomaturi dasabamis“ dafuZnebaze fiqrobda,
misTvis Tavisebur istoriul Sesavlad ori naSromi
Seqmna _ „salomon maimonis azrovnebis Teoria kantis
filosofiisa da logikuri idealizmis Semdgom ganviTarebasTan mimarTebaSi“ (marburgi, 1922 w.) da „ainStainis relativobis Teoria da misi filosofiuri safuZvlebi“ (1924). xolo, rodesac dialeqtikuri materializmis Tanamedrove done iZulebiT gaiziara, misi
istoriul-filosofiuri Sesavlis saxiT Seqmna „materializmis da dialeqtikis problemebis ganviTareba
marqsamde“ (1928).
m. gogiberiZe farTo masStabis moazrovne iyo. Tavisi sadoqtoro disertaciis Temad s. maimoni rom
airCia, igi axali filosofiis ganviTarebis sakuTari
koncefciis saCveneblad gamoiyena. maimoni ar iyo miviwyebuli moazrovne. masze ukve Camoyalibebuli Sexeduleba arsebobda. Tavisi xelmZRvanelis n. hartmanis
mxardaWeriT, romelsac misi pozicia sakmaod dasabuTebulad miaCnda, m. gogiberiZe Seecada eCvenebina, rom
maimons hqonda ufleba kantis Semecnebis Teoriis
259
„kantiseburad“
ganviTarebaze.
„Tanamedroveebma
bevrjer
gamoiyenes
maimoni,
magram
arasdros
scnobdnen mas. istoriam kvlav unda daubrunos mas Tavisi uflebebi“1.512
es iwereboda maSin, roca iseT avtoritetebs, rogoric iyvnen k. fiSeri da b. erdmani, sakmaod vrclad
da gamowvlilviT hqondaT gaanalizebuli s. maimonis
naazrevi. saTanado pativi miago mas fiqcionalizmis
mamamTavarma h. faihingerma Tavis „TiTqosis filosofiaSi“2.513aTiode wliT adre gamoica f. kunces „s. maimonis filosofia“, romelsac iseTive pretenzia hqonda,
rogoric
m.
gogiberiZis
naSroms3.514gogiberiZis
koncefciis specifika isaa, rom igi klasikuri
interpretaciebis Tanaxmad, kantis sistemas dualizmad
Tvlis da am dualizmis daZlevis SesaZleblobebs
kantisave
sistemaSi
xedavs,
magram
am
amocanis
ganxorcielebis or gzas ganasxvavebs. erTi fixtes
gzaa, meore _ s. maimonis. fixtem praqtikuli gonebis
primatiT daiwyo da Tavisuflebis problema filosofiuri specifikis mwvervalze aiyvana. amiT man, rogorc
m. gogiberiZe fiqrobs, „ostaturad“ daiwyo da daasrula
absoluturi
„mes“
filosofia4.515meore
SesaZlebloba kantTan analitikis gaabsoluturebaSi
mdgomareobda, riTac kosmologiuri antinomiebi logikis sferoSi moeqceoda. „es cda maimonma moaxdina da
Semdeg hegelma didebulad daagvirgvina“5.516avtorma
icis, rom orivem, fixtemac da maimonmac daarRvies
kantis principi SemecnebaSi ori wyaros (gansjisa da
Wvretis) aucileblobis Taobaze, magram savsebiT sworad Tvlis, rom kidev ufro mTavaria „kopernikiseburi
gadatrialebis“ principis dacva, romelic SemecnebaSi
Semecnebis sagnis agebaSi mdgomareobs da esaa ZiriTadi kantis mier wamoyenebuli mimdinareobisaTvis.
orive moazrovne erTgulad icavda mas, magram maimonma
laibnicis memkvidreoba gamoiyena am amocanis gada260
saWrelad, kerZod, misi moZRvreba usasrulo ricxvis
Sesaxeb. am maTematikuri meTodis saSualebiT maimoni
cdilobda Semecnebis TeoriaSi sruli logicizmis gatarebas. laibnicis monapovaris aucilebloba kantis
memkvidreobis gasaviTareblad Selingis moRvaweobiT
gaxda cxadi. maimoni ki Tvlida, rom diferencialuri
aRricxvis aRmoCena sakuTriv filosofiuri saqme iyo,
romelmac kantis kriticizmis warmoSoba ganapiroba.
amitom misTvis bunebrivi iyo transcendentalur meTodTan am Teoriis dakavSireba da SegrZnebebis gamodevna Semecnebis sagnis agebis procesidan.
filosofiis istoriaSi progresuli ganviTareba
rom ZiriTadad maTematikasTan filosofiis kavSiriT
iyo ganpirobebuli, es idea sakmaod fundamenturad damuSavebuli daxvda m. gogiberiZes marburgis skolaSi
(kohenis gamokvlevebi laibnicze, kasireris naSromebi
kuzanelis Taobaze, natorpis „zust mecnierebaTa logika“ da sxv.), magram gogiberiZem es idea swored kohenis idealizmis winaaRmdeg gamoiyena, ramdenadac mas
logikurad maimonsa da hegels Soris miuCina adgili.
garda amisa, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom maimonsa da hegels
Soris amgvari kavSiri germanuli klasikuri filosofiis ganviTarebaSi axali aspeqtebis garkvevis SesaZleblobas iZleva da met realobas aZlevs ukve sqematurad qceul xazs: kantidan fixtes da Selingis
gavliT – hegelisaken. amgvari midgoma arsebiTad hegelis axlebur interpretaciasac niSnavda, dapirispirebuls
rogorc
am
didi
moazrovnis
xelaRebiT
uarmyoflebis, es misi neohegelianuri gagebisagan, rac
am droisaTvis ukve sayovelTao yuradrebas ipyrobda.
germanuli klasikuri filosofia azrovnebis
istoriis saocrad rTuli periodia. rTulia misi mimarTeba Tanadroul kulturasTan da aseve winamorbedebTan. m. gogiberiZe wamoswevs memkvidreobiT kavSirsa
da Tanxmobas am did istoriul movlenasa da germa261
nul klasikas Soris. winaaRmdeg CvenSi gavrcelebuli
azrisa, misTvis kantis filosofia safrangeTis „didi
revoluciis filosofiuri sindisi iyo“6.517xolo Tavisuflebis problema rogorc fixtesaTvis, ise Selingisa da hegelisaTvis filosofiis alfasa da omegas
warmoadgenda.
filosofiisaTvis zust mecnierebebTan kavSiris
TavisTavad swori principi m. gogiberiZis am periodis
SromebSi ukiduresobamde midis. axalgazrda mecniers
SedarebiT gamartivebulad warmoudgenia es kavSiri. es
maSin Zalze gavrcelebuli neopizotivizmis gavlenis
Sedegi iyo. naSromSi _ „ainStainis relativobis Teoria da misi filosofiuri safuZvlebi“ – m. gogiberiZe
samarTlianad ilaSqrebs nebismieri avtoritetis winaSe brma mowiwebis winaaRmdeg. igi amtkicebs, rom filosofiuri Teoriis mniSvneloba Semoifargleba im
droiT, romelSic ZalaSia am Teoriis mier asaxuli
da gaazrebuli mecnieruli moZRvreba. kantis Teoria
niutonis fizikis „filosofiuri sindisi iyo“ da mas
warmmarTveli mniSvneloba hqonda manam, sanam niutonis
fizika batonobda. ainStainis relativobis Teoriis SemuSavebis Semdeg ki misi aqtualoba gamoricxulia. m.
gogiberiZe kategoriulad uaryofs yvela im mcdelobas, romlis mizania axal mecnierul sinamdviles Seuguos kionigsbergeli moazrovnis filosofia. igi
erTmaneTs adarebs drosa da sivrceze kantis da
ainStainis Sexedulebebs da maT Seurigeblobas amtkicebs. miaCnia, rom kantis es Sexedulebani ukve kantoris simravleTa TeoriaSi uariyofa da es ,,logikur
daskvnamde midis relativobis TeoriaSi“7.518filosofiuri moZRvrebis SedarebiT damoukidebloba, risi wyalobiTac filosofias Tavisi, zust mecnierebaTagan
damoukidebeli istoria da Rirebuleba aqvs, m. gogiberiZisaTvis, misi ganviTarebis mocemul etapze, ar arsebobs. mas arc imas surs miaqcios yuradReba, rom kanti
262
principulad uSvebs sxvagvari droisa da sivrcis SesaZleblobas, magram uaryofs sayovelTaobiTa aucileblobis ZaliT maTi dasabuTebis SesaZleblobas.
mogvianebiT filosofiis naazrevis SedarebiT damoukidebulebas m. gogiberiZe Tavad wamoayenebs, rogorc
azrovnebis istoriis erT-erT sayuradRebo fenomens,
romlis uaryofa Zalze gaaRaribebda kulturis istorias: Tavis cnobil „filosofiis istoriaSi“ (1941)
avtori fiqrobs, rom genialurma maTematikosma g.
kantorma mis mier Semotanili aqtualuri usasrulobis cneba, miuxedavad Tavad kantoris sapirispiro
azrisa, „mainc spinozasagan isesxa“8.519aqvea wamoyenebuli dialeqtikis istoriisaTvis saintereso idea imis
Taobaze, rom hegelis „logikaSi“ dafuZnebuli cneba
WeSmariti usasrulobisa warmoadgenda spinozas mier
wamoyenebuli aqtualuri usasrulobis cnebis ganaxlebas.
Tavisi ganviTarebis momdevno periodSi m. gogiberiZem bevri ram Secvala winandeli kvlevis Sedegebidan. filosofiis SedarebiT damoukideblobasa da mis
ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis aRiarebis garda, man
gansakuTrebuli adgili dauTmo socialur ganviTarebasTan filosofiis ganviTarebis kavSirs. amis nimuSia
m. gogiberiZis fundamenturi gamokvleva _ „materializmisa da dialeqtikis elementebi marqsamde“ (1928).
aq vrclad da sainteresodaa ganxiluli frangi materialistebis moZRvreba. XVIII s. frangi materialistebis moZRvrebani warmodgenilia, rogorc axalgazrda
burJuaziis mdgomareobiTa da miznebiT aSkarad ganpirobebuli, magram meore mxriv, rogorc am klasis da
mTeli sazogadoebis momavlis ganmsazRvreli. am moazrovneTa didi damsaxurebis miuxedavad, naSromSi
naTladaa aRniSnuli maTi naklovanebani. Tavad p.
holbaxis
ukompromiso
aTeizmi,
avtoris
azriT,
kargavs Tavis Zalas da ukiduresobis gamo „istoriu263
li movlenebis ganxilvis dros mas Tavisi aTeizmi
dogmad eqceva da istoriaSi religiis garda sxva
ukuRmarTobas veRar amCnevs“9.520
cnobilia, Tu ra didi roli mianiWa m. gogiberiZem am naSromSi frangi materialistis helveciusis filosofias. misi Zlieri socialuri gamiznulobis,
klasTa interesebis gansxvavebis da warmoebis gadamwyveti rolis gacnobierebis gamo, qarTvelma moazrovnem
CaTvala,
rom
faqtobrivad
helveciuss
ekuTvnis is adgili, romelic marqsistuli filosofiis istoriaSi foierbaxs miekuTvneba. am Sexedulebis
gaziareba Znelia, magram man mainc dadebiTi roli Seasrula qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi,
ramdenadac marqsistuli filosofiis istoriuli
fesvebis
gamartivebul
analizs
gaemijna.
yovel
SemTxvevaSi, igi ar imsaxurebda braldebas marqsizmis
SebRalvaSi, rogorc amas zogi recenzenti abralebda.
arc imaSi iyo recenzenti swori, rom m. gogiberiZem
helveciusis moZRvrebis iseTi elementaruli principi
ar icoda, rogoricaa adamianis bunebis neitraloba keTilisa da borotis mimarT, im azriT, rom keTili,
anda boroti igi mxolod sazogadoebaSi xdeba. amgvar
braldebebs m. gogiberiZem damajerebeli pasuxi gasca
1929 w. Jurnal „ganaTlebis muSakis“ #7-is furclebze.
isic araa umniSvnelo, rom igi, maSindeli mavne Cvevisgan gansxvavebiT, ar cdila Tavisi oponentisaTvis
antimarqsizmi daebralebina.
m. gogiberiZis Sromebi ukanasknel wlebSi aqtiuri analizis sagania rogorc kvlevis, ise swavlebis
procesSi. amitom misi damsaxurebis gverdiT misi
naklovanebebic unda gamoikveTos. mag. germanuli idealizmis dialeqtikis analizis dros misi udavo damsaxurebaa formaluri logikis kanonebis dialeqtikuri
Sinaarsis gamovlena da igiveobis kanonis mimarT
fixtes „mecnierebaTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebis“ ZiriTadi de264
bulebis („me udris me-s“) damoukidebeli da upiratesi
Rirebulebis Cveneba10.521meore mxriv, dausabuTebeli
Cans misi zedmetad kritikuli damokidebuleba Selingis moZRvrebis mimarT. Selings igi uars eubneba
kantis, fixtes da hegelis Tanatol mniSvnelobaze11.522amasTanave, dResac saxelmZRvanelo mniSvnelobas
inarCunebs misi mosazreba Selingisa da bergsonis naTesaobis Sesaxeb: „pirdapir gasaocari msgavseba (swored sityvebSiac) arsebobs Selingis moZRvrebasa intuiciis Sesaxeb da Tanamedrove frang intuicionist
bergsonis moZRvrebas Soris“12.523
bergsonis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis profesionalur analizs CvenSi d. uznaZem Cauyara safuZveli.
misi „anri bergsonis“ keTilismyofeli gavlena m. gogiberiZezec igrZnoba. magram d. uznaZe Selings araviTar
gansakuTrebul rols ar aniWebs bergsonis winamorbedTa Soris, vTqvaT Sopenhauerisa da paskalis
gverdiT. zemoaRniSnuli mimarTebis dadgena ki CvenSi
intuicionizmis kritikuli aTvisebis axal safexurs
warmoadgenda.
srul Rirebulebas inarCunebs m. gogiberiZis mier
kantis „wminda gonebis kritikis“ meore gamocemaSi
CarTuli „idealizmis uaryofis” interpretacia. dRes
rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, mrvali mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom kanti aq gulisxmobda TavisTavadi nivTebis arsebobis dasabuTebiT idealizmis uaryofas. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc gogiberiZe miuTiTebs, aq kants
idealizmis mxolod is saxeoba hqonda mxedvelobaSi,
romlis drosa da sivrceSi empiriuli subieqtisagan
damoukideblad sagnebis arsebobas uaryofda, kerZod,
berkli, romlis sagnebs Cveni SegrZnebebis kompleqsad
Tvlida. kantma realuri (gamocdilebis sferos azriT)
sagnebis arseboba Teoriulad imiT daamtkica, rom SemecnebaSi azrovnebas „empiriisagan miRebuli masaliT“
aaSenebina sinamdvile13.524ramdenadac sakiTxi drosa da
265
sivrceSi sagnebisa arsebobasa da damoukideblobas Seexeba, amdenad gasagebia, rom saqme TavisTavad nivTebs
ki ara, aramed mxolod da mxolod gamocdilebis
sagnebs exeba.
m. gogiberiZis, rogorc filosofiis istorikosis,
memkvidreobaSi dRes cxoveli interesis sagania misi
Sexedulebani qarTuli filosofiis istoriis sakiTxebze. mis Semdeg mravali problema ufro safuZvlianad damuSavda, mravali iseTi Zegli gamoqveynda, romelsac kvlevis obieqts axali aspeqti
SesZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom m. gogiberiZis rigi debuleba damtkicda, rigi ki sadavod iqca, isini mainc
samuSao hipoTezebis saxiT moixmareba. udavod damtkicebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mis mier ioane petriwis
naazrevSi e. w. qarTuli warmarTobis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis uaryofa da misi Rirebulebis Zieba epoqis saerTo amocanebis farglebSi. magram diaxac sadavoa
masTan „vefxistyapsanSi“ neoplatonizmis uaryofa,
Tumca zogi mkvlevari dResac iziarebs am azrs (mag.
prof. a. gawerilia). „rusTavelis genialur poemaSi
araviTari kvalic ki araa neoplatonizmisa, araviTari
warmarToba,
araviTari
msoflmxedvelobrivi
ata14
525
vizmi“ . aseT ukidures daskvnas xeli Seuwyo im periodSi CvenSi gavrcelebulma negatiurma Sexedulebam
neoplatonizmis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. S. nucubiZis didi damsaxurebaa am Sexedulebis uaryofa da neoplatonizmis didi mniSvnelobis faqtobrivi dasabuTeba.
meore mxriv, qarTuli warmarTobisa da neoplatonizmis kavSiris uaryofam udavod dadebiTi roli iTamaSa renesansis genezisis problemebis kvlevaSi.
qristianuli neoplatonizmis specifikur istoriul mniSvnelobas m. gogiberiZe ar uaryofda. Tavis
„filosofiis istoriaSi“ igi calke paragrafsac ki miuZRvnis am mimarTulebas. exeba gaqristianebul neoplatonikosebs: sinezios da nemesios emesels. imaze
266
miuTiTebs rom ioane petriwma nemesiosis „bunebisaTvis
kacisa“ Targmna. avtoris azriT, gaqristianebuli neoplatonikosebi „agrZeleben ra neoplatonizmis aTenuri skolis tradiciebs, aformeben Tvalsazriss, romelic erTgvari simfoniaa platonsa da aristoteles
Soris“15.526amave skolas akuTvnebs igi e.w. fsevdo-dionise areopagels. m. gogiberiZem am dros ar icoda nucubiZis mosazrebani petre iberisa da „areopagitikis“
avtoris igiveobis Sesaxeb, arc, cxadia, honigmanis pozicias gascnobia am sakiTxSi, Tumca es faqti misi sicocxlis periodSi moxda, magram am dros is dapatimrebuli iyo. m. gogiberiZis „filosofiis istoriaSi“ petre iberi gazel filosofosTa megobrad, „siriuli eklesiis erT-erT ugamoCeniles moRvawed“ iwodeba siriul eklesiaSi. rac Seexeba fsevdo-dionise areopagels, romelsac igi, aseve gazel filosofosTa
wres miakuTvnebs, mis damsaxurebad iTvleba pozitiuri
Teologiis gverdiT negatiuris gamoyeneba. „igi pirvelad qristianul azrovnebaSi qmnis mistikur Teologias“. magram aristotelesTan mimarTebac araa daviwyebuli. m. gogiberiZe Tvlis, rom aristotele yvelganaa,
sadac neoplatonizmis gavlenaa. aristotele Tavad am
kavSiris gareSec funqcionirebs (mag. rusTavelTan).
specialur Semowmebas moiTxovs debuleba imis Taobaze, rom „fsevdo-dionisec icavs Tanxmobas aristotelesTan“16.527
mistikur moZRvrebebSi aristoteles roli specialuradaa sakvlevi, radgan stagirels Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc wesi, realuri samyaros kvlevaSi eZleoda upiratesoba. Toma akvinelma misi farTo gamoyeneba
maSin mxolod uxvad Sereuli neoplatonuri elementebis wyalobiT SeZlo. cnobilia nikoloz kuzanelis
kritikuli damokidebuleba aristotelesadmi. areopagelTan, akvinelTan, eriugenasTan am sakiTxis specialuri kvleva Sua saukuneebis filosofiis rig
267
mniSvnrlovan aspeqts mohfens Suqs. aristoteles erTi
SexedviT civi gansjis samyaroSi araa Camqrali zebunebrivisaken wminda xedvis platonuri miswrafebis
cecxli, ramdenadac igi adamianSi wminda Semecnebas,
rogorc misi gonebis umaRles nawils, uSvebs, romelic mxolod RmerTs iazrebs da savsebiT maRldeba
samyaroul viTarebebze. amitom fiqrobs Sua saukuneebis filosofiis cnobili specialisti i. bernhardi,
rom „aristotele erTi SexedviT yovelgvari mistikisagan Sors dgas“, magram miuxedavad amisa, mistika „bevrs
umadlis mas“17.528
bizantiur filosofiaSi aristoteles adgils m.
gogiberiZis „filosofiis istoriaSi“ mokle, magram
damajerebeli debulebebi gadmogvcems. misi mniSvneloba aqac udavoa, misTvis fselosi „ufro platonikosi
iyo, vidre aristotelikosi“. amasTanave, m. gogiberiZem
yuradReba miaqcia imas, rac dRes xdeba konkretuli
kvlevis sagnad. XI s. bizantiis filosofiaSi prokles
renesansisa da kapadokielTa renesansis Tanaaarsebobis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom „fselosi platons
grigol nazianzelis TvalebiT xedavda“18,529specialistis maxvili TvaliT dakvirvebis Sedegia. am
aspeqtiT XI-XII ss. qarTuli msoflmxedvelobrivi
azrovnebis Semowmeba sayuradRebo Sedegs mogvcems,
radgan kapadokielTa renesansi aq ukve X s-idan iwyeba
efTvime aTonelis mier basili kesarielis „swavlTa“
TargmaniTa da neoplatizmis aRorZinebas Seezrdeba.
mniSvnelobas ar unda iyos mokebuli is garemoebac,
rom ,,areopagitika”, romelsac didi gavlena hqonda
qarTul kulturaze, xSirad swored kapadokielebis
TvaliT uyurebs platons da TviT proklesac, romelsac, cxadia, ar asaxelebs.
faqtobriv viTarebas ar Seefereba m. gogiberiZis
mtkiceba, rom „renesansis epoqis Tavisebureba da sakuTari Tvalsazrisi mdgomareobs irmagi WeSmaritebis
268
Teoriis wamowyebaSi. imis aRiarebaSi, rom arsebobs
ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba qveynisa da filosofiisa, WeSmariteba RmerTisa
da
Teologiisa“19.530ormagi
WeSmariteba
arsebobda
aRorZinebamde, aRorZinebis epoqaSic da mis Semdegac.
magram unda daveTanxmoT m. gogiberiZis misazrebas:
„ioane petriws (da arc mis maswavleblebs – fselossa
da itals) sizmradac ar unaxavT ormagi WeSmaritebis
SesaZlebloba. misTvis WeSmariteba erTia“20.531Tu am debulebis safuZvels gamovZebniT, sayuradRebo viTarebas gavacnobierebT: qristiani neoplatonikosi ar SeiZleba ormagi WeSmaritebis Teorias aRiarebdes,
radgan misTvis filosofia, rogorc metafizika da Teologia erTmaneTs emTxveva. amis daviwyeba da cnobili
formulis _ „filosofia Teologiis msaxuria“ –
mTels Sua saukuneebze gavrceleba am rTuli epoqis
dauSvebeli gamartiveba iqneboda. iseve, rogorc imis
SeumCnevloba, rom Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma
sakmaod gonebamaxviluri xerxi ixmares emanaciis Teoriis
da
Sesabamisi
qristianuli
gagebis
SesaTanxmeblad. es iyo Sesaqmis aqtis SinaarsSi imaze miTiTeba, rom arafridan warmoSobaSi igulisxmeba
mkacri monizmi, e.i. mxolod RmerTis bunebidan, misi
Sinagani ZaliT Seeqmna, rac neoplatonizmSi sruli saxiTaa mocemuli. rac Seexeba RmerTis Tavisufal nebas,
igi
sakuTar
Sinagan
aucileblobas
emTxveoda
yovlisSemZle da yovlad srul arsebaSi. ase miaCnda
rogorc ioane petriws, aseve aRorZinebis filosofiis
wamyvan moazrovnes marsilio fiCinos. aqedan gasagebia,
rom Tu neoplatonizmi iyo aRorZinebis epoqis
msoflmxedvelobis filosofiuri safuZveli, maSin
ormagi WeSmaritebis Teoria misTvis ZiriTadi da
ganmsazRvreli ver iqneboda.
ioane petriwis azrovnebis didi Zalis da originalurobis
sabuTs
m.
gogiberiZe
sqolastikis
269
sazRvrebSi eZebda da es miaCnda garantad rusTavelis
SemoqmedebaSi renesansis qarTuli kulturidan Sinaganad amozrdisa. renesansi mxolod maSin SeiZleboda
warmoSobiliyo kulturaSi, roca igi Sua saukuneebis
msoflmxedvelobis winaSe mdgar problemebs Tavisebur
pasuxs gascemda da mis safuZvelze axlisaTvis mzad
iqneboda. amitom cdilobda m. gogiberiZe daesabuTebina, rom ioane petriwma – qarTvelma sqolastikosma saukunenaxevriT gauswro dasavleTis Tanamokalmeebs
rogorc antikuri kulturis Zeglebis Targmnisa da
komentirebis, ise maTi qristianuli Teologiisadmi
midgomis azriT. am dros mas mxedvelobaSi dasavleTis
Teologiis mwvervali Toma akvineli hyavs, nimuSad ki
Teologiis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi – petriwis mier
„trinitetis moZRvrebis dafuZneba“ aiRo. sakiTxis
sirTule naTeli gaxdeba Tu gavixsenebT, rom emanaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, yoveli momdevno safexuri rogorc arsebobis, ise Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
principulad naklebia winaze. qristiani TeologiisaTvis ki ueWvelia, rom sameba, e.i. mama, Ze da suliwmida arsebiT erTia da araviTari ontologiuri, anda
aqsiologiuri subordinacia maT Soris ar SeiZleba
arsebobdes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Teologs „ar
SeuZlia safuZvlad aiRos neoplatonuri regresuli
sinTezi“21.532petriwi idealuris pirvel sawyisTa sferoSi „jer“ da „Semdeg“-is ararsebobaze miuTiTebs,
rac idealurs materialurisagan da saerTod droSi
arsebulisagan ganasxvavebs. pirveli sameba erTi arsebis swored aseTi zedrouli gamovlenis sami saxea, sadac TiToeulSi erTnairad, magram sxvadasxva mxridan
dainaxeba arseba. „TavisTavad arsebobs mxolod pirveli erTi, trinitetulia mxolod misi gamovlinebis
forma“. petriwis originalobas m. gogiberiZe imaSi xedavs, rom igi qristianuli sarwmunoebis am dogmas
ricxvTa spekulaciiT amtkicebs – erTis buneba rom
270
gamoCndes saWiroa sami. „sami aris pirveli namdvili
ricxvi“22.533absoluturi erTi, rogorc parmenides arsi,
jer araa garkveuloba, ori pirveli ganusazRvrelobaa, romelic sruli garkveulobis SesaZleblobaa
mxolod. sami _ Tezisisa da antiTezisis sinTezia da
pirveli ricxvis dabadeba. es gza yoveli dabadebis,
yoveli procesis maradiuli struqturaa, rasac petriwi magaliTiT amtkicebs. es maradiuli modelia da
amiT dgeba sakiTxi qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi
maradi wrebrunvis SesaZleblobisa, rac petriwis
garda, daviT aRmaSeneblis „galobani sinanulisanis“
erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivia. amiT filosofiasa da Teologias Soris saqarTveloSi principuli dapirispireba moixsna da msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli rusTveluri sinTezisaTvis momzadda. dasavleT sqolastikasTan amgvari Sepirispirebis meTodma mogvianebiT kidev erTi saintereso Sedegi mogvca, kerZod, xuTi mizezis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi petriwis prioriteti dasabuTda23.534yovelive es rusTavelis fenomenis istoriulad mosamzadebeli safexuria. magram Taviseburi siaxle, romelic „vefxistyaosnis“ avtoris saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli, m. gogiberiZis naazrevSi zogjer
qarTuli filosofiuri kulturis mniSvnelobis Seufaseblobis garkveul safrTxes qmnis. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs mis mier hegelis damowmeba imis Taobaze, rom
„zogierTi xalxi Tavis sibrZnesa da STagonebas
ixorcielebs mxolod esTetikuri fenomenis saxiT“. am
SemTxvevaSi refleqsis Zala gansaxierebulia enamzeobiT. amgvari Sexeduleba arc hegelisaTvis da arc gogiberiZisaTvis qeba ar iyo. „mxolod esTetikuri fenomeni“ mecnieruli da filosofiuri safuZvlis gareSe,
„mxolod“ naklze miuTiTebs Sesabamisi kulturisa. hegeli amas arasgziT ar ityoda germanelebze, Tumca
savsebiT darwmunebuli iyo, rom goeTes saxiT germanul kulturaSi Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli simaRlea
271
miRweuli. arsebiTad aseve fiqrobda m. gogiberiZe, mas
imis Cveneba surda, rom rusTavelTan Teoriuli Tu
zogadkulturuli, arc erTi erlementi araa iseTi,
romlis wyaro qarTuli filosofiuri da Teologiuri
azri ar yofiliyo, sakuTriv rusTveluri am elementebis genialuri sinTezi iyo, rac Rirebulebas umatebda
sakuTriv filosofiur safuZvlebs.
qarTulsa da, saerTod, Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis problemebze m. gogiberiZis
Sexedulebebs iTvaliswineben axalgazrda qarTveli
mkvlevrebi: m. maxaraZe, romlis Sromebi areopagitikis
filosofiur safuZvlebs da kapadokieli mamebis naazrevis mniSvnelobas exeba; l. aleqsiZe, romelsac i.
petriwis wyaroebis kvleva axali faqtebiT gaamdidra,
germanulad Targmna da komentarebi daurTo problemebze petriwis Targmans (Orthdoxes Forum, München, 1995,
#2, 149-171).
i. kantis prolegomenebis m. gogiberiZiseulma
Targmanma (1937) gza gaukvlia mis mowafes – cnobil
mTargmnels S. papuaSvils „wminda gonebis kritikis“
saTargmnelad. igi aTeuli wlebis manZilze xels ar
hkidebda am saqmes, radgan imedi hqonda, rom m. gogiberiZiseuli Targmani aRmoCndeboda. es Targmani moazrovnis dapatimrebis dros saTanado organoebma waiRes. S. papuaSvils igi, rogorc Tavad ambobda, „xelSi
sWeria“, mxolod 70-iani ww. dasawyisSi filosofiuri
sazogadoebis daJinebiT TxovniT daiwyo man axali
Targmani, romelic 1979 w-s gamoica.
m. gogiberiZe farTo interesebis moazrovne iyo.
Tanamedrove qarTul azrovnebaSi misi Sromebi rogorc filosofosebis, ise filologTa da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis farTo wreebis Seswavlis sagania.
amis sabuTia ara marto ukanaskneli sami aTeuli wlis
publikaciebi, maT Soris specialuri narkvevebi m. gogiberiZis Sesaxeb (e. kodua, j. korZaia, b. urudia da
272
sxv.), aramed misi dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi
miZRvnili iubile 1997 w.-is 15 oqtombers Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, romelSic monawileoba miiRo boxumis kaTolikuri universitetis profesorma T.
kobuSma. samecniero sesia meore dRes moazrovnis
mSobliur sofelSi qvenobanSi gagrZelda, sadac m. gogiberiZis vaJis, iulon gogberiZis mcdelobiT saxelovani mecnieris SesaniSnavi saxl-muzeumi arsebobs.
$ 5. kote baqraZe (1898-1970)
kote baqraZis mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba filosofiis sam did sferos moicavda: Semecnebis Teorias, logikasa da filosofiis istorias. TiTeul maTganSi man
saetapo mniSvnelobis Sedegebs miaRwia ara mxolod
qarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. misi Sromebis gavlena kargad Cans yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris, aseve mTeli yofili socialisturi banakis
qveynebis filosofiaze. misi Sromebis Targmanebi rusul, polonursa da Cinur enebze arasodes rCeboda gamoCenil specialistTa yuradRebis gareSe da yovelTvis umaRles Sefasebas imsaxurebda. 30-iani da 40iani wlebis sabediswero atmosfero rom ara, k. baqraZe, romelmac jer S. nucubiZis, Semdeg e. huserlis seminarebze gamoiCina Tavi, gacilebiT mets gaakeTebda
TiToeul zemoaRniSnul sferoSi. gabatonebuli reJimis pirobebSi filosofiis istoriaSi mecnieruli muSaobis SedarebiT ukeTesi SesaZlebloba iyo. amis gamo
k. baqraZe, iseve rogorc misi maswavlebeli S. nucubiZe
da sxvebi, am dargs met yuradRebas uTmobda da sakuTari filosofiis ZiriTadi principebis gamoxatvas filosofiis istoriis masalaze cdilobda.
istoria saerTod SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc Cveni cnobierebis Sinaarsis obieqturi, dasabu273
Tebuli mowesrigebis cda. igive iTqmis filosofiis
istoriazec. igi adamianis filosofiuri mexsierebis
mowesrogebis cdaa. am mowesrigebis kanonebi mxolod
istoriuli masaliT arasodes dgindeba. aucilebelia
garkveuli zogadfilosofiuri pozicia, aramarto imis
garkveva – Tu ra gvesmis filosofiaSi, aramed misi ZiriTadi problemebis RirebulebiTi Sefasebac da misi
dargebis urTierTmimarTebis analizic. sakavSiro da
saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, k.
baqraZe, rogorc logikosi da rogorc filosofiis
istorikosi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
rogorc Semecnebis Teoriisa da kategoriebis mkvlevari. magram aRniSnul or sferoSi warmatebebi mTlianad iyo ganpirobebuli misi zogadfilosofiuri ZiriTadi principebiT. maTi sistemuri saxiT warmoCena momavali kvlevis sagania.
k. baqraZis pirveli filosofiuri mcdeloba _
„induri filosofia“ 1914 w. gamoqveynda Tbilisis
xelnawer JurnalSi „mze“, romelic misi megobris,
SemdgomSi cnobili mecnieris, Tbilisis universitetis
reqtoris n. kecxovelis TaosnobiT Seiqmna1.535es Tema
maSin Zalze popularuli iyo saerTod da kerZod, saqarTveloSi, sadac mis erT-erT propagandistad gr.
robaqiZe gvevlineboda. werili imis mowmobaa, rom
axalgazrda avtori seriozulad iyo dainteresebuli
filosofiiT da cdilobda aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis filosofiaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis rTul
problemebSic garkvevas2.536
miuxedavad maTematikisadmi midrekilebisa, k.
baqraZe filosofias irCevs sauniversiteto disciplinebidan. amave dros maTematikasac swavlobs, rac
Semdeg didad gamoadga Tanamedrove logikasa da neopozitivizmis analizisas. 1922 w. k. baqraZis werili _
„aleTelogiuri realizmi“, romelic Jurnal _ „Cvens
mecnierebaSi“ gamoqveynda, avtors warmogvidgens, ro274
gorc profesional filosofoss, romelic Tavis
maswavleblis – S. nucubiZis originaluri filosofiur sistemas obieqturad da saqmis codniT ixilavs. ase
fiqrobda S. nucubiZe, romelmac Tavisi pirveli da saukeTeso mowafe imave wels miavlina germaniaSi, sadac
is haidelbergsa da fraiburgSi swavlobda. Tu ra
warmatebiT gamoiyena k. baqraZem es wlebi, amis mowmobaa germaniidan 1925 w. dabrunebis Semdeg misi naSromebi da, upirveles yovlisa, misi recenzia kvlav S. nucubiZis Teoriaze. S. nucubiZes Tavisi moZRvreba am
dros ukve germanul enaze hqonda gamoqveynebuli. 1928
w. Jurnal „mnaTobSi“ k. baqraZe aqveynebs werils _
„WeSmaritebis problema da Semecnebis struqtura“.
maswavleblisadmi pativiscemis miuxedavad, k. baqraZe
Zalze seriozul siZneleebze miuTiTebs sarecenzio
naSromSi. igi ar mihyveba maswavlebels dapirispirebulze maRla mdgomis sferoSi, sadac tradiciuli
logikis kanonebi ar moqmedebs. amaSi igi arc e. lasks
eTanxmeba,
romlis
„filosofiis
logikas“
didi
gulmodginebiT swavlobda germaniaSi. laskis wigni _
„moZRvreba msjelobis Sesaxeb“ bolomde sapatio
adgils ikavebda k. baqraZis biblioTekaSi. gadaWarbeba
ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom k. baqraZis kamaTi mis
maswavleblebTan aristoteles mier platonis kritikis analogiuri iyo. k. baqraZe, aristoteles msgavsad
racionaluri logikis sferoSi rCeboda. aravis patiobda misi uflebebis Selaxvas. es naTlad gamoCnda
mogvianebiT logikis sakiTxebze sakavSiro diskusiis
dros. cnobilma polonelma logikosma da filosofosma e. m. boxenskim am dros uwoda k. baqraZes sabWoTa filosofiis nestori.
Tu nucubiZe eZebda logikur, dialeqtikisagan damoukidebel da arsebiTad misgan gansxvavebul „aleTologiur dialeqtikas“, misma mowafem SesaZleblad dainaxa yovelgvari sinamdvile logikuri azrovnebisaTvis
275
misawvdomad CaeTvala. mas surda logikuri formis
universalobis safuZvelze gaego dialeqtikis Sinaarseuli problemebi. aq e. laskis gavlenac igrZnoba
da misi kritikac. e. laskis koncefcias k. baqraZem moacila, racionaluri formis gverdiT, iracionaluri
(Sinaarsis universalobis principi) da xelaxla, naTel principebs daafuZna logikis, Semecnebis Teoriisa da ontologiis urTierTmimarTeba.
rogorc filosofiis istorikosi, baqraZe agrZelebda s. danelias da d. uznaZis tradicias. igi winaaRmdegi iyo mowinaaRmdegis gaadvilebuli kritikisa,
roca sapirispiro pozicias ise warmoadgendnen, rom
gaugebari rCeboda, Tu raRa saWiro iyo amgvari uazrobis kritika. didxans akritikebdnen amgvarad CvenSi j.
berklis, i. kants, pozitivistebs, eqsistencialistebs
da sxv. Tu amgvari midgoma TviT sabWoTa filosofiis
arsebobis bolo wlebSi anaqronizmad iyo miCneuli,
es, upirveles yovlisa, k. baqraZis damsaxurebaa. igi
moiTxovda filosofosis istorikosisagan sapirispiro
poziciis mTeli SesaZleblobis Cvenebas, droebiT misi
Tvalsazrisze dadgomasac ki, raTa ukeT CavwvdeT mas.
amis Semdeg iwyeboda dapirispireba, sadac srulad
Canda analizis siRrme da argumentis Zala, amitom iyo,
rom k. baqraZis mier idealisturi filosofiis kritika
arasodes iyo mxolod politikuri anda ideologiuri.
misi kritika arasodes faravda gasaanalizebeli
moZRvrebis damsaxurebas (Tuki amgvari ram namdvilad
arsebobda). sakvlevi sagnisadmi aseTma midgomam saSualeba misca mas erTxel da samudamod uareyo CvenSi
dasavluri filosofiis gaadvilebuli kritika, Seeqmna
axali da Tanamedrove filosofiis istoriis mecnieruli kursebi umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis. isini dResac sanimuSoni arian.
cnobilia, rom mas Semdeg, rac raime gavrcelebuli Secdoma safuZvlianad iqneba uryofili, igi sasa276
cilo xdeba da mas aravin xdis yuradRebis Rirsad. es
asec unda iyos, radgan swored esaa namdvili uaryofis mizani. oRond isaa, rom aviwydebaT is, vinc es garemoeba gaacnobiera da maTTvisac cxadi gaxda. k.
baqraZis mier Cvens filosofiaSi erTxel da samudamod uaryofili Secdomebi, romelic TiTqmis sayovelTao iyo Cveni msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis
ganviTarebis ideologizirebul periodSi, arasruli
saxiT Semdegia:
1. dasabuTebaSi siswore da WeSmariteba ori
gansxvavebuli aspeqtia.
2. formaluri logika araa arc msoflmxedveloba, arc metafizika, arc Semecnebis Teoria, Tumca TiToeulisaTvis aucilebelia.
3. solifsizmi SesaZlebelia, mxolod rogorc
gnoseologiuri Teoria da sxvagvarad azrovnebis
istoriaSi igi arc wamouyenebia vinmes. amitom mis
uarsayofad saWiroa logikuri argumentebi da ara „saRi azris“, e.i. adamianis yoveldRiuri Sexedulebis da
ganwyobis mowmoba. mis faqtobriv arsebobas arc romelime solifsisti uaryofda, magram Tvlida, rom es
argumentad ar gamodgeba.
4. vulgaruli materializmi arc ise vulgaruli
iyo, rom mis damcvelebs, romlebic konkretul mecnierebaTa cnobili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, RviZlisa da
tvinis moqmedebani ver gaerCiaT erTmaneTisagan. mowinaaRmdegebma maT RviZlisa da tvinis funqciaTa analogia maTi tolobis mtkicebad CauTvales, Tumca maT Tavad araerTxel aRniSnes am Sedarebis naklovaneba. aseve gaiges maT mier manqanisa da organizmis Sedareba.
„manqanis“ qveS vulgarul materialistebs (biuxners, k.
fogts da i. moleSots) esmodaT „Sinaganad ganpirobebuli meqanizmi“ da amgvarad adarebdnen mas organizms.
amiT mecnierebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani saqme gakeTda. maT mier dayenebuli problemebi mniSvnelovani
277
da realuri rom yofiliyo, gaugebari iqneboda maTi
didi gavlena. savsebiT gaugebari iqneboda, agreTve, f.
a. langesa da a. Sopenhaueris mcdeloba, maSindeli
idealizmisaTvis axali safuZveli moeZebnaT.
5. marqsistuli filosofiis batonobis sferoSi,
e.i. socialisturi banakis qveynebSi, grZnobad saganTa
meoradi Tvisebebis subieqturobis aRiareba idealizmad iTvleboda. es ki mis mcdarobas niSnavda. k.
baqraZem miuTiTa amaze, rom es (am TvisebaTa subieqturoba) mecnieruli faqtia. sxva ambavia, Tu rogor iqneba igi interpretirebuli.
ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad aq mocemulia
gavrcelebuli Secdomebis dalagebis magier imave
kiTxvebze swori pasuxebi, saidanac advilad amoikiTxeba uarsayofi.
Tu m. gogiberiZem germaniidan dabrunebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos gaacno dasavleTSi realontologiisa da
sicocxlis filosofiis problematikis damuSavebis
done, k. baqraZem igive gaakeTa klasikuri germanuli
filosofiisa
da
fenomenologiuri
mimarTulebis
TvalsazrisiT. 1928 w. igi Jurnal „qarTul mwerlobaSi“ aqveynebs naSroms _ „Tanamedrove filosofia evropaSi“. am zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg man konkretuli
kvlevis sagnad airCia „dialeqtikis problema germanul idealizmSi“. es SesaniSnavi wigni 1929 w. gamovida.
es problema Zalze aqtualuri iyo dasavleTSi neohegelianobis gaZlierebasTan dakavSirebiT.
amiT iyo gamowveuli, rom k. baqraZis pirveli monografia
mieZRvna
ara
fenomenologias,
anda
eqsistencializms, aramed germanul idealizms. amasTan
erTad, rasakvirvelia, mniSvneloba hqonda sabWoTa
kavSirSi reJimis TandaTan gaZlierebasac, romelic
mxolod marqsistuli filosofiis problematikaze moiTxovda muSaobas da, cxadia, mis gamarTlebas. yovelive amis gamo mraval saxelganTqmul leqtorTagan,
278
romlebic k. baqraZes germaniaSi ukiTxavdnen (e. huserli, h. ebinghausi, i. koni da sxv.) man neokantianelTa badenis skolaSi aRzrdili, cnobili neohegelianeli r. kroneris (1884-1968) Tema airCia. r. kroneris ZiriTad ortomian naSroms _ „kantidan hegelamde“
(1921-1924) igi SesaniSnavad icnobda, magram amas misi
monografiis _ „dialeqtikis problema germanul idealizmSi“ – originalurobisaTvis araferi dauklia. k.
baqraZec erT mTlianobaSi ixilavs germanul klasikur
idealizms, SeiZleba iTqvas, ixilavs, rogorc erTian
sistemas, romelic droSi Sinagani logikiT iSleba da
hegelSi srulyofilad avlens Tavs. magram r. kroners
da k. baqraZes sxvadasxvagvari hegeli da, amdenad, mTeli germanuli idealizmi ainteresebT. am ukanasknelisaTvis germanuli klasikuri filosofia aris Tavisufali da dauboloebeli subieqtis filosofia. am Tavisufali subieqtis Sinagan dialeqtikas ikvlevs igi.
surs aCvenos mis mier sakuTari Tavisuflebis TandaTanobiT gacnobiereba, romelic amave dros mistikurisagan ganTavisuflebis procesicaa. gansxvavebiT kronerisagan k. baqraZes racionaluri dialeqtika ainteresebs, romelic Semdeg marqsistul filosofias gamoadgeba.
marqsistuli
dialeqtikis
gavrcelebuli
vulgaruli gagebisadmi Sinagani protestis miuxedavad, k. baqraZes erTi mainc hqonda masTan saerTo.
kerZod is, rom misTvis miuRebeli iyo mistikuri da
iracionalisturi dialeqtika. es mas marqsistul filosofiasTan
TanamSromlobis
SesaZleblobas
aZlevda. man, obieqturad Tu vimsjelebT, marTlac
bevri gaakeTa, raTa CvenSi marqsistul filosofias
Tanamedrove mimarTulebis saxe mieRo, magram saubedurod ideologiis mesveurni Tvlidnen, rom amgvari
ganviTareba saxifaToa reJimis simyarisaTvis. namdvili
racionaluri dialeqtika xom praqtikasTan kavSiris
frazebs ar dakmayofildeboda da realobis, praqtikis
279
raobis garkvevas da mis gardaqmnas moiTxovda. amas ki
maT marTlac mistika erCivnaT, romelic racionaluri
frazebiT dafaravda realur viTarebas da beladTa
ucdomelobis religiur grZnobas gaaZlierebda.
sakuTari gamokvlevis meTodis daxasiaTebisas k.
baqraZe ayenebs interpretaciis sazRvrebis sakiTxs.
saqme, amjerad, kantis interpretaciaTa urTierTmimarTebas exeba. sapirispiro poziciebis damcvelebi
srul WeSmaritebis flobaze acxadebden pretenzias.
„sinamdvileSi dRes aRar arsebobs „istoriuli“
kanti“3.537gamosavals k. baqraZe imis daSvebaSi xedavs,
rom germanuli idealizmis Semdgomi ganviTareba
kantis filosofiis WeSmariti bunebis gamovlenad
iqnes miCneuli, e.i. kantis Tavisebur interpretaciad,
amis gamo aris, rom k. baqraZis azriT, romelime, e.w.
axali interpretacia „axals TiTqmis arafers Seicavs...
is imeorebs gzas, romelic germanulma idealizmma asi
wlis winaT ganvlo“4.538im udidesma filosofiurma
kulturam, romelsac germanuli idealizmi ewodeba, k.
baqraZis azriT, yvelaze Rirebuli, rac filosofiuri
azrovnebas dautova, iyo dialeqtikuri meTodi. am meTodis warmoSobas, ganviTarebas da srulyofas igi
Rrmad da vrclad ixilavs or monografiaSi. pirvelSi
(„dialeqtikis problema germanul idealizmSi“) kanti,
fixte da Selingia ganxiluli, aseve is moazrovneebi,
romlebic maT Soris gardamaval safexurs qmnian (f.
iakobi, s. maimoni, k. rainholdi).
kantTan
dialeqtikis
problemis
ganxilvisas
mkvlevarma naTlad unda ganasxvaos mis moZRvrebaSi
dialeqtikis cnebasTan da termin dialeqtikasTan damokidebuleba. dialeqtika kantisaTvis moCvenebis logikaa da transcendentaluri dialeqtikis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas mas surs adamianis bunebaSi arsebuli
miswrafeba absoluturi Semecnebisaken gaanalizos da
sakuTri poziciis WeSmaritebis kidev erTi sabuTi
280
warmoadginos. kerZod, aCvenos, Tu ramdenadaa aucilebeli Cveni Semecnebis mecnieruli pretenziebis gamocdilebis sferoTi Semofargvla, movlenebisa da TavisTavadi nivTebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas maTi principuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswineba. meore mxriv, kantTan,
sxva
saxeliT,
pozitiuri
dialeqtikis
ZiriTadi
principeebi didi siRrmiTa da originalurobiT aris
damuSavebuli. am kuTxiT danaxuli germanuli klasikuri filosofiis mTeli Semdegi ganviTareba (fixte, Selingi, Sadi, hegeli) kantTan mocemuli programis
ganxorcilebis safexurad warmogvidgeba.
am mizniT k. baqraZe jer zogadad moxazavs kantis
„wminda gonebis kritikis“ problematikas, mokled da
obieqturad
(rogorc
Tavad
wers,
„yovelgvari
interpretaciisa da axsnis gareSe“) ganixilavs sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobis, rogorc problemis wamoyenebas kantis mier, Semdeg exeba transcendentalur
esTetikasa
da
transcendentalur
logikas.
igi
fiqrobs, rom idealisturi dialeqtikis safuZvlebis
warmosaCenad saWiroa kantis Semecnebis Teoriidan, rogorc SenecnebaSi Semecnebis sagnis agebis struqturis
damdgenidan, detalurad ganvixiloT is problemebi,
sadac kantTan „Caqsovilia dialeqtikuri meTodis momentebi“5.539avtori Svid aseT problemas gamoyofs:
transcendentaluri meTodis, logikuri da realuri
uaryofiTi sidideebis, Semecnebis, rogorc TviTSemecnebis, TavisTavadi nivTis, sinTezis cnebis, triqotomiisa da transcendentaluri subieqtis, bolos,
transcendentaluri dialeqtikis problema.
am problemaTa garCevis dros k. baqraZe imdroindeli evropuli filosofiis mTel gamocdilebas
iTvaliswinebs – k. fiSeri, r. kroneri, a. rili, b. bauxi, e. franki, h. koheni da sxv. aqvea miTiTeba S. nucubiZis mTavar naSromze _ „WeSmariteba da Semecnebis
struqtura“, romelic, 1926 w. berlinSi gamoica da
281
sakmaod iyo cnobili germanulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis. gaTvaliswinebulia m. gogiberiZis imxnad gamocemuli naSromi _ „materializmisa da dialeqtikis
problemebis ganviTareba marqsamde“, aseve kantis dialeqtikaze rus mkvlevarTa Sromebi (v. asmusis _ „dialeqtikuri materializmi da logika” da deboronis _
„kantis
dialeqtika“).
TiToeuli
zemoaRniSnuli
problema k. baqraZis mier iseTi siRrmiTa da safuZvlianobiTaa gaanalizebuli, rom specialur gamokvlevas imsaxurebs. es ganxorcieldeba kidec, roca
sabWoTa reJimTan dialeqtikis Teoriis kavSiris gamo
dRes Seqmnili antidialeqtikuri ganwyoba Seicvleba.
magram amjerad Tundac mxolod miTiTebis doneze saWiroa gamoiyos k. baqraZis mier germanul idealizmSi
daboloebul gonebis, anu gansjisa da sakuTriv gonebis mimarTebis analizi. saqarTveloSi filosofiis
ganviTarebis gagebisaTvis, kerZod, S. nucubiZis, k.
baqraZis da s. wereTelis moZRvrebaTa urTierTkavSiris gasagebad, mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
k. baqraZe am formebis ganxilvaSic hegelis sazomiT zomavs kantis pozicias. surs sakiTxi ise warmoaCinos, rom gamoCndes kantidan hegelisaken gzis SesaZlebloba, magram amave dros Tavad kantis mier amis
(am SesaZleblobis) Seufasebloba. amgvari mimarTeba
qmnis progress, e.i. maRalis da ufro Rirebulis
warmoSobas winas safuZvelze. kantma ganasxvava goneba
da gansja, rogorc dauboloebuli da daboloebuli
goneba, magram kantTan maT urTierTmimarTebaSi, k.
baqraZis azriT, gansjis primati gvaqvs. Tumca debuleba aqve izRudeba imis aRniSvniT, rom es mxolod gnoseologiis sferoze iTqmis. „subieqti gonebaa kantis
mTeli sistemis mixedviT da esaa misi damsaxureba idealisturi dialeqtikis winaSe. magram am azrs kanti
bolomde ver ganaxorcilebs. esaa misi nakli, romelic
germanulma idealizmma unda Seavsos. kantma Teoriul
282
filosofiaSi goneba gansjas dauqvemdebara. daboloebul da dauboloebul gonebaTa brZolaSi dauboloebeli goneba imarjvebs Teoriul sferoSi“6.540
cnobilia, rom kantis filosofia Teoriuli sferos analiziT ar Tavdeba. kantma Teoriuli gonebis
sfero swored imisaTvis SemozRuda, rom praqtikulisaTvis (romelSic Sedis rwmena) adgili gaeTavisuflebina. kantis danarCen „kritikebs“ aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvT, vidre mis „wminda gonebis kritikas“.
aRniSnavs ra, rom kantTan „mxolod praqtikul rwmenis
sferoSi aris daboloebuli goneba gamarjvebuli“, k.
baqraZe eTanxmeba imaT, vinc Tvlis rom kants es Teoriul sferoSi unda gaetarebina. upirveles yovlisa,
igi kantis maxvilgonier kritikosze da mimdevarze –
f. iakobize miuTiTebs, romlis azriTac kantis
moZRvrebis ZiriTadi naklia „wminda gonebis kritikaSi“ gonebis gansjamde dayvana. amave azris iyo hegeli,
magram igi ufro Rrmad ixedeboda. werilSi „rwmena da
codna“ man wamoswia mesame kritikis, „msjelobis unaris kritikis“ mniSvneloba. aq, misi azriT, „dasabuTebulia ideisa da realobis igiveoba“. aq „warmosaxvis
unaris mqone organuli idea intuiciur gonebad iqceva“. kanti xedavs intuiciuri gonebis – inteleqtus
arqetipusis mniSvnelobas, magram ar swams, rom amgvari
ram arsebobs adamianis gonebaSi. amitom intuicia, rogorc gonebis unari, masTan mxolod subieqturi meTodis doneze darCa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom kantis dualizmi xels uSlis misi moZRvrebis Rirebul SesaZleblobaTa realizacias.
kantidan fixtemde gadasvlis procesSi k. baqraZe
kidev erTi moazrovnis pozicias warmoadgens. esaa s.
maimoni, romelic Tavis _ „narkvevSi transcendentalur filosofiaze“, wamoayenebs debulebas imis Taobaze, rom arsebobs Cvens daboloebul gonebaSi dauboloebeli gonebis momenti. es is gonebaa, „romelic Ta283
vis Tavidan qmnis saganTa yovelgvar mimarTebasa da
urTierTobas“. es is gonebaa, umatebs k. baqraZe, romelic fixtes filosofiaSi iqneba gamoyenebuli7.541„is
rac maimonma mxolod gakvriT ganixila da sistemis
momentad gamoacxada, fixtes naazrevSi sistemis Sinarsi gaxdeba“8.542dialeqtikis Sinaarsad, mis arsebad
aq gamocxadebulia daboloebulisa da dauboloebelis kavSiri da dapirispireba. k. baqraZis azriT, maimonis filosofiis es mniSvnelovani momenti ver SeamCnies verc e. kasirerma da verc kronerma. es amas niSnavs,
rom maT germanuli klasikuri idealizmis Sinagani
erTianoba saTanadod ver gaiges.
dialeqtikuri meTodi, avtoris azriT, mkacrad
monistur sistemas moiTxovs da saerTod mecniereba,
rogorc hegeli amtkicebda „gonis fenomenologiis“ SesavalSi, sistemis saxiT unda arsebobdes (im periodSi
k. baqraZe germanul „Geist-s“, Targmnida, rogorc suls.
50-iani wlebidan ki cnobili qarTveli mTargmnelis, S.
papuaSvilis SemoTavazebul termins _ „gons“ iyenebda).
sistemis da monizmis aucilebeli kavSiri kantis
filosofiis ganviTarebis gzebis ZiebaSi, rogorc cnobilia, k. rainholdma – germanul ganmanaTleblobis
banakidan kantis mxareze gadasulma moazrovnem – wamoayena. magram man ara Tu ver gadawyvita problema,
aramed subieqti da misive aqtebi ver daukavSira aucileblobiT erTmaneTs. es problemac fixtesTan poulobs gadawyvetas. mis sistemaSi _ „ukve SeuZlebelia
sistemisa da meTodis gaTiSva, radgan aq ara marto masalis dasamuSavebeli meTodia dialeqtikuri, aramed
TviTon masalac“9.543am gziT k. baqraZe amzadebs Tavisi
ZiriTadi naSromis _ „sistema da meTodi hegelis filosofiaSi“ – mTavar princips. naTelia, rom mas orive
naSromis erTianoba ukve 1929 w. ara zogadad, aramed
stuqturulad hqonda gaazrebuli.
284
fixtes da mTeli germanuli idealisturi dialeqtikis Sinaarss k. baqraZe xedavs empiriuli subieqtis wminda me-mde, e.i dauboloebel subieqtamde
amaRlebaSi. amave dros, dauboloebelis mier sakuTari
Tavis daboloebaSi, e.i. dakonkretebaSi (magram ara gaempiriulebaSi). ise, rom Candes „daboloebulSi dauboloebeli subieqtis moqmedeba“10.544aqvea mocemuli dauboloeblobis cnebis gansazRvreba, rogorc sakuTar
safuZvelze moqmedebisa, rogorc iseTisa, romelSic
subieqtis moqmdeba mis gareT ki ara (es daboloebulis moqmedebaa), aramed miskenvea mimarTuli. „moqmedeba, romelic Tavis Tavs ubrundeba, dauboloebelia“.
esaa namdvili dauboleblis Tviseba11.545
fixtes monistur dialeqtikur sistemaSi, k. baqraZe dasawyisisa da Sedegis principul erTianobas
amCnevs. amaSi igi fixtes sistemis axal moments xedavs,
romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dialeqtikur ganviTarebas aqvs bolo. ramdenadac bolo da dasawyisi igivea, saboloo wertilis miRweva dasawyisis miRwevas
niSnavs. „amitom dasawyisidan winsvla sinamdvileSi dasawyisisaken ukan dabrunebas niSnavs“. esec mniSvnelovani momentia 20-iani wlebis qarTul filosofiur
azrovnebis bunebis gasagebad. Cven mas sul sxva filosofiur poziciaze mdgari m. gogiberiZis mTavar
naSromSi _ „Semecnebis aqsiomaturi dasabami“ –
SevxvdebiT. man am viTarebis aRmniSvnel terminad
sityva „ordeni“ wamoayena. rac Seexeba s. danelias man
werilSi _ „bavSvTa azrovnebis sakiTxisaTvis“ –
mkveTrad pozitiuri azri gamoTqva amgvari debulebebis mimarT: „rom winsvla aris ukusvla, am debulebas
zogierTebi dialeqtikuri filosofiis RerZad Tvlian.
Cemi azriT, es aris dialeqtikisa da metafizikis ukritiko aRreva, e.i. gulubryviloba filosofiaSi“12.546k.
baqraZisasTvis dasawyisisa da Sedegis principuli igiveobis mtkiceba ganviTarebis wriulobas niSnavs. misi
285
azriT, fixtem uCvena, rom wriuloba filosofiuri
azrovnebisaTvis mankieri wre ki ar aris, aramed misi
specifikis gamoxatuleba13.547marTlac, wrebrunvis Teoria TiTqos filosofiis bediswera iyos _ dawyebuli
anaqsimandridan (man es idea miTologiidan miiRo) heraklites, platonis, aristoteles da neoplatonikosebis gavliT. es principi TiTqmis yvela gadamwyveet momentSi iCenda Tavs. dialeqtikuri meTodiT wriulobis
gamarTleba yvelafris erTi principidan gamoyvanas moiTxovs. Tu sxva „misi sxva“ ar aris subieqti, subieqti
Tavis Tavs verasgziT ver aRmoaCens. k. baqraZe eTanxmeba ebinghauss, rom miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa,
fixtesTan ara _ mes sxva me adgens da ara pirveli ZiriTadi debulebisa. or subieqts da e.i. or absoluts
xedavs fixtesTan r. kroneric. es mas fixtes dialeqtikasa da saerTod dialeqtikis damaxasiaTeblad
miaCnda. k. baqraZe sxva azrisaa. igi asabuTebs, rom es
nakli saerTod idealisturi dialeqtikis damaxasiaTebelia. igi monisturi unda iyos, magram faqtobrivad
yovelTvis dualisturia14.548
mogvianebiT k. baqraZis da S. nucubiZis saerTo
mowafe s. wereTeli gaiziarebs am princips idealisturi dialeqtikis analizisas da Seecdeba sakuTari dialeqtikuri logikis TeoriiT gadalaxos aRniSnuli
nakli.
fixtes saxelganTqmuli mimdevris – Selingis dialeqtikaSi k. baqraZe ZiriTadad dauboloeblisa da
daboloebulis
urTierTobas
Tvlis.
ganixilavs
problemis gadaWris cdas Selingis filosofiuri
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodSi (fixteaneloba, naturfilosofia,
transcendentaluri
idealizmi,
identobis filosofia). Selingis damsaxurebad iTvleba „dialeqtikuri meTodis Setana bunebaSi“ da „dialeqtikuri bunebismecnierebis“ Seqmna15.549sayuradReboa
imis aRniSvna, rom hegelis „enciklopediis“ meore nawi286
li meTodis „siwmindiT“ gansxvavdeba Selingis naturfilosofiisagan16.550Selingis damsaxurebad iTvleba agreTve isic, rom moxsnis (Aufheben) da gamsWvalvis
(Durchdringen) cnebebi ise safuZvlianad daamuSava, rom
hegeli ucvlelad iyenebda maT. „gansjisa da gonebis
mkacri gansxvaveba“ da formalur-logikuris Taviseburi interpretaciac, k. baqraZis azriT, Selings hegels
uaxloebs da „idealisturi dialeqtikuri meTodis saboloo CamoyalibebisaTvis safuZvlebs qmnis“17.551
miuxedavad amisa, Selingma ver moaxerxa monisturi dialeqtikuri moZRvrebis Camoyalibeba. hegeli gaemijna Selingis filosofiis iracionalistur elementebs da Seecada filosofia, rogorc mecnieruli
sistema, warmoedgina procesis saxiT. hegelis filosofiis analizs k. baqraZe iwyebs „gonis fenomenologiis“
da filosofiis sistemis damokidebulebis ganxilviT.
„gonis fenemenologias“ igi hegelis „yvelze mdidar
da revoluciur“ naSromad miiCnevs. ar miaCnda samarTlianad hegelis enciklopediis mesame nawilis
(„gonis filosofiis“) erTi ganyofilebis erT Tavze
misi dayvana. mniSvnelovania imaze xazgasma, rom hegeli
uaryofs filosofiis ezoTerul (saidumlo, mxolod
gandobilTaTvis misawvdom) formas da amkvidrebs
„eqsoterul, cnebebSi gamoxatul formas filosofiisa“, rac SesaZlebels xdis filosofiis yvelas
kuTvnilebad gadaqcevas. cnebebis WeSmaritebis gamoxatva mxolod sistemaSi SeuZliaT, „vinaidan WeSmariteba mTlianobaa, xolo es ukanaskneli mxolod ganviTarebaSia“18.552es WeSmariteba aris substancia da amave
dros subieqti, igi cocxalia, anu Tavis TavSi gansxvavebulis matarebelia, rac SesaZlebels xdis ganviTarebasac da cnebis konkretulobasac.
„gonis fenomenologiaSi“ naCvenebia, Tu rogor
moixsneba gansxvaveba subieqturisa da obieqturis
imiT, rom subieqti obieqti aRmoCndes da piriqiT19.553am
287
safuZvelze hegeli aSenebs axal, sagnobriv logikas.
es sagani ki arsebiTad wminda azria. naSromSi ganxilulia hegelis sistemis yvela mniSvnelovani sakvanZo
sakiTxi da dasabuTebuli axsnaa mocemuli. sistemis
sami nawilis: logikis, bunebis da gonis filosofiaTa
mimarTebas igi ganixilavs, rogorc erTis, anu absolutis sami momentis analizs. isini droiT mimarTebaSi
ar aris erTmaneTTan. TviT logikis mecnierebis saganTagan
mowyvetili,
hegelisave
daxasiaTebiT
„aCrdilTa“ samefo iqneba20.554bunebaSi sakuTari Tavis
Semecneba
aucilebelia
absoluturi
ideisaTvis,
romliTac Tavdeba „logika“. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
igi ver gaxdeba dauboloebeli, radgan gamoricxuli
ar iqneba sxvisi SesaZlebloba.
k. baqraZe damajereblad akritikebs hegelis cnobil mkvlevrebs – i. ilinsa da n. hartmans, romelTac
imis damtkiceba surT, rom hegelis filosofiaSi dialeqtika araa mTavari da saerTod hegeli araa dialeqtikosi,
aramed
intuiciurad
moazrovne
naTelmxilvelia21.555sistemisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis analizis Semdeg k. baqraZe
askvnis, rom hegelTan „sistema da meTodi... saboloo
angariSSi erTmaneTs emTxveva”. mistikur idealisturma,
Teologiurma sistemam, meTodsac „gadasdo” es Tvisebebi. Tumca maT Soris winaaRmdegobacaa. meTodi ganviTarebas moiTxovs, sistema ki dasrulebas. sistemam
daTrguna meTodi. es Sedegi SemTxveviT ar iyo hegelis
moZRvrebisaTvis. azrovnebis dauboloebloba, misi
absoluturoba sistemuri dasrulebis gareSe ar dasabuTdeboda22.556
logikuris dauboloebulobis dasabuTebisaTvis
aucilebelia yovelive sxva mxolod „misi sxva“ iyos,
misi sxva saxe. magram k. baqraZe uCvenebs, rom bunebisa
da gonis sferoSi aris raRac, „rac sruliad gansxvavebulia absoluturi gonisagan“, rasac is verasodes
288
„ver gaacnebebs“. es sxva absoluturi gonisagan
gansxvavebuli safuZvels moiTxovs. amiT hegelis „qebuli monizmi erTi dartymiT daingra“23.557aqve wamoweulia dauboloeblis cnebis orazrovneba. dauboloebeli daxuruli wrea. wriseburi ganviTareba erTi mxriv,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganviTarebis process arc dasawyisi aqvs da arc bolo. SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom saerTod, ganviTareba ki ara, igives ganmeoreba xdeba. es
aspeqti sayuradReboa araa marto nicSes moZRvrebis,
aramed m. haidegeris naazrevis SefasebisaTvisac. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori gulmodgined arCevda citatebs marqsizmis klasikosTa gamonaTqvamebidan da
amasTan avtoris daskvnebi TavisTavad ar unda yofiliyo miuRebeli oficialuri idelogiisaTvis, misi oponentebi, reJimis warmomadgenlebi, uxeSad daupirispirdnen avtors. naTeli iyo, rom isini avtors ar
endobodnen.
k. baqraZis naSromi 1936 w-s gamovida da avtorma
sadoqtoro disertaciis Temad waradgina. dacvis procesi mis pirad tragediad iqca da saqarTveloSi reJimis istoriis erT-erTi samarcxvino furcels warmoadgens. sabWom ar misca mas saZiebeli xarisxi. avtors
momdevno TiTqmis oci weli ar umuSavia filosofiis
fundamentur problemebze. Semdeg ki imave reJimma imave
naSromSi mianiWa xarisxi, radgan misi mowinaaRmdege
funqcionerebi Tavad iqnen represirebulni.
miuxedavad samSobloSi amgvari miRebisa, k. baqraZis wigni _ „sistema da meTodi hegelis filosofiaSi“
sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. igi mraval
enaze iTrgmna da gansakuTrebiT maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura poloneTSi, romelic socialisturi banakis
qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRal doneze mdgomi da radikaluri iyo. es wigni rusulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis
misawvdomi gaxda 1958 w. misi meored, rusulad gamocemis Semdeg. k. baqraZem gamoiyena mis garSemo Seqmnili
289
keTilganwyobiTi atmosfero da 1960 w. rusul enaze
gamosca fundamenturi wigni _ „uaxloesi da Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofiis istoriis narkvevebi“. Znelia warmovidginoT wigni, romelic im periodSi
ufro saWiro yofiliyo Cveni filosofiis literaturisaTvis,
magram
misi
gavlena
saqarTvelos
farglebsac male gascda. maRali Sefaseba misca
naSroms filosofiis istoriis cnobilma rusma mkvlevarma a. bogomolovma. male wigni polonurad iTargmna.
poloneli specialistebi wigns aRtacebiT Sexvdnen. meToduri siaxle iyo is, rom avtori winasityvaobaSive
acxadebda, rom igi burJuaziuli filosofiis imanentur kritikas awarmoebs. es gaanalizebul moZRvrebaTa met obieqturobiT ganxilvis SesaZleblobas
iZleoda. aq mocemuli siaxleni am werilis SesavalSi
ganvixileT. aq ki unda aRiniSnos, rom k. baqraZem
warmoadgina hegelis Semdgomi ganviTareba filosofiisa. es iyo dasavleTis filosofiis istoriis gagrZeleba im momentidan, romelzedac is ZaldatanebiT SeaCeres am wignis gamosvlamde 20 wliT adre. es istoria
man
huserlamde
miiyvana.
huserlis
filosofiis
SemdgomSi analizi, mas or wignad hqonda ganzraxuli.
samwuxarod, es Canafiqri ver ganxorcielda, Tumca
avtorma garkveuli monakveTebi daamuSava: 1962 w. gamosca monografia „eqsistencializmi“, 1964 w. gamoqveynda werili „Tanamedrove burJuaziul filosofiur mimarTulebaTa kritika“, xolo 1965w. – monografia „pragmatizmi“. TiToeuli es naSromi siaxle iyo
Cveni literaturisaTvis. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis
eqsistencializmis Taobaze. k. baqraZe pirveli iyo
qarTvel filosofosTa Soris, vinc haidegeri axsena.
werilSi _ „Tanamedrove filosofia evropaSi“ (1928w.).
igi aRniSnavda: „huserli ufro frTxili da Rrma moazrovnea; Seleri gacilebiT farTo da niWieri. Tavis
mowafeebidan huserli did imedebs amyarebs m. haide290
gerze, romelic huserlis fenomenologias ganaviTarebs da mas e.w. hermenevtikul fenomenologias umatebs“. aqve axalgazrda avtori exeba pragmatul pozitivizms, empiriokriticizms, fenemenologiur meTodze
damyarebul axal religiur filosofias. werilis bolos
aRniSnavs,
rom
SemdgomSi
miznad
isaxavs
safrangeTis, inglisis da sxva. filosofiis ganxilvas.
zemoaRniSnuli Sromebi am gegmis ganxorcielebis
dawyeba iyo 35 wlis Semdeg. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda k. baqraZis Sromas haidegeris gagebisaTvis. mas im periodSi oficialurad Tvlidnen e.w.
aTeisturi eqsistencializmis warmomadgenlad. baqraZem aCvena, rom haidegeri cdilobs swored Teologiuri problemebis analizs, oRond wminda filosofiur
enaze24.558
k. baqraZes surda germanuli idealisturi filosofiis Sesaxeb TviT naSromebis safuZvelze gaeazrebina ara mxolod momdevno filosofiuri ideebi, aramed
winamorbedic. am ganzraxvas pasuxobda 1969 w. gamocemuli misi SesaniSnavi saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi skolebisaTvis _ „axali filosofiis istoria“. aq aRorZinebis epoqis dasawyisidan evropis filosofiuri azri
warmodgenilia Rrma codnis safuZvelze da k. baqraZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iSviaTi sinaTliT. wigni
mTavrdeba kantis filosofiuri moZRvrebis vrceli
analiziT. amrigad, k. baqraZem, rogorc filosofiis
istorikosma, mogvca evropaSi axali, uaxloesi da Tanamedrove
filosofiis
ganviTarebis
mTliani
koncefcia, romelSic obieqturi mkvlevari yovelTvis
naxavs sayuradRebos da stimulis mimcem mosazrebebs.
k. baqraZis gavlena saqarTveloSi filosofiur
azrovnebaze,
rogorc
pirovnebisa
da
rogorc
mkvlevris uzarmazari iyo. misma yofilma aspirantebma
– z. kakabaZem, e. koduam, T. buaCiZem, r. gordezianma da
sxv. mravali axali sakiTxi gaaSuqes Tanamedrove fi291
losofiidan. ZiriTadad maT gansazRvres 1970 w. gamocemuli „XX s. burJuaziuli filosofiis“, iseve rogorc 1988 w. gamocemul „Tanamedrove burJuaziul filosofiis“ (XX s. II nax.) maRali done. Semdgomi Taobidan gamoirCeva g. SuSanaSvilis da a. popiaSvilis
naSromebi. yuradreba miiqcies, agreTve, m. biWaSvilis
da k. kacitaZis Sromebma.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan farTod gaiSala
kantis filosofiis kvleva. i. kantis dabadebidan 250
wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, 1974 w. 6 marts Catarda Tsu
studentTa samecniero sesia, xolo 28-29 marts
axalgazrda mecnierTa samecniero sesia. gamoica g.
TevzaZis monografia _ „imanuel kanti“. yovelive aman
asaxva hpova cnobil germanul Jurnal „kant-Studien“Si (1977 w. #3, gv. 360). qarTulma delegaciam monawileoba miiRo kionigsbergSi (kaliningradSi) am TariRisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaSi 1988 w.-s. Tsu filosofiis fakultetze moqmedma „axalgazrda filosofsTa
problemurma seminarma“ konferenciebiT da krebulebiT aRniSna „wminda gonebis kritikis“ Targmani S. papuaSvilisa. 1989 w. gamoqveynda kantis Sromis _ „religia mxolod gonebis farglebSi“ – qarTuli Targmani*.
amave wels gamoica m. haidegeris „yofiereba da dros“
qarTuli Targmani. haidegeris dabadebidan 100 wlisaTvis mieZRvna samecniero sesia Tsu filosofiis Tanamedrove problemaTa Semswavlelma jgufma T. fifias
xelmZRvanelobiT. Tezisebi gamoica 1992 w. amave
jgufma gamosca m. haidegeris „dasabami xelovnebis
qmnilebisa“ (1992) da „TemSara“ (1993). orive g. baramiZis
Targmani. 1982 w.-s berlinSi gamocemul „filosofosTa
leqsikonSi“ 11 qarTvel avtors ekuTvnis werilebi
platonze,
huserlze,
Zenonze,
ioane
petriwze,
paskalze da sxv. (Sesabamisad: m. WeliZe, a. boWoriSvi*
orive naSromis Targmani Seasrula g. TevzaZem (red.).
292
li, l. mWedliSvili. g. TevzaZe da sxv.). m. haidegeris
aTvisebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda filosofiis
institutis TanamSromlis, cnobili germanulenovani
mwerlis, g. margvelaSvilis wigns _ „egzistencialurisa da kategorialuris gansxvavebis aqsiologiuri
mniSvneloba haidegeris ontologiur moZRvrebaSi“
(1979 w. rusul enaze). qarTulad gamoica misive, aseve
mniSvnelovani fundamenturi gamokvleva: „finalobis
problema n. hartmanisa da m. haidegeris ontologiebSi“. 1992 w. Tsu-Si gigi TevzaZem daicva pirveli disertacia haidegeris Sesaxeb. 1990 w. o. gabiZaSvilis da
T. fifias iniciativiT Tsu da gisenis (germaniis federaciuli respublika) kaTolikuri universitetis Teologiuri fakultetis erToblivi samecniero konferencia Catarda Temaze: „msoflmxedveloba, rwmena, adamianis Rirseba“. moxsenebebi amave saxelwodebis krebulis saxiT gamoqveynda 1991 w. qarTulad (Tsu gamomcemlobaSi), xolo germanulad – 1993 w. q. gisenSi.
am universtetTa Soris nayofier TanamSromlobas xeli SeuSala saqarTveloSi atexilma samoqalaqo omma.
XX s.-s bolosaTvis Zveli kavSirebi TandaTan aRdga
rogorc dasavleTis qveynebTan, aseve axal sazRvargareTTan (moskovi, leningradi, minski). 1998 w. warmatebiT Catarda bilateruli konferencia _ „subieqturobis problema neoplatonizmSi“. masSi dasavleT germaniis 6 universitetis warmomadgenloba monawileobda.
es m. beriaSvilis iniciativiT boxumis universitetTan
dawyebuli TanamSromlobis pirveli Sedegi iyo. es TanamSromloba nayofierad grZeldeba (leqtorebis da
studentebis gacvla, saerTo konferenciebi da seminarebi, publikaciebi da sxv.).
T. boWoriSvilis da m. doliZis mcdelobiT
damyarda kavSiri amerikis fenomenologiur sazogadoebasTan.
ucxourma
grantebma
saSualeba
misca
axalgazrda qarTvel filosofosebs staJireba aSS-s
293
sxvadasxva universitetSi gaevloT (v. maxniaSvili, T.
cxadaZe, z. WiaberaSvili, z. SaTiriSvili). perspeqtiulia aseTi kavSirebi britaneTis akademiasTan (gigi
TevzaZe, l. aleqsiZe, T. doliZe), germaniasTan (m. beriaSvili, s. ratiani, T. iremaZe, d. dumbaZe, i. wereTeli,
T. cofuraSvili) da sxv.
$ 6. savle wereTeli (1907-1966)
savle wereTlis filosofiuri memkvidreoba mdidari da mravalferovania. igi moicavs dialeqtikuri
da istoriuli materializmis fundamenturi principebis, kategorologiis, saerTod, logikisa da gansakuTrebiT, dialeqtikuri logikis, filosofiis istoriis, religiis istoriis da aTeizmis problemebis
kvlevas. yvela mis naSroms safuZvlad uZevs dialeqtikuri logikis Sesaxeb misi originaluri koncefcia.
avtorma igi warmoadgina, rogorc marqsistul-leninuri koncefcia, raTa am Teorias saerTod arseboba
SeZleboda. am safarveliT, romelic marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebis Sromebidan moyvanili uamravi citatisagan Sedgeboda. s. wereTelma sajaro gaxada dialeqtikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi saukeTeso interpretacia, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli CvenSi filosofiuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebas. s. wereTeli Tvlida, rom
arsebulis yoveli sferos mecnieruli gaazrebisas aucilebelia daSvebuli iqnas dialeqtika, rogorc arsebulis moZraobis safuZvelze axlis warmoSobis kanonzomiereba. Tavis dialeqtikur logikas igi am realuri viTarebis mecnieruli asaxvis adekvatur saSualebas Tvlida. amdenad, igi iyo kantis transcendentaluri logikis (analitikis) memkvidre, gaSualebuli
fixtesa da hegelis moZRvrebebiT. amitom Tvlida s. wereTlis mowafe n. WavWavaZe, rom es Teoria Tavisi Sina294
arsiT ufro pirveli filosofiaa1.559am Teorias s. wereTeli ganuwyvetliv umagrebda safuZvels Tavisi filosofiur-istoriuli gamokvlevebiT. misTvis dialeqtikuri logika da filosofiis istoria erTmaneTTan
umWidroes kavSirSi iyo. dialeqtikur logikas igi
Tvlida filosofiur ganviTarebis umaRles produqtad,
xolo filosofiis istorias _ mis Sesavlad. amdenad
filosofiis istoria misTvis Tavad filosofia iyo.
gansxvavebiT s. daneliasagan, igi ar Tvlida, rom amiT
istoriis obieqtur dalagebas da gagebas raime akldeboda2.560
filosofiis istoria s. wereTelisaTvis azrovnebis didi skola iyo. mas moswonda da xSirad mohyavda
fr. engelsis sityvebi imis Taobaze, rom Teoriuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis, niWis srulqmnisaTvis
sxva araviTari saSualeba ar arsebobs, garda dRemde
arsebuli filosofiis Seswavlisa.
roca s. wereTlis Teoriis marqsistulobaze
vmsjelobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom marqsizmis iseve
mravali da erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli saxe arsebobs,
ramdenadac, vTqvaT platonizmis, anda hegelianizmis.
amas Zalian kargad xedavdnen s. wereTlis kritikosi
marqsisti funqcionerebi, romlebic antimarqsistobas
abralebdnen mas iseve, rogorc mis maswavleblebs – S.
nucubiZesa da k. baqraZes.
s. wereTlis dialeqtikuri materializmi sakuTari
dialeqtikuri logikis safuZvelze esmoda da am azriT
acxadebda mas filosofiis istoriis gasaRebad da yvelam icis, Tu ra unarianad akeTebda amas. mas hqonda
iSviaTi niWi, erTi mxriv, dialeqtika aRmoeCina
TiTqosda neitralur, TviT antidialeqtikur viTarebaSi, meore mxriv, istoriul masalaze dakvirvebiT dialeqtikis axali aspeqtebi warmoeCina. misi gamokvlevebi:
„transcendentaluri meTodis kritikisaTvis“ (es 1938 w.
daculi sakandidato disertaciis _ „reduqciuli
295
daskvna-dasabuTebis meTodebi“ – nawils warmoadgens),
„kategoriaTa Sesaxeb aristotelesa da kantis moZRvrebaTa urTierToba“ (1936 w.), „fixtes mecnierebis Teoria
da dialeqtika“ (1941 w.), „racionaluri marcvali hegelis daskvnis TeoriaSi“ (1959 w.), ,,antikuri filosofia”
(1988 w.), filosofiis istoriuli ganviTarebis originalur koncefcias warmoadgens. s. wereTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo warsulis yoveli moazrovnisaTvis
uaRresad diferencirebuli midgoma. igi ar hgavda im
istorikosebs, romlebic sabWoTa periodSi savaldebulo leninur formulas filosofiaSi platonisa da demokrites xazebis Seurigeblobis Taobaze, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, saqmis gasaadvileblad iyenebdnen. isini
istoriaSi yvelgan da yovelTvis mxolod materialistebs, an mxolod idealistebs eZeben. s. wereTeli
kvlevis meTodi ormxrivaa aRsaniSnavi. igi sanimuSo iyo
marqsisti mkvlevrisaTvis da filosofiur istoriuli
kvlevis Tanamedrove moTxovnebsac akmayofilebda. igi
amtkicebda, rom filosofiis istoriaSi demokritemde
ar gvxvdebian gamokveTili, Camoyalibebuli materialistebi anda idealistebi. erTi da igive filosofosis
naazrevSi orive xazia gadaxlarTuli. Tanac ise, rom
romelime maTganis ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia mTelis
moxsnis, anda Secvlis gareSe. amgvar filosofosTa Soris, misi azriT, sanimuSo iyo didi berZeni filosofosi parmenide. wereTeli imasac gviCvenebs, rom demokritesa da platonis momdevno filosofiac mxolod saboloo angariSSi SeiZleba warmovidginoT mxolod materialistebisa da idealistebis brZolis istoriad. igi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda erTi da igive filosofosis naazrevSi am ori xazis brZolasa da Seurigeblobas. misi azriT, es aspeqti aranakleb gamoxatavs ori xazis Seurigeblobas da amave dros miuTiTebs masze, rogorc filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis Sinagan wyaroze.
296
dRes CvenSi savaldebulo aRar aris filosofiis
istoriis gageba rogorc materializmis da idealizmis,
dialeqtikis da metafizikis brZolis istoriisa. magram
es ar niSnavs, rom am poziciaSi ar iyo WeSmaritebis
marcvlebi. saqmes mxolod am principis gaabsolutureba
da yovelive sxvis mecnierulobis ugulebelyofa afuWebda. Semwynarebloba filosofiis istoriaSi iseve saWiroa, rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobis nebismier sxva
sferoSi. sxvagvarad kvlevis obieqturobas ver SevinarCunebT. amitom iyo, rom s. danelia moiTxovda filosofiis istorikoss sakuTari filosofiuri Sexedulebani daeviwyebina kvlevis dros. s. wereTlis azriT,
amgvari daviwyeba SeuZlebelia. mkvlevars ar SeiZleba
ar axsovdes sakuTari mrwamsi. ar SeiZleba ar eZebdes
istoriaSi winamorbedebs da Tanamoazreebs. magram is
mainc Tvlida, rom obieqturoba da Semwynarebloba am
pirobebSic SeiZleba daicvas mkvlevarma. s. wereTeli
Tavad warmoadgenda amis magaliTs. mas Rrmad swamda
sakuTari filosofiuri Teoriis, Tavisi dialeqtikuri
logikis WeSmariteba. es saSualebas aZlevda mas yofiliyo obieqturi am sityvis umkacresi azriT, rac mecnierulobas emTxveva. mas sanamdisac xeli miuwvdeboda,
damajereblad asabuTebda, rom warsulis moazrovneTa
ZiriTadi monapovari warmoadgenda misi Teoriis saukeTeso wanamZRvars, mis momzadebas. s. wereTeli, rogorc
filosofiis istorikosi, cdilobda warsulis esa Tu
is didi moazrovne, platoni iqneboda is, aristotele,
kanti Tu huserli, warmoeCina mTeli misi sidiadiT. jer
gaaocebda maTi siRrmiT msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvels da
amis Semdeg miuTiTebda mis naklovanebaze. es erTi SexedviT, dafaruli naklovanebani, misi azriT, sabediswero iyo sistemisaTvis, rogorc dasrulebuli mTelisaTvis da filosofiuri azrovnebis winaSe WeSmaritebis axali gzis Ziebis aucileblobas aaSkaravebda.
297
s. wereTeli dausabuTeblad arafers iRebda. amave
dros sjeroda, rom principSi yvelafris dasabuTebaa
SesaZlebeli. am mxrivac igi WeSmaritad hegelianeli
iyo. amitom iyo, rom misma ufrosma megobarma, cnobilma
qarTvelma fsiqologma da filosofosma a. boWoriSvilma igi daaxasiaTa, rogorc „doqtor fundatisimus“, e.i. ukeTesad damsabuTebeli filosofosTa Soris3.561
s. wereTlis amgvarma bunebam ganapiroba is, rom
igi iwyebda ra antikuri filosofiis analizs, Tavis
naSroms warumZRvara filosofiis istoriis, rogorc
mecnierebis
arsebis
da
filosofiasTan
misi
damokidebulebis gamokvleva. „mecnierebas, romelic filosofiis ganviTarebas swavlobs, filosofiis istoria
ewodeba“. „is procesia, romelic moicavs yvela filosofiur sistemas, romelic ki odesme arsebula, an amJamad arsebobs“4.562„yovelive es dasabuTebas moiTxovs“ da
wereTeli
ganixilavs
gansxvavebul
Sexedulebebs,
upirveles yovlisa imaT, romelnic uaryofen filosofiis istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis aramarto arsebobas, aramed SesaZleblobasac ki. amitom s. wereTeli
specialurad ixilavs filosofiis istoriis, rogorc
mecnierebis
SesaZleblobis
problemas.
zogierTi
uaryofs filosofiis istoriis Tavad cnebis uflebianobas, radgan Tvlis, rom istoria da filosofia SeuTavsebeli cnebebia. jer kidev antikurma skeptikosebma
aCvenes, rom filosofiuri moZRvrebani ise upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, rom SeuZlebelia filosofiis erT
garkveul cnebaSi moeqcnen5.563raimes istoria SeuZlebelia, Tu am raimes erTnairi gageba ara gvaqvs. s. wereTeli uCvenebs, rom filosofosTa dapirispireba faqtia,
magram es SeuZlebels mxolod maSin gaxdis filosofiis istoriis cnebas, Tu skolaTa Soris saerTo araferi
iqneba. s. wereTlis antikuri filosofiis istoria, iyenebs ra hegelis, celeris da sxvaTa gamoklvevebs,
298
naTlad uCvenebs am Sexedulebebis faqtobriv safuZvels, e.i. saerTos sapirispiro SexedulebaTa Soris.
s. wereTels arc is azri miaCnia safuZvlianad,
romlis Tanaxmadac filosofia da istoria gamoricxavs erTmaneTs, radgan filosofia WeSmaritebis
flobaa, xolo WeSmaritebas istoria ara aqvs. am poziciis uarsayofad aucilebelia SefardebiTsa da absoluturs Soris kavSiris dadgena. imis Cveneba, rom sruli WeSmariteba arc erT calkeul sistemaSi ar SeiZleba iqnes mocemuli, rom gansxvavebuli da sapirispiro
sistemebi erTian mTels da harmonias qmnis, iseve rogorc gansxvavebuli xmebidan iqmneba harmonia. es pozicia ukve Semwynareblobisa da sapirispiros uflebis
aRiarebas niSnavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom s. wereTeli,
reJimis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, WeSmaritebas mxolod
dialeqtikuri materializmis sakuTrebad Tvlida, mainc
iqidan gamodioda, rom is am WeSmaritebas sapirispiro
SexedulebebTan iyofs mxolod. aseTi sapirispiroebi ki
warsulSic mravlad arsebobda da TanamedroveobaSic.
igive unda iTqvas dialeqtikuri da metafizikuri meTodebis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. ai am saerTos arsebobis
gamo dapirispirebaTa brZola ganviTarebis, progresis
SesaZleblobas qmnis, romelic aisaxeba filosofiis
istoriaSi. amgvari midgoma SesaZleblobas iZleva filosofiis istoriaSi uaryofili iqnes rogorc germaneli neopozitivisti m. Slikis azri, rom filosofosebi
saqmes mudam Tavidan iwyeben, aseve didi germaneli
eqsistencialistis k. iaspersis mtkiceba, rom filosofiis istoria sinamdvileSi mxolod didi filosofosTa rigia da ara istoria6.564
Tanamedrove filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli Teoriebisa filosofiis, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis aramecnierulobis Sesaxeeb, romelsac icavdnen e. huserli (ganasxvavebda ra filosofias, rogorc mkacr mecnierebas
da filosofias, rogorc msoflmxedvelobas), m. haidege299
ri (romlis azriTac filosofia saerTod araa mecniereba, aramed raRac ufro Rrma), b. raseli (romlisTvisac filosofia raRac saSualoa religiasa da mecnierebas Soris), i. habermasi (romelic amtkicebs, rom miTisa da religiisagan ganTavisuflebulma filosofiam
dakarga msoflmxedvelobad yofnis unari), sawinaaRmdegod s. wereTeli amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi
filosofias progresuli rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia
mxolod rogorc mecnierul msoflmxedvelobas. es iwereboda im dros, roca mecnieruli WeSmariteba erTxel
da samudamod dasabuTebulad, ucvlelad da absoluturad iTvleboda. dialeqtikuri materializmis ZiriTadi
principebic swored amgvar WeSmaritebad yofnaze acxadeben pretenzias. dRes, rogorc cnobilia, mecnierebebs
amgvari pretenzia aRar aqvT7.565
„antikuri filosofia“ s. wereTels or wignad
hqonda ganzraxuli. pirveli wigni, romelic man gamosacemad moamzada, moicavs filosofiuri azris ganviTarebas miletis skolidan aristotelemde. meore wigni
aristoteles
filosofiis
analizisadmi
iqneboda
miZRvnili. misi momzadeba man, saubedurod, ver moaswro
moulodneli gardacvalebis gamo. magram pirveli wigni
saSualebas gvaZlevs saerTod filosofiis ganviTarebis momdevno etapebis Sesaxeb misi pozicia gaviTvaliswinoT. am azriTaa SerCeuli naSromSi _ ,,narkvevevbi
filosofiis istoriaSi” (I-II t) s. wereTlis sxavadasxva
dros, sxvadasxva mizniT gamoqveynebuli Sromebi.
didi berZeni dialeqtikosi heraklite wereTlisaTvis, rogorc ,,dialeqtikuri logikis” avtorisaTvis,
mravalmxriv iyo saintereso da amave dros maxlobelic.
iSviaTad Tu moswonda mas ise raime, rogorc heraklites cnobili sityvebi: me nu ki mismenT, logoss usmineTo. es misTvisac saxelmZRvanelo iyo. heraklites logosi esmoda, rogorc yovlismomcveli da yovelives Sinagani kanonzomierebiT warmmarTveli Zala. s. were300
TelTan logosi gagebuli iyo, rogorc dasabuTeba, romelic saboloo angariSSi asaxvaa. magram dasabuTeba
misTvis swored yovlismomcveli iyo, im azriT, rom
damsabuTebel azrovnebas principuli zRvari arsad
xvdeba. dasabuTeba s. wereTlisaTvis ubralo swori gamomdinareoba ki ar iyo, aramed WeSmaritebis Sinaarseuli sazomic. igi fiqrobda, rom gamomdinareobiT dakmayofileba yvelgan da yvelaferSi SesaZlebeli rom
iyos, filosofiaSi mainc SeuZlebeli iqneboda masze
SeCereba. srulyofili dasabuTeba misTvis Taviseburi
amaRleba iyo ,,TviTmmarTvel” logosamde. dasabuTebas
ise did mniSvnelobas aZlevda xolme, rom xSirad ityoda: filosofiaSi moazrovne imdenad imiT ki ar fasdeba, Tu ras amtkicebs, ramdenadac imiT, Tu rogor amtkicebso. amave dros mas Rrmad swamda, rom mxolod WeSmaritebis dasabuTebaa SesaZlebeli.
s. wereTeli heraklites erT-erTi urTulesi
fragmentis (,,maradisoba aris bavSvi, romelic TamaSobs, SaSis qvebs iqiT-aqeT alagebs, bavSvis meufebaa”)
naTel interpretacias iZleva. igi gamoyofs or moments:
,,1. cvalebadoba ar niSnavs progress; 2. cvalebadoba
xdeba umiznod. is hgavs TamaSs, romelsac mizani ara
aqvs. es bunebaSi miznobriobis uaryofaa”8.566
aseve naTlad aCvenebs s. wereTeli, rom ukve heraklitesTan Semecneba igiveobis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. saqme exeba igiveobas arssa da azrs Soris. ,,1. sinamdvilis Semecneba SesaZlebelia, radgan erTi da igive logosia bunebaSic da Cvens sulSic; 2. goneba da
sibrZne zogadia, ara marto imitom, rom bunebaSi arsebul zogads Seimecnebs, aramed imitomac, rom igi yvela
adamianSi erTi da igivea”9.567arssa da azrs Soris igiveobis principis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba arsebiTia
parmenides, platonis, aristoteles, neoplatonizmis da
sxva sistemebSi. ,,antikur filosofiaSi” mkiTxveli am
sakiTxze SexedulebaTa labirinTSi swor gzas ipovis.
301
yvelaze vrclad ,,antikur filosofiaSi” platonia ganxiluli. rogorc Cans, avtoris ZiriTadi mizani
swored gamowvlilviTi ganxilva iyo. es misi sakuTari
dialeqtikuri daskvnis Teoriis saukeTeso Semowmebac
iyo, radganac rva msjelobisagan Semdgar daskvnaze
swored platoni msjelobs Tavis ,,parmenideSi”. dialeqtikis problematikis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb
mniSvnelovnad iTvleba arsisa da ararsis problema.
platonis ,,sofisteSi” es da sxva mravali sakiTxi Zireuladaa gaanalizebuli. platonis filosofia s. wereTlis wignSi pirvelad warmodga qarTveli mkiTxvelis winaSe ase sruli saxiT, rac didi wingadadgmuli
nabiji iyo Cveni filosofiuri azrovnebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis.
1936 w. ,,tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi” gamoqveynda s. wereTlis narkvevi _ ,,kategoriaTa
Sesaxeb aristotelesa da kantis moZRvrebaTa urTierTobisaTvis”.
am saintereso problemis SerCeva gapiroebebuli
iyo S. nucubiZisa da k. baqraZis gamokvlevebiT. amiTve
aixsneba is, rom narkvevSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba e.
laskis Sexedulebebs eqceva. cnobilia, rom kanti
aristotelesa da kants Soris saerTos usvams xazs:
aristotelem grZnobadi sinamdvilis groZnobadobiTve
axsna
SeuZleblad
dainaxa.
amitom
aristoteles
moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb gascda grZnobadobis
sazRvrebs. kantis filosofiaSic grZnobadi aragrZnobadiT unda aixsnas”10.568winaaRmdeg hegelisa s. wereTeli
amtkicebs, rom ,,erTiani principi kategorologiaSi
kantsac hqonda da aristotelesac, magram sistemoba
aklia orives”11.569
mTeli gansxvavebis miuxedavad, avtori saerTos naxulobs kantsa da aristoteles Soris. kantma Zveli
Tvalsazrisi, e.i. aristoteleseuli, ganaviTara sxva ni302
adagze: ,,logikuri formebi mogvca, rogorc sagnobrivi
kategoriebi”12.570
axal filosofiaSi dialeqtkis problemis kvlevis
Semdgomi safexuri ganixila s. wereTelma narkvevSi _
,,i.g. fixtes mecnierebis Teoria” da ,,dialeqtika”, romelic 1940 w. iqna wakiTxuli Tbilisis universitetis samecniero sesiaze da 1942 w. gamoqveynda ,,Tbilisis universitetis SromebSi”. fixtes filosofiis mTeli Sinaarsi da misi dialeqtikis arseba avtorisaTvis imiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, rom igi cdilobda moeZebna kantis
kritikebis saerTo safuZveli da ,,aqedan dasabuTebis
garkveuli xerxis saSualebiT gamoiyvanos codnis mTeli sistema”13.571ganxilulia sistemis raoba. ,,mecnierebis
Teoriis” ZiriTad debulebaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba,
maTi dadgenis buneba, daboloebuli me-si da dauboloebeli Sinaarsis kavSiri. daskvnis aracnobieri moqmedebis niadagze ganxorcieleba. yovelive es qarTuli filosofiisaTvis ukve tradiciuli problematikis axali
aspeqtiT analizia, iseve rogorc ,,dauboloebeli Sinaarsis amowurvisaTvis ukusvla cnobierebaze dayvaniT”,
romelic ,,amave dros winsvlacaa”14.572fixtesTan igi xedavs formaluri da dialeqtikuri logikis brZolis
procesis nimuSs, rasac hegelis dialeqtikis momzadebisaTvis arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
dialeqtikis sakTxze mTeli Semdgomi muSaoba s.
wereTlis cxovrebaSi faqtobrivad hegelis filosofiaze muSaoba iyo, magram wminda filosofiur-istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT hegelze wigni man 1959 w. gamoaqveyna saTauriT ,,racionaluri marcvali hegelis daskvnis TeoriaSi”. k. baqraZis kvalad, romelmac hegelis marcxis
mizezi mis mier monizmis gaabsoluturebaSi ki ar dainaxa, aramed imaSi, rom man monizmi ver ganaxorciela
da dualizmis sferoSi darCa. s. wereTeli ufro
konkretulad aanalizebs hegelTan kategoriaTa urTierTmimarTebas. uCvenebs, rom hegelis nakli mis mier ra303
cionalizmis gaabsolutureba ki ar aris, aramed swored misi principis Ralati, roca igi iZulebulia mimarTos logikuris instiqtur mimarTebas, anda erTi kategoriidan meoreze sakmao dasabuTebis gareSe gadavides.
s. wereTeli mudam naTlad arCevda erTmaneTisagan
imas, Tu ra forma misca hegelma Tavis azrebs, imisagan
Tu ras moiTxovda sinamdvileSi misi dialeqtikis Sinagani buneba. mxolod am ukanaskneli TvalsazrisiT wakiTxul hegels acxadebda igi aucilebel wanamZRvrad
dialeqtikuri
materializmisaTvis,
romelSic,
am
aspeqtSi, Tavis dialeqtikur logikas gulisxmobda. gamowvlilviTi
analizis
safuZvelze
s.
wereTeli
gvarwmunebs, rom hegelis sistemaSi logika daqvemdebarebulia alogikuri momentis absolutis mistikuri Zalis mimarT. misi daskvna Zalze mkacria, magram safuZvliani. aq gaTvaliswinebulia hegelis filosofiis
neohegelianuri interpretaciebi. s. wereTlis daskvna
raRacnairad exmianeba am interpretaciebs da maT
garkveul uflebianobasac aRiarebs, Tumca ZiriTadad
da Rirebulad hegelTan mainc racionalursa da logikurs miiCnevs: ,,saerTod hegelis azrTa wyobidan rom
absoluturi ideis mistikuri Zala amoviRoT, gadasvlebi Seusrulebeli darCeba da amiT logikis TvalsazrisiT, isev aristoteles monapovarTan gveqneba saqme”. s.
wereTeli damajereblad uCvenebs hegelis filosofiis
meore naklsac. esaa fsiqologizmi. ,,gonis fenomenologiaSi” Catarebuli titanuri mcdelobis miuxedavad, hegelma ver Seasrula piroba da ver darCa TavisTavadi
azrovnebis, e.i. wminda logikuri yovelgvar konkretul
gansazRvrulobaze amaRlebuli azrovnebis sferos
farglebSi”. s. wereTeli gulisxmobs ara logikur
konkretulobas, rac cnebis konkretulobaSi gamoixateba da fsiqologizmTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, are304
med grZnobad, gamocdilebiseul konkretulobasTan
kavSirs.
Cvens mier aq ganxiluli s.wereTlis Sromebi
zogjer 30 wliT aris daSorebuli erTmaneTs, magram
mecnieruli donisa da kvlevis interesebis mixedviT
araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens maTi dakavSireba.
1938 w. mis mier Catarebuli analizi e. huserlis fenomenologiuri meTodisa sayuradRebo Sedegs iZleva. aqvea
mocemuli S. nucubiZis aleTologiuri realizmis kritikuli analizi. aleTologiur reduqciasTan Sedarebulia e. huserlis fenomenologiuri da eideturi reduqcia. aleTologiisa da saerTod dialeqtikis gagebaSi
k.
baqraZisagan
gansxvavebul
mosazrebas
gamoTqvams15.573
Tanamedrove evropuli filosofiis kritikul analizs didi adgili eTmoba s. wereTlis wignSi _ ,,dasabuTebis sawyisi”. igi 1965 w. gamocemuli s. wereTlis
mTavari da ukanaskneli Sromis _ ,,dialeqtikuri logikis” ZiriTadi daskvnebis winaswar Semowmebas warmoadgenda filosofiis istoriis masalze. aq didi adgili eTmoba popularuli ingliseli filosofosisa da
maTematikosis b. raselis SexedulebaTa kritikas. meore
msoflio omis Semdeg man didi gavlena moipova. rusulad iTargmna misi vrceli naSromi _ ,,dasavleT evropis filosofiis istoria”, sadac germanuli idealizmi
da misi dialeqtika sakmaod agdebulad iyo ganxiluli.
1975 w. rusulad iTargmna b. raselis ,,adamianuri Semecneba”. axalgazrdobaSi kantis gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg raseli TiTqmis mTeli sicocxle filosofiis sxvadsxva dargSi kantis sapirispiro principebis gamarTlebas cdilobda, rac kantze mis damokidebulebas amJRavnebda. s. wereTlis azriT, raseli ar
cdilobs ganasxvaos logikuri da fsiqologiuri. ,,igi
ise iqceva, TiTqos fsiqologizmis kritikas ar hqonda
adgili arasdros filosofiis istoriaSi, ar uwevs
305
angariSs im argumentebs, romlebic wamoyenebuli iyo
fsiqologizmis
winaaRmdeg,
magaliTad,
huserlis
16
574
antifsiqologizmis poziciebidan” .
s. wereTlis memkvidreoba rogorc dialeqtikis Teoriis, ise filosofiis istoriis kvlevis sferoSi, saqarTveloSi filosofiis ganviTarebis damoukidebelsa
da sayuradRebo safexurs qmnis.
§ 7. zurab kakabaZe, merab mamardaSvili,
arCil begiaSvili
zurab kakabaZe (1926-1982). k. baqraZis gamorCeuli
mowafe z. kakabaZe maswavlebels azrovnebis farTo horizontiT da xedvis unariT emsgavseboda. man mecnieruli moRvaweoba daiwyo rogorc logikosma da Semdeg
gadavida filosofiis istorikosTa rigebSi. amis erTerTi mizezi isic iyo, rom stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg
SesaZlebeli gaxda filosofiis istoriis ufro obieqturi kvleva. rac Seexeba filosofiur anTropologias, dialeqtikursa da istoriul materializms – aq
ufro didxans SerCa Zala Zvel standartebs. nebismieri
siaxlis mcdelobac ki konfliqts iwvevda. z. kakabaZes
konfliqtebi ar uyvarda, magram, roca aucilebeli iyo,
samagaliTo gabedulebiT da SeurigeblobiT icavda sakuTar anda maswavlebelTa pozicias. es jer kidev maSin
gamoCnda, roca igi axalgazrda filosofosTa mowinave
nawilis saxeliT n. WavWavaZesa da v. qvaCaxiasTan erTad
esTetikis Zireuli problemebis axali gagebis dasacavad gamovida socialisturi realizmis winaaRmdeg 50ian wlebSi, xolo Semdeg 1970 wels, misi novatoruli
wignis _ ,,adamiani rogorc filosofiuri problema” _
Taobaze kamaTSi, ramac sakavSiro masStabi miiRo. socialisturi banakis gareT ki misi poziciis Sefaseba imiT
gamoixata, rom huserlis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis
306
mmarTveli komitetis wevrad airCies. z. kakabaZem orive
SemTxvevaSi gaimarjva.
rogorc filosofiis istorikosi z. kakabaZe sazogadoebas
warudga
SesaniSnavi
gamokvleviT
_
,,eqsistencialuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia” (Tb., 1966 w.
rusul enaze). es ar iyo saqarTveloSi gviandeli huserlis problemaTa pirveli analizi. saxelganTqmuli
antifsiqologistis naazrevi, romelSic sabuTdeboda
,,ukan Tavad sagnisaken” dabrunebis aucilebloba, jer
kidev 1913 wels gaxda S. nucubiZis kvlevis obieqti gamokvlevaSi _ ,,bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria”. masSi
S. nucubiZe e. huserlis Teorias cnobili Cexi maTematikosisa da filosofosis b. bolcanos moZRvrebasTan SepirispirebaSi ixilavs. momdevno etapi evropaSi fenomenologiuri meTodis ganviTarebaSi ganxilulia k. baqraZis SromebSi. fsiqologiis filosofiur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT huserlisa da fenomenologiuri moZRvrebis sxva warmomadgenlebis SexedulebaTa analizi mocemulia a. boWoriSvilis kapitaluri naSromis _ ,,fsiqologiis principuli sakiTxebis” II tomSi. magram huserlis kvlevaTa winaSe gacilebiT meti perspeqtivebi
gadaiSala mravaltomiani ,,huserlianas” da huserlis
Sesaxeb uaxlesi gamokvlevebis (a. dimeris, m. farberis,
g. funkes da sxva.) Semdeg. gavrcelda azri, da arc Tu
usafuZvlod, rom ,,huserlianas” gareSe SeuZlebelia
huserlis filosofiis Tanamedrove doneze Sefaseba. z.
kakabaZis zemo aRniSnuli naSromi fenomenologiuri filosofiis kvlevis swored amgvar moTxovnebs pasuxobs.
z. kakabaZe arasdros ixilavda filosofiis ama Tu
im monakveTs mxolod istoriulad. igive iTqmis mis mier huserlis moZRvrebis analizisas. igi iyenebs Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoebis krizisis mizezebisa
da Sedegebis huserliseul zust daxasiaTebas adamianis
Sesaxeb sakuTari Teoriis dasasabuTeblad, Tumca
307
formalurad mas es Teoria arsebiTad oden marqsiszmis
klasikosTa citatebiT unda gaemagrebina. burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis krizisi, romelic marqsma gaanaliza da
Semdeg mravalTa Soris huserlmac gaimeora, gamoixata
adamianis TviTgaucxoebaSi. adamiani, huserlis azriT,
ver naxulobs adgils sazogadoebaSi, saboloo angariSSi ki, samyaroSi, e.i. igi Tavis Tavs kargavs. es imas
niSnavs, rom adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis araswori
gageba, sakuTar Tavsac da samyarosac uucxoebs mas.
amjerad ase gamoixateba is principi, rom adamiani Tavad qmnis sakuTar arsebas. amgvari araswori gagebis (da
e.i. sakuTari Tavis Seqmnis) erT-erT ZiriTad mizezad
iTvleba adamianis cxovrebis pozitivisturi orientacia
Tanamedrove samyaroSi. maSindeli pirobebis Sesabamisad z. kakabaZe werda, rom yvelaferi es xdeba ,,burJuaziul samyaroSi”, magram Zneli dasanaxi ar iyo misi pozicia: gaucxoeba da swored pozitivisturi orientacia,
zusti da teqnikur mecnierebaTa sruli primati, miuxedavad
marqsistuli,
humanisturi
filosofiis
warmmarTveli rolis mravalgvari mtkicebisa socialistur banakSi kidev ufro mkveTri iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. adamianis cxovreba, z. kakabaZis azriT, unda
iyos Tavisufali, SemoqmedebiTi aqtiuri. pozitivizmi
ki samyarosadmi bunebis mecnieruli ufro ki, fizikalisturi midgomis universalizaciiT gvaiZulebs adamiani savsebiT garegani faqtorebiT gansazRvrulad
CavTvaloT. es ki, faqtobrivad, uaryofs adamianis Tavisuflebas. am pozicias mivyevarT samomxmareblo, fiziologiur
interesTa
batonobamde,
e.w.
komfortis
kultamde, rac teqnikis fetiSizms warmoSobs. pozitivisturi msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi z. kakabaZe huserlSi saimedo mokavSires xedavs.
es pozitiur mecnierebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola ki
araa, aramed maTi poziciis msoflmxedvelobad qcevis
sawinaaRmdego. es mecnierebani amodian samyaros arsebo308
bis, e.i. misi yofierebis ukritiko mtkicebidan. ,,es bunebrivi poziciaa” yoveli adamianis. igi gulisxmobs,
rom samyaro TavisTavad arsebobs, Cven misi nawili
varT da unda davemorCiloT da SeveguoT mis pirobebs.
pozitiur mecnierebaTa es safuZveli arsad mtkicdeba.
misi dafuZneba aucilebelia ,,sazrisis specialuri
ganmartebiT da gamomJRavnebiT”. es am mecnierebaTa
kompetencia ar aris. ,,igi Seadgens filosofiis specialur amocanas”1.575
wignSi mocemulia ,,bunebrivi poziciis” ganwyobidan adamianis TandaTanobiTi ganTavisuflebis fenomenologiuri meTodis mier SemoTavazebuli gza, ,,dauinteresebeli damkvirveblis” poziciis arsi, ,,epoqas”,
rogorc samyaros arseboba-ararsebobis mtkicebisagan
Tavis Sekavebis mniSvneloba. yoveli arsebuli fenomenologiuri ,,epoqas” poziciaSi Cemive sakuTari arsebobis CaTvliT, ,,arsebobaze pretenziad” iqceva. Semdeg ganixileba is meqanizmi, romlis ZaliTac am pretenziaze
dasturi anda uaryofaa SesaZlebeli. amiT fenomenologiaSi xelaxal Semowmebas gadis dekartis ,,kogitos” da
fixtes ,,me”-s problemebi. adamianis Tavisuflebis dafuZnebisaTvis z. kakabaZes arsebiTad miaCnia huserlis
mtkiceba, rom raimes arsebobis, yofierebis, upirvelesi
piroba da maCvenebeli is aris, rom igi mxedvelobaSi
aqvs subieqts. Tu me raimes veranairad ver vxedav da
igi aranairad ar maqvs mxedvelobaSi, maSin me ar SemiZlia misi yofierebis mtkiceba, me sazogadod masze
laparakic ar SemiZlia2.576magram amgvari mimarTebis sagani SeiZleba iyo obieqturi an subieqturi, realuri an
moCvenebiTi. maTi erTmaneTSi areva aris Secdomis SesaZlebloba.
Secdomis SesaZlebloba TeologiaSi nebis Tavisuflebas ukavSirdeba, dekartTan ki _ nebisa da
Semmecnebeli gonebis SeuTanxmeblobas. huserls es pasuxebi ar akmayofilebs da fenomenologiuri meTodis
309
safuZvelze eZebs kriteriums, imas, Tu ,,ra SeiZleba
iyos sakmarisi maCvenebeli yofierebisa”3.577
am ZiebaSi huserli, iseve rogorc Zveli stoelebi,
sicxadis gancdas miadgeba, magram misi naklovanebac
imave droidan aris cnobili. z. kakabaZe arCevs huserlis Sromas. ,,gamocdileba da msjeloba” (1939) da
xazs usvams masSi sicxadis gancdis gansxvavebul modusebs, ,,intencionaluri analizis” raobas; ,,intencionaluri analizi”, e.i. aqtualuri cdis SesaZleblobebis
horizontis gamomJRavneba, niSnavs ,,eideturi analizis”
Sesrulebas. ase mivaRwevT ,,sicxadis gancdas radikaluri refleqsiis pirobebSi”4.578
grZnobadi sicxade, romlis korelati materialuri nivTia, verasdros mogvcems apodiqtur sicxades. mas
mxolod refleqsia iZleva, es is procesia roca cnobierebis yuradReba sakuTar aqtze aqvs mipyrobili5.579
huserlis meTodi win wamowevs subieqtis mniSvnelobas asabuTebs, rom samyaros qmnadobis saboloo safuZveli subieqtia. amiT es subieqti ki miiRebs Tavisuflebas, magram Tavad samyaros obieqturoba dgeba
eWvqveS, aseve sxva subieqtebisac. maTi mniSvneloba
,,konstituirdeba” Cemi ,,me”-s mniSvnelobis safuZvelze
da ase agebul subieqtTaTvis zogad mmarTvelobaze daiyvaneba, e.i. intersubieqturobaze daiyvaneba zogad
mmarTveloba obieqturobisa6.580amis gamo z.kakabaZis
azriT, huserlma ver moaxerxa adamianuri arsebobis, misi cxovrebis principulad axali orientaciis dasabuTeba.
z. kakabaZem aCvena, rom didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, huserlTan saboloo angariSiT adamianSi mimdinare
,,cnobierebis intenacionaluri cxovreba” absolutur
instanciad iqca, romelic samyaros ,,Seqmnis” erTaderTi wyaroa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom huserlTan subieqtur-idealisturi mxare batonobda7.581individi kvlav
mowyda sazogadoebas. maTi urTierTobis sakiTxi kvlav
310
mwvaved dgeba. am sakiTxs miuZRvna z. kakabaZem sicocxlis filosofiis iseTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlis moZRvrebaTa analizi, rogoric arian v.
dilTai da a. bergsoni8.582
am amocanebis pozitiur damuSavebas miuZRvna Tavisi momdevno Sromebi, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia
,,adamiani, rogorc filosofiuri problema” (1970 rusul enaze). am wignis saerTaSoriso aRiareba misi maRali Rirebulebis utyuari sabuTia*.†.
merab mamardaSvili (1930-1990). m. mamardaSvili XX
s. II naxevris qarTvel filosofosTa Soris yvelaze metad iyo cnobili saerTaSoriso masStabiT. umaRlesi
ganaTleba man moskovSi miiRo da iqve gaagrZela muSaoba. aTeuli wlebi m. mamardaSvili moskovis inteleqtualur samyaroSi erT-erT yvelaze gabedul da Seurigebel moazrovned iTvleboda. igi TandaTan acnobierebda
Tavis kavSirs qarTul azrovnebasTan da kulturasTan.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi igi saqarTveloSi dabrunda
amaSi didia n. WavWavaZis damsaxureba. man, rogorc filosofiis institutis direqtorma, mas saukeTeso garemo Seuqmna. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi m. mamardaSvilma
misTvis Cveuli simZafriT gamoavlian Tavisi Sinagani
kavSiri qarTul kulturasTan. rogorc aRniSnavdenen _
,,bunebrivad gaerTianda mis naazrevSi franguli, germanuli da qarTuli kultura”9.583amazeve metyvelebs m. ma*
z. kakabaZis Sromebi: ,,eqsistencialuri krizis”
problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri
denomenologia” da ,,adamiani rogorc filosofiuri
problema” qarTulad gamoica, Sesabamisad 1985 da 1990
wlebSi. 2012 wels ki gamoica z. kakabaZis rCeuli
filosofiuri
Sromebis
erTtomeuli
(baTumi,
2012.
,,rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti”-s
gamomcemloba) da ,,filosofia da cxovreba” (igive
gamomcemloba) (red.).
311
mardaSvilTan ana epelbuanis saubrebi, romelic parizis radioTi gadaica. misi moulodneli gardacvaleba
mTelma kulturulma msofliom daitira. misi gavlena
kidev ufro gaizarda. rusulma inteligenciam sami saerTaSoriso simpoziumi miuZRvna mas, sxvadsxva enaze misi wigenbis gamocema qarTuli filosofiuri kulturis
efeqturi propagandaa.
m. mamardaSvilis mTavari saqme filosofiis istoria ar iyo. igi kulturis socialur aspeqtTa faqizi
mkvlevari iyo da Seumcdari alRoTi grZnobda samomavlo tendenciebs. igi SesaniSnavad axerxebda awmyos
mtkivneuli problemebis gamokveTas da momavlis SesaZlebel gzebze miTiTebas, magram amas m. mamardaSvili
TiTqmis yovelTvis warsulze damyarebiT akeTebda. amiT
Tavad warsulis axali aspeqtebis danaxvis SesaZleblobas qmnida. filosofiis istoriaSi igi sokrates, dekarts da kants gamoarCevda, rogorc yvelaze saimedos.
kantze man monografiac Seqmna, romelic mogvianebiT
safrangeTSi gamoqveynda. dekartis Sesaxeb wigni ki
karga xania gamovida da, rogorc ityvian, saerTaSoriso
rezonansi miiRo. es aris ,,kartezianuli ganazrebani”,
romelic misma erTgulma moskovelma megobrebma gamosces. 1997 wels mkiTxvelma es wigni frangul
TargmanSic miiRo parizSi gamocemuli.
am
naSromis
Tavad
dasabuTebaa
SinaarsiT
datvirTuli. igi erTgvari gamowvevaa da Tanac am moazrovnis gamowveva, romlis gavlenasac mamardaSvili
arasdros ar uaryofda. fenomenologiuri meTodis mamamTavarma e. huserlma ,,kartezianuli ganazrebani” 1929
w-s dawera (gamoqveynda 1950 w.). e. huserli dekartis
mTavar naSromze _ ,,ganazrebani pirvel filosofiaze”
_ iRebda orientacias. dekartis es naSromi 1639 w-s gamoica da ,,metafizikur ganazrebaTa” saxeliTaa cnobili. igi axali safexuri iyo evropuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. 1641 w. dekartis megobris, cnobili mecenatis
312
mersenes TaosnobiT misi saerTaSoriso masStabiT
ganxilva moewyo. monawileobdnen T. hobsi, h. gasendi,
Teologi arno da sxv.
miuxedavad udidesi popularobisa, dekarts XX s.
dasawyisSi evropuli filosofia umadurad Sexvda (e.
laski, n. hartmani, m. haidegeri). mas abralebdnen filosofiaSi arsebul kriziss, Semecnebis mowyvetas TavisTavadi sinamdvilisagan. edmund huserlis mizani iyo
axleburi orientacia dekartze. am naSromma Tavisi
saqme Seasrula da axlac asrulebs. magram aTeuli
wlebis Semdeg axal epoqaSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT
mZime iyo e. w. socialistur banakSi, aucilebeli gaxda
kvlevis filosofiuri orientaciis xelaxali dafuZneba. amas elodnen. ramdenad gaamarTla am siaxlem,
mowmobs mamardaSvilis erTguli mimdevris da moamagis
– i. senokosovis sityvebi, rusuli gamocemisaTvis
darTuli: igi am leqciebis msmeneli 300 kacis saxeliT
ambobs, rom es iyo ,,qveyanaSi profesiuli filosofiuri azris dabadeba”10.584
roca amas amboben a. losevis, v. asmusis, g. Spetis,
araferi rom ara vTqvaT v. soloviovis, n. berdiaevisa
da g. Sestovis qveyanaze, cxadia igulisxmeba aTeuli
wlebis manZilze reJimis batonobis Semdeg axali epoqis, axali azrovnebis Sesabamisi profesiuli filosofiis dabadeba.
m. mamardaSvilis am naSromis saTanado ganxilva,
iseve rogorc analogiuri filosofiuri wignebisa,
ufro mets adgils moiTxovs, vidre es wignia. aq mis
mxolod oriode debulebas warmovadegnT.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom es exeba
azris, rogorc zogadis arsebobis sakiTxs. igi platonidan moyolebuli awuxebs moazrovne evropas, magram
ar
awuxebda
sabWoTa
oficialur
filosofias,
romlisTvisac azri Tavad materiis ganviTarebis produqti iyo. igi arafers warmoadgenda arsis asaxvis
313
garda. isic unda iTqvas, rom es oficialuri Sexeduleba moqmedebda maSindel moridebul opoziciaze. gamoTqmis forma udavod gavlenas axdenda Sinaarsze
(amis kargi magaliTia cnobili rusi moazrovne a. losevi). amitom iyo moulodneli Tavad mowinave rusi
axalgazrdobisaTvis mamardaSvilis mier 1978 w. dasmuli SekiTxva: sad iyo maSin berZnuli azri, roca berZnebi gaqrnen da adresati jer kidev ar iyo gamoCenili?
aseve drouli da aucilebeli iyo filosofiuri
tradiciis gaawmyoebisaTvis m. mamardaSvilis debuleba:
,,Tu vinmem odesme Seasrula filosofiuri azrovnebis
aqti, masSi moqceulia yvelaferi, rac saerTod arsebobs
filosofiur
azrovnebaSi”11.585rogorc
kanti
ambobda: maswavlebeli is aris, vinc Zvelis ganmeorebiT
axals iswavlis.
dekartze aTasebs uweriaT, am sityvis pirdapiri
azriT, magram rogoradac ar unda yofiliyo is gagebuli (idealisti, materialisti, aTeisti, Teisti, monisti,
dualisti) yvela gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda
dekartis mkacr racionalizms da imas, rac ,,kogitodan”
uSualod gamomdinareobda, e.i. imas, rac dekartis analizur geometriasa da fsiqofizikur paralelizms
unaSTod egueboda. Tumca arsebobda kartezianuli Teologia, romelic YTviT n. malbranSs iTvlida Tavis rigebSi. mamardaSvilis leqciebidan dekartisadmi sul
sxva midgoma Cans: igi cdilobs araferi dakargos imisagan, rac dekartis naazrevi Tu namoqmedaria. igi cdilobs, da xSirad warmatebiT, didi moazrovnis zogjer
erTimeores gamomricxveli debulebebi erTianobaSi
iqnes nawvdomi. kargadaa moSveliebuli dekartis piradi
werilebi, misi piradi cxovrebis aspeqtebi. aq is, dekarti warmodgeba mkiTxvelis winaSe, romlisganac mravali urTierTgamomricxavi filosofiuri mimarTuleba
gamovida. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es dekarti meTodologiuri eWvis Sedegad miRebuli pirovnebadakarguli wminda
314
azrovneba ki ar aris, aramed mraval gansxvavebulTa
erTianoba. unda iTqvas, rom amis Sedegad warmodgenilia dekartis imgvari saxe, rogoric mocemulia didi
holandieli mxatvris fr.halsis mier Sesrulebul
portretze, romelic didi moazrovnis sikvdilis wina
wels Seiqmna.
,,kartezianul meditaciebSi” m. mamardaSvilma dekarti Teologias daubruna. man uCvena didi frangi moazrovnisaTvis rwmenis arsebiToba. amave dros misi
Tavsebadoba mecnierul codnasTan. tradiciulad ki dekartis materialisti da aTeisti mimdevrebis wyalobiT,
erTi mxriv da kaTolikuri eklesiis maSindel aratolerantobis gamo, meore mxriv, dekarti da misi
mimdevrebi Teologiidan idevneboda (saxelovani qarTveli marTlmadidebeli Teologi da mecnieri gerasime qiqoZec ase fiqrobda Tavis ,,eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi”).
mamardaSvils dasavleTSi XX s-is sokrates uwodebdnen. misi erT-erTi aSkarad sokratuli Tviseba iyo
SesaSuri gulaxdiloba sakuTari kvlevis Sedegebis SefasebaSi. aucilebeli da aqtualuri problemebis analizisas mas yofnida gambedaoba, misdami marTla savsebiT
mindobili auditoriis winaSe eTqva _ ,,me amisaTvis Zala
ar myofniso”12,586magram mas yovelTvis hyofnida Zala imisaTvis, rom saZiebeli Sinaarsi gacnobierebuli problemis saxiT msmenelebisaTvis Semdgom sakvlevad gadaeca.
m.
mamardaSvilis
,,kartezianuli
ganazrebani”
farTo msjelobis sagnad iqca. 1995 w. Jurnal ,,voprosi
filosofiis” #6-Si gamoqveynda cnobili rusi filosofosis n. motroSilovas werili _ ,,e. huserlis ,,kartezianuli ganazrebani” da ,,kartezianuli ganazrebani” m.
mamardaSvilisa (orerTiani gza transcendentaluri
egosaken)”. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs m. mamardaSvilis mier ,,axlas” analizs, misi metafizikuri
sazrisis ganxilvas. m. mamardaSvili miuTiTebs im
315
faqtze, rom dekarti raRac maniakalurad wamoswevs am
,,axlas” (mag., ,,axla, roca me ar vazrovneb” da sxv). misi
azriT, es iRebs Teologiuri uwyveti Sesaqmis azrs. es
mniSvneloba masTan gacilebiT metia, vidre huserlTan
SeiZleba igi amoikiTxo13.587n. motoroSilovas azriT, aq
ori ramaa, rac huserlTan araa mocemuli: 1. naCvenebia,
Tu ra realuri mdgomareoba xdis SesaZleblad fundamentur abstraqcias (reduqcias); 2. damajereblad
gancdadaa naCvenebi, Tu ra mosdis ,,ego kogito”s mompovebels, rogor gardaiqmneba igi da rogor tragikulad
Sordeba misi pirovneba gare samyaros. aq moazrovne pirovnebis da ganmcdelis erTianobaa naCvenebi. m. mamardaSvilis azriT, dekarti Tvlida, rom amqveynad
araa bedniereba da amitomac man abstraqciis ZaliT,
azrSi moicila es qveyana14.588amiT dekarti qveynisa da
sxvebis gamosworebis cdis gareSe gadavida WeSmaritebis samefoSi. amiT gasagebi xdeba m. mamardaSvilis debuleba imis Taobaze, rom dekartis ,,kogitoSi” erTmaneTs hkveTs dasavluri da aRmosavluri azrovneba, e.i.
realur konkretul samyaroze uaris Tqma da konkretuloba dakargul mes sivrciT-droiTi saxis gamoTvlisaTvis damorCileba.
m. mamardaSvilis mravali gamokvleva gamoqveynebas
elis. filosofiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saSuria kantze misi monografiis Targmna, romelic axali
stimuli iqneba Cveni filosofiuri azris ganviTarebisaTvis‡*.
arCil begiaSvili (1928-1996). arCil begiaSvilma,
rogorc filosofiis istorikosma, qarTul filosofiaSi nakleb damuSavebuli Tema airCia Tavis kvlevis Zi-
*‡ m. mamardaSvilze am statiis daweris Semdeg sakuTriv
mamardaSvilze bevri daiwera da gamoqveynda aseve misi
Sromebi rogorc qarTulad, ise ucxo enebze (red.).
316
riTad sagnad. es iyo inglisur-amerikuli enis filosofia. 1956 w-s igi farTo filosofiur auditorias warudga, rogorc inglisuri filosofiis mkvlevari
Jurnal ,,voprosi filosofiis” furclebze gamoqveynebuli weriliT _ ,,karl poperi _ marqsis kritikosi”.
mkacri kritikuli pozicia, rasac am Jurnalis redaqcia
moiTxovda, ver faravda, rom kritikas kvalificiuri
specialisti awarmoebda.
1961 w. amave Jurnalis furclebze gamoqveynda a.
begiaSvilis aqtualuri werili – ,,saWiroa Tu ara
burJuaziuli filosofiis imanenturi kritika?”. saqme
is iyo, rom stalinis sikdvilis Semdeg qarTul filosofiaSi TandaTanobiT gzas ikvlelvda mosazreba, rom
burJuaziuli filosofiis xelaRebiT uaryofaze ufro
damajerebeli da efeqturi iqneba, Tu imis Cveneba moxerxdeba, rom maTi Teoriebi Sinaganadac winaaRmdegobrivia. es SesaZleblobas iZleoda gasakritikebeli
avtoris mxolod socialuri funqciis aRniSvna (mag.
rom is gabatonebuli klasis msaxuria da a.S.) gaZlirebuli yofiliyo Sesabamisi Teoriis obieqturi analiziT. es k. baqraZisa da s. wereTlis wamowyeba iyo, romelsac axalgazrda mkvlevrebma da maT Soris, a. begiaSvilma, aubes mxari. k. baqraZis ,,uaxlesi da Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofiis narkvevebSi” (1960 w.
rusul enaze) aRniSnuli iyo, rom am ,,wignSi mocemulia
filosofiur SexedulebaTa imanenturi kritika da amave
dros avtori mudam cdilobda amosuliyo idealizmis
Sefasebis leninuri principidan”15.589wamyvani sabWoTa
filosofiuri Jurnalis redaqcia didxans ewinaaRmdegeboda amgvar pozicias. a. begiaSvilis werili didad daexmara saWiro midgomis legalizacias.
a. begiaSvilis pirveli monografiebi _ ,,analizis
meTodi Tanamedrove burJuaziul filosofiaSi” (1960 w.
rusul enaze) da ,,Tanamedrove inglisuri lingvisturi
filosofia” (1965 w. rusul enaze) – neopozitivizmis
317
pirvel safuZvliani da vrceli analizi iyo Cvens literaturaSi. am mxriv sayuradRebo Sedegebi CvenSi,
upirveles yovlisa, misganaa davalebuli. Tumca sxva
safuZvliani gamokvlevebic gamoaqveynes mogvianebiT v.
erqomaiSvilma da s. avalianma.
a. begiaSvilma SeimuSava neopozitivistebis sxvadasxva jgufTa logikuri klasifikaciis meTodi, romelic ramdenadme am mimarTulebis warmomadgenel mkvlevarTa mier analizis meTodis gansxvavebuli dafuZneba,
rogorc klasifikaciis saSualeba, farTod gamoiyeneba
neopozitivistur literaturaSi. a. begiaSvili fiqrobda, rom amgvar klasifikacias garkveuli safuZveli
aqvs, magram damakmayofilebeli araa, radgan damajerebel axsnas ver iZleva neopozitivistTa jgufebs Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebisa da maTi adgilis Sesaxeb. am
TvalsazrisiT, arsebiT ganmasxvavebel niSnad a. begiaSvili Tvlis TiToeulis pozicias analizis bazisisa
da teqnikis problemis gadawyvetisas16.590
logikur atomizmSi, a. begiaSvilis azriT, analizis meTodi dafuZnebulia farTo metafizikuri programiT, magram analizis meTodTan metafizikuri programis
SeerTeba ar aRmoCnda myari, radgan analizis es
programa, arsebiTad mkveTrad gamokveTili antimetafizikuri tendenciisa iyo.
logikuri atomizmis es Tanaarsi winaaRmdegoba gaacnobieres logikurma pozitivistebma da metafizikuri
wanamZRvrebis saerTod mocileba gadawyvites. amisaTvis
maT uaryves ,,umartivesi faqtebis” metafizikuri absolutizacia. SemoiRes e.w. protokoluri, oqmuri winaaRmdegobani, rogorc analizis sazRvriTi, saboloo
punqti. a. begiaSvili uCvenebs, rom neopozitivizmis
ganviTarebis proceSi gamoaSkaravda, rom es oqmuri winadadebebic gulisxmoben Sors mimaval metafizikur
daskvnebs, e.i. swored imas, rasac logikuri pozitivistebi miuReblad Tvlidnen.
318
inglisuri lingvisturi filosofiis logikur
adgils, amtkicebs a. begiaSvili, gansazRvravs logikuri pozitivistebis winaSe mdgari aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba. man analizis meTodis antimetafizikuri tendencia
ukiduresobamde miiyvana, magram amiT saerTod filosofiuri azrovnebis gareT aRmoCnda. isini iZulebulni
gaxdnen mTlianad enobrivi sferoTi Semofargluliyvnen. magram am sferoSi analizis meTodis dafuZnebisaTvis ufro Rirebuls verafers naxulobdnen, vidre
sakramentaluri formulaa: ,,Cveulebriv ase ixmareba”.
amiT naCvenebi iqna, rom analizis meTodi Tu rame sakuTriv metafizikur programas ar daemyareba, ar gamodgeba metafizikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. piriqiT,
misi logikuri bedi gvaiZulebs, rom metafizikuri sakiTxebis kanonzomiereba da aucilebloba vaRiaroT.
rogorc cnobilia, am periodisaTvis analizis filosofiis SigniT mimdinare brZolas ukve sakmaod didi
istoria hqonda. masze Sinagani gadamwyveti dartyma o.
quains ekuTvnoda. misi werili ,,empirizmis ori dogma”
(1951), zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, postanalizuri filosofiis sawyisia. am dogmebSi igulismxeba: 1. analizur da sinTezur msjelobaTa Soris gansxvaveba da 2.
imis daSveba, rom yoveli sazriani debuleba saboloo
angariSSi SeiZleba davides terminze, romelic gamocdilebasTan Sedarebadia. es mimarTulebis imanenturi kritika iyo, radgan quaini (iseve rogorc n. gudmeni)
r. karnapis mowafe iyo, da Semdeg daukavSirda amerikul pragmatizms17.591
neopozitivizmis kritika CvenSi sxva aspeqtiTac
warmoebda. h. raixenbaxis kritika mocemulia s. avalianis wignSi _ ,,h. raixenbaxis filosofiur Sexedulebani”
(1961 w). neopozotovizmis Semecnebis Teoria gaaanaliza
v. erqomaiSvilma werilSi _ ,,WeSmaritebi Sesaxeb neopozitivistur SexedulebaTa kritika” (1962 w). man gaagrZela Tavisi kvleva da Semajamebeli pozicia mogvca sa319
fuZvlian monografiaSi _ ,,logikuri pozitivizmi” (1974
w).
1970 w. a. begiaSvilma kidev ufro gaaRrmava neopozitivizmis kvelva da, garda amisa, b. raselis moZRvrebaze specialuri monografia gamoaqveyna. analizis meTodTan dakavSirebuli neopozitivisturi Teoriebi ase
daalaga: logikuri atomizmi (j. raili, j. uizdomi,
j.urmsoni), logikuri atomizmi (b. raseli, vitgenStainis adrindeli periodi), logikuri empirizmi (m.S.liki,
r.karnapi, o.noirati) da inglisuri lingvisturi filosofia.
b. rasels begiaSvilis ZiebebSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. igi Tvlis, rom b.raselis filosofiuri evolucia unda daviwyoT 1912 w. gamoqveynebuli
wigniT _ ,,filosofiuri problemebi”. Tumca cnobilia,
rom man am dromde mniSvnelovani da saintereso filosofiuri gza ganvlo. dekartis ,,kogito” misTvis yvelaze saimedo saSualeba iyo, magram ver SeamCniao, rom
,,damarwmuneblobis momenti gvaqvs ara mxolod Semecnebis aqtSi, aramed TviT aRqmebSi da SegrZnebebSi”18,592da
igi SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos samyaros mecnierul
suraTs. begiaSvili uCvenebs, rom aseTnairad aqvs gaazrebuli es sakiTxi rasels mogviano periodis SromaSic romelsac ,,adamianuri Semecneba” (1946 w.) ewodeba.
es gamWolia raselis poziciaTa mravalferovnebaSi.
,,adamianur SemecnebaSi” mocemulia 5 postulati (kvazi
mdgradobis, damoukidebeli miznobrivi rigis, vrceldrouli uwyvetobis, struqturulobisa da analogiis).
a.begiaSvilis azriT es im Zveli debulebi ganmeorebaa,
romlis Tanaxmadac, ,,Cvens aRqmaSi gare samyaros ganmeoradobis wyalobiT, gviCndeba garkveuli rwmena, romelic safuZvlad edeba mTels Cvens warmodgenas gare
samyaros Sesaxeb”19.593
raselis es naSromi dialeqtikuri logikis poziciidan gaakritika s. wereTelmac Tavis ,,dasabuTebis
320
sawyisSi” (1961 w). man aCvena, rom azrovnebis bunebis Sinagani dialeqtikurobis gamo, miuxedevad hegelisadmi
antipaTiisa raseli ver gaeqca hegelis dialeqtikis
gavlenas. es imaSi gamoixata, rom mecnieruli meTodis
gasamarTleblad postulatebs mimarTa20.594s. wereTlisagan gansxvavebiT, k. baqraZe 50-ian wlebSi dauaxlovda
raselis pozicias.
a. begiaSvili Tanamedrove filosofiis mxolod
erTi mimarTulebis analiziT ar Semofarglula. 1971 w.
man Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi Seufarda dasavleTi filosofiis saerTo mdgomareobas. es ganxorcielda wignSi
_ ,,Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofia”. aq neopozitivizmTan erTad eqsistencializmia ganxiluli. am ori
mimarTulebis urTierTdapirispireba a. begiaSvilis
azriT, kargad gamoxatavs Tanamedrove dasavleTSi
arsebul saazrovno situacias. igi xazs usvams, rom
warsuls Cabarda is dro, roca erTi romelime filosofiuri sistema moipovebda ganusazRvrel batonobas”21.595amasTanave, a. begiaSvili erT-erTi pirvelTagani
iyo CvenSi, vinc ikvlevda dasavleTis filosofiur
azrze marqsizmis gavlenas.
1985 w. a. begiaSvili aqveynebs sayuradRebo
naSroms _ ,,raseli da huserli”. warmoadgens ra am ori
didi moazrovnis sapirispiro poziciebs, aCvenebs, rom
saukunis dasawyisSi maT aerTianebda garkveuli aspeqtebi, rac mravlis amxsnelia XX s-is filosofiis ganviTarebaSi. es naSromi rusulad gamoica, iTargmna Cexurad da farTo sazogadoebis mowoneba daimsaxura.
321
meeqvse Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis kvleva da filosofiuri
kerebi saqarTveloSi
§ 1. qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis kvleva
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba XX s-is pirveli wlebidan iwyeba.
Tumca ufro adre solomon dodaSvilis (1805-1836) werilSi – ,,mokle ganxilva qarTulisa literaturisa
anu sityvierebisa” (,,saliteraturoni nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani”, 1832, #12) saubaria qarTvel moazrovneebze (efrem mcire, arsen iyalToeli, ioane petriwi, ioane tariWis Ze, SoTa rusTaveli, anton pirveli) da maT
wvlilze qarTul kulturaSi. magram es mainc iyo
qarTuli literaturis istoriis zogadi mimoxilva,
romelSic Sevidnen qarTuli filosofiuri azris
mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebic.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis kvlevaSi
pirobiTad SeiZleba gamoiyos ori etapi. pirveli etapi
niko marisa da ivane javaxiSvilis, xolo meore etapi
Salva nucubiZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
I etapi. ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940) pirveli
qarTveli avtoria, vinc mecnieruli poziciidan ganixila qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis zogierTi
sakiTxi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi statiebi: ,,zneobrivi
moZRvrebis istoria saqarTveloSi: qvelmoqmedeba da
saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebani” (Jurnali ,,iveria”, 1906,
#10-13) da ,,adamiani Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da
cxovrebaSi”, romelic pirvelad 1956 wels gamoqveynda
322
iv. javaxiSvilis krebulSi ,,qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi”. eWvgareSea, rom igi Cveni saukunis pirvel xanebSia dawerili. orive es statia
upirvelesad yuradRebas imsaxurebs Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli sinamdvilis eTikuri problematikis analiziT
_ misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebiT, rac ase damaxasiaTebeli iyo im periodis rogorc saero, ise sasuliero cxovrebisTvis.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis poziciidan, aseve sayuradReboa iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebebi
qarTul kulturaze, qarTul filosofiasa da renesansis elementebis arsebobaze XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, romelic mas gamoTqmuli aqvs 1914
wels1.596iv.
javaxiSvili
qarTuli
filosofiuri
azrisTvis
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas
aniWebda
berZnul kulturasTan siaxloves, kerZod, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, berZnuli poeziis dawafebas da safilosofio mwerlobis aTvisebas. am mosazrebebis marTebuloba utyuarad daadastura Semdgomi drois kvlevaZiebebma.
sayuradReboa iv. javaxiSvilis Tvalsazrisi renesansze, romlis Tanaxmadac XI-XII ss-is saqarTveloSi
yvela piroba arsebobda imisa, romlis msgavsma movlenebmac evropaSi renesansi warmoSva. magram saqarTveloSi am procesis dasrulebas xeli SeuSala monRolTa
Semosevebma. javaxiSvilis saboloo daskvniT, XI_XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda renesansis elementebi2.597
meore mecnieri, vinc qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoria mecnieruli Seswavlis sagnad gaixada,
iyo niko mari (1864-1934). niko marma 1909 wels peterburgSi rusul enaze gamoaqveyna gamokvleva. ,,ioane
petriwi XI-XII saukuneebis qarTveli neoplatonikosi”,
sadac damajereblad aris naCvenebi, rom ioane pertiwi
iyo neoplatonikosi filosofosi. amis garda, avtoris
323
safuZvliani dakvirvebiT, XI-XII da Semdgom XVIII ss-Si,
erekle mefis dros, filosofiuri azri saqarTveloSi
aRmavlobas ganicdida.
am gamokvlevaSi niko marma pirvelad gamoiyena
,,qarTuli neoplatonizmis” cneba, romelic Semdgom
damkvidrda qarTul mecnierebaSi; gamokvlevaSi gamoTqmulia sayuradRebo azrebi qarTul-somxur filosofiur urTierTobebze; naCvenebia ioane petriwis mier
prokles Txzulebaze darTuli komentarebis mniSvneloba rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli, ise somxuri filosofiuri azrisTvis. marma sayuradRebo azri gamoTqva
prokles naSromis _ ,,Teologiis pirvelsafuZvlebis”
(petriwis mixedviT ,,kavSirni RvTismetyuelebiTni”)
petriwiseuli Targmanisa da masze darTuli komentarebis qarTulidan somxurze Targmnis, xolo ufro gvian
prokles amave naSromze darTuli somxuri komentarebis
qarTulad Targmnis mizezebze. Zalze mniSvnelovania
(Tumca nakleb argumentirebuli) maris naSromis bolos
gakeTebuli daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac X-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelebi evropelebze ufro adre exmaurebodnen
im droisTvis yvelaze mowinave filosofiur mimdinareobebs da uSualod berZnuli originalebis sanimuSo
teqstualur kritikas eweodnen, rac epoqis moTxovnebs
pasuxobda.
niko maris gamokvleva ioane petriwis Semoqmedebaze, faqtobrivad, pirveli srulyofili da mecnierulad
gamarTuli naSromia qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis sakiTxebze.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT aseve, sayuradRebo iyo niko maris gamokvlevebi ,,vefxistyaosanze”: ,,vefxistyaosnis” Sesavali da daskvniTi strofebi” (1910) da ,,vefxistyaosani”
da
axali
kulturul-istoriuli
garemo”
(1917),
romlebSic naCvenebia rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi da neoplatonizmis kvali ,,vefxistyaosanSi”.
324
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Seswavlis
pirvel etapze iyvnen iseTi mkvlevrebi da filosofosebi, romlebic sagangebod ar muSaobdnen qarTul filosofiaSi, Tumca mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes am
dargis ganviTarebaSi da miuZRvnes mas gamokvlevebi.
sergi gorgaZem (1876-1929) imis garda, rom 1914 wels gamosca nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisas” petriwiseuli Targmani, gamoaqveyna sayuradRebo werilebi
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaze.: ,,neoplatonuri filosofiis erTi UuZvelesi kvalTagani qarTul
mwerlobaSi” (Jurnali ,,Cveni mecniereba”. 1923, #1) da
,,filosofiis mTavari dargebi qarTul mwerlobaSi”
(Jurnali ,,Cveni mecniereba”. 1923, #2-3), romlebSic gamoTqva varaudi areopagitikis rolze qarTuli kulturisaTvis.
vidre qarTuli filosofiis istoria mecnierebis
calke dargad Camoyalibdeboda, qarTveli filosofosebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobdnen rogorc
qarTuli filosofiis, ise qaTuli kulturis Zeglebis
ganxilvas filosofiis poziciidan. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos dimitri uznaZis (1886-1950),
sergi danelias (1888-1963), mose gogiberiZis (1897-1949) da
konstantine kapanelis (1889-1952) wvlili.
d. uznaZem qarTul mecnierebas saxeli gauTqva,
rogorc fsiqologma, Tumca man moRvaweoba filosofiiT daiwyo. d. uznaZis pirveli naSromi iyo _ ,,vl. soloviovi – misi Semecnebis Teoria da metafizika” (1909,
germanul enaze). filosofiaSi mniSvnelovan gamokvlevad iTvleba misi monografia ,,anri bergsoni” (1920).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs d. uznaZis gamokvlevebs:
,,n. baraTaSvilis lirikis motivebi” (1909), ,,gandgomilobis problema i. WavWavaZis ,,gandegilSi” (1911), ,,abaSelis
poezia” (1913) da ,,n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ganviTareba” (1922).
325
d. uznaZis es statiebi upirvelesad yuradRebas
imsaxurebs xelovnebis Zeglebisadmi filosofiuri
midgomis TvalsazrisiT. d. uznaZe faqtobrivad qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis filosofiuri poziciidan
ganxilvis tradiciis damwyebia qrTul mecnierebaSi.
sergi daneliam 1927 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi –
,,vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri”, sadac gatarebulia is
azri,
rom
xelovnebis
nawarmoebi
filosofiuri
aspeqtebsac Seicavs da, amdenad, igi sainteresoa filosofiis TvalsazrisiTac. am naSromSi avtorma mkacrad
gaakritika azri imis Taobaze, rom qarTveli mwerlebi
aucileblad romelime ucxour mimdinareobas miekuTvnebian.
s. danelias azriT, marTalia, vaJa-fSavelas filosofiuri traqtatebi ar dauweria, magram misi Semoqmedeba gamsWvalulia qarTuli enis suliT da, amdenad,
sainteresoa igi qarTuli filosofiuri azrisTvis.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis, aseve,
sainteresoa s. danelias polemikuri xasiTis statiebi
renensansis raobasa da fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa da
petre iberis identobis koncefciaze, romlebic mimarTulia S. nucubiZis mosazrebaTa winaaRmdeg. s. danelia principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda am koncefciebs, ramac Tavis dadebiTi roli Seasrula S. nucubiZis mosazrebaTa
Semdgomi
daxvewisa
da
srulyofis
TvalsazrisiT.
mose gogiberiZis SemoqmedebaSi, garda wminda filosofiuri problematikis kvleva-Ziebisa, rasac man
araerTi fundamenturi gamokvleva miuZRvna, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebs, petriwisa da rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobaTa arsisa da wyaroebis garkvevas, qarTuli
kulturis nimuSebis (qarTuli saxli, baraTaSvilis ,,merani”, zaqaria faliaSvilis musika da iakob nikolaZis
Semoqmedeba) filosofiur analizs.
326
angariSgasawevia m. gogiberiZis Tvalsazrisi saerTod neoplatonizmze da mis rolze qarTuli kulturisTvis. avtori gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, neoplatonizms ar aniWebs did mniSvnelobas,
miT umetes, qarTul kulturaze gavlenis azriT. Tumca
ar uaryofs am gavlenis kvals. m. gogiberiZe principulad ar iziarebs azrs petriwisa da rusTavelis neoplatonokosobis Sesaxeb. m. gogiberiZis Sexedulebebi
da kvlevis Sedegebi qarTuli filosofiisa da qarTuli kulturis sakiTxebze gamoirCeva RrmasafuZvlianobiTa da originalurobiT.
XX s-Si qarTuli filosofiuri azrisa da qarTuli sulis genezisis gamokvlevis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana kontantine kapanelma. am kuTxiT sayuradReboa misi Semdegi naSromebi: ,,qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi” (1926), ,,qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi” (1928) da ,,qarTuli kulturis suli” –
misi Sromidan _ ,,suli da idea” (1922) (ix. agreTve, krebuli ,,qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi”, 1996) da ,,socialuri esTetikis safuZvlebi. organotropizmi” (1925),
sadac qarTuli literaturis socialur-filosofiuri
analizia mocemuli. eduard koduas (1931-2002) azriT, SeiZleba k. kapanelis zogierTi azri dausabuTebeli da
miuRebeli iyos, magram faqtia isic, rom ,,kapanelma scada literaturisa da socialuri sinamdvilis es gansakuTrebuli kavSiri gaeanalizebina sociologiis Suqze,
rac WeSmaritad siaxle iyo Cveni mecnierebisaTvis”3.598
k. kapaneli qarTul literaturas miiCnevda, rogorc qarTuli sinamdvilis asaxvas, mis ukufenas. am
kuTxiT aqvs mas ganxiluli rusTavelis, ilia WavWavaZisa da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba.
II etapi. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis, rogorc
mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis, Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia akad. Salva nucubiZis saxelTan. S. nucubiZis Semoqmedebis meore periodSi mTavar adgils ika327
vebs qarTuli filosofiuri azris qarTuli literaturisa da saerTod qarTuli kulturis kvleva-Ziebis sakiTxebi. vidre S. nucubiZe qarTuli filosofiis
istoriis
ortomeuls
(t.
I,
1956;
t
II,
1958)
gamoaqveynebda, manamde man mravalwliani mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebi Caatara, romelic TiTqmis or aTeul wels
moicavs. es kvleva-Ziebani srulyofilad aisaxa misi
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ortomeulSi (1956, I t.,
1958, II t.), romelic moicavs qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istorias Zveli droidan solomon dodaSvilis
msoflmxedvelobis CaTvliT.
S. nucubiZis moRvaweobaSi ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxia: aRmosavluri renesansis Teoria da identobis
koncefcia, rac fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa da V s-is
cnobili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawis, petre iberis
(411-491) igiveobas gulisxmobs.
1. aRmosavluri renesansis Teoria. qarTvel mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebuli daintereseba renesansis sakiTxebiT ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom XI-XII ss-is qarTuli
kultura da misi mwvervali rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani” renesansul movlenadaa miCneuli. mkvlevarTa erTi
nawili renesansSi gulisxmobs amqveyniuri sinamdvilisadmi mniSvnelobis miniWebas da mis Rirebulad gamocxadebas, adamianis dayenebas samyaros centrSi; meore
nawili renesanss religiur movlenas ukavSirebs; mesame
ki renesansis warmoSobis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs
qalaquri cxovrebis maRal dones da mas kapitalizmis
gariJraJad Tvlis. sxva TvalsazrisiT, renesansi
qveynad kulturis saerTo aRmavlobas moyveba.
tradiciulad, renesanss evropul movlenad miiCnevdnen da mas ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis kulturas ukavSirebdnen. S. nucubiZe
1941 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebul naSromSi _
,,aRmosavluri renesansi da evropocentrizmis kritika”
– wamoayena Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, renesansi
328
evropaze adre arsebobda qristianul aRmosavleTSi,
kerZod, saqarTveloSi.
S. nucubiZem aRmosavluri da qarTuli renesansis
sakiTxebi SemdgomSi ufro vrclad da amomwuravad ganixila TbilisSi rusul enaze gamoqveynebul SromebSi:
,,rusTaveli da aRmosavluri renesansi” (1947), ,,rusTavelis Semoqmedeba” (1958), ,,petre iberi da antikuri filosofiuri memkvidreoba” (1963) da, agreTve, ukve dasaxelebul qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ortomeulSi.
S. nucubiZis aRmosavluri renesansis Teoria yuradRebas imsaxurebs imiTac, rom avtori ikvlevs da
adgens renesansis msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvels da
aseTad mas miaCnia neoplatonuri filosofia, kerZod,
misi qristianuli redaqcia _ areopagituli moZRvreba.
areopagitikis avtoris mTavar damsaxurebad S. nucubiZe
Tvlida imas, rom man antikuri memkvidreoba ,,gadargo
qristianul safuZvelze” da SeZlo ,,..antikuri filosofiuri moZRvrebis Serwyma qristologiaSi neoplatonizmis meSveobiT”4.599
renesansis filosofiuri Zirebis Ziebisas S. nucubiZe mivida im azramde, rom Sua saukuneebSi antikurobis aTviseba xdeboda ori gziT: antikuri memkvidreobis
logikuri ganviTareba mis saboloo formebamde da saeklesio azrovnebis cdebi – ekleqtikurad SeeguebinaT
antikuri azrovneba qristianuli dogmebis dafuZnebisadmi5.600pirvel gzas miekuTvnebian fsevdo-dionise areopageli, ioane skot eriugena, ioane itali, ioane petriwi da sxv. es gza amzadebs nikoloz kuzanelisa da
jordano brunos panTeizms. meore gzis mimdevarni ki
iyvnen kliment aleqsandrieli, tertuliane, avgustine,
maqsime aRmsarebeli, Toma akvineli, albert didi da
sxv.
antikurobis aTvisebis pirveli gza, S. nucubiZis
azriT, msoflmxedvelobrivad amzadebs renesanss. aq
mTavari roli ekuTvnoda areopagitul moZRvrebas, sa329
dac mocemuli iyo pirvelmizezidan arsebaTa aucileblad gamomdinareobis principi da gamoricxuli iyo
winaswari
arCevani6,601rac
ewinaaRmdgeba
kreaciis
dogmats (RmerTis mier arsebaTa Seqmna arafrisgan,
droSi, nebelobiTi aqtis safuZvelze).
pirvelmizezis (RmerTis) da samyaros aseTi mimarTeba maTi erTianobis safuZvelia, rac samyaros,
samyaroSi arsebul sagnebsa da arsebebs Rirebuls xdis
(yvela maTganSi RvTaebrivi kvalia). swored amis safuZvelze miaCnda S. nucubiZes areopagituli moZRvreba
renesansis mTavar msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlad.
S. nucubiZis aRmosavluri renesansis Teoriis
birTvia qarTuli renesansis Tvalsazrisi. S. nucubiZes
areopagituli moZRvrebis namdvil avtorad miaCnda
petre iberi da amdenad XI s-Si efrem mcires mier
qarTulad Targmnil areopagitul Txzulebebs, romelTac misi azriT, gadamwyveti gavlena hqonda
,,vefxistyaosanze“, faqtobrivad qarTul movlenad miiCnevda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, S. nucubiZes ,,vefxistyaosani“
renesansul
Zeglad
miaCnda,
romelsac
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli gaaCnda sakuTar niadagze.
S. nucubiZis saboloo daskvniT, qarTuli renesansi droSi win uswrebda renesanss evropaSi. es
Tvalsazrisi bevrma gaiziara rogorc CvenSi, ise Cveni
qveynis sazRvrebs gareT, maT Soris gamoCenilma rusma
mecniereba aleqsei losevma7.602
momxreebTan erTad S. nucubiZis aRmosavluri
(qarTuli) renesansis Teorias hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebic.
2. identobis koncefcia. qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriisTvis didad mniSvnelovania, agreTve, S.
nucubiZis Tvalsazrisi fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa
da petre iberis identobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, es kvleva-Zieba ZiriTadad filologiuri xasiaTisaa, magram igi
330
sainteresoa qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvisac.
areopagituli Txzulebebis avtorobis sakiTxi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebisa
da kamaTis sagani. am Txzulebebis arseboba cnobili
gaxda 532 wels konstantinopolis saeklesio krebaze,
sadac maT avtorad moxseniebuli iqna I s-is saeklesio
moRvawe, aTenis areopagis wevri, episkoposi dionise.
renesansis epoqis filosofosebma lorenco valam
da erazm roterdamelma eWvi Seitanes imaSi, rom dionise areopagelia e.w. areopagituli korpusis avtori. amitomac dionises, rogorc areopagituli korpusis
avtors, amis Semdeg moixseniebdnen ,,fsevdos” (yalbis)
saxeliT (aqedan fsevdo-dionise areopageli).
XIX s-is miwuruls germanelma mecnierebma i.
Stiglmairma da h. koxma TavianTi gamokvlevebiT8603aCvenes, rom areopagituli korpusis avtori ganicdis neoplatonikosi filosofosis _ prokles (412-485) gavlenas.
XX s-is 30-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis areopagituli moZRvrebis saZiebel avtorTan mimarTebiT viTareba aseTi iyo:
areopagituli moZRvreba neoplatonuri filosofiis, kerZod, prokles msoflmxedvelobis udavo gavlenas ganicdis;
areopagituli Txzulebani dawerilia 462 wlis
Semdeg, platonis dialog ,,alkibiadeze“ prokleseuli
komentarebis gavleniT. ramdenadac areopagituli Txzulebani pirvelad moxseniebuli iqna 532 wels, amdenad
maTi daweris dro 462-532 wlebiT unda ganisazRvros;
areopagituli Txzulebani qalaq gazas kulturul garemoSia Seqmnili da misi avtori episkoposi
unda yofiliyo.
1942 wels S. nucubiZe aqveynebs naSroms saTauriT:
,,fsevdo-dionise areopagelis saidumloeba“ (rusulad),
331
sadac igi amtkicebs, rom areopagituli wignebis namdvili avtoria V s-is cnobili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawe palestinaSi, maiumis episkoposi petre iberi. S. nucubiZe aRniSnul sakiTxs daubrunda qarTuli filosofiis istoriasa (t. I) da gamokvlevaSi _ ,,petre iberi da
antikuri filosofiuri memkvidreoba“ (1963).
vidre aseT daskvnamde mividoda, S. nucubiZem saTanadod Seiswavla da gaanaliza saZiebel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli literatura, areopagituli Txzulebebis
Seqmnis garemo da sabolood mivida im azramde, rom savaraudo garemosa (q. gazas kulturuli garemo) da savaraudo periodSi (462-532), visac SeeZlo daewera im donis naSromebi, rogoricaa areopagituli Txzulebebi,
iyo mxolod petre iberi. S. nucubiZes Tavisi koncefciis sasargeblod hqonda ufro konkretuli da faqtologiuri sabuTebi, ris safuZvelzec man petre iberi aRiara areopagituli Txzulebebis erTaderT avtorad9.604
iseve, rogorc S. nucubiZis aRmosavluri da
qarTuli renesansis Teorias, aseve, mis identobis
koncefcias, hyavs momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebi rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT.
3. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba. S. nucubiZem Tavisi mecnieruli
moRvaweoba daiwyo wminda filosofiuri problemebis
damuSavebiT. filosofiuri iyo misi pirveli naSromi
,,bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria“ (1913). momdevno filosofiur naSromebSi da gansakuTrebiT ,,aleTologiur
realizmSi“ igi gamorCeul interess amJRavnebs neoplatonuri filosofiisadmi, kerZod, am sistemis im nawilebisadmi, sadac mocemulia dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da negatiuri Teologiis principebi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom, roca S. nucubiZe safuZvlianad iwyebs
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis sakiTxebze muSaobas,
faqtobrivad es iyo filosofiaSi adre dawyebuli
saqmis gagrZeleba. mxedvelobaSia is garemoeba, rom
332
qarTuli filosofiuri azris CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli aqvs Sesrulebuli neoplatonizms da qarTul
saazrovno viTarebaSi gadmosuli iyo neoplatonuri
filosofiis mTavari principebi. es azri gvxvdeba n.
marTan, i. javaxiSvilTan da S. nucubiZesTan igi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens.
S. nucubiZis intensiuri moRvaweoba qarTuli filosofiis istoriisa da qarTuli kulturis sakiTxebze
dasrulda mecnierebis axali dargis, _ qarTuli filosofiis itoriis CamoyalibebiT, romlis I tomi moicavs
qarTuli filosofiuri azris Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas IV saukunidan XII s-is CaTvliT, xolo meore
tomSi warmodgenilia XIV-XIX ss-is qarTuli filosofia solomon dodaSvilis Semoqmedebis CaTvliT.
S. nucubiZem qarTuli filosofiis istoria gaiazra, rogorc erTiani mTeli, gaafarTova misi sazRvrebi (IV s-idan), dayo igi periodebad da gamoyo masSi mTavari momentebi.
S. nucubiZem qarTuli filosofiuri azris CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli mianiWa neoplatonizms,
romelic, misi azriT, mTlianad mWvalavs qarTul sulier kulturas. amis garda, S. nucubiZis qarTuli filosofiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli adgili aqvs daTmobili asurel mamaTa, efrem mciris, arsen iyalToelis,
ioane petriwis, rusTavelis, JamTaaRmwerlis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, anton pirvelis, aleqsandre amilaxvaris, solomon dodaSvilisa da sxvaTa msoflmxedvelobaTa analizsa da Sefasebas.
S. nucubiZis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is,
rom man xelTarsebuli masalebis safuZvelze damajereblad aCvena saqarTveloSi, kerZod, XI-XII ss-Si, saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis principebis asaxva im droindel
filosofiursa da sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi. amasTan,
nucubiZem am periodis qarTuli kultura gaiazra, rogorc renesansuli da mis warmoqmnaSi gadamwyveti
333
mniSvneloba
mianiWa
neoplatonizmis
qristianul
redaqcias _ areopagitul moZRvrebas.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebze, renesansis problemebsa da rusTvelologiaSi
gamokvlevebiT, S. nucubiZem fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana qarTuli azrovnebis istoriis sistemuri kvlevis
saqmeSi
* * *
qarTuli filosofiis istoriaSi S. nucubiZis
gzis gamgrZelebeli iyo Salva xidaSeli (1910-1994). igi
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresda jer kidev 1936 wels, roca muSaoba daiwyo ivane
javaxiSvilTan da didi mecnieris winadadebiTa da rCeviT Seudga rusTavelisa da misi epoqis filosofiuri
memkvidreobis Seswavlas.
filosofiis institutis daarsebisTanave (1946) S.
xidaSeli muSaobas iwyebs am samecniero dawesebulebaSi da ikvlevs antikuri drois filosofosis parmenides Semoqmedebis ZoriTad principebsa da msoflmxedvelur mimarTulebas, rasac miuZRvna monografia _ ,,arsis
problema parmenides filosofiaSi“ (1960).
S. xidaSelis kvleva-Ziebis mTavari sfero iyo
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria. marTalia, igi
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis kvleva-ZiebaSi.
S. nucubiZis mier dawyebul saqmes agrZelebda da aviTarebda, magram mas Tavidanve kvlevis sakuTari, S. nucubiZisgan damoukidebeli gza hqonda arCeuli, rac
SemdegSi mdgomareobda: qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoria da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaazreba
rusTavelis epoqis msoflmxedvelobriv mimarTulebebTan istoriuli da logikuri kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli saazrovno viTarebisa da kulturis Sefaseba aqsiologiis (Rirebulebis Teoriis) poziciidan. am
TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa misi Semdegi Sromebi: ,,gi334
orgi merCules msoflmxedveloba Zveli qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT” (1951), ,,sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri
azris ZiriTadi mimdinareobani feodalur saqarTveloSi“ (1952), ,,qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri
azris istoriidan“ (1954), ,,feodaluri xanis qarTuli
filosofiuri azrisis istoriis sagnis sakiTxisaTvis“
(1955). am SromebSi S. xidaSels gatarebuli aqvs is ZiriTadi azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ori
mTavari msoflmxedvelobrivi mimarTuleba: erTi, gabatonebuli oficialuri gamoricxavs iseT Sexedulebas,
romlis mixedviTac amqveyniur cxovrebas TavisTavadi,
damoukidebeli mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba aqvs, xolo
meore ZiriTadad rusTavelis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmadac _ samyaro, materialuri sinamdvile _ ,,uTvalavi feriT“, aris gaSlili da is TavisTavad aris mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli.
S. xidaSelis gamokvlevebSi, romlebic Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saazrovno viTarebisa da qarTuli
kulturisadmia miZRvnili, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
amqveyniuri sinamdvilis Rirebulad aRiarebis faqtors.
am problemas, avtoris azriT, oTxi aspeqti gaaCnia:
ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, eTikuri da esTeTikuri.
es
sakiTxebi S.
xidaSelma ganixila
sxvadasxva
naSromSi. sabolood ki am mimarTebiT misi mravalwliani muSaoba Sejamda zemoT moxsenebul fundamentur gamokvlevaSi: ,,ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobrivi mimarTunebani feodalur saqarTveloSi“ (1962, rusulad).
80-iani wlebidan S. xidaSelis SemoqmedebaSi axali
etapi iwyeba. 1981-1991 wlebSi igi zedized aqveynebs qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan da sayuradRebo monografiebs: ,,rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebi“ (1981), ,,qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebi“
(1984, rusulad), ,,neoplatonuri ideebis asaxva Sua sauku335
neebis filosofiaSi“ (1986, TanavtorobiT), ,,qarTuli filosofi is istoria“ (IV-XIIss, 1988), ,,neoplatonizmis Teoria rusTvelologiaSi“ (1990) da ,,areopagitika da
qarTuli filosofiuri azris sakiTxebi“ (1991, TanaavtorobiT). am naSromebSi avtori aRrmavebs da aviTarebs Tavis adrindel Tvalsazrisebs da debulebebs.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos S. xidaSelis wvlili S.
nucubiZis renesansis Teoriisa da nucubiZe-honigmanis
koncefciis dacvasa da ganviTarebaSi. qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebis mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos misi polemika germanel filosofos profesor
zigfrid volgastTan10.605
S. xidaSelis naSromebSi, iseve, rogorc S. nucubiZesTan, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba neoplatonuri filosofiis rols qarTuli filosofiuri azrisTvis,
mis did gavlenas qarTul kulturaze. igi qarTvel mecnierTa Soris erT-erTi aqtiuri momxrea Tvalsazrisisa,
romlis mixedviTac qarTul kulturaze, gansakuTrebiT
ki qarTul filosofiur azrze, gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina neoplatonizmma da am Tvalsazriss igi sakuTari
argumentebiT asabuTebs.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevis paralelurad S. xidaSeli intensiurad
ikvlevda filosofiis istoriis, meTodologiisa da
Sua saukuneebSi filosofiis istoriis sagnis sakiTxebs, rac aisaxa mis sxvadasxva naSromSi, maT Soris
_ ,,qarTuli Sua saukuneebis kulturis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebi aqsiologiis TvalsazrisiT“ (,,mnaTobi“, 1982, №12). am naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi gamoqveynda Jurnal ,,voprosi filosofii”-Si da ,,literaturnaia gruziaSi“ (1983, №5).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes im qarTvelma filosofosebma, romlebmac moRvaweobis calkeul monakveTze kvleva-Ziebis obieqtad gaixades qarTuli filosofia. am mi336
marTebiT sayuradReboa grigol kalandariSvilis (19041965) monografia: ,,narkvevebi logikis istoriis Sesaxeb
saqarTveloSi (masalebi da gamokvlevis cdebi)“ (I gamocema, 1952; II gamocema 1955). am gamokvlevaSi ganxilulia
logikis mecnierebis istoria saqarTveloSi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi.
ioane
petriwis
filosofiis
filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba saukuneebis manZilze mxolod qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis iyo cnobili. 1942 wels TbilisSi rusul enaze gamovida ilia fancxavas Targmnili petriwis
komentarebi saTanado samecniero aparatiT.
1945 wels gamovida solomon dodaSvilis ,,logika“,
romelic gamosca da vrceli Sesavali werili daurTo
aleqsandre quTeliam (1904-1974). werilSi ganxilulia
solomon dodaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebi. masve
ekuTvnis gamokvlevebi: ,,vaJa-fSavela. moazrovne da humanisti“ (1947) da ,,nikoloz baraTaSvilis filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba. kritikuli SeniSvnebi“ (I gamocema,
1945; II gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 1968).
qarTuli filosofiis kvleviT daiwyo moRvaweoba
cnobilma filosofosma apolon Seroziam (1927-1980). mas
ekuTvnis gamokvleva _ ,,filosofiuri azri saqarTveloSi XX s. I meoTxedSi“ (1963). filosofiis institutis
pirvel direqtors petre Sarias (1902-1979) ki ekuTvnis gamokvleva ,,SoTa rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobisa da Semoqmedebis zogierTi sakiTxi“ (1976), sadac igi ar iziarebs rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobaze qarTvel filosofosTa (S. nucubiZe, S. xidaSeli) Sexedulebebs. meqi kilaberias ekuTvnis gamokvleva _ ,,istoriuli materializmis sakiTxebi a. wulukiZis SromebSi“ (1959).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istorias exmaureba
naSromebi, romlebic miZRvnilia sazogadoebrivi azris
istoriisadmi saqarTveloSi. am mxriv unda aRiniSnos leo
gorgilaZis ,,qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan“ (1961) da ,,ideologiuri brZolis istoriidan sa337
qarTveloSi“ (1963), prokofi ratianis ,,ilia WavWavaZis
filosofiuri da socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi“
(1954).
qarTveli fsiqologi aleqsandre frangiSvili monografiaSi _ ,,narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (XVII-XVIII ss. da XIXsis dasawyisSi)“ (1959) exeba am periodis qarTvel filosofosTa Sexedulebebsac.
sayuradReboa, agreTve, mixeil gafrindaSvilis
naSromebi XIX s-is qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriaze da guram yoranaSvilis gamokvlevebi qarTuli renesansisa da, saerTod, saqarTvelos istoriis filosofiur
gaazrebaze.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebi
gvxvdeba qarTvel filologTa (k. kekeliZe, s. yauxCiSvili, a. baramiZe, g. nadiraZe, i. lolaSvili, g. jiblaZe, a.
gawerelia, i. megreliZe, m. duduCava, d. meliqiSvili, m.
rafava, e. xinTibiZe, r. siraZe da sxv.) naSromebSi, sadac
ganxilvis sagania rogorc qarTuli filosofiuri, ise
esTtikuri azris istoria, renesansis sakiTxebi, petriwis,
rusTavelis da sxva qarTvel SemoqmedTa msoflmxedveloba.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris sakiTxebis kvleva-Ziebas didi Rvawli dasdes Tanamedrove qarTvelma
mklevrebma: g. TevzaZem, s. avalianma, v. gagoiZem, v. erqomaiSvilma, v. kerZevaZem, f. nadibaiZem, n. naTaZem, b. uridiam, b. kartoziam da sxvebma, romelTa gamokvlevebSi
ganxilulia qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sxvadasxva etapebi da qarTvel filosofosTa Semoqmedeba.
aRniSvnis Rirsia mecnierul-popularuli xasiaTis
naSromebi qarTvel filosofosebze, kerZod:
S. xidaSeli _ ,,ioane petriwi. cxovreba da moRvaweoba“ (1956); ,,Salva nucubiZe“ (1969, I gamocema; 1989, II gamocema).
338
g. rusia _ ,,solomon dodaSvilis filosofiuri
Sexedulebani“ (1962).
b. lutiZe _ ,,gamoCenili mecnieri da pedagogi (k.
baqraZe)” (1964).
b. kartozia _ ,,sergi danelia“ (1970).
T. kukava _ ,, ioane petriwis msoflmxedveloba“
(1971).
s. avaliani _ ,,savle wereTeli“ (1973); misive _
,,anton pirveli” (1987).
e. kodua _ ,,kote baqraZe“ (1973); ,,sergi danelia”
(1978; II Sevsebuli gamocema _ 1989).
d. meliqiSvili _ ,,ioane petriwis SromaTa ena da
stili“ (1975).
i. lolaSvili _ ,,arsen iyalToeli“ (1982).
b. uridia _ ,,sergi danelia“ (1983, 1990); ,,Salva nucubiZe“ (1988).
T. nucubiZe _ ,,Salva nucubiZe (mecnieris gza)“
(1988).
v. kvaracxelia _ ,,venor qvaCaxia“ (1990).
XX s-is saqarTveloSi filosofiuri azris istoriis kvlevisadmia miZRvnili meri WeliZis ,,filosofiuri
mecnierebis ganviTareba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi“ (1971), Tamaz buaCiZisa da o. jioevis _ ,,filosofiuri azri saqarTveloSi sabWoTa wyobilebis dros“ (,,voprosi filosofii“. 1967, №9, gv. 13-25), mixeil maxaraZis _ ,,sabWoTa
periodis qarTuli filosofiuri azri“ (,,macne” filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria. 1987, #3) da sxv.
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo saiubileo krebulebis gamocema, romlebic miZRvnilia gamoCenili qarTveli filosofosebisadmi, maTSoris:
krebuli _ savle wereTeli, 1967 (redaqtori n.
WavWavaZe);
krebuli _ Salva nucubiZe, dabadebidan 90-e
wlisTavi, 1980. (rusulad. saredaqcio kolegia: a. begiaSvili, g. TevzaZe, n. naTaZe); solomon dodaSvili. saiu339
bileo krebuli. miZRvnili s. dodaSvilis dabadebidan
180 wlisTavisadmi. 1986 (saredaqcio kolegia; T. kukava,
s. xuciSvili, S. xidaSeli, o. gabiZaSvili);
savle wereTeli. saiubileo krebuli, miZRvnili
dabadebidan 90 wlisTavisadmi (1997, red: T. buaCiZe, m.
maxaraZe).
sayovelTaod cnobilia gamoCenili rusi filosofosis aleqsei losevis (1893-1988) damokidebuleba
qarTuli
kulturisadmi,
misi
dadebiTi
pozicia
qarTvel filosofosTa Semoqmedebisadmi, qarTuli renesansisa da qarTuli neoplatonizmisadmi. didi mecnierisadmi pativiscemis gamoxatuleba iyo saiubileo krebuli, romelic mieZRvna a. losevis dabadebidan 90-e
wlisTavs. krebuli moamzada da gamosca Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma 1983 wels (rusulad. saredaqcio kolegia: r. gordeziani, g. TevzaZe, d. joxaZe).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebs
intensiurad ikvleven filosofiis institutis qarTuli
filosofiis istoriis ganyofilebaSi, romelic 1967
wels gaixsna. aRniSnuli kvleva-Ziebis erTi nawili
qveyndeboda krebulSi: ,,qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis narkvevebi“. gamovida am narkvevebis 6 tomi
(1969-1979). redaqtori _ S. xidaSeli.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sakiTxebi
ganxilulia krebulebSi ,,areopagituli Ziebani“ (Tsu-s
gamomcemloba, 1986. redaqtori d. sumbaZe), ,,qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebi“ (,,mecniereba“, 1988. redaqtori S. xidaSeli) da Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriis
problemebi“ (nawili Ι, 1981. redaqtori g. TevzaZe).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisa da
qarTuli
kulturis
memkvidreobis
aTvisebis
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani movlena iyo qarTvel filosofosTa akademiuri gamocemebi. jer kidev 1914 wels
sergi gorgaZem gamosca ioane petriwis mier Targmnili
nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa“, xolo 1937 da
340
1940 wlebSi gamovida ioane petriwis Sromebis ortomeuli, S. nucubiZis, m. gogiberiZisa da s. yauxCiSvilis Sesavali werilebiTa da redaqtorobiT. 1961 wels samson
enuqaSvilma gamosca areopagituli Txzulebani saTauriT: petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli) Sromebi. gamocemas Tan axlavs gamomcemlis vrceli Sesavali
werili, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni.
ioane petriwis filosofiis sazRvargareT gatanis
TvalsazrisiT didad mniSvnelovani iyo misi komentarebis axali gamocema moskovSi ,,filosofiuri memkvidreobis“ 91-e tomSi (Sesavali werilis da komentarebis
avtori g. TevzaZe. redaqtorebi: g. TevzaZe da n. naTaZe).
axalgazrda mkvlevarma lela aleqsiZem ki petriwis
Txzulebis mniSvnelovani fragmentebi Tavisive komentarebiT gamoaqveyna germanul Jurnal ,,Ortodoxe Forum”-Si
(1995, №2, gv. 141-171).
ufro adre germanul enaze gamoqveynda m. maxaraZis vrceli statia ioane petriwis Txzulebis rusul
enaze ,,filosofiuri memkvidreobis“ seriiT gamocemasaTan dakavSirebiT (,,Georgica”, 1987, №10). 1997 wels amave
JurnalSi gamoqveynda i. braWulis ,,qarTuli filosofia 1990-1996 wlebSi“ da q. nucubiZis, ,,Salva nucubiZe
da germanuli kultura“ (№20).
70-ani wlebidan CvenSi sistemur saxes iRebs
qarTvel filosofosTa memkvidreobis akademiuri gamocemebi mravaltomeulis saxiT. ukve gamoica Salva nucubiZis 9 tomi (1970-1985). m. gogiberiZis oTxtomeuli
(1970-1978), k. baqraZis naSromebis eqvstomeuli (1972-1982),
d. uznaZis filosoiuri naSromebi or wignad (1984, 1986),
s. wereTlis narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi or tomad (1973, 1986). gamoica akad. a. boWoriSvilis mravaltomeulis ramdenime tomi. rusulad gamoica S. nucubiZisa
da k. baqraZis mravaltomeulebis pirveli tomebi.
mravaltomeulebis garda, gansaxilvel periodSi
gamovida qarTvel filosofosTa erTtomeulebi Tu
341
calke naSomebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: solomon dodaSvilis Txzulebani (1989. Semdgeneli da winasityvaobis avtori T. kukava; redaqtorebi: s. xuciSvili da o.
gabiZaSvili); ioane petriwis ,,saTnoebaTa kibe“ (gamomcemeli i. lolaSvili, 1968); arCil jorjaZis ,,werilebi“
(1989. Semdgenel-redaqtori e. kodua); sergi danelias
,,kantis cxovreba da filosofiuri moRvaweoba“ (1977.
rusulad. redaqtori e. kodua) da ,,antikuri filosofiis narkvevebi“ (1983. redaqtori e. kodua); konstantine kapanelis ,,filosofiuri Sromebi“ (1989. redaqtori e. kodua) da ,,qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi“ (1996. redaqtori e. kodua); zurab kakabaZis ,,eqsistencialuri
krizisis problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia“ (1985), ,,adamiani rogorc filosofiuri problema” (1987) da ,,filosofiuri saubrebi“
(1988); k. gordelaZis ,,organicistuli mimdinareoba sociologiaSi“ (1985).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi gaweuli
kvleva-Zieba da miRebuli Sedegebi gaxda imis safuZveli,
rom saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis 1986
wlis 30 ianvris dadgenilebiT daiwyo momzadeba qarTuli
filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis gamosacemad.
§ 2. filosofiuri kerebi saqarTveloSi
da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba
1918 wels gaixsna Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, romelic male gadaiqca qarTveli xalxis sulieri
kulturis centrad. universitetis damaarsebelTa Soris
iyo im droisTvis axalgazrda, magram ruseTis samecniero
wreebSi ukve sakmaod kargad cnobili da aRiarebuli filosofosi Salva nucubiZe. Tbilisis saxlemwifo universiteti daarsebisTanave mTeli rigi mecnieruli dargebis, maT Soris, filosofiis aRmavlobis mZlavri kera
342
gaxda. amas xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom universitetSi S. nucubiZis garda moRvaweobdnen iseTi filosofosebi, rogorebic iyvnen d. uznaZe da s. danelia.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 1918 wlis 26
maiss Camoyalibda ,,petriwis saxelobis safilosofio sazogadoeba“, romlis iniciatorebic iyvnen: s. gorgaZe, i.
yifSiZe, S. nucubiZe, d. uznaZe da s. danelia. petriwis sazogadoeba iyo pirveli organizacia, romlis upirveles
mizansac Seadgenda qarTvel filosofosTa memkvidreobis
Seswavla da gamocema. S. nucubiZem Camoayaliba filosofiuri seminaric, romlis zogierTi msmeneli (m. gogiberiZe, k. baqraZe, k. megreliZe, s. wereTeli, a. boWoriSvili)
SemdegSi aRiarebuli filosofosi gaxda.
universistetis gaxsnisTanave Camoyalibda pedagogiuri fakulteti filosofiisa da fsiqologiis ganxriT.
filosofiis kaTedras xelmZRvanelobda S. nucubiZe, fsiqologiisas _ d. uznaZe. momdevno xanebSi filosofiis
ganyofileba Sedioda xan iuridiul fakultetze, xan
istoriis fakultetze. sabolood ki Camoyalibda jer filosofiisa da fsiqlogiis, Semdeg filosofiisa da sociologiis fakulteti, romelic filosofosTa kadrebis
momzadebis erT-erTi mTavari keraa saqarTveloSi. dReisaTvis fakultetze mzaddeba momavali kadrebi filosofiis, sociologiisa da religiaTmcodneobis specialobiT. sxvadasxva dros fakultetze moRvaweobdnen Cveni
filosofiuri skolis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi.
universitetis filosofiis fakultetis ZalebiT
momzadda da gamoqveynda araerTi gamokvleva Teoriul
da socialur filosofiaSi, eTikasa da esTetikaSi, logikasa da sociologiaSi, religiur filosofiaSi da
a.S. Seiqmna filosofiis istoriis kursebi antikuri filosofiiT dawyebuli Tanamedrove dasavleTis filosofiis istoriiT damTavrebuli. es aris rogorc
avtorTa jgufebis, ise calkeuli avtorTa kursebi:
,,filosofiis istoria“ (1962. avtorTa koleqtivi);
343
,,Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriis problemebi (naw. Ι, 1981; naw. ΙΙ. 1984. avtorTa koleqtivi);
,,XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia“ (1970,
avtorTakoleqtivi);
,,Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofia. XXs. II naxevari” (1988, avtorTakoleqtivi);
,,narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi“ (1993, avtorTa
koleqtivi);
m. gogiberiZe _ ,,filosofiis istoria“ (1941.
agreTve, misi rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebis ΙΙ t,
1972);
s. wereTeli _ ..antikuri filosofia” (1968.
agreTve, misi _ ,,narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi“ 1978,
t. Ι);
k. baqraZe _ ,,axali filosofiis istoria” (1969);
T. kukava _ ,,berZnuli filosofiis istoria“ (1972);
g. TevzaZe _ ,,antikuri filosofia“ (1995).
g. TevzaZe _ ,,Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria“, (1996).
qarTuli filosofiis meore mniSvnelovani centri
iyo filosofiis instituti, romelic daarsda 1946
wels. institutis pirveli direqtori iyo petre Saria.
sxvadasxva dros institutis direqtorebi iyvnene: s. wereTeli, a. quTelia, d. kalandaZe, s. larculiani, isev
s. wereTeli, n. WavWavaZe da T. buaCiZe. 2002 wlidan
institutis direqtori iyo mixeil beJaniSvili. s. wereTeli (1907-1966) iyo institutis saxis mimcemi, xolo n.
WavWavaZe (1922-1997) TiTqmis 31 wlis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda instituts. n. WavWavaZis direqtorobis periodSi, didi ideologiuri wnexis miuxedavad, institutSi dafuZnda iseTi ganxrebi, rogorebicaa filosofiuri anTropologia, aqsiologia (Rirebulebis Teoria) da kulturis filosofia.
filosofiis institutSi mimdinareobda kvleva-Ziebani filosofiis fundamentur problemebze (ontologia,
344
gnoseologia, filosofiis istoria, logika, eTika,
esTetika, aqsiologia, dialeqtikuri da maTematikuri
logika, sociologia, dasavleTis filosofia, klasikuri memkvidreobis Targmna da a.S.).
filosofiis institutis daarsebis Semdeg daiwyo
filosofiis institutis Sromebis gamocema. gamovida 12
tomi (1949-1963) da ,,qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebis“ 6 tomi (1969-1979).
filosofiis institutSi sxvadasxva dros moRvaweobdnen akademikosebi: S. nucubiZe, k. baqraZe, a. boWoriSvili, S. xidaSeli, g. TevzaZe; saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevr-korespondentebi: l. gokieli, n. WavWavaZe
da o. jioevi. cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi: g. kalandaraSvili, a. Serozia, z. kakabaZe, v. qvaCaxia, g. banZelaZe, o. tabiZe, o. bakuraZe, m. mamardaSvili, a. vaCeiSvili,
v. kakabaZe, g. cincaZe, giorgi ga geronti SuSanaSvilebi,
k. sanaia, d. kalandaZe, a. popiaSvili da sxv.
faqtobrivad filosofiis institutis TanamSromlebis iniciativiT 1995 wels Camoyalibda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia (prezidenti _ s. avaliani). akademiam ukve gamosca yovelwliuri krebulis _
,,filosofiuri Ziebanis“ 9 tomi*,§ sadac Sesulia sayuradRebo naSromebi qarTuli filosofiisa da qarTuli
renesansis sakiTxebze.
qarTuli filosofiis popularizaciis saqmeSi Tavis
droze didi roli aqvs Sesrulebuli sabWoTa kavSiri filosofiuri sazogadoebis saqarTvelos ganyofilebas.
amJamad gardaqmnil saqarTvelos filosofiur sazogadoebas xelmZRvanelobs giorgi baramiZe. aRniSnuli sazogadoebis didi damsaxurebaa, rom 80-ian wlebSi CvenTan Catarda araerTi sakavSiro Tu saerTaSoriso diskusia,
konferencia, filosofosTa Sexvedrebi: sakavSiro disku*
oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis dros ukve gamocemulia 17
tomi (red.).
345
siebi aRirebulebis sakiTxebze (1985), saerTaSoriso
simpoziumi maTematikuri logikis problemebze (Telavi,
1985), aristoteluri saubrebi (Tbilisi, walka, 1981, 1984),
qarTvel filosofosTa Sexvedrebi (soxumi, 1984; Telavi,
1985; cxinvali, 1987).
qarTvelma filosofosebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes didi moculobis filosofiuri leqsikonis gamocemaSi (garmania, gamomcemloba ,,dici“, 1984), romelSic Zenonze, sokrateze, platonze, plotineze, petriwze,
paskalze, kirkegorze, Sliksa da huserlze mniSvnelovani statiebis avtorebi da Tanaavtorebi arian qarTveli
mecnierebi (a. boWoriSvili, S. xidaSeli, m. WeliZe, g.
TevzaZe, v. erqomaiSvili, g. SuSanaSvili, l. mWedliSvili
da g. lebaniZe).
qarTveli filosofosebi monawileobdnen saerTaSoriso filosofiur kongresebSi, konferenciebsa da simpoziumebSi (germania, italia, aSS, Cexoslovakia, bulgareTi, poloneTi, Svecia, safrangeTi, TurqeTi).
filosofiuri problematikis damuSaveba mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva umaRles
saswavleblebSi (teqnikuri, agraruli, quTaisis, soxumisa da baTumis universitetebis Sesabamis kaTedrebze,
sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
pedagogiur universitetSi, cxinvalis, Tbilisis ucxo
enebis, gorisa da Telavis pedagogiur institutebSi, soxumis subtropikuli meurneobisa da Tbilisis zooveterinalur samecniero-kvleviT institutebSi),
sadac
moRvaweobdnen da sxvadasxva dros leqciebs kiTxulobdnen: S. nucubiZe, k. baqraZe, m. gogiberiZe, k. kapaneli, a. boWoriSvili, s. danelia, m. stamboliSvili, o. bakuraZe, o. tabiZe, s. gabaraevi, a. qozaevi, b. lutiZe, r. kabisovi, l. jaxaia, S. misabiSvili, v. kvaracxelia da sxv.
aseTia mokled qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis
sakiTxebis
kvleva-Ziebis
mdgomareoba
saqarTvelos filosofiur centrebSi. ivane javaxiSvi346
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gaxsnis Semdeg. momavlisaTvis ufro farTo perspeqtiva
iSleba imisaTvis, rom es muSaoba gagrZeldes da masSi
saTanadod aisaxos, Tu ra gakeTda da ra keTdeba amJamad qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT.
* * *
saqarTveloSi filosofiuri literaturis Targmnis mravalsaukunovani tradicia arsebobs da igi saTaves iRebs adreul saukuneebSi sazRvargareT arsebul
qarTul kulturul centrebSi (aTonis iverTa monasteri, Sav mTaze antioqiaSi, palestina, sinas mTa, petriwonis monasteri da sxv.). dasawyisSi Targmani ZiriTadad
ZvelberZnuli enidan sruldeboda, Semdeg ki arabulidan, laTinuridan, evropuli da rusuli enebidan.
qarTul filosofiuri mTargmnelobiT process
sistemuri xasiaTi hqonda: pirveli etapi X-XII saukuneebs moicavs, meore etapi _ XVIII-XIX saukuneebs, xolo
mesame etapi – XX saukunes.
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis yoveli etapi xasiaTdeboda TaviseburebiT da igi pasuxobda epoqis
moTxovnebs. I etapze ZiriTadad religiur-filosofiuri literatura iTargmneboda, mis bolo monakveTSi ki
wminda filosofiuri Zeglebic (aristotele, prokle). II
etapze evropuli filosofiisa da sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris Zeglebi ZiriTadad rusuli enidan
iTargmneboda, III etapze ki iwyeba klasikuri memkvidreobis Targmna da, amasTan, epoqis sulieri moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT socialuri-politikuri azrovnebis
Semcveli literaturisa.
didia mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis roli qarTuli
kulturis ganviTarebaSi. am gziT qarTuli kultura
eziara Tavisi drois msoflio mowinave kulturas, ramac dadebiTi zegavlena moaxdina Cven sulier cxovre347
baze. amis garda, mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis procesSi
mdidrdeboda sakuTriv qarTuli ena, iqmneboda da ixveweboda qarTuli filosofiuri terminologia.
I etapi. am etapis Targmnili literaturidan aRsaniSnavia kapadokieli mamebis saxeliT cnobili avtorebis (basili didi, grigol nazianzeli da grigol noseli), ioane oqropiris, fsevdo-dionise areopagelis,
maqsime aRmsareblisa da ioane damaskelis TxzulebaTa
Targmanebi. MmTargmnelebi _ efrem mcire, arsen iyaloToeli da ioane pertiwi. maT mier Targmnili Zeglebi
ZiriTadad gamoica XX s-Si.
efrem mciris mier Targmnili areopagituli Txzulebani 1961 wels gamosca samson enuqaSvilma saTauriT:
petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi
efrem mcirem Targmna, agreTve, maqsime aRmsareblis komentarebi areopagitul Sromebze, romelic gamocemuli
ar aris.
1964 wels ilia abulaZem gamosca basili kesarielis (igive basili didis) ,,equsTa dReTaÁsa” da grigol
noselis ,,kacisa agebulebisaTvis”.
basili kesarielis Sromebis gamocema ekuTvnis c.
qurcikiZes (ix. ,,basili kesarielis swavlaTa efTvime
aToneliseuli Targmani”. 1983). T. bregaZem ki gamosca
,,grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcveli qarTul
xelnawerTa aRweriloba” (1988).
Targmnilia agreTve, grigol noselis ,,pasuxi
equsTa dReTaTvis”; Targmnili da gamocemulia ioane
oqropiris komentarebi saxarebaze or wignad (1993.
eqvTime mTawmideli) da agreTve, misi sityvebi (ix. ,,mamaTa swavlani”; ilia abulaZis gamocema 1955 gv. 1-138).
1976 wels gamoica ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaros” pirveli nawilis ,,dialeqtikis” efrem mcirisa da
arsen iyalToelis Targmanebis paraleluri teqstebi
(gamosca m. rafavam). efrem mcirem Targmna ,,codnis wyaros” mesame nawili ,,gardaocemaÁ” (,,gardamocemaÁ uci348
lobeli marTlmadidebelTa sarwmunoebisa”). Semdeg es
nawili Targmna arsen iyalToelmac, romelic gamoica
1844 wels.
,,codnis wyaros” II nawili uTargmnia efrem mciris
Tanamedroves _ Teofile xuces-monazons. igi jer gamocemuli ar aris.
IX-XI saukuneebSi arabulidan qarTul enaze
iTargmna ,,sibrZne balahvarisis” mokle da vrceli redaqciebi. vrceli redaqcia gamoica 1957 wels.
mTargmnelobiT saqmianobis pirveli etapis bolo
xanebi, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovania. swored maSin ioane petriwma Targmna aristoteles
logikuri Txzulebebi: ,,topika” da ,,peri-hermeneia”
(orive dakargulia), nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa” (1914w. gamosca s. gorgaZem) da prokles ,,Teologiis pirvelsafuZvlebi” (petriwis TargmaniT _ ,,kavSirni
RvTismetyuelebiTni”, romelic 1940 wels gamosca m. gogiberiZem).
petriwis Tanamedrove arsen iyalToelma Seadgina
mis mierve Targmnili Teologiur-filosofiuri teqstebis krebuli _ ,,dogmatikoni”, romelSic Sesulia
anastas
sinelis
,,winamZRuari”,
miqael
fselosis
,,pirmSoÁsaT”, ioane damaskelis ,,wyaro codnisaÁ”- is
pirveli da mesame nawili: ,,dialeqtika” da ,,gardamocema ucilobeli marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebisa”, Teodore abakuras antimahmadianuri da antinestorianuli
trqtatebi (gamosca l. daTiaSvilma 1980 w-s), kirile
aleqsandrielis zogierTi naweri epistole, fragmentebi leon papis epistole nikitas stiTatis Txzulebani
da sxva. XIII-XVII ss-Si saqarTveloSi mTargmnelobiT
filosofiuri saqmianoba faqtobrivad Cakvda.
II etapi. rusulidan qarTul enaze iTargmna rogorc rusi, ise ararusi (ukraineli, belorusi da
moldaveli) avtorebis _ k. turovskis, p. mogilas, s. iavorskis, g. derJavinis, T. romanovis m. lomonosovis, m.
349
xersakovis, s. polovskis, d. fonvizinis da sxvaTa
Txzulebebi. mTargmnelebi: arCili, gabriel CxeiZe, giorgi avaliSvili, solomon razmaZe, vaxuSti da ioane
batoniSvilebi, daviT da porfire bagrationebi, gaioz
baraTaSvili, daviT ColoyaSvili.
am periodSi gansakuTrebulad unda gamoiyos
anton pirvelisa da misi jgufis mTargmnelobiTi
moRvaweoba. swored maTi ZalisxmeviT rusuli enidan
iTargmna evropeli moazrovneebis Sromebi filosofiaSi (logika, metefizika, esTetika). kerZod, volfis, baumaisteris,
kondiliakis,
volteris
ansilionis,
monteskies, rusos, avreliusis, fergiusonis da sxvaTa
Txzulebebi. mTargmnelebi: anton pirveli, ioane, daviT
da farnavaz batoniSvilebi, daviT ciciSvili, gaioz
reqtori, erasti TurqestaniSvili.
e. TurqestaniSvilis mier rusuli enidan Targmnili ,,sityvisgeba sokratisi da sxvaTa filosofosTa”
gamoica 1978 wels.
XVIII s-Si somxuri enidan qarTulad iTargmna
prokles ,,kavSirnis” da masze darTuli somexi avtoris
simeon garanelis 1651 wels Serulebuli komentarebi.
XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi rusuli enidan
iTargmna frangi moazrovneebis Txzulebebi, kerZod,
monteskies _ ,,gulisxmisyofisaTvis sjulisa, qmnuli
uflisa monteskuasagan” (mTargmneli _ daviT batoniSvili); baumaisteris _ ,,metafizika” (d.ciciSvili); Jan Jak
rusos _ ,,xeli Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebisa da xelovnebis aRorZinebam zneobis gawmendas” (d. ciciSvili).
am periodSi uSualod frangulidan Targmnida al.
WavWavaZe, maT Soris volteris Txzulebebs.
III etapi. mTargmnelobiTma saqmianobam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina XXs-is saqarTveloSi. am
etapze ukve sistematurad iTargmneba rogorc klasikuri filosofiuri memkvidreoba, ise socialur-politikur-religiur-filosofiuri literatura, filosofiis
350
istoriis kursebi, calkeuli naSromebi, berZen, indoel,
germanel, frang, inglisel da rus moazrovneTa Txzulebani.
klasikuri memkvidreobidan unda gamoiyos: demokrites ,,fragmentebi” (1959) da heraklites ,,fragmentebi” (,,lari”, #1, 1991).
baCana bregvaZis mier Targmnilia platonis dialogebi: ,,nadimi” (1964), ,,fedoni” (1966), ,,ioni didi hipia”,
,,menoni” (1974) da ,,timeosi” (1994);
iTargmna aristoteles Txzulebebi: ,,aTenelTa saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba” (1935 s. yauxCiSvili); T. kukavas Targmanebi: ,,metafizika” (1964), ,,ritorika” (1981) da
,,politika”. (1996), naw. II.
plotines traqtatebi: ,,mSvenierebisaTvis” (1966) da
,,dialeqtikisaTvis” (1997, b. bregvaZe).
avgustine _ ,,aRsareba” (b. bregvaZe, 1994), ufro
adre, es Sroma iTargmna rusuli enidan (r. burkaZe. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1985).
prokle _ ,,Teologiis safuZvlebi”-s mniSvnelovani fragmentebi (d. sumbaZe. 1986).
lukreciusi _ ,,saganTa bunebisaTvis” (p. beraZe,
1972).
anselm kenterberieli _ ,,WeSmaritebisaTvis” (n.
WavWavaZe, 1983).
dekarti _ ,,metafizikuri ganazrebani” (s. danelia
1955) da ,,msjeloba meTodis Sesaxeb” (d. labuCiZe, 1982).
laibnici _ ,,monadologia” (s. danelia, 1940).
paskali _ ,,azrebi” (b. bregvaZe, 1981).
didro _ ,,esTetika, filosofia, sociologia”
(1939).
volteri _ ,,filosofiuri moTxrobebi” (n. qadeiSvili, 1949).
ruso _ ,,sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (d. labuCiZe, 1997).
monteskie _ ,,kanonTa goni” (d. labuCiZe 1994).
351
monteni
–
eseebi
(d.
labuCiZe).
,,macne”
(filosofiisa da fsiqlogiis seria). 1991-1993 ww.
kanti _ ,,prologomenebi” (m. gogiberiZe, 1936),
,,wminda gonebis kritika” (S. papuaSvili, 1979), ,,religia
mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi” (g. TevzaZe, 1989).
hegeli _ ,,logika” (S. papuaSvili, 1962), ,,esTetika”
(S. papuaSvili, 1973), ,,gonis fenomenologia” (n. naTaZe,
1984).
foierbaxi _ ,,qristianobis arseba” (S. papuaSili,
1956).
Sopenhaueri _ ,,cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis aforizmebi” (z. xasaia, 1993).
nicSe _ ,,ase ityoda zaratustra” (e. tatiSvili,
1993).
bergsoni _ ,,cnobierebis uSualo monacemebi” (b.
bregvaZe, 1993).
Spengleri _ ,,politikis filosofia” (m. gogiberiZe, 1995).
kasireri _ ,,ra aris adamiani?” (l. ramiSvili, 1983).
froidi _ ,,fsiqoanalizi” (v. kakabaZe, 1995).
ortega i gaseti - ,,masebis amboxi” (b. bregvaZe,
1993).
maqs veberi _ ,,xarizmuli batonoba” (T. fanculaia,
d. gegeSiZe, 1995).
raseli _ ,,RvTismetyvelebis koSmari” (z. xasaia,
1993).
haidegeri _ ,,yofiereba da dro” (g. TevzaZe, 1989),
,,dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa” (g. baramiZe, 1992).
k. iungi _ ,,sizmrebi” (i. jioeva, 1995).
qsenofonti _ ,,mogonebani sokrateze”, ,,sokrates
apologia” (a. uruSaZe, 1973).
markus avreliusi _ ,,fiqrebi” (b. bregvaZe, 1972).
makiaveli _ ,,mTavari” (b. bregvaZe). gamomc.
,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tb., 1984.
Tomas mori _ ,,utopia” (n. gomarTeli, 1983).
352
friCe _ ,,xelovnebis sociologia” (g. qiqoZe, 1931)
ipolit teni _ ,,xelovnebis filosofia” (iv. maWavariani, 1990).
alfred tarski _ ,,logikisa da deduqciur mecnierebaTa meTodologis Sesavali” (m. beJaniSvili, l.
mWedliSvili), (1971).
v. haizenbergi _ ,,nawili da mTeli” (l. narouSvili, 1983), ,,axali indoeTis moazrovneebi” (vivekananda,
absenanda, mahatma gandi, radhakriSnani, neru), (T. Cxenkeli, 1978).
a. Stekli _ ,,Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria” (b. bregvaZe, 1996).
u. gaTri _ ,,berZeni filosofosebi” (g. nodia, 1983).
i. Sepanski _ ,,sociologia” (o. gratiaSvili, 1997).
haizinga _ ,,kaci moTamaSe. kulturis TamaSSi
warmoSobis Sesaxeb” (g. nodia, 1997).
vivekananda _ ,,jnana ioga” (codnis ioga) (b. bregvaZe, 1997).
XX s-Si iTargmna rusi avtorebis Semdegi filosofiuri naSromebi:
a. gerceni _ ,,rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi”
(t. I, 1953).
b. belinski _ ,,rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani”
(v. mgalobliSvili, 1948).
n. CerniSevski _ ,,rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi” (S. papuaSvili, 1945).
g. plexanovi _ ,,istoriaze monisturi Sexedulebis
ganviTarebis sakiTxisaTvis” (1956).
m. kagani _ ,,marqsistul-leninuri esTetika” (r.
Sengelia, 1984).
a. guliga _ ,,kanti” (o. gratiaSvili, 1986).
a. losevi _ ,,aRmosavluri aRorZineba” (m. maxaraZe,
1988).
a. losevi _ ,,sityva qarTul neoplatonizmze” (p.
CxeiZe, 1988).
353
i. braginski _ ,,aRmosavluri renesansis koncefcia.
momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegebi” (p. CxeiZe, 1988).
l. tolstoi _ ,,ra aris xelovneba?” (j. TiTmeria,
1989).
n. berdiaevis, s. frankis, s. bulgakovis da b.
kistiakovskis statiebi ruseTis revoluciasa da demokratiaze (z. saraZe, a. joxaZe, 1994).
pirvelad
rusul
enaze
gamoqveynda,
Semdeg
iTrgmna da gamoica solomon dodaSvilis _ ,,logika”
(p. iaSvili, 1949), gerasime qiqoZis _ ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi” (o. tabiZe, T. buaCiZe, v. gogoberiSvili, 1993) da kita megriliZis _ ,,azrovnebis socialuri fenomenologia” (o. gratiaSvili, 1993)*.**.
***me-20 saukunis dasasrulidan dRevandlamde axali
Targmanebis Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare tomis danarTi _
,,qarTuli filosofia XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze” (red.).
354
meSvide Tavi
religiis filosofia
§ 1. religiis filosofiis
problemebis kvleva-Zieba
religiis sakiTxebis mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad XX saukunidan iwyeba da amave
saukunis Sua xanebSi aucilebeli viTarebiT gamowveuli perioduli CavardnebiT grZeldeba.
20-30-ian wlebSi ki religiis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSefaseba xdeba aTeisturi poziciebidan, romelic or
moments moicavs: aTeisturs, romelic mecnieruli
kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebSia da ideoligiurs _ religiis
kritika propagandistuli mizniT, rasac Tan axlda
morwmuneTa devna _ Seviwroeba, sakulto dawesebulebebis daxurva, dangreva an kidev maTi sxva daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba.
XX saukunis qarTul saazrovno garemoSi religiis filosofiis problemebis mecnieruli kvlevis tradicia
arsebiTad
arCil
jorjaZiT
iwyeba.
am
TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa misi vrceli statiebi:
,,indoeTis sibrZne” (1908) da ,,werilebi istoriis
wisqvilidan” (1911). am ori naSromidan religiis filosofiis problemebis analizis TvalsazrisiT ufro
mniSvnelovania meore _ ,,werilebi istoriis wisqvilidan”, sadac avtori arkvevs mecnierebisa da religiis
mimarTebas. sakiTxis gasarkvevad a. jorjaZe exeba jeimzisa da hefdingis Tvalsazrisebs da aRniSnavs, rom
jeimzisTvis religiuri grZnoba aris subieqturi
gancda
da
mas
ara
aqvs
obieqturi
xasiaTi1.606hefdingTan ki religia RirebulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli2.607
355
a. jorjaZe ixilavs, agreTve, o. fleidereris
Tvalsazriss, romelic mecnierebas da religias
ukavSirebs erTmaneTs da, amasTan, cdilobs, rom mecniereba dauqvemdebaros religias, radgan, misi gagebiT,
yvelafris safuZvelia RmerTi3.608a. jorjaZe kritikulad afasebs am azrs: ,,ase rom, pirveli nabijidanve
aSkaravdeba dogmaturi racionalizmis msjelobis sisuste; is, rac dasamtkicebeli da sakamaToa, damtkicebulad aris miCneuli”4.609sicxadisTvis a. jorjaZe
istoriul religias _ qristianobas mimarTavs da aCvenebs, Tu raSia religiis upiratesobis mizezi. ingliseli mecnieris goldis azris damowmebiT religiis upiratesobaze laparakobs spekulatur azrovnebasTan mimarTebaSi: mSier da Rarib-Ratak xalxs RvTis sasufevelze moZRvreba ufro xiblavs, vidre filosofiuri
azrovneba, dialeqtika da logika5.610amitomac saxarebas
ufro meti energia aRmoaCnda, vidre platonis Teoriul sistemas.
a. jorjaZe amave statiaSi saubrobs, agreTve,
qristianobaze platonis moZRvrebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
kerZod, ioanes saxarebaSi _ ,,pirvelad iyo sityva da...
RmerTi iyo sityva igi”, aq sityva logosia, romelic
aris RmerTi da amiT es azri ukavSirdeba platonis
azrTa samefos, romelic sicocxlis idealuri dasabamia6.611
Semdeg a. jorjaZe zogad formebSi gadmoscems
platonis ideebze moZRvrebis arss da gamoTqvams sayuradRebo mosazrebas istoriul religiebze platonis
msoflmxedvelobis gavlenaze: ,,aseTia mokled platonis filosofia. es filosofia rom istoriul religiaTa filosofias SeadaroT, TiTqmis yvelgan metnaklebobiT ipovniT msgavsebas am filosofiasTan”7.612iqve,
roca igi saubrobs qristianuli metafizikisa da eTikuri Teoriuli sistemebis wyaroebze, SeniSnavs budas,
356
platonis, qristes, kantis, Zveli da axali mistikosebis sulier naTesaobaze.
a.
jorjaZe
kritikulad
afasebs
religiur
msoflmxedvelobas (konkretulad qristianuls), mis
eTikur principebs da mTavari yuradReba gadaaqvs
codnaze, codnis dauflebaze, raSic, misive aRniSvniT,
aris umaRlesi bedniereba. Tu veziarebiT umaRles
codnas, kosmiur sibrZnes, msoflio sicocxles, maSin
,,...gaugebrobiT datvirTuli aRar darCeba Cveni yofna
am wuTi-sofelSi, Cveni garja da Sroma adamianis miwieri keTildReobisaTvis”8.613Tumca, igi iqve dasZens:
,,magram... vSiSob, rom es Cemi nugeS-sacemi ,,Tuobaze”
agebuli azri, erTgvar religiisaken mowodebad ar moeCvenos eWvian mkiTxvels da ar misayveduros, rom bolos TiTqos me TviTon veZeb imas, rac uarmiyvia Teoriulad...”
statiaSi ,,induri sibrZne” gadmocemulia induri
religiebis mTavari principebi. a. jorjaZe aRniSnavs
indoeTis sinamdvileSi filosofiisa da religiis
urTierTmimarTebis specifikurobaze, rac gamoixateba
imiT, rom avtoris SeniSvniT, aq filosofia da religia erTmaneTSi gadawnulia da maT Soris gansxvaveba
ar arsebobs9.614
indur religiebSi, kerZod, brahmanizmsa da budizmSi, a. jorjaZis aRniSvniT, mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia tanjvis fenomens: ,,adamiani tanjvaSi ibadeba.
sanam izrdeba, avadmyofoba asustebs, xolo Semdeg,
rodesac gansazRvrul xanas miaRwevs, TandaTan iryeva
da
sikvdilis
piramde
aRwevs”10.615brahmanizmSi
a.
jorjaZis SeniSvniT, msoflio da individualuri sicocxlis arsis arcodna aris tanjvis mizezi. magram,
rogorc amas SeniSnavs avtori, brahmanizmSi amis araviTari Teoriuli sabuTi ar aris mocemuli, aq mxolod
dogmaturi aRiarebaa da meti araferi.
357
a.
jorjaZe
sagangebo
yuradRebas
uTmobs
msoflio Zalis _ brahmas (RmerTi) da adamianSi arsebuli ukvdavi da mudmivi WeSmariti sulis – atmanis
mimarTebas. es orive erTi Sinaarsisaa. a. jorjaZis saboloo daskvniT – RmerTi (brahma) da suli (atmani)
erTi da igivea11.616
a. jorjaZe am statiaSi paralels avlebs berZeni
filosofosebis (sokrate, platoni) da brahman da budist brZenTa msoflmxedvelobebs Soris. rogorc erT,
ise meore moaazrovneebTan codna sabolood sikeTea12.617
statiaSi arniSnulia, rom brahmanizmsa da budizmSi tanjvis mizezia arcodna. amasTan, budam dasaxa
gzebi tanjvisagan Tavis dasaRwevad, rac gulisxmobs
WeSmarit rwmenas, WeSmarit saqmes, WeSmarit sicocxles, WeSmarit azrsa da WeSmarit TviTSegnebas13.618
indur religiebze saubrisas cxdad Cans, rom a.
jorjaZe exmaureba Tavisi epoqis evropul azrovnebaSi
erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxs, kerZod, sikvdilis fenomenis axsnas da sicocxlesTan mis mimarTebas (Semdgom
am problemas Seexo d. uznaZec). es sakiTxi idga budizmSic, razedac a.jorjaZe aRniSnavs: ,,amrigad, budizmi gvaswavlis: sikvdili aucilebelia; masTan Cven
veras gavxdebiT, igi Cvenze Zlieria, da raki Cvens
xelSi ar aris, mis Sesaxeb naRvlobas azri ara
aqvs”14.619
statiis meore nawili eTmoba lev tolstois Sexedulebebs sicocxlis sazrisze da mis kavSirs
sikvdilTan, duxoborebis istorias da maTze tolstois zrunvas, rac duxoborTa erTi nawilis kanadaSi gadasaxlebiT damTavrda.
dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom a. jorjaZis Sexedulebebi religiis filosofiis problemebsa da religiis
sakiTxebze
pasuxobda
epoqis
saazrovno
358
moTxovnebs da man faqtobrivad am mimarTebiT gakvala
gza XX saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi.
a.
jorjaZis
Semdeg
religiis
filosofiis
problematikas mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes
XX saukunis TvalsaCino qarTvelma filosofosebma: d.
uznaZem, s. daneliam, m. gogiberiZem da s. wereTelma,
romelTa Sexedulebebi religiaze ZiriTadad mecnierul CarCoSia moqceuli.
d. uznaZe religiis filosofiur problemebs Seexo werilebSi: ,,filosofiuri saubari. sikvdili” (1911),
,,Zveli aRmosavluri da pirvelyofili kultura” (1917),
,,pirvelyofili kulturis istoria” (1919).
d. uznaZe gansjis sagnad ixdis religiuri rwmenis warmoSobis geneziss. igi pirvelyofili adamianis
cxovrebaSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom
am droisTvis ucnobi iyo iseTi movlenebis mizezi, rogoricaa dabadeba, sikvdili, mzisa da mTvaris moZraoba da a.S. ese igi, movlenebi, romlebic sabolood safuZvlad daedo adamianis religiur warmodgenebs.
TandaTanobiT ki es warmodgena calkeul RmerTTa
rwmenis aRiarebaSi gadaizarda, romelTagan Tavisi daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT adamianma umTavresad miiCnia mzis, elva-mexis Tu cis sulebis RmerTebi.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze d.
uznaZis azriT, adamianma yuradReba miaqcia iseT
faqtebs, romlebic uSualod mis sulTan da sxeulTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, sizmarSi igi nadirobda, mogzaurobda, omobda, maSin, roca misi sxeuli
adgilze iyo; is ki sxva faqtorTan erTad gaxda imis
safuZveli, rom adamianma sulis damoukideblad arseboba irwmuna. amitomac zrunavda igi gardacvlilis
sulze.
d. uznaZe aanalizebs da cxads xdis religiur
ritualebSi simbolurad nagulisxmevi azris mniSvnelobas _ ,,batonebis” galocva, RvinoSi puris Casvele359
ba, gardacvlilebisaTvis sarCos Cataneba saflavSi da
sxv.15620avtori aRniSnavs, rom es tradiciebi gadmovida
axal droSi.
religiis filosofiis problemebze d. uznaZis
SexedulebebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
adamianis cxovrebis sazrisisa da mimarTebis garkveva.
avtoris winaswari SeniSvniT, cxovrebis sazrisis
ganxorcileba yvela eris umaRlesi mizani da daniSnulebaa, igi ,,RvTisagan dawyebuli saqmis gangrZobaa”16.621
cxovrebis sazrisi d. uznaZis mixedviT amqveyniur
niadagze aRmocenebuli sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis
erTobas da dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs.
amitom,
cxadia,
mxolod
pirovnebis
farglebSi da pirovnebis Zalebis meoxebiT SeiZleba
Secvla da ganxorcieleba im Rrma da mniSvnelovani
miznisa, romelic Cveni cxovrebis azrad davisaxeT”17.622aqve d. uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom cxovrebis sazrisis ganxorcieleba yvela eris umaRlesi mizania.
ra mimarTebaa cxovrebis sazrissa da religias
Soris? am kiTxvaze d. uznaZe aseT pasuxs iZleva: adamianis upirveles daniSnulebas RvTisagan dawyebuli
saqmis gagrZeleba warmoadgens, ,,RmerTma imiT daasrula Tavisi Semoqmedebis procesi, rom man adamianis
arsebaSi saukeTesod Seariga suli xorcs, aqtiuroba
_ pasiurobas, samagierod nivTierebis mTeli danarCeni
msoflio ganusulierebeli datova da amiT TiTqos
imTaviTve gansazRvruli daniSnuleba misca adamianis
arsebobas. swored amgvarivea Serigeba aqtiuri momentisa pasiurTan, rogorc man adamianis organizmis
SemoqmedebiT gviCvena”18.623
d. uznaZis azriT, msoflio unda iqces RvTaebriv
samyarod, yovelma adamianma, adamianTa kavSirma, erma,
sazogadoebam aqtiuri monawileoba unda miiRos RvTaebrivi saqmis gagrZelebaSi, maTi droebiTi cxovreba am
qveynad am saqmes unda moxmardes, Taobidan Taobas
360
unda gadaeces am moqmedebis azri da igi maradiuli
unda iyos. ,,...da Tu es asea, maSin cxadia, rom Cven gamudmebul fusfuss, dauRalav Sromas mniSvneloba hqonia, Cvens droul cxovrebas _ Rrma azri da am ukanasknels kidev – religiuri Rirebuleba”19.624
religiis filosofiuri problemebis gansjis d.
uznaZiseul SefasebebSi didi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili sikvdil-sicocxlis problemas, rasac man miuZRvna
specialuri naSromi _ ,,filosofiuri saubari. sikvdili” (gaz. ,,kolxida”, #4, 1911)20.625naSromis mcire moculobis miuxedavad, masSi sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovani daskvnebia gakeTebuli. kerZod, sikvdilis fenomenze
saubrisas d. uznaZe am movlenas ukavSirebs religiis
warmoSobas. d. uznaZis azriT, swored sikvdilis
gancdaa, romelic yofna-aryofnaze Cagvafiqrebs. es
movlena, misive SeniSvniT, ,,gansakuTrebuli ZlierebiT
religiur gancdaSi poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas”21.626
d. uznaZe sikvdils ukavSirebs ukvdavebas: ,,diax,
sikvdili aZlevs dasabams ukvdavebas”, dasZens igi. am
mimarTebiT ki gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs
qristianobas, romelmac ,,... martodmarto SeZlo
sikvdilis daZleva da mis nangrevebze ukvdavi arsebobis koSkis aRmarTva”22.627
d. uznaZe qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi gamorCeul yuradRebas aqcevs im azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac saaqao cxovreba saiqio maradiuli cxovrebisTvis
zrunvaa. amiT d. uznaZis azriT, qristianobam saaqao,
miwieri cxovreba, saiqio, ukvdav cxovrebas dauqvemdebara da sZlia sikvdils, romelic mxolod saSualebaa
ukvdavebis misaRwevad.
amave dros d. uznaZe akritikebs qristianul
Tvalsazriss, romelic sikvdils raRac gaurkevevl
movlenad miiCnevs maSin, roca sikdvili TviT si361
cocxleSi marxia, ,,sikvdili, amgvarad, imanenturi
movlenaa da ara transcendenturi”23.628
saerTod, am periodSi sikvdil-sicocxlis mimarTebis problema aqtualuri iyo evropul filosofiaSi da
d. uznaZe, evropaSi ganswavluli qarTveli mkvlevari
aqtiurad exmaureba am process. igi ganixilavs cnobili
germaneli filosofosis georg zimelis Tvalsazriss
sikvdilis raobaze da zogierT sakiTxebSi kidec akritikebs mas. kerZod, d. uznaZe ar iziarebs zimelis azrs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sikvdili formas aZlevs Cvens sicocxles. ,,es azri mcdaria, _ wers d. uznaZe, radganac
adamianis cxovreba misi sulis yofa-viTarebaa; garegani
faqtiT ki sulis gansazRvra warmoudgeneli da gaugebaria. sikvdili ideaa, da mxolod rogorc aseTs SeuZlia mas sicocxlis gansazRvra da misTvis Taviseburi formis micema”24.629
d.
uznaZe
sikvdils,
sicocxlesTan
erTad,
cxovrebis formad miiCnevs, iseT formad, romelic sicocxlis dauZinebeli mteria.
d. uznaZis Semoqmedebis pirvel periodSi religiis filosofiisa da saerTod, religiis problemebis
kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia da rogorc Tavis
filosofiur TvalsazrisebSi, ise am sferoSic im
drois qarTuli filosofiuri azrisTvis sayuradRebo
daskvnebi aqvs gakeTebuli, romelTac dResac ar daukargavT mniSvneloba.
s. daneliam Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili dauTmo religiis filosofiis problemebis
kvleva-Ziebas. amasTan, s. danelias, rogorc ZiriTadad
antikuri filosofiis istoriis mkvlevars, religiis
filosofiis
problemebi
filosofiis
istoriis
WrilSi aqvs ganxiluli.
sokratemdeli filosofiis ganxilvisas s. danelia gansjis sagnad ixdis religiur problematikas
antikuri xanis filosofosebTan. igi yuradRebas mi362
apyrobs piTagorelebs, kerZod, maT moZRvrebas sulis
maradiulobaze. s. danelia aRniSnavs, rom sulTa gadasaxlebis Teorias anu metemfsiqozs centraluri adgili ukavia piTagorelebTan. aRwerilia erTi sxeulidan
meoreSi sulis gadasaxlebis yvela Tavisi aspeqtiT.
piTagorelebTan, s. danelias SeniSvniT, didi
adgili aqvs daTmobili RmerTis ideas, romelic yvelafers moicavs da maradiulia. piTagorasTan adamiani
sibrZnis maZiebelia, brZeni ki mxolod RmerTia.
amasTan, piTagoras mecniereba anu sibrZnis Zieba miaCnda sxeulis borkilebisagan sulis gaTavisuflebis
saSualebad, raSic ,,...iyo ganasxvaveba misi kavSirisa
orfeelTa misteriebisagan da, romelTac is eTanxmeboda metemfsiqozis TeoriaSi”25.630
s. danelias SemoqmedebaSi gansaxilveli kuTxiT
did interess iwvevs misi Tvalsazrisi poliTeizmidan
monoTeizmze gadasvlis kanonzomierebaze. es sakiTxi,
rogorc cnobilia, gamoikveTa qsenofane kolofonelTan. s. danelias aRniSvniT, qsenofanem sastiki
brZola gamoucxada homerosisa da hesiodes RmerTebs,
rac imave poliTeizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZola
iyo: ,,homerosma da hesiodem miaweres RmerTebs yvelaferi, rac adamianTa Soris saZageli da samarcxvinoa.
mag. qurdoba, mruSoba da urTierT motyueba. am ideologiis Secdoma anTropomorfizmSia. magram anTropomorfistuli warmodgena RvTaebaze rom swori iyos, maSin marTali iqnebodnen eTiopelebic, Tu isini RvTaebas cxvirCaWyletils, Savi eTiopelis msgavsad warmoadgendnen”26.631
qsenofanes brZola poliTeizmis winaaRmdeg s. danelias azriT, ar yofila saerTod religiis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba. qsenofanes damsaxureba iyo is, rom
man poliTeizmis kritikiT monoTeizmis dasabuTeba
scada: ,,qsenofanes saxiT adamiani xom pirvelad ganTa363
visuflda patriarqalur-poliTeisturi ideologiisagan”27.632
s. danelias gansjis sagania, agreTve, zneobisa da
religiis mimarTebis sakiTxi antikur filosofiaSi. am
kuTxiT igi paralels avlebs heraklitesa da qsenofanes Sexedulebebs Soris. Tuki heraklite udides
bednierebas xedavs msiflio kanonis logosisadmi damorCilebaSi, qsenofane moiTxovs simarTlis gziT siaruls.
s. danelia sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom qsenofane
bunebrivi Zalebis gaRmerTebisa da Tayvaniscemis winaaRmdegi iyo. qsenofanes RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis
Rirsad miaCnia is, rac zesrulia, rac zebunebrivia.
buneba ki naklovania da amitomac misi gaRmerTeba ar
SeiZleba.
rogorc cnobilia, antikur filosofiaSi demokrite iyo is moazrovne, vinc daafuZna eTikis mecniereba.
demokritesTvis umaRlesi sikeTe aris sulieri simSvide. cxovrebis mizani ki _ kargad yofna, kargi cxovreba.
kargad yofnis piroba zomierebaa. amas ki xels uSlis
ojaxi, amitomac demokrites azriT, brZeni adamiani
ojaxs ar moekideba. s. danelia am azrs ar eTanxmeba da
amasTan aCvenebs Tu sad iRebs saTaves demokrites es
Secdoma: ,,Tu Svilis yola cudia da Tu yvela daWkvianda da gamravleba Sewyda, kacobrioba xom daiRupeba.
magram demokritesTvis, rogorc yvela meqanistisTvis,
kacobrioba aris mxolod adamianebis jami. adamianebisaTvis ki umniSvneloa, ra mouva sxva adamianebs, maSasadame kacobriobasac, oRond mas piradad nu Seexebian.
demokrites azriT adamianisaTvis isic xom umniSvneloa
bolos da bolos kvdeba is Tu rCeba”28.633
1935 wels s. danelia aqveynebs gamokvlevas
,,sokrates filosofia”, sadac safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli
sokrates
Semoqmedeba,
xazgasmulia
misi
364
Tvalsazrisi zneobis Sesaxeb, rac sokratesTan yvelafris safuZvelia.
s. danelia paralels avlebs qsenofanesa da
sokrates msoflmxedvelobebs Soris zneobis raobaze.
Tuki qsenofanesTan zneoba damokidebulia sarwmunoebisagan,
sokratesTan
zneoba
misi
filosofiis
centrSia. s. danelia aRniSvniT, ,,qsenofane ebrZoda
warmarTobas
sarwmunoebaSi,
sokrate
SeebrZola
warmarTobas zneobaSi”.
s. danelia aRniSnavs, rom sokrate ar iyo is moazrovne, romelic RmerTebis arsebobis winaaRmdeg
ibrZoda (rac bralad dasdes sasamarTloze). sokrate
iyo is pirovneba, romelmac Tavi gaswira da amiT
ukvdavyo Tavisi moZRvreba29.634
m. gogiberiZe epoqis viTarebis Sesabamisad aTeizmis poziciebidan msjelobs religiisa da Teologiis sakiTxebze. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
misi statia ,,mecniereba da religia” (1929), romelSic
ganxilulia religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis
sakiTxebi.
sazogadoebrivi ideologia, aRniSnavs m. gogiberiZe urTulesi movlenaa, erTi mxriv, igi mecnierebis
saxes Rebulobs, meore mxriv, adamianTa urTierTobis
suraTia, romelic warmoebis formebs daumyarebia. ideologia ZiriTadad, religiis, xelovnebisa da moralis
saxiT arsebobs.
ideologiuri azrovnebis ori nakadi – mecniereba
da religia – mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze
ganuwyetliv ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. ramdenadac win midis kacobrioba, imdenad mwvavdeba brZola religiasa
da mecnierebas Soris. am brZolis magaliTad m. gogiberiZe asaxelebs aTenis saxelmwifos ayvavebis periods
da evropis istorias XVI-XVIII ss-Si, e.i. kacobriobis
cxovrebis im periodebs, roca mecnieruli azri giganturi nabijebiT viTardeboda da ,,religiuri rwme365
nis araraoba” aSkaravdeboda. es brZola, avtoris
azriT, mecnierebis sruli gamarjvebiT damTavrda da
religiac unda gamqraliyo, magram ase ar moxda. XIX
saukunem religiur dogmas ukanaskneli sadguric waarTva, magram aman religiis warmomadgenelni ar daabnia: isini kompromisis gzas daadgnen da religiis
mecnierebasTan morigeba scades. es istoriuli Seusabamoba da uazroba, m. gogiberiZis azriT, aixsneba Zalian rTuli socialuri problemebis zegavleniT.
XVII s-is ingliseli da XVIII s-is frangi materialistebi da aTeistebi iyvnen, magram maTi momdevno Taoba mixvda, rom eklesia misTvis sasargeblo iyo.
imperializmis epoqaSi qristianuli eklesia Seudga afrikis, aziis, avstraliisa da amerikis mkvidri,
ZirZveli mosaxleobis gaqristianebas.
kapitalizmi emyareba mecnierebas, bunebis damorCilebasa da teqnikur saswaulebs, man mecnierebis
saSualebiT miaRwia. meore mxriv, is masebisagan moiTxovs, rom morwmuneni iyvnen. erTi da igive mecnieri
TviTon aswavlis, Tu rogoria bunebis saidumloeba
da, meore mxriv, eklesiaSi dadis da iq ismens, rom is
,,rac man guSin universitetis kaTedridan aswavla, sisulele da borotebaa”30.635
mecnierebis mier religiis damarcxebis mTavar saSualebad m. gogiberiZe xalxis gaTvicnobierebasa da
ganaTlebas Tvlis.
samive msoflio religia: qristianoba, islami da
budizmi _ mxolod sakuTar Tavs Tvlis erTaderT
WeSmarit moZRvrebad. isini iwyeben qveynis warmoSobis
sakiTxiT. aq avtori laparakobs bibliuri kosmologiis, moses xuTi wignis, aTi mcnebis, saRvTo werilis
teqstebis filologiuri analizis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT farTod ixilavs RmerTis mier qveynis eqvs dReSi
Seqmnis dogmas da Tvlis, rom mTeli es ambavi ,,savsea
ubralo uvicobiT”. es imitom, rom biblia adamianis
366
fantaziiT Seqmnili winaaRmdegobebisa da Secdomebis
Semcveli nawarmoebia.
Sesaqmis dogmas m. gogiberiZe upirispirebs samyarosa da materiis maradiulobisa da Seuqmnelobis debulebas, adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb darvinistul
koncefcias.
qristianobis brZola mecnierebis winaaRmdeg,
avtoris azriT, pavle mociqulma daiwyo, romelic Tavis cnobil epistoleebSi berZnul filosofias ebrZoda. igi pirvel qristianebs uqadagebda, rom amqveyniuri
sibrZne RmerTTan SedarebiT sisulelea; adamianebs
sWirdeba ara codna, aramed rwmena. am debulebaze aSenebuli msoflmxedveloba, cxadia, mecnierebis mteri
unda yofiliyo.
Semdeg avtori laparakobs oTxi saxarebis,
qristes pirovnebis Sesaxeb da sxv. m. gogiberiZis
azriT, qristianobis namdvili mamamTavari iyo ara
qriste, aramed pavle mociquli. qristianobaSi ori
elementis aRmosavluri da dasavluris arsebobas
avtori imiT xsnis, rom pavles mama berZeni iyo, deda
ki ebraeli da amitom qristianobaSi SeerTda aRmosavluri fantazia da berZnuli analitikuri azrovneba.
pirveli saukunis qristianoba ara marto religiuri, aramed socialur-politikuri moZraobac iyo.
qristianoba warmoiSva palestinaSi _ romis koloniaSi. romis mxridan ebraeli da berZeni xalxebis socialuri da erovnuli Cagvra nayofieri niadagi iyo
saprotesto msoflmxedvelobis warmoSobisTvis. swored am protestma ganapiroba qristianobis warmoSoba.
gamoCnda Tu ara qristianoba, is, upirveles yovlisa
monebisa da damorCilebuli xalxebis ideologiad gamocxadda. saxelmwifo religiad gaxdomis Semdeg ki
feri icvala da particiebis religiadac mogvevlina.
367
amas xeli Seuwyo eklesiis, rogorc religiuri organizaciis, da episkopatis institutis daarsebam.
gamarjvebulma qristianobam daiwyo filosofiis,
poeziis, bunebis metyvelebisa da sxva dargebis devna.
m. gogiberiZe asaxelebs papis dekrets (1163), romliTac
ikrZaleboda fizikis swavleba, agreTve, papi ioane
XXII-s dekrets (1317), romelic krZalavda qimias da a.S.
mecnierebs aranakleb ebrZoda marTlmadidebluri
eklesiac.
XVII-XVIII
ss-dan
iwyeba
eklesiis
taqtikis
Secvla; es iyo morigebisa da kompromisis gza, imis
mtkiceba, rom mecnierebis monapovrebi ar ewinaaRmdgeboda religias.
mecnierebis udidesi warmatebis miuxedavad, riT
unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom swored im qveynebSi, sadac moRvaweobdnen koperniki, galilei, niutoni da
darvini, dResac erTob Zlieria religiuri rwmena,
ufro metic, es qveynebi TavianTi qristianobiT amayoben. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad m. gogiberiZe iyenebs
religiebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istorias _
pirvelyofili religiebidan dRemde.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia
qonebrivi uTanasworoba pirvelyofili Temis SigniT,
rac klasebis warmoSobis mizezi gaxda, gaCnda gabatonebuli klasi da ,,bunebrivi fetiSizmi Sescvala sazogadoebrivma fetiSizmma”31.636adamianma gaaRmerTa adamiani da Tayvani sca mis Zlierebas. cnobilia, rom
gardacvlil mefeebs zogierT xalxSi RmerTebad acxadebdnen. ,,Zveli, buneba-RmerTi da axali adamianiRmerTi erTi-meoreSi airia da warmoiSva mravalaRmerTianoba”32.637sazogadoebis gabatonebuli nawili
dainteresebuli iyo sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebiT. religiis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebs sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mtrebad acxadebdnen. m. gogiberiZis azriT,
religiis xangrZlivi arseboba swored imiTaa gamowve368
uli, rom sazogadoeba dayofilia mCagvrel da Cagrul
klasebad da gabatonebuli klasebi yovelnairad cdiloben religiis mier adamianTa problemebis dapyrobas.
statiaSi m. gogiberiZe xSirad imeorebs l. foierbaxis debulebas: RmerTma ki ar Seqmna adamiani, aramed adamianma Seqmna RmerTi.
Tu RmerTma adamiani Tavis xatad gaaCina, wers m.
gogiberiZe, maSin adamianis warmodgena RmerTze unda
iyos yvelasTvis da yvelgan erTnairi, e.i yvela droisa da xalxis religiebi EerTnairi unda iyos maSin,
roca kacobriobis religiuri warmodgenebi Zalian
Wreli suraTia. RmerTi rom arsebuliyo, m. gogiberiZis azriT, is Tavis sakuTar qmnilebas, e.i. adamians,
mianiWebda erT garkveul da savaldebulo warmodgenas
Tavis (e.i. RmerTis) Sesaxeb33.638
is, rom RmerTis arseboba yovelgvar safuZvels
moklebulia, amas yvelaze naTlad amtkicebs sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebis dialogi. aq m.
gogiberiZe miuTiTebs imaze, rom yovel maTgans mxolod sakuTari rwmena miaCnda da miaCnia WeSmarit rwmenad, xolo sxva religiebi _ sisuleled.
m. gogiberiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxvadsxva
kultis msaxurebis erT saerTo niSanze: yvela isini
qadagebdnen morCilebas ara mxolod RvTisadmi, aramed
ama qveynis ZlierTa mimarTac.
avtori mimoixilavs aTeizmis istorias antikurobidan moyolebuli da aRniSnavs, rom aTeisturi moZraoba yovelTvis mecnierebas eyrdnoboda religiis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros.
statiis daskvniT nawilSi m. gogiberiZe aRniSnavs,
rom mTeli Tanamedrove religia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis suraTia da am sazogadoebis awmyo-momavlisagan
gansazRvrulia misi bedic. ,,erT dros sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis saWiroebidan daibada sarwmunoeba da
369
RmerTi da axla igive sazogadoebrivi cxovreba
mospobs erTsac da meoresac”34.639
mecnierebis winaSe religiis uZlurebis Cveneba m.
gogiberiZis statiis umTavresi mizania; magram es mizani miuRweveli rCeba. avtori ver iTvaliswinebs (im
wlebSi arc hqonda ufleba gaeTvaliswinebina, rom
mecniereba da religia, codna da rwmena adamianis sulieri cxovrebis aucilebeli mxareebia, romlebic
erTmaneTs avseben da ganamtkiceben. erTic da meorec
iseve waruvalia, rogorc TviT adamianis cxovreba.
qarTveli filosofosebidan religiis filosofiis sakiTxebze yvelaze saintereso gamokvleva ekuTvnis
s. wereTels. es gamokvleva, marTalia dawerilia aTeizmis poziciidan, magram bevr saintereso mosazrebas
iZleva religiis filosofiis Sesaxeb.
s. wereTeli Tavis TxzulebebSi araerTxel exeba
religiis filosofiis sakiTxebs. es gansakuTrebiT
iTqmis mis wignze ,,antikuri filosofia”, romelSic
igi ikvlevs religiis, Teologiisa da RmerTis filosofiuri cnebis sakiTxebsac, iZleva maT Sesaxeb uaRresad saintereso mosazrebebs. specialuri gamokvleva
ki, romelic man miuZRvna religiis filosofiis sakiTxebs, aris naSromi ,,RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis
cdebi da maTi siyalbe” (1966).
s. wereTels Zalian Zviri daujda dialeqtikuri
logikis sakuTari koncefciis Camoyalibeba, miT umetes Zviri daujdeboda religiis filosofiis sakiTxebSi sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva. amitom is cdilobs, ar gadauxvios sabWoTa aTeizmis mier dadgenil
normebs, Tumca Cveulebrivi aTeisturi argumentacia
misTvis erTob viwroa, rac kargad igrZnoba naSromis
TiTqmis yovel frazaSi.
am naSromSi Cvens winaSea religiis filosofiis
Rrmad moazrovne mkvlevari, romelic didi filosofosebis (platoni, aristotele, dekarti, laibnici,
370
kanti, hegeli) da didi Teologebis (netari avgustine,
anselm kenterberieli, Toma akvineli, mose maimonidi
da sxv.) Tvalsazrisebs ara mxolod ixilavs da akritikebs,
aramed,
amave
dros
Semoaqvs
sakuTari
kontrargumentebi. gansakuTrebiT saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams s. wereTeli anselm kenterberielis
ontologiuri argumentis kantiseuli kritikis da am
ukanasknelis hegeliseuli kritikis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebs
maTi argumentaciis dadebiTsa da uaryofiT mxareebze.
s. wereTeli ganixilavs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis oTx mTavar arguments: kosmologiurs, teleologiurs, ontologiursa da eTikurs. mokled aris
ganxiluli sxva argumentebic: fsiqologiuri, voluntaristuli, neoTomistebis mier wamoyenebuli axali dasabuTebebi da sxv.
RmerTis arsebobis kosmologiuri dasabuTeba
aris daskvna samyarodan (kosmosi) mis mizezze. es aris
Zveli aRTqmis mTavari argumenti; filosofiaSi ki
pirvelad gamoTqva anaqsagoram, Semdeg platonma,
aristotelem, laibnicma, volfma da sxv.
am argumentis zogadi azri aseTia: radgan arsebobs qveyana, unda arsebobdes misi pirveli qveyana,
unda arsebobdes misi pirveli mizezi – misi Semoqmedi.
sxvadsxva moazrovneebTan am ZiriTad debulebas sxvadasxva saxe aqvs:
1. arsebobs SemTxveviT saganTa qveyana, maSasadame,
unda arsebobdes am qveynis pirveli aucilebeli mizezi.
2. arsebobs moZrav saganTa qveyana, maSasadame,
unda iyos pirveli mamoZravebeli.
3. arsebobs ganpirobebuli, maSasadame, unda arsebobdes upirobo ganmapirobebeli.
s. wereTeli cal-calke ganixilavs kosmologiur
arguments
anaqsagorasTan,
platonTan,
aristotelesTan, avicenasTan. miuTiTebs im saerToze, rac maT
371
aerTianebT. saxeldobr, imaze, rom RmerTis gverdiT
daSvebulia maradiuli qveyana, vinaidan mTeli berZnuli azrovneba ar cnobs araraobidan raimes warmoSobas. ,,RmerTis gverdiT sxva maradiulis aRiareba ki
RmerTs zRudavs. sabolood, auqmebs”35.640amiT xsnis
Sromis avtori qristianobaSi RmerTis mier araraobisagan qveynis gaCenis mtkicebas.
kosmologiuri argumentis kantiseul kritikas s.
wereTeli gamanadgurebel kritikad Tvlis. kosmologiuri argumenti gamodis cdidan da askvnis imaze, rac
cdis sazRvrebs iqiTaa; amdenad, is aris aposterioruli xasiaTis argumenti, romelic emyareba bunebriv
miznobriobas; yvela SemTxveviTs aqvs mizezi, Tu es mocemuli mizezic SemTxveviTia, maSin rasac aqvs mizezi
da a.S. mizezTa es rigi unda dasruldes pirveli mizeziT. kantma aCvena, rom am argumentSi kosmologiuri dasabuTeba dayvanilia ontologiur argumentze; igi
TiTqos cdas emyareba, magram namdvilad ki emyareba gonebas: goneba daskvnas akeTebs RmerTis arsebobaze ara
cdis safuZvelze, aramed TviTon RmerTis, rogorc urealuresi da usrulesi arsebis, cnebis safuZvelze.
pirveli mizezis Semoyvana _ grZnobadi qveynis gareT
gasvla, e.i. gonebis Tavisufali moqmedebaa.
s. wereTlis azriT, qveynis absoluturi mizezis
daSveba ar niSnavs maincdamainc RmerTis daSvebas,
radgan SesaZlebelia ara mxolod garegani mizezi,
aramed Sinagani mizezic, e.i. SeiZleba, rom qveyana TviTon iyos Tavisi Tavis mizezi, rogorc amas spinoza
ambobda. Tu mxolod garegani mizezobrioba arsebobs,
maSin ratom ar SeiZleba RmerTis mimarT davuSvaT garegani mizezis arseboba?
mecnierebis miRwevebi imas amtkicebs, rom qveyana
aris usasrulo da mas araviTari garegani mizezi ara
aqvs. am debulebis miReba kants ar SeuZlia, swored es
aris misi argumentis nakli. kosmologiuri argumenti
372
mcdaria, s. wereTlis azriT, imitomac, rom dausabuTeblad, dogmaturad aqvs miRebuli bunebis sasruloba da zebunebrivi mizezis aucilebloba36.641
RmerTis arsebobis teleologiuri, anu fizikoTeologiuri dasabuTeba aris daskvna qveynis mizanSewonilobidan mis gonier sawyisze – RmerTze. es argumenti wamoayenes anaqsagoram, sokratem, platonma,
aristotelem, stoelebma, ciceronma, laibnicma da sxv.
mowersigebuli qveynis wesrigis mizezi aris
momwesrigebeli RmerTi. kanti fiqrobs, rom es dasabuTeba aris daskvna analogiis mixedviT, saxeldobr,
adamianis
miznobrivi
moqmedebis
analogiis
safuZvelze. es dasabuTebac cdidan gamodis, magram mainc ontologiur dasabuTebaze daiyvaneba – daskvnaze,
romelSic cnebidan am cnebis Sesatyvisi sagnis arseboba gamohyavT.
teleologiuri argumentis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuls kantis debulebebs, s. wereTeli umatebs Tavis
Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, teleologiuri dasabuTeba erTmaneTSi urevs bunebaSi arsebul mizanSewonilobas da adamianur mizandasaxulobas. bunebaSi
arsebuli mizanSewoniloba ki, ara zebunebrivi Zalis,
aramed, bunebis ZalaTa da moqmedebis Sedegia.
qveynad borotebis arsebobis sakiTxic, s. wereTlis azriT, am argumentis sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs. iqve motanilia dekartis mosazrebebi borotebis
Sesaxeb, romelic, arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, aTeistur
argumentacias abaTilebs; boroteba, wers dekarti, dakavSirebulia ara RmerTTan, aramed naklovan kerZo
sagnebsa da aseve naklovan adamianebTan. RmerTma Seqmna
sruli sinamdvile, magram mas ar SeeZlo Seeqmna unaklo
adamiani, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adamiani TviTon iqneboda RmerTi.
orive es dasabuTeba _ kosmologiuri da teleologiuri, rogorc ukve iTqva, aposterioruli xasiaTi373
saa. cdidan absolutur azrze gadasvla empiriuli gziT
SeuZlebelia. es dasabuTebebi ki cdiloben am ufskrulis gadalaxvas.
kantis azriT, RmerTis arsebobis erTaderTi dasabuTeba
arsebobs,
Tuki
saerTod
SesaZlebelia
RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba _ es aris ontologiuri
argumenti, romelzec sabolood daiyvaneba yvelafris
dasabuTeba. am arguments s. wereTeli did mniSvlenobas
aniWebs da vrclad ganixilavs ara marto mas, aramed
kontrargumentebsac, romlebic sxva moazrovneebma wamoayenes.
es argumenti, romelic anselm kenterberielma gamoTqva, gansxvavebiT aposterioruli dasabuTebebisagan, apriorul xasiaTs atarebs. anselm kenterberiels
aqvs RmerTis arsebobis aposterioruli dasabuTebebic,
romlebsac ganixilavs s. wereTeli.
RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis arc aposterioruli (sami) da arc aprioruli argumentebi ar miiRo
qristianulma eklesiam da sworad miiCnia Teolog gaunilos mier maTi kritika.
SromaSi ,,monologium“, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli,
anselm kenterberiels mohyavs RmerTis arsebobis
Semdegi aposterioruli dasabuTebani:
1. qveyanaSi arsebuli uricxvi sikeTeni ar arian
Tavis Tavadi xasiaTis; isini SesaZlebelia imiT, rom
sxvdasxva xasiaTiT monawileoben im umaRles sikeTeSi,
romelic TavisTavis saSualebiT arsebobs. es umaRlesi sikeTe aris RmerTi.
2.
umaRlesi pirveli mizezi, romelmac Seqmnil
sagnebs arseboba misca, arsebobs TavisTavis saSualebiT. pirveli mizezi aris mxolod erTi; bevri rom
iyos, maSin yvela isini Tavisi Tavis saSualebiT unda
arsebobdes. es ki gulisxmobs erTian bunebas, rasac
mivyavarT erTianobisken. yvela sagnis Tavis Tavze dafuZnebuli mizezi aris RmerTi.
374
3. arsebobs saganTa sisrulis xarisxebi. am gradacias bolo unda hqondes yvela gradaciaze maRlamdgom usasrulod srul arsebaSi; aseTi arseba ki
aris RmerTi.
aq moyvanili pirveli argumentis Sesaxeb s. wereTeli iyenebs platonis ideaTa Teoriis winaaRmdeg
aristoteles mier wamoyenebul erT-erT arguments,
romlis mixedviT, kerZoebs mowyvetili zogadi aris
arazogadi anu kerZo; gamocalkevebuli zogadi aris
calkeuli. am argumentSi anselmi, aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, kerZo sikeTeebisagan damoukideblad warmoadgens
zogad sikeTes _ RmerTs. magram Tu zogadi sikeTe
movwyviteT kerZo sikeTeebs, maSin ara Tu RmerTis
arseboba ar sabuTdeba, aramed xelidan gvecleba TviTon sikeTis cneba.
anselmis meore argumentis Sesaxeb s. wereTeli
ambobs, rom masSi dausabuTeblad aris miRebuli is,
rac unda dasabuTdes, saxeldobr, is, rom arseboben
,,Seqmnili’’ sagnebi, e.i. winaswaraa miRebuli, rom sagnebi Seqmnilia vinmes mier. ratom ar SeiZleba davuSvaT,
svams kiTxvas avtori, rom buneba, rogorc TavisTavis
mizezi, awarmoebs kerZo sagnebs da arsebobs kerZo
sagnebSi? anselmi dogmaturad uSvebs pirveli mizezis
damoukideblad calke arsebobas. aseTi daSveba ki moiTxovs, imas, rom eZio am calke arsebulisa da bunebis
saerTo mizezis da ase Semdeg, usasrulod.
anselm kenterberielis mesame aposterioruli
argumentic aseve dogmaturad miRebul debulebas emyareba, saxeldobr imas, rom SeuZlebulia usasrulo gradacia. arada, ratom ar SeiZleba usasrulo ganviTarebis
usasrulo gradaciebi? garda amisa, Tu ,,yovlad sruli‘’
sasruloebisagan damoukideblad iqna warmodgnili, maSin aseTi usasrulo iqceva sasrulad37.642
garda aposterioruli argumentebisa, ansselm
kenterberielma wamoayena e.w. ontologiuri argumenti,
375
romelsac RmerTis arseboba TviTon RmerTis cnebidan
gamohyavs. am argumentSi igrZnoba netari avgustines
gavlena. Tumca gansxvaveba maT Soris didia. anselmTan
is Camoyalibebulia klasikuri saxiT. SemdegSi wamoyenebuli dasabuTebebi (dekarti, laibnici) warmoadgnen
anselmis
dasabuTebis
variantebs.
TxzulebaSi
,,proslogiumi’’ es dasabuTeba asea Camoyalibebuli:
RmerTs Cven viazrebT, rogorc umaRlesis arsebas, romelze umaRlesis moazreba SeuZlebeliaa. amitomac igi
unda arsebobdes ara mxolod Cvens gonebaSi, aramed
sinamdvileSic. aseTi arsebis arseboba, rom SemovsazRvroT mxolod Cveni gonebis farglebiT, maSin
unda
davuSvaT
misi
obieqturad
arsebobis
SesaZlebloba. radgan obieqturad arseboba metia, vidre
moazrebuli, amdenad, es aris moazrebulze ufro metis aRiareba. aq Cven mivdivarT winaaRmdegobamde. Tu
arseba, romelze umaRlesi ar SeiZleba moazrebul
iqnas, arsebobs mxolod gonebaSi, maSin is iqneba swored is arseba, romelze umaRlesis moazreba SeuZlebelia. es umaRlesi arseba iqneba is, romelic arsebobs
sinamdvileSi. es ori debuleba SeuZlebelia daSvebul
iqnas erTdroulad. amrigad, is, romelze umaRlesis
moazreba SeuZleebelia, arsebobs ara mxolod gonebaSi, aramed sinamdvileSic. anselmis am msjelobaSi
TiTqos winaswaraa nagrZnobi is debuleba, romelic
Semdgom kantma mis winaaRmdeg wamoayena; saxeldobr
azrSi, cnebaSi arseboba ar niSnavs obieqtur arsebobas; anselmTan ukve mocemulia am braldebis Tavidan
acilebis cda. es braldeba kantze bevrad adre Teologma gaunilom wauyena anselms. mTelma Semdgomma
sqolastikam _ aRniSnavs s. wereTeli, gaunilos debulebebi miiRo, anselmis argumentebi ki uaryo.
s. wereTeli vrclaad ixilavs kantis mier
RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri argumentis kritikas.
mis mier ontologiuri argumentis kantiseuli kriti376
kis analizi naTeli azrovnebisa da didi erudiciis
nimuSia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kantis msjelobis
im monakveTis s. wereTliseuli analizi, romelSic
kanti arkvevs sakiTxs: msjeloba ,,RmerTi arsebobs’’
analizuria Tu sinTezuri: cnebaSi winaaRmdegobis
ararseboba ar amtkicebs Sesatyvisi sagnis SesaZleblobas. Tu vityviT, rom gamonaklisia mxolod
RmerTis _ yovlad srulis _ arsebobis cneba, maSin
msjeloba: ,,RmerTi arsebobs’’ iqneba anlizuri, radgan
msjelobis subieqts mivawerT imas, rac masSi adre
gvqonda nagulisxmevi e.i. miviRebT tavtologias. amdenad is SeuZlebelia iyos namdvili dasabuTeba, SeuZlebelia, msjeloba ,,RmerTi arsebobs’’, iyos sinTezuri msjelobac, radganac grZnobadobis aprioruli
formebis, anu grZnobadi aprioruli intuiciis gareSe
SeuZebelia sinTezi; mxolod cnebaSi sinTezi ar
xorcieldeba. amitom, uzenaesi arsebis cnebidan mis
arsebobaze gadasvla SeuZlebelia. masaSadame, ontologiuri dasabuTeba mcdaria.
s. wereTeli iqve ganixilavs RmerTis arsebobis
dasabuTebebis kantiseuli kritikis Sesaxeb hegelis
Tvalsazriss.
RmerTSi, hegelis azriT, ar aris iseTi arseboba,
rogoricaa Tvalxilul, warmaval sagnebSi. ontologiuri dasabuTebis kritikis dros kantma erTmaneTisagan
ver ganasxvava konkretulad sagnis arsi da ararsi _
arsis da ararsis kategoriebisagan. amasTan, kantma
erTmaneTSi auria sasrulis arseboba da usasrulos
arseboba; rac axasiaTebs sasruls, is moiTxova
usasrulosagan. garda amisa, kantma asi taleris arseboba-ararseboba Secvala asi taleris qoneba-arqonebiT, rac dauSvebelia. Tu sworia, rom cneba
gansxvavdeba arsisagan, maSin RmerTi kidev ufro metad
gansxvavdeba asi tal kerisagan da sxva sasruli sagnebisagan.
377
sasruli sagani, ambobs hegeli, gansxvavdeba misi
arsisagan, magram RmerTi (usasrulo) sruliad sxva sagania. is aris erTaderTi sagani, romlis cnebac arsebobas Seicavs, e.i. RmerTi aris, rac mxolod ,,arsebulad
moiazreba’’. RmerTis cnebas swored cnebis da arsis erTianoba Seadgens. imas, Tu ratom Seicavs cneba arss, arsebobas, hegeli ase xsnis: arsi uSualoa, romelic Semdeg
Sualdeba, cneba ki miiReba gaSualebis moxsniT, amitom
cneba uSualo damokidebulebaSia Tavis TavTan; uSualo
damokidebuleba TavisTavTan ki aris arsi; amrigad, cneba
Seicavs arss, arsebobas. arsi aris abstraqtuli, uSualo mimarTeba Tavis TavTan, rac abstraqtul moments
warmoadgens.
sainteresoa s. wereTlis mier anselmis ontologiuri argumentisa da mis Sesaxeb hegelis debulebebis kritika. igi ase msjelobs: marTalia, raime sagnis Sesaxeb
cneba miuTiTebs am sagnis SesaZleblobaze, magram es SesaZlebloba aris ararealuri, aramed formaluri, romelTac anselmi erTmaneTSi urevs. SesaZlebloba Seicavs SeuZleblobasac. SesaZleblobis saxiT arseboba ar
aris sinamdvileSi arseboba. ,,anselmis daskvna RmerTis
cnebidan gamosvliT mis aucilebel arsebobaze sruliadac ar aris dasabuTeba“38.643
rac Seexeba hegelis mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
anselmis argumenti exeba mxolod da mxolod usasrulos
da ara sasruls, amaze s. wereTeli SeniSnavs, rom
usasrulo, romelic arsebobas Seicavs, aris mTeli sinamdvile da ara RmerTi. magaliTad, spinozam ase gaigo
buneba _ substancia, romelic aris is, risi arsebac Seicavs arsebobas.
anselmis argumentis racionalur marcvals s. wereTeli imaSi xedavs, rom RmerTis arsebobis uaryofa SeuZlebelia, e.i. aq uaryofis momenti TamaSobs arsebiT
rols dasabuTebaSi, e.i. aucileblobis CvenebaSi.
378
RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis eTikuri argumentis
mTavar niSnad s. wereTels is miaCnda, rom RmerTis arseboba maSinac SeiZleba miviRoT, Tu misi arc arseboba sabuTdeba da arc ararseboba. es argumenti _ RmerTis
arsebobis moraluri dasabuTeba _ aris daskvna zneobrivi cnobierebis arsebobidan mis Semqmnelze, es aris ara
Teoriuli dasabuTeba, aramed praqtikuli gonebis
postulati.
s. wereTeli aanalizebs kantis ,,praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi“ wamoyenebul eTikur arguments da askvnis,
rom kantis am koncefciaSi ori Secdomaa daSvebuli:
pirveli, kanti erTmaneTisagan wyvets rwmenas da
codnas, Teoriuls da praqtikuls, meore: kanti ,,msjelobis unaris kritikaSi“ aRniSnavs, rom moralur
arguments _ radgan is araa RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba _ ar SeuZlia RmerTSi SeeWvebuls daumtkicos,
rom RmerTi arsebobs. Tu es asea, wers s. wereTeli, maSin am arguments ar hqonda arc praqtikuli mniSvneloba39.644aqve s. wereTeli gamoTqvams sakmaod sadavo
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTis brma rwmenac,
rwmenis saSualebiT RmerTis arsebobis aRiareba-dasabuTebis rols asrulebs, ramdenadac ,,SeuZlebelia raime miiRo da sxva raime uaryo, rom ar awarmoo raimes
dasabuTeba. ...RmerTis arsebobis rwmena SeuZlebelia
dasabuTebis gareSe; aucilebelia dasabuTebis an misi
raRac samagieros, misi msgavsis moxmara. ...magram
RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia, amitom,
swored dasabuTebis ZaliT, unda gamoiricxos RmerTis
miRebac rwmenis saSualebiT. ...rwmenis da codnis gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. rwmena unda emyarebodes codnas,
dasabuTebas“40.645
rwmenisa da codnis mimarTebis uZvelesi sakiTxi,
romelic saukuneebis manZilze davis sagani iyo da
aris dResac, Zalian sainteresod aris ganxiluli s.
wereTlis am naSromSi. mokled aRvniSnavT, rom reli379
giuri rwmena, romlis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba adamianis cnobierebidan, ar eqvemdebareba Teoriul meditaciebsa da dasabuTebebs. ,,dasabuTebuli RmerTi ar
aris RmerTi, RmerTi unda irwmuno“ _ ambobs k.
iaspersi.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, s. wereTeli mokled ganixilavs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis cdebs neoTomizmSi; igi aRniSnavs, rom am cdebSi ganmeorebulia
Zveli argumentebi da axali araferia, garda erTisa:
Tanamedrove bunebismetyvelebis miRwevebi gamoyenebulia RmerTis arsebobis dasasabuTeblad.
§ 2. religiis sakiTxebis aTeisturi
Sefasebani*
a. jorjaZe, d. uznaZe, s. danelia, m. gogiberiZe da
s. wereTeli religiis filosofiuri problemebis
kvlevisas wminda mecnieruli poziciebidan amodiodnen
da zogierT maTganTan aTeisturi Tvalsazrisic ZiriTadad sakiTxisadmi aseve mecnieruli midgomiT iyo nakarnaxevi. aRniSnulis paralelurad XX s-is saqarTveloSi, kerZod, 20-30-ian wlebSi aTeizmis droSiT propagandistuli mizniT mimdinareobda brZola religiuri msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg, romelsac araferi
hqonda saerTo arc mecnierebasTan da arc, aTeizmTanac ki.
imis miuxedavad, rom dekretiT eklesia gamoyofili iyo saxelmwifosagan, sabWoTa kavSirSi ilaxeboda
*††Sromis am nawilSi gamoyenebulia TemaSi monawile
udrood gardacvlili mecnieris xvTiso gogoWuris (19411997) moZiebuli masalebi, romelTa saboloo saxiT
dawera avtors ar dascalda.
380
morwmuneTa uflebebi, sabWoTa xelisufleba aviwroebda maT, sxva daniSnulebiT iyenebda sakulto dawesebulebaTa Senobebs da sxv.
imdroindeli mebrZoli aTeistebi brals sdebdnen
religiis msaxurT, rom isini adamians aiZulebdnen, raTa ,,Tavisi gaWirvebis wamali aq, amqveynad ki ara, aramed ,,saiqios“ aZebninos“41.646isini religias brals
sdebdnen imaSic, rom is dedamiwaze arafers ar aZlevs
adamianebs, mxolod zecaSi hpirdeba yovelnair bednierebas da Turme amiT eqspluatatorebi Zalian arian gaxarebulni, radgan xalxi zecas Sehyurebs da iq, saiqioSi, elis yovelive sikeTes da ar ainteresebs saaqao
bednieri cxovreba.
,,mecnieruli aTeistebis” azriT, samoTxec da jojoxeTic aq aris, dedamiwaze. vinc kargad moiwyo
cxovreba, samoTxeSi yofila, xolo vinc Tavi ver daaRwia siRaribes, is _ jojoxeTSi. qristes gamogoneba
ki Turme imitom dasWirda gabatonebul klasebs, rom
mudmivi SiSisagan ganTavisuflebul iyvnen, romelic
mosalodneli iyo tanjuli mSromelebisagan samagieros gadaxdis mizniT, agreTve imisaTvis, rom Caekla
maTSi klasobrivi siZulvili da mtroba. arada,
sarwmunoebis mizani Turme is yofila, rom adamiani
mudmiv sibneleSi da gaunaTleblobaSi imyofebodes,
vinaidan aseTi xalxis motyueba da dabeCaveba ufro
advilia. qristes erT-erTi mcneba ki gveubneba: ,,ara
kac hkla“, ese igi, davicvaT sicocxle da keTildReoba moyvasisa da Tavisi Tavisa, davicvaT Cveni janmrTeloba, SevewioT Raribs, movuaroT avadmyofs, vanugeSoT mwuxare, vapatioT Seuracxmyofels da keTili
gavukeToT mters; an kidev _ ,,ara iparo“, romelic
gvikrZlavs qurdobas, sxvisi qonebis miTvisebas, gaZarcvas an ZaliT raimes warTmevas, motyuebiT anu cbierebiT sxvisi sakuTrebis miTvisebas. es mcnebebi TiToeuli CvenTaganisagan moiTxovs uangarobas, erTgule381
bas, patiosnebas, marTlmsajulebas, RaribTa Sewyalebas da sxva.
revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas propagandistuli xasiaTi hqonda, romelic SemdegSi TandaTanobiT gamwvavda da gamZafrda. am
dros Seiqmna mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri (muk), romelic religiis mowinaaRmdegeTa samsaxurSi Cadga. misi mizani iyo yovelnairi brZola religiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac misTvis misaRebi Sedegebi eqneboda. aseTi muSaobiT didad kmayofilni iyvnen da werdnen kidec amis Sesaxeb: ,,Cvens qveyanaSi hqreba religia xalxis farTo masebSi, es ar xdeba ise swrafad, rogorc zogierT mouTmenel amxanags unda, magram es xdeba sistematurad da ganuxrelad. gegmaSewonili, socialisturi meurneoba,
eqspluatatoruli klasebis likvidacia, codnis sul
ufro gavrceleba, sasixarulo, bednieri cxovreba, _
yovelive es, rogorc kaSkaSa mze, ise hfantavs legendebs
saiqio bednierebaze, ,,im qveyniur cxovrebaze“42.647
religiisadmi aseT damokidebulebas Tavisi Sedegebi hqonda. isini erTgvari aRtacebiTac ki aRniSnavdnen,
rom qveyanaze Turme morwmuneTa ricxvma sagrZnoblad moiklo, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom maTi azriT,
saWiro iyo brZola religiis winaaRmdeg da atarebdnen
cxovrebaSi am azrebs. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom religiasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi sakmaod kargi nabijebi
gadaidga revoluciis Semdeg, magram Turme es jer kidev
ar iZleoda damSvidebis safuZvels. isini swuxdnen imis
gamoc, rom xalxis Segnebidan erTbaSad ver amoZirkves
religiuri rwmena, rwmena sikeTisadmi, siyvarulisadmi,
zneobisadmi da ase Semdeg. xalxis garkveul nawilSi jer
kidev arsebobda RmrTisadmi Tayvaniscema da siyvaruli,
romelTac maSin crumorwmunoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTes
TavianTi brZola. religias isini Tvlidnen yvelaze
konservatiul ideologiad, romelic imave dros, maTi
azriT, mecnierebis mteri iyo. religia moiTxovs morCi382
lebas da moTminebas mSromelebisagan da morwmuneebisagan, raTa saiqioSi moipovo zeciuri sasufeveli,
aRniSnavdnen isini. maT SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom religiuri grZnobebisagan adamianTa ganTavisufleba erTbaSad ar moxdeboda da amitom mis winaaRmdeg brZolas
xangrZlivad da mudmivad awarmoebdnen.
antireligiurma propagandam moicva mTeli qveyana.
igi mimdinareobda skolebsa da samsaxurebSi, soflebsa
da qalaqebSi, morwmuneebTa da aramorwmuneebTan, da ase
Semdeg. Jurnali ,,mebrZoli aTeisti“ werda: ,,antireligiur propagandaSi Cven SegviZlia mivsceT da kidevac
unda mivsceT mowafeebs cnobebi religiis antimecnierulobis Sesaxeb, mivsceT swori cnobebi qveynierebis, adamianis warmoSobaze, wvimis, quxilis, gvalvis da bunebis
sxva movlenebze. sakmarisia, mTeli Cveni antireligiuri
muSaoba mxolod aseTi sakiTxebiT SemovzRudoT, rom miviRoT araklasobrivi, politikuri midgoma religiisadmi“43.648
30-ani wlebi gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gamoirCeoda religiis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxSi. am periodSi daarsda Jurnali ,,religiis winaaRmdeg“, romelSic religiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli bevri werilia
dabeWdili. grigol gogiberiZis azriT, iyo dro, roca
adamians aRaraviTari sarwmunoeba ar hqonda, ar icoda
sityva RmerTi da saerTod sarwmunoebrivi ideis gamomxatveli sityvac ki ar arsebobda. maT ar hqondaT araviTari warmodgena religiaze, iseve rogorc cxovelebs.
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi adamiani mivida RmerTisa da
eSmakis, keTili da boroti Zalebis Semoqmedis aRiarebamde.
g. gogiberiZe aRniSnavs, rom adamianSi sarwmunoebis
warmoSoba ganapiroba misi gonebis ganviTarebis dabalma
donem. mas ar SeeZlo aexsna is movlenebi, romelSic
cxovreba uxdeboda, rac mis garSemo xdeboda. is iZulebuli gaxda gaeRmerTebina da sasicocxlo funqciebi mieniWe383
bina bunebis iseTi movlenebisaTvis, romelTac mis
cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. amitom
pirvelyofil sarwmunoebas g. gogiberiZe Tvlis naturalisturad, romelsac animisturic ewodeba. igi uaryofiT
damokidebulebaSia religiasTan da aRniSnavs, rom
SemdegSi religiis msaxurni cdilobdnen bunebis movlenebis axsnas da iZleodnen kidec mas, ra Tqma unda, araswors.
isini arc cdilobdnen sinamdvilis warmoSobis namdvil
axsnas. piriqiT, axlad warmoSobil mecnierebasac ki religiuri crumorwmuneobis gansamtkiceblad iynebdnen. g.
gogiberiZe religiis warmoSobas, ukavSirebs kerZo sakuTrebis gaCenas. misi azriT, yoveli religia pirvelad
viTomc xalxis sakeTildReod warmoiSoboda, Semdeg ki
igi iqceoda gabatonebuli klasebis iaraRad da mSromeli
xalxis damCagvrel saSualebad. 20-30-ian wlebSi moRvawe
cnobil da SedarebiT naklebad cnobil qarTvel moazrovneebs gaaCndaT TavianTi Sexedulebebi religiaze.
maTi azriT, qveynierebaze mravalnairi religiaa, gansxavebuli wesebiT, dResaswaulebiT, RvTismsaxurebiT da
sxv. zogierTi maTgani mkveTrad radikalur da SeiZleba
iTqvas, aramecnierul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda religiuri problematikisadmi.
grigol mestiaSvilis azriT, sarwmunoebas iseTi
moTxovnebi aqvs, rom adamiani veRar axerxebs fiqrs
cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze da miT umetes, mis praqtikul ganxorcielebaze. yvela religia moiTxovs damorCilebas xelisuflebisadmi. es ki mSromelebs
ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis unars uklavs. mas
swams da sjera isic, rom religiebi erovnul
SuRlsac aRviveben erTmaneTs Soris imitom, rom yvela
maTgans aqvs ukeTesobis pretenzia. maSin, roca wers
avtori: ,,muSebisa da glexebisaTvis yvela religia
mavnebelia, yvela religia aferxebs cxovrebis gaumjobesebas. religia Segnebulad Cabmulia gabatonebul
klasTa banakSi. vinc ebrZvis kapitals, unda ebrZodes
384
religiasac, religia ar faravs mtrobas socializmisadmi da ukanasknelic valdebulia, Sesaferisi pasuxi
gasces Tavis mtrebs“44.649
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnul periodSi arsebuli situacia moazrovneTa garkveul nawilze daaxloebiT erTnairad moqmedebs. maTi Sexedulebebi ZiriTad
nawilSi Zalian hgavs erTimeores. es religiis mimarT
damokidebulebaa, romelic aucileblad uaryofiTi
unda yofiliyo. am mxriv gamonakliss arc ipolite
varTagava warmoadgenda, romelic wers: ,,yvela cdilobs daamtkicos, rom RmerTebma Seqmnes xiluli qveyana da yovelive is, rac am qveyanaze arsebobs da
cxovrobs, rom ,,RmerTebi“ marTaven da ganageben samyaros, rom maTzea damokidebuli yovelive arsis bedi da
iRbali, rom isini amyareben sicocxle-sikvdilis kanonebs da sxv. magram ukve uryevad damtkicebulad
iTvleba is, rom RmerTebma ki ar Seqmnes adamiani da
samyaro, isini ki ar marTaven maT cxovrebas, aramed
adamianebma Seqmnes ,,RmerTebi“, isini asaxiereben, isini
hkveTen ,,RmerTebis“ saxeebs, adamianis wyalobiT iSvebian da kvdebian, _ qrebian RmerTebi45.650misi azriT,
RmerTebi iseve ibadebian, rogorc adamianebi, ufro
sworad, RmerTebs warmoSobs adamianis fantazia,
RmerTebi mas miaCnda adamianebis SemoqmedebiT niWierebad.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnul periodSi yvela
filosofosi, romelic marqsizmis poziciebze idga,
daaxloebiT erTnairad warmoadgenda religiis warmoSobis mizezebsac. maTi azriT, amis mizezi iyo adamianis uZlureba bunebis stiqiuri movlenebis winaSe da
amitomac aRmerTebdnen kidec bunebis Zalebs sawyis
etapze. amis Sesaxeb qarTveli filosofosi ambrosi
TavaZe wers: ,,kulturis istoriis maRal safexurze bunebis gavlena socialur-klasobriv prizmaSia gadatexili, ramdenadac adamiani kulturis maRal safexurze
385
adis,
imdenad
bunebis
stiqiis
gavlena
masze
gardamqmneli zemoqmedebis gamo mcirdeba da socialur prizmaSi gadatexili, moxsnili saxiT rCeba. rasakvirvelia, bunebis stiqiis winaaRmdeg brZola exla
gacilebiT advilia, vidre 3 000 wlis winaT. garda amisa, mis winaaRmdeg brZola gacilebiT advilad SeuZlia gegmian socialistur saxelmwifos, vidre
ugegmo, antagonistur, kapitalistur saxelmwifos“46.651
a. TavaZis azriT, pirvelyofili adamianebi bunebis monebi arian, maT ar SeuZliaT misi gageba, axsna
da miT umetes, misi gardaqmna da adamianTa samsaxurSi
Cayeneba. amitom isini iZulebulni arian gaaRmerTon da
Tayvani scen bunebas, romelic SemdegSi kidec gaasulieres.
revoluciis Semdgomi periodi sagrZnoblad gamorCeulia religiasTan damokidebulebaSi. ai, ras
werda 1923 wlis 20 martis gazeTi ,,komunisti“: ,,xalxi
ukve gamofxizlebis gzazea damdgari, dRes man ukve
icis, Tu ra fasi da mniSvneloba aqvs religias da Sesaferisad epyroba mas. xis daZvelebuli kedlebi,
dampali da Camongreuli saxuravi, zarebi moxsnili da
skolis ezoSi gatanili _ ai mdgomareoba, romelSic
imyofeba umravlesoba aqauri eklesia-taZrebisa, maTze
ar zrunavs xalxi“. es gasagebia, radganac maSin veravin bedavda maT patronobas. yvelgan gamohqondaT
dadgenilebebi eklesiis gauqmebisa da maTi klubebad,
saxalxo saxlebad, skolebad gadakeTebis Sesaxeb da
am dadgenilebebs aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda TiTo-orola moxucis garda, romelTa xmac ikargeboda religiis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli xalxis xmaSi. mRvdlebi
imdenad iyvnen Seviwroebulni, rom xmis amoRebas veravin bedavda. isini iZulebulni iyvnen samazro aRmaskomebSi TxovniT misuliyvnen, raTa saSualeba miscemodaT SeecvalaT anafora saero tansacmliT.
386
marTalia, revoluciis Semdeg gamoica specialuri dekreti saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis da
sindisis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,
yovel moqalaqes mieca ufleba, aRiaros an ar aRiaros
romelime relgia, ese igi, iyos morwmune an aTeisti;
amis miuxedavad, xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxveva, roca
maswavlebels iTxovdnen imis gamo, rom man Seasrula
raime religiuri rituali, an Svili monaTla, an
jvrisweriT gadaixada qorwili, an micvalebuli gaasvena religiuri wesiT. aseTi SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo
da amitom skolebSi arsebobda antireligiuri wreebi,
romelTa mizani iyo religiis sawinaaRmdego saqmianoba. aseTi wreebis Camoyalibebas arc warmoeba-dawesebulebebi eridebodnen da maTganac aqtiur muSaobas
moTxovdnen. soflad Tu qalaqad, TiToeuli ojaxi
valdebuli iyo am saqmianobaSi Cabmuliyo aqtiurad.
ara marto ojaxi, aramed ojaxisa TiToeuli wevri
valdebuli iyo ebrZola religiis winaaRmdeg, rogorc
SeeZlo. Tu ojaxis ufrosi aTeisti iyo, SesaZlebeli
iyo misi ojaxis romelime wevri morwmune yofiliyo,
amitom ojaxis ufross didi movaleoba ekisreboda
ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis mimarT. yvela ,,partiuli
amxanagi“ unda gamxdariyo Tavisi ojaxis propagandisti. maswavlebelTa msgavsad didi yuradReba iyo
gadatanili diasaxlisebzec, radgan isinic momavali
Taobis aRmzrdelebi iyvnen. aseve moiTxovdnen mosaxleobis gaerTianebas mezobel uRmerToTa kavSirebSi, maT evalebodaT religiis sawinaaRmdego saRamoebis mowyoba, antireligiuri piesebis
warmodgena,
kiTxva-pasuxebis gamarTva antireligiur Temebze da
sxva. ase rom, revolucias mohyva religiis uaryofa da
misi ugulebelyofa.
1931 wels centralurma komitetma miiRo aRdgomis
sawinaaRmdego kampaniis Catarebis specialuri dagenileba. am dadgenilebis mizani iyo xalxs ar edResaswa387
ula ,,aRdgoma“. am dRes maT unda emuSavaT Cveulebrivi
samuSao dRiT. isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rom
Zaldataneba
dafaruli
yofiliyo
da
TiTqosda
,,xalxis surviliT xdeboda religiis winaaRmdeg brZola“. erT-erTi lozungis Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: ,,ecadeT,
rom kolmeurneebis samuSaoze gamosvla iyos nebayoflobiTi da Segnebuli da ara administraciuli
Zaldatanebis Sedegi“.
1936 wels axali konstituciis proeqtis gamoqveynebisTanave daiwyo axleburi brZola religiis
msaxurTa mimarT, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom mRvdlebs
aukrZales arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, rasac miesalmebodnen sabWoTa aqtivistebi. ,,Zalian momwons
konstitucia, yovelmxriv kmayofili var, magram ar SemiZlia ar gamovTqva Cemi Sexeduleba zogierT sakiTxze: 135-e da 136-e muxli aniWebs uflebas yvelas
arCeuli iqnas da airCios moqalaqeni 18 wlis meti xnisa, miuxedavad sarwmunoebisa, socialuri warmoSobisa.
erTi sityviT, arCevnebSi monawileobs yvela, visac ki
sasamarTlos wesiT ar aqvs saarCevno ufleba warTmeuli. me vayeneb sakiTxs: Cven gvyavs mRvdlebi, romlebic
ar Sromoben, Tavis saqmianobas Tavs ar anebeben. me
mgonia arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba maT ar unda
mivceT, rogorc ara mSromelT. raRa dasamalia, rom
zogierT CamorCenilze maT SeiZleba gavlenac ki moaxdinon. amitom Cemi azria, mRvdlebs, romlebsac ar
miutovebiaT Zveli xeloba da ar Sromoben ar mivceT
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba“ (gazeTi ,,komunisti“,
№249, 20 oqtomberi 1936). ,,Cemi azriT, sityvis Tavisufleba ar unda mieceT mRvdlebs da religiuri
kultis sxva msaxurebs, romelTac SeeZlebaT mosaxleobis CamorCenil fenebSi gaswion religiur da sxva
crurwmenaTa propaganda“ (gazeTi ,,komunisti“, 1936,
№245, 22 oqtomberi). msgavsi faqtebis moyvana mravlad
SeiZleba; es yvelaferi xdeboda maSin, roca miRebuli
388
da aRiarebuli iyo specialuri dekreti sindisis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi religiisadmi
aseT, mkacrad uaryofiT rols ukvalod ar Cauvlia.
man didi ziani moutana qarTveli kacis sulier formirebas. es sakiTxis praqtikuli mxarea, Teoriulad ki
Seferxda an sulac SeCerda religiis, rogorc adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis, rogorc kulturis fenomenis, mecnieruli Seswavla, misi filosofiuri analizi.
amis miuxedavad, qarTul filosofiaSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, iyo
garkveuli miRwevebi religiis filosofiisa da religiis sakiTxebis Seswavla-damuSavebis saqmeSi. mecnieruli aTeizmis problemebis damuSavebas araerTi gamokvleva miuZRvnes anton gelaSvilma, (1923-1977), oTar
gabiZaSvilma (1927-2003), daviT gegeSiZem (1935-2003), Teimuraz fanjikiZem da sxvebma. Tanamedrove qarTul filosofiaSi aRsdga religiis filosofiuri problemebis kvlevis tradicia. am mimarTebiT sayuradRebo gamokvlevebis avtorebi arian: arCil baqraZe (1942-2004),
vaJa gogoberiSvili (1929-1999), xvTiso gogoWuri (19411997), vaxtang erqomaiSvili (1932-2001), giorgi cincaZe
(1926-2005), dali danelia, nodar naTaZe.
saqarTveloSi islamis filosofiuri da zneobrivi problematikis Seswavlis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitanes ragim andriaSvilma, SoTa oqropiriZem, rusudan wiqvaZem, roman zosiZem, abesalom aslaniZem.
religiis sakiTxisadmi ideologiuri da propagandistuli midgomis daZlevis Semdeg, CvenSi yvela piroba aris imisaTvis, rom religiuri problematika
Seswavlili iqnas wminda mecnieruli interesebidan gamomdinare da am gziTac mimdinareobs kvleva-Zieba bolo xanebSi.
389
mervee Tavi
logikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi
(70-ian wlebamde)
logikis Seswavla saqarveloSi mravalsaukunovani
tradicia aqvs. mis fesvebs gviandel antikurobaSi mivyavarT da es, albaT, imiT aixsneba, rom qarTuli kultura berZnul-bizantiuris Tavisebur ganStoebas warmoadgenda, logika ki yovelTvis iyo berZnul-bizantiuri
ganaTlebis elementi.
Semdgom periodSi gamudmebiT icvleboda gavlenis
sferoebi, romlebSic qarTuli kultura da mecniereba
eqceoda, magram logikisadmi interesi mis ganviTarebaSi
im wyvetebis miuxedavad, romlebic gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos politikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
arastabilurobiT, saocrad mdgradi aRmoCnda.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, imxanad evropaSi
damkvidrebuli nimuSebis Sesabamisad, logikuri Ziebani
ifargleboda aristotelesa da misi Zveli komentatorebis Sromebis TargmniTa da interpretaciiT. msoflio
kulturisagan izolirebis mZime periodSi ki _ arsebuli Targmanebisa da komentarebis gadaweriT (esec
garkveulwilad tradiciis Senaxvas niSnavda). XI-XII ssis kulturul aRmavlobas, samwuxarod, XIII-XVII ss-Si
mohyva kulturuli samyarosagan saqarTvelos mowyvetis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis dacemis mZime xana.
Semdeg iwyeba ruseTis gavlenis sferoSi politikurad
saqarTvelos TandaTanobiTi moqcevis xangrZlivi periodi, romelic XIX s-is dasawyisisaTvis saqarTvelos
samefoebis ruseTis guberniebad gadaqceviT damTavrda.
axla ukve evropasTan kulturuli kavSiri ZiriTadad
390
ruseTis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Tbilisisa da quTaisis gimnaziebSi logika sxva sagnebis msgavsad rusuli
saxelmZRvaneloebiT iswavleboda.
qarTuli universitetis daarseba mxolod qveynis
damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad moxerxda XX s-is
dasawyisSi. logikurma kvleva-Ziebam kvlav gamococxleba daiwyo saqarTveloSi. amas ki mohyva bolSevikuri
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi misi iZulebiTi dabrunebis 70wliani periodi, romelic formalurad 90-iani wlebis
daswyisSi dasrulda.
1917 wlis politikuri kataklizmebis Semdeg, rodesac daiwyo ruseTis imperiis daSlis procesi, iv. javaxiSvili (1876-1940) daukavSirda peterburgSi myof S.
nucubiZes (1888-1969) da sTxova TbilisSi dabrunebuliyo, raTa qarTuli universitetis gaxsnis samzadisSi mieRo monawileoba.
Tbilisis universiteti gaixsna 1918 wlis 26 iavars
(Zveli stiliT). misi damfuZneblebis gadawyvetilebiT
bevri evropuli universitetis msgavsad daarsda mxolod erTi _ sibrZnismetyvelebis anu safilosofoso
fakulteti, romelzec iyo sami ganyofileba: humanur
mecnierebaTa,
samaTematiko
da
sabunebismetyvelo.
Semdgom moxda misi bunebrivi gayofa or fakultetad.
filosofiuri disciplinis, maT Soris, logikis
swavlebas saTaveSi edga S. nucubiZe, romelic kiTxulobda leqciebs filosofiasa da mis momijnave
dargebSi. S. nucubiZem daaarsa filosofiuri seminari,
romelzec qarTvel filosofosTa mTeli Taoba aRizarda. moamzada da gamosca saxelmZRvaneloebi filosofiis sxvadasxva disciplinebSi. logikaSi S. nucubiZem dawera da gamosca sami saxelmZRvanelo. maTgan
erTi gankuTvnili iyo saSualo skolebisTvis1.652
bunebrivad ismis sakiTxi, rogori iyo S. nucubiZis
damokidebuleba formalur logikasTan? rCeboda is
tradiciiT dakanonebul sazRvrebSi, Tu saWirod Tvli391
da am sazRvrebis gadalaxvas ukve gakvaluli erT-erTi
zemoT daxasiaTebuli mimarTulebiT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra Sefasebas aZlevda S. nucubiZe formalur logikas da rogor
warmoedgina
mas
logikis
Semdgomi
ganviTarebis
perspeqtiva. es yvelaze gamokveTilad sCans misi ,,loRikebis“ Sesaval nawilebSi. bolo saxelmZRvanelos winasityvaobaSi S. nucubiZe pirdapir wers: ,,dRes formali
loRika, rogorc TviTRirebuli dargi istorias Cabarda, magram misi mniSvneloba, rogorc filosofiuri
loRikis Sesavlis anu propedevtikis uryevia. amao
ocnebaa, rom vinmem dasZlios filosofiuri logika, Tu
mas formal loRikis skola ar aqvs gavlili“ _ da
Semdeg: ,,formali loRika, rogorc propedevtiuri
dargi, unda win uswrebdes loRikis filosofiur
kurss... formal loRikis dalageba im dargidan unda
moxerxdes, rom misi Semswavlelis cnobierebaSi yoveli
sakiTxis gacnobis dros naTeli iyos is garemoeba, rom
am sakiTxs meore _ filosofiuri mxare aqvs, sadac
cocxali azri WeSmaritebis niadagzea dafuZnebuli. Tu
es ar iqna miRweuli, maSin formali loRikis swavleba
yovelive azrs kargavs, radgan misi azri mxolod imaSia, rom igi filosofiuri loRikis propedevtikaa“2.653
rogorc vxedavT, S. nucubiZe formalur logikas
Tvlidadasrulebul, mza saxiT arsebul filosofiur
propedevtikad, romlis formaluri SesaZleblobebi bolomde garkveuli da principulad amowurulia. misi
azriT, ganviTarebis perspeqtiva filosofiur logikas
aqvs. es niSnavda logikis srulyofis mxolod kantianur-hegelianur perspeqtivis aRiarebas. amgvari poziciis arCeva S. nucubiZis mier bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom peterburgSic da germaniaSic TiTqmis
yvela mkvlevari, visTanac is muSaobda, iyo logikis
propedevtikuri kursis avtori da yvela maTgans dasabuTebis
formalur-logikuri
aparatis
Semdgomi
392
srulyofa SeuZleblad miaCnda. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom S. nucubiZis amgvarma midgomam formaluri
logikisadmi udavod didi gavlena moaxdina logikis
perspeqtivebis iseT gaazrebaze, romelic gamoxatuli
iyo axalgazrda k. baqraZis (1898-1970) pirvel gamokvlevaSi3.654man aseve udavod didi gavlena moaxdina s. wereTlis (1907-1966) mTel da l. gokielis (1901-1975) meore
periodis moRvaweobaze. samwuxarod, aman nawilobriv
Seuwyo xeli saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove formaluri
(maTematikuri) logikisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas, rac sul sxva miznebisa da motivebisTvis gamoiyena da daakanona 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa
propagandam, magram amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ufro
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
axla mokled davaxasiaToT rogor esaxeboda S.
nucubiZes filosofiuri logikis perspeqtivebi. formaluris sapirispirod igi mas agreTve uwodebda
sagnobrivs, trancendentalurs, gnoseologiurs. es saxelwodebebi misTvis sinonimuri iyo. aseTi midgoma,
cxadia, germanuli idealizmis gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss warmoadgenda. ai, rogor
aRwerda S. nucubiZe formalur da sagnobriv logikas
Soris gansxvavebas da afuZnebda sagnobrivis upiratesobas. ,,WeSmariteba orgvaria: garegnuli anu formali
da Sinagani anu sagnobrivi. pirvelis magaliTia:
Zlierebi yovelTvis batonobdnen uZlurebze,
devebi adamianebze Zlierebi iyvnen.
maSasadame, devebi yovelTvis batonobdnen adamianebze.
aq garegnulad erTi azri meoridan wesierad gamomdinareobs, e.i. daculia formali wesiereba da amitom viRebT formal WeSmaritebas, xolo sinamdvileSi
arseboben Tu ara devebi _ Cven ar varkvevT. sagnobrivi
WeSmaritebis magaliTi:
yoveli adamiani mokvdavia.
393
sokrate adamiania.
maSasadame, sokrate mokvdavia.
am SemTxvevaSi danaskvi iseve wesieradaa miRebuli,
rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi, e.i. formali WeSmaritebacaa. magram amis garda, igi sagnobrivadac sworia...
formali WeSmariteba SeiZleba arsebobdes gareSe
sagnobriv WeSmaritebisa..., sagnobrivisTvis aucilebelad savaldebuloa, rom formaladac swori iyos“4,655da
Semdeg ,,ramdenadac loRika Seicavs im wesebis aRweras,
romelnic Sedagenen formal WeSmaritebis aucilebel
pirobas, imdenad TviTon loRikac formalia, xolo
ramdenadac loRikis sagans Seadgenen wesebi material
sagnobriv WeSmaritebasa, imdenad loRikac sagnobrivi
anu
transcendentali“5.656,,transcendentali
loRika“
pirvelad mxolod axal filosofiaSi kantma ixmara,
magram Segneba imisa, rom saWiroa sagnobrivi WeSmaritebis winaswari pirobebis gageba-gaTvaliswineba, didi xania arsebobda. TviT terminic ki ixmareboda kantamde,
magram saboloo saxe logikis am nawils mxolod
kantma misca. transcendentaluri niSnavs imas, rasac
mniSvneloba aqvs cdisaTvis, mxolod TviT cdisaTvis
sruliad damokidebulia“6.657
es albaT, yvelaze bundovani adgilia logikis nucubiseul dalagebaSi. gamarTulobiT da sisworiT xasiaTdeba daskvna an daskvnaTa jaWvi _ sja da damtkiceba _ da ara maTi saSualebiT miRebuli msjeloba. aq ki
daskvnisa da sjis es maxasiaTebeli gadatanilia maT
komponentebze _ msjelobebze. Semdeg ki igi logikis
orad _ formalurad da sagnobrivad gayofis safuZvlad aris miCneuli. sagnobrivi logikis upiratesobis, misi SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis aseTi daფuZneba, rogorc Cans, momdinareobs aristoteles mier erTmaneTisagan damsabuTebeli silogizmebisa da sjis zemoT daxasiaTebuli gansxvavebis Taviseburi, Sua saukuneebSi
gavrcelebuli, cota ucnauri, gagebidan. marTlac,
394
formaluri
WeSmaritebis
magaliTad
S.
nucubiZe
asaxlebs danaskvs silogizmisa, romelsac aristotele
dialeqtikurs uwodebda, xolo sagnobrivi WeSmaritebis
magaliTad – danaskvs silogizmisa, romelsac aristotele damsabuTebels uwodebda. magram orive saxe silogizmebisa xom formalur logikaSi Seiswavleba?
am periodis yvela filosofiur SromaSi S. nucubiZe Semecnebis Teoriis da logikis kavSirisa da dafuZnebis sakiTxebs ikvlevda. misi Ziebis mizani Semecnebis Teoriisa da logikis cnebaTa gaazrebaSi fsiqologizmisa da anTropologizmis daZleva iyo. ,,ganxorcielebul SemecnebaSi, anu codna-WeSmaritebaSi. araferi
fsiqikuri ar aris”. swored es Tvalsazrisi gaatara man
Tavis filosofiur koncefciaSi, romelsac aleTologiuri realizmi uwoda. misi ZiriTadi nawilia moZRvreba WeSmaritebaze TavisTavad7.658aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
S. nucubiZem saqarTveloSi daamkvidra tradicia logikis filosofiis problemebis gaSuqebisa Zveli formaluri logikis masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
S. nucubiZis pirveli mowafe iyo k. baqraZe, romelic
universitetis
gaxsnisTanave
Cairicxa
sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetis safilosofoso ganyofilebis studentad (1919wels, roca sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultets gamoeyo samaTematiko-sabunebismetyvelo
fakulteti, k. baqraZe misi studenti gaxda, oRond am
fakultetze swavla aRar gaugrZelebia). 1922 wels k.
baqraZem daamTavra universiteti da S. nucubiZis rekomendaciiT sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze datoves
saprofesorod mosamzadeblad (ase uwodebdnen maSin
aspiranturas). male k. baqraZe xangrZlivi droiT miavlines germaniaSi haidelbergisa da fraiburgis universitetebSi, sadac im dros leqciebs kiTxulobdnen e.
huserli, h. rikerti da sxv. cnobili germaneli filosofosebi (ameve periodSi getingenis universitetSi d.
hilbertis xelmZRvanelobiT mecnierTa Zalian mcire
395
jgufi amuSavebda maTematikuri logikis safuZvlebs,
rom araferi vTqvaT evropis sxva qalaqebis ufro mcirericxovan jgufebze. magram maTi kvlevis Sedegebi im
xanad mkvlevarTa Zalian viwro wrisTvis iyo cnobili).
1925 wels k. baqraZe saqarTveloSi brundeba. 1926 wels
man warmatebiT Caabara sadoqtoro gamocdebi da S. nucubiZis asistentad daiwyo muSaoba. 1928 wlidan igi damoukideblad kiTxulobs leqciebs, xolo 1930 wels
gaxda Tbilisis universitetis profesori. saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli k. baqraZe, rogorc Cans, S. nucubiZisa
da germaniaSi SeTvisebuli filosofiuri tradiciis
gavleniT, logikis kantianur-hegelianuri perspeqtivis
damcvelad mogvevlina. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
Semdegi
nawyvetebi
misi
pirveli
monografiidan.
,,transcendentaluri logika ...pirveli nabiji iyo tradiciuli formaluri logikis dangrevisa da axali, dialeqtikuri logikis agebis gzaze”8.659
,,aristoteles logika sagnobrivi logika iyo –
garkveuli metafizikuri Tvalsazrisidan amosvliT
aristotele aSenebs logikas Tavisi metafizikuri
msoflmxedvelobis wanamZRvrebze. aristoteles ,,pirveli filosofia” aris metafizikac da logikac erTsa
da imave dros, ise rogorc hegelis ,,logika da metafizika misTvis pirveli filosofia gaxda”9.660
tradiciam aristoteles logikas metafizikuri
sayrdeni gamoacala, ris Sedegadac aristoteles logika ,,haerSi gamokidebuli darCa. igi gadaiqca formalur
disciplinad”10.661k. baqraZe imowmebs kants imis sailustraciod, rom ,,namdvili SemecnebisaTvis formaluri logika ar aris sakmarisi... usagno azris principebi
ar gamodgeba saganobrivi Semecnebis procesSi. formalur-logikuri aRar aris sakmarisi sinamdvilis Sesacnobad da logikis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi misi safuZvliani reformisa, axali logikis Seqmnisa”11.662es
,,axali logika transcendentaluri logikaa”12.663tradi396
ciuli formaluri logikis ,,e.w. azrovnebis kanonebs
ekargebaT absoluturi da sayovelTao kanonebis
mniSvneloba”13.664
kantma ,,naTlad dainaxa, Tu ra ususur mdgomareobaSi vardeba sagnobrivi Semecneba ,,e.w. azrovnebis kanonebis amara”14.665,,azrovnebis kanonebi, romelic aristotelem aRmoaCina da romlebic ori aTasi wlis
ganmavlobaSi Semecnebis ZiriTad principad iyo miCneuli, germanulma idealizmma Tavisi dialeqtikuri logikiT mxolod namdvili kanonebisa da principebis saxeobad
gamoacxada”15.666,,formalur-logikuri
principebi
abstraqciis principebia... transcendentalur logikas
ara aqvs saqme abstraqtulis sferosTan. is konkretuli
Semecnebis da konkretuli sinamdvilis logikaa, is xom
sagnis logikaa”16.667igi ,,logikis axal formas moiTxovda, cnebis, msjelobisa da daskvnis axal Teorias”17.668
formaluri logikis daqvemdebarebis aucilebloba sagnobrivi anu filosofiuri logikisadmi, ukanasknelis umniSvnelo fragmentad misi warmodgena im
nimuSebis mixedviT, rogorc es nacadi iyo kantis
transcendentalur, Supes gnoseologiur da hegelis
dialeqtikur logikaSi, zustad Seesatyviseboda im suliskveTebas, romelic dominirebda S. nucubiZis filosofiur seminarebze. am xazis Semdgomi gagrZleba da
ganviTareba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT mogvianebiT scades
s. wereTelma da l. gokielma. k. baqraZem ki Semdgom radikalurad Seicvala pozicia formalur logikasTan
mimarTebaSi, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT
gveqneba saubari.
20-iani wlebis Sua xanidan saqarTveloSi SeumCneveli aRar darCenila arc evropasa da amerikaSi momxdari radikaluri cvlilebebi logikis formaluri aparatis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aseTma Zvrebma formalur
logikas arsebiTad ucvales saxe, xolo kvleva-Ziebis
397
principulad axali meTodebiT mopovebulma umniSvnelovanesma Sedegebma formaluri logika filosofiaze
metad (romlis tradiciul nawiladac is iTvleboda)
maTematikas dauaxlova. maTematikuri logikis intensiuri Seswavla saqarTveloSi 60-iani wlebidan daiwyo.
pirveli Sedegebic am mimarTulebiT 60-70-ian wlebSi
iyo mopovebuli. Tumca Cveni mecnieruli cxovreba
sxvagvarad rom warmarTuliyo, saqarTveloSi es procesi SeiZleba sul cota 40 wliT adre dawyebuliyo da
es, albaT, ukve l .gokiels SeeZlo gaekeTebina.
l. gokieli 1919 wels Sevida universitetis samaTematiko-sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze. Tumca WabukobaSi mas ufro metad filosofia izidavda. universiteti
man daamTavra 1924 wels. l. gokieli iyo samaTematikosabunebismetyvelo fakultetis pirveli gamoSvebis
erTaderTi maTematikosi. sxaTa Soris, universitets
arc momdevno wels gamuSvia maTematikosebi. universitetis damTavrebisTanave l. gokieli datoves saprofesorod mosamzadeblad. igi a. razmaZis (1889-1929) pirveli
mowafe iyo da masTanve daiwyo asistentad muSaoba. 1927
wlidan l. gokieli ukve leqciebis kursebs kiTxulobda (maTematikuri analizis Sesavals da diferencialur aRricxas. 1930 wels man profesoris Tanamdeboba
daikava.
Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi,
es iyo 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari da 30-iani wlebis
daswyisi, l. gokielma Seswavlis ZiriTad sagnad airCia
maTematikis dafuZnebis problemebi, romlebic mWidrod
iyvnen dakavSirebuli axali formaluri logikis Zireul sakiTxebTan. maTematikis dafuZnebaSi erT-erTi gadaudebeli amocana imxanad iyo simravleTa Teoriisa
da logikis antinomiebis daZleva. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis evropaSi yalibdeba iseTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi maTematikis dafuZnebaSi, rogoricaa raselis tipebis TeoriiT ganaxlebuli fregeanuli logi398
cizmi, braueris intuicionizmi da hilbertis formalizmi. arc erT am programas ar ewera aseTnairad
ganxorcieleba, rogorc is Tavdapirvelad iyo Cafiqrebuli. magram maTi realizaciis gzebis Ziebam uaRresad
mniSvnelovani SedegebiT gaamdidra simravleTa Teoria
da maTematikuri logika. swored aseTi Zalisxmevis Sedegad Camoyalibda simravleTa Teoriis cermelofrenkelisa da goedel-bernaisis aqsiomuri sistemebi.
maTi alternativis saxiT tipebis ierarqiis gaTvaliswinebiT agebuli predikatTa gafarToebuli logika, xolo intuicionistebisa da formalistebis mecadineobiT
rekursiul funqciebisa da damtkicebis Teoria.
l. gokielis yuradReba umTavresad mipyrobili
iyo simravleTa Teoriisa da logikis antinomiebis gadawyvetis arsebul cdebze. misi ZiriTadi paTosi kritikuli iyo. yvela aseT cdaSi igi xarvezebs xedavda.
antinomiebi ki man gaiazra usasrulobaSi logikuri
svlis SeuCerebel procesad, romelic mogvianebiT, rogorc TviTon ambobda s. wereTlis gavleniT gansakuTrebuli saxis logikur daskvnad warmoadgina da mas
Zireuli daskvna uwoda. kritikuli da negatiuri iyo
dafuZnebis miznebisTvis aqsiomuri meTodis gamoyenebisadmi misi damokidebuleba.
Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi l. gokieli
aqveynebs Sromebs, romlebic eZRvneba debulebaTa logikas, logikisa da simravleTa Teoriis antinomiebs,
amorCevis aqsiomas, simravleTa Teoriis dafuZnebis
problemebs18.669ukanasknelis safuZvelze l. gokielma
1934 wels daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. misi oponentebi iyvnen n. musxeliSvili, a. xaraZe da, mowveulTagan a.
kolmogorovi. es iyo saqarTveloSi daculi pirveli
sadoqtoro disertacia maTematikur da mis momijnave
mecnierebebSi. sxvadasxva wlebSi l. gokieli muSaobda
saqarTvelos mecnirebaTa akademiis maTematikis institutSi, filosofiis institutSi (sadac erTxans iyo
399
logkis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli); kiTxulobda maTematikuri logikis Sesaval kurss universitetis filosofiis fakultetze da maTematikis dafuZnebis problemebs universitetis meqanika-maTematikis fakultetze.
saqarTveloSi formaluri logikis axali, Tanamedrove gziT ganviTarebisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda.
magram sabWouri totalitaruli reJimisaTvis dauSvebeli iyo logikuri codnis farTod gavrceleba. saazrovno aparatis srulyofa adamianebs kritikul
xedvas umaxvilebs, riTac amcirebs sofizmebiTa da
fsevdo sabuTebiT misi motyuebis albaTobas. amitom 30iani wlebidan oficialuri sabWoTa propaganda iwyebs
formaluri logikis, gansakuTrebiT misi Tanamedrove
formis simboluri anu maTematikuri logikis meTodur
diskreditacias. genetikis msgavsad mas naTlaven ara
marto cru, unayofo mecnierebad, aramed gabatonebuli
klasis mtrul ideologiadac acxadeben. logika amoiRes saswavlo programebidan, Sewyda kadrebis momzadeba, naSromTa publikacia. nihilizms formaluri logikisadmi aZlierebda orTodoqsuli dialeqtikuri logikis gafetiSeba. sayuradReboa, rom im dros dialeqtikuri logikis karkasis monaxazic ki ar arsebobda da
masze saubari mxolod misi upiratesobis carieli
deklarirebiT ifargleboda.
es suraTi kidev ufro damZimdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tu ra pozitiuri Sedegebi iyo mopovebuli
am mimarTebiT 30-ian wlebSi evropasa da amerikaSi. ukve
dasrulebuli iyo klasikuri logikis karkasi, damtkicebuli iyo goedelis cnobili Teorema gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT mdidari formaluri sistemebis ara
sisrulisa da amouxsanadobis Sesaxeb, tarskis ukve Camoyalibebuli hqonda semantikuri midgomis safuZvlebi,
luiss _ Tavisi modaluri sistemebi da sxv.
specialuri aRniSvnis Rirsia absurduli sabWoTa
yofis erTi ucnauri, logikosebisTvis sasiamovno, kuri400
ozi: gamoCenili sabWoTa genetikosebis devna-ganadgurebisa da maTematikuri logikis diskreditaciis kulminaciur periodSi oficialur sabWoTa propagandas mxedvelobidan gamoepara, rom swored sajarod dagmobili
simboluri logikis wminda maTematikuri ganStoebis
SeswavlaSi Tavisi wvlili hqondaT Setanili cnobil
rus mkvlevrebs: a. kolmogorovs, v. glivenkos, d.
boCvars, p. novikovs, a. markovsa da a. malcevs. am faqtis
gaxsenebisas 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi k. baqraZe xSirad
ambobda xolme: roca volxonkaze mdgar yviTel saxlSi
(igulisxmeboda moskovis filosofiis instituti) cofebs hyridnen maTematikuri logikis ubralo xsenebaze,
moSorebiT myof maTematikur centrebSi saintereso Sedegebs Rebulobdnen mecnierebis am swrafad ganviTarebad dargSi. samwuxarod, igives gakeTeba saqarTveloSi
ver moxerxda. aseve metad samwuxaroa is faqtic, rom
saqarTveloSi logikis ganviTarebaze veraviTari gavlena ver iqonia meore msoflio omis dros cnobili
ltolvili poloneli maTematikosisa da logikosis l.
xvistekis TbilisSi cxovrebam da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis maTematikis institutSi muSaobam.
40-iani wlebis bolos l. gokiels daavales k.
marqsis maTematikuri xelnawerebis gamosacemad momzadeba. esec sabWouri saqmianobis wesis absurdulobis
SesaniSnavi nimuSia. Tavisi cxovrebis romeliRac periodSi k. marqss maTematikis Seswavla dauwyia da TavisTvis konspeqtebic Seudgenia. l. gokielis rangis
mkvlevrebs ki avalebdnen am konspeqtebis ararsebuli
mecnieruli Rirebuleba gaerkviaT. Tavisi samecniero
moRvaweobis Semdgom periodebSi maTematikuri logika
l. gokielis SemoqmedebiTi intersebis sagani aRar
gamxdara.
40-iani wlebidan k. baqraZem SeTavsebiT daiwyo muSaoba pedagogikis institutSi, sadac dawera Tavisi
pirveli saxelmZRvanelo formalur logikaSi (pedago401
giuri saswavleblebisTvis). am periodidan iwyeba Semobrunebis etapi formaluri logikisadmi k. baqraZis
damokidebulebaSi. TandaTan mkafiod daiwyo gamokveTa
k. baqraZis principulma poziciam, romelic sabolood
Camoyalibda mis ukanasknel saxelmZRvaneloSi19.670
logika SesaZlebelia ganviTardes mxolod misi
formaluri
aparatis,
arasilogisturi
daskvnebiT
damtkicebis meTodebis gafarToebisa da srulyofis
gziT da es faqtobrivad ukve ganxorcielebulic aris
simbolur anu maTematikur logikaSi, romelic warmoadgens aristoteles logikuri tradiciis ganviTarebas
da srulyofas. maTematikuri logika formaluri logikis Tanamedrove saxea. logikis kantianur-hegelianur
perspeqtivas ki Semecnebis TeoriaSi gadavyavarT. amiT k.
baqraZem saqarTveloSi logikis ganviTarebis axali gezi dasaxa. biZgi misca axali tradiciis damkvidrebas,
romelic principulad upirispirdeboda S. nucubiZis
seminarebze Casaxul tendencias. ukanaskneli, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, Semdeg s. wereTelma da l. gokielma ganaviTares.
1946 wlidan oficialuri sabWoTa propaganda radikalurad cvlis pozicias formaluri logikis mimarT. 1947 wels ki sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis specialuri dadgenilebiT
oficialurad SemoiRes logikis swavleba sabWoTa skolebSi (marTalia, mxolod ramdenime wliT) da umaRles
saswavleblebSi. Sesabamisad 1946 wels saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis axlad Seqmnil filosofiis
institutSi gaixsna logikis ganyofileba, xolo universitetis filosofiis fakultetTan 1947 wels daarsda logikis kaTedra (xelmZRvaneli k. baqraZe). amieridan
formalur
logikas
oficialurad
aRar
Tvlidnen burJuaziul mecnierebad, romelic metafizikurad amaxinjebs saganTa cvalebadobasa da moZraobas
da seriozul zians ayenebs sabWoTa adamianebis
402
aRzrdis saqmes. tradiciuli formaluri logika ukve
reabilitirebulia,
Tumca
dialeqtikuri
logikis
imgvar umniSvnelo zedapirul nawilad aris miCneuli,
romlis saSualebiTac SeuZlebelia movlenaTa siRrmis
wvdoma. maTematikuri logikisadmi damokidebuleba ki
kvlav mtruli rCeboda, liberalizacia ZiriTadad tradiciul logikas Seexo da ara mis Tanamedrove saxes.
marTalia, im dros rusulad iTargmna da moskovSi gamoica simboluri logikis ori klasikuri saxelmZRvanelo: 1947 wels – d. hilbertisa da v. akermanis ,,Teoriuli logikis safuZvlebi”20.671xolo erTi wlis Semdeg,
1948 wels – a. tarskis ,,logikisa da deduqciur mecnierebaTa meTodologiis Sesavali”21,672magram es cenzuris
sifxizlis modunebiT gamowveuli gamonaklisi iyo.
orive wignis redaqtori da winasityvaobaTa avtori s.
ianovskaia iyo. Targmanebi momzadda gamomcemloba
,,inostrannaia literaturis” filosofiis redaqciaSi.
am saxelmZRvaneloebma udidesi roli Sesarules sabWoTa kavSirSi logikosebis axali Taobis aRzrdis saqmeSi. magram oficialuri ideologiis damcvelebi am
wignebis gamocemas imdenad mtrulad Sexvdnen, rom s.
ianovskaia, romelsac Zalian didi wvlili miuZRvoda
axalgazrda specialistebis momzadebaSi, sajarod mouxda Tavis marTleba da bodiSis moxda ,,voprosi filosofiis” furclebze22.673braldebebi ki aseTi iyo:
burJuaziuli maTematikuri logikis fuZemdeblebi Tavisi reaqciuli filosofiuri SexedulebiT amaxinjeben
am disciplinis Sinaarss da sjis maT mier Seswavlil
xerxebs adamianuri azrovnebis yvela sferoze avrceleben. amasTan erTad, maT ar esmiT, rom maTematikis dafuZneba mxolod marqsistuli dialeqtikuri logikis
gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli. Turme Tavisi Sexedulebebis
reaqciulobiT
yvelaze
metad
gamoirCevian
hilberti da gansakuTrebiT _ tarski. amitom am wignebis Targmna didi Secdoma iyo. ianovskaia sajarod
403
eTanxmeboda Tavis kritikosebs hilbertisa da gansakuTrebiT tarskis Sexedulebebis reqciulobis Taobaze.
Tavs ki imiT imarTlebda, rom misi azriT, maTematikur
logikas araadekavturad daerqva es saxeli, ramac gaugebrobis warmoqmnas Seuwyo xeli. sinamdvileSi is ar
aris mecniereba arc Cveulebrivi sjis da arc maTematikuri damtkicebis Sesaxeb. is wminda maTematikuri
disciplinaa, romelic aRricxvebsa da algoriTmebs maTematikuri simbolebiT operirebis wesebs Seiswavlis
da namdvili logikis rangSi misi ayvana didi Secdomaa,
rasac winasityvaobebSi man, samwuxarod, sakmarisad ver
gausva xazi, amitom hilbertis wigni sxva saTauriT
unda gamosuliyo maTematikisa da ara filosofiis redaqciaSi. es ambavi kidev erTi sayuradRebo Strixia im
epoqis daxasiaTebisaTvis.
swored am etapze formaluri logikis, rogorc
mecnierebis, kanonieri da srulfasovani (da ara zedapiruli da meorexarisxovani) dargis damcvelad, agreTve,
tradiciiT dadgenili misi sazRvrebis gafarToebis aucileblobis propagandistad gvevlineba k. baqraZe ara
marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi.
igi
scems
logikis
saxelmZRvaneloebs
23
674
qarTul da rusul enebze , ebmeba adgilobriv da sakavSiro diskusiebSi, gabedulad upirispirdeba dogmatizms. oficialuri wreebisTvis k. baqraZe odiozur figurad iqca, cnobilma polonelma logikis istorikosma
i. boxenskim ki mas sabWoTa mecnierebis nestori24675uwoda.
1948 wels sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi ganaTlebis
saministros iniciativiT moskovSi gaimarTa TaTbiri
logikis sakiTxebze. qarTvel monawileTagan sityvebiT
gamovidnen: k. baqraZe, gr. kalandariSvili da S.adeiSvili. am TaTbirze pirvelad daupirispirda erTmaneTs sajarod ori erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Tvalsazrisi
404
formaluri logikisa da dialeqtikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
k. baqraZe Tvlida, rom sagnobrivi anu Sinaarsobrivi logika, romelsac formalur logikas upirispireben, kerZod, kantis transcendentaluri logika,
Supes gnoseologiuri logika anda hegelis dialeqtikuri logika Semecnebis Teoriaa. formaluri logika ki
aris mecniereba swori, gamarTuli sjis aRnagobisa da
kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb da mas gansxvavebuli sagani da
ganviTarebis tendenciebi aqvs. es kanonzomierebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs mxolod daskvnisa da dasabuTebis
aRnagobis, formis ZaliT davadginoT maTi gamarTuloba Sinaarsebis gauTvaliswineblad. amis gamo formalur
logikas SeuZlebelia hqondes sagnobrivi an Sinaarsobrivi
alternativa.
nebismieri
gamarTuli,
Tanmimdevruli azrovneba, Tu sja misi klasobrivi an
msoflmxedvelobrivi orientaciis miuxedavad, kerZod,
dialeqtikuri azrovnebac, formaluri logikis kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba.
1950-51 wlebSi, swored formaluri logikisa da
dialeqtikis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb gaimarTa
diskusia Jurnal ,,voprosi filosofiis“ furclebze.
diskusia k. baqraZisa da moskovis universitetis logikis kaTedris maSindeli gamgis _ prof. v. Cerkasovis
statiebiT gaixsna25.676Jurnalis redaqciam saqarTvelodanac miiRo s. danelias, l. gokielis, s. wereTlis, n.
WavWavaZisa da sxvaTa sadiskusio werilebi, romlebSic
ZiriTadad k. baqraZis alternatiuli pozicia iyo gamoxatuli26.677diskusiis Sedegebi Sejamebulia Jurnalis
saredaqcio statiaSi27,678romelSic marTalia, cota
bundovani frazebiT, magram mainc loialuri damokidebulebaa gamoxatuli formaluri logikis mimarT.
diskusiaSi
monawileobam
moskovel
filosofosTa
garkveul wreebSi didi popularoba moutan k. baqraZes.
mis pozicias dadebiTi gamoxmaureba hqonda sazRvarga405
reTac28.679cnobili rusi logikosi da filosofosi v.
smirnovi ixsenebda, rom k. baqraZis yoveli gamoCena
moskovis filosofiis institutSi iqauri mowinave
axalgazrda mecnierebisa da aspirantebisaTvis namdvili dResaswauli iyo, radgan maT SesaZlebloba eZleodaT mkafio pasuxi moesminaT rTul da Tavsatex
kiTxvebze. am SesaZleblobas ki isini xelidan ar
uSvebdnen arc filosofiis institutis kedlebSi da
arc mimdebare quCebSi.
1951 wels diskusia formaluri logikisa da dielaqtikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze Tbilisis universitetSic gaimarTa. diskusiaSi monawileoba miiRes:
S. nucubiZem, s. daneliam, k. baqraZem, s. wereTelma, l.
gokielma da sxv. maTi poziciebi asaxulia am periodis
publikaciebSi29.680
formaluri logikisa da dialeqtikis urTierTobis problema saqarTveloSi 40-iani wlebis meore naxevridan 50-ianis bolomde logikur-filosofiuri meditaciebisa da sajaro disputebis ZiriTad Temad iqca.
orive erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul Tvalsazriss gamouCndnen mimdevrebi da damcvelebi. formalur logikas
_ g. SuSanaSvili, v. qvaCaxia, z. kakabaZe, sabWoTa sakoncentracio banakidan dabrunebuli z. miqelaZe da
sxv; dialeqtikur logikas _ gr. kalandariSvili, d. qeburia, g. baCulaSvili, g. WiWinaZe da sxv. 50-iani wlebis
bolosTvis kamaTi TandaTanobiT Cawynarda da amoiwura.
Sedegi
uaRresad
kompromisuli,
tolerantuli
aRmoCnda da gamoixata tradiciuli formaluri, dialeqtikuri da simboluri anu maTematikuri logikebis
Tanaarsebobis cnobaSi. es, rogorc Cans, mTels sabWoTa
kavSirSi liberalizaciis periodis moaxloebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. kamaTs formaluri logikisa da dialeqtikis urTierTmimarTebaze bolo wertili daesva
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutis mier 1961 wels mowyobil diskusiaze, romelSic
406
monawileobdnen: s. wereTeli, k. baqraZe, l. gokieli, (ZiriTadi momxseneblebi), S. nucubiZe, a. boWoriSvili, gr.
kalandariSvili, p. koRonia, z. miqelaZe, g. SuSanaSvili,
S. adeiSvili, m. WiWinaZe, a. gelaSvili, g. baCulaSvili,
v. qvaCaxia, z. kakabaZe da n. WavWavaZe. kamaTs arc Zveleburi simZafre axlda da arc axali argumentebi warmouCenia30.681
dasawyisSi ki kamaTi metad mZafrad mimdinareobda.
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen logikis klasobrivi xasiaTis damcvelebi. isini Tvlidnen, rom ar arsebobs saerTo sakacobrio logika, romlis kanonebis Tanaxmadac
sjas awarmoebs yvela epoqisa da sazogadoebrivi klasis adamiani, rom yovel istoriul epoqas da socialur
fenas Tavisi logika aqvs. amitom maT egonaT, rom arsebobs monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri da kapitalisturi
logika, romelTagan mowinaveobiT principulad unda
gansxvavdebodes sabWoTa adamianebis logika da burJuaziuli logikis sapirispirod is dialeqtikuri unda
iyos. es dialeqtikuri logikis absurdul-deklaraciuli ,,Tvalsazrisi“ iyo. magram mas iseTi Zlieri ideologiuri mxardaWera hqonda, rom iseTi rangis mkvlevarsac ki, rogoric s. danelia iyo, gauWirda principuli poziciis dakaveba da man logikis klasobrivi xasiaTis damcvelebis gasamarTlebeli sabuTebis Zieba daiwyo.
logikuri azrovnebis anu sjisa da dasabuTebis
xerxebi,
roomlebsac
logikaSi
swavloben,
iseve
gansxvavdebian
azrovnebis
fsiqikuri
aqtebisagan,
romlebic fsiqologiaSi Seiswavleba, rogorc logikuri aucilebloba-bunebis aucileblobisagan. Tu logikaSi mxolod azrovnebis fsiqologiur aqts vigulisxmebT, romelic bunebis aucileblobas eqvemdebareba, maSin is marTla SeiZleba aRmoCndes damokidebuli
istoriul pirobebze. s. danelia cdilobda swored am
faqtze daemyarebina Tavisi Semrigebluri pozicia. is
407
amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi logikis damcvelebs mxolod fsiqilogiuri mniSvnelobiT esmiT termini ,,logika“ da amitom maT winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli argumentebi
(mas mxedvelobaSi k. baqraZis sabuTebi hqonda) mizans
acdenilia. sinamdvileSi ki klasobrivi logikis
momxreebi Zalian Sors idgnen mecnierebisgan da erTnairad bundovani warmodgena hqondaT fsiqologiazec da
logikazec.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, logikis kantianur-hegelianuri ganviTarebis ideis xorcSesxma saqarTveloSi Tavisi moRvaweobis ZiriTad saqmed gaixades s. wereTelma
da l. gokielma.
s. wereTeli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze Sevida 1926 wels. universiteti daamTavra 1930 wels filosofiis istoriis
specialobiT. 1931-34 wlebSi man swavla ganagrZo aspiranturaSi da S. nucubiZis seminarebis aqtiuri monawile gaxda. aspiranturis damTavrebisTanave s. wereTelma
docentis pozicia miiRo. mogvianebiT ki mas profesoris wodeba mieniWa. 1942-46 wlebSi s. wreTeli monawileobda meore msoflio omSi.
dialeqtikuri logikis Seqmnis idea s. wereTels
jer kidev S. nucubiZis seminarebze daebada, formaluri
logikis upiratesobebis deklarirebis nacvlad, rasac
orTodoqsuli ideologiis damcvelebi ver scildebodnen, s. wereTeli Zvel berZnul aporiebze da platonis ,,parmenideze“ dayrdnobiT cdilobda sistematurad
Camoeyalibebina cvalebadobisa da moZraobis uzogadesi
principebi winaaRmdegobis daSvebis hegelianur niadagze. Tavis mxriv, l. gokieli simravleTa Teoriis
antinomiebis gaazrebam misi moRvaweobis am etapze, s.
wereTlis kvalad logikaSi winaaRmdegobis daSvebamde
miiyvana. Tavis ZiriTad am amocanas isini dasabuTebis
sawyisis problemis gadaWraSi xedavdnen.
408
deduqciuri mecnierebis safuZvlad mdebare aqsiomuri meTodi im mizniT Seiqmna, rom maqsimaluri xarisxis sicxade da damajerebloba miniWeboda am mecnierul disciplinebSi mopovebul codnas. idealurad,
albaT, mecnierebis dafuZnebis iseTi meTodi unda CaiTvalos, romelic saSualebas mogvcems ganvmartoT misi yoveli termini da davamtkicoT misi yoveli debuleba. magram, rogorc simboluri logikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli a. tarski SeniSnavs, ,,advili dasanaxia, rom
is ideali arasdros ar ganxorcieldeba“31.682marTlac,
rogorc ki SevecdebiT ganvmartoT raime terminis
mniSvneloba, amisTvis aucileblad unda gamoviyenoT meore termini. ukanasknelis ganmartebisaTvis ki axal, mesame termins unda mivmarToT, raTa mankier wreSi ar
aRmovCndeT, mere isev axali termini unda gamoviyenoT
da a.S. warmoiqmneba procesi, romelic verasdros
dasruldeba. amgvar situacias usasrulo regress uwodeben. zustad analogiuri situacia iqmneba, roca vcdilobT davamtkicoT raime mecnieruli debuleba, radgan
misi damtkicebisaTvis aucilebelia mivmarToT sxva debulebebs. es ki kvlav usasrulo regress mogvcems, Tuki damtkicebebidan gamovricxavT mankier wres. aRniSnuli viTarebis gamo a. tarski xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom
deduqciuri disciplinebis agebis meTodi ,,aRmocenda
rogorc kompromisi am miuRwevel idealsa da ganxorcielebad SesaZleblobebs Soris“32.683igi mdgomareobs
gansazRvrebis gareSe sawyisi terminebis, xolo damtkicebis gareSe sawyisi debulebebis miRebaSi. amgvari
kompromisi saSualebas gvaZlevs mecnieruli disciplinis debulebebis sandoobisa da damajereblobis sakiTxi mcire ricxvis iseTi debulebebis sandoobisa da
sarwmunoobis sakiTxze daviyvanoT, romlebSic gauSlelad, impliciturad aris nagulisxmevi am disciplinis
danarCeni debulebebi, rogorc maTi aratrivialuri an
trivialuri Sedegebi. Tu mkafio da araorazrovania de409
duqciuri Teoriis sawyisi terminebi da amavdroulad
WeSmaritia misi sawyisi debulebebi, maSin aucileblad
WeSmariti iqneba maTgan logikurad gamomdinare yvela
debulebac. ai, aseTi principebi daedo safuZvlad Tanamedrove formaluri logikisa da, sazogadod, deduqciuri mecnierebebis agebas.
s. wereTelsa da l. gokiels miuReblad miaCndaT
aseTi kompromisi. amitom maT miznad daisaxes mecnierebis dafuZnebis aRniSnuli idealisaTis xorci SeesxaT
filosofiaSi. maTi azriT, aseTi kompromisi aucilebelia deduqciur mecnierebebSi, romlebic emyarebian maTematikur logikas, rogorc winamorbed mecnierul
disciplinas tarskiseuli azriT33.684magram mecnierebebSi, romelTa agebac dialeqtikur logikas unda daefuZnos, iseTi ideali ganxorcielebadia uwanamZRvro
daskvnebiT, romelTa aRwera da Camoyalibeba s. wereTlisa da l. gokielis moRvaweobis erT-erT mTavar
amocanad iqca. aseTi SesaZleblobis Rrma rwmena Zlier
muxts aZlevda mTel maT samecniero moRvaweobas (cxadia, sityva ,,dialeqtikuri“ maT hegelianurad, dapirispirebulTa erTianobis mniSvnelobiT esmodaT da
ara antikur xanaSi, anda Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli
mniSvnelobiT).
aristoteles logikis ganviTarebis erTaderT
WeSmarit gzad s. wereTels dialeqtikuri logikis Camoyalibeba miaCnda, romelic, misi azriT, logikis
ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexuri unda yofiliyo34.685
,,sakiTxi dasabuTebis sawyisis Sesaxeb Seicavs
siZneles da amitom problemas warmoadgens“. siZnele
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: ,,Tu, sawyisi, rogorc garkveuli
debuleba, dasabuTebulia, maSin sawyisi iqneba ara es
debuleba, aramed misi damsabuTebeli da a.S. Tu debulebis dasabuTeba misTvis garegani safuZvlis monaxvas
niSnavs,
maSin
usasrulobaSi
regresi
aucilebelia“35,686amitom dasabuTebis sawyisi SeuZlebelia iyos
410
aqsioma, radgan dausabuTebeli (intuiciaze damyarebuli debuleba) logikurad ver gaamarTlebs dasabuTebas.
aqsioma usasrulo regresis SesaCereblad aris Semotanili dasabuTebaSi. amitom logikis aqsiomatizacia SeuZlebelia, radgan misi mTavari daniSnuleba dasabuTebaa. logika unda iyos damsabuTebeli filosofiuri
mecniereba. ,,SeuZlebelia arafilosofiuri logika. arafilosofiuri ,,logika“ SeiZleba iyos mxolod logikis gamoyeneba“36.687dasabuTebis aucilebeli niSani s. wereTlis azriT, aris misi upiroboba. es unda iyos yovelgvari logikuri pirobiTobis pirveli logikuri safuZveli, romelsac ar eqneba sxva safuZveli, e.i. iqneba
logikuri
TviTsafuZveli...
dasabuTebis
logikur
sawyiss unda warmoadgendes usasrulo daskvna _ raimes
uaryofiT misive dadgena, Sinagani uaryofiT TviTdadgena“37.688xolo ,,logika unda iyos dasabuTebis sistema“38.689,,logika
aris
codnis
logika,
mecnieruli
39
690
codnis logika“ . amitom Tu romelime mecniereba ar
swavlobs cnebas, msjelobasa da daskvnas, mas ar SeiZleba ,,logika“ ewodos. maTematikuri logika s. wereTlisa da l. gokielis azriT, specialuri disciplinaa, romelic swavlobs funqcionalur damokidebulebebs da ara azrTa safuZvel-Sedegobriv logikur
kavSirs“40.691mas ar SeiZleba ewodos ,,logika“ am sityvis
namdvili mniSvnelobiT.
formalur da dialeqtikur logikas, s. wereTlis
azriT, erTi da igive sagani aqvs. erTmaneTisagan isini
imiT gansxvavdebian, rom pirveli logikis mecnierebis
dabali safexuria, vinaidan is logikuris mxolod erT
mxares Seiswavlis. ,,dialeqtikuri logika ki ,,umaRlesi
logikaa“, romelic formaluri logikis calmxrivobas
sZlevs da logikuris arsebas sisruliT swvdeba“41.692dialeqtikuri logika kategoriebis logikaa da
es aris formalurisagan misi ganmasxvavebeli mTavari niSani, xolo ,,logikuria iseTi kategoria, romlis uaryo411
fa SeuZlebelia“42.693aseTia, magaliTad, zogadis kategoria. ,,logikuri aucilebloba sisruliT vlindeba kategoriebis moxmarebisas, saxeldobr, maSin, roca raimes
uaryofiT igi dgindeba... aseTi aucilebloba dapirispirebulTa erTianobis anu Sinagani uaryofis TviTdadgenis, e.i. dialeqtikur-logikuri aucileblobaa“43.694
s. wereTlis TvalsazrisiT, daskvnebi orgvaria:
sasruli da usasrulo. sasrulia tradiciul formalur logikaSi Seswavlili yvela daskvna (magaliTad,
kategoriuli silogizmebi) da kategoriaTa kavSiris saxiT arsebuli daskvnebi. usasrulo daskvnas ar aqvs wanamZRrebi da daskvnebi. ,,daskvnis Tavsa da boloSi aRebulia erTi da igive, magram is, rac TavSi dausabuTebelia, bolos sabuTdeba. usasrulo daskvna aris TviTgaSualeba, Sualoba _ uSualobis erTianoba. is aris
sasrulisa da usasrulos erTianoba, kerZosa da zogadis, induqcia-deduqciis erTianoba raimes uaryofiT misive dadgenis aucileblobaze ufro sruli aucilebloba SeuZlebelia; amitom usasrulo daskvna amave
dros, aris dasabuTebac“44.695,,dialeqtikuri logika SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc usasrulo daskvnis Sesaxeb mecniereba. logikis mTeli Sinaarsi warmodgeba
usasrulo daskvnaSi“45.696es koncefcia TandaTanobiT
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda da asaxulia
s. wereTlis monografiebSi46.697
s. wereTlis usasrulo daskvnisagan gansxvavebiT
Tavis daskvnas, romelsac Zireuli uwoda, l. gokieli
ganixilavda, rogorc uaryofis gamo usasrulo regresiT Seqmnil SeuZlebel situacias. magaliTad, vinc
uaryofs WeSmaritebis SesZleblobas, is sinamdvileSi
gulisxmobs debulebas: ,,WeSmaritia, rom WeSmariteba
SeuZlebelia“. magram Tu is marTlac uaryofs WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobas, man es WeSmaritebac unda uaryos.
e.i. unda Tqvas: ,,WeSmaritia, rom mcdaria TiTqos WeSmaritia rom WeSmariteba SeuZlebelia“. magram Tu is
412
marTla uaryofs WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobas, maSin es
WeSmaritebac unda uaryos. ase warmoiqmneba regresi,
sxva sityvebiT, ukusvla usasrulobaSi anu SeuZlebeli
situacia, romelic gviCvenebs WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobis uaryofis pirvelive cdis uniadagobas da amiT
adgens WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobas.
usasrulobaSi amgvari ukusvla Zalian hgavs
absurdamde miyvanis wesis dausrulebeli gamoyenebiT
Seqmnil jaWvs da l. gokieli kategoriulad iyo winaaRmdegi Zireuli daskvnebis aseTi ganxilvisa. Zireuli
daskvnebis Teoria dasrulebuli saxiT warmodgenilia
mis monografiebSi47.698
oficialuri sabWoTa propagandisaTvis araorTodoqsuli da amitom ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT erTnairad miuRebeli iyo rogorc k. baqraZisa, ise s. wereTlisa da l. gokielis poziciebi. presaSi kvlav daiwyo samarcxvino kampaniebi maT winaaRmdeg, ras ar miawerdnen da raSi ar sdebdnen brals. Tbilisis universitetis maSindelma reqtorma n. kecxovelma k. baqraZe xangrZlivi mivlinebiT gaagzavna moskovSi SesaZlo
xifaTis asaSoreblad. s. wereTeli da l. gokieli ki
gaaTavisufles saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi
dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan (maSin s. wereTeli filosofiis institutis direqtori iyo, xolo l. gokieli _
logikis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli). universitetSi ki
orive datoves. es iyo 50-iani wlebis dasawyisi. karze
iyo momdgari SemdgomSi ,,galxobad“ wodebuli liberalizaciisa da reabilitaciis xana, romelmac sabWouri
represiebis ,,susxiani“ epoqa Secvala. k. baqraZes, s. wereTelsa da l. gokiels fizikuri ganadgurebis
safrTxe aRar emuqrebodaT.
XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi dasavleTSi formaluri
logikis CarCoebSive daiwyes iseTi logikuri sistemebis Camoyalibeba, romlebSic dasaSvebia aratrivialuri
winaaRmdegobebi. aseT logikur sistemebs paraTavsebads
413
(viTomTavsebads) uwodeben. gansxvavebas trivialur da
aratrivialur winaaRmdegobebs Soris Semdegi magaliTebi gvaCvenebs 0=1 an kidev 2×2=5 trivialur winaaRmdegobas Seicavs. magram situacia, rom gasrolili isari
erTsa da imave dros moZravic aris da uZravic, aratrivialuri winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia. igive iTqmis Zvel
berZnul aporiebSi aRweril situaciebze. logikis paraTavsebadi sistemebis yvela Semqmneli Tavis winamorbedad pirvel rigSi hegels asaxelebs. Cemi rwmeniT ki paraTavsebadi logikebis ufro Tanmimdevari winamorbedebi arian s. wereTeli da l. gokieli, vinaidan maT Tavisi moZRvrebebiT usasrulo da Zireuli daskvnebis Sesaxeb scades dialeqtikisaTvis logikuri gamomdinareobis Teoriis saxe miecaT, rac hegels namdvilad ar
hqonda eqspliciturad Camoyalibebuli.
zemoT dasaxelebuli ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis paralelurad saqarTveloSi logikuri interesebis sfero sxva xasiaTis samuSaozec vrceldeboda. es pirvel
rigSi exeba logikis istoriis Seswavlas. kerZod, 1949
wels rusulidan qarTulad iTargmna da gamoica s. dodaSvilis ,,logika“48,6991955 wels ki pirvelad gamoqveynda ,,logikuri meTodologia“49700da ,,ritorika“50.701unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, gr. kalandariSvilis
monografia51,702romelSic Seswavlilia IV-XIX ss-is
qarTvel moazrovneTa logikuri Sexedulebebi. sxva sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili Sromebidan unda gamoiyos S.
adeiSvilis publikaciebi silogistikis marTebuli modusebis hamiltoniseuli gafarToebis Sesaxeb52.703
saqarTveloSi tradiciuli logikis CarCoebSi muSaoba 60-iani wlebis Semdegac grZeldeba. am saxis SromebSi xSirad aris moyvanili cnobebi Tanamedrove
formaluri logikidan, magram maTSi gamoyenebuli
kvlevis meTodebi tradiciulia. maTgan, albaT, unda
aRiniSnos k. sanaias, n. kikvaZisa da g. jibutis publikaciebi53.704
414
1956 wels sabWoTa sakoncentracio banakidan
dabrunda disidentobisTvis ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli z.
miqelaZe (1916-1993), k. baqraZis mowafe. dabrunebisTanave
z. miqelaZem aqtiuri mecnieruli da saorganizacio
saqmianoba wamoiwyo jer saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSi, xolo Semdeg kibernetikis institutSi, romlis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli TviTon iyo. misi TaosnobiT aRdga logikis specializacia
filosofiis fakultetze, Camoyalibda Teoriuli seminarebi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiisa da kibernetikis institutebSi.
yovelive amis Sedegad ukve 60-iani wlebis bolosaTvis axali Taobis qarTveli logikosebis muSaobam
maTematikuri logikis dargSi sistematuri saxe miiRo.
aRniSnuli seminarebis bazaze Semdgom Camoyalibda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis kibernetikis institutis maTematikuri logikis ganyofileba54705(samecniero interesebisa da kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi sferoebi:
intuicionisturi logikisa da modaluri sistemebis
algebruli semantikebi. kvlevis mTavari tendencia: axali semantikis _ kripkes topologiuri modelebis ganviTareba oradobis Teoriis gamoyenebiT55)706filosofiis
institutis logikis ganyofilebis simboluri logikis
jgufi56707(samecniero interesebisa da kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi sferoebi: darRvevadi debulebis deduqciuri
ukugdebis Teoria epistemuri da doqsasturi da modaluri logikebi, damtkicebadobisa da WeSmaritobis logikebi, logikis istoria. kvlevis mTavari tendencia: nawilobriv SesaZlo samyaroebis semantikis ganviTareba57)708da ganaxlda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
logikis kaTedra58709(samecniero interesebisa da kvlevaZiebis ZiriTadi sferoebi: drois, qmedebis deontikuri
da mraval fasa logikebi, logikis istoria, kerZod,
simboluri logikis Suqze aristoteles asertoruli
da
modaluri
logikis
interpretacia
da
re415
konstruqcia. kvlevis mTavari tendencia: SesaZlo samyaroTa semantikis ganviTareba59).710
60-iani wlebis meore naxevridan universitetis meqanika-maTemaTikis fakultetze maTematikur logikaSi
leqciebis kiTxva daiwyo S. fxakaZem (1919-1994). man moamzada axalgazrda mecnierebis jgufi, romlis bazazec
universitetTan arsebuli i. vekuas saxelobis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis institutSi 1969 wels Camoyalibda maTematikuri logikis ganyofileba60711(samecniero interesebisa da kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi sfero: aRniSvnisa da
Semoklebebis Teoria maTematikuri enebisaTvis61)712amave
institutSi warmoebs rekursiuli funqciebisa da meserTa Teoriis kvleva62.713
qarTveli logikosebi 1971 wlidan sistematurad
iRebdnen
monawileobas
logikosTa
saerTaSoriso
kongresebis, konferenciebis, simpoziumebis, sazafxulo
da saSemodgomo skolebis muSaobaSi. kerZod, qarTvelma
logikosebma monawileoba miiRes logikis mecnierebis
meTodologiisa da mecnierebis filosofiis me-4 (1971),
me-5 (1975), me-6 (1979), me-8 (1987) da me-9 (1995) saerTaSoriso kongresebis muSaobaSi, romlebic Sesabamisad gaimarTa buqarestSi (rumineTi), londonSi (inglisi), hanoverSi (yofil gfr), moskovSi (yofil ssrk) da florenciaSi (italia). sxva samecniero Sekrebebidan SeiZleba aRiniSnos fineT-sabWoTa kavSiris me-5 simpoziumi
(tampere, fineTi, 1987), varSavis saSemodgomo skola (poloneTi, 1988) da fineT-sabWoTa kavSiris me-5 simpoziumi
(moskovi). am samecniero forumebze sxvadasxva dros
moxsenebebi waikiTxes l. esakiam, r. grigoliam, v. mesxma,
m. abaSiZem, g. jafariZem, m. beJaniSvilma, z. miqelaZem, l.
mWedliSvilma da m. beJaniSvilma. zogierTi Sekreba saqarTveloSic gaimarTa (mag. fineT-sabWoTa kavSiris me-4
simpoziumi, Telavi, 1985). didi stimulis momcemi iyo,
agreTve, cnobili logikosebis: a. tarskis, g. fon
vrigTis, s. makleinis, p. sapsis, k. segerbergis, r. voi416
cickis, g. bulosisa da sxvaTa samecniero vizitebi TbilisSi. qarTul enaze logikisa da deduqciur mecnierebaTa meTodologiaSi arsebobs, rogorc Targmnili, ise
originaluri saxelmZRvaneloebi.
417
mecxre Tavi
istoriis filosofia
da sociologia
§ 1. istoriis filosofia
istoriis filosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba filosofiis gansakuTrebul dones moiTxovs.
ra viTarebaa am mimarTulebiT XX saukunis dasawyisSi
da mogviano periodis saqarTveloSi? istoriulad saqarTveloSi iyvnen iseTi istorikosebic, romlebic
swored rom filosofiurad iazrebdnen istorias, da
iseTi filosofosebic, romlebic ,,didi sazomiT“
Wvretdnen istorias. XX saukune CvenTvis mainc gansakuTrebulad gamorCeulia da es gamorCeuloba daetyo
CvenTvis saintereso problemasac. aseTi intensiuri
kvlevisa da interesis sagani saqarTvelos istoria
arasodes gamxdara. ilia WavWavaZis fundamenturi wamowyebiT bevri mamuliSvili Caeba saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevaSi. Semdeg niko marma, xolo sabolood ivane javaxiSvilma didebuli gvirgvini daadges am saqmes.
dReisaTvis ,,saqarTvelos istoria“ ivane javaxiSilis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. Cveni istoriis Rrma filosofiuri gaazrebis magaliTic iliam dautova memkvidreobas da tradicia am mxrivac mkvidri da nayofieri gamodga.
am istoriuli monakveTis periodizacia ase SeiZleba movaxdinoT:
1. esaa daaxloebiT 20-wliani xana, vidre sabWoTa
ruseTi meored moaxdens saqarTvelos okupacias (1921
wlmade);
418
2. sabWoTa periodi, vidre 1956 wlis skkp XX yrilobamde;
3. 1956 wlidan saqarTvelos damoukideblad aRiarebamde;
4. 1990 wlis Semdeg.
pirveli periodis Tavisebureba iyo marwuxebi da
SezRudvebi imperialisturi ruseTis mxridan, magram
Tavisufal sityvas gasaqani mainc hqonda. am periodSi
Seiqmna swored brwyinvale istoriuli gamokvlevebic
da istoriis filosofiuri gaazrebis nimuSebic. meore
periods SeiZleba ewodos ,,istoriuli materializmis
batonobis xana“. am dros yvelaferi marqsistul-leninur qargze iyo moWrili da misgan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki arc Tu iSviaTad sicocxlis fasad ujdebodaT
mkvlevrebs. mesame periodi saerTod ,,yinulis lRobis“
periodadaa monaTluli da marTlac am periodSi bevri
ram gakeTda, Tundac im mimarTulebiT, rom filosofosebsac da istorikosebsac miecaT saSualeba uSiSrad
gacnobodnen TavianT dargebSi uaxles sakacobrio gamocdilebas. meoTxe periodi did gadafasebaTa periodia da masze didad aris damokidebuli, rogor gagrZelebas movunaxavT mdidar tradicias.
pirvel periodSi gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
iv. javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba. istoriis mecnierebaSi
mis udides damsaxurebas yvela erTxmad aRiarebs.
faqtobrivad, igi saqarTvelos mecnieruli istoriis
pirveli seriozuli avtoria. iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebiT istoriis filosofiaSi ganswavlulobiT gamoirCeoda; amis damadasturebelia misi TxzulebaTa
Tormettomeulis me-8 tomSi (1977) Sesuli 1916 wels
pirvelad gamoqveynebuli meTodologiuri xasiaTis
naSromi saTauriT: ,,istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla“. istoriis filosofiisadmi
miZRvnili sxva gamokvlevebic am tomSia Tavmoyrili.
iv. javaxiSvili kargad icnobda im drois dasavleTsa
419
da ruseTSi mimdinare kamaTs istoriis mecnierebis Sesaxeb. igi yovelmxriv akmayofilebda im moTxovnas, romelsac kolingvudi uyenebda istoriis WeSmarit
Semmecnebels: 1. mas unda hqondes istoriuli azrovnebis sakuTari gamocdileba da 2. am gamocdilebis
Rrmad gaazrebis unaric.
iv. javaxiSvili cdilobda qarTul istoriografiaSi ar dakarguliyo vinmes damsaxureba. amasTan, igi
ganicdida imasac, rom berZnebiviT mdidari tradiciebi
am mxriv ar mogvdgamda. gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs vaxuSti batoniSvilsa da gamorCeviT nikoloz kaTalikoss. ,,...nikoloz kaTalikozs... undoda mkafiod da
xazgasmiT aReniSna, rom qarTuls saistorio mwerlobaSi igi gansakuTrebuls, axal mimarTulebas iwyebda
da qmnida“. mas axali istoriul-filosofiuri mimarTulebis Seqmna surda qarTuls mwerlobaSi, romelic imdenad ,,aRweras“ ar misdevda, ramdenadac Tavisi
xelovnebiTi sibrZnis da sxvadasxva ,,saZieblebis sazogado
istoriul-filosofiuri
TvalsazrisiT
,,warmoCenasa“ da ,,cxadyofaze“ zrunavda“. vaxuStimde
nikoloz kaTalikosi CaTvlilia iseT pirvel istorikosad CvenSi, romelsac ,,Tavisi istoriul-filosofiuri
Teoriebi da Sexedulebebi hqonia kidec“1.714sanimuSod iv.
javaxiSvili Tvlis nikoloz kaTalikosis ,,CaZiebas“
sakiTxSi _ ratom figurirebs qali nino qristianobis
gamavrceleblad mxolod qarTvelebTan. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, aq mTavaria ara is, Tu ramdenad sworad
amoxsnis kaTalikosi am istoriul ,,amocanas“, aramed
is, rom igi cdilobs yvela istoriul xdomilebas
,,Tavisi sazrisi upovos“, ar datovos mxolod ,,SiSvel
faqtad“, romelic TavisTavad ar metyvelebs, Tu ar
,,CaeZie“. am moTxovnas uyenebs igi yvela istorikoss.
ase magaliTad, erT-erT gamosvlaSi igi sayvedurs gamoTqvams yvela imaT mimarT, vinc aRmosavleTis,
kerZod, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istorias ikvlevda
420
da saxelmZRvanelod ar gamoiyena istoriis filosofia, mecnierebebis dargi, romelic e.w. saistorio kanonebis, sazogadoebis cxovrebis warmatebisa da kidev
sxva mraval ZiriTad kiTxvebs ikvlevs2.715mxolod
mecnierebis am dargiT kargad SeiaraRebul mkvlevars
SeeZlo im dros gabedulad galaSqreba evropocentrizmis ideis winaaRmdeg, rac evropaSive SemuSavda istorikosebisa da filosofosebis mier. am
mxriv sanimuSod SeiZleba hegelis moZRvreba CaiTvalos. am moZRvrebis mixedviT istoriis sazriss adgens
sazogadoebis Tavisuflebis gacnobierebis xarisxi.
aRmosavleTSi mxolod erTia (erTeulia) Tavisufali
_ tirani, saberZneT-romSi _ mxolod zogierTi (demokratia), evropaSi ki gacnobierda yvelas Tavisuflebis SesaZlebloba da aucileblobac. iv.javaxiSvilisTvis sruliad miuRbelia is azri, rom aRmosavleTi ,,mudmivi tiraniisaTvisaa“ ganwiruli. misi SeniSvniT, vinc ,,zemodan dascqeris“ aRmosavleTs, igi
namdvilad ar icnobs mas da, saerTod, istoriulad
dezorientirebulia3.716TviT iv. javaxiSvili did imedebs amyarebda imaze, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis kvleva axal hipoTezebsac miawvdida mkvlevrebs.
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriuli masalebis
moxmobiT man marTlac daamtkica: imis dasabuTebis
mcdeloba, rom aRmosavleTi despotisTvisaa ganwiruli, usafZvloa. metic, man aCvena, rom demokratiuli
reformebi rogorc sasuliero, ise saero sferoebSi,
,,aq ufro adre ganxorcielda, vidre es gatarda dasavleT evropis qveynebSi“4.717dadgeba dro, Tvlida iv.
javaxiSvili, rom dasavleTic iZulebuli gaxdeba angariSi gauwios aRmosavleTs, aRiaros misi kanonieri
adgili erTian msoflio istoriaSi. calkeuli regionebis da kulturebis miukerZoebeli Seswavla uciloblad migviyvans iqamde, rom es regionebi da
kulturebi, ase gaTiSulad rom eCvenebodaT, dRes
421
namdvilad unisonSi aRmoCndebian, rac bevr Tavsatex
problemas gadaWris. winaswarakviatebul sqemebs WeSmariti istoria didxans ver SeiTavsebs5.718
iv. javaxiSvils kargad esmoda, rom Tu gvinda
SevqmnaT erTiani msoflio istoriis suraTi, amas win
unda uZRodes calkeuli xalxebis, erebis, regionebis
gamowvlilviT Seswavla. es Seswavla ki aucileblad
kompleqsuri unda iyos. Tu, magaliTad, eris romelime
mtkivneul problemas vexebiT, mas ver ganvixilavT
izolirebulad sxva msgavsi problemebisagan, romlebic aseve saWirborotonia ama Tu im erisaTvis; ufro
metic, xSirad am problemis kvlevas eris farglebs
gareTac gavyavarT da... gagebac didi horizontidan modis. yvelam unda gaacnobieros Tavisi istoria (warsuli), magram istoriulad mxolod warsuli rodi iwodeba: eri, romelic mxolod ,,warsulis sidiadiT“
warsdgeba sxvaTa winaSe ise, rom verafriT moiwonebs
Tavs sadReiso an samomavlo saqmeebiT, Znelad Tu CaerTvis sakacobrio istoriaSi. xalxi Tu drois erTi
monakveTiT isazRvreba, dasaRupavad wiravs Tavis Tavs.
xalxs, erebs, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli drois, epoqis
Sesatyvisi msoflmxedveloba gaaCnia, magram Tu masSi
ar amoikiTxeba samomavlo orientaciac, eri erTobis
pretenzias
kargavs.
istorikosi
movalea
Rrmad
Cawvders eris sulier orientacias da es SesaZlebelia maSin, Tu droTa da epoqaTa cvalebadobaSi yvelafers Tavis adgils miuCens, Tavis saxels daarqmevs,
xalxis Tavgadasavali, e.i. istoria ki bevr iseT raimes
malavs,
rac
xSirad
eris
mTeli
cxovrebis
ganmsazRvrelia.
istoriis filosofiis kvlevis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis dimitri uznaZes. didma filosofiurma da pedagogikurma ganswavlulobam, agreTve,
istoriis swavlebis solidurma gamocdilebam d.uznaZes SesaZlebloba misca istoriis filosofiis dargSi
422
Seeqmna sayuradRebo narkvevi, romelic gamoqveynda 1914
wlis ,,saxalxo furclis“ xuT nomerSi saTauriT
,,omis filosofia“. aseve sayuradReboa 1915 wlis ,,megobris“ №69-Si dabeWdili misi werili _ ,,cxovrebis
raoba“.
d. uznaZe omisa da sikvdilis fenomenTa mkacri
mecnieruli gaazrebiT sicocxlis azrs moipovebs da
gvaziarebs iseT WeSmaritebas, romelic yofierebis
Rrma fenebSi yofila dafaruli. jer erTi, istorias
adamianebi qmnian da yvelaferi am istoriaSi bevrad
unda iyos damokidebuli am adamianebis ,,muxtze“ _
risTvis iRvwian, an saiT midian isini. vidre imas
gvetyodes d. uznaZe, Tu ramdenad aqvT adamianebs
gacnobierebuli es Tavisi qmedebani, igi faqtebs
afiqsirebs ise, rom eWvmiutanels xdis yvelasaTvis.
erTi mxatvruli rolis anlizis safuZvelze d. uznaZes Teoriulad daxatuli aqvs ,,sicocxlis bedis suraTi”, ,,yoveli nabiji Cveni cxovrebisa sikvdilis SiSiT nakarnaxevia. SiSi mTeli Cveni cxovrebis mmarTveli principia, regulaturi momentia adamianis mTeli
cxovrebisa”6.719aqedan adamianebs ori SesaZlo daskvnis
gakeTeba SeuZliaT – ukiduresi pesimisturisa da optimisturisa. pesimistis daskvna: Tu yvelas mudam gvdevs
sikvdilis SiSi, es imis gamo, rom gamocdilebiT (sxvaTa) viciT sikvdilis garduvaloba. rogoradac ar
unda zeobdes sicocxle, yvelaferi mainc sikdviliT
mTavrdeba. maS, bunebrivia, vaRiaroT sikvdilis garduvaloba, moTminebiT (da sixaruliTac!) unda davelodoT mis mosvlas da mis winaSe Cveni valis moxdas.
aseTi ganwyoba SiSsac moxsnis, magram pesimizmic
marcxdeba (uznaZes Sopenhaueris magaliTi mohyavs):
sikvdilTan damegobrebas mainc veravin axerxebs, mis
winaSe yvela Zrwis, mas yvela gaurbis; isRa dagvrCenia,
rom vaRiaroT misi absoluturi boroteba. sikvdili
borotebaa da mas unda vebrZoloT, igi ar unda ze423
obdes am qveyanaze! aseTi SeiZleba iyos martivi
daskvna optimistisa.
d. uznaZe metad mkafiod ayenebs kiTxvas: ra doneze vkiTxulobT Cven sikvdilis bunebas? Tu sikvdilis
Sesaxeb viciT mxolod is, rasac praqtikulad vxedavT
da vgebulobT, maSin Tavs Zalas nu davatanT – aq
sikvdili absoluturi borotebaa da am doneze pasuxic sworadaa gacemuli. adamianebi ZiriTadad praqtikuli kiTxvebiT da pasuxebiT arian dakavebulni da aq
isini amiT kmayofildebian garemosTan Sesagueblad
(anu, arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi). amisASemdeg iCens Tavs
kiTxva – Cveni interesebi mxolod praqtikuliT amoiwureba? nuTu ara gvaqvs ufleba ,,movindomoT meti”,
vwvdeT absoluturs? d.uznaZe amaze dadebiTad pasuxobs: adamiani praqtikulTan erTad metafizikuri sinamdvilis samkvidrocaa da valdebulicaa ifiqros am
sinamdvileze, eziaros mas codniT. cxadia, ,,paqtikuli
cxovrebis velze, _ wers d.uznaZe, _ civi gonebis muSaobam adamianis sulis morevs yinuls zedapiri gadaakra, igi am zedapirze muSaobas SeaCvia... saWiroa Zlieri amoZraveba Cveni sulisa, utexi qariSxali, rom Cveni
sulis Seudrekeli Relva gamoiwvios da yinulis zedapiri gaapos, maSin daimsxvreva borkili, Cveni cxovrebisaTvis praqtikuli cxovrebis varjiSobas rom daudevs da SesaZlebeli Seiqmneba absoluturi metafizikuri sinamdvilis Sesaxeb ambis gageba. iSviaTia aseTi
mRelvareba sulisa, magram mainc yvelas ganucdia
igi”7,720da ,,ai aq warmoiWreba pirveli metafizikurad
damafiqrebeli kiTxva: SeiZleba gamocdilebaSi mogveces sikvdilis iseTi faqti, romelic ar Sefasdeba borotebad? gamocdilebaSi aRricxulia aseTi faqtebi.
TviTon d. uznaZe erTi megobris TviTmkvlelobis
faqts ixsenebs, ramac sikvdili sul sxva prizmaSi daanaxa. magram erTeuli gamocdilebidan mainc Znelia
seriozuli daskvnis gamotana. sul sxva viTarebasTan
424
gvaqvs saqme, rodesac ,,sikvdilis sagalobeli” masobriv gamocdilebaSi SeuniRbavad JRers: guSindeli
boroteba sul raRac oriodeDdReSi did sikeTed
mogvevlineba da es xdeba omis, didi omis wyalobiT.
omis dros guSindeli kacis mkvleli didi borotmoqmedi SeiZleba ucbad gmirad da raindad
mogvevlinos, Tuki igi, vTqvaT, aTas mowinaaRmdeges
imsxerplebs. cxadia, omic Turme aTavisuflebs Cvens
suls trafaretuli gonebis kategoriebisagan uSualod (uSuamavlod) Segvafasebinebs sruliad axal sinamdviles ,,praqtikiT gayinuli gonebis” galxoba aq
ase unda gavigoT: Cven mivadeqiT sinamdviles, romelTan uSualo kontaqtma cxadze ucxadesad dagvanaxa, rom sicocxle TavisTavad rodi warmoadgens
umaRles Rirebulebas; is ufro saSualebaa Turme imis
asaxsnelad, rac adamianis arsebobis umaRles daniSnulebas warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, sikvdil-sicocxle am daniSnulebisaTvis erTi mniSvnelobisaa
(sul erTia) – igi zogjer sikvdils moiTxovs, zogjer
ki – sicocxles. aqedan kvlav axali daskvna: Cveni
arsebobis azri Cvens sicocxleSi ki ar unda veZioT,
aramed mis gareT, masze maRla”8.721
CvenTvis RmerTs uboZebia erTi sicocxle da
erTi sikvdili, gaaCnia vin rogor iyenebs maT: SeiZleba sicocxliTac miwvde umaRles mizans da sikvdiliTac (,,sikvdili saxelovani”). aq ukve d.uznaZe uSualod exeba kacobriobis istoriis naTel yofas
cxovrebis azris garkveviT. balavaris Senebis magaliTze miniSnebiT d. uznaZe adgens, rom gamarTlebulia Cveni arseboba (cxovreba), Tuki raimes iseT Rirebuls vqmniT, romelic memkvidreobis oqros fondSi
iricxeba. kacobriobis saukeTeso nawili aSenebs did
istoriul Senobas, zogierTs ki aseTi Seneba uazrobad da sisuleled miaCnia. mokled, istoriis mSeneblebs kulturul SemoqmedTa saxeliT vixsenebT.
425
gvaqvs istoria, e.i. vqmniT kulturas; kulturuloba
xalxis istoriis swori mimarTulebis kriteriumia.
amis Semdeg ki TviT kulturaze daismis kiTxva – ras
veZaxiT kulturas. d.uznaZis pasuxi aseTia: kulturas
veZaxiT adamianis sulis iseT Semoqmedebas, romelic
,,pasiuri samyaros” (araorganuls) iseT ,,gakeTilSobilebas axdens, rom imsgavsebs mas Tavis TavTan. mecnierebam daadgina materiis mudmivobis kanoni (mas arc
emateba, arc araferi akldeba), e.i. igi erTxel da samudamod mocemulia ase. misi mospoba arafers SeuZlia
da Tu sulisTvis is marTla sapyrobilea, suli misgan
Tavs verasdros ver daixsnis. maS, ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqondes suls? man unda ,,moaqcios” pasiuri Tavis msgavsad, gaxados aqtiuri. ai, swored amaze metyvelebs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mTeli istoria, saerTod adamianTa istoria maTi zneobrivi srulyofis
istoria. uznaZe aq erT saintereso mosazrebasac gamoTqvams. sulis amgvarma gagebam ar unda gagvaxsenos
,,qristianuli asketizmi”, sadac ,,suli amarcxebs
TiTqos xorcs”. Sesaqmes mixedviT, RmerTma adamianSi
saukeTesod Seariga suli da xorci, aqtiuroba da pasiuroba, samagierod mTeli garemomcveli samyaro dautova adamians gasaaqtiureblad. maS, Cveni daniSnuleba
,,kulturuli Semoqmedeba” yofila. RvTis dawyebuli
saqmis gangrZoba. Cvens gamudmebul da dauRalav Sromas azri hqonia, Cvens amqveynad droul mosvlasac –
gamarTleba da Rrma mniSvneloba9.722amiT adamianTa
istoriac TiTqos garantirebulia iyos usasrulod
progresirebadi, mudam azriani, rom ori problema ar
rCebodes kvlav pasuxgasacemi: mainc ra ujredia sazogadoebaSi iseTi, romlis warmoCenac ukve istorias,
anu istoriis dawyebas niSnavs, e.i. saWiroa ,,istoriuli atomis” migneba; meorec, ,,balavris mSenebelTa”,
fusfusi, romelic qmnis namdvil istorias rogori xasiaTisaa? aris is winaswar Segnebuli Tu... ai, am
426
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT uznaZe gvpirdeba sabolood
dagvixatos istoria Tavis gansakuTrebulobaSi.
jer im ujredis Sesaxeb, romelic iwyebs istorias anu romliTac marTla eZleva azri istorias.
d.uznaZe jer pirovnul, subieqtur, erTeul sicocxleze Cerdeba da samarTliand miiCnevs, rom namdvili sicocxlis sazrisi, – daniSnulebis sidides” unda iwonides. aq kvlav Tavs Segvaxsenebs sikvdili: individualuri sicocxle ise uZluria sikvdilis winaSe, rom
sul mcireodeni mizezic sakmarisia, rom mas (sicocxles) gamovemSvidoboT. aseTi mizezebi yvela individs yovel nabijze win xvdeba da misi socoxlec mudam bewvze hkidia. raRa Tqma unda amgvar sococxleze
imedis damyareba ar SeiZleba, aseTi ,,sicocxleebi” ver
gaamarTlebs ,,cxovrebis did daniSnulebas”, vinaidan
didi saqmisTvis mowodebuls yvelas adre ekveceba
frTebi. TviT maSinac ki, rodesac adamiani bunebriv
sikvdils elodeba, anu bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba
(xangrZlivi sicocxlis Semdeg), mainc ,,ver amowuravs
daniSnulebas”, ver aRwevs ,,did mizans”. es bunebrivicaa. maS, rad veZioT imis garantia, rom did daniSnulebas (sicocxlisa, cxovrebisa, istoriisa), did mizans ,,azri aqvs”, ganxorcielebadia? mokled Tu Cveni
(individualuri) arseboba ar CaerTo ,,raRac did erTeulSi”, e.i. azrs ver SeiZens, Tavis daniSnulebas ver
ganaxorcielebs. aseT did erTeulad dimitri uznaZes
miaCnia eri, erovnuli erTianoba. didi kulturuli Semoqmedeba, rogorc adamianuri arsebobis sazrisi, SeiZleba warmoebdes mxolod rTul erTeulTa anu
erovnebaTa farglebSi, rom ,,mis gareSe SeuZlebelia
amuSaveba sulieri cxovrebisa da, maSasadme, warmoudgenelia im umaRlesi daniSnulebis Sesruleba, romelic Cvens arsebobas unda edos safuZvlad”10.723
am fonze d. uznaZe SesaZleblad miiCnevs gaamarTlos omis dros ,,sikvdilis zeimiT” gamowveuli
427
,,sixaruli”. `Tu Cveni arsebobis gamarTleba subieqturi sicocxlis farglebs gareT obieqturi Rirebulebis
ganxorcielebaSi marxia, maSin sikvdilis faqti aseT
SiSs aRar unda badebdes, sikvdils aseT did borotebad aRar unda miviCnevdeT. es Cvens gonebas eCveneba igi
ase borotad da uazrod; didi daniSnulebis gzaze igi
Turme arc ise uazroa. adamianis arsebobis faruli
siRrmidan mainc Tavs amoyofs misi daniSnulebis Segneba da bunebrivisa da uSualo rwmenis saxiT sikvdils
raindobad naTlavs da mkvlelobas gmirobad”11.724
xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom omi kacobriobis
mudmiv Tanamgzavrad miviCnioT? – kiTxulobs uznaZe da
iqve pasuxobs kiTxvas: araviTar SemTxvevaSi! ki, omi
marTlac badebs hanibalebs da Jana-darkebs, amaRlebuli sulis raindebsa da gmirebs, magram misi (omis) gamocxadeba istoriis sazrisis mimniWeblad mainc gamoricxulia da ai, ratom: omebis istoriis gacnoba
gvarwmunebs, rom omi, rogorc aseTi, atydeboda xolme
or mezobel erovnul dajgufebaTa Soris, romelSic
Semdeg SeiZleboda sxvac Careuliyo. oms aucileblad
iwyebda erTi meoris winaaRmdeg. es arsebiTad nakarnaxevi iyo damwyebisaTvis teritoriis gafarTeobisa da
dovlaTis iolad mopovebis mizniT sxvaTa xarjze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi omis damwyebi arsebobis ,,sagarantiod”
irCevs iol gzas da eTiSeba mTavars _ kulturuli Semoqmedebis gzas. samagierod dazaralebuli mxare ,,Tavisda uneburad” iZens met energias ,,sicocxlis daniSnulebis” sarealizaciod da TiTqos yovelTvis gamarjvebuli gamodis. aqedan gamomdinare, bolos da bolos kacobrioba ,,Wkuas iswavlis”, omi, rogorc ,,ioli
mopovebisa da Sovnis” gza, TandaTanobiT gamoiricxeba
da yvela eri Tavis SigniTve ipovis im ,,usasrulo sulier Zalas”, romelic misi arsebobisaTvis yvela SesaZlo pirobas uzrunvelyofs ise, rom sxvas ziani ar
miayenos. es gasagebia, aseTi SemarTebiT bevri mo428
azrovne Tu moZRvreba mogvevlina adrec da axlac;
unda vivaraudoT, rom amgvar optimizms aqvs realuri
safuZveli da sakacobrio momavalic imedis momcemia.
ufro rTulia sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kvebavs
fundamentSi istoriul xdomilebebs, anu rogor momdinareobs es xdomileba fundamentidan. rodesac ,,amaRlebuli sulis qmedebas” mivagnebT da gavanaalizebT, maSin mivagnebT da davinaxavT Cveni arsebobis azrsa da
daniSnulebas, magram yvela sulieri arseba imitom
iqceva ase da amgvarad, rom Tavidanve icis (Segnebuli
aqvs) Tavisi daniSnuleba? Tu istorias raRac ,,Seugnebeli” sawyisic aqvs? erTgan igi pirdapir ase ayenebs
sakiTxs: ,,istoriisaTvis ... gaugebari da auxsneli iqneboda TviT is faqti istoriis winsvlisa, Tu igi (istorikosi _ v. g.) Seugnebel sulier fenomenTa arsebobas
uaryofda”12.725ra viTarebidan amodis aseTi Sexeduleba?
d.uznaZem ,,balavris” Senebis magaliTze migvaniSna, rom
istoriis procesSi CarTulia mTeli masa (isinic ki,
vinc balavris mofusfuse mSneblebs dascinis!); istoriis efeqti - Sedegi ki iseTia, romelic TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba kidec am masis TiToeul wevris Canafiqrs. ai,
am Sedegebze msjelobis dros Cndeba azri, rom igi
,,ugunuria”, Seugnebelia, windawin gaucnobierebelia da
amdenad, ... viRacas eZleva sababi dagmos istoria, rogorc progresi. d.uznaZe ar midis aseT daskvnamde; igi
aRiarebs istorias, rogorc faqts da rogorc ,,aqtiuris mier pasiuris gaaqtiurebis dausrulebel process”,
e.i. rogorc ganviTarebas. TviT ganviTarebas gasagebs
xdis sulieri Semoqmedeba anu, ganviTareba WeSmaritad
sulis prerogativaa13.726
istoriis filosofiuri gaazrebis meore etapi,
rogorc aRvniSneT, ukavSirdeba sabWoTa wyobilebisa
da misi ideologiis damkvidrebasa da ganmtkicebas 1921
wlidan. CvenSi am dros istoriis filosofiis adgili
daiWira istoriulma materializmma. es saxelwodeba fi429
losofiis garkveuli dargis aRsaniSnavad Semoitana
marqsma, mas xSirad moixmarda Semdeg lenini, magram
specialuri gamokvleva (saxelmZRvanelo an wigni) am saxelwodebiT marqsizmis klasikosebs ar mouciaT. am
fonze uprecedentod Cans demokratiul saqarTveloSi
1919 wels gamocemuli i.ramiSvilis wigni – ,,istoriuli
materializmi” n. Jordanias winasityvaobiT. aq ZiriTadad gaziarebulia marqsizmis mTavari debuleba, rom
cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi gansazRvravs cnobierebis movlenebs; gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilebulia yuradReba religiuri msoflmxedvelobis da xalxis
adaT-wesebis materialistur axsnaze, Tanac es materialisturi axsna saerTod materializmis damsaxurebadaa
warmodgenili da xazi ar esmis marqsistul materializms.
leninuri ideologiis damkvidrebis Semdeg ki gegemazomierad Seudgnen filosofosTa orinetirebas
,,istoriul materializmze”. aseTi orientacia dogmad
iqca mas Semdeg, rac i. stalinma partiis istoriis
kursisaTvis dawera IV Tavi _ ,,dialeqtikuri da istoriuli materializmi”. es saxelwodebac axleburad
JRerda, xolo istoriuli materializmi aq warmodgenili iyo, rogorc mTeli marqsistuli moZRvrebis
pirveli mniSvnelobis miRweva, romelic uSualod
afuZnebda Teoriulad socializms (komunizms). am wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT CvenSi bevri Sroma daiwera.
istoriuli materializmis problemebs uZRvnes Tavisi
gamokvlevebi p. Sariam, al. quTeliam, s. larculianma,
S. biwaZem, p. gujabiZem, n. cxakaiam, i. naWyebiam, v. kalandariSvilma, n. kirvaliZem, b. wowonavam da sxvema.
mas Semdeg, rac marqsistulma filosofiam gabatonebuli adgili moipova, rac komunisturi wyobilebis gabatonebis paralelurad moxda, igi dogmatur
msoflmxedvelobad iqca da savaldebulo normis xasiaTi miiRo yvelasaTvis, vinc am dargSi muSaobda. am pe430
riodidan safuZveli Caeyara marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebis nawerebis Targmnas qarTul enaze. amis paralelurad iTargmna da qarTul enaze gamovida k. kauckis, n. buxarinisa da sxva marqsisti avtorebis nawerebi. Seiqmna saswavlo da meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi istoriuli materializmis sakiTxebze. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, mose gogiberiZis mier Sedgenili da 1927
wels gamocemuli qrestomaTia ,,istoriuli materializmi”. imarTeboda samecniero diskusiebi istoriuli
materializmis
sakiTxebze,
romlebic,
cxadia,
marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis CarCoebSi mimdinareobda.; TandaTan mZlavrobda moTxovna, rom nebismieri
gamokvleva istoriis filosofiis dargSi oficiozs
damyareboda. ociani wlebis damlevs da ocdaaTiani
wlebis dasawyisSi es procesi – zewola oficialuri
ideologiis mier – kidev ufro gaZlierda, rasac Tan
mohyva marqsisti-mkvlevrebis naSromebis gamocema, romelic mimarTuli iyo dasavluri ideologiis winaaRmdeg da ZiriTadad zerele, propagandistul xasiaTs
atarebda, aseTi iyo, magaliTad, k.gordelaZis naSromi
,,organuli mimarTuleba sociologiaSi” (1930), m.gogiberiZis naSromi ,,kaizerlingis ukanaskneli sibrZne”
(1927), misive recenzia ,,filosofia karl kauckis axal
wignSi” (1928) da sxva.
magram ocdaaTini wlebidan aseTi naSromebis gamocemis tendenciac Cakvda. TiTqmis mTeli aTeuli
wlis manZilze ar dawerila arcerTi seriozuli
naSromi istoriis filosofiis dargSi. iwereboda mxolod da mxolod saJurnalo da sagazeTo statiebi,
romelTac mTlianad propagandistuli xasiaTi hqonda
da araviTari mecnieruli mniSvneloba. kidev ufro
gaZlierda
istoriis
filosofiis
sakiTxebisadmi
dogmaturi midgoma _ rac SeiZleba meti citatebis
amokrefa marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebis naSromebidan; originaluri azrovnebis TiTqmis kvalic ki gaqra.
431
marTalia 40-50-ian wlebSi Catarebulma diskusiebma
logikis,
enaTmecnierebis,
politikuri
ekonomikis
dargSi erTgvari gamococxleba gamoiwvia, magram arsebiTi cvlilebai ar momxdara. TviTon es diskusiebic
ZiriTadad dogmaturi msoflmxedvelobis ganmtkicebas
emsaxureboda da nebismieri gansxvavebuli azri idevneboda.
mdgomareoba ramdenadme gaumjobesda 50-iani wlebis Semdeg. swored am periodidan gamoqveynda naSromebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonzomirebebis, bazisisa
da
zednaSenis,
komunisturi
moralis,
marqsistuli esTetikis da sxva sakiTxebze. magram am
SemTxvevaSic dogmatizmi daZleuli ar yofila. miuxedavad amisa, adgili hqonda calkeul saintereso gamokvlevebs istoriis filosofiis sakiTxebze. magaliTad, 1957 wels daibeWda saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi
saswavleblebis studenTaTvis ,,istoriuli materializmi”. ufrosi Taobis – S. nucubiZis, s. danelias, k.
baqraZisa da s. wereTlis TaosnobiT aRizarda
axalgazrda filosofosTa kadrebi, romelTa erTi nawili aqtiurad Caeba istoriis filosofiis kvlevis
sferoSi. marTalia, es muSaobac ZiriTadad oficialuri ideologiis CarCoebSi mimdinareobda, magram mainc
bevri sayuradRebo gamokvleva mieZRvna problemebs:
istoriuli aucileblobis buneba, sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis zogadsociologiuri kanonzomierebani,
socialuri struqtura, obieqturi da subieqturi
faqtorebis Tanafardoba sazogadoebaSi, xalxTa masebisa da pirovnebis roli istoriaSi, sazogadoebrivi
progresi, warmoebis wesis buneba da a.S. (o. bakuraZe,
d. kalandaZe, i. naWyebia, v. kalandariSvili, s. larculiani, S. biwaZe da sxv).
kvlevis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad Camoyalibda Tanamedrove aramarqsistuli sociologiisa da
istoriis filosofiis kritika marqsistuli filoso432
fiis poziciebidan. am mimarTulebiT gamoqveynda bevri
sagulisxmo gamokvleva, romelTac dRemde ar daukargavT mniSvneloba (g. asaTiani, e. kodua, o. jioevi, b.
lutiZe da sxv.)
Taviseburad gaaSuqes istoriis filosofiis zogierTi problema aRniSnul periodSi kita megreliZem
da konstantine baqraZem.
SevexebiT
mokled
istoriis
filosofiur
problematikas, rogorc igi warmodgenilia k. megreliZis wignSi: ,,azrovnebis socialuri fenomenologia”
(1990), sadac is istoriis marqsistul gagebas Zalzed
sainteresod da Taviseburad gaizrebs.
k. megreliZisaTvis amosavali debuleba aseTia:
sazogadod istorias ganzrax aravin ar qmnis, magram
mas yoveldRe da yovel saaTs qmnis yvela. ,,TiToeuli
individis xvedriTi wona savsebiT gansxvavebulia
istoriul pricesSi, magram yovelive – didi Tu patara
saqme _ erTi sazogadoebis SigniT xdeba, erTmaneTs
exlarTeba, erTdeba da qmnis moqmedebis erT saerTo
vels. individebisa da calkeuli jgufebis interesebi
da qmedebani SeiZleba sapirispirod iyos mimarTuli,
magram isini moiazrebian erTian mTel ZalTa saerTo
velad”14.727ufro dazustebiT: es saerTo socialuri veli, marTalia, sagnobrivad sagrZnobi da xelSesaxebi
ar aris, magram igi realurad arsebobs, rogorc
gansazRvruli mTeli, rogorc calkeuli didi da mcire Zalebis uzarmazar simravleTa urTierTkavSiri,
rac gansazRvravs istoriis mimdinareobas nebismier
momentSi15728cxadia,
k.megreliZe
aq
iziarebs
Tvalsazriss, rom istoria obieqturi kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba magram misi calkeuli elementebis
urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba ar SeiZleba gavuigivoT iseT daxSul warmonaqmnebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, organizmi, nervuli sistema an fizikur ZalTa veli... zogadi socialuri velis faqtobriv
433
Sinaarss ra Tqma unda, calkeul individTa moqmedebani Seadgens. aqtualuri istoriis ,,anatomiuri” Semadgenloba namdvilad warmogvidgeba, rogorc calkeul pirTa qcevebisa da moqmedebaTa urTierToba, ,,vinaidan yvelaferi istoriaSi adamianismieria da individebis monawileobis gareSe masSi araferi ar xdeba”16.729magram individTa interesebi Turme erTiandeba
calkeul pirTa nebis sapirispirod erT interesad,
romelic Semdeg individebs saerTo interesis saxiT
,,Tavs exvevian”. swored es interesi warmoadgens kolosaluri moculobisa da simZlavris mqone berkets, romelic ganapirobebs sakacobrio cvlilebebs17.730,,...imis
meoxebiT, rom individTa piradi da kerZo interesebi
ar rCeba kerZo interesad, da TviT maTi survilisagan
damoukideblad exeba sxvadaxsva interesebs, viTardeba
saerTo ineteresebi da warmoqmnis masobriv jgufursa
da klasobriv interesTa saerTo keTebas, ...istoria
warmoadgens kanonzomier Tanmimdevrobas, romelsac
ver arRvevs calkeuli individualuri da kerZo gadaxrebi”18.731aq aSkarad Cans neokantianur TvalsazrisTan dapirispireba da k. megreliZe cdilobs
marqsizmis
moSveliebiT
dasZlios
neokantianuri
Tvalsazrisi, romliTac bevri revizionisti moixibla.
problemis sirTule imdenadaa nagrZnobi, rom igi
kvlav ubrundeba ,,individis sakiTxs” da Segvaxsenebs:
,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom individi rogorc aseTi, mecnierebisaTvis jer kidev mravalmxriv gadauwyveteli gamocanaa. magram ...mTlianad adamianebi ki aqsioma xdeba.
SeuZlebelia winaswar gamoicno ras moimoqmedebs
calkeuli adamiani, magram zustad SeiZleba imis Tqma,
Tu rogor moiqcevian adamianebi garkveul pirobebSi”19.732es ise cxadia, rom amaze mTeli istoriulfilosofiuri koncefciaa agebuli, magram rogorc
mogvianebiT gairkva, verc marqsizmma gaarTva Tavi am
problemas. hegelma dagmo kantis ,,jerarsobis filo434
sofia”, marqsTan ki igi ,,Taviseburad aRsdga _ adamiani ,,erTobis Svilia”, e.i. igi Seqmnis (unda Seqmnas) momaval komunistur sazogadoebas. marqsistuli mesianizmi aranakleb utopiurad moCans dRevandeli gadasaxedidan.
saqarTveloSi istoriis filosofiis kvlevis
saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili k. baqraZes. man pirvelma CvenSi safuZvlianad gadmosca da
kritikulad aiTvisa badenis neokantiuri filosofiuri skolis axleburi moZRvreba istoriis filosofiaSi. kerZod, vindelbandma da rikertma filosofias axali daniSnuleba da sagani mounaxes. filosofia mas
Semdeg, rac ,,mecnierebebma sinamdvile dainawiles”,
orientirebuli
aRmoCnda
kulturaze,
romelSic
,,kristalizebulia”
RirebulebaTa
mravalferovneba20.733es imas niSnavs, rom filosofiam kursi unda aiRos iseTi mecnierebisaken, romelsac xelewifeba
kulturis sinamdvilis Seswavla da aseTi sakuTriv
istoriaa. mxolod istoriuli masalis analizis wyalobiT filosofias SeuZlia miadges RirebulebaTa
samyaros...21.734
Tu bunebismetyvelur mecnierebaSi ,,generalizaciis meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad sinamdvile Tavis mravalferovnebaSi qreba (anu ,,sinamdvile qreba”), es imas
rodi niSnavs, rom amiT saerTod ,,gamovemSvidobeT
individualobebs”.
individualobebs
Tavis
sagnad
istoria xdis22.735aqac gvafrTxileben neokantianelebi:
ar gavigoT es imgvarad, rom TiTqos istoria da bunebismetyveleba sagnebiT gansxvavdebodes. maT Soris
gansxvaveba mxolod meTodologiur midgomaSia. bunebismetyvelebis mizani kanonis, generalizebuli ideis
miRwevaa, xolo istoria am ideals iyenebs uSualod
individualuris naTelsayofad, rac misi namdvili mizania. empiriul mecnierebaTa axleburi logikuri kla435
sifikacia ideograful da monoTetur mecnierebebad –
am viTarebas eyrdnoba23.736
k. baqraZis am vrcelma narkvevma faqtobrivad dasabami misca CvenSi axal istoriul-filosofiur gamokvlevebs, romelTa Rirebulebac sayovelTaodaa
cnobili.
alternatiuli msoflmxedvelobis akrZalvam, gabatonebulma dogmatizmma, rac komunisturi ideologiis diqtatiT iyo ganpirobebuli, marTalia, Sekveca
mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis is tendenciebi, romlebic
sakmaod imedis momcemad Canda Cveni saukunis damdegs
qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi, magram bolomde
ver CaaxSo is siRrmiseuli sulieri tradicia Cveni
erisa, romelic kritikul situaciebSic ki gamobrwyindeboda xolme Semoqmedebis ama Tu im sferoSi. msgavsi viTarebis mowmeni varT istoriis filosofiuri xedvisa da kvlevis saqmeSic.
§ 2. sociologia XX saukunis saqarTveloSi
XX s-is qarTuli sociologiuri azris ganviTarebis istoriis gadmocemisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT is
garemoeba, rom esaa marqsistuli filosofiis ukritiko da upirobo batonobis mravalwliani periodi. am
dros socialuri sinamdvilis Seswavlisa da amomwuravi gaazrebis nimuSad miCneuli iyo istoriuli materializmi, Tanac marqsizmis socilogiuri moZRvrebis
ukiduresad primitiuli, saswavlo saxelZRvaneloebis
dineze aRqmiTa da iternpretaciiT. am interpretaciis
Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis funqcionirebis xasiaTs, mis
struqturas da am struqturis elementebis urTierTmimarTebas mTlianad da erTmniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs
masSi moqmedi obieqturi, adamianis cnobierebisa da nebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli kanonebi. sakuTriv
436
adamianis gagebisTvis ki socialur sinamdviles mxolodRa is mniSvneloba rCeboda, rom is (adamiani) am
ukanasknelis produqtad iyo warmodgenili. aq saqme
exeboda adamians mis mTlianobaSi, misi cnobierebis
CaTvliT, rameTu igi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi kerZo gamovlena, mTlianad, obieqturi
kanonebiT gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi yofierebis
pasiur asaxvad iyo miCneuli; Tanac ise, rom yvela
sxva azri, am dogmisagan Tundac sul mcired gansxvavebuli, Tavisi avtorianad, rogorc wesi, usastikesi
devnis msxverpli xdeboda.
swored am viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli XX s-is
qarTuli sociologiuri azris erT-erTi upirvelesi
da umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlis, kita megreliZis
fundameturi gamokvlevis - «Основные проблемы социологии
мыщления»A_ ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed sabWoeTis mTels sivrceSi sociologiuri azris gamococxlebis mauwyebeli ,,pirveli mercxlis” (Tanac iseTis, romelsac namdvilad SeeZlo gazafxuli moeyvana)
gamocemis TiTqmis 30-wliani Seyovneba, rom araferi
vTqvaT TviT am SesaniSnavi qarTveli filosofosis
tragikul bedze. miuxedavad amisa, ukve TavisTavadDAMam naSromis Seqmna, Tanac 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im drois umkacres ideologizebul garemos da politikur klimats, udavod
unda miviCnioT misi avtoris inteleqtualur da moqalaqeobriv gmirobad.
saqme isaa, rom TiTqmis erTaderTi sfero, romelSic cocxal filosofiur azrs SeeZlo am dros
SedarebiT usafrTxod emoZrava, iyo kacobriobis filosofiuri memkvidreobis aTviseba. magram es aTviseba
nayofierad mxolod misdami SemoqmedebiTi midgomis
pirobebSi SeiZleboda. SemoqmedebiTi midgoma ki gulisxmobs mkacrad obieqtursa da keTilsindisier analizs da am analizis safuZvelze raRacis miRebas an
437
ar miRebas mxolod da mxolod WeSmariteba-mcdarobis
niSnis mixedviT. yovelive amas ki xels uSlida
marqsizmis socialur-politikuri moZRvreba da misi
upirobo batonoba mTel sistemaSi, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom filosofiis TiTqmis yvela problema am
MmoZRvrebis interesebis Sesatyvisad ganixileboda da
gaiazreboda.
ase rom, TviT filosofiuri memkvidreobis aTvisebis
TvalsazrisiTac
ki
aucilebeli
xdeboda
marqsizmis socialuri moZRvrebis gadasinjva, misi gajansaReba da axleburi gaSuqeba. es ki yovelmxriv did
riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rac nebismieri mkvlevris
mxridan did sulier simamacesa da SeiZleba iTqvas,
gansakuTrebuli sulieri wyobis mocemulobasac gulisxmobda. swored aseTi mocemulobis erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia k. megreliZis cxovreba, moRvaweoba da
SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba.
1. kita megreliZe (1900-1944)
k. megreliZis sulis WeSmaritad filosofiur,
,,sokratul” wyobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom is iyo
pirveli marqsisti filosfosi-moazrovne, vinc gabeda
da uSiSrad, mxolod da mxolod WeSmaritebaSi
TviTgamoxatvis Sinagani moTxovniT, gadalaxa „akrZaluli zona“ da cnobierebis bunebis axleburi gaazrebiT, TviT socialuri sinamdvilis axleburi xilvis
horizontebSic dasaxa da nawilobriv, Zalzed mniSvnelovan aspeqtebSi, es xedva TviTon ganaviTara. yovelive amisaTvis is sabWoTa represiuli manqanis mier
sastikad daisaja, magram sabednierod, Tumca ki nawilobriv, gadarCa misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba, rogorc WeSmaritebisadmi mkvlevrisa da moqalaqis uangaro erTgulebis naTeli magaliTi, _ Tavisi mecnieruli
mniSvnelobiT iseTi Rirebulebis mqone, romelsac
dResac ki ar daukargavs mniSvneloba da romelmac
438
biZgi misca da did roli Seasrula qarTul filosofiuri azris ormocdaaTiani wlebis Semdgomdroindel
aRmavlobaSi filosofiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebaSi.
k. megreliZe Tavidanve gansazRvravs im princips,
wess, romliTac is udgeba azrovnebas, cnobierebas _
misi mecnieruli kvlevis umTavressa da uZiriTades sagans. esaa istorizmis principi. igi sagangebod mianiSnebs f. engelsis mosazrebaze, rom mecniereba
azrovnebis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba, istoriuli mecnierebaa, mecnierebaa adamianis
azrovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. ,,maS raRas ikvlevda yvela sxva specialisti, Tu maTi mecniereba ar iyo istoriuli mecniereba, ras ikvlevda fsiqologia, logika, filosofia, agreTve lingvistika“1.737misi azriT, mxolod istoriuli ganviTarebis
WrilSi ganxilvam SeiZleba mogvces azrovnebis WeSmariti bunebis codna. mTeli evropuli filosofiis ZiriTadi Secdoma is iyo, rom igi sjerdeboda mxolod
Semecnebis sazRvrebis Ziebas da cdilobda ganesazRvra azrovnebis zogadi aprioruli formebi, TviT
azrovneba ki maradiulad da ucvlelad miaCnda.
marqsamdeli filosofia umetes SemTxvevaSi angariSs uwevda imas, rom azrovnebis normebi da Semecnebis formebi socialuri produqtia da icvleba sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. es SeumCnevia zogierT burJuaziul moazrovnes, magram aqedan mainc ar gamoutania saTanado daskvnebi azrovnebis kvlevis meTodebis da Cvevebis gardasaqmnelad2.738
k. megreliZis kvlevis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli meore momenti, is siaxle, rac man Semoitana sabWoTa sinamdvileSi, aris sakvlevi sagnisadmi _ cnobierebisadmi _ kompleqsuri midgoma. ,,zogadi daskvna, _
aRniSnavda igi, _ romelic Cven gamovitaneT da romelic Semdgom kvlevis saxelmZRvanelo gaxda, SemdegSi
439
mdgomareobs: adamianTa sazogadoebis istoriis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi Sroma, Sromis iaraRebi, materialuri kultura, ena da azrovneba warmoadgenen mTelis
Semadgenel nawilebs, romlebic ganuyrelad arian dakavSirebuli da ganapirobeben erTmaneTs; da Tu gvinda
SeviswavloT azrovneba, mTeli es rTuli sazogadoebrivi kompleqsi, mTlianad unda aviRoT mis erTobliobasa da adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis zogad
istoriul procesSi“3.739adamianis cnobiereba, k. megreliZis Tanaxmad, aris iseTi ram, rac Sinagasa da organul kavSirSia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela zemoCamoTvlil mxaresTan da am kavSirebis gagebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia misi (cnobierebis) bunebis, misi arsis
srulyofili gageba, rac aucileblad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli misi kvlevisas. es ki ukve niSnavda
mecnierebaTa integraciis moTxovnas, anu im damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis uaryofas, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela mecnierebas Tavisi mkveTrad gamokveTili da sxvaTagan damoukidebeli sagani, Sesabamisad, Tavisi zedmiwevniT SemosazRvruli sazRvrebi unda hqondes. k.
megreliZe uaryofs Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac
azrovneba, meurneoba, teqnika, samarTali, ena, religia,
filosofia da a.S erTiani bunebriv-socialuri sinamdvilis erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli da
damoukidebeli sferoebia da rom TiToeul maTgans
aqvs sxva sferoebisagan damoukidebeli ganviTarebis
sakuTari xazi. misi azriT, safuZvelSive mcdaria Sexeduleba, rom samyaro iSleba uamrav erTTmaneTTan daukavSirebul nawilebad, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs sakuTari istoria Tavisi kanonebiT da es istoria
arafriT araa dakavSirebuli sxva sferoebis istoriasa da kanonebTan. jer erTi, samyaros erTianoba mis
sxvadasxva mxareebis Sinagan kavSirSi da erTianobaSi
mdgomareobs da meorec (rac pirvel momentidanac gamoiyvaneba), adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTareba warmo440
adgens erTian process. sadac yvela misi mxare Tu momenti mWidro urTierkavSirSia.
amave warmodgenebidan (gaxleCili istoriuli procesis Sesaxeb) gamomdinareobda is daskvnac, romlis Tanaxmadac, raki azrovnebis, meurneobis, teqnikis, samarTlis, religiis, enis da a.S. Semswavleli mecnierebi
ikvleven
iseT
kanonebsa
da
kanonzomierebebs,
romlebsac erTmaneTTan araviTari Sexebis wertilebi
ara aqvT, es mecnierebic mkacrad una iyvnen erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul-gamoyofili da maTi sazRvrebis
aRreva araa mxolod usargeblo, saxifaTocaa. amitom,
rogorc mTlianad samyaros, aseve sazogadoebis istoriis mTlianobis bunebis axlebur gagebas aucileblad
unda mohyves mecnierebaTa izolirebulobis moTxovnis
moxsna da gadalaxvac. „Zveli xelovnuri sazRvrebi,
romlebic Cinuri kedeliviT Robaven erTmaneTisagan
mecnierebebs, unda dairRves. calkeuli specialobis gamosvla viwro TvalTaxedvis sazRvrebidan unda gaxdes
Cveni kvleviTi praqtikis lozungi, Tu ar gvinda rom
mecnieruli azri CavketoT samudamo unayofobisaTvis
ganwiruli formalizmis SexuTul CarCoebSi. Cven imas
unda vemyarebodeT rom ...azrovnebis ( da Semecnebis) sakiTxi mxolod nawilia ufro zogadi sakiTxisa sazogadoebriv-istoriuli procesis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb“4.740
k. megreliZis mTeli Semoqmedeba am principebisa
da meTodis, e.i. istorizmis principis (rac gulisxmobs sakvlevi sagnis ganxilvas mis istoriul
ganviTarebaSi)
Semecnebis
sagnisadmi
kompleqsuri
midgomis, kompleqsuri Seswavlisa da am SeswavlaSi
sxva, ase vTqvaT „mosazRvre mecnerebis“ monacemebis
ufarToesi gamoyenebis da maTi kritikuli gadamuSavebis uaRresad Tanmimdevruli dacvisa da gatarebis naTeli magaliTia.
k. megreliZis kvlevis xasiaTis ganmapirobebeli
erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi Tavis Sexedule441
bebs, pozicias, azrovnebis bunebis ama Tu im sakiTxis
Tavisufal gadawyvetas warmoarCens TiTqmis mTeli
mecnieruli xasiaTis codnis kritikuli analizis
fonze, romelic azrovnebas ase Tu ise Sexebia da misi
raobis garkveva ucdia. es warmoCndeba misi gamokvlevis dasawyisSive, sadac ganviTarebulia naturalizmisa
da empirizmis kritika. naturalistebi, fiqrobs k.
megreliZe, cdiloben adamianis cnobiereba axsnan imave
principis safuZvelze, romlebsac iyeneben cxovelTa
qcevis asaxsnelad. maT surT cnobierebis bilogiur
safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT axsnan mTeli mravalferovani
da Tvaluwvdeneli istoriuli simdidre, ideologiur
zednaSenTa mTeli samyaro. naturalisti hgavs adamians, romelic fiqrobs, rom SesaniSnavad Seiswavla Citi, Tu naxa kvercxi, saidanac igi gamoiCeka. ,,Tu
marTla
davadgebiT
am
gzas,
advilad
mivalT
daskvnamde, romelic, gaauqmebda adamianis, misi sazogadebrivi da sameurneo cxovrebis Semswavlel mecnierebebs, vinaidan yovelive amis biologiuri pirvelsaxe
yovelTvis SeiZleba vipovoT cxovelTa samyaroSic,
Tuki Tavs Zalas davatanT“5.741
naturalizmis pozicia aRniSnavs, k. megreliZe, SesaniSnavad Camoayaliba akademikosma i. p. pavlovma:
„mecnierTa swrafva sinamdvilisaken da WeSmaritebis
migneba maTematikuri analizis gziT xom ar aris arsebiTad erTi da igive rigis movlena?“, „am sityvebSi
bevri ram simarTlea, magram maTSive dafarulia mcdari meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiTac, magaliTad, imis
fiqri, rom am gziT SegviZlia CavwvdeT namdvil „adamianis bunebas“, iseve mcdaria, rogorc Zveli sqolastikosebis debuleba, romlebic mimarTavdnen Sebrunebul
analogias. isini moZraobis reaqcias, cxovelTa da mcenareTa zrdasa da gamravlebas uwodebdnen garkveuli
miznebis gamovlinebas da „WeSmaritebis Ziebas“ da cdilobdnen am gziT uzadod da namdvilad Caswvdomodnen
442
bunebis farul kanonebs“6.742roca adamianis azrovnebisadmi viyenebT termins ,,organizmis refleqsi garkveul gamRizianebelze“, erT nabijsac ar vdgamT win adamianis azrovnebis namdvili arsis SecnobisaTvis da saerTod, fiziologia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba, mxlod movlenaTa garkveul wrisaTvis da garkveul farglebSi gamodgeba.
fiziologia, k. megreliZis azriT, ver iTvaliswinebs imas, rom arsebobs obieqtebi, romlebic miekuTvneba cocxal arsebaTa samyaros, Tumca ar Sedis fiziologiis kompetenciaSi, es obieqtebi ar miekuTvneba arc
fsiqologiis sferos, ar warmoadgenen fsiqikuri an
tviniseuli moqmedebis produqtebs. isini arsebobs Camoyalibebul sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa saxiT
(warmoadgens socialuri cxovrebis produqtebs). mcdaria Tavisi mimarTulebiT naturalistebis mTeli msjeloba iq, sadac sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
isini socialur warmonaqmnebs uTanabreben bunebriv-biologiur procesebs, cdiloben biologiaSi dainaxon
socialur movlenaTa sawyisi formebi7743da Tumca adamianis cnobiereba saboloo angariSiT cxoveluridan
momdinareobs, magram mxlod imdenad da mxolod im
azriT, ramdenadac saerTod adamianis istoria momdinareobs cxoveluri mdgomareobidan adamianurisaken.
am varaudis gansamtkiceblad, k. megreliZes
mohyavs marqsis azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, imis varaudi,
TiTqos erTi safuZvel arsebobs cxoveluri da adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis, imTaviTve mcdaria8.744ganviTarebis adamianur safexurze cnobiereba sazogadoebrivistoriuli rigis warmonaqmnia. adamianis cnobiereba
aris arsebobis ara biologiuri, aramed socialuri pirobebis rezultati9.745
amitom, adamianuri azrovnebis wesis amoxsna
„unda veZioT ara nervul sistemasa da ara tvinSi, aramed im socialur pirobebSi, romlebic tvins aiZulebs
443
erT epoqaSi aRiqvas, ifiqros da imuSaos ase da meore
epoqaSi _ sxvanairad da romlebmac, aiZulebden ra
adamianTa nervul moqmedebas emuSava garkveuli mimarTulebiT, Seqmnes swored aseTi da ara sxvanairi
nervul-tviniseuli aparati. TavisTavad nervul-tviniseuli aparati arafers xsnis da arafers amtkicebs,
ufro metic, TviTon saWiroebs sakuTari warmoSobis
axsnas“10.746
k. megreliZis azriT, fuWia da usargeblo adamianis fsiqikis, misi sazgadoebrivi cxovrebis, misi cnobierebis mxolod bunebrivi, fizikuri Tu biologiuri
kanonzomierebiT axsna. amitom miuRebelia rogorc im
fsiqologebis pozicia, romlebic cnobierebis axsnas
mTlianad cnobierebis subieqturi procesebis kavSirurTierTobebis Seswavlis safuZvelze cdilodnen,
aseve fiziologebisac, romlebic azrovnebis arsebas
adamianis nervul moqmedebis fiziologias ukavSireben,
e.i fiziologiuri refleqsebis safuZvelze cdiloben
azrovnebis Taviseburebebis garkvevas. ,,mecnieruli
azris ganviTarebam, _ kiTxulobs igi, _ nuTu imitom
daamxo absolutebi: goni, suli, absolituri „me“ da
avtoritetuli metafizikuri sawyisebis arsenalidan
aRebuli sxva kategoriebi, rom taxti gaumzados axal
absoluts nervul moqmedebas?“11747
aq, k. megreliZis azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom adamianis azrebs mxolod Siga subieqturi
arseboba rodi aqvT. SromiTi saqmianobis miznis dasaxvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi adamianis goneba
iZens obieqtur yofierebas materialuri kulturis
nivTebsa da iseT warmonawmnebSi, rogoricaa ena, religia, filosofia da a.S. aq azrebi arsebobs ara marto
aqtualuri subieqturi procesis formiT, nervuli
nivTierebis muSaobis formiT, aramed obieqturad arsebuli materialuri kulturis warmoanwmnebisa da ideologiis danaSrevi formebis saxiT. gansakuTrebuli
444
ideebis obieqturi samyaro rom ar iyos, adamins subieqturadac ar gauCndeboda araviTari azrebi12748da swored am garemoebas ar iTvaliswineben, k. megreliZis
azriT, fsiqologebi da fiziologebi, e.i isini ver
iTvaliswineben azrovnebis im arsebiT Taviseburebas,
romelic safuZvelia misi obieqturobis formaSi
yofnis SesaZlobisa, rac veraviTari subieqturi procesebiT, an Tundac nervuli sistemis moqmedebiT ver
aixsneba.
amrigad, adamians azrovnebis, misi cnobierebis gagebaSi naturalizmisa da fsiqologizmis k. megreliZiseul kritikaSi, romelic istorizmis principebidan
warmoebs, TandaTan gamoikveTeba azri, rom es cnobiereba istoriulad sagndeboda da sagndeba, obieqtivirdeba adamianuri moRvaweobis iseT SedegebSi rogoricaa: materialuri kulturis produqtebi, ena, religia, filosofia da a.S. amitom swored es movlenebia
iseTi, romelTa analizis safuZvelze und gamoamJRavndes cnobierebebis buneba da misi arsebiTi Taviseburebebi. k. megreliZis Semdgomi analizic swored
am mimarTulebiT viTardeba.
marqsizmis fuZemdeblebs, aRniSnavs megreliZe, miaCniaT, rom mizezi, romelmac warmoamqmna adamianis
fsiqikuri konstitucia. Seqmna misi cnobierebis gansakuTrebuli formebi, aris, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis
socialuri yofiereba, misi samrewvelo saqmianoba am
sityvis yvelaze ufro farTo mniSnelobiT. amaSi upirvelesad igulisxmeba TviT individebis mier TavianTi
arsebobis saSualebebis da pirobebis warmoeba, maSasadame, sakuTari cxovrebis warmoeba. iseve rogorc, yvela cxoveli, adamianic eswrafvis Tavisi arsebobis SenarCunebas, magram gansxvavebiT cxovelebisagan, romelic mzamzareuli saxiT naxulobs bunebaSi misi arsebobisaTvis saWiro yvela saSualebas, ris gamoc igi
mxolod momxmarebelia, adamianma imisaTvis, rom mo445
ixmaros, unda awarmoos da Semdgom, am warmoebuli
produqtebis: saWmel-sasmelis, binis, tansacmlis da
a.S. moxmarebis gziT daikmayofilos Tavisi sasicocxlod aucilebeli moTxovnilebebi. amrigad, Tu
bunebis da cxovelis mimarTeba atarebs uSualo xasiaTs, admaianis mimarTeba bunebasTan, misi samomxmareblo xasiaTis Taviseburebis gamo gaSualebulia sawarmoo ZalebiT, „adamiansa da bunebas Soris Cndeba
mTeli rigi gamaSualebeli rgolebisa axal urTierTobaTa mTeli samyaro (mTeli socialuri sinamdvile), romelic ar gvxdeba arsad zoologiur samyaroSi“13.749ganviTarebis adamianuri safexuris Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirdapir bunebriv urTierTobaTa nacvlad adamiani amyarebs gaSualebul xelovnur
(kulturul) kavSirebs. am mimarTebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom masSi (e.i. subieqtsa da bunebas Soris
mimarTebaSi) da mis dros yovelTvis warmoiqmneba axali da axali formebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv im axal
da axal, sul ufro farTo da mrvalferovan
moTxovnilebebs gulisxmobs, adamianebs rom uCndebaT.
ase rom adamiani awarmoebs ra arsebobisaTvis saWiro
pirobebsa da saSualebebs, qmnis sakuTar Tavsac rogorc ara mxolod misi fiziologiiT ganpirobebuli
moTxovnilebebis gaCenisa da Camoyalibebis, aramed
agreTve, kvlavwarmoebis meSveobiT am moTxovnilebebis
damayofilebis gziT.
dabolos, Tu moxmareba Tavisi arsebiT yoveelTvis individualuria, ris gamoc mxolod moxmarebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia socialuri kompleqsis
warmoSoba, sul sxvagvaria warmoebis buneba da misi
xasiaTi. masSi principulad gamoricxulia arasazogadoebrivi sawyisi. „warmoeba Tavisi arsebiT socialuri
aqtia, masSi ganuwyvetliv kvlavwarmoiqmneba socialuri kompleqsi“14.750am viTarebis naTelsayofad k. megreliZe mimarTavs Sromis analizs.
446
Sroma aris, uwinares yovlisa, procesi adamiansa
da bunebas Soris, procesi, romelSic adamiani Tavisi
moqmedebiT ganapirobebs, awesrigebs da kontrols
uwevs nivTierebaTa cvlas masa da bunebas Soris, ise,
rom es ukanaskneli gvevlineba Sromis obieqtad. Sroma, rogorc adamianis damokidebuleba Sromis obieqtTan, rogorc procesi, romelic mimdinareobs adamiansa da bunebas Soris, yovelTvis SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ormxrivi procesi.
„esaa, jer erTi, obieqturi procesi, ramdenadac
ganvixilavT cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdis sagani,
rogorc Sromis obieqti: saxeldrobr es sagani iZens
sxva formasa da Tvisebebs.
mere _ esaa subieqtis moqmedeba, subieqturi procesi, ramdenadac am process ganvixilavT im moqmedebaTa mxriv, romelsac Cadis subieqti, individis Sigasubieqturi energiis xarjvis da im subieqturi miznis
mxriv, romlis ganxorcielebasac emsaxureba SromiTi
saqmianoba“15.751Sromis es ormxrivi xasiaTi aisaxeba mis
produqtSic; kerZod is aris raRac obiqturic da raRac gasubuqturebulic. erTis mxriv, igi (produqti),
ramdenadac ukve warmoebulia, warmoadgens obieqts
yvela Tavisi obieqturi TvisebebiT, romlebic damoukidebelia
Cveni
neba-survilisagan;
...igi
udavod
ekuTvnis obieqturad arsebul fizikur sinamdviles;
xolo meore mxriv igi, rogorc swored adamianis mier
Seqmnili da TavisTavad bunebaSi ararsebuli, warmoadgens xelovnur produqts, xelovnur sinamdviles16.752
Sromis produqtis am ormagi bunebis ufro cxadad warmosaCenad k. megreliZes mohyavs k. marqsis cnobili Sedareba futkris moqmedebisa da adamianis (arqiteqtoris) SromasTan, romlis win wamowevam da k.
megreliZiseulma analizma didi roli Seasrula adamianis arsobrivi specifikis, rogorc mizandasaxuli
moqmedebis warmorCenaSi mTlianad da adamianis cnobi447
erebis specifikis gaazrebaSi. am magaliTSi, rogorc
cnobilia marqsi Sromas axasiaTebs, rogorc process,
romlis drosac adamiani Sromis produqtSi axorcielebs Tavis Segnebul mizans; mizans, romelic man TviTon airCia da daisaxa da romelic Semdgom, rogorc
kanoni, gansazRravs mis moqmedebas. marqsis am mosazrebis analiziT k. megreliZe midis daskvnamde, rom Sromis ,,produqti adamianis miznebsa da adamianis sakuTar
subieqtur moTxovnilebebs daqvemdebarebuli obieqtia.
esaa gasubieqtebuli obieqti“17.753amasTan, ,,Tu obieqtis
mxriv produqti warmogvidga, rogorc gasubieqtebuli
obieqti, ...subieqtisa da misi moqmedebebis mxriv ganxiluli, igi warmogvidgeba, rogorc ganivTebuli pirovneba, gaobieqtebuli subieqti“18.754
Sromas axasiaTebs erTsa da imave dros individis
nawilis gatana subieqturi sferodan obieqturad arsebul sferoSic da obieqtis gadarTva subieqt-adamianur, ese igi socialur sferoSic. Sroma aris rogorc
subieqtis mier Tavisi Tavis gasagneba (TviT k. megreliZe xmarobs „gaucxoebis“ cnebas) misgan damoukidebel obieqtur yofierebad, ise sagnis subieqtivaciac.
Sromis produqts is upiratesoba aqvs Cveulebriv obieqtTan SedarebiT, rom masSi aris raRac
adamianiseuli, igi damuSavebulia adamianis miznebis
Sesaamisad da amitom funqciuria, mizniT gamarTlebulia da aqvs sazrisiseuli gansazRvreba. meore mxriv,
Sromis
produqti,
rogorc
sibieqtis
,,nawili“,
gansxvavdeba subieqtisagan. subieqtis organul nawilebTan SedarebiT mas is „upiratesoba aqvs, rom SeuZlia fizikuradac gamoeyos mas da aseve wamrmatebiT
arsebobdes da sasargeblo iyos yoveli sxva pirisaTvis“19.755am ormxrivobiT, romelic gamoixateba imiT,
rom Sromis produqtSi moTavsebulia ori sawyisi _
subieqturic da obieqturic, aixsneba misi roli socialuri kompleqsis CamoyalibebaSi20.756es roli gamoixa448
teba imaSi, rom Sromis produqtSi adamians SeuZlia
Tavisi unarebi sxvebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxados.
produqtis obieqturi mxare (e.i. individTa Sromis ganivTeba Sromis iaraRebsa da produqtebSi) SesaZlebels xdis iTanamSromlon individebma, urTierTs gaucvalon SromiTi energia, gaasxvison Sroma, gaanawilon da gacvalon produqtebi, miiTvison sxvisi Sroma
da a.S. erTi sityviT, SesaZlebels xdis individTa
urTierTobebs, rogorc socialur urTierTobebs.
mokled rom vTqvaT, aRniSnavs k. megreliZe, „Sromis
produqtis saSualebiT da misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba yoveli materialur-nivTobrivi urTierTobani adamianTa Soris, e.i. adamianTa urTierTobebi, sakuTrivi
azriT, biologiuri urTierTobebisagan gansxvavebiT.
produqti, romelic Sromis sazogadoebrivi substanciis matarebelia, amave dros, xdeba individebis urTierTobaTa da saerTod yvela socialuri urTierTobis
nivTieri Suamavali“21.757
Sromis da misi produqtebis mniSvnelobis meore,
aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxare, k. megreliZis azriT, is
aris, rom adamianTa Sromis produqtebisa da materialuri dovlaTis es samyaro, iseve rogorc TviT Sroma,
SesaZlebelia
mxolod
adamianebis
sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa garkveul pirobebSi da ara sxvagvarad.
Sroma yovelTvis TanamSromlobaa da yovelgvari SromiTi saqmianoba SesaZlebelia maSin, roca individebi
arseboben ara cal-calke, aramed Seadgenen SekavSirebul mTels. aq, fiqrobs megreliZe, saqme gvaqvs
daxSul
wresTan:
piroba
da
ganpirobebuli
gansazRvravs erTmaneTs. Sroma da sazogadoeba ori
sxvadasxva ram ki ar aris, aramed mxolod erTiani
mTelis komponentebia, erTi da imave warmonaqmnis momentebia, erTi warmoSobs meores, es meore pirvelis
aucilebeli pirobaa, oriveni ki qmnis erT mTels. „wre
rom ar ikvrebodes _ aRniSnavs igi, _ iseve rogorc
449
yvela sxva, romelic ar ganekuTvneba daxSul warmonaqmns, ver ganviTardeba urTierTganmsWvalav winaaRmdegobaTa brZolis Sinagani kanonebiT“22.758maSasadame, Sroma SesaZlebelia, rogorc mxolod socialuri
movlena, magram arasodes, rogorc individualuri
moqmedeba. yovelgvar, Tundac kerZo da individualur
SromaSi, adamiani, ramdenadac igi raRacas awarmoebs,
mudmivad axdens Tavisi individualuri energiis socializacias mis mier Seqmnil Sromis produqtebSi, maSasadame, Sromis yovel aqtSi aisaxeba misi sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi23.759saboloo jamSi, Tezisis saxiT daaskvnis k. megreliZe „adamianis cnobierebis warmoSobis
pirobebi iseTivea, rogorc TviT sazogadoebis warmoSobis materialuri pirobebi da wanamZRvrebi, rogorc
sazogadoebriv-istoriuli kanonzomiereba, bunebrivistoriul kanonzomierebisagan gansxvavebiT“24.760adamianis cnobiereba... gaCnda ara wminda Casaxvis gziT, aramed TandaTan viTardeboda sxva ufro dabali formebidan, rogorc saerTod xvdeboda adamianis Camoyalibeba
cxoveluri mdgomareobidan adamianurisaken.
cnobierebis adamianuri formis warmoSobaSi (rameTu k. megreliZe msjelobs cxovelis cnobierebazec)
udidesi roli iTamaSa im aqtiurma sawyisma, romelic
cxovelur donezeve iyo Cadebuli adamianSi da romelic adamianis safexurze gamovlinda Tvisebrivad axal
formaSi, axal doneze. esaa upiratesad cnobierebis
gacnobierebuli mdgomareoba da misi gamaSualebeli
funqcia, roli. cnobiereba, anu raRacis gacnobiereba
swored es gamaSualebeli rgolia obieqtur situaciasa
da organizmis reaqcias Soris. cnobiereba subieqturi
procesia, romelic aSualebs urTierTobas subieqtsa
da obieqtur garemos Soris, da meore mxriv, aSualebs
urTierTobas am subieqtsa da meore subieqts Soris.
cnobierebis es gamaSualebeli funqcia muSavdeba uSualobis biologiuri damokidebulebis moSlisa da ro450
gorc bunebriv garemosTan, ise sxva individebTan urTierTobis socialur formis damkvidrebis kvalobaze.
nivTebi, Cvens garSemo, rom aris, TavianTi ganlagebiT TiTqosda TviTon moiTxovs gaazrebis garkveul
konteqsts;
situacia
Tavisi
kompoziciiT
Tavad
iswrafvis azrisaken. am nivTebis urTierTmimarTulebaTa danaxva, maTi mizanTan mimarTebaTa wvdoma, rasac subiqti eswrafvis, aris swored mixvedra, gaaazreba, gageba. amdenad, fiqrobs k. megreliZe, azri aris funqcia,
damokidebuli ara marto subieqtze, igi, amave dros
aris funqcia, romelic damokidebulia obieqturi situaciis ganlagebasa da saganTa mimarTebaze. amrigad,
azrebis safuZveli ara marto TavSia, aramed erTgvarad,
nivTebSic, radgan garemos obieqtur agebulebaSi, sadac
cnobiereba cocxlobs da moqmedebs, aris am azrebis
warmoSobis pirobebi. ,,cnobiereba ...Tumca subieqtis
funqciaa, magram, imave dros, aris funqcia, romelic damokidebulia obieqtur garemozedac, ...cnobiereba da
azrovneba
cnobierebis
obieqtis
gareSe
aris
25
761
,,nonsens” . is garemo ki, romelSic cxovrobs adamiani,
socialuria. ase rom, is namdvili faqtorebi, romelic
ayalibeben cnobierebis adamianur wess, socialuri pirobebi da socialuri urTierTobebia, romelTa Sorisac cocxlobs da moqmedebs mecniereba“26.762
amrigad, cnobiereba socialuri bunebisaa. magram
k. megreliZis azriT, es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas,
rom is socialuri sinamdvilis pasiuri fotografiuli asaxvaa. igi aqtiuri bunebisaa da es kargad
vlindeba mis ideatorul bunebaSic. azri SeiZleba
arsebobdes mxolod rogorc azri raRacaze, rogorc
azri saganze. ,,obieqti _ wers k. megreliZe, _ aris
azris sxeuli“. am sagnobriv Sinaarss cnobiereba iZens
idealuri unaris meoxebiT. namdvili cnobiereba aris
iq, sadac mis Sinaars avsebs realobis obieqturi Semadgenloba, sadac man SeiZleba gamoiyenos sagnebis xa451
teba da warmodgenebi an maTi Semcvlelebi da Seadginos warmosaxviTi dispoziciebi. azrovnebiTi operacia,
jer kidev ararsebuli, an ukve arsebuli (e.i momavali
da warsuli) warmonaqmnebis, movlenebis, ambebis warmosaxvaa. adamianis cnobierebas aqvs Tavisuflad gaazrebuli da reproducirebuli Sinaarsi. igi araa SezRuduli arsebuli situaciiT da ar eqvemdebareba mas. mas
aqvs Tavisufali reproduqciuli xateba da warmodgenebi, ar izRudeba mxolod mocemuli momentis sensoruli veliT, mas SeuZlia warmosaxvaSi Tavisuflad
imoZraos drois veqtoriT win da ukan awymos punqtidan. ,,mokled rom vTqvaT, _ daaakvnis k. megreliZe, _
cnobierebis Tavisufali idealuri Sinaaarsi ...is arsebiTi Taviseburebaa, romelic adamianis cnobierebas ganasxvavebs cxoveluri cnobierebisagan“27.763
azri da idea, fiqrobs k. megreliZe, cnobierebis
velis iseTi agebulebaa, sadac yoveli monacemi garkveulad efardeba sxvebs, xolo yvela erTad Seadgens
erTian „dasaxsrul“ konteqsts, cnobierebis mwyobr
mdgomareobas, romelic gamoxatavs garkveul azrobriv
mTels. azrovneba imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom cnobierebis Sinaars emateba axali elementebi damatebiTi xatebis, ideebis da warmodgenebis saxiT, rogorc es Cveulebriv egonaT, aramed imaSi, rom cnobierebis masala
da cnobierebis Sinaarsi garkveulad gardaiqmneba da
yalibdeba axal konteqsad. TviT cnobierebis SinaarsSi gamoiyofa garkveuli centri (fokusi), romlis
safuZvelze da romlis garSemoc aigeba cnobierebis
mTeli veli, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli da
dasrulebuli mTeli. idea an cneba swored es
gardaqmnili velia28.764amrigad, daaskvnis k. megreliZe,
idea aris sinamdvilis daufleba azrebSi. igi aris
gulveba, moqmedebis proeqti; magram imisaTvis, rom
idea daeuflos obieqts, xolo obieqti amaRldes ideamde, saWiroa am ideis ganxorcieleba da mis Sesabami452
sad nivTebis gardaqmna. am procesSi SeTavsebulia ori
erTdrouli aqti: ideis ganivTeba da nivTis racionalizacia, misi gadaqceva azrobriv, ,,ideur“ nivTad. am
safexurze idea marTlac iZens nivTs ara marto
azrobrivad, aramed materialuradac, eufleba ra mas;
idea cvlis nivTs Tavis mixedviT da masSi gvevlineba
saxed, romelic gansazRvravs am nivTis raobas, bunebas29.765amrigad, k. megreliZis azrovnebis sociologiidan uSualod gamomdinareobs is daskvna, rom azrovnebis, cnobierebis aqtiuri buneba, misi specifika gamoixateba Tavisuflad, sakuTar warmonaqmnebSi (cnebaSi,
ideaSi, idealebSi da a.S) garemos azrobrivi xatis
konstruirebis unarSi, romelic Sewyvilebuli adamianis mizandasaxul, mis mierve arCeuli da dadgenili
miznebis Sesatyvis qmedebasTan gvevlineba sinamdvilis
SemoqmedebiTi gardaqmna-aTvisebis gziT axali, adamianuri sinamdvilis Semqmnel udides Zalad.
ase Sors TviT k. megreliZe SeiZleba arc wasula,
magram aseTi daskvna namdvilad Seesabameba im ZiriTad
racionalur ideebs, romlebic man safuZvlianad daaamuSava da romelic zemoT gadmoveciT. adamianis, misi
cnobierebis, misi arsobrivi Taviseburebebis aseTi gageba SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebs qmnida filosofiis
iseTi dargebis Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebisaTvis, rogoricaa: sakuTriv sociologia, anTropologia, aqsiologia, kulturis filosofia, eTika, esTetika da sxva. amitomacaa, rom k. megreliZis Sexedulebebi
araCveulebrivad adekvatur gamoxmaurebas poulobs
istoriul aucileblobis Taviseburebis, misi specifikis WeSmariti bunebis gaxsnaSi, adamianis filosofiuri codnis Semdgom gaRrmavebasa da gafarToebaSi,
istoriis filosofiuri problemis damuSavebaSi, aqsiologiuri codnis gaRrmavebaSi, dabolos, kulturis
filosofiuri koncefciis SeqmnaSi. qarTul sinamdvileSi filosofiis yvela am dargis ganviTarebis isto453
ria „mematianis“ specialur yuradRebas saWiroebs. xolo rac Seexeba sakuTriv sociologiur azrs, mis
erT-erTi Stos warmoadgens konkretuli sociologiuri azris ganviTareba, romelic Tavis wanamZRvrad k.
megreliZis zogad sociologiur azrsac gulisxmobda
da romlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli
iyo aleqsandre vaCeiSvili.
2. aleqsandre vaCeiSvili (1928-1973)
zogadi sociologia ganekuTvneba fundamentur
mecnierebaTa rigs. mis mier mopovebulia codna friad
saWiro da aucilebelia, radganac mis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis
swori orientaciebis SemuSaveba da gansazRvra. magram
es codna, swored Tavisi zogadobis gamo, naklebad
moqnilia imisaTvis, rom uSualod mxolod masze
dayrdnobiT gadaiWras yvela is konkretuli sakiTxi
da problema, romelic sazogadoebis cxovrebis ama Tu
im etapze dgeba xolme mis winaSe. konkretuli sakiTxebis gadaWras konkretuli codna sWirdeba. amitom,
fundamenturi codnis gverdiT saWiro xdeba aseTi
codnis SemuSavebac, romelic, cxadia, fundamentur
codnas unda iTvaliswinebdes da emyarebodes, rogorc
Tavis meTodologiur safuZvels. swored am saWiroebis, am moTxovnilebis realizaciis magaliTia saqarTveloSi konkretuli sociologiuri codnis ganviTareba, romlis erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgenelic,
rogorc ukve iTqva, a. vaCeSvilia.
socialuri sinamdvilis subieqti kacobriobaa.
Tavis mxriv, es ukanaskneli raRac erTgvarovani warmonaqmni ki ar aris, aramed Sedgeba garkveuli TavisTavadobaTa da individualurobis niSniT aRbeWdil adamianTa didi Tu mcire jgufebisagan: erebisagan, erovnebebisagan, tomebisagan (rameTu es ukanasknelebi jer
kidev arseboben) da a.S. am jgufTa Soris umciresi
454
aris mcire socialuri jgufebi, romelTa SidaerTianobis ganpirobebeli mizezebisa da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva socialur kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ama Tu im sazogadoebis, rogorc gacilebiT ufro didi socialuri
warmonaqmnis gagebisaTvis. swored aseTi mcire socialuri jgufebia konkretuli sociologiisa da piradad
a. vaCeiSvils, rogorc misi warmomadgenlis (saqarTveloSi) kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti.
mcire socialuri jgufebis Seswavlisas mopovebuli
codnis
obieqturobisa
da
WeSmaritebis
uzrunvelsayofad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba am jgufis
sazRvrebis dadgenas, e.i. imis gansazRvras, Tu ra aris
socialuri jgufi da Semdeg, kvlevis swori gzisa da
moTodebis arCevasa da gansazRvras. a. vaCeiSvilis
mecnieruli yuradRebac upirvelesad swored am mimarTulebiskenaa mipyrobili.
a.
vaCeiSvili
uaryofs
sociologiur
azrs,
romlis Tanaxmadac mcire socialuri jgufi gagebulia,
rogorc fsiqikuri fenomeni, romelic warmoiSoba adamianTa emociuri urTierTobis bazaze. misi azriT, es
jgufi iseve ar ganekuTvneba fsiqikur fenomenTa kategorias, rogorc globaluri sazogadoeba. igi sazogadoebis nawilia da masSi Semaval individTa simcire ar
SeiZleba iyos misi fsiqikur fenomenad miCnevis safuZveli. fsiqikuri aspeqtiT igi imdenadve xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac globaluri sazogadoeba, eri, klasi da a.S.
mcire socialuri jgufis gansazRvrisas a. vaCeiSvili emyareba da iTvaliswinebs im Rirseba-naklovanebebs, romlebic axasiaTebs am sakiTxis irgvliv
dagrovil sociologiuri codnas, rogorc CvenSi
(ufro sworad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi), aseve
sazRvargareT. mcire socialur jgufebze sociologiuri azris refleqsia SedarebiT ufro gvianeuli periodis ambavia da arc antikur periodSi, arc Sua sauku455
neebSi da arc axal droSi igi arsad gvxvdeba. aseTi
refleqsia ar gvxvdeba TviT marqsizmis klasikosebis
SromebSic, ris gamoc aseTi jgufebis kvlevis sakiTxi
marqsizmis farglebSi gvian daisva. amis mizezad a. vaCeiSvils miaCnia is, rom marqsistuli sociologia
warmoiSva da viTardeboda, rogorc proletariatis
ideologia30,766ris gamoc misi kvlevis pirveli obieqtebi iyo is socialuri movlenebi, romlebic ganapirobebda proletariatis klasobrivi brZolis warmatebas. „proletariatis ideologiis mecnieruli dafuZneba principSi uaryofs socialuri sinamdvilisadmi
midgomas mcire socialuri jgufis masStabebiT“31.767
mcire socialuri jgufis, rogorc socialuri
faqtisa da sociologiuri kvlevis obieqtis aRmoCenis
prioriteti S. furies ekuTvnis, romlis azriT, momavali, idealuri sazogadoebis safuZveli unda yofiliyo
pirovnebaTa emociuri urTierTmizidvis safuZvelze
Seqmnili mcire socialuri jgufebi.
mcire socialuri jgufebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT
intensiuri
gaxda
meore
msoflio
omisa
da
omisSemdgom periodSi, roca am sakiTxze evropul saazrovno sivrceSi uamravi statia Tu gamokvleva iyo
gamoqveynebuli. samociani wlebidan dawyebuli, mcire
socialuri jgufebis kvlevas didi yuradReba eTmoboda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSic.
mcire socialuri jgufis raobis dasadgenad a.vaCeiSvils amosaval punqtad aRebuli aqvs robert h. beilzis
gansazRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac „mcire socialuri jgufi ganisazRvreba, rogorc erTeuli pirispir SexvedriT,
an SexvedraTa seriiT erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSi myof
pirovnebaTa nebismieri ricxvi, romelSic yvela wevri
sxva wevrisgan imdenad garkveeul STabeWdilebas an aRqmas
iRebs, rom imavdrouli an mogvianebiTi gamokiTxvisas, mas
SeuZlia misces raRac reaqcia yovel sxva wevrze, rogorc
456
individualur pirovnebaze, Tundac mxolod gaxsenebiT,
rom sxva pirovneba iyo iq“32.768
a. vaCeiSvilis azriT, beilzis am gansazrvrebaSi
dadebiT mxared unda miviCnioT im momentis Semotana,
rom mcire socialuri jgufi SemosazRvruli unda
iyos individTa garkveuli ricxviT. magram am sazRvrebis individTa nebismieri ricxviT zrda misi susti momentia da araa swori. es garemoeba kargad Cans imaSic,
rom adamianTa nebismieri ricxvis damaxsovreba adamians ubralod ar SeuZlia. Sedavebas imsaxurebs aseve
Sidasocialuri jgufisaTvis mxolod urTierTgaxsenebis, _ ubralod rom is iq iyo, _ sakmao faqtorad
miCneva. Cven bevr iseT individsac vimaxsovrebT xolme,
romelTanac araviTari Sidajgufuri urTierToba ara
gvaqvs da Cveni jgufis wevrad ar aRviqvamT.
am gansazRvrebis dadebiT momentad, al. vaCeiSvilis
azriT, unda miviCnioT mcire socialuri jgufis wevrTa
uSualo urTierTqmedebis momentis gamoyofa. es momenti
yoveli calkeuli mcire socialuri jgufis ganmapirobebeli aucilebeli momentia, magram, meore mxriv, aseTi
urTierTmoqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT sasaqonlo meurneobis
damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis Semdeg, individTa Zalzed
did raodenobas moicavs, amitom aq aucilebeli xdeba
imis miTiTeba, rom es urTierTmoqmedeba unda efuZnebodes urTierTSexvedrasa da pirad urTierTobebs. a. vaCeiSvilisTvis aseve miuRebelia s. himansis gansazRvrebac,
romelSic arsebiTad beilzis mier gamoyofili ZiriTadi
niSnebia fiqsirebuli.
a. vaCeiSvili aanalizebs
agreTve a.paul hares
gansazRvrebas, romelic, pirveli orisagan gansxvavebiT,
gamoyofs mcire socialuri jgufis xuT niSans:
1. mcire socialur jgufSi Semaval individTa
uSualo urTierToba, piradi kontaqtebi;
457
2. aseTi jgufis SidaerTianobis ganmapirobebeli
aucilebeli faqtori - saerTo mizani, romlis
ganxorcielebasac esa Tu is jgufi cdilobs da apirobebs;
3. qcevis ZiriTadi wesebisa da cxovrebis normebis erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs da mimarTulebas aZlevs jgufis wevrTa aqtivobas;
4. mcire socialur jgufSi Semavali individebis
mier Sesrulebuli rolebis erToblioba, garkveuli
sistema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom jgufis yoveli
wevri unda asrulebdes garkveul socialur rols;
5.
is
simpaTia-antipaTia,
romlebic
jgufis
wevrebs aqvT erTmaneTTan, sadac, cxadia, simpaTia unda
sWarbobdes, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi jgufis zogierTi wevris urTierTobaSi gamoricxuli araa antipaTiac.
al.
vaCeiSvilis
azriT,
Tu
pirveli
ori
gansazRvreba, niSnebis simcirisa gamo, zedmetad farTe
iyo. es gansazRvreba, swored niSnebis simravlis gamo,
Zalzed aviwroebs jgufis farglebs.
al.
vaCeiSvili
aanalizebs
aseve
mirenis
gansazRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac mTeli sinamdvile
warmoadgens emociur urTierTobaTa sistemas, romelic qmnis garkveul matricas. am matricis umciresi
erTeulia ara individi, aramed socialuri atomi, mcire socialuri jgufi, romlis gulsac warmoadgens
mocemuli individi, xolo periferias _ im individTa
erToblioba, romlebis mimarTac mocemul individs
raRac garkveuli emociuri urTierToba gaaCnia. al. vaCeiSvilis azriT, am gansazRvrebis dadebiT momentad
unda miviCnioT individis gamoyofa da win wamoweva,
romelic wina gansazRvrebebSi saerTod ar Canda.
amasTan, misi azriT, yvela am gansazRvrebaTa saerTo
naklad unda miviCnioT is, rom TiToeul maTgans
dahkravs fsiqologizmis elferi, rac kulminacias
458
aRwevs mirenTan. igi aanalizebs aseve leopold fon
gizes, alen u. uisteris da jon jeimsis induqciur
midgomas mcire socialuri jgufis gansazRvrebisadmi,
radganac daTvlis momenti, romelic maT SemoaqvT,
ukve gulisxmobs mcire socialuri jgufis arsebobas.
Semdgom, sabWoTa sociologebis zogierTi warmomamadgenlebis
Sexedulebebis
kritikuli
analizis
Semdeg, al vaCeiSvili ayalibebs Tavis, misi azriT,
yvelaze optimalur gansazRvrebas: „mcire socialuri
jgufi aris socialuri sistemis pirveladi funqciuri
ujredi“33.769igi ganmartavs am gansazRvrebaSi moxmarebuli terminebis mniSvnelobebs. „socialuri sistemis“ cnebaSi mas nagulisxmevi aqvs sazogadoebis saerTod yovelgvari gamovlena, yoveli socialuri fenomeni, romelSic saxeze iqneba adamianTa raRac struqturuli
urTierToba. am sistemis saxiT SeiZleba aRebul iqnas
mTeli sazogadoeba misi ganviTarebis romelime erT
etapze. termini „pirveladi“ gagebulia, rogorc ujredis
ganmsazRvreli, misi zedsarTavi. ,,ujredi“ ki niSnavs im
umcires danayofs sazogadoebisa, romelze mcirec aRar
SeiZleba iyos.
am ujredis aucilebeli niSania misi wevrebis piradi urTierTobebi. amrigad, daaskvnis al. vaCeiSvili,
pirispir urTierToba yvela wevrisa yvelas mimarT _
aris mcire socialuri jgufis aucilebeli niSani34.770xolo, rac Seexeba imas, Tu ramdenad didi an
mcire SeiZleba iyos es jgufi, al. vaCeiSvilis azriT,
mis qveda zRvrad unda miviCnioT sul mcire ori adamiani; zeda zRvari ubralod ar arsebobs da igi yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi konkretuli kvleviT unda
dadgindes.
rac Seexeba am pirveladi socialuri jgufis sociologiur kvlevas, al. vaCeiSvili mis momentebad miiCnevs:
459
1. uSualo dakvirveba, romlis drosac Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier miRebuli informaciis wyaros
warmoadgens TviT sakvlevi socialuri fenomeni, e.i.
mTlianad jgufi an nebismieri misi wevri;
2. dokumenturi masalis mopoveba da analizi, sadac dokumentur masalad iwodeba nebismieri fiqsirebuli informacia, romelic gakeTebulia sociologis
mier kvlevis dawyebamde, an keTdeba kvlevis procesSi
misi miznobrivi gavlenis gareSe;
3.
gamokiTxva,
romelic
tardeba
sxvadasxva
kiTxvarebis saSualebiT da miznad isaxavs obieqturi
informaciis mopovebas. samive am meTodis gamoyeneba,
al. vaCeiSvilis azriT, uzrunvelyofs maqsimalurad
sruli informaciis miRebas.
al. vaCeiSvili wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa
akademiis
filosofiis
institutSi
xelmZRvanelobda mis mierve Camoyalibebul sociologiis laboratorias, sadac konkretuli sociologiis araerTi problema iqna damuSavebuli. misi dawyebuli saqme
am laboratoriaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT
grZeldeboda, Tumca Semdeg laboratoria daiSala da
kvleva-Ziebac Sewyda.
60-ian wlebSi sociologiuri kvlevis mZlavri
centri Camoyalibda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, kerZod, aq daarsebul sociologiis kaTedraze,
romelsac sicocxlis bilomde xelmZRvanelobda venor qvaCaxia (1924-1982). am periodSi kaTedris ZalebiT
gamoica Semdegi mniSvnelovani naSromebi: „mecnierulteqnikuri revoluciis sociologiuri sakiTxebi“ (1976),
„axalgazdobis problemebis zogierTi aspeqti“ (1978)
da sxv.
sociologiuri problematikis kvlevis es tradicia kaTedraze dResac grZeldeba. bolo 13 wlis
ganmavlobaSi momzadda da gamoica rogorc adre
Sesrulebuli gamokvlevebi, ise Tanamedrove avtorTa
460
naSromebi: k. gordelaZis, „organicisturi mimdinareoba sociologiaSi“ (1985); e. koduas, „sociologiis Sesavali“ (1986); misive, „sociologia (1995); misive, „sociologiis istoria“ or nawilad (1996) da sxv.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis kaTedrisa da filosofiis institutis sociologiis laboratoriis garda, zogadi da konkretuli sociologiis problemis damuSaveba intensiurad warmoebda
rogorc aRniSnuli dawesebulebebis sxvadasxva kaTedrebsa da ganyofilebnebSi, ise saqarTvelos sxva
umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero centrebSi.
zogadi da konkretuli sociologiis problemebze muSaobisa da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi asaxulia
qarTvel mklevarTa Semdeg gamokvlevebSi: v.kalandariSvili. „sazogadoebrivi progresis mecnieruli Teoriis SemuSaveba’’(1974); misive, „sazogadoebis progresi’’
(1991); Wola lomTaTiZe. „kulturis sociologiuri
kvlevis meTodika“ (1985). agreTve, Tanamedrove avtorTa
naSromebSi: g.asaTiani. „Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sociologia (ZiriTad mimdinareobaTa kritikuli analizi“. (1987); e.kodua. „organicisturi sociologiis ganviTarebis tendenciebi“ (1964); b.lutiZe. „Sroma da adamiani“(1976), „sazogadoebis filosofiuri analizis safuZvlebi“(1991); o.jioevi. „istoriuli aucileblobis
buneba“ (1967, rusul enaze); e.menabdiSvili. „axalgazrdobis socialuri da kulturul RirebulebaTa
formirebis sakiTxebi“ (1989) da sxv.
XX s-is 50-iani wlebis Semdgom periodSi momzadebuli da gamocemuli fundamenturi gamokvlevebis es
arasrulyofili nusxac cxads xdis, rom qarTuli sociologiuri azris istoria monografiul gamokvlevasa da met-naklebad srulyofil gaazrebas saWiroebs.
461
meaTe Tavi
I. aqsiologia
I. eTika
qarTuli
filosofiuri
azrovnebisaTvis,
saerTod, qarTuli kulturisaTvis eTikuri problematika
ucxo arasodes yofila. amis damadasturebelia Zveli
qarTuli
hagiografiuli
literatura,
romelSic
warmodgenilia zneobriv-RirebulebiTi tipebis mTeli
galerea dasmuli da Taviseburad gadawyvetilia zneobrivi nimuSis (idealis) problema, movaleobisa da
midrekilebis urTierTobis, adamianis Tavisuflebisa da
pasuxismgeblobis, siyvarulisa (samSoblos siyvarulis)
da siZulvilis da sxva eTikuri problemebi. zneobrivi
urTierTobebi, calkeuli eTikuri problemebi gansakuTrebiT mkafio mxatvrul gamoxatulebas naxulobs
rusTavelis „vefxistyaosanSi“, daviT guramiSvilis
„swavla moswavleTaSi“, XIX s-is qarTveli samocianelebis, kerZod, akakis, iliasa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi.
eTikur problemebze uSualo refleqsiiT xasiaTdeba XX s-is qarTvel filosofosTa da moazrovneTa mravali gamokvleva. sakmaod vrcelia im adamianTa
sia, romlebmac XX s-is saqarTveloSi met-naklebi Zalisxmeva gamoavlines eTikisa da aqsiologiis problemaTa kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. esenia: arCil jorjaZe,
ivane gomarTeli, ivane javaxiSvili, mixeil (mixako) wereTeli, geronti qiqoZe, dimitri uznaZe, sergi danelia, konstantine kapaneli, Salva nucubiZe, mose gogiberiZe, angia boWoriSvili, Salva biwaZe, petre Saria,
oTar bakuraZe, niko WavWavaZe, zurab kakabaZe, gela
banZelaZe, oTar jioevi da sxv.
462
eTikuri Sexedulebebi saerTod da zneobrivi,
kerZod,
nebismieri
xalxis
sulieri
kulturis
umniSvnelovanesi elementia. eTikuri aspeqti yovel
kulturaSi gamoixateba zneobrivi grZnobebis, normebis, principebis, warmodgenebis saxiT.kulturaSi dafiqsirebul zneobriv RirebulebaTa mTlianoba Seadgens mocemuli xalxis eTikur memkvidroebas. amrigad, eTikuri memkvidroeba moicavs, rogorc eTikur
warmodgenebs, ise zneobriv gancdebsa da Rirebulebebs.
imis miuxedavad, rom qarTul filosofiur
azrovnebaSi eTikur problematikas wamyvani adgili
arasodes sWeria, am mimarTulebiT XX s-is saqarTveloSi sakmaod vrceli da mravalferovani masala
dagrovda. am masalis zerele gadaTvalierebac ki
mkiTxvels advilad daarwmunebs, rom qarTvel kacs sulieri saqmianobis ufaqizes sferoSi _ zneobriv RirebulebaTa sferoSi _ imave tkiviliTa da sixaruliT
ucxovria, riTac XX s-is kacobriobas.
§ 1. zneobis Teoriis sakiTxebi
ivane gomarTeli (1875-1938). 1901 wels Jurnal
„kvalis“ ramdenime nomerSi (№№39, 40, 41, 42, 43) daibeWda ivane gomarTelis werilebis seria saTauriT
„zneobrivi kiTxvebi“. am werilebSi garCeulia zneobis, kerZod, zneobrivi grZnobis, zneobrivi ideebis
genezisis, zneobrivi progresisa da sxva sakiTxebi.
zneobas adamianTan aqvs saqme, adamiani ki, gomarTelis mixedviT, warmoSobilia uazro, ugono arsebisagan da TandaTan ganviTarebis wyalobiT dRevandel fizikur mdgomareobamde miaRwia. amotom, „zneobis
kiTxvis
gamosarkvevad
umal
pirutyvebs
463
mivmarToT da Semdeg adamians“1.771bunebismetyvelebis
sferodan aRebuli magaliTebiT avtori naTelyofs im
faqts, rom cxovelebi ar arian moklebulni urTierTdaxmarebas da urTierTTanadgomas. „eWvs gareSea,
wers avtori, zneobriv grZnobas pirutyvebic ar arian
moklebulni“2.772
rogori saxiT Cndeba zneobrivi grZnoba Tavdapirvel adamianSi? zneobis saTave, avtoris mixedviT,
sargeblobaa. velur adamianSi Tavdapirvelad mxolod am gziT unda ganviTarebuliyo zneobrivi grZnoba3.773bunebriv mdgomareobaSi pirvelyofilma adamianma
ar icoda zneobrivi Sebraleba, e.i. mas ar hqonda zneobrivi movaleoba, Sesabamisad, arc zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gamocdileba
pirvandel adamianSi badebs sazogadoebriobis (socialurobis) da simpaTiis grZnobas. adamiani simpaTiiT
epyroba Tavisi Temis wevrs; cxovrebis ganviTarebis
kvalobaze adamiani „Cemi moralidan“ ikafavs gzas
„Cveni moralisaken“. cxovelidan adamianSi gadmosuli
da ganviTarebuli simpaTiis grZnoba „sarCulad daedo dRevandeli ganaTlebuli kacobriobis im emociebs, romlebsac zneobriv grZnobas uwodeben“4.774magram
zneoba marto zneobriv grznobas ar warmoadges. i.
gomarTeli sruliad samarTlianad, erTmaneTisgan
asxvavebs zneobriv grZnobebs da zneobriv ideebs. zneobrivi ideebis saTave simpaTia ar aris. avtoris
azriT, zneobrivi ideebis warmoSobasa da maT cvalebadobas ekonomikuri pirobebi gansazRvravs5.775
zneobrivi ideebi da zneobrivi grZnobebi erTad
Seadgens imas, rasac zneobas vuwodebT. zneoba, i. gomarTelis mixedviT, ar viTardeba Tanabrad. zneobrivi
grznobebi _ wers avtori, yovel adamianSi erTnairad
viTardeba, ranair sazogadoebriv pirobebSic unda
cxovrobdes, zneobrivi ideebis warmoSobaze ki did
gavlenas axdens is pirobebi, romelSic adamiani
464
cxovrobs;
saxeldobr,
klasebis
warmoSobam
gansazRvra klasobrivi zneobis arseboba. zneobrivi
ideebis motivs, wers avtori, yovel dros Seadgenda
da Seadgens klasobrivi sargebloba, uZveles droSi
ki, rodesac sazogadoeba jer kidev ar iyo klasebad
dayofili _ Temuri sargebloba. veluri Tavisi Temis
wevrs arafers avnebda, _ sxva Temis wevrze ki pirdapir nadirobda.
zneobrivi
grZnobebic
zneobrivi
ideebis
mgsgavsad, sargeblobaze aSenda; magram TandaTan
„ganviTardnen imdenad, rom mTeli sazogadoebis
sargebloba gauxdaT sarCulad da ukve karga xania
rac es sarCulic nel-nela farTovdeba da mTeli kacobriobis sargeblobad xdeba“. es ar iTqmis zneobrivi ideebis Sesaxeb. „isini jerjerobiT klasikur
sargeblobas ver gacilebian da mxolod klasTa gauqmeba mianiWebs am farTo niadags, romelsac kacobriobis sargebloba ewodeba“6.776
zneobrivi kulturis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb avtoris msjeloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, wminda bunebismetyveluria; avtoris azriT, „yovelgvari moqmedeba, rodesac xSirad meordeba STamomavlobaSi, Sesafer cvlilebebs iwvevs tvinSiac, es cvlileba memkvidreobiT
STamomavlobas gadaecema, Zlierdeba da ai, swored
amaSi mdgomareobs zneobrivi grZnobaTa ganviTarebisa
da amaRlebis saidumloeba. amitom dRevandel adamians xandaxan ama Tu im zneobriv moqmedebas Segnebuli
sargebloba ki ar aiZulebs aramed memkvidreobiT miRebuli moTxovnebi“7.777
eTikis istoriaSi cnobili zneobrivi principebidan i. gomarTeli upiratesobas sargeblianobis
princips aniWebs. „zneobriv kiTxvaSi utilitarianizmi
utyuar WeSmaritebad unda miviRoT“, wers igi. amave
dros avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom es araaa aRdgena im
moZRvrebisa, romelic k. marqsma „kapitalis“ I tomSi
465
dagmo. eTikaSi sargeblianobis principi saxelmZRvanelod gaixades hobsma, bentamma, helveciusma da am moazrovneTa moZRvrebebi TavianTi qadagebiT _ adamiani
yovelgvar moqmedebaSi mxolod sakuTari sargeblobiT xelmZRvanelobs, ranairadRa SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis arseboba?8778am siZnelidan gamosavali hobsma dainaxa imaSi, rom moiTxova kerZo pirTa
uflebebis gadacema absoluturi monarqiis xelSi,
helveciusma _ kanonmdeblobis mier cxovrebis iseT
mowyobaSi, rom erT adamians meoresTvis zaralis miyeneba aRar SeeZlos. bentamma ki pirdapir ganacxada:
sazogado da kerZo interesTa Soris sruli harmonia
sufevso. samivem, avtoris azriT, swor gzas miagnes,
magram am gziT siaruli ver SeZles, radgan evoluciis ideas moklebulni iyvnen9.779
i. gomarTelis mixedviT, hobsi, bentami da helveciusi ar iTvaliswineben adamianis zneobrivi ganviTarebis faqts, im garemoebas, rom dRevandeli adamiani
zneobrivad ukeTesia, vidre pirvelyofili. isini, wers
i. gomarTeli, marTlebi iyvnen, roca ambobdnen, rom
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamiani mxolod sakuTari
sargeblobiT xelmZRvanelobs, magram cdebodnen, rodesac uaryofdnen adamianis zneobriv ganviTarebas10.780
dasasrul, i. gomarTeli ganixilavs or sakiTxs:
1. zneobis rols cxovrebaSi da
2. zneobrivi progresis sakiTxs.
ra roli aqvs zneobas cxovrebaSi? SeuZlia Tu
ara mas Cveni cxovrebis gaumjobeseba? avtoris azriT,
zneoba Tumca principebs iZleva, magram es principebi
ar aris sayovelTao, anu zogadi, romlebsac SeeZleboda mTeli eris, mTeli kacobriobis SekavSireba11.781evropaSi erTmaneTs ebrZvis ori didi klasi _
burJuazia da proletariati da marto zneobis CagonebiT verc erTi moigebs brZolas da verc, meore. „dRe466
vandel pirobebSi, _ wers i. gomarTeli, _ zneoba ar
Seadgens aqtiur faqtors cxovrebaSi, mas SeuZlia zomebis SemoReba, rogorc, magaliTad, dRevandeli filantropia, ...mxolod gonivruli brZola, brZola da
brZola spobda cxovrebaSi usamarTlobas da aumjobesebda mas da dResac es erTaderTi iaraRia ...nurc erTi
adamiani nu moityebs Tavs, rom zneobam cxovrebaSi raime usamarTloba mospos, nurc erTi daCagruli klasi
nu daamyarebs Tavis imedebs da mCagvrelis zneobaze, _
marto zneobis CagonebiT mas arafers dauTmoben12.782rogorc naTqvamidan Cans, i. gomarTeli aRiarebs
zneobis uZlurebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
ra momavali aqvs am uZlur da sust socialur
movlenas? SesaZlebelia Tu ara zneobrivi progresi?
am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas avtori aSkarad optimistia.
misi optimizmi garkeveul sabuTebsac emyareba. jer
erTi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ufro
naklebad uwyobs xels egoisturi grZnobebis ganviTarebas, vidre _ altruistulis; meorec, adamianis buneba imgvarad aris mowyobili, rom masSi mtkice safuZveli aqvs zneobrivi grZnobebisa da warmodgenebis
ganviTarebas;
mesamec,
sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis
ganviTareba klasebad dayofas nel-nela auqmebs da
amitom klasobrivi zneobis ideebi TandaTan adgils
dauTmoben kacobriobis sayovelTao zneobas; aqedan
cxadia, rom momavalSi zneoba TandaTan gaZlierdeba
da mas meti gavlena eqneba cxovrebaze,vidre dRes
aqvs. cxovrebis SeuCerebeli ganviTareba iwvevs adamianis gonebrivad da zneobrivad SeuCerebliv ganviTarebas13.783rogorc Cans, avtorisaTvis miuRebelia is
azri, rom cxovrebis winsvlam, SesaZlebelia adamianis zneobrivi degradacia gamoiwvios.
„cxovreba srul samarTlianobaze da sazogadoebriv pirobebSi SesaZlebel Tanasworobaze agebuli,
467
zneobrivad da gonebrivad umaRlesad ganviTarebuli
adamiani _ ai, Cveni momavali“14.784
aseTia ivane gomarTelis Tvalsazrisi zneobis
Sesaxeb.
§ 2. socialuri eTikis problemebi
1. arCil jorjaZe (1872-1913) 1. socialuri eTika
aris zogadi eTikis erT-erTi dargi. misi amocanaa zneobis gansazRvruli principis (an principebis) mixedviT
ganixilos da Seiswavlos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva rigis movlenebi, iqneba es ekonomika Tu politika, samarTali Tu saxelmwifo, ojaxi da ojaxuri
urTierTobebi, eri da erovnuli urTierTobebi da sxv.
socialur eTikas, gansxvavebiT zogadi eTikisagan, SeiZleba gamoyenebiTi eTika vuwodoT. gasagebia, rom zogadi eTika swavlobs zneobas, zneobrivi Rirebulebebis arss, miRebul Semecnebas socialuri eTika arsebiTad iyenebs rogorc mzamzareuls, emyareba mas da
gansazRvruli zneobrivi moTxovnebis Tu kriteriumebis mixedviT afasebs ama Tu im socialuri erTeulis
zneobriv vargisianobas. am TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT
da vafasebT ara marto arCil jorjaZis Semoqmedebas,
mixako wereTelis, dimitri uznaZis, mose gogiberiZis
da sxvaTa naazrevs calkeul sakiTxebze, aramed
mxatvruli literaturis bevri gamoCenili warmomadgenlis naRvawsac.
a. jorjaZis Seoqmedebis ZiriTadi Tema aris eri
da masTan dakavSirebuli problematika. misi miswrafebis umaRlesi mizani _ cxovrebis azri iyo saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da qarTveli eris keTildReoba, igi
cdilobs, Teoriulad daasabuTos, gaamarTlos is
azri, rom saqarTveloc da qarTveli eric Rirsia Tavisuflebisa da keTildReobis.
468
eri, rogorc socialur-eTikuri fenomeni, gulisxmobs eris raobis garkvevas. a. jorjaZe emyareba
Zveli gvarovnuli sazogadoebis Sesawavlis Sedegebs
da sxva mklevarebTan erTad aRiarebs, rom eri, rogorc
socialuri erTeuli, yovelTvis ar arsebobda. eris
arseboba dakavSirebulia gvarovnuli wyobilebis rRvevasTn da saxelwifos warmoSobasTan. exeba ra qarTveli
erovnebis warmoSobas, a. jorjaZe wers: „qarTulma saxelmwifom Seqmna qarTuli erovneba da erovnuli Semecneba. es Semecneba Zlieri iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos
Zlierebis xanaSi, xolo susti am saxelmwifos dasustebis dros. metsac vityviT, Cveni erovnuli TviTSemecneba
ZaladobiT iyo Seqmnili, swored ise, rogrc Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia“1.785
Tavis sityvebs a. jorjaZe asabuTebs saqarTvelos
istoriidan aRebuli magaliTebiT, kerZod, rogor, ra
saSualebebiT xdeboda qarTuli samTavroebisa da samefoebis erTi Zlieri mefis Zalauflebis qveS moqceva.
a. jorjaZis azriT, qarTvelma xalxma saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, mravali qartexilebis miuxedavad, ori
ram SeinarCuna: miwa da ena2.786miwis safuZvelze aRmocenda ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sinaarsi _ glexi
da misi damokidebuleba memamulesTan; muSa da misi damokidebuleba mrewvelTan. am ekonomikur urTierTobas
Tavisi iuridiuli forma aqvs; sofelSi _ Temoba, qalaqSi _ TviTmmarTveloba. enis safuZvelze aRmocenda
kulturuli cxovrebis Sinaarsi: literaturis, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTareba, Cveni pirovnebisa da vinaobis azris ganmtkiceba.
orive aRniSnuli momenti, erTad aRebuli a.
jorjaZis azriT, Seadgens Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis
Sinaarss. jorjaZemkargad icis, rom Zvel droSi, Cvens
xalxSi iyo qonebrivi uTanasworoba, klasTa uTanxmoeba. miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli eri yovelTvis ebrZoda
xolme yvelas, vinc mis politikur damonebas moindo469
mebda, e.i. aseT dros daCagruli Tavisi mCagvrelis
mxardamWeri da mis gverdiT mebrZoli iyo. a.jorjaZis
azriT, es aixsneba imiT, rom gareSe mteri qarTvel
xalxs ufro mavnebel mtrad miaCnda, vidre Sinauri batoni, qarTveli glexi raRaciT iyo dakavSirebuli sxva
wodebebTan da mas Sinauri monoba erCivna gareSe Zalis monobas. es „raRac“, a. jorjaZis mixedviT, iyo
ena, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tradicia
da sxva. „Cveni xalxi, wers a. jorjaZe, Tavis Tavs
icavda, icavda Tavis miwas, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela
misi dacva mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da Tavis
gareSe mters igi uyurebda, rogorc imis sicocxlis
da Tavisuflebis damamxobels. ase, rom Zvel droSi
erovnuli kiTxva qarTveli xalxis „sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis“ kiTxva iyo. „sicocxle da Tavisufleba
xom xalxs Taviseburad esmoda. sicocxle _ gamravlebis da bednierebis uflebaaa; Tavisufleba ki _ am
uflebis xeluxlebloba, Seuryevloba“3.787
xalxis erad Camoyalibebis saqmeSi a. jorjaZe
gadamwyvet rols aniWebs cnobierebis ganviTarebas,
TviTcnobierebas. „xalxi cnobierebis gaRviZebis wyalobiT erad iqca... mxolod is xalxi CaiTvleba erad,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi xalxosnobis Segneba, TviTcnobiereba, maSasadame, eri TviTmcodne xalxia. erovneba
Segnebaa naTesaobisa da kavSirisa gansazRvrul adamianTa Soris, Segneba, agreTve im azrisa, rom eg kavSiri, sxva ufro Zlier mterTan brZolisaTvis aucilebeli da usaWiroesi iaraRia. maSasadame, erovneba,
kavSiri yofila xalxis mTlianoba, gaerTianeba4.788
a. jorjaZisaTvis es ukanaskneli momenti _
erovneba rogorc kavSiri, gaerTianeba _ metad
mniSvnelovania klasTa Soris brZolis principTan dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT. erovnuli principi Tu
kavSirsa da gaerTianebas gulisxmobs, ekonomiuri
470
brZola badebs ganxeTqilebas, cxovrebis gaTiSvas,
erTobis darRvevas5.789
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eris bunebis daxasiaTebisas a. jorjaZe iyenebs eris cnebis yvela im niSans,
romlebic Semdeg e.w. ,,stalinur gansazRvrebaSi“ iqneba warmodgenili.
eris, rogorc zneobrivi fenomenis, realur safuZvels a. jorjaZe Tavad erovnebis gagebaSi xedavs.
erovneba niSnavs adamianTa kavSirs. es kavSiri SeiZleba iyos kargic da cudic, misaRebic da miuRebelic,
ase rom am kavSiris Sefaseba, principSi, yovelTvis
SeiZleba zneobrivi kategoriebiT.
garda amisa, eri a. jorjasTan aris istoriuli
kategoria da es garemoebac, agreTve, realuri safuZvelia eris eTnikuri daxasiaTebisTvis.
gavrcelebuli gagebiT, eri, rogorc istoriuli
movlena, imas niSnavs, rom yovel ers aqvs dasawyisi
da dasasruli. a. jorjaZis azriT, yovel ers aqvs Tavisi dabadebis mowmoba. magram es araa sakmao da aucilebeli sabuTi misi gardauvali sikvdilis aRiarebisa. eri cocxalia manam, sanam mis Svilebs aqvT neba
da survilic sakuTari erovnebis anu miwisa da enis
SenarCunebisa. eris sicocxle, a. jorjaZis mixedviT,
gamoixateba mis Svilebis Segnebul da Tavdadebul
saqmianobaSi. upirvels yovlisa, eris sakeTildReod.
swored erTian mimarTebaSi akonkretebs da azustebs
Tavis pasuxs a. jorjaZe sicocxlis sazrisis problemis Sesaxeb.
2. sicocxlis sazrisis problema sicocxlis
mniSvnelobis, misi Rirebulebis, gamarTlebis problemaa. sicocxle saidumloeba iyo da aseTad darCa
mecnierebisaTvis. „ar ici saidan modis, ar ici sad midis, ar ici am gzis Tavi da bolo“6.790a. jorjaZe iziarebs aRmosavlur sibrZnes, rom sicocxle aris
gzadyofna, romlis Tavi da bolo ucnobia.
471
a. jorjaZe icnobs sicocxlis procesis axsnis
Teoriebs, magram miaCnia, rom mecniereba ver iZleva am
kiTxvaze damakmayofilebel pasuxs. aseTi pasuxi rom
mogvces mecnierebam, man unda gadalaxos mizezobrivi
kavSiris sfero da buneba miiCnios subieqtad anu iseT
instanciad, romelsac mizani axasiaTebs. amgavari ram
ki mecnierebis mimarT gamoricxulia, vinaidan misTvis
arsebiTia kvlevis empiriuli meTodi.
swored imis gamo, rom mecniereba ver xsnis sicocxlis saidumloebas, am kiTxvas eufleba religia
da gangebis meSveobiT cdilobs mis gadawyvetas. adamianis winaSe, wers a. jorjaZe, dgas sami kiTxva: saidan? sad? da rad? (risTvis?) mecniereba am kiTxvebze
pasuxs ver iZleva, Cven ki Zlier mowadinebuli varT
dabejiTebiT vicodeT yovelive es7.791
religia Tavisi pasuxiT Tumca gvamSvidebs,
magram
ver
gvakmayofilebs.
religiis
pasuxiT
aRniSnul kiTxvaze, mxolod is SeiZleba dakmayofildes, vinc, a. jorjaZis azriT, jeimsis msgavsad
sargeblianobas acxadebs WeSmaritebis kriteriumad:
„ar mainteresebs, religiis pasuxi sinamdviles Seesabameba Tu ara. mTavaria, rom mamSvidebs, e.i. sasargebloa, maSasadame, WeSmaritic yofila“8.792
religiis pasuxiT a. jorjaZis daukmayofilebloba sruliadac ar niSnavs misi mxridan religiis ugulebelyofas. jorjZis azriT, mTavari is aris,
rom winaaRmdeg mecnierebisa, religia klavs adamianis
wyurvils sicocxlis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba qarTul
eklesias, a. jorjaZes miaCnia, rom misi dacva aucilebelia erovnuli programis ganxorcilebisaTvis mainc9;793sicocxlis sazrisis problemis gadaWris saimedo garants a. jorjaZes xedavs ara instiqtisa da
intuiciis sferoSi, aramed inteleqtis, logikuri
azrovnebis sferoSi.
472
a. jorjaZe mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs sicocxlisagan gaqcevis, anu TviTmkvlelobis sakiTxis
ganxilvas. es bunebrivicaa, radgan sicocxlis sazrisis sakiTxi, rogorc a. jorjaZe ityoda, viwrod aris
dakavSirebuli sikvdilis sakiTxTan. a. jorjaZe ganixilavs TviTmkvleleobis or mizezs: pirveli, piradi
cxovrebiT ukmayofileba, meore _ sicocxlis azris
iseTi gageba, „romlis ZaliT sicocxle umniSvnelo
da uazro xdeba“. pirvel mizezs SeiZleba mravali garemoeba iwvevdes, meore mizezi ki sikvdil-sicocxlis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb ufro Rrma gaazrebebs emyareba.
a. jorjaZe ar iziarebs sicocxlis sazrisis nihilistur gadawyvetas da Tavis amocanas igi imaSi xedavs, rom „aRadginos sicocxlis fasi da mniSvneloba“. TviTmkvlelobis safuZveli, a. jorjaZis azriT,
adamianis egoistur bunebaSi Zevs. adamianma unda gadalaxos egoizmi da aCvenos, rom ,,sikvdilis molodinis
miuxedavad, Cven sicocxles Rrma azri da mniSvneloba
aqvs“. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT erTi pasaJi kantis eTikidan: rodesac gaubedurebuli adamiani ganizraxavs
sicocxlis mospobas, kantis azriT, es principi ar SeiZleba bunebis sayovelTao kanoni iyos.
mTeli Tavisi ukuRmarTobis da, gansakuTrebiT,
sikvdilis molodiniT gamowveuli SiSis miuxedavad,
a. jorjaZes sjera: „sicocxle ara Tu namdvili sixarulia, Rrma azri da mniSvnelobac aris. sicocxlis
Rirseba isaa, rom igi mudmivi warmatebaa. maSasadame,
mudmivi brZola usamarTlobis, siRaribisa da damonebis winaaRmdeg“10.794
sicocxle, romelic adamians bunebisgan eZleva,
ar arsebobs, rogorc ganusazRvreli bedniereba an
uzomo sixaruli, rac bunebisagan mocemulia, bunebis
mierve aris gansazRvruli. amitom, a. jorjaZis azriT,
umarTebulo iqneba sicocxlis azris Zieba absolutur ganzomilebaSi. sicocxlis sixaruli Sefardebi473
Tia da, Sesabamisad, sicocxlis azric SefardebiT
ganzomilebaSi unda veZioT.
sicocxlis azris sakuTar gagebad unda CaiTvalos a. jorjaZis sityvebi, romliTac amTavrebs Tavis
werilebs („werilebi istoriis wisqvilidan“) am Temaze: ..,,Tu erTxel samudamod Tavi davaRwieT im azrs
da survils, viTom Cveni sicocxlis mizani ginda Tu
ara sruli bedniereba da sruli codna iyoso, Tu
davkmayofildiT im sixaruliT, romelsac, rac ginda
sTqviT, mainc gvawvdis eg Cveni gaugebari sicocxle _
Tu davjerdiT miswrafebas da ara miRwevas, inteleqtualuri xasiaTis siamovnebas, romelic gamoisaxeba wyurvilSi yvelafris gagebisa da ukanasknel
sagnamde miRwevisa, Tu am sulieri wyurvilis ZaliT
ganvavaiTareT gulSi grZnoba erTobisa da ganuyrelobisa
adamianis
sicocxlisa
msoflios
sicocxlesTan da Tu SevaCvieT Tavi im azrs, rom am
kosmiuri xasiaTis grZnobiT eziareba im did „sakrebulos“, romelsac samyaros uwodeben da rom am sakrebulosTan gaerTianebiT TiTqmis iqarwyleba mwvave sakiTxi adamianis martoobisa _ Tu yvela es miviReT da
SevisisxlxorceT, gaugebrobiT datvirTuli aRar
darCeba Cveni yofa am wuTisofelSi, Cveni garja da
Sroma adamianis miwieri keTildReobisaTvis“11.795
amrigad, sicocxle Tavad aris sazrisiani, igi
unda miviRoT iseTad, rogoricaa da vecadoT gavaumjobesoT Cveni yofa samyaroSi. es SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva gziT. a. jorjaZis mixedviT, umTavresi aris Sroma da brZola eris keTildReobisaTvis. eri, rogorc myari erToba. am TvisebiT xasiaTdeba ara TavisTavad, aramed im adamianTa
Sromis da Tavdadebis wyalobiT, romlebic eris mTavar Senobas _ kulturis Senobas ageben. sicocxlis
sazriss
jorjaZe
xedavs
upiratesad
eris
sasargeblod gawul muSaobaSi.
474
aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad garkveuli principia saWiro. qarTul garemoSi adamianis sicocxlis
sazrisad eris keTildReoba iqna miCneuli. es
moTxovna a. jorjaZis gamogonili ar aris. mas Tavisi
winamorbedebi hyavda. garkveuli azriT, winamorbedi a.
jorjaZisaTvis iyo saqarTvelos mTeli politikuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli istoria, anu, Tu gnebavT,
gamocdileba. es istoria Tu gamocdileba yovelTvis
laparakobda qarTveli xalxis erT erovnul mTelad
Sekvris aucileblobaze.
3. erovnuli Zalebis gaTiSulobis pirobebSi a.
jorjaZe cdilobs SeimuSavos iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelic xels Seuwyobs eris gamTlianebas. 1901 wels
igi werda: „Cveni sazogadoeba jgufebad daiyo. es
jgufebi erTmaneTs upirispirdea erTmaneTs Soris
principuli uTanxmoebis gamo. rTuli da saSiSi sakiTxi qarTvelTa cxovrebisa is ki ar aris, rom Cvens
ekonomiur damokidebulebaSi uTanxmoebaa, aramed is,
rom mTeli Cveni eri da qveyana gansacdelSia, rom
Cven ers TandaTan gadagvareba moelis. jer eri unda
davicvaT da mere is vizrunoT, Tu ra gzaze davayenoT igi. ...romelsac hxedav, rom es gadagvareba erTianad emuqreba xalxis gulis siRrmeSi Tu jer kidev
sruliad ar aris Ronemixdili _ aris azri saerTo
aRorZinebisa da saerTo moqmedebisa Tavisi vinaobis
dasacavad da SesarCenad“12.796
ase Semovida qarTul sinamdvileSi a. jorjZis
saerTo moqmedebis niadagis Teoria, romlis (Teoriis)
uaxloesi winaparia ilia WavWavaZe. mivmarToT isev a.
jorjaZes: „Cven gvsurs davasaxeloT sami umTavresi
sakiTxi Cvenis cxovrebisa, romlis garkvevaSic Cvens
mopirdapire dasebs saerTo moqmedeba SeuZliaT. Cven
saxeSi gvaqvs: a) qarTuli enis codna, b) qarTuli
vaWroba-mrewvelobis Seqmna da g) qarTuli meurneobis
qarTvelTa xelSi SerCena“13.797
475
a. jorjaZis mier wamoyenebuli saerTo moqmedebis principi marto politikuri xasiaTis ar aris, misi mizania enis gaerTianeba yvelaze saWirboroto, yvelaze aucilebeli politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da zneobrivi amocanebis gadasawyvetad. Tavad
mizani aRniSnuli principisa aris zneobrivi, radgan
Tu ers Tavad ara aqvs neba da survili gaerianebisa,
igi arc arasodes gaerTiandeba.
a. jorjaZis saerTo niadagis Teoria moiTxovs
imgvar viTarebas, romelic ar aris qarTul sinamdvileSi, magram unda iyos. igi moiTxovs ara marto imas,
rac jer ar aris, magram unda iyos, aramed iseT raimesac, risi ganxorcielebac adamianebs SeuZliaT, rac
SesaZlebelia.
saerTo moqmedebis principi aris mimTiTebeli
imgvar Rirebulebebze, romelic klasebad da partiebad gaTiSul sazogadoebaSi yvelasaTvis Tanabrad
mniSlelovani unda iyos. a. jorjaZes erT-erT aseT
Rirebulebad miaCnia samSoblos siyvaruli, patriotizmi. evropis socialituri partiebis cxovrebidan
aRebuli magaliTebiT, a. jorjaZe amtkicebs, rom
arseboben sayovelTao anu maradiuli Rirebulebebi,
romlebic nebismieri erisa Tu qveynis cxovrebaSi sulieri SemakavSireblisa da gamaerTianeblis funqcias
unda asrulebdes; a.jorjaZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom
Tavisi sayvareli erisa da qveynis gaerTianeba da gadarCena SesaZlebeli iyo swored kulturul faseulobaTa, kerZod, zneobriv RirebulebaTa safuZvelze.
2. mixeil (mixako) wereTeli (1878-1965). SesaniSnavi
moazrovne, pirveli qarTveli socilogi m. wereTeli
Tavis vrcel sociologiur TxzulebaSi _ „eri da kacobrioba“14798ganixilavs
mraval
iseT
sakiTxs,
romlebsac pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs eTikasTan, pirvel
rigSi es iTqmis eris problemis zneobriv aspeqtebze.
476
zneobas m. wereTeli ganixilavs, rogorc adamianTa nebismieri erTobis, maT Soris, sazogadoebis
arsebobis aucilebel elements. bunebrivia, rom avtori, rogorc sociologi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs zneobis iseT funqciebze, rogoricaa misi maregulirebeli
funqcia. „zneoba aris mowesrigeba adamianTa yofaqcevisa urTierTisadmi da pirovnulisa adamianTa Soris“15.799zneobis maregulirebeli funqcia Taviseburad
vlindeba samSoblosTan, rogorc uzenaes RirebulebasTan damokidebulebaSi. „samSoblos cneba, upirvels
yovlisa, gansazRvrul adgils exeba, sadac eri socialur Semoqmedebas eweva. samSoblos cneba da eris
cneba ar aris erTi da igive; ers Tavad unda hqondes
samSoblo, e.i. adgili, sadac igi aRzrdila, ganviTarebula, Seuqmnia warsuli da awmyo, cdilobs momavalSiac
ganagrZos
Tavisi
arseboba16.800visac
samSoblos warmodgena ara aqvs, misi arc rwmena da
arc Tavmoyvareoba ar SeiZleba erovnuli iyos.
samSoblos siyvaruli da eris siyvaruli, garkveuli
azriT, erTi da igivea. „patriotizmi, e.i. eris siyvaruli da survili misi sicocxlisa da sidiadis pirveli da aucilebelia, zneobrivi pirobaa eris arsebobisa“17.801
erTan, rogorc eTnikur, fenomenTan, dakavSirebulia misi uflebisa da Rirseba-upiratesobis sakiTxi.
m. wereTeli kritikulad ganixilavs im viTarebas, romelic dRemde grZeldeba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi:
aRiarebulia adamianis ufleba da sruliad ignorirebulia eris ufleba. samarTlianad SeniSnavs m. wereTeli: ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTali, igi aris
saxelmwifoTaSoriso samarTali18.802Tumca aRiarebuli
iyo eris ufleba, magram Tavis droze (XIXs.) am
Tvalsazrisma ver gaimarjva. „axla ki, wers m. wereTeli, iseTi dro dgeba, rom pirdapir unda aRiaros sazodoebrivma azrma eris ufleba mxolod da marto
477
misi individualuri arsebobis mixedviTac, rogorc
aRiarebulia ufleba adamianisa. exla, saerTaSoriso
samarTali Teoriulad mainc unda miuaxlovdes ubralo samarTalsa Tu man aRiara Teoriulad Tanasworoba saxelmwifoTa, man Semdeg, sazogadoebrivi azris
galaSqrebis zegavleniT, Teoriuladve, zneobrivadve
mainc unda aRiaros erTa Tanasworoba“19.803am sityvebis daweridan TiTqmis 90 weli gavida. samwuxarod,
viTareba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sferoSi isev Zveleburia, erebi arseboben... arsebobis uflebis gareSe.
erT-erTi faqizi eTnikuri Tema, romelsac m. wereTeli ganixilavs, aris eris Rirseba-upiratesobis
sakiTxi. eris Rirseba SeiZleba gamovlindes misi teritoriis sidideSi, mosaxleobis simravleSi, bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT simdidreSi da sxva. miuxedavad amisa,
erebis Sedareba metad sarisko saqmea. SeiZleba, magaliTad, inglisi SevadaroT romelime barbaros xalxs,
magram
rogor
SeiZleba
SevadaroT
inglisi
safrangeTs an germanias, italias? m. wereTelis mixedviT, „uRirsi eri dedamiwis zurgze ar arsebobs.
yvela eri Rirsebis matarebelia. „laparakic ar SeiZleba umaRlesi samarTlisa da zneobis TvalTaxedviT erTa Rirsebis Tanaxmad maT uflebaTa aRiarebaze da miniWebazed“20.804m. wereTlis azriT, ramdenadac samarTali am daniSnulebas ver asrulebs, imdenad igi ar aris marTali samarTali. erisa da eTikis
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, eris zneobriv uflebaTa
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso samarTali sruliad arafers
gveubneba.
3. dimitri uznaZe (1886-1950). qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli, dimitri uznaZe Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis periodSi qmnis filosofiuri xasiaTis Sromebs, romlebSic metafizikisa da Semecnebis Teoriis gverdiT ganxilulia socia478
luri eTikis iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa sikvdilis,
cxovrebis, sikeTisa da borotebis raoba da sxva.
Tavis werilSi „filosofiuri saubari. sikvdili“ d. uznaZe ganixilavs sikvdilis cxovrebasTan damokidebulebas; yofna aryofnis sakiTxi adamianis
cxovrebis centraluri sakiTxia. gansakuTrebuli
ZlierebiT igi religiur gancdaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas. yoveli religia, maT Soris qristianoba,
adamianis drouli gansazRvrulobis Sedegia. qristianoba arwmunebs Tavis mrevls, rom man sikvdils
sZlia, raki iesos mkvdreTiT aRdgoma daasuraTa. d.
uznaZis azriT, qristianoba iseve cdeba, rogorc cdebodnen Zveli berZnebi, rogorc cdeba dRes yoveli
gulubryvilo adamiani. Zveli berZnebis msgavsad,
dRes bevrs hgonia, rom sikvdili wuTieri iyos,
TiTqos bedis RmerTebi Cveni cxovrebis Zafebs
arTavdnen da igi manamde grZeldeba, sanam es Zafi ar
gawydeba. Zafis gawyvetis mizezi ki TviT Zafi rodia.
amdenad, sikvdili sruliad gamourkveveli movlenaa.
es Sexeduleba d. uznaZis mixedviT, mcdaria. igi iziarebs
germaneli
filosofosis
g.
zimelis
Tvalsazriss sikvdilisa da sicocxlis urTierTobis
Sesaxeb. „sikvdili TviT sicocxleSi marxia. iwyeba
Tu ara sicocxle, iwyeba igic da masTan erTad win
miiltvis. sikvdili, amgvarad, imanenturi movlenaa da
ara transcendenturi“21.805
d. uznaZe kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba zimels,
TiTqos adamianis cxovrebas TviT sikvdilis faqti
aZlevdes formas. „Cemi SexedulebiT, _ wers d. uznaZe,
_ es Secdomaa. adamianis cxovreba misi sulis yofa-viTarebaa; garegani faqtiT ki sulis gansazRvra warmoudgeneli da gaugebaria. sikvdili ideaa da mxolod
rogorc aseTs SeuZlia mas sicocxlis gansazRvra da
misTvis Taviseburi formis micema. ...adamians, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, mudam Tvalwin udgas sikvdilis
479
idea da swored am ideisgvarad marTavs igi Tavis
cxovrebas“22.806
adamianis cxovrebis istoria sxva araferia, Tu
ara sikvdilis ideasTan brZolisa. sikvdilis idea
rom ar yofiliyo, wers d. uznaZe, Cveni fsiqikuri da
fizikuri organizacia uformo masis mdgomareobas ar
gascildeboda. mTeli Cveni cxovrebis forma, saxe
sikvdilma warmoSva, igi ...cxovrebis yovel mxares Tavis elfers aZlevs, amitom sikvdili, rogorc idea,
udidesi boroteba ki ara, udidesi sikeTea. ...visTvisac
Zvirfasia cxovreba, rogorc aseTi, misTvis sikvdilic
Zvirfasi unda iyos23.807
sikvdilis
problemas,
mis
mWidro
kavSirs
cxovrebis
azrsa
da
daniSnulebasTan
d.uznaZe
vrclad ganixilavs SromaSi „omis filosofia“. avtoris mixedviT, sikvdili sakacobrio movlenaa, „sikvdilis SiSi mudmivi da aucilebeli movlenaa mTel sakacobrio
cxovrebaSi“24.808Cveulebrivi
azrovneba
sikvdils udides borotebad da ubedurebad miiCnevs...
amitom mkvleli sazogadoebrivi azris mier fasdeba,
rogorc udidesi borotebis mizezi da amdenad udidesi sasjelis Rirsi. magram iwyeba omi da xdeba nacnob
faseulobaTa Zirfesviani Secvla. omi saSualebad iyenebs yoveli calkeulis sicocxles, raTa ganaxorcielos adamianis umaRlesi daniSnuleba. raSi mdgomareobs adamianis arsebobis umaRlesi daniSnuleba, anu
adamianis cxovrebis azri?
d. uznaZe mtkiced icavs sicocxlis filosofiis
warmomadgenelTa im azrs, rom Tu romelime faqtis
arsebiTi xasiaTis gageba gvinda, amisTvis adamianis
gonebas ar unda mivmarToT. igi uZluria ganWvritos
movlenaTa arsi. aq gadamwyveti roli eniWeba „uSaumavlo,
gulis
siRrmidan
amoxeTqil
Sefasebas“25.809amgavri Sefasebis mixedviT omis dros calkeuli adamianis sikvdili SiSs aRar iwvevs; erTeulis
480
sicocxle ki ar aris arsebobis mizezi, aramed saSualeba, romelic obieqtur mizanTa ayvavebas emsaxureba.
d. uznaZis mixedviT, cxovrebis azrisa da daniSnulebis ganxorcieleba sxva araferia Tu ara
cxovrebis „obieqturi Sinaarsis Semoqmedeba“26.810es
ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, kulturis ganviTarebaa,
kulturis Semoqmedebaa. „Cveni daniSnuleba, _ wers
d.uznaZe, _ RvTisagan dawyebuli saqmis dasrulebaa,
RvTisagan dawyebuli msoflio Semoqmedebis gangrZobaa“27.811
yovelgvari daniSnuleba Tavisi ganxorcilebis
SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. aris ki adamiani SemZle
raTa cxovrebis maRali daniSnuleba warmatebiT ganaxorcielos? d. uznaZis mixedviT, adamiani imdenad
susti arsebaa, rom igi SeiZleba SemTxveviTi windauxedaobis, patara tyviis an sawamlavis umniSvnelo wveTis msxverpli gaxdes. „Tuki arsebobs maRali daniSnuleba msoflio cxovrebisa, igi kerZo adamianis
ZalebiT ver ganxorcieldeba“28.812
maS vin SeiZleba iyos cxovrebis azris subieqti?
d. uznaZis mixedviT, cxovrebis azris subieqti
SeiZleba iyos eri, ufro zustad, „calke erovnebis
suli. erovnuli suli ki is saerTo atmosferoa, romelsac ynosavs da isisxlxorcebs erovnebis yvela
kerZo wevri. igi cnobierebis Sinaarsis pirveli saerTo STabeWdilebebiT Seqmnili erTianobaa“29.813
zneobrivi cxovrebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebis
kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa d. uznaZis werili „gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis „gandegilSi“. avtors aq „gandgomilobis“ problema imdenad
ar ainteresebs, ramdenadac is sulieri procesebi,
romlebic qmnian da xels uwyoben „gandgomilobas“.
zneobrivi cxovrebis sami fsiqologiuri piroba _
Segneba, grZnoba da neba _ aq Tanmimdevrulad aris
daxasiaTebuli, gansakuTrebiT vrclad exeba avtori
481
nebas. „unda vaRiaroT, _ wers avtori, _ rom adaminis
mTeli sulieri cxovrebis princips da sufZvels neba
warmoadgens. ...neba wminda aqtivobaa“30.814
d. uznaZis mixedviT, romeli moTxovnilebac
amoZravebs adamians, Rirebulebac Sesabamisi „Cndeba“.
Tu adamians miznad fizikuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba aqvs ganzraxuli, „Cndeba“ fizikuri Rirebuleba. Tu saqme exeba inteleqtualur, esTetikur, eTnikur an religiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas,
„maSin Cvens win inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri „Rirebuleba“ idgomeba31.815nebis mizani, d. uznaZis azriT, es romelime gansazRvruli
Rirebuleba ki ar aris, aramed sruli Rirebuleba an
sisrule“32.816
sakuTriv Rirebulebis gagebac d. uznaZesTan
friad sayuradReboa. exeba ra zemoT dasaxelebul Rirebulebebs, d. uznaZe ambobs: „yvela es Rirebuleba
ki mxolod grZnebaTa an grZnobaTa erTgvar sinTezs
warmoadgens. misi elementi an grZnebaa an raime grZnobaa“33.817Rirebulebis amgvari gageba garegnulad hgavs
m. Seleriseul gagebas. m. SelerisTvisac xom Rirebuleba emociurad Seferili martivi Tvisebriobaa.
samwuxarod, Rirebulebis fenomenis Semdgomi analizi
d. uznaZesTan aRar gvxvdeba.
4. kostantine kapaneli (1889-1952). kostantine kapaneli cnobilia, rogorc sicocxlis filosofiis nakadis Semomtani qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi.
nicSeanuri motivi aSkaraa kapanelis damokidebulebaSi RirebulebaTa samyarosTan. wuTisofeli marTlac
wuTia da aq maradiuli araferia. „ojaxi, coli, Svili, deda, naTesaoba, erTmaneTis pativiscema da farisevloba, megobroba, zviadi paTosi da uzrunvelyofili mTqnareba, Cveni kuTxuri Cveulebebi, morali,
azrebi _ yvelaferi droulia, Rirebuleba maradiuli
arafers aqvs, yvelaferi SemTxveviTia: SemTxveviT vi482
badebiT, SemTxveviT wavalT wuTisoflidan“. ...„wuTisofeli iracionaluri, uTavbolo da uzneo mimdinareobaa: uZluria adamianis goneba da yalbia yvela
proncipi arsebobisa“34.818
sicocxlis filosofiis safuZvlebze mdgari kapaneli cxovrebaSi mxolod warmavlobasa da tanjvas
xedavs. igi uaryofs progress, aRiarebs istoriis
usazrisobas. amgvari gazviadebuli gacalmxrivebuli
msjeloba istoriis Sesaxeb badebs moazrovnis msjelobaSi aSkara winaaRmdegobas.
arsebiTad analogiuri gazviadebiT da calmxrivobiT xasiaTdeba k.kapanelis msjeloba qarTuli xasiaTis, qarTveli qalis, qarTuli tipis Sesaxeb35.819avtoris azriT, qarTvelis, saerTod, saqarTvelos istoriuli Tviseba brZolaa... brZola saqarTvelos moZraobisa da sicocxlis esTetikuri principia: brZola da
uTanxmoeba Cveni religiaa. qarTvelis filosofia
brZolis filosofiaa36.820
saqarTveloSi ibrZodnen kacebic da qalebic,
eric da beric. istoriuli viTarebis Secvlam saqarTveloSi qarTvel qals gauqro mxedruli, amazonuri Tviseba. am Tvisebis gaqrobam qarTvel qalSi
Cakla qali-deda, qali-meojaxe ...istoriam daRupa
qarTveli qali, qarTvelma qalma daRupa saqarTvelo
...dedobis
institutis
sisustem
da
uojaxobam
warmoSves saqarTveloSi molaylaye, antisaxelmwifoebrivi da degeneraciuli modgma Rormucela, Tqvlefia personalistebisa da meWore intrigebis... saqarTveloSi qali aris mxolod fiziologiuri fenomeni37.821
friad
uaryofiTad
axasiaTebs
k.
kapaneli
qarTul tips, rogorc erovnuli xasiaTis nimuSs. saqarTvelos teritoriuli garkveuloba (geologiurgeografiuli pirobebi) Tavis daRs asvams ,,yvela Cvens
idealebs, Cvens RmerTebs, gmirebsa da ocnebebs, yove483
li Cveni nebisyofis gamocxadebasa da moZraobas...“38.822saqarTvelos geografiuli uswormasworoba
ganapirobebda kuTxeebis individualobas. kuTxuri
sxvaoba da Tavisebureba ki saqarTveloSi hqminda saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi kuTxur fsiqologias, provincialobis kults, gankerZoebasa da ganpirebis Cveulebebs39.823kuTxuroba da pirovnuloba iqca eris namdvil
tragediad. ganmtkicda Cveuleba dausrulebeli SurisZiebisa, urTierTSorisi mtrobisa, daundoblobisa,
Ralatisa...
qarTuli temperamenti, avtoris azriT, qaluri
da isteriulia. tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs
... qarTvel ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba... qarTveli sazogado moRvawe flidi, cuRluti
da mankieria, qarTveli mwerali cru, kudabzika da
masxaraa, qarTuli sazogado dawesebuleba intrigebisa da Worebis sazizRari budea. aq dasaxelebuli
niSnebi, avtoris azriT, Cveni erovnul-istoriuli
Tvisebebia. am Tvisebebis matarebelia ara mxolod
inteligencia, aramed, agreTve xalxi, eri. „inteligenciis suli igive eris sulia“.
qarTuli xasiaTis, qarTuli tipis, saerTod
qarTveli eris mankierebaTa es mZime suraTi sruliad
uimedo iqneboda, rom ara Tavad kulturis faqti,
romlis analizis safuZvelze k. kapanelis mier metad
Savbneli suraTis miReba arc logikuria da arc
WeSmaritia.
5. mose gogiberiZe (1897-1949). cnobili qarTveli
filosofosi mose gogiberiZe socialuri eTikis
problemebs ganixilavs mis mierve Semotanil filosfiuri mwerlobis axal JanrSi _ preludiebSi. mose gogiberiZis „qarTuli filosofiis preludiebi“
qarTuli kulturis istoriisaTvis mravalmxriv sayuradReboa.
igi
eTikisaTvis,
upirveles
yovlisa,
mniSvnelovania patriotizmis, rogorc samSoblos
484
siyvarulis qarTveluri gancdisa da qarTuli saxlis
filosfiis
gamokvlevis
TvalsazrisiT.
avtoris
azriT, patriotizmis arsebobas gansazRvravs siyvaruli rogorc kosmiuri Zala. empedokles naTqvami (Zveli welTaRricxviT Vs-Si) siyvarulisa da siZulvilis Sesaxeb erT aspeqtSi dResac sworia: siyvaruli
gamaerTianebeli Zalaa, xolo siZulvili gamTiSveli.
m. gogiberiZis mixedviT, qarTul patriotizms ganapirobebs sami ZiriTadi faqtori: a) mSobliuri miwis
siyvaruli, romelic moicavs siyvarulsa da pativiscemas sakuTari fesvebisadmi, naTesavebisadmi, winaparTa saflavebisadmi; b) samSoblos siyvarulis
qarTveluri gancda saxierdeba, agreTve, mkvidri yofisadmi, mkvidri cxovrebisadmi upiratesobis micemaSi.
„amitom aris, rom xalxebi, romlebsac mkvidri
cxovreba garkveul teritoriaze ar SeuqmniaT, ar
icnoben namdvil, alal grZnobas samSoblos siyvarulis...
momTabare
xalxisaTvis
sulerTia,
sad
icxovrebs,
sad
dauRamdeba
da
sad
gauTendeba“40.824,,patriotizmi, avtoris azriT, aris saTave adamianis moyvaruli msoflmxedvelobisa da socialuri
ideologiisa“41;825g) samSoblos siyvarulis qarTveluri gancda, saerTod qarTuli patriotika, fondirebulia saqarTvelos istoriis TaviseburebaSi, misi
sazrdoa is aTaswlovani brZolebis istoria, romelsac awarmoebda qarTveli xalxi mtris winaaRmdeg42.826
samSoblos siyvarulis qarTveluri gancdis sanimuSo gamoxatulebad m. gogiberiZes miaCnia rafiel
erisTavis leqsi „samSoblo xevsurisa“. misi azriT,
arc erT filosofiur traqtats, arc erT logikurad
mofiqrebul meditacias es Rrma grZnoba ise reliefurad da Rrma STagonebiT ar gamouxatavs, rogorc es
gamoixata r. erisTavis zemoTxsenebul leqsSi. es
leqsi, avtoris azriT, namdvili socilogiaa patrio485
tikis43.827r. erisTavis am leqsSi samSoblos siyvarulis qarTveluri gancdis yvela niSania mocemuli: a)
miwis
siyvaruli;
b)
samkvidros
siyvaruli;
g)
mzadyofna am miwis, am samkvidros ar daTmobisa. („ar
gavcvli me Cems samSoblos sxva qveynis samoTxezeda“).
qarTveli kaci aRniSnul leqsSi igiveobis niSans
svams samSoblosa, mSobel dedasa da ufals Soris
(,,rogorc ufali, samSobloc erTia qveyanazeda“)44. 828
sakuTari miwis, saxlisa Tu xalxis siyvaruli
imis pirobaa, rom sxvis miwasa da keras pativi sce.
Zalze aqtiurad JRers mose gogiberiZis sityvebi: „visac sakuTari kera ar uyvars, imas arc Tavisi modgma
da tomi ar uyvars da visac Tavisi xalxisTvis Tavdadeba ar ZaluZs ... mas, miT umetes, ar ZaluZs ucxosa
da sxvisi Seyvareba da misTvis ucnobia pativisa da
moralis maRali kategoriebi“45.829
$ 3. eTikuri azris istoria
1. ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940). saqaTveloSi zneobrivi moZRvrebis warmoSobis, ganviTarebis da cvalebadobis sakiTxebi ivane javaxiSvilamde da mis
Semdegac sruli safZvlianobiT arc erT qarTvel moazrovnes ar ukvlevia. iv. javaxiSvili erTaderTia,
romelmac
piruTvneli
istorikosis
poziciidan
ikvlia saqarTveloSi eTikuri azris ganviTarebis
gansazRvruli periodi, riTac didi amagi dasdo rogorc saistorio, ise filosofiur mwerlobas.
iv. javaxiSvilis naSromi, romlis Sesaxebac
gveqneba saubari, daibeWda 1906 wels „iveriaSi“
(№10,11,12,13) saerTo saTauriT _ „zneobriv moZRvrebis
istoria saqarTveloSi, werili pirveli. qvelmoqmedeba
da saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebani“. rogorc am werilis saTaurSi Cans, avtors ganzraxuli hqonia am mi486
marTulebiT kvlevis gagrZeleba, magram werili
mTavrdeba „iveriis“ 1906 wlis №13-Si da Semdeg saerTod aRar Cans misi gagrZeleba.
iv. javaxiSvilis Sroma qronologiurad moicavs
periods saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebidan
XIII s-mde. avtors gamokvlevis mizani Semdegnairad
warmoudgeba: „avtors surda Seeswavla, Tu ra zneobriv
niadagze
iyo
damyarebuli
saqarTveloSi
qvelmoqmedeba, vis hqonda zneobrivi ufleba qvelmoqmedebiT ecxovra, ra mizezis gamo exmareboda qonebrivad
qarTveli eri samRvdeloebasa da monazvnebs, rogor
Seicvala TandaTan monazvnebis ori umTavresi aRTqma
da rogor gadagvarda igi; dasasrul, ra da ra
saqvelmoqmedo dawesebuleba arsebobda Zvel saqarTveloSi da vin iyvnen maTi damaarsebelni. avtors surda
mkiTxvelisaTvis naTlad warmoedgina zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebani, romelzedac damyarebuli
iyo qvelmoqmedeba da saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebani
saqarTveloSi“1.830
iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevis amosaval punqts am
SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens Semdegi debuleba: ,,qarTveli
xalxis ZiriTadi zneobrivi Sexeduleba saxarebis
moZRvrebaze iyo damyarebuli“. xolo rogori iyo saxarebis zneobrivi ideali? „saxarebis zneobrivi ideali
imaSi mdgomareobda, rom adamiani iseTive spetaki da
unaklo yofiliyo, viTarca mama zecieri da dauSreteli siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT mopyroboda Tavis
moyvass, metadre uZlursa da glaxaks; mSiers,
mwyurvals, SiSvels, sneuls da sxva2.831saxarebidan
Cans,
rom
qristes
umTavres
zneobriv
mcnebas
qvelmoqmedeba Seadgenda. magram vin CaiTvleboda glaxakad, yvela mSier-mwyurvals unda gasweoda zneobrivi
daxmareba Tu ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxs avtori naxulobs pavle mociqulis meore epistoleSi TesalonikelTa mimarT: „raJams igi viyav TqvenTan, masve
487
gamcnebd Tquen, viTarmed ukeTu visme ara unebs saqmis,
nuca hsWamn. rameTu mesmis vieTTvisme, romelni iqcevian Tquen Soris uwesod: ara ras iqmen, aramed mimowvlilven ese viTarTa uku maT. raTa myudroebiT
hSureboden Tvissa pursa hsWamden“.
amrigad, pavle mociqulis sityvebis mixedviT, yvela, visac Sroma SeeZlo, movale iyo emuSava da ise gamoekveba Tavisi Tavi. daxmarebis Rirsi iyo mxolod is,
vinc bunebiT daCagruli iyo (uZluri, sneuli). garda
am jgufisa, qvelmoqmedebis miRebis zneobrivi ufleba
im pirebsac hqondaT, romelnic Tumca ki keTilsindisierad Sromobdnen, magram mainc Raribad iyvnen
wvrilSvilobis gamo an kidev qadageba da moZRvreba
qristianTa krebulSi imden dros arTmevdaT, rom
lukma puris saSovnelad muSaobisaTvis mocaleoba
aRara hqondaT. mainc ZalaSi rCeboda erTi zogadi,
obieqturi zneobrivi mcneba: ukeTu visme ra hnebavs
saqmis gakeTeba da muSaoba, ufleba ara aqvs rom
lukma-puri Wamoso.
iv. javaxiSvili emyareba III s-Si mcxovreb kvipriane episkoposis werilebs da miuTiTebs, rom qristianobis gavrcelebis pirveli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi,
swored am mcnebas misdevdnen da mwyemsni cdilobdnen
sakuTari SromiT gamoekvebaT Tavi, amitomac, Semowirulobis umetes nawils Rarib-Rataksa da glaxaks
axmarda krebuli.
saqmis mdgomareoba ki TandaTan icvleboda.
qristianobis
sayovelTao
gavrcelebis
pirobebSi
mRvdelebsa da diakvnebs imdeni saqme gauCndaT, rom
lukma puris saSovnelad aRar ecalaT da bolos xelobisaTvis Tavi unda daenebebinaT. aseT viTarebaSi
samRvdeloebam qvelmoqmedebisaTvis samwysos mimarTa.
maSin daiwyes glaxakebisa da samRvdeloebis siebis
Sedgena da am siebis mixedviT unawilebdnen xolme
krebuls Semowirulebas. amrigad, eklesiis qvelmoqme488
debiT pirvel xanebSi glaxakebi (sinanulisa da
qristes siyvarulis gamo) da samRvdeloeba (rogorc
gasamrjelo) ikvebeboda.
VIII-IX s-mde, vidre grigol xanTZeli samonastro
moRvaweobas Seudgeboda, saqarTveloSi martomyofelni
da meudabnoeni yofilan; grigolis magaliTs mravali
maSindeli mowese mouxiblavs da samonastro wyobileba SemouRiaT. mas Semdeg, rac meudabnoeba samonastro
wesiT Seicvala, monazvnebi iZulebulni iyvnen sruli
siglaxakisa
da
siRaribis
cxovrebis
idealis
ganxorcielebisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT da sazogado
samonastro sakuTreba, mamulebi SeeZinaT3.832magram monazvnebi ZiriTad zneobriv moZRvrebas ar iviwyebdnen:
samonastro mamulebSi TviTon muSaobdnen, raTa sindisierad aesrulebinaT pavle mociqulis Segoneba: „visac ara unebs saqmis, nuca hsWamn“.
samonastro wyobilebis Seqmnis Semdeg monazvnebis cxovrebis wesis Secvlas iv. javaxiSvili ase
warmogvidgens: „samonastro wyobilebis dros srul
siglaxakeze laparaki aRar SeiZleboda, monasters Tavisi sakuTreba hqonda _ uZravic da moZravic“4.833marTalia, es kerZo piris ki ar iyo, aramed sazogado sakuTrebas Seadgenda, magram mainc sakuTreba iyo, TiToeul monazons wili edo am qonebaSi. „Cven vxedavT, _
ganagrZos avtori, _ rom mamulis sakuTreba, swored
is, rasac ase gaSmagebiT gaurbodnen da Tavidan iSorebdnen xolme monazvnebi, roca siglaxakisa da
qalwulobis aRTqmas sdebdnen, maTTvis mainc saWiro
gaxda, uimisod arseboba ar SeeZloT“5.834
axla monasteri sameurneo Zmobas warmoadgenda,
romelsac sazogado sakuTreba hqonda da saqmeebs
awarmoebda. siglaxakis aRTqma dairRva. SemorCa mxolod zneobrivi mcneba sakuTari SromiT lukma-puris
Sovnisa.
489
monazvnobis ZiriTadi mcnebis _ siglaxakis
aRTqmis _ darRvevam da samonastro mamulebis SeZenis
survilma didi gavlena iqonia berebis zneobriv
miswrafebaze, saTnoebaze da RirebulebaTa rangobriobaze. arcerTi qristiani maSin ise ar Seswiravda raimes monasters, rom gansazRvruli da savaldebulo piroba ar daedo samudamod sulis moxseniebisa da aRapis Taobaze.
amrigad, Sewiruloba usasyidlo ar iyo da
qvelmoqmedebis kvali odnavRa emCneoda. ivane javaxiSvils mohyavs didebuli aznauris dafanCulis
sityvebi, romlebic metad sayuradReboa. dafanCuli mimarTavs grigol xanZTels: „CvenTana ars xorcieli keTili da TqvenTana ars sulieri keTili: da ese SevazavneT urTierTas: Tquen monawileni guyveniT wminda
locvaTa TqvenTa cxovrebisa amas da Semdgomad sikudilisa da Zualni Cveunni Rirs yveniT dasxmad wmindaTa Tana ZualTa TquenTa... da Cuen aRgiquamT cxovrebasa Cuensa da cxovrebasa SvilTa CuenTasa“6.835
dafanCulis azrs gansakuTrebuli ganmarteba ar
sWirdeba. Tu adamians surs, sulier keTils daeuflos, amisaTvis piradad unda iRvawos, raTa zneobrivad sruli gaxdes. dafanCulis sityvebi ki gviCvenebs, rom igi sul sxva moZRvrebis mimdevari yofila.
mas saWirod ar miaCnda piradi zneobrivi moRvaweoba;
sulieri keTilis SeZena sxva saSualebiTac SeiZleboda. es saSualeba aReb-micemoba iyo, anu rogorc dafanCuli brZanebs, _ Sezaveba. amgvari Sezavebis eTikisa, rogorc Cans, orive mxare kmayofili iyo: monasters auarebel Semowirulobas uqadda igi, xolo
eris kacebs sulieri keTilisa da cxonebis iol gzas
uCvenebda.
rasakvirvelia, Sezavebis eTikas qristes zneobriv
moZRvrebasTan saerTo araferi hqonda. axla, Sezavebis
eTikis Tanaxmad, codvebisgan Tavis daRweva SedarebiT
490
ioli iyo. amisTvis saWiro iyo kacs didi qoneba
hqonda da romelime monastrisaTvis qoneba mamulad an
fulad Seewira; amis moqmedi Saragzis yaCaRic rom yofiliyo, eklesia mas codvebisagan umal ganwmendda.
samonastro cxovrebaSi SemorCenil saxarebiseul
mcnebas sakuTari SromiT Tavis gamokvebis Sesaxeb male realuri safrTxe daemuqra. monastrebis damfuZnebelni xedavdnen, rom berebi samonastro mamulebis
movlasa da damuSavebas Zalian bevr dros andomebdnen,
ise rom, xSirad TavianTi pirdapiri movaleoba
aviwydebodaT. amis Tavidan acilebis mizniT monastrebis damaarsebelni da mamasaxlisebi cdilobdnen, rom
berebi sameurneo sazrunavisagan gaeTavisuflebinaT. es
saqmeebi eriskacebs Caabares. yvelaferi mzamzareuli
unda mirTmeodaT wminda mamebs.
„ai, riT dabolavda monazvnebis wadili, rom zneobrivad srulni gamxdariyvnen da yovelgvari uTanxmoebisa da Suris mizezi moespoT: Sromis sruli uarofiT fiqrobdnen albaT, rom raki berebs araviTari
sazrunavi ar eqnebaT, maSin isini mxolod RvTaebisa
da ciur sasufevelze ifiqrebeno da maTs zneobriv
sispetakesac araferi ar Selaxavda... monazvnebi ymebis
ofliTa da SromiT irCendnen Tavs da, amrigad, sxvisi
ofliT surdaT zneobrivad spetakni yofiliyvnen“7.836
qvelmoqmedebam monazonTa cxovrebis wesi Zireulad Secvala. uangaro, zneobrivma daxmarebam zneobrivi Sedegi ar moitana. qvelmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT
gasarkvevi darCa kidev erTi sakiTxi _ saxeldobr, rogori iyo qvelmoqmedebis xasiaTi glaxakebisa da
maTxovrebisadmi; ra gziT unda yofiliyo naSovni es
fuli, romelsac saqvelmoqmedod moixmardnen? rogorc
iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebs, qarTul sazogadoebaSi amis
Taobaze is azri trialebda, rom „mxolod im fulis
da qvelsaqmaris micema SeiZleboda, romelic adamians
Tavisi ofliT da sindisierad naSovni da SeZenili
491
hqonda. aznaurs saqvelmoqmedod ar unda moexmara sapatrono da sabatono mamulis Semosavali, mefes _ saxelmwifo sargo. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
mogviTxrobs, mefe glaxakebs qvelsaqmars aZlevda
xolme „amas ara Tu xelosanTagan morTmeulsa iqmodis, anu saWurWliT, aramed xeliTa TvisiTa nadirebulTa“. Tamar mefis mematiane gviambobs, rom dedofalma „xelsaqmari misi ganyidis da egodeni fasi glaxakTa miscis da ara samefo Semosavlisagan“8.837
„ofliT TvisiTa“ SeZenilsa da „xelsaqmars“ imitom aZlevdnen, rom qvelmoqmedeba mamulisa an saxelmwifo Semosavlidan araviTar pirad zneobriv
Rvawls ar warmoadgenda, amasTanave, adamians arasodes
SeeZlo eTqva, Tu ra gziT iyo SeZenili is fuli, romelic saxelmwifos an sapatronos Semosavlidan iyo
aRebuli.
amrigad, maSin, roca monazvnebis qalwulobisa da
zneobrivi sispetakis idealiT gatacebulni muSaobis
Rvawls
amcirebdnen,
iv.
javaxiSvilis
mixedviT,
qarTul mowinave sazogadoebaSi is azri trialebda,
rom mxolod sakuTari muSaobiT SeZenili qoneba akeTilSobilebda adamians.
2. geronti qiqoZe (1885-1960). vrcel werilSi _
„cxovreba da zneobrivi ideali“ _ eTikis istoriis
Suqze g. qiqoZe ganixilavs cxovrebisa da zneobis
urTierTobas. es urTierToba mravalaspeqtiania da
avtoric met-naklebad exeba maT.
idealis dasaxva, avtoris azriT, adamianis niWia
da es niWi ganasxvavebs mas cxovelisagan. es keTilSobili niWi „dafuZnebulia imis meore sayuradRebo mxareze, ,romelic ara nakleb garkveviaT arCevs mas cxovelebisagan: adamiani istoriuli arsebaa“9.838es Tviseba
aris adamianis adamianobis saZirkveli. istoriuloba
adamians SesaZleblobas aZlevs „amaRldes Tavis TanagrZnobaSi wuTierobaze, gascildes maxlobelTa
492
viwro wres, itanjos da imxiarulos Soreul winaparTa tanjviTa da sixaruliT“10.839zneobis, zneobrivi
pirovnebis safuZvelia ara marto „istoriuloba“,
„istoriuli xasiaTi“, aramed istoriuli Semecnebis
unaric. adamianma icis ara marto Tavisi dabadebis
istoria, aramed isic, rom es istoria damTavrdeba.
sikvdilis garduvaloba seriozul daRs adebs adamianis xasiaTs, mis zneobriv ideals“11.840sikvdilis garduvalobiT adamianis „daRdasmuloba“ mkafiod vlindeba
eTikis istoriaSi, zneobriv principTa TaviseburebaSi.
eTikuri azris istoria g. qiqoZis mier ganxilulia friad sainteresod, Tumca ara qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT. upirveles yovlisa, avtori ganixilavs im zneobriv principebs, romlebic axasiaTebda
antikur eTikas ,qristianul morals, kantis eTikas,
utilitarizms, sicocxlis filosofias nicSes saxiT
da a.S.
g. qiqoZe Tumca mokled, magram uaRresad zustad
mianiSnebs im nakls, romelic aRniSnul zneobriv
principebsa da koncefciebs axasiaTebT eTikis istoriaSi. „cxovrebis gareSe da masze maRla, _ wers avtori,
_ arara arsebobs, rac SeiZleba mis marTebul miznad
CaiTvalos, mas Semdeg arara mosdevs, rac SeiZleba mis
zneobriv damTavrebad gadaiqces. mxolod sikvdilia,
sicocxlis uaxloesi memkvidre d dasasruli, sikvdili ki udidesi borotebaa, udidesi codva da SeCveneba.
amitom udidesi Rirebuleba, udidesi zneobrivi sikeTe
TviT cxovrebaa, ara erTi romelime mxare cxovrebisa,
ara marto individualoba an marto socialoba, ara
marto bedniereba, siamovneba da kmayofileba an, priqiT, Tavganwiruleba, tanjva da ubedoba, aramed
cxovreba, rogorc mTlianoba, rogorc ganuzomloba
ZalTa da SesaZleblobaTa, rogorc dauSreteli
simdidre niWTa da TvisebaTa; da cxovreba ara sikvdilis Semdeg, cxovreba ara maSin, roca Cven mkvdreTiT
493
aRvsdgebiT, aramed sanam davixocebodeT, sanam cxovreba marTla cxovrebaa“12.841
moralis metafizikuri da evdemonisturi sistemebis ubedurebas g. qiqoZe imaSi xedavs, rom aRniSnuli
sistemebi cxovrebis mizans imaSi eZebdnen, rac cxovrebis uaryofaa da mxolod misi erTi, cotad Tu bevrad
mniSvnelovani mxare.
zneobrivi Rirebulebebis arseboba TviT cxovrebaSia Caqsovili. cxovreba Sobs winaaRmdegobas arsebulsa da savaldebulos, sanamdvilesa da ideals,
faqtobrivsa da normatiuls Soris. cxovrebis arsSi
Zevs principi ganviTarebisa, winsvlisa, gafarToebisa.
cxovrebis dedaazrs Seadgens ganviTareba, ganviTarebisas ki _ yoveli ukve miRweuli safexuris uaryofa,
Semdgomi ufro maRali safexuris saxeliT. aq aris ZiriTadi wyaro sikeTis da borotebis gaTiSvis, zneobrivad
savaldebulos
gamoyofisa;
adamianuri
TvalsazrisiT savaldebulo da keTilia is, rac
cxovrebas Segnebulad amdidrebs, aZlierebs, amravalferovnebs, uzneo da boroti is aris, rac mas aRaribebs, asustebs, akninebs13.842
3. sergi danelia (1888-1963). gamoCenili qarTveli
filosofosis sergi danelias mdidar SemoqmedebaSi
mcire, magram Rirseuli adgili ukavia eTikuri azris
istoriisadmi miZRvnil mis Sromebs. mas ganzraxuli
hqonda eTikis Teoriis da istroiis sferoSi vrceli
naSromis Seqmna, rac, samwuxarod, veRar moaswro14.843
1911 wels s. danelia wers Sromas _ „kantis eTikis formaluri xasiaTi“, romelic man moskovis universitetSi eTikis problemebis seminarze waikiTxa.
kantis eTika iseve, rogorc misi Teoriuli filosofia, faqtis konstantaciiT iwyeba. morali aris faqti.
am faqtis maCvenebelia yovel adamianSi arsebuli moraluri grZnoba, romelic raimes iwonebs an iwunebs,
aqebs da aZagebs; am azriT morali arsebobs, igi xe494
laxla aRmosaCeni ar aris. amocana mdgomareobs imaSi,
rogor gavamarTlo morali, anu rogoraa SesaZlebeli
moralis dafuZneba. magram, uwinares yovlisa is unda
gavigoT, risi dafuZnebac gvinda. ra aris morali? moralis sistemebidan arc erTi ar akmayofilebs kantis
moTxovnas, romelic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom „praqtikuli kanoni obieqturia, e.i. mniSvneloba aqvs yoveli
gonieri arsebis nebisaTvis“.
moralis empiriuli Teoriebidan kanti iRebs utilitarizms da mis winaaRmdeg, rogorc avtori
aRniSnavs, sam gamanadgurebel arguments wamoayenebs.
pirveli, qcevis zneobriobis ganmsazRvreli, kantis mixedviT, aris azrTa Sinagani wyoba anu zraxva. utilitarizmisaTvis amosavalia cda, cdaSi ki verasodes gavigebT, rogori zraxviTaa qceva gansazRvruli. meore,
kantis mixedviT, cda ar SeiZleba iyos msjelobis aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis wyaro. praqtikuli kanoni swored aseTi unda iyos. cdaSi SeiZleba gavigoT,
rogor arian adamianebi iZulebulni, magram verasodes
davadgenT, rogor unda moqmedebdnen15.844mesamec, utilitarizmisaTvis zneobis kanoni induqciuri xasiaTis
debulebaa. magram raime faqti zneobas rom mivakuTvnoT, unda vicodeT ra aris Tavad zneoba.
utlitarizms da saerTod empiristul morals,
ramdenadac zneobis kanoni cdidan gamoyavs, amdenad
masSi moralis principi aucileblad Sinaarseulia.
magram ramdenadac morals kantTan wminda goneba
afuZnebs, amdenad zneobis kanonis aucileblad formaluri unda iyos.
mTeli XIX saukune da XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedi kantis eTikas akritikebdnen misi formalizmis
gamo; marTalia, eTnikur formalizms damcvelebi hyavda,
magram kritikis mTavari obieqti yovelTvis formalizmi
iyo. rogorc Cans, s. danelia ar eTanxmeba kantis eTikis
kritikosebSi gavrcelebul pozicias kantis eTikaSi
495
praqtikuli kanonis formalisturobis Sesaxeb. praqtikul kanons, s. danelias azriT, formac aqvs da Sinaarsic. formas igi iRebs kategoriuli imperativis
formulidan, xolo Sinaars _ yovelTvis cdidan.
kantis mixedviT, samyaroSi yvela sikeTeTa Soris
erTaderTi upirobo sikeTe aris keTili neba. keTili
neba flobs TavisTavad anu TviTRirebulebas. kanti nebis garkveulobas adamianis daniSnulebas ukavSirebs.
adamianis daniSnulebas kanti gansazRvravs masSi arsebuli umaRlesi unaris _ gonebis mixedviT. goneba aris
saSualeba sxeulebrivi keTildReobis an sulieri
sisrulis misRwevad. pirveli ar SeiZleba gonebis mizani iyos, radgan misi miRweva adamianis instiqtebs
gonebaze ukeT SeuZliaT. rCeba meore: goneba adamians
imitom aqvs, rom ganaxorcielos is umaRlesi mizani,
romelic adamianis, rogorc gonieri arsebis, bunebidan
gamomdinareobs16.845adamianis daniSnuleba mdgomareobs
zneobrivi wesrigis ganxorcielebaSi. es aris misi movaleoba.
zneobrivad
CaiTvleba
iseTi
saqcieli,
romlis motivic zneobaa da ara sxva romelime mizani.
kantis msjelobis azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
saqcielis zneobriv Rirebulebas moqmedebis mizani ki
ar gansazRvravs, aramed am moqmedebis principi. s. danelia axorcielebs imis faqiz analizs, rasac SeiZleba kantis keTili nebis struqtura vuwodoT: arseboben
garegani miznebi, romlebic moqmedebis Sinaarss Seadgenen da survilis mimdinareobis wesi („undaoba“),
rogorc am Sinaarsis forma. maT Soris dgas neba. Tu
garegani miznebi ar gansazRvravs nebis zneobriobas,
maSin rCeba moqmedebis forma, romliTac unda ganisazRvros neba, raTa iyos keTili17.846
movaleoba gamoTqvams moqmedebis aucileblobas.
keTili neba gamoTqvams moqmedebis aucileblobas kanonisadmi pativiscemis gamo. ase, rom Tu keTili neba ar
ganisazRvreba romelime garegani mizniT, maSin kanoni,
496
romelic keTil nebas gansazRvravs, SeiZleba iyos mxolod formaluri, e.i. unda gamoTqvamdes zneobrivi qcevis zogad kanonzomierebas: raime unda iyos _ yovelgvari konkretuli niSnis mimatebis gareSe.
amis Semdeg sakiTxi dgeba zneobis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb. morali rom daefuZnebina, bunebrivia, kants angariSi unda gaesworebina manamde da mis dros arsebuli
eTikuri TvalsazrisebisaTvis. ,,kantamde arsebul eTikur sistemebs safuZvlad hqondaT an empiriuli subieqti, an RvTaebis umaRlesi neba18.847s. danelia iZleva
orive TvalsazrisiT cnebiseul daxasiaTebas da
aRniSnavs: „ar arian marTali isini, romlebic kants
brals deben imaSi, rom man praqtikuli kanoni mSral
formulad gadaaqcia“19.848praqtikuli kanoni, s. danelias azriT, sxvadasxvanairia. movaleobis moTxovnebi
sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxvanairia. praqtikuli kanonis sxvadasxvaoba ganpirobebulia cdiseuli Sinaarsis gansxvavebulobiT. „saWiroa gavigoT kantis mTeli originaloba: misTvis moqmedeba zneobrivia ara imitom, rom am moqmedebis Sedegebs SemTxveviT mivyavarT
iseT raimesTan, rac kargia, aramed imitom, rom igi
momdinareobs kanonisadmi pativiscemidan, sul erTia,
rogoric unda iyos es kanoni“20.849
kants, avtoris azriT, fiqradac ar mosvlia
praqtikuli kanonidan ganedevna materia; igi uaryofs
moralis materialur principebs, swored rogorc moralis principebs da ara, rogorc praqtikul kanonebs.
magaliTad, bednierebisken miswrafeba SeiZleba iyos
praqtikuli kanoni, magram ar SeiZleba iyos moralis
principi.
kantis eTikis mimarT usamarTlo braldebebis wayenebas, garkveuli azriT, Tavad kantmac Seuwyo xeli.
kanti, s. danelias azriT, arazustad da araTanmimdevrulad xmarobs mTel rig terminebs. magaliTad, terminebi „moqmedebis forma“ da „kanonis forma”
497
kantisaTvis erTmniSvnelovania, Tumca orives sxvadasxva mniSvneloba gaaCnia. erTmniSvnelovnad xmarobs
kanti iseT gamoTqmebs, rogoricaa „praqtikuli kanoni“,
„kategoriuli imperativi“, „moralis principebi“21.850
metad sayuradReboa kantis eTikis mimarT avtoris mier gamoTqmuli zogierTi kritikuli SeniSvna.
kanti zneobis kanons afuZnebs transcendentalur subieqtze, maszeve afuZnebs bunebis kanonebs Teoriul
filosofiaSi. amis mizezi ki, avtoris azriT, Turme is
garemoeba yofila, rom „wminda gonebis kritikaSi“
kantma daadgina _ upirobos Teoriul mimarTebaSi Tavis safuZvlad transcendentaluri subieqti aqvs.
kantma gaaigiva zneobis kanonis upiroboba bunebis kanonis upirobobasTan (es ar niSnavs, rom man bunebis
kanoni gaaigiva zneobis kanonTan). kanti, s. danelias
azriT, ar aris marTali imitom, rom zneobis kanonis
upiroboba sruliadac ar hgavs bunebis kanonis upirobobas. kanti marTalia, rom zneobis kanoni upiroboa,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom am kanonis arseboba yovelgvari pirobis gareSea. erTi sityviT, zneobis kanonis upiroboba ar niSnavs mis apriorulobas22.851
zneobriv moTxovnas kanti urevda mis warmoSobasTan. upirobo warmoSoba aqvs kanons Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, magram praqtikuli gagebiT, aq avtoris
msjeloba saintereso paralelis safuZvels iZleva. s.
danelia msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom Teoriuli kanoni
saganTa bunebaSia dafuZnebuli da igi arsebobs rogorc faqti; praqtikuli kanoni ki Cven unda vaRiaroT,
rogorc savaldebulo da ara rogorc faqti. zneoba,
rogorc faqti, ar arsebobs. cnobili fenomenologi
maqs Seleri 1916 wels gamosul Tavis SromaSi „formalizmi eTikaSi da materialur-RirebulebiTi eTika“ _
zneobis, rogorc faqtis, aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, _
wers: _ „arseboben astronomiuli, geologiuri, qimiuri, botanikuri, biologiuri da sxv. faqtebi, magram
498
sad SeiZleba vnaxoT zneobrivi faqtebi? ...Tu davaTvalierebT mTel samyaros, maSin veraviTar zneobriv
faqtebs ver vnaxavT“23.852aq gvaqvs erT problemasTan
dakavSirebiT ori moazrovnis Sexvedris magaliTi.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, s. danelia ar iziarebs
kantis Tvalsazriss praqtikuli kanonis apriorulobis
Sesaxeb.
bunebis
kanons
Tavisi
safuZveli
transcendentalur subieqtSi aqvs, zneobis kanoni ki
ar SeiZleba subieqtebis mier dadgindes. kategoriul
imperativs, s. danelias azriT, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia gviTxras, ra ar unda iyos, magram ar SeuZlia
gviTxras, ra unda iyos; subieqti ki ar wyvets imas, ra
unda iyos zneobrivi, aramed sazogadoeba, transcendentaluri subieqti ki ar warmoadgens zneobis kanonis safuZvels, aramed sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetileba. sazogadoebriv azrze, rogorc zneobrivi Rirebulebis kriteriumze SeCereba udavod sainteresoa, rogor hqonda ufro konkretulad es sakiTxi avtors
warmodgenili, SromaSi aRar Cans.
s. danelias kalams ekuTvnis imave seminarze wakiTxuli moxsenebis _ „vindelbandis eTikuri Sexedulebebi“ _ Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi, agreTve, sakuTari mosazrebani amave TemasTan dakavSirebiT. s. danelia icavs vindelbands momxseneblis usafuZvlo SeniSvnebisagan da, amave dros, Tavad gamoTqvams zogierT kritikul SeniSvnas.
vindelbands ar akmayofilebs kantis moraluri
principi, rogorc uSinaarso. kantis moralis principi
moiTxovs movaleobis Sesrulebas ise, rom arafers
gveubneba, raSi dgomareobs es movaleoba; mokled,
kants ara aqvs miznis cneba, romelic movaleobas Sinaarsians gaxdida. s. danelias azriT, es SeniSvna ar
aris swori. kants aqvs miznis cneba, magram mTeli
saqme imaSia, rom praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi mizani
ki ar gansazRvravs kanons, aramed piriqiT, kanoni
499
gansazRvravs mizans. miuxedavad amisa, avtoris azriT,
sruliad unakloa vindelbandis meTodi, romelic
TviTdakvirvebidan gadadis gare samyaros dakvirvebaze,
moraluri grZnobis analizidan _ sociuluri bunebis
analizze. ase rom, vindelbands surs, movaleobis Sinaarsi gansazRvros sazogadoebrivi garemos cnebidan
amosvliT. admaianis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebis gareSe araviTari zneobis kanoni ar arsebobs. sazogadoebriv wyobaTa gansxvaveba safuZvelia zneobriv SexedulebaTa gansxvavebisa24.853
s. danelias mixedviT, zneoba, rogorc samyarouli movlena, romelsac Tavisi Ziri saganTa bunebaSi
aqvs, ar arsebobs. vindelbandi Tavis princips, rom sazogadoeba aris umaRlesi mizani, araTanmimdevrulad
atarebs. zneoba, wers avtori, aris normaTa erToblioba, romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebaSi. yovelTvis Tavi unda SevikavoT sazogadoebrivi normebis
yovelgvari zneobrivi Sefasebisagan; es iqneba zneobrivi Sefasebis sazRvrebs gareT gasvla, radgan es
sazRvrebi vrceldeba calkeul pirebze da mcire socialur jgufebze. sazogadoebrivi normebis Sefaseba
SesaZlebelia
sxva
sayovelTao
savaldebulo
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, magram es iqneboda zneobriv
Sefasebaze ufro farTe Tvalsazrisi. zneobis kanonebi
mTlianad eqceva sazogadoebriv cnebis qveS, amoiwureba am cnebiT. moralis principis miTiTebisaTvis sakmarisia sazogadoebriv moTxovnaze miTiTeba25.854
sazogadoebrivi progresis sazomi ar SeiZleba
iyos zneobrivi kanoni, romelic dakavSirebulia
garkveul sazogadoebriv pirobebTan. sazogadoebasTan,
cxadia, aqvs amocana, magram is ar ganisazRvreba zneobrivi kanoniT, piriqiT, sazogadoebis amocana Tavad
aris zneobis kanonis safuZveli.
vindelbandi akritikebs im Tvalsazriss, romlis
mixedviTac, sazogadoebis amocana aris sayovelTao ke500
TildReoba, magram avtoris azriT, vindelbandis argumentebi Zalze sustia. magaliTad, vindelbandis erTerTi argumentis mixedviT, adamianTa mecniereba _ rogorc sazogadoebis amocana, miuRebelia imitom, rom
mas sazogadoebis gareT ver gavyavarT; s. danelia sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs, TiTqos aucilebeli
iyos, rom sazogadoebis mizani miwaze ki ara, caSi
imyofebodes26.855
sazogadoebis amocanas vindelbandi xedavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturis srulyofaSi; yovel sazogadoebas aqvs kulturis sakuTari sistema, romlis gareSec arc erTi sazogadoeba ar arsebobs. swori debulebis miuxedavad, s. danelias azriT, ar iqneboda swori imis fiqri, rom es kultura Seadgens am sazogadoebis arsebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, s. danelias azriT,
vindelbandis mtkiceba, rom kulturis ganviTareba aris
absoluturi mizani, ar aris sakmaod damajerebeli27.856
60-ian wlebSi sabWoTa eTikur literaturaSi eTikis saxelmZRvaneloebis saocari siuxve Seiqmna. eTikis
wamyvanma specialistebma eTikis istoriis safuZvliani
analizis
nacvlad
uSualod
saxelmZRvaneloebis
Seqmna daiwyes. es, cxadia, ar gamoricxavda eTikis
istoriis codnis garkveul dones, magram isic cxadia,
rom saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna verasdros Secvlis
eTikis istoriis kvlevas. am mxriv qarTul enaze eTikuri literatura sakmaod mwiria.
rusi revolucioner-demokratebis eTikur SexedulebaTa gamokvleva mocemulia s. biwaZis sadoqtoro
disertaciaSi.
am
disertaciis
ZiriTadi
masala
warmodgenilia avtoris mier gamoqveynebul monografiaSi „belinskis eTikuri Sexedulebani“28857da broSuraSi „n. dobroliubovis eTikuri Sexedulebani“29.858am
SromebSi S. biwaZe istoriis materialisturi gagebis
Suqze ganixilavs b. belinskisa da n. dobroliubovis
filosofiursa da eTikur SexedulebaTa evolucias,
501
maT warmodgenebs ZiriTad eTikur kategoriebze da
iZleva Sefasebas marqsistul-leninuri filosofiis
TvalsazrisiT. avtori rogorc b. belinskis, ise n.
dobroliubovis eTikur SexedulebebSi gamoyofs im
elementebs (sikeTis uangaroba, sazogadoebrivi garemos dadebiTi roli zneobrivi Tvisebebis CamoyalibebaSi, Sromis zneobrivi Rirebuleba da sxv.), romlebic
komunisturi zneobis ZiriTad moTxovnebTan TanxmobaSi aris.
garda iv. javaxiSvilis zemoT dasaxelebuli
naSromisa, saqarTveloSi eTikuri azris istoriis
kvleva warmodgenilia, agreTve, S. nucubiZisa da S. xidaSelis qarTuli filosofiis istoriisadmi miZRvnil
SromebSi30.859eTikuri azris istoriis TvalsazrisiT,
sayuradReboa, a. popiaSvilis Sroma _ „fixtes eTikuri
idealizmis marqsistuli kritikisaTvis“.
§ 4. marqsistuli eTikis dafuZnebis cdebi
1. gela banZelaZe (1927-1985). saqarTveloSi ise,
rogorc saerTod yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, eTikuri
kvleva-Ziebis aRmavloba iwyeba XX s-is 50-iani wlebis
bolodan da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan. 1956 wlidan
moyolebuli,
g.
banZelaZe
zedized
aqveynebda
marqsistuli eTikis problemebisadmi miZRvnil werilebs, broSurebs, monografiebs1.860g. banZelaZis kvlevis sagans Seadgenda marqsistul-leninuri eTikis sagani, komunisturi moralis principebis, eTikis ZiriTadi kategoriebis dafuZnebis, zneobrivi progresis Teoriis, zneobaSi klasobrivi da sakacobrio momentebis
mimarTebis, moralisa da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
sxva formebis urTierTobis, zneobrivi aRzrdis Teoriis da sxva saxiTxebi. aq dasaxelebuli sakiTxebi Seadgens arsebiTad mTel eTikas. g. banZelaZis muSaoba
502
am mimarTulebiT dasrulda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT eTikaSi erT-erTi pirveli saxelmZRvanelos
SeqmniT2.861qvemoT SevexebiT im ZiriTad problemebs,
romlebic g. banZelaZem ganixila rogorc Tavis mTavar
naSromSi _ „eTika“, ise sxva calkeul SromebSi.
zneobas g. banZelaZe gansazRvravs rogorc im
normaTa sistemas, romlebic gamoxatavs adamianTa
Segnebul, nebayofilobiT zrunvas erTimeoreze da sazogadoebaze mTlianad3.862zneobis im gansazRvrebaSi
istoriulad cnobili zneobis samive mTavari elementi
monawileobs: zneobrivi Segneba, zneobrivi grZnoba da
neba, rogorc Zala anu nebisyofa. mTavari, rac g. banZelaZis mier zneobis arsis gagebas axasiaTebs, es aris
gageba zneobis, rogorc TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli
Rirebulebisa. zneobis es gageba principulad upirispirdeba 60-ian wlebSi sabWoTa eTikaSi gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac, zneobis buneba
funqciunaluria. kerZod, zneoba gamoiyeneba, rogorc
maregulirebeli garkveuli miznis misaRwevad4.863zneobas, rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva funqcia axasiaTebs (SemecnebiTi, maregulirebeli, aRmzrdelobiTi, informaciuli da sxv.), magram es funqciebi zneobas axasiaTebs
uwinares, yovlisa, rogorc saSualebas da ara, rogorc mizans.
zneoba, rogorc umaRlesi mizani, da zneoba, rogorc saSualeba, gamoxatavs or urTierTdapirispirebul eTikur Tvalsazriss da sapirispiro zneobriv poziciebs. pirveli gageba agrZelebs kantis eTikidan
momdinare xazs (romelsac Tavisi Zirebi antikur eTikaSi aqvs), romelic dReisaTvis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebas naxulobs ed. huserlis fenomenologiis safuZvelze ganviTarebul eTikaSi (m. Seleri, n. hartmani,
m. raineri, d. hilderbrandi da sxv.). gasakviri ar aris,
rom dasavleT germaniaSi gamoqveynebul vrcel gamokvlevaSi _ „filosofiuri eTika sabWoTa kavSirSi“
503
_ g. banZelaZis „eTikaSi“ ganviTarebuli zogierTi debuleba Sefasebulia, rogorc kantianuri da fenomenologiuri
eTikisaTvis
axlobeli.
„adamianurobis
arsis“, „adamianuri cxovrebis kanonzomierebis“5,864rogorc eTikis sagnis kvleva aucileblad gulisxmobs
garkveul meTods, xerxebsa da saSualebebs. Tavis eTikaSi g. banZelaZes Tumca meTodis problema calke gaazrebis sagnad ar gauxdia, magram garkveuli meTodi
mis eTikur kvlevas msWvalavs. ramdenadac zneoba
misTvis aris zneobriv aqtSi ganxorcielebuli adamianis Tviseba, amdenad aq empiriuli da induqciuri meTodis gamoyenebaze laparaki gamoricxulia. sayuradreboa, rom germaneli avtoris h. elenis azriT, sabWoTa
eTikaSi gabatonebuli iyo empiriul-induqciuri da
normatiuli meTodi, Tumca zogierT avtorTan, magaliTad,
g.
banZelaZesTan,
kvlevis
wesi
aRniSnul
farglebSi ver eteva da igi uaxlovdeba fenomenologiur meTods“6.865
g. banZelaZem meTodis sakiTxi calke ganixila
cota mogvianebiT, kerZod, 1980 wels daweril statiaSi
_ „eTikisa da misi istoriis sagani, meTodi da amocanebi“7.866eTikis mecnierebis meTodebis sakiTxi dakavSirebulia zneobrivi fenomenis sruli Seswavlis, anu eTikur cnebaTa mecnieruli sistemebis Seqmnis aucileblobasTan.
2. individi da sazogadoeba. im filosofiisaTvis,
romelic adamians ganixilavs, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc sazogadoebriv arsebas, zneobisa da sazogadoebis, individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis
garkvevas udidesi mniSneloba aqvs. marqsistuli eTikisaTvis individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis
garkvevas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. marqsistuli eTikisaTvis individisa da sazogadoebis, an rogorc xSirad amboben, individualurisa da sazogadoebrivi
interesebis mimarTeba ZiriTadi sakiTxia. istoriulad
504
es sakiTxi ganixileboda, rogorc: 1. sazogadoebrivi
interesebis dayvana piradulze (frangi materialistebi); 2. piradi interesebis amaRleba sazogadoebrivamde
(erTeuli nebis roli hegelis filosofiaSi); 3. piradi
da sazogadoebrivi interesebis harmonia (marqsizmi).
g. banZelaZe cdilobs individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis marqsistuli gageba ise gadmosces,
rom gaaTavisuflos is SesaZlo winaaRmdegobisagan.
igi erideba terminebs „daqvemdebareba“, „prioriteti“,
radgan maTi moxmareba individsa da sazogadoebas Soris „harmoniis“ SesaZleblobas aSkarad amcirebs. sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis erTianoba g. banZelaZesTan pirvel rigSi niSnavs sakuTar
„adamianur interesebTan“, sakuTar „socialur bunebasTab“ Sesatyvisobas. adamiani sakuTari adamianurobis safuZvelze, riTac is sxva adamianebzea mudam mimarTuli, unda moqmedebdes, mxolod maSin Seesabameba
is Tavis Tavs, mxolod maSin moqmedebs is zneobrivad
da sazogadoebrivad. es adamianuroba moiTxovs, rom
sxva adamianebic ganxilul iqnen TavianTi adamianobis
mixedviT da ara, rogorc saWiro nivTebi. h. elenis
azriT, g. banZelaZis es pozicia gvagonebs m. Seleris
cnobil Tvasazriss, rom zneobrivi aqtis sakuTari
„obieqti“ mudam aris persona8.867magram es msgavseba Zireuli, Sinaarseuli ar aris da albaT, verc iqneba.
saqme imaSia, rom personalis cxovrebisTÂis verc
erTma sabWoTa eTikosma ver „moicala“. sabWoTa eTikam
ise daasrula Tavisi arsebobis istoria, rom personalis Rirebulebam masSi „fexi ver moikida”, cnebebi:
adamiani, pireovneba (Person), individi, arsebiTad erTnairi gagebiT moixmareboda. sabWoTa eTika ara marto
arapersonaluri, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi antipersonaluric iyo. ,,man” simZimis centri individze iqna gadatanili.
505
3. zneobrivi movaleobis dafuZneba marqsistul
eTikaSi. yoveli mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi problemaa misi ZiriTadi kategoriebis analizi da dafuZneba.
marqsistul eTikaSi kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tumca mravalricxovani literatura arsebobs, miuxedavad amisa,
kategoriebis araTu sistema, maTi damajerebeli klasifikaciac ar Seqmnila. g. banZelaZe Tavis „eTikaSi“ sam
ZiriTad kategorias (bedneireba, movaleoba, sindisi)
ganixilavs. Tumca TviTon miaCnia, rom marqsistul
eTikaSi oTxi ZiriTadi kategoria unda yofiliyo
ganxiluli Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: bedniereba-movaleoba-samarTlianoba-sindisi9;868ratom
maincdamainc
oTxi da ara meti _ es sruliad gaugebaria.
marqsistul eTikaSi centraluri adgili movaleobis kategorias ukavia. sabWoTa eTikosebis umravlesobisaTvis
bolomde
saxelmZRvanelod
darCa
marqsizmis klasikosebis mier kantis eTikis socialurpolitikuri Sefaseba, romelic kantis eTikas „uZlurebaSi“ sdebda brals. g. banZelaZe sademarkacio xazs
avlebs movlenis socialur-politikursa da eTikur
Sefasebas Soris. mas, pirvel rigSi, es ukanaskneli
ainteresebs.
g. banZelaZis „eTika“-Si kantis eTikuri principis
(movlenebis) dalageba da analizi sakmao obieqturobiT aris Sesrulebuli. aq yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
im siZneleebze, romelTa Sesaxebac kants Tavis droze
misi kritikosebi miuTiTebdnen. marqsistuli eTikis
cda _ gadaWras kantis eTikis siZneleebi, aris erTerTi sxva mraval amgvar mcdelobaTa Soris.
zneobrivi movaleobis gamarTlebas g. banZelaZe
iwyebs iuridiuli movaleobisgan misi gansxvavebiT. es
gansxvaveba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zneobrivi movaleoba adamianis gansakuTrebul, specifikur grZnobad
aris gadaqceuli. adamianis yoveli grZnoba SeiZleba
iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. grZnoba maSin aris dade506
biTi, Tuki is siamovnebis gancdaa. movaleobis grZnoba
principulad ar aris damokidebuli siamovneba-usiamovnebis gancdaze. „am grZnobis saSualebiT adamiani
ewafeba an ar gaurbis imas, rac usiamovbenis wyaroa
da ar ewafeba an gaurbis, rac siamovnebis wyaroa“10.869
movaleobis cnebis amgvar siZneles heteronomiuri
eTika ar icnobs. es siZnele Cndeba iq, sadac TviTon
saTnoebaa mizani da ara saTnoebis Sedegad mosalodneli netareba. aseTi ki aris avtonomiuri eTika.
amasTan dakavSirebiT g. banZelaZe Camoayalibebs pozicias, romelic misive sakuTar poziciadac SeiZleba miviRoT. „saTnoeba TviTon unda iyos mizani da ara saSualeba, movaleoba unda sruldebodes movaleobis
gulisTvis da ara piradi netarebisTvis, e.i. moqmedebis
mizani Tavis TavSi unda iyos da ara gareT. eTikuri
sistema avtonomiuri unda iyos da ara gareT. eTikuri
sistema avtonomiuri unda iyos da ara heteronomiuli“11.870
axal droSi kanti iyo is adamiani, romelmac moindoma avtonomiuri eTikis dafuZneba, romelic damoukidebeli iqneboda piradi keTildReobisa da netarebis
interesebisagan. am safuZvlis Ziebam miiyvana kanti kategoriul
imperativTan,
zneobis
formalur
principTan: „moiqeci ise, rom Seni nebis maqsima yovelTvis
gamodges
imave
dros
sayovelTao
kanonmdeblobis principad“. magram principis gamocxadeba ar aris sakmarisi avtonomiuri eTikis gamarTlebisaTvis. aucilebelia am principis dafuZneba.
kategoriuli imperativis, anu zneobrivi movaleobis dafuZnebis dros kanti Seejaxa siZneles, romlis
arc ugulebelyofa SeiZleboda da verc gadaWra
xerxdeboda: es aris aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis
urTierTmimarTebis siZnele; am siZnelis gadaWra
kantma adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis miuwvdomel saqmed
miiCnia da xsna rwmenis sferos miando; zneobis sabo507
loo gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebelia RmerTis arsebobis, sulis ukvdavebisa da Tavisuflebis rwmena; TiToeuli maTgani postulatia, logikurad dausabuTebeli
moTxovna, romelic aucilebelia sikeTis arsebobisaTvis.
kantis Semdgomma eTikurma azrma yvela Tavis seriozul wamowyebaSi scada kantis eTikasTan angariSis
gasworeba. Sedegad miviReT eTikuri koncefciebis mravalferovneba. erT-erTi maTgania marqsistuli eTika.
mTel marqsistul eTikaSi zneobrivi movaleobis Sesaxeb g. banZelaZis msjeloba gamoirCeva sicxadiTa da
damajereblobiT. dilema _ Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis mimarTebis Sesaxeb, g. banZelaZis mixedviT,
sruliad ar aris auxssneli. adamianis neba aucilebelic aris da Tavisufalic. es aris misi bunebrivi
mdgomareoba. swored aqaa, marqsistuli filosofiis
mixdeviT, zneobrivi movaleobis gagebis gasaRebic.
,,adamiani eqvemdebareba sxvis nebas, sazogadoebis nebas, ara imitom, rom sanqcia aiZulebs amas an piradi
keTildReobis zrunva, obieqturi Rirebuleba gaaCnia
da mas Segnebuli aqvs es obieqturi Rirebuleba. sazogadoebrivi nebisadmi daqvemdebarebis aucileblobis
Segneba pirovnebis nebas ki ar zRudavs, aramed aigivebs sazogadoebriv nebasTan da igi axorcielebs zneobriv qcevas, rogorc sakuTar nebas... movaleobis dafuZneba im martiv faqtSia, rom Tqven ukve dagexmaraT
da axlac gexmarebaT sazogadoeba ara marto konkretuli daxmarebis azriT, aramed aseve zogadad, Tavisi
arsebobiT imiT, rom sazogadoebriviv cxovrebis wyalobiT xarT adamiani“12.871
4. zneobis qcevis kriteriumi. eTikuri azris
istorias mudam awvalebda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra
SeiZleba iyos qcevis zneobrivi Rirebulebis sazomi.
istoriulad aqcenti xan qcevis Sedegze keTdeboda
xan adamianis zraxvaze. am ukanasknels mZlavri
508
sayrdeni misca kantma Tavisi eTikuri koncefciis saxiT, magram arc pirveli mimarTulebis momxreT dauyriaT farxmali, qcevis sargeblianoba adamianuri
cxoverebis mZlavri stimulia da igi SeiZleba wina
planze gamovides, rogorc maRali znobrivi kulturis matarebelTa Soris.
qcevis daxasiaTebaSi g. banZelaZe or mTavar moments gamoyofs _ obieqturs anu qcevis Sedegs da subieqturs anu qcevis motivs. g. banZelaZes pirvel
rigSi es ukanaskneli ainteresebs. motivi aris mravalnairi. qcevis subieqts SeiZleba amoZravebdes 1. iuridiuli movaleobis; 2. angarebis; 3. pativmoyvareobis;
4. siamovnebis; 5. religiuri rwmenis; 6. siyvarulis; 7.
sazogadoebrivi azris pativiscemis; 8. TanagrZnobis
motivebi. qcevis Sefaseba, misi Sedegebis mixedviT, did
siZneles ar Seicavs, Tu SevTanxmdebiT rom sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo qceva sikeTea, xolo saziano _
boroteba.
adamianis yoveli qceva moqmedebaSi (an umoqmedebaSi) vlindeba, magram masSi ar Cans is, rac, zneobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, saqcielis rogorobas gansazRvravs am
dros ismis swored qcevis motivis sakiTxi.
g. banZelaZe gulmodgined aanalizebs yvela zemoT dasaxelebul motivs da im daskvnamde midis, rom
yvela motivi romelSic sikeTis qmedeba saSualebaa,
aris egocentruli da, maSasadame, qcevisaTvis zneobrivi Rirebulebis mimniWebli ver iqneba.
„qceva zneobrivia mxolod maSin da imdenad, roca
da ramdenadac igi gansazRvrulia uangaro sikeTis qmedebis motiviT, TanagrZnobiT, adamianobiT. rac ufro
metad aris damZimebuli TanagrZnobis motivi sxva egocentruli motiviT, miT ufro naklebia aseTi qcevis
zneobrivi Rirebuleba“13.872
zneobis arsi, g. banZelaZis mixedviT, vlindeba
adamianisa da adamianurobis siyvarulSi. ,,adamianis ga509
reSe arafers ara aqvs fasi da Rirebuleba. adamianoba
iwyeba ara iq, sadac aris nivTebisa da sagnebis siyvaruli, moTxovnileba da dakmayofileba, aramed mxolod da mxolod iq, sadac iwyeba sxva adamianis siyvaruli, misdami TanagrZnoba da daxmareba. adamianis
siyvaruli zneobis saboloo kriteriumi da misi arsebaa“14.873
marqsistuli eTika mTel istoriaSi erdaderTi
Teoriaa
romelic
amtkicebs,
anu
zneobrivad
amarTlebs sxva adamianebis, kerZod, klasobrivi mowinaaRmdegebis, siZulvils. es bunebrivd gamomdinareobs
zneobis klasobriobis marqsistuli debulebidan. rogoraa SesaZlebeli erTi Teoriis farglebSi ,,adamianurobaze” damyarebuli zneobisa da „klasikuri zneobis“ SeTavseba? es problema mwvave iyo marqsistuli
eTikis arsebobis manZilze, es arcaa gasakviri mis gadawyetaze iyo damokidebuli zneobis marqsistuli gagebis bedi.
5. „klasobrivis“ da „zogadadamianuris~ mimarTeba
zneobaSi.
WeSmaritebis
obieqturobis
problemis
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT marqsizmSi daisva sakiTxi
zneobaSi „maradiul WeSmaritebis”, arsebobis anu zneobis sakacoobrio xasiaTis Sesaxeb, marqsizmi zneobis
klasobriobis poziciaze darCa. Tumca xelaRebiT arc
sakacobrio zneobis arseboba uaruyvia. sakacobrio
zneobis perspeqtiuli matareblis misia marqsizmma
erTaderT klass proletariats daukavSira.
1917 wels ruseTSi bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis Semdeg daiwyo „axali sazogadoebis
mSenebloba, romelsac“ axali morali sWirdeboda. es
axali morali klasobrivi unda yofiliyo. cnobili
politikuri moRvaweni klasobriobis safuZvelze aviTarebdnen TavianT mosazrebebs zneobisa da eTikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, n. buxarini moralur normebs aigiavebda im teqnikur wesebTan romelTa mixedviTac
510
durgali karadas amzadebs. v. leninis mixedviT zneobrivia yvelaferi, rac komunizms mSeneblobas xels
uwyobs. mecnierebaTa akademiis maSindeli prezidentis
paSukanis azriT, zneoba TandaTan mokvdeboda da komunizmis dros adamianebi ixelmZRvanelebdnen qcevis sasargeblo wesebiT15.874
zneobis klasobrioba niSnavs, rom yovel klass
Taviseburi Sexeduleba gaaCnia saTnoebasa da mankierebaze, sikeTesa da borotebaze, magram es garemoeba ar
gamoricxavs iseTi zneobrivi normebisa da saTnoebis
arsebobas, romlebsac orive klasi aRiarebs. zneobriv
Rirebulebas qmnis ara TavisTavad zneobrivi normis
ganxorcieleba, aramed zneobrivi normis Tavisufali,
nebayoflobiTi ganxorcieleba. amiT gansxvavdeba zneobrivi grZnoba zneobrivi Segnebisagan.
raki zneobrivi grZnoba da zneobrivi Segneba mkafiod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, amitom sakiTxavia:
klasobrioba zneobis aRniSnul elementebs erTnairad
exeba Tu ara? g. banZelaZis azriT, klasobrivi xasiaTi
SeiZleba gaaCndes zneobis im elements, romelic klasobrivi cxovrebis pirobebiT aris gansazRvruli. aseTi aris swored zneobrivi Segneba.
zneobis klasobrioba niSnavs ara marto zneobrivi grZnobebis dapirispirebas, aramed zneobrivi Segnebis absolutur dapirispirebasac ki. komunistebis mier
kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebuli lanZRva-ginebis
fonze akademiurad JRers g. banZelaZis sityvebi: Cven
ar vambobT, rom gabatonebul klasebs ar aqvT zneobrivi Segneba da mxolod mSromelebi arian zneobrivad Segnebulni. Cven vambobT, rom antagonisturi klasebis zneobrivi Sexedulebebi Taviseburia da am Taviseburebas qmnis cxovrebis pirobebi“16.875
ramdenadac sruliad bunebrivia gansxvaveba zneobriv Sexedulebebs Soris, imdenadve bunebrivi da aucilebeilia maT Soris garkveuli erTianoba da igive511
oba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi normaluri sazogadoebrivi cxovreba SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda17.876debuleba zneobis klasobriobis Sesaxeb Sinagnad Tavad moiTxos
zneobis sakacobrio xasiaTis aRiarebas, „vinc zneobis
klasobriobis Tvalsazrisze dgas mas ufleba ar aqvs
uzneod miiCnios is vinc iqceva klasis zneobis mixedviT... zneobis klasobrioba imas niSnavs, rom yvela
pasuximsgebelia Tavisi klasis zneobrivi movaleobis
mimarT da mxolod mis mimarT. sxva klasis zneobis
TvalsazrisiT, pirovnebis qcevis Sefaseba iseTive
uazrobaa da gaugebaria, rogorc, magaliTad, temperaturis gazomva kilogramebiT18.877
zemoTqmulis mixedviT, naTelia,rom sxvadasxva
klasobriv zneobaSi is zneobaa progresuli, romelic
zneobrivi grZnobebis bunebriv Sinaarss emsaxureba,
amgvari zneoba, g. banZelaZis mixedviT, aqvs mSromel
xalxs, magram amiT problema ar amowurula Tu zneobrivi grZnoba yvelas unda axasiaTebdes, maSin yvela
zneobrivi unda iyos. magram uzneoba arsebobs. rogor
aris igi SesaZlebeli?
uzneobis faqtis asaxsnelad aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT
zneobis
xasiaTis
ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi: 1. zneobrivi Segnebis done; 2. zneobrivi
grZnobebis intensivoba; 3. nebisyofis siZliere. „uzeobis faqti aixsneb an imiT, rom adamiani daukvirvebelia
da ver iTvaliswinebs Tavisi qcevis Sedegebs, an imiT,
rom nebisyofis sisustis gamo ver imorCilebs wminda
egoistur vnebebsa da moTxovnilebebs da, bolos, an
imiT, rom zneobrivi grZnoba masSi Camqralia da mis
magier uzneobis grZnoba, boroti neba moqmedebs“19.878
adamians SeuZlia moaxdinos arCevani borotsa da
keTil nebas Soris Sesabamisad iyos zneobrivi an
uzneo, vinaidan „adamianis zneobriobis sazomi, swored
isaa Tu ra amoZravebs mas keTili neba Tu boroti“20.879
512
6. zneobrivi progresis problema marqsistul
eTikaSi. 1972 wels g. banZelaZe kvlav daubrunda filosofiis instituts da saTaveSi Caudga misive iniciativiT Seqmnil eTikis ganyofilebas. im Sromebidan,
romlebic g. banZelaZem filosofiis institutSi Seqmna
(1972-1985), gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samtomiani gamokvleva _ ,,mecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia da zneobrivi progresis problema“ _ I wigni _ 1979 w; II wigni
_ 1980 w; mesame, Semajamebeli wigni gamovida saTauriT
_ ,,zneobrivi progresis Teoria da praqtika (1982).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,zneobrivi progresis Teoria da praqtika“ ,,eTikis“ Semdeg g. banZelaZis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia. masSi eTikuri poziciidan
ganxilulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi; zneobrivi TvaliT danaxuli iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa demokratiisa da disciplinis, nacionalurisa da internacionaluris, tradiciebTan damokidebulebis, zneobrivi Semoqmedebis, saqarTvelos
ruseTTan SeerTebis da sxva mravali sakiTxi.
zneobrivi progresis problemas g. banZelaZe ganixilavs mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis fonze da
masTan mWidro kavSiri. ,,am cnebiT aRiniSneba mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis ganskauTrebuli masStabi da tempi, romelic arsebiT gardaqmnebs iwvevs sazogadoebis mTel socialur-kulturul cxovrebaSi“21.880
mtrisa da adamianis urTierToba ar aris
calmxrivi. ara marto adamiani usaxavs mtr-s garkveul
amocanebs, aramed mtr-ac uyenebs adamians garkveul
moTxovnebs. g. banZelaZe gamoyofs sam ZiriTad amocanas, romlebsac adamiani mtr-s usaxavs: 1. materialuri
dovlaTis siuxvis Seqmna; 2. bunebis dacva da aRorZineba; 3. kulturuli ganviTarebis obieqturi pirobebis
uzrunvelyofa.
Tavis mxriv, mteric uyenebs adamians moTxovnebs:
1. profesiuli codnisa da kvalifikaciis amaRleba; 2.
513
maRali organizebuloba; 3. disciplinirebuloba; 4. pasuxismgebloba; 5. punqtualoba. mtr-i warmoSobs dilemas: ,,ar ganaviTareb mtr-s, warmoebas da mis disciplinas - CamorCebi cxovrebas, dakargav saarsebo saSualebaTa wyaroebs; ganaviTareb da dakargav adamianur saxes _ manqanas danamatad iqcevi _ emociebisagan daclili moazrovne ,,organizmad“22.881
am dilemidan gamosavali, avtoris mixedviT, unda
veZeboT mtr-is humanistur daprogramebaSi. adamiani
mxolod maSin ar SeiZleba manqanis danamatad iqces,
Tu mtr-is umaRlesi ideali socialuri mizani da orientiri zneobrivi progresi iqneba23.882
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi g. banZelaZe dainteresebuli iyo profesiuli eTikis sakiTxebiT. mis kalams
ekuTvnis gamokvleva partiuli eTikis Sesxaeb, romlis
gamoqveyneba veRar moxerxda.
erT-erTi ukanaskneli werili, romelic g. banZelaZem gamoaqveyna, aris ,,omisa da mSvidobis problemaTa
eTikuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb“. sayuradReboa avtoris
msjeloba omis, mSvidobis, Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. avtoris rwmeniT, mSvidobis Rirebuleba rogori Zlieric
ar unda iyos, mas ar SeiZleba msxverplad Seewiros Tavisuflebis, Rirsebis, damoukideblobis Rirebulebebi,
progresuli politikuri da socialuri idealebi24.883
7. zneobis problemebis kvleva XX saukunis meore
naxevarSi. zneobis arsebobis piroba aris adamianis Tavisufleba. amitom eTikis Zireuli problemebis kvleva
aucileblad gulisxmobs Tavisuflebis problemis (nebis Tavisuflebis) gamokvlevas. am mxriv metad sayuradReboa o. bakuraZis vrceli gamokvleva _ ,,Tavisufleba da aucilebloba“ 1964). es naSromi qarTul
filosofiur sinamdvileSi aRniSnul Temaze dRemde
erTaderTi da saukeTesoa. masSi SesaniSnavad aris
erTimeoresTan Sexamebuli problemis istoriuli da
pozitiuri analizi. o. bakuraZis SromaSi ganxilulia
514
Tavisuflebis iseTi ZiriTadi formebi, rogoricaa:
moqmedebis
Tavisufleba,
nebisyofis
Tavisufleba,
istoriuli Tavisufleba da moraluri Tavisufleba.
avtori iZleva am formis saerTo da gansxvavebuli
niSnebis daxasiaTebas. naSromSi mocemulia Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove filosofiuri Teoriebis damajerebeli kritika.
eTikisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT
sayuradRebo
da
mniSvnelovania o. bakuraZis mier moraluri Tavisuflebis problemebis daxasiaTeba.
o. bakuraZis mixedviT, qcevis moraluroba mis moralur RirebulebaSi mdgomareobs. am Rirebulebis gamomTqmel msjelobas moraluri msjeloba ewodeba. moraluri msjeloba yovelTvis moralur Sefasebas
warmoadgens. misi obieqti movlenis moraluri Rirebulebaa da ara obieqturi kanonzomiereba. e.i. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT moraluri msjelobebi da is
msjelobebi, romlebsac eTika, rogorc mecniereba, Camoayalibebs. eTikis msjelobebi imave tipisaa, rac
saerTod mecnierebis msjelobebi _ isini adamianis nebisyofisgan damoukidebel kanonebs asaxavs25.884
Tuki moraluri msjeloba moralur Rirebulebas
adgens, maSin unda arsebobdes is kriteriumi, romliTac Sefaseba xdeba. aseTi kriteriums, avtoris mixedviT, garkveuli moraluri wesi warmoadgens. moraluri qcevis wesi aris moralis norma. qcevis moraluri Sefaseba moralur normasTan misi urTierTobis
gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs. normas axasiaTebs jerarsoba; is gamoTqvams imas, rac ,,unda“, gansxvavebiT faqtis
msjelobisagan, romelic gamoTqvams imas, rac aris. yoveli ,,unda“ moralur jerarsobas ar gulisxmobs.
aris mravali msjeloba, romlebsac ,,unda msjelobis“
forma aqvT, magram sinamdvileSi faqtis msjelobebs
warmoadgens.
515
jerarsoba moraluri msjelobis aucilebeli niSania. ,,unda“, romelsac moraluri msjeloba Seicavs,
momavali dros aRmniSvnelad ar ixmareba. ,,undas“
funqcia moralur msjelobaSi is aris, rom subieqts
miaweros moqmedeba, rogorc misi movaleoba. moraluri
norma gamoxatavs qcevis aucilebel wess, romelsac
adamiani unda eqvemdebarebodes. am aucileblobas SeiZleba jerarsobis aucilebloba vuwodoT. amiT
problemis naxevari garkveulia; rCeba problemis meore
naxevari _ raSi mdgomareobs moraluri normis gamarTlebis ukanaskneli instancia? ra kavSiria ,,aris“
da ,,undas“ msjelobebs Soris? o. bakuraZis azriT, moraluri normis saboloo gamarTleba idealSia, im
umaRles mizanSi, romelic Seadgens adamianis cxovrebis azrs. rac ufro metad eTanxmeba faqti ideals, miT
ufro axlos aris igi idealurobasTan, xolo idealis
zustad Sesatyvisi faqti iqneba. aseTi faqti ubralod
faqtis mniSvnelobas scildeba da amave dros normis
gamoxatulebadac xdeba26.885
romelime faqts normatiuli mniSvneloba mxlod
maSin SeiZleba hqondes, Tu igi istoriuli progresis
kanonzomierebas Seesabameba. istoriuli progresis Ziri ki Sromis, warmoebis progresia. Sroma, avtoris mixedviT, aris ara marto piroba moraluri idealisa,
aramed TviTon mas aqvs moraluri Rirebuleba. ,,idealis ganxorcielebis aucilebloba saboloo angariSiT socialuri cxovrebis progresis aucileblobaSi
poulobs Tavis axsnas27.886qcevis moraluri Sefaseba
ayenebs kiTxvas masSi qcevis motivis rolis Sesaxeb.
motivs saerTod TavisTavad, rogorc faqti, arafers
laparakobs Tavis moralur Rirebulebaze. qcevis moralurobaze msjelobas imdenad aqvs azri, ramdenadac
es qceva ganixileba, rogorc garkveuli pirovnebis mier garkveuli motivebiT warmarTuli qceva. qcevis moralurobis dadgenaSi gadamwyvet rols im motivis Ri516
rebuleba asrulebs, romelic qcevas moralurad xdis
da misi moraluri Sefasebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
..Tu mocemuli qcevis dros subieqtis motivs is mosazreba Tu Sexeduleba warmoadgens, romelic moraluri normis Sesatyvisia, maSin es qceva kargia da piriqiT“28.887o. bakuraZe kategoriulad gamoricxavs qcvis
moraluri Sefasebis SesaZleblobas moraluri motivebis gauTvaliswineblad.
adamianis qceva keTili an boroti maSin SeiZleba
iyos, Tu adamianis nbisyofa Tavisufalia. moraluri
qceva aris nebismieri qceva, Tumca yoveli nebismieri
qceva moralurs ar wamroadgens. amis safuZvelze o.
bakuraZe askvnis, rom nebisyofis Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba eTikis sagans mivakuTvniT. eTikis saqme aris moraluri Tavisuflebis garkveva, es ukanaskneli ki moralur aucileblobasTan mimarTebaSi dgindeba. moralurad Tavisufali pirovnebisaTvis jerarsobis aucilebloba ,,Tavisufali aucileblobaa“. moraluri aucilebloba, e.i. moraluri movaleoba subieqtisaTvis
garegani da maiZulebeli maSin aris, rodesac misi
Sesrulebis ganzraxva ar Seesatyviseba mocemuli qcevis moralur motivs. ganzraxva Tundac movaleobis
Sesruleba iyos, Tu motivs sxva Rirebuleba aqvs
mxedvelobaSi, aseTi qceva Tavisufal moralur qcevad
ar CaiTvleba29.888maSasadame, o. bakuraZis mixedviT, movaleobis Sesruleba moraluri motiviT gansazRvruli
_ yovelTvis Tavisufalia da iZulebis momenti masSi
gamoricxulia.
moraluri aucilebloba, moraluri Tavisufleba,
movaleoba, sikeTe, boroteba da sxv. yoveli eTikis
fundamenturi kategoriebia. kategoriebi, rogorc uzogadesi cnebebi, yovel specifikur garemoSi sakuTari
,,iersaxiT“ xasiaTdeba. eTikuri kategoriebis problema
Sedagenda T. jafarlis sadoqtoro disertaciis mTavar Temas30,889es problema ganxilulia mis naSromSi: ,,К
517
вопросу
о природе сущности и специфике этических
31
категорий» .890avtoris mixedviT, eTikuri kategoriebi
istoriuli xasiaTisaa da TavianTi bunebiT filosofiisa da sxva mecnierebaTa kategoriebisagan ar gamoirCeva, eTikuri kategoriebi aris sinamdvilis asaxvis logikuri formebi. am kategoriebis arseba imaSi vlindeba, rom Sinaarseulad isini gamoxatavs socialur
ZalTa gansazRvrul interesebs, xolo maTi specifika
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom SeuZliaT asaxon moralur
urTierTobaTa obieqtivizaciis procesi maT (progresul) ganviTarebaSi32.891eTikuri kategoriebi TavianTi
specifikiT Zireulad gansxvavdeba sxva mecnierebis
(esTetikis garda) kategoriebisagan, eTikis kategoriebi
normatiul-SefasebiTi
xasiaTis
niSniT
aris
aRbeWdilni33.892amgvari spcifikurobis miuxedavad, T.
jafarlis azriT, eTikur kategoriebSi aisaxeba mizezSedegobrivi kanonzomiereba34.893
T. jafarlis sxva naSromebidan sayuradReboa
,,mokle narkvevebi marqsamdeli eTikuri azris istoriidan“ (1970, rusulad), romelic gaTvalsiwinebulia saxelmZRvanelod umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis.
moralis sferoSi istorulad yovelTvis mwavevd
idga emociurisa da racionaluris urTierTobis sakiTxi. am problemas ganixilavs v. gulua Tavis
naSromSi: ,,Диалектика эмоционального и рационального в
морали”. umaRlesi zneobrivi kanoni da misi realizaciis pirobebia ganxiluli n. naTaZis SromaSi ,,adamiani
adamianTa Soris” (1979). amave avtoris SromaSi ,,eri da
erovnuli kultura“ gansakuTrebiT sainteresodaa
ganxiluli erisa da eTikis urTierTobis sakiTxi.
marqsistul-leninuri eTikis aqtualur sakiTxebs
ganixilavs v. daviTaSvili Tavis SromebSi: ,,istoria
da moralis materialisturi gageba“ (1971) da ,,nebisyofis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ (1981). zneobrivi aRzrdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi ganixileba l. CinCalaZisa da k.
518
quriZis SromebSi ,,sabWoTa axalgazrdobis zneobrivi
da moqalaqeobrivi formirebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi“
(1975); ,,SromiTi koleqtivi da axali adamianis aRzrda“
(1975). fsiqologiisa da eTikis, eTikisa da pedagogikis
urTierTobis sakiTxebs ganixilaven TavianT SromebSi
r. gafrindaSvili35894da k. stomatovi36.895Rirebulebisa
da RirebulebiTi eTikis problemebia ganxiluli g.
SuSanaSvilis SromebSi _ ,,zneobrivi Rirebulebis specifika“ (1980), ,,Rirebulebis idealisturi gagebis kritika“ (1987) da sxva. fixtes eTikuri memkvidreoba
kulturis vrcel istoriul konteqstSi ganxilulia
z. firaliSvilis SromaSi ,,i.g. fixte da adamianis eTikuri koncefciis sakiTxebi“ (1994).
aRsaniSnavia iseTi gamokvlevebi, romlebSic uSaulod eTikuri kvleva ar warmoebs, magram mniSvnelvania
swored amgvari kvlevisTvis. eTikuri problematikis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis, gansakuTrebiT ki zneobrivi
kulturis, rogorc problemis, Semdgomi kvlevisTvis
seriozuli mniSvneloba aqvs g. asaTianis, a. boWoriSvilis, T. buaCiZis, g. TevzaZis, z. kakabaZis, ed. koduas, S. nucubiZis, o. tabiZis, v. qvaCaxias, S. xidaSelis, giorgi cincaZis, n. WavWavaZis, o. jioevis da sxvaTa gamkvlevebs.
$ 5. Rirebulebis problema Tanamedrove
qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi
burJuaziul filosofiaSi Rirebulebis problema
dasabams XX s-is meore naxevridan iRebs. sayovelTao
aRiarebiT, misi pirveli Semomtani iyo germaneli filosofosi herman lotce (1817-1881), Tumca lotcem ver
moaswro Rirebulebis Teoriis dafuZneba (dasruleba),
magram misma Rirebulebis filosofiam arsebiTad yve-
519
la ZiriTad aqsiologiur mimarTulebaze moaxdina
gavlena.
qarTul filosofiur sinamdvileSi Rirebulebis
problemis Sesaxeb msjelobis pirvel kvals vxedavT
im qarTvel filosofosebTan da moazrovneebTan,
romlebmac XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
umaRlesi filosofiuri ganaTleba germaniaSi miiRes.
eseni iyvnen, pirvel rigSi d. uznaZe, g. qiqoZe, m. gogiberiZe, k. baqraZe da sxv. maT SromebSi aSkarad Cans
aqsiologiuri poziciis Taviseburebebis codna. samwuxarod, es pozicia arc maTTan da arc sxva qarTvel
filosofosebTan
(60-iani
wlebis
dasawyisamde),
Semdgom ar waweula win, vinaidan CvenSi 60-ian wlebamde Rirebulebis problema ,,akrZalul problemad“
iTvleboda. 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba aqsiologiuri mimarTulebiT kvlevis gaaqtiureba sabWoTa kavSirSi da
maT Soris, saqarTveloSic,
Rirebulebis problema qarTul filosofiur
azrovnebaSi 50-iani wlebis bolos da 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi arsebiTad burJuaziuli filosofiis kritikasTan aris dakavSirebuli. akad. a. boWoriSvili Tavis samtomian SromaSi ,,fsiqologiis principuli sakiTxebi“1896,,aqsiologiis problemebs exeba fsiqikuris
idealistur interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT vrclad gadmocemulia
fsiqikuris analizis dros ed. huserlis, m. Seleris, a.
gaigeris da sxv. fenomenologiebSi. aseve, obieqturad,
maRal profesiul donezea ganxiluli aqsiologiis
sakiTxebi k. baqraZis SromaSi, xolo neokantianur
moZRvrebaTa, gansakuTrebiT ki _ vindelband-rikertis
filosofiis, ganxilvisas rikertis Rirebulebis Teoriis kritikuli analizi mocemulia g. TevzaZis gamokvlevaSi2.897aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT dasaxelebul
naSromebSi burJuaziuli aqsiologiuri koncefciebis
520
ganxilvis dros sakuTriv Rirebulebis problemis pozitiur analizs umniSvnelo adgili ukavia.
Rirebulebis problemis kvlevam samWoTa filosofiaSi moqalaqeobrivi ufleba 1965 wlis Semdeg moipova; ufro zustad 1965 wlis oqtomberSi (12-15 oqtomberi) qarTveli flosofosebis iniciativiT TbilisSi gaimarTa Rirebulebis problemisadmi miZRvnili pirveli
sakavSiro simpoziumi, romlis Semdeg Rirebulebis
problemis kvlevas sabWoTa filosofiaSi ,,mwvane gza“
mieca. aRniSnuli simpoziumis Semdeg aRiarebul iqna
qarTveli filsoofosebis prioriteti Rirebulebis
problemis kvlevis saqmeSi3.898simpoziumze TavianT
moxsenebebSi da gamosvlebSi Rirebulebis problemisadmi sakuTari damokidebuleba gamoTqves a. boWoriSvilma, g. banZelaZem, g. TevzaZem, z. kakabaZem, v. qvaCaxiam, s. wereTelma da sxv.4899am simpoziumze warmodgenili iyo o. bakuraZis, o. jioevisa da n. WavWavaZis
moxseneba
_
,,Rirebulebis
problemis
adgili
marqsistul-leninur filsoofiaSi“.
moxsenebaSi Rirebulebis problema marqsistuli
filosofiisaTvis sruliad kanonier problemad aris
miCneuli da marqsizmSi monaxulia imgvari debulebebi,
romlebic ara marto amarTlebs Rirebulebis problemis kvlevas, aramed safuZvelmdebelia Rirebulebis
marqsistuli TeoriisTvis. cnobilia, rom marqsizm-leninizmis
klasikosebi,
asabuTebdnen
ra
axal
msoflmxedvelobas, gadaWriT winaaRmdegni iyvnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonTa mecnieruli
analizis Secvlisa RirebulebiTi msjelobebiT. es ar
niSnavs, TiTqos isini uaryofdnen sinamdvilisadmi RirebulebiTi midgomis mniSvnelobas. klasikosebi winaaRmdegni iyvnen Teoriul-SemecnebiTisa da aqsiologiuri Tvalsazrisebis erTmaneTSi aRrevisa. k. marqsi
sruliad
garkveviT
miuTiTebda,
rom
,,adamiani
sagnobriv samyaroSi dgindeba ara marto azrovnebis
521
meSveobiT, aramed, agreTve, yvela grZnobis meSveobiT“5.900k. marqsi idealistur filosofiur cnobierebas, romlisTvisac ,,logikuri azrovneba esaa namdvili
adamiani, xolo logikurad gacnobierebuli samyaro,
rogorc aseTi, namdvili samyaro“, _ upirispirebda
Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac ,,moazrovne Tavis“
mier samyaros aTviseba aris mxolod erT-erTi wesi
gansxvavebiT amave samyaros ,,mxatvrul-religiuripraqtikul-sulieri aTvisebisagan“6.901
samyaros Teorul-SemecnebiTi aTvisebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom realuri subieqti yovelTvis Semecnebis gareT rCeba. mxatvrul-religurpraqtikul-sulier aTvisebaSi ki sinamdvilis movlenebi
ganixileba adamianTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic upasuxebs
mis grZnobebs, moTxovnilebebs, miswrafebebs, survilebs, e.i. ganixileba, rogorc Rirebulebis mqoneni.
samyaros gacnobierebis am wesis zogadi specifika da
sinamdvilis is aspeqti, romelic misi meSveobiT cxadiyofa aris swored marqsistuli aqsiologiis sagani7.902
samyarosTan Teoriul-SemecnebiTi damokidebulebis da misi RirebulebiTi aTvisebis marqsistuli
gansxvavebis safuZvelze moxsenebaSi nacadia RirebulebiTi cnobierebis daxasiaTeba misi arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT, romlebic serTo iqneba mxatvruli, religiuri, zneobrivi cnobierebisaTvis.
Taviseburi damokidebuleba aqvs Rirebulebas realobasTan. Tu bunebrivi nivTis Tviseba mTlianad
nivTis arsebobazea damokdiebuli, Rirebulebis moculoba ar ganisazRvreba misi matareblis realobiT an
ararealobiT. magaliTad, absoluturi samarTlianobis
Rirebuleba ar mcirdeba imis gamo, rom igi samyaroSi
jer kidev ar aris ganxorcielebuli. magram es ar
niSnavs, miTiTebulia moxsenebaSi, rom Rirebuleba realobisadmi sruliad indiferentulia8.903faqtobrivad,
sagnis Rirebuleba vlindeba sinamdvilesTan adamianis
522
RirebulebiTi mimarTebis dros. movlena, romelic ar
ganicdeba, rogorc moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis
saSualeba, an rogorc miswrafebis Rirsi mizani, romelic ar moqmedebs Cvens grZnobaze da nebaze, ar aris
RirebulebiTi cnobierebis sagani, ar flobs misTvis
Rirebulebas, ramdenadac Rirebuleba gagebulia, igi
flobs zemoqmedebis udides Zalas, Tavs gvexveva, rogorc amocana, romelic unda gadavWraT.
Rirebulebis sfero, moxsenebis avtorTa mier,
kulturis sferoTi aris SemosazRvruli, magram es ar
niSnavs imas, rom adamians saqme mxolod im sikeTeebTan
(блага) aqvs, romlebic adamianis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saSualebebs warmoadgens. arsebobs ara
marto subieqturi moTxovnilebebiT ganpirobebuli Rirebulebebi, aramed, agerTve, upirobo Rirebulebebi,
anu Rirebuleba-miznebi. RirebulebaTa subieqtivistur
dasabuTebas Sedegad mosdevs relativizmi Rirebulebis sferoSi. WeSmaritebis msgavsad, romelic SefardebiTia yovel konkretul miRwevaSi, mocemul konkretul sikeTeSi, magram ama Tu im zomiT Seicavs TavisSi
zogadsakacobrio, upirobo Rirebulebebis marcvals.
aseT viTarebaSi Rirebulebebs (umaRles Rirebulebebs)
Taviseburi obieqturoba unda axasiaTebdeT. es obieqturoba ar unda iqnes gagebuli ontologiuri
azriT, e.i. Rirebulebis realobasTan gaigivebis azriT,
arc Rirebulebis gansakuTrebuli saxis realobad
aRiarebis azriT. Rirebulebebis ontologizacia xsnis
TviTon Rirebulebis problemas, rogorc yofierebis
problemisagan gansxvavebuls.
Rirebulebis obieqturoba ar unda iqnes aRreuli
WeSmaritbis obieqturobasTan, ar unda iqnes gaigivebuli aqsiologia gnoseologiasTan, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi Rirebulebis specifika uaryofili iqna.
Rirebulebis obieqturoba ar SeiZleba gaigivebuli iqnas sociologiuri kanonebis obieqturobasTan
523
Tundac marto imitom, rom normisadmi daqvemdebareba
gansazRvrulia adamianis Tavisufali nebiT, sociologiur kanonebs ki is emorCileba bunebriv-istoriuli
aucileblobis ZaliT9.904amis miuxedavad, Rirebulebebs
Taviseburi ,,aqsiologiuri“ obieqturoba unda hqondeT.
o. bakuraZis azriT, Rirebulebis kriteriums
wamroadgens norma. normis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba
umaRlesi mizan-idealis SinaarsiT. ideali warmoadgens konkretul-istoriuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis asaxvas. Rirebulebis obieqturobas aqvs idealis
obieqturobis buneba10.905
n. WavWavaZis mixedviT, Rirebulebis obieqturobas
iseve, rogorc yovelgvar obieqturobas, Zirebi ontologiur obieqturobaSi, yofierebaSi, masTan SesabamisobaSi aqvs. Rirebulebis miznrobrivi, jerarsuli xasiaTi aris RirebulebiT cnobierebaSi dialeqtikurad
ganviTarebuli yofierebis mimarTulobis, tendenciis
asaxva. aRmarTavs ra adamiani bunebaze axal samyaros
(socialurs, goniTs, kulturuls), igi Tavisufalia
saSualebaTa, mizanTa da RirebulebaTa arCevanSi,
magram misi Tavisufleba namdvilia da mimarTulia
namdvil RirebulebaTa ganxorcielebaze mxolod maSin, rodesac igi aris aucileblobis (gnoseologiuri
da
aqsiologiuri)
gacnobiereba,
rodesac
misi
ganxorcieleba iqceva miznad da misi nebis kanonad11.906
Rirebulebis problemis kvlevis gzaze sainteresoa n. WavWavaZis werili ,,kulturis struqtura da RirebulebaTa ierarqia“12.907es werili mTlianad Sevida
imave avtoris mier mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul SromaSi
,,kultura da Rirebulebani“ (1984), romelSic kulturis filosofiisa da Rirebulebis Teoriis (aqsiologiis) bevri problema Rrmad da safuZvlianad aris
ganxiluli da gamokvleuli.
Tu moxsenebaSi (simpoziumze) naCvenebi iyo Rirebulebis problemis kvlevis amosavali _ adamianis mi524
er samyaros sulieri aTvisebis sxvadasxvanairi wesi, n.
WavWavaZis winamdebare wignSi nacadia _ gamoZebnil da
dasabuTebul iqnes marqsistuli Rirebulebis Teoriis
saboloo safuZveli, sayrdeni (sawyisi). avtoris mizania kulturis filosofiisa da Rirebulebis Teoriis
problemaTa urTierTmimarTebis garkveva. adamiani bunebaze agebs kulturis samyaros; yvelaferi, rac adamians samyaroSi Seaqvs, Sromis sazogadoebrivi praqtikis
Sedegia, anu Sromis produqtia. amitom, avtoris azriT,
swored Sromis produqtis kategoria unda iyos
sayrdeni punqti, rogorc marqsistuli kulturis filosofiis, aseve marqsistuli aqsiologiis13.908avtori
Tavis msjelobaSi emyareba k. megreliZis cnobil gamokvlevas ,,azrovnebis sociologiis ZiriTadi problemebi“14.909
Sroma, Sromis produqti xasiaTdeba adamianis yvela unaris monawileobiT. Sromis produqti emorCileba ara marto mizezobriv aucileblobas, aramed,
agreTve, miznobriv, teleologiur kanonzomierebas.
Sromis produqti aris aucileblobisa da mizanSewonilobis erTianoba, radmenadac igi iqmneba obieqturi
moRvaweobis Sedegad, realuri obieqtebidan obieqturadve arsebuli adamianebis mier, magram, amave dros,
igi warmoadgens subieqtirebul obieqts, ramdenadac
masSi ganxorcielebulia misi Semoqmedis Segnebuli mizani, romelmac masSi Seitana Tavisi subieqturobis,
Tavisi TviTobis, Tavisi nebis nawili. sxvagvarad _
Sromis produqtSi raRac zomiT ganxorcielebulia
,,Tavisufali aucilebloba“15.910
Sromis produqti ,,Tavisufali aucileblobis“
namdvili ganxorcieleba mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos,
rodesac igi aris Tavisufali Sromis, anu SemoqmedebiTi Sromis produqti. kultura da, maSasadame, Rirebulebac, _ radgan kultura ar arsebobs Rirebulebis
gareSe, _ iqmneba SemoqmedebiTi SromiT da Semoqmede525
biT SromaSi16.911amrigad, Rirebulebis ukanaskneli safuZveli, avtoris mixedviT, unda veZeboT SemoqmedebiT
Sromis produqtSi.
o. jioevis mixedviT, Rirebulebis sazomi ar SeiZleba individualuri adamiani iyos. Rirebuleba
efardeba gvareobrivs adamianSi. Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
Tavisi Tvalsazrisi avtors ufro vrclad gadmcoemuli aqvs SromaSi _ ,,Природа исторической необходимости“
(Tb., 1967).
avtori amodis im udavo faqtidan, rom Rirebuleba gulisxmobs mimarTebas subieqtTan, adamianTan. Rirebuleba aris yovelTvis Rirebuleba adamianisTvis.
am aspeqtSi igi gansxvavdeba, magaliTad, WeSmaritebisagan. WeSmaritebac agreTve, ar arsebobs adamianis gareSe, magram Tu WeSmariteba obieqtur viTarebas adgens,
Rirebuleba miuTiTebs ara marto saganze, aramed adamianzec, romlisTvisac Rirebulia es sagani. Rirebulebis obieqturobis dasabuTeba avtors ase warmoadgens: Tu Rirebulebas azri aqvs mxolod adamianTan
mimarTebaSi, maSin saWiroa vipovoT raRac ,,myari“, aucilebeli adamianSi, romelic gamodgeboda gansxvavebul, zogjer sapirispiro RirebulebaTa da maTi
sistemis SedarebisTvis sazomad17.912
Sefasebis dros, avtoris azriT, individi, sul
cota, sakuTari cxovrebis Rirebulebas mainc aRiarebs. amgvar RirebulebaTa Sedarebisas mas sWirdeboda
samyaros ufro gareT xedva, samyaros danaxva ara sakuTari individualuri cxovrebis, aramed adamianis gvareobrivi, socialuri damianis poziciidan. gvareobrivi
adamianSi _ esaa klasobrivi, nacionaluri da sakacobrio. maT Seesabameba kalsobrivi, nacionaluri da
sakacobrio Rirebulebani. roca klasobrivi Rirebulebidan erTs upiratesobas vaZlevT meoris winaSe, aq
Cven gamovdivarT, wers avtori, sazogadoebis progresis Tvalsazrisidan; RirebulebiT mimarTebaSi is sa526
zogadoebaa maRali, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba adamianis bunebas18.913
raSi mdgomareobs adamianis buneba?
adamianis bunebis daxasiaTebaSi avtorisTvis mTavaria is, rom adamiani, rogorc bunebis nawili, ufro
metia, vidre mxolod nawili; igi aris miznis damsaxavi, Segnebuli, rogorc Tavisufali Semqneli da bunebis gardamqmneli arseba. adamiani rom Tavis damoukideblobas mxolod acnobierebdes da es cnobiereba
moklebuli iyos yovelgvar aqtiurobas, maSin umaRles
Rirebulebebze laparaks azri ar eqneboda. Rireuleba
(upirobo) aris is, rac adamianis Rirsia, sakadrisia,
is, rac Seefereba adamianis adgils samyaroSi19.914swored es upirobo, zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebi
warmoadgens kriteriums yvela danarCen RirebulebaTa
SedarebisTvis.
Rirebulebis problemisadmi miZRvnil Tbilisis
1965 wlis simpoziumze warmodgenil o. bakuraZis, o.
jioevisa da n. WavWavaZis Tvalsazriss cota mogvianebiT ewoda humanistur-aqsiologiuri. am Tvalsazrisis
ZiriTadi debulebebi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: 1.
Rirebuleba aris is, rac unda iyos; igi jerarsiseuli
bunebisaa; 2. Rirebuleba aris idealuri, Tumca realobisgan mowyvetili araa; 3. Rirebuleba ar arsebobs
adamianTan mimarTebis gareSe; Rirebulebis ,,TavisTavad arseboba“ SeuZlebels xdis, rogorc Rirebulebis,
ise, saerTod, aqsiologiis dafuZnebas; 4. Rirebuleba
aris
obieqturi;
,,aqsiologiuri
obieqturoba“
gansxvavdeba WeSmaritebisa da sociologiuri kanonebis obieqturobisgan; 5. Rirebuleba xorcieldeba relatiurad,
magram
aqvs
tendencia
absoluturad
ganxorcielebisa; 6. Rirebuleba aris adamianis subieqturi samyaros obieqturi suraTi.
humanistur-aqsiologiuri Tvalsazrisi met-naklebi sisruliT gatarebulia kulturis filosofiis, fi527
losofiuri anTropologiis, esTetikis, eTikis problemebis kvlevis dros (o. bakuraZe, g. banZelaZe, a. boWoriSvili, z. kakabaZe, o. tabiZe, n. WavWavaZe, o. jioevi, g.
cincaZe da sxv).
im problemebidan, romlebic seriozulad ikvlies
humanistur-aqsiologiuri
Tvalsazrisis
warmomadgenlebma, ganskauTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Rirebulebis
arsis, SemoqmedebiTi Sromisa da Rirebulebis urTierTobis, RirebulebaTa ierarqiisa da Rirebulebis
obieqturobis, istoriuli aucileblobisa da Rirebulebis mimarTebis, esTetikuri Rirebulebis problemebi. humanistur-aqsiologiuri kvlevis Sedegebs seriozuli meTodologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, aqsiologiis Semdgomi kvlevis saqmeSi.
humanistur-aqsiologiuri Tvalsazrisis gverdiT,
da TiTqmis erTdroulad, Camoyalibda Rirebulebis
problemis Sesaxeb Taviseburi Tvalsazrisi (S. gabilaia, v. qvaCaxia), romelic Rirebulebebs ganixilavs, rogorc sinamdvilis sulieri aTvisebis sazogadoebrivad
Camoyalibebul formebs; Rirebulebis problema arsebiTad sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formebze moZRvrebaSi Sedis da masSi aixsneba20.915am Tvalsazrisis
momxreni mimarTaven ganwyobis, kerZod, socialuri
ganwyobis fenomens da masze damyarebiT cdiloben rogorc Rirebulebis, ise socialur mecnierebaTa kavSiris problemis gadawyvetas. am mizniT, pirvel rigSi,
xdeba Rirebulebisa da ganwyobis msgavseba-gansxvavebis
dadgena. arsebiTi gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Rirebuleba idealuria, ganwyoba ki inidvidis fsiqo-fizikuri mTlianoba; maT Soris msgavseba
imaSi gamoixateba, rom Rirebuleba adamianis qcevis,
Sefasebis gansazRvris, pirovnebis orientaciis idealuri formaa, ganwyoba ki modifikaciis (adamianis mimarTulebis, mzaobis) fsiqikuri forma21.916
528
Rirebulebisa da ganwyobis msgavseba safuZvels
iZleva, vilaparakoT Taviseburi zogadis _ RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseuli zogadis _ arsebobis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnul zogadze damyarebiT SeiZleba gadawydes
urTulesi problema _ rogor ukavSirdeba idealuri
zedroul _ zevrceuli e.i. Rirebuleba da socialurzogadi (RirebulebiTi orientacia, socialuri ganwyoba) konkretul arsebobas; ,,idelauri“ da socialurzogadi individis fsiqo-fizikuri mzaobis gziT
axorcielebs yovel individualur SefasebaSi superindividualurs, momentalurSi _ zemomentalurs22.917
raki
naCvenebia
Rirebulebisa
da
ganwyobis
msgavseba, aseve SeiZleba vilaparakoT RirebulebiTi
orientaciisa da socialuri ganwyobis msgavsebaze. metic. ,,socialuri ganwyoba, rogorc orientaciis
forma, garkveuli azriT, aris TviTRirebulebiTi orientacia“23.918
aq gadmocemuli pozicia mkveTrad gamoxatuli
,,sociologiuri gadaxriT“ xasiaTdeba. es bunebrivicaa,
Tuki ...adamianis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa Soris
centralur adgils sociologia ikavebs“24.919am RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseul TvalsazrisSi bevri Seusabamobaa
Rirebulebis problemis istoriisa da misi Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiT. mTavari ki is aris, rom es pozicia, romelic udavod sainteresoa sociologiisa da gansakuTrebiT sociologiuri fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT,
pretenzias acxadebs Rirebulebis problemis erTaderT swor gagebaze da erTaderT swor gadawyvetaze.
ukve is garemoeba, rom aRniSnul TvalsazrisTan dakavSirebiT laparakia socialur ganwyobaTa gazomvisa
da eqsperimentis Catarebis Sesaxeb, seriozul eWvs badebs Rirebulebis, rogorc filosofiuri problemis,
marTebuli analizis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseuli Tvalsazrisis farglebSi. Tu Rirebulebis problema Tavis gamarTlebas da dasabuTe529
bas naxulobs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis Sesaxeb
marqsistul
moZRvrebaSi25,920maSin
gaugebari
Cans
ganwyobis Teoriis momarjveba Rirebulebis problemis
gadasaWrelad. problemis kvlevas am mimarTulebiT
Rrmad SvyavarT fsiqologiis sferoSi, sadac obieqtur RirebulebaTa kvleva fsiqologiis Seswavlis
sagani ar SeiZleba gaxdes. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom Rirebulebis obieqturobis problema RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseul TvasazrisSi arsebiTad mxedvelobis gareT darCa.
fsiqologiur Teorias sakuTriv Rirebulebis
problemasTan araferi esaqmeba, magram es sruliadac
ar gamoricxavs fsiqologiisa da aqsiologiis urTierTobis
SesaZleblobas.
Rirebuleba
realurad
vlindeba Rirebul saganTa sinamdvileSi anu faseulobebSi, faseulobaTa arsebobis realur safuZvels ki
moTxovnilebebi warmoadgens. RirebulebaTa arseboba
gulisxmobs faseulobaTa arsebobas, magram Tavisufalia moTxovnilebaTa mxridan determinaciisagan. damajerebeli Cans qarTveli fsiqologis i. imedaZis mosazreba, rom fsiqologias saqme aqvs moTxovnilebasTan da ara RirebulebasTan. obieqturi Rirebulebebi arsebobs, magram isini fsiqikur movlenebs ar miekuTvneba da, maSasadame, isini arc SeiZleba fsiqologiuri Seswavlis sagans warmoadgendes26.921
Rirebulebis
problemis
zogadaqsiologiuri
aspeqtiT kvlevis gverdiT qarTul filosofiur literaturaSi gvaqvs, agreTve, misi kerZo aqsiologiuri
aspeqtiT, saxeldobr, zneobrivsa da esTetikur RirebulebaTa kvleva. am mimarTulebiT aRsaniSnavia g.
banZelaZis, S. gabilaias, v. qvaCaxias, b. wowonavas, n.
WavWavaZis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi.
esTetikuri Rirebuleba Tavis TavSi Taviseburi
winaaRmdegobis, antinomiurobis Semcvelia. am antinomiurobis safuZveli xelovnurisa da bunebrivis dapi530
rispirebaSi mdgomareobs; xelovnebis sferoSi esTetikuri Rirebulebis arsebobaze aravin davobs, magram
bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis esTetikur Rirebulebaze laparaki Tu aris gamarTlebuli? esTetikuri Rirebuleba imas aqvs, rac adamianis gulsa da gonebas
Seuqmnia; bunebis sagnebze ki amas ver vityviT, igi
,,mbrZanebelicaa“ da ,,Tavis Tavis monac“. magram bunebis sagnebi rom mogvwons, rom gvizidavs? xolo is,
rac mogvwons, gvizidavs _ aris swored Rirebuleba. am
aninomiis gadaWris garantias, n. WvaWavaZis mixedviT,
warmoadgens arsisa da jerarsis dualizmis dialeqtikuri daZleva. saxeldobr, materialisturi dialeqtika
arssa da jerarss, idelaursa da materialurs, bunebas
da cnobierebas, arsebobas da Rirebulebas ganixilavs,
rogorc erTi ganviTarebadi mTelis safexurebs da
ara rogorc erTimeorisgan principulad mowyvetilebs.
kulturis qmnadobis realuri procesi, imave dros
aris
aRniSnuli
antinomiis
realuri
gadawyveta27.922antinomiis aseTi gadawyvetis safuZvelze esTetikuri Rirebuleba gagebulia, rogorc idelauri realoba da grZnobad-aRqmad formaSi ganxorcielebuli
ideali, rogorc Rirebuleba _ igi materializebulia,
xolo rogorc materia _ is Rirebulebis SuqiTaa ganaTebuli28.923
Rirebulebis, kerZod, esTetikuri Rirebulebis,
problemas ganixilavs b. wowonava29.924Rirebuleba mas
esmis, rogorc Sefasebis obieqturi Sinaarsi30.925avtori
ar eTanxmeba imaT, vinc erTmaneTisgan principulad ganasxvavebs Sefasebas da Rirebulebas, Tumca arc maTi
absoluturi gaigiveba miaCnia marTebulad. b. wowonavas mixedviT, Sefasebis dros uSualod igulisxmeba
Semfasebeli, xolo Rirebulebaze msjelobis dros
naklebad an TiTqmis ar figurirebs Semfasebeli31.926
RirebulebaTa klasifikaciaze msjelobis dros b.
wowonava axdens esTetikuri Rirebulebis Sedarebas
531
Rirebulebis cnobil saxeebTan _ praqtikulTan, gnoseologiurTan, eTikurTan da daagens, rom esTetikuri
Rirebulebis garda sxva yvela Rirebuleba TavisTavadobas moklebulia, am Rirebulebebs SeiZleba hqondes
TavisTavadoba mxolod maSin, Tuki isini esTetikur xasiaTs SeiZenen32.927ase rom RirebulebaTa ierarqiaSi, b.
wowonavas mixedviT, umaRlesi adgili esTetikur Rirebulebas ekuTvnis. avtoris msjelobaSi, rom esTetikuri Sefasebis uangaro xasiaTi misi TavisTavadobis sawindaria, Cemi azriT, aris garkveuli uzustoba, ramdenadac uangaroba eTikuri kategoriaa da ise gamodis,
rom esTetikuri Sefasebis eTikuri xasiaTi aris misi
TavisTavadobis sawindari, aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tavad eTikuri Rirebuleba risTvis ar unda iyos
TavisTavadi.
esTetikuri Rirebulebis, kerZod, esTetikuri Sefasebis formebs ganixilavs a. tyemalaZe Tavi SromaSi
,,esTetikuri Semecnebis sakiTxebi“33.928esTetikuri Sefasebis formebidan is gamoyofs: a. esTetikur msjelobas, b. xelovnebas da g. mxatvrul kritikas. esTetikuri msjeloba avtoris mier ganxilulia, rogorc esTetikuri Sfasebis forma, xelovneba _ rogorc esTetikuri Sefasebis mxatvruli forma, xolo mxatvruli
kritika _ rogorc esTetikuri Sefasebis logikurmxatvruli
forma.
esTetikuri
Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT saintereso da sayuradRebo ganazrebania mocemuli e. TofuriZis SromaSi _ ,,adamiani antikur tragediaSi“34.929
zneobrivi Rirebulebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT
friad sayuradReboa g. banZelaZis Sromebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi ,,eTika“ da ,,zneobrivi progresis Teoria
da praqtika“. g. banZelaZem sabWoTa eTikaSi erTerTma
pirvelma daayena zneobrivi Semoqmedebis problema.
zneobrivi Semoqmedeba, g. banZelaZis mixedviT, upirveles yovlisa, sikeTis qmedebaSi gamoixateba. ,,sikeTis
532
qmedeba zneobrivi Semeoqmedebaa ara gadataniTi azriT,
rogorc saqebari epiTeti, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc ukve cnobili tradiciuli formebis
Seqmna. kulturis istoria mdidrdeba da viTardeba ara
mxolod da ara imdenad zneobrivi normebisa da
principebis calkeuli ganaxlebebiT, aramed sikeTis,
WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis ideebis realizaciaSi
masobrivi saxalxo SemoqmedebiT“35.930amrigad, zneobrivi Semoqmedeba, avtoris mixedviT, aris masebis anu masobrivi Semoqmedeba. amasTan, zneobrivi Semoqmedebis
yoveli individualuri aqti unikaluri da ganumeorebelia.
zneobrivi Semoqmedebis aq motanili Tvalsazrisis Semdgom ganviTarebad SeiZleba miviCnioT Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, zneobrivi Semoqmedebis arsi
mdgomareobs ara marto sikeTis, aramed, agreTve, borotebis qmedebaSi; Tuki obieqtur RirebulebaTa wyaro
aris Semoqmedeba, araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs, zneobrivi Semoqmedeba mxolod sikeTis qmedebiT SemovfargloT da ar davukavSiroT mas, agreTve, borotebis qmedeba, romelic sikeTis Rirebulebis gverdiT
aranaklebi obieqturobiT xasiaTdeba36.931
Rirebulebis
sakiTxebis
Semdgomi
kvlevis
TvaslazrisiT, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo TbilisSi
1985 wlis oqtomberSi Rirebulebis problemisadmi
miZRvnili meore sakavSiro simpoziumi. qarTvel filosofosTagan simpoziumze moxsenebebiT gamovidnen: m. baqaniZe, a. baqraZe, a. bregaZe, T. buaCiZe, e. TofuriZe, g.
SuSanaSvili, n. WavaWavaZe, o. jioevi.
533
II. esTetika
zogadad esTetika gagebulia, rogorc mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Sexeduleba mSvenierebisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. radgan mSvenierebisa da xelovnebis
Taobaze msjelobebs vxvdebiT filosofiuri koncefciebisagan damoukideblad (xelovnebis calkeul dargTa
TeoriebSi, xelovnemcodneobaSi), amitom amgvari naazrevic Tavis adgils ipovis XX s-is qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriaSi.
XX is qarTuli esTetikur azrs zusti TariRi ar
aqvs. azrovnebis istoriaSi xdeba xolme, rom ama Tu im
saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ase vTqvaT, tipuri Sexedulebani wina saukuneSi Caisaxeba, xdeba isic, rom
axali saukunis aTi-ociode wlis ganmavlobaSi wina
saukunis Sexedulebani ganagrZobs arsebobas.
rogor aris am mxriv saqme esTetikur azrovnebs
TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi, CvenTvis saintereso periodSi?
ra unda CaiTvalos tipurad, damaxasiaTeblad XX
s-is qarTuli esTetikuri azrovnebisTvis? unda vaRiaroT, rom aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelos esTetikur
azrovnebas sakuTari safuZveli ar hqonia. XX s-is
TergdaleulTa mxatvrul esTetikuri midrekilebani
da mosazrebani imdroindel ruseTSi gavrcelebul
TvalsazrisTa,
marTalia,
erovnul-istoriuliT
daRdasmul, magram mainc anarekls warmoadgens.
wminda empiriuli sabuTebis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, XX s-is saqarTveloSi Cven vpoulobT erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli ideeologiiT gansazRvrul esTetikur mosazrebebsac (magaliTad, literaturili daniSnulebis gasazRvrebas) da socialuri ideoologiiT
STagonebul mxatvrul qmnilebebsac (mag. i. evdoSvilis poezia); gvxdeba, agreTve, xalxosnuri suliskveTe534
bisa da marqsistuli msoflmxedvolobis safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli _ mxatvruli esTetikuri idealebi.
amrigad, ra unda miviCnioT XX s-is esTetikuri
azrovnebisaTvis tipurad damaxasiaTeblad ganmsazRvrelad? esec Zalian rTuli sakiTxia. Seswavlili
unda iqnas, mTeli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi, arsebobda Tu
ara saqarTveloSi marqsistul-leninuri filosofiiT
gansazRvruli esTetikuri normebis gverdiT sxva, ase
vTqvaT,
Tavisufali
azrovnebiT
gansazRvruli
mxatvruli idealebi da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi.
manamde ki, sanam es saqme ar mogvarebula, ufro
nayofieri iqneba XX s-is qronologiur CarCoSi arsebuli esTetikuri Tvalsazrisebi iqnas daxasiaTebuli.
CvenTvis saintereso sagani qarTuli esTetikuri
azria, amitomac Seswavlis obieqtad unda iqces ara
marto ama Tu im mimarTulebis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis warmoSoba da daxvewa-srulyofa _ ganviTareba,
aramed, warsulSi arsebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebis
Seswavla-aTvisebac; sxvanairad, esTetikis istoria saqarTveloSi ori erTmaneTisgan kargad gamosarCev sagans unda Seexos: a) sakuTriv qarTvel esTetikur SexedulebaTa warsuls da b) msoflio esTetikuri
azrovnebis aTvisebis istorias qarTul mecnierTa mier; Seswavlil unda iqnas, agreTve, xelovnebis ama Tu
im dargis warmomadgenelTa dajgufebebs saprogramo
manifestebi da SemoqmedebiTi praqtika.
rogor unda mivudgeT, ra TalsazrisiT, ra meTodi unda SeviswavloT zemoT moniSnuli masala?
am mimarTulebiT sruliad axali gzis gakafva
mogvixdeba. marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis batonobis
periodSi kvlevis, ase vTqvaT, meTodi ideologiurdogmaturi iyo. sailustraciod aseTi faqtis gaxsenebac kmara: marqsisti mkvelevrebi sakvlevi sagnis ideologiurad subieqtur gaazrebaSi ver ,,gamotydebodnen”,
radgan maT monapovars sayovelTao mniSvneloba unda
535
hqonoda, yvelasaTvis savaldebulo unda yofiliyo.
isini xom raime sxva msoflmxedvolobis TvalsazrisiT sakvlevi sagnis ganxilvas ver Seurigdebodnen.
magram xelaRebiT arc imis uaryofa SeiZleba, rom e.w
burJuaziuli mecnier-specialistebi sagnis obieqturmecnierul ganxilvas mieltvodnen. amitom gaCnda kvlevis meTodologiis ori cneba: „obieqturi“ da ,,obieqtivisturi“. obieqtivisturi meTodi, marqsistebis azriT,
burJuaziuli specialistebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli
da, maSasadame, naklovani iyo. marqsistuli kvlevis meTodi ki, viTomc, namdvilad mecnieruli da obieqturi
iyo. maTi azriT, obieqtivisturi mTodis nakli is iyo,
rom isini sagans pirwmindad obieqturad ganixilavdnen
da ara klasobriv-proletaruli suliskveTebiT. maT
(marqsistebs) Tavi imiT moswondaT, rom Cven sagnebs
gulcivi obieqturobiT ki ar vuyurebdiT, aramed,
bolSevikuri paTosiT Sepyrobilebio. mokled, subieqturi midgoma obieqtur-mecnierul kvlevad iTvleboda, obieqturi meTodi ki obieqtivisturad, anu burJuaziul subieqtivisturad. Znelic kia amaze ubadruki
logikis warmodgena. rogor unda gavizroT XX saukunis qarTuli esTetika? Cven ar vapirebT kvlevis raRac
sayovelTaod savaldebulo meTodologiis dadgenas.
ubralod, SevecdebiT, ama Tu im ideologiuri mrwamisaTvis rac SeiZleba, damoukideblad ganvixiloT esTetikuri azris Tavisebureba XX s-is saqarTveloSi.
ra daxvda XX s-is esTetikur azrovnebas saqarTveloSi?
XIX
s-Si
azrovneba
saqarTveloSi
TergdaleulebiT daiwyo. ruseTidan dabrunebul ilias TvalSi moxvda saqarTvelos siZabune da upirvelesad, amis mizezad erovnul damoukideblobis dakargva
miiCnia. amitom mTavari mizani gaxda „Cven Tavi Cvenamde
unda gveyudnoso“. erovnul sulis gamoRviZeba da
ganTavisuflebisTvis brZola aris ilias azrovnebisa
da Semoqmedebis laitmotivi.
536
socialur-politikuri yofa, ilias azriT, saqarTveloSi dromoWmuli da uarsayofia, amis naTeli
dadasturebaa batonymobis kritika, romliTac gamsWvalulia „kako yaCaRi“, ,,glaxis naambobi“ da „kacia adamiani?!“ socialur da erovnuli problemebi aq erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli araa. Tu zogadad moviazrebT
ilias Sexedulebebs saerTod sazogadoebisa da eris
Sesaxeb, igi warmogvidgeba, rogorc martivi evolucia,
sazogadoebisa da eris ukeTesi momavlis rwmena.
saerTod ki XX s-is saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
filosofiuri da socialur-politikuri Teoriebi, Tavisi peripetiebiT, sxa araferia, Tu ara is, rasac
qarTvelebi evropisgan swavlobdnen, rac evropaSi
ganswavlul qarTvelebs samSobloSi CamohqondaT.
amrigad, evropaSi gaSlil-ganviTarebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, garkveul periodSi, saqarTveloSi
dakonkretda, rogorc _ xelovnebis mniSvneloba adamianisTvis, sazogadoebisaTvis.
xelovneba da sazogadoeba aris mTavari problema
XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze moRvawe qarTveli literaturaTmcodne kita abaSiZisTvis.
kita abaSiZe (1870-1917). XIX s-is evropaSi ori _
evoluciisa da socializmis _ idea iyo yvelaze popularuli. socializmis idea ekonomikis Seswavlidan
iyo aRmocenebuli, evoluciisa _ darvinis saxeTa
warmoSobis Teoriidan, sainteresoa, rom orives
samSoblo inglisi iyo.
kita abaSiZe, evropaSi ganaTlebul qarTvelTagan,
safrangeTis kulturas naziarebi kaci iyo. misi
maswavlebeli safrangeTis akademiis axlad arCeuli,
ukvdavTa dass mikuTvnebuli, gamoCenili literaturaTmcodne ferdinand brunetieri iyo. man literaturis Seswavlaze gaavrcela evoluciis Teoria da sulieri kulturis Seswavlisas bunebisetyveluri meTodebi gamoiyena. k. abaSiZe brunetieris Teoriis
537
gulmxurvale mimdevari da propagandisti iyo. brunetieris Sexedulebebis saqarTveloSi gavrceleba k. abaSiZes ara Tu motivirebuli, aramed sakmaod dasabuTebuli hqonda. amasTan, Cveni azriT, k. abaSiZe sayuradRebo azrsac gamoTqvams evropuli Teoriebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis Taobaze: „axlaxan mainc, sazogadod safrangeTis literaturam da filosofiam
iseTi sicocxle gamoiCina, rom gacilebiT win gauswro evropis sxva qveyanas. amitom, _ wers k. abaSiZe,
_ me mgonia Cveni literaturisaTvis aucilebelad saWiroa Tvalyuri adevnos am literaturasa da kritikas... Cven bevrs wavagebT, Tu uyuradReboT davtovebT
am qveynis literaturas. xolo Cveni ganSoreba, nebsiT
Tu
uneblieT,
saerTaSoriso
politikidan
im
sargeblobas gvaZlevs, rom SegviZlia gavarCioT is
dRiuri interesebis gatacebiT gamowveuli naklovanebebi, romelic Seepara safrangeTis cxovrebas, mraval
ueWvel RirsebasTan erTad, rac Sedegia im maRali
azrebiT gatacebisa, romlis magaliTi yofila yovelTvis es qveyana. raki es yovelTvis saxeSi gveqneba,
SeiZleba veravin ise ver isargeblos keTilad
exlandeli literaturuli da filosofiuri mimarTulebiT (romlisac, vimeorebT, safrangeTi saukeTeso
warmomadgenelia), rogorc Cven. ase, batonebo, cxovrebaSi xSirad xdeba, rom cudi mdgomareoba erT rameSi
aris safuZveli meores mxriv warmatebasa da keTilis
SeZenisa“1.932
rogorc vTqviT, Zalian sayuradRebo mosazebaa.
vin icis, iqneb swored Cveni uneblie obieqturobis
bralia qarTuli filosofiis da esTetikis zogierTi
warmatebani da Sesaferisad davafasoT qarTuli enis
Teoriuli SesaZleblobani, niadagi gamovacaloT usafuZvlo medidurobas, rasac saqarTveloSi, ratomRac
didi gasavali aqvs.
538
brunetieris damsaxurebad k. abaSiZes is miaCnia,
rom misi azriT, pirvelad am frangma aqcia literaturuli cxovrebis Seswavla mecnierebad. es azri abaSiZis subieqturi azria da SeiZleba sxvam ar gaiziaros,
magram sayuradReboa isaa, rom k. abaSiZe mkveTrad gamoxatuli simpaTiiT uyurebs mecnierebas.
dRevandeli Cveni cxovrebisTvis, agreTve, sayuradReboa azri, romelsac uyoymanod mxars uWers k.
abaSiZe: „sarwmunoeba, xom mogexsenebaT, damtkicebazed
ar aris damokidebuli (gadmoscems maswavleblis azrs
_ r.S.). mecnierebasa da sarwmunoebas TavianTi sakuTari sfero aqvT, sadac gancalkavebulad moqmedeben“2.933
amrigad, XX s-is esTetikuri azrovnebis centri
saqarTveloSi xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris damokidebulebaa. „ra aris xelovneba? _ ase iwyebs Tavis
erT-erT statias k. abaSiZe, _ cxovrebis gareSe dgas
igi, cxovrebis zedmeti bargia, misi aucilebeli da
arsebiTi nawilia, Tu masze umaRlesi da misi gamamSvenierebeli? anda xelovneba iqneT TviT cxovreba iyos,
dargi cxovrebisa, uromlisodac cxovreba ar aris
sruli? cxadia, rom cxovreba sruli da maRali iseve
SeuZlebelia gareSe xelovnebisa, viT sicocxle „umzeod“3.934xelovneba, cxovrebis aucilebeli ganukveTeli
nawilia. ,,cxovreba im xalxisa, romelsac xelovneba
ar aqvs nadirTa cxovrebaa. umaRlesi xelovneba _
umaRlesi kulturisa da cxovrebis Seqmnilia. ruso da
volteri, hiugo da JorJ sandi, baironi da Seli, miqelanjelo da rafaeli, dante da rusTaveli, _ yvelani
didis kulturis niSania“4.935ufro konkrentulad, mainc
ras akeTebs xelovneba? „xelovnebis meufeni is geniosebi arian, romelnic TiTqmis saukuneebiT adre
grZnobdnen, rom Zveli cxovreba dampalia axalma unda
gaiTqvas fesvi.
ruso da volteri safrangeTis revoluciis winamorbedni iyvnen. baironi da sxva romantikosebi pira539
dobis umaRlesi Tavisuflebis mosarCleni iyvnen. es
Tavisufleba piradobisa dResac saltolvelni da sanetaro sagania ...dRevandeli mwerloba evropisa, anucio, meterlinki, uaildi, dRevandeli rusuli literatura axali cxovrebis maxarobelni arian, axali
cxovrebisa, romelic adamianis yovelgvari moTxovnilebebis sruli dakmayofilebis mimdevari iqneba“5.936
ase didi mniSvneloba aqvso, fiqrobs k. abaSiZe,
xelovnebas sazogadoebisTvis. xelovneba idealurs
usaxavs adamianebs, momedebis gezs aZlevs, programas
usaxavs _ rogorc cxovrebas unda mieswrafodnen isini. ,,vinc dRevandel cxovrebas Tvalyurs adevnebs, xedavs, Tu ra Rrma, ra Zlieri revoluciaa, ra
usazRvro cvlilebebi xdeba cxovrebis ZirSi, romelic nagrZnobi aqvs da Segnebuli cxovrebis winaswarmetyvels _ mwerals, mxatvars, moqandakes, musikoss. igi xedavs axali cxovrebis moxazulobas: es
cxovreba mSvenieri iqneba, simSvide sulisa da xorcisa
erT safexurze iqneba dadgenili; kacis siamovneba da
bedniereba, misi sixaruli, netareba iqneba cxovrebis
erTaderTi ideali, erTaderTi mizani.
magram _ yuradReba miaqcieT _ am mxiaruli
cxovrebiT unda isargeblos ara erTma da orma,
qurdulad Tu yaCaRurad, _ es SeuZlebelic aris.
bedniereba saerTo unda iyos“6.937
rogorc vxedavT k. abaSiZesTan xelovnebis mTavari mniSvneloba socialuri mowyobis mniSvnelobiT
aris gazomili. XX saukune, e.i sxva daniSnulebas usaxavs
xelovnebas
saqarTveloSi,
gansxvavebuls
erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolisgan. am amocaniT social-demokratebi da marqsistebi erTmaneTs
emTxvevian. isini oriveni Tergdaleulebisagan gansxvavebuli gziT midian. marTalia, TergdaleulTa zogierTi warmomadgeneli xandaxan socialur problemasac
exeboda, magram problemis gadawyvetis saSualebaTa
540
gansxvavebis garda, igi maTTvis epizoduri iyo _ situaciiT gansazRvruli da ara ZiriTadi gezi.
maS, xelovnebas aqvs socialuri mniSvneloba.
magram modi vikiTxoT, ra aris TviT xelovneba agebulebiT, struqturiT; funqciaze zemoT iyo laparaki.
sxvaTa Soris, roca xelovnebis „arsze“ laparakoben,
mxedvelobidan rCebaT, rom aseTi „arsi“ xelovnebas
ori SeiZleba hqondes: funqciuri arsi da, ase vTqvaT,
struqturuli arsi.
„dRemde gauTavebeli sja-baasi da kamaTia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moeTxoveba xelovnebis nawarmoebs? sakmaoa Tu ara xelovnebis nawarmoebisaTvis marto garegani simSveniere, marto forma, da amis mixedviT unda dafasdes sityvakazmuli mwerloba, Tu formis, garegan
mxares literaturuli nawarmoebisas imdeni mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenic Sinaarss, azrs, nawarmoebis mimarTulebasa da tendecias“7.938maS sakiTxi dgas formisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi. sanam am sakiTxis
abaSiZiseul ganxilvas gadmovcemdeT zogierT garemoebas unda mivaqcioT yuradReba.
cnobilia, rom ena, sityva ver aris azris niuansuri sizusteebis gadmocemis ukeTesi saSualeba. yvelaze zusti mecniereba _ maTematika _ TiTqmis arc ki
iyenebs sityvas. sityvis es mouqneloba azris niuansebis garkveva-gamokveveTisas Zalian mkveTrad iCens
xolme Tavs e.w. „kavSiris kategoriebis“ _ arseba da
movlena, aucilebloba da Tavisufleba, garegani da
Sinagani, forma da Sinaarsi _ daxasiaTebisas. CvenTvis
axla sainteresoa, rom sityvebi Tu terminebi _
„forma“, „Sinaarsi“ mravalgvar gagebasa da, amitom
gansxvavebul intrpretaciebs eqvemdebareba.
k. abaSiZis statia - „azri da forma, Sinaarsi da
sxeuli“ problemis mravali aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiTa
da detalebis miudgomeli, obieqturi daxasiaTebiT,
541
jerjerobiT saukeTesoa qarTul esTetikur azrovnebaSi.
am statias kidev aqvs sxva Rirsebac: Teoriuli
debulebis
sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis
niriT
gansazRvris ilustracia arsad ar aris qarTul filosofiur literaturaSi ise mkveTri da STabeWdilebiani, rogorc aq. samwuxarod, k. abaSiZis filosofiur-esTetikuri Sexedulebani jerac ar arin monografiulad Seswavlili.
Sinaarsisa da formis esTetikuri mniSvnelobis
daxasiaTeba ama Tu im avtorTan sxvadasxvanairad aris
formulirebuli; „romelia mTavari _ forma Tu Sinaarsi?“, „SeiZleba Tu ara marto formas hqondes esTetikuri Rirebuleba?“ da a.S. cnobilia, rom e.w. formalistur eseTetikaSi, romlis saTaveebs am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi
kantTan
eZeben,
sadac
Sinaarsi
xelSemSlel momentad aris miCneuli xelovnebis qmnilebis esTetikuri Rirsebis aRsaqmnelad, xSirad
problema asec ki aris Camoyalibebuli: „arsebobs Tu
ra forma Sinaarsis gareSe“?.
k. abaSiZe sakmaod koreqtulad ayalibebs problemas: „sakmarisia marto forma xelovnebis esTetikuri
dafasebisaTvis Tu Sinaarsic monawileobs xelovnebis
nawarmoebis esTetikuri Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi?“ sakiTxis aseTi Camoyalibebis Semdeg, k. abaSiZe wers swored imis Taobaze, Tu rogor amaxvilebs Teoriis ama
Tu im aspeqts saxogadoebis cxovrebis niri. „amgvar
davas im sazogadoebaSi ufro magrad aqvs fexi gadgmuli, sadac ...politikuri formebi ...barbarosul xanas
ver gascilebian ...damerwmuneT, imgvar weswyobilebaSi,
sadac ureglamentod ver amogvioxria, sadac moqalaqeTa Zili da mosveneba yovel wuTSi gansacdelSia, aseT
mxareSi dawynarebuli msjeloba da mSvidi ganxilva
ama Tu im sagnisa yovlad mouxerxebelia. aq yoveli
fiqri, zraxva, wadili da miswrafeba adamianisa erTi
542
ramisken miiltvis: Seqmnas iseTi socialuri da politikuri pirobebi, rom Tavisuflad SeeZlos haeris
sunTqva“8.939
marTlac rom erTi aqti gaazrebisa daaklda k.
abaSiZes, erTi nabijic rom gadaedga axali sayuradRebo azris avtori iqneboda esTetikaSi _ mxatvruli nawarmoebis esTetikuri dafasebisas adamianis mdgomareoisdakvalad, xan formas aqvs meti mniSvneloba da xan
Sinaarss; ise ki yovelTvis aris aucilebeli orives
arseboba. aseTi azris Semdeg, sruliad umtkivneulod,
gadawydeboda saukunovani davis sagani: rogor SeiZleba siamovnebiT aRiqvas normalurma adamianma tragikuli, magram Cven exla istoria gvainteresebs.
formisa da Sinaarsis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi principulad ori gansxvavebuli poziciaa SesaZlebeli.
„pirveli upiratesobas, TiTqmis mTavar da erTaderT mniSvnelobas, sityvakazmul literaturaSi nawarmoebis formas uTmobs. maSasadame, SesaZlebelia,
maTi warmodgeniT, nawarmoebi ...uSinaarso iyos, uazro
da usulo“9.940terminebis, e.i azris uzustod gamoyenebis Taobaze Cven ukve SeTanxmebuli varT. damowmebuli
adgili amis erT-erTi dadasturebaa. naklebi mniSvnelobis Sinaarsi, aqtualobas moklebuli Sinaarsi,
mTlad uSinaarso _ ar aris erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli,
gamoyofili. iseT SemTxvevaSi davisa da kamaTis
usazRvro asparezi iSleba.
axla k. abaSiZes movusminoT: ,,es yovlad SeuZlebelia, uazro poezia, uSinaarso beletristuli nawarmoebi _ TviT es sityvebi moklebulni arian yovelive azrs. marTlacda, amisi Tqma imas hgas, rom aiCemon, uTavo kaci minaxavso da es ,,uTavo“ pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT gaigoT; anda, vTqvaT, ugulo adamianiao
da ugulos anatomiuri mniSvneloba misceT ...,,uazro
poezia“ iseTive uazro da sasacilo sityvaa, rogorc
543
,,umcenaro tye“, ,,an uJangbado haeri“ ...yovelive literaturuli nawarmoebi ra dargsac ar udna ekuTvnodes
igi, usaTuod azriani iqneba da Sinaarsiani, aq laparaki SeiZleba mxolod azrisa da Sinaarsis fasisa da
Rirebulebis Sesaxeb“10.941SesaniSnavi debulebaa... am simaRleze ar yofila formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis kvleva sabWoTa periodis qarTul esTetikaSi. Tavis azrs abaSiZe Semdeg literaturisa da xelovnebis
sxva dargebidan moyvanili faqtebiT adasturebs.
am mimarTulebiT kvlevas avtori ase amTavrebs:
,,ver mimiTiTebT iseT nawarmoebze, romelsac saxeli
moupovebia da igi azriani ar iyos, kidev meti, rom igi
zneobrivi ar iyos“11.942
Tu gavixsenebT, rom sabWoTa periodis esTetikaSi
saamayo iyo formis Rirsebis win wamoweva: ,,xelovnebis
mizani ar aris zneobrivi gakveTili aZlios sazogadoebas!“, an ,,xelovneba daSaqruli abebi rodia!“ da sxva
misTanani, naTeli gaxdeba, Tu rogor uSlis xels damuxtuli saazrovno viTareba obieqtursa da Rrma
azrovnebas.
meore poziciis warmomadgenelTa azri k. abaSiZes
ase aqvs gadmocemuli: ,,misi momxreni literaturul
nawarmoebSi upirveles mniSvnelobas aZleven azrs. Tu
nawarmoebi Sinaarsiania, mowonebuli tendenciis damakmayofilebelia, rogor umdables xarisxzec ar udna
idges formis mxriv, zogierTisTvis, amgvari nawarmoebs mainc upiratesoba aqvs“12.943
k. abaSiZis mier amgvari azris Sefaseba sruliad
naTelia. ,,Tu SeiZleba iTqvas raime formis an azris
Sesaxeb, mxolod is, rom amisa da amis nawarmoebi
ufro dabla dgas vidre imisi, anda ama da am xelovnur Semoqmedebas iseTi Rrma azri aqvs, rogorc
meoresa. metis Tqma uadgilo iqneba“13.944
xelovnebis formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobaze
laparaki, yvelaze moxerxebuli da gasagebi eniT,
544
mxatvruli literaturis magaliTze SeiZleba. k. abaSiZec swored literaturis nimuSebis analiziT ikvlevs
formis Tavisuflebas. ,,xelovnebis nawarmoebis arsebiTi Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom azri mxatvrulad
unda iyos gamoTqmuli, sxvadasxva suraTebisa da xelovnebis iaraRis SemweobiT, raTa ufro Zlierad
Cagvibudos
azri,
raTa
Segvasisxlxorcebinos,
gvagrZnobinos igi mTeli Cveni arsebiT“14.945ise ki, misi
azriT, yovel xelovnur nawarmoebs aqvs azri, yoveli
xelovani mwerlisgan gamoTqmul azrs aqvs forma.
yoveli mxatvruli nawarmoebis Rirseba cxovrebasicocxlesTan mimarTebaSi unda gamoCndes. ,,Tavi da
Tavi azri yoveli cxovelis arsebobisa misi sicocxlea; rac Svelis, xels uwyobs am sicocxlis
warmatebasa da gaZlierebas. amas eltvis yoveli sulieri Segnebuli gonieri arseba-cxoveli, romelsac adamiani ewodeba. eswrafvis da xels atans mas, rac mis
sicocxles aZlierebs da xels umarTavs, rac mas
bednierebasa da sixaruls aniWebs“15.946am azris dasadastureblad, siamovnebis momniWebeli da aRfrTovanebis momgvreli mxatvruli nimuSebis moZebna sruliad
advilia da abaSiZec advilad aRwevs Tavis mizans.
xelovnebas sulier-xorcieli siamovneba ki moaqvs, magram simaxinje, tragizmi ratom arsebobs xelovnebaSi _ amis Taobaze k. abaSiZis azri zogadad
SeZleba ase CamovayaliboT: xelovnebaSi gamosaxuli
simaxinje TiTqos ver egueba Cvens azrs. Tu xelovneba
sasiamovno unda iyos da Cvens bunebas acxovelebdes,
ra adgili unda hqondes xelovnebaSi maxinj suraTebs.
magram davakvirdeT, jer erTi, zojer garegnuli simaxinje sulieri sidiadiTaa savse (mag. kvazimodo). anda
adamiani warmodgenilia borotebasTan brZolaSi da
borotebis winaaRmdeg keTilis es brZola iwvevs siamovnebas. tragedia, drama TavianTi kulminaciuri, daZabuli situaciebiT ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas. k. abaSiZe
545
emil frages ixsenebs _ tragedia iqneb atavisturi
instinqtebis dakmayofilebas uwyobdes xelso. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, xelovnebas ara aqvs venera miloselis badali simaxinjis sferoSi, amTvarebs Tavis SeniSvnas k.
abaSiZe.
mokled rom TqvaT, abaSiZe ver axerxebs tragikulis Rirebulebis pirdapiri safuZvlis povnas da mis
arsebobas sazogadoebis gardamavali, avadmyofuri
mdgomareobiT xsnis. sayuradReboa pirdapiri RirebulebiTi safuZvlis ararsebobis nimuSad damowmebuli
misi sityvebi: ,,gana ar SeiZleba dRevandelobiT
guldamwvarma, ,,mwuxarema da sevdianma“ poetma bunebas
mimarTos, ,,gulis Tqma misi imis iqiT eZiebs sadgurs,
zenaarT samyofs, rom daaSTos aq amaoeba“, poetis
,,mwuxri glisa _ sevda gulisa _ nugeSsa amas misgan
miiRebs“, anda axlandeli ganatanji poeti ,,warvides
wylisa pirs sevdian fiqrT gasarTvelad“? ara mgonia,
am striqonebis avtors naklebad egrZnobinebinos
CvenTvis am drois damyarebuli sazogadoebrivi pirobebi“16.947yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom k. abaSiZes araCveulebrivi unari hqonda
axalgazrda niWieri xelovanis gamocnobisa; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi gamoxmaureba m. javaxiSvilis moTxrobis _ ,,Tavdaviwyebis gamo“.
k. abaSiZis saintereso filosofiuri mosazrebani
sulisa da xorcis, materializmisa da idealizmis Sesaxeb yuradRebian ganxilvas imsaxurebs da igi XX sis qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi iqneba ganxiluli.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv yofaSi cvlilebebma
didi zegavlena moaxdina xelovnebaze, gansakuTrebiT
_ mxatvrul literaturaze revoluciur-marqsistuli
yaidis esTetikuri azris warmomadgenlebs Taviseburi
warmodgena hqondaT xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT literaturis niSan-Tvisebisa da mniSvnelobis sesxaeb. a.
546
wulukiZis azriT, qarTvelma litaraturam XIX-XX ssis mijnaze Taviseburi elferi SeiZina; qarTvelma beletristebma dagvixates ganviTarebuli, ufro maRal
safexurze asuli kapitalisturi urTierTobis damaxasiaTebeli realuri tipebi Cveni cxovrebidan. a. wulukiZe am periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi iseT mwerlebs
aqcevs yuradRebas, romlebic Cveni yofis realistur
suraTebs gvixataven. e. ninoSvili, d. kldiaSvili, S.
aragvispireli realisturi, marTali da gulwrfeli
xelovnebis gamo a. wulukiZis sayvarel mwelebs warmoadgenen. ,,ra SegviZlia moviTxovoT beletrists? _
kiTxulobs igi, _ mxolod sinamdvilis sworad asaxva
cocxal mxatvrul formaSi“.
terminebi Tu cnebebi _ sinamdvilis sworad
asaxva, cocxali mxatvruli forma, erovnuli Tavisebureba _ xelixel sagogmanebel cnebebad iqca mTeli samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saarTveloSi marqsistuli esTetikis gabatonebis Semdeg. ruseTis pirveli revoluciis winarevoluciuri xasiaTis socialur ideebs qadagebdnen axalgazrda da ukve Warmagi mwerlebic _ a. wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, e. ninoSvili, i.
evdoSvili, lalioni, i. ekalaZe da sxvebi.
1905 wlis ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg dabnelda
da daibura qarTuli kulturuli yofa, rogorc amboben, ,,qarTuli sulieri gzneba“ _ ucxoeTidan wamosuli qarTuli inteligentoba. saqarTveloSi arsebul
aralegarul wreebSi ganaTlebuli Cveni marqsistebi
politikur partiebad daiqsaqsnen da erTimaneTis ideuri poziciebis Cxirkedelur kritikas eweodnen.
ruseTis imperias Tebervlis revoluciam grigaliviT gadauara da yvelasTvis aSkara gaxda misi sulieri da gonebiTi siRatake. amis safuZvelze saqarTvelos cidan Camouvarda TiTqmis 120 wlis
ganmavlobaSi
naocnebari
Tavisufleba.
magram
qarTvelma menSevikebma verafriT ver moaxerxes socia547
luri
da
erovnulis
erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba,
msoflio istoriuli moZraobis gareT aRmoCndnen,
qveynis damoukdibloba dahkarges da evropaSi gaqceviT
uSveles Tavs. saqarTvelo kvlav ruseTis, axla sabWoTa imperiis artaxebiT gaikoWa.
aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos arc Tavisi erovnuli msoflmxedveloba aqvs, arc sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis politika da arc kulturis
Senebis sakuTari gza; igi ekonomikuradac ruseTze damokidebuli
aRmoCnda.
qarTveli
inteligencia
faqtobrivad sabWoTa ruseTis mowafed iqca. misi mcireodeni nawilidan, romelTac ganaTleba evropaSi miiRes da samoRvaweo asparezi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi
hqondaT, zogierTi Tavisi evropuli ganaTlebiT
keklucobda, zogierTs Tavgza aebna da TviTonac ar
icoda, ras akeTebda. sul ramdneime kaci darCa iseTi,
romelsac naTlad hqonda Segnebuli msoflio civilizaciisa da qarTuli kulturis mimarTeba. swored maT
misces saqarTveloSi mecnierebasa da filosofias gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis safuZveli da mimarTuleba.
esTetikuri azrovneba sabWoTa epoqaSi. damoukideblobis xanokle drois ganmavlobaSi ruseTidan da
evropidan filosofiuri Sexedulebebisa da ideebis
erT mTlian filosofiur moZRvrebad Camoyalibeba ver
moxerxda. damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg saqarTelos sulier cxovrebaSic adinistraciuli marqsizmi
gabatonda. is, rac moxda saqarTvelos sulier cxovrebaSi da, maSasadame, esTetikur idealebsa da SexedulebebSi, mTeli samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, aris
marqsizms Semoyolebuli evropuli kulturisa da XX
s-is msoflio mecnieruli azrovnebis SeZlebisdagvarad gacnobis Sedegi.
kacobriobis istoriaSi arnaxulma sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivma mSenebloblobam xelovnebas
udidesi xarki daado, mas wvlili unda Seetana
548
saqveyno saqmeSi. udidesi mniSvneloba aq codnas,
mecnierul ganaTlebas hqonda. amitom warmoiSva esTetikuri Teoriebi, romlebic xelovnebis SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebsa da Rirsebebs ikvlevdnen. magram mcireoden dafiqrebis Semdeg aSkara xdeboda xelovnebis
uniadagoba. mecnierul codnasa da SemecnebaSi xelovneba, ra Tqma unda mecnierebas ver Seejibreba.
„erTi gvixsnis, meore gviCvenebs _ orive gvaswavlis”.
„belinskidan momdinare formula gaxda esTetikuri
azrovnebis TavSesafari mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi da, ra
Tqma unda, saqarTveloSic. magram es sadgomi farRalala aRmoCnda.
saazrovno situacia aseTi iyo: xelovnebam codna
rom moipovos igi realuri sinamdvilis asaxva unda
iyos. sinamdviles xom mecnierebac asaxavs? xelovneba
da mecniereba erT saqmes akeTebs? ara! xelovneba Taviseburad asaxavs sinamdviles. misi asaxvis saSualeba
mxatvruli saxea da iwereba sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali
yvela xalxis enaze, uwinares yovlisa, rusulad, werilebi xelovnebismieri asaxvis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb,
mxatvruli saxis specifikurobaze; cnebisa da saxis
urTierTobaze. xelovneba formiT gansxvavdeba sazogadoebrivi mecnierebisagan, Torem orives Sinaarsi socialisturi sinamdvilea. aseTi problema wamoiWra: rogor xelovnebas sakuTari Sinaarsi ar aqvs? da iwereba
uamravi wigni, formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi.
Tu xelovnebis Tavisebureba mxolod formaSia da
Sinaarsobrivad igi sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa igiveobrivia, es xom formalizmia. formalizms da uSinaarsobas ki ubralod ver gaagonebdi sabWour ideologias; da iwyeba xelovnebis specifikuri Sinaarsis
Zebna. xelovneba xom sinamdvilis asaxva unda iyos, ise
mas Sinaarsi ar eqneba. sinamdviles xom mecnierebac
asaxavs. am ori Sinaarsis erTmaneTisagan formiT
549
gansxvaveba formalizmTan migviyvans. formalisturia
gana sabWoTa klasikad miCneuli romanebi da leqs-poemebi? vin gabedavs maiakovskis poezia, ostrovskis „rogor iwrToba foladi“ formalistur varjiSad CaiTvalos? xelovnebas asaxvis specifikuri sagani unda
hqondes. ra aris es sagani? iwyeba xelovnebis sagnis
momZiebel Teoriebis Txzva. zogierTi erTs ambobs,
zogierTi _ meores. umravlesoba im azrze SeTanxmda,
rom aseTi sagani aris adamiani, adamiani, rogorc
mTliani.
gamodis, rom arsebobs xelovnebisaTvis raRac
specifikuri sagani. e.i. arsebobs sagani da mecnierebas
misi Semecneba ar SeuZlia? es xom agnosticizmia, rac,
agreTve, miuRebelia sabWoTa ideologiisTvis. magram
Tu mecnierebac asaxavs im sagans, rasac xelovneba, maSin Zveleburi Sinaarsobrivi igeveoba da formalizmis
safrTxe aCens kbilebs.
gamosavali Semdegi saxis formuliT iqna napovni:
xelovnebas Taviseburi Sinaarsis Sesaqmnelad araviTari specifikuri sagani ar sWirdeba, igi sakuTriv asaxavs specifikurad. xom ar aqvs specifikuri sagani religias, zneobas, politikas, isini SinaarsiT ki
gansxvavdebian, asaxviT yvelani materialuri sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens. TiTqmis gankargulebad aris
qceuli marqsis debuleba: ,,idealuri sxva araferia,
Tu ara materialuri, adamianis TavSi gadatanili da
gardaqmnili“.
xelovnebas rom Semecnebis garda kidev sxva Rirebulebac SeiZleba hqondes, rom misi ZiriTadi mizani
esTetikuria, 1954 wels gaxmianda gazeT „axalgazrda
komunistis“ furclebze. Znelia sabWoTa kavSiris
vrcel teritoriaze imis dadgena, sad gaCnda es azri
pirvelad. magram SeiZleba imis dadgena da Tqma, rom
gazeT „axalgazrda komunistSi“ gaSlil kamaTs xelovnebis esTetikuri bunebis Sesaxeb, garda sakuTari
550
niadagisa, sxva wyaro ar aqvs. male mTel qveyanaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, laSqroba daiwyo xelovnebis esTetikuri bunebis dasadgenad.
im garemoebas, rom pirvelad mTels kavSirSi,
namdvili esTetikuri problematikis damuSaveba, ra
Tqma unda, marqsistuli msofmxedvelobis SigniT, saqarTveloSi daiwyo, safuZveli Seuqmna S. nucubiZisa
da s. danelias esTetikurma gamokvlevebma da d. uznaZis mxatvruli azrovnebis fsiqologiurma daxasiaTebam.
esTetikis Sesaxeb laparaki, siRrmisa da horizontis miuxedavad, sabWoTa qveyanaSi, saerTod, 30-ian
wleebidan daiwyo. saqarTveloSi ise, rogorc ruseTSi,
esTetikur problemebze msjeloba marqsistuli filosofiis suliskveTebiTa da yalibiT mimdinareobda.
oRond unda iTqvas, rom centridan daSorebul samecniero kulturul dawesebulebaSi, ufro Tavisufali da sakvlev saganTan miaxloebuli problematikis
kvleva mimdinareobda. erovnuli enis arsebobasac miuZRvnis wvlili. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri kvleva, mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi filosofiis institutis daarsebidan daiwyo. ramdenime xnis
Semdeg institutSi Seiqmna esTetikis ganyofileba,
pirveli gamge da organizatori n. WavWavaZe iyo. esTetikis problemebze muSaoba mimdinareobda literaturis institutSic.
pirveli wigni, sadac daiwyo esTetikis problemebze intensiuri muSaoba saqarTveloSi, iyo g. jiblaZis „xelovneba da sinamdvile“. 50-ian wleebSi gamovida
a. TavaZis „platonis esTetika“.
rogorc
aRiniSna
1954
wlidan
esTetikuri
azrovnebis axali etapi daiwyo. v. qvaCaxia, o. jinoria,
n. kakabaZe, n. WavWavaZe, z. kakabaZe sistematurad
aqveynebdnen statiebs esTetikis sakiTxebze. esTetikis
551
problemebze moewyo ori konferencia baTumsa da soxumSi.
marqsistuli filosofiis, kerZod, istoriuli materializmis
Teoriulsa
da
meTodologiur
safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc mTel sabWoTa
kavSirSi, esTetikis problmatikidan, gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis sagnad iqca xelovnebis sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis, xelovnebis specifikuri obieqtisa da
esTetikuri subieqtis urTierTmimarTebis, mxatvruli
asaxvis Taviseburebis, bunebisa da xelovnebis mSvenierebis mimarTebis, tipurobisa da, rac mTavaria xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis sakiTxebi. sakiTxTa am simravlis miuxedavad, esTetikuri damokidebulebis kvleva-Zieba ori problemis irgvliv trialdeba: a. formisa da Sinaarsis urTierToba. b. sinamdvilisadmi esTetikuri damokidebulebis Tavisebureba. bolos da bolos ki, yvelaferi mSvenierebis raobis kvlevad iqceva.
TiTqmis yvela werili, publikacia Tu naSromi
mSvenierebis raobis kvlevis suliskveTebiT iyo gaJRerebuli. es TiTqos SeRavaTs iZleoda, magram saziano
iyo.
ekonomikuri
sargeblianobiT
gaJRenTili
marqsistuli filosofiis gavleniT, mSvenierebis raobis kvleva advilad icvleboda mSvenierebis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis kvleviT...
mSvenierebis Sesaxeb mravalnairi azri gamoiTqva
XX saukunis qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier. es mosazrebebi
erTmaneTs iTvaliwinebs da, ase vTvaT, esTetikis istorias warmoadgens. aq mxolod avtorTa gvarebis CamoTvliT davkmayofildebiT: k. kapaneli, g. qiqoZe, g.
jiblaZe, l. abaSiZe, n. jaSi, i. uruSaZe, a. CxartiSvili, v. WeliZe, T. kukava, e. TofuriZe, a. tyemalaZe, v.
goguaZe, r. siraZe da sxvebi. magram gansakuTrebiT
unda aRiniSnos n. WavWavaZisa da z. kakabaZis
Tvalsazrisebi mSvenierebis raobaze. saetapo mniSvne552
loba hqonda n. WavWavaZis Sromebs: ,,esTetikis sakiTxebi” (1958), ,,esTetikis sagnis bunebisaTvis” (1965). analizis sinatifiTa da farTo horizontiT gamoirCeva z.
kakabaZis ,,kantis esTetikuri koncefciis interpretaciisTvis” (1979) da ,,xelovnebis fenomeni” (1980 rusulad).
z. kakabaZis azriT: ,,mSvenieri aris adamianuri yofierebis arsebiTi struqtura, mocemuli Tavisi sakuTari, uSualod gamomsaxveli garegnobis mixedviT, Tavisi sakuTari gamomxatvelobiTa da saxiT. mSveniereba
aris adamianis yofierebis arsebis gamovlena, gamomJRavneba, ,,gamocxadeba”17.948
n. WavWavaZe mSvenierebis Semdeg daxasiaTebas iZleva: ,,arsebobs pirovnebis mxareTa da fenaTa iseTi ierarqiis SesaZlebloba, romelic yvelaze bunebrivia
adamianisTvis; es iyo mdgomareoba, roca adamianis yvela mxares, yvela unars Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili da
maT Soris sruli harmoniaa. mSvenierebis gancda ai,
aseT pirobebSi warmoiSoba. mSvenierebis gancda pirovnebis mxareTa harmoniis gancdaa, saganTan Tanxmobis
Sedegad miRweuli. mSveniereba sinamdvilesTan urTierTobiT miRweuli harmoniaa adamianis mxareTa Soris.
am harmoniis gamomwvevi sagani mSvenieri sagania”.
z. kakabaZis mixedviT, mSvenieri anu sasiamovno
aris adamianis arsis xedva. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi
adamianis arsis moazreba ratom ar aris mSvenieri-sasiamovno, Znelad dasabuTebulia. gaugebaria, ratom xdis
arss danaxva sasiamovnod, ra moaqvs aseTi danaxvas?
n. WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisi naklebad radikaluri
da amitom ufro mobiluria. aq yuradReba xan adamianis
Sinagan mdgomareobaze, ,,mxareTa harmoniazea” gadatanili, xan saganze: ,,am harmoniis gamomwvevi sagani mSvenieri sagania”. Tu ufro kargad aRvadgenT WavWavaZiseul
mosazrebas, davinaxavT, rom esTetikuri sagnis mSvenierebisaTvis – misgan siamovnebis wamroSobisTvis ,,danaxva”, grZnobadobis cnobieri aRqma sakmarisi ar aris:
553
esTetikur ,,cdaSi” adamianis mTeli arseba, misi yvela
mxare, kerZod, misi bunebrivi ,,nawilic” iRebs monawileobas. ...vTqvaT, gazafxulis dilas Caketili oTaxidan
gamovedi da ezoSi gavCerdi. ayvavebuli xeebi, lurji
ca, TiTqos ganaxlebuli mze, sufTa da maTrobeli haeri – yvelaferi es CemSi SemoiWreba, erT uZlieres
esTetikur gancdas mgvris. marto aRqmam momitana gana
me es sixaruli? ...es xe da me erT da imave dReSi varT.
mec imave bunebis Svili var ...bunebis Zalebi, romlebmac
xe aayvaviles, Cemzec moqmedeben. mec, kacma rom Tqvas,
imave miwaSi, dedamiwaSi maqvs fesvebi gadgmuli, mec sabolood imave miwidan var amosuli. sinamdvilesTan me
marto grZnobis organoebi ki ar makavSirebs, aramed
mTeli Cemi miwieri, xorcieli buneba”18.949
esTetikuri cdis aseTi daxasiaTeba mraval siZneles sZlevs, magram unaklo arc is aris. aseT SemTxvevaSi auxsneli rCeba zamTarSi gazafxulis mxatvruli
tilos silamazis gancda.
magram yvelafer amas mSvidad unda SevxedoT.
mSvenierebis problemis aseTi gadawyveta, romelic
esTetikasTan dakavSirebul yvela siZneles mouvlis,
msoflioSi jer arc erT moazrovnes ar moucia. aq
qarTuli
esTetika,
rogorc
amboben,
msoflio
standartebis donezea.
XX s-is qarTuli esTetikis mniSvnelovani mxarea
esTetikuri Teoriebisa da faqtebis istoriis gacnobiereba. aq pirvel rigSi und davasaxeloT s. danelias
gamokvlevebi, kerZod, gamokvleva aristoteles poetikis Sesaxeb da misive ,,XIX s-is rusuli literaturis
narkvevebi” (1959); angia boWoriSvilis gamokvleva
,,kantis esTetika” (1967) da werilebi gaigerisa da haidegeris esTetikis Sesaxeb (1973); nodar tufinaSvilis
,,dilTais esTetika” (1973); elene TofuriZis ,,kroCes
esTetika”, giorgi nadiraZis ,,rusTavelis esTetika”
(1958), revaz siraZis ,,saxismetyveleba” (1985) da sxv.
554
mniSvnelovani faqtia isic, rom XX s-Si qarTulad daiwera ori saxelmZRvanelo (esTetikis sruli
kursi): Salva nucubiZis ,,xelovnebis Teorias” (1929) da
boris wowonavas ,,esTetika” (1970).
555
meTerTmete Tavi
kulturis filosofia
XX-is saqarTveloSi kulturis filosofiis istoriis obieqturi suraTis warmosadgenad aucileblad
unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli is garemoeba, rom es aris
TiTqmis 70-wliani, erTi, erTaderT da saboloo WeSmaritebad miCneuli, saxelmwifo ideologiis rangSi
amaRlebuli msoflmxedvelobis xangrZlivi batonobis
periodi. es msoflmxedveloba, TavisTavad mravalferovani sinamdvilis erTferovani da zedapiruli xedvis,
Sesabamisad, Tvalsawieris siviwrovisa da siRaribis gamo, sruliad moklebuli iyo sxva msoflmxedvelobebTan WeSmaritad mecnieruli, argumentirebuli kamaTisa da dialogis warmarTvis unars. amitom es dava da
kamaTi upiratesad pirovnuli urTierTobebis sibrtyeSi
gadaitaneboda ise, rom umaRlesi avtoritetis rangSi
amaRlebuli esa Tu is pirovneba (marqsi, engelsi, lenini, stalini) gvevlineboda WeSmaritebis uzenaes msajulad da upirobo kriteriumad.
yovelive amis gamo Zireulad iyo darRveuli pirovnebisa da WeSmaritebis mimarTebis is bunebrivi „suraTi“, romlis Tanaxmadac WeSmaritebaa pirovnulobis
erT-erTi umTavresi sazomi da ara piriqiT. aranamdvili da arabunebrivi, gaukuRmarTebuli mimarTebis SenarCuneba ki mxolodRa gaukuRmarTebuli xerxebisa da
meTodebis gamoyenebiT Tu xerxdeba xolme. sabWoTa saxelmwifoc, mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, swored
maT iyenebda didi warmatebiT im adamianTa mimarT,
vinc gabedavda Tundac sul mcire eWvi Seetana
marqsistuli dogmebis sisworeSi.
inteleqtualur-sulieri cxovrebis aseTi gaukuRmarTebuli forma da pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
damTrgunveli atmosfero erTianad adunebda da akni556
nebda filosofiis suls, TiTqmis sruliad SeuZlebels xdida nebismieri misi dargis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas.
aseT pirobebSi qarTvel filosofosTa maZiebelma da TviT gamoxatvis Zlieri impulsiT damuxtulma sulma Seqmnil viTarebaSi gamonaxa SedarebiT naklebxifaTiani gza. esaa TviT marqsizmis „wakiTxva’’ axleburad, epoqis suliskveTebis Sesatyvisad
misi gaazrebis mcdeloba, rac TviT marqsizmis fuZemdebelTa sxvadasxva, Tundac sul adreuli periodis
zogierT mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeboda. arsebiTad es iyo marqsistuli filosofiis revizia da masSi
iseTi niuansebis Setana, rac mklevrebs saSualebas
aZlevda swored marqsizmis saxeliT ganeviTarebinaT sakuTari (sinamdvileSi marqsizmisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli) Tvalsazrisebi.
swored am mimarTulebiT warmarTuli kvleva-Ziebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegia qarTveli filosofosebis mier bolo oTx aTwleulSi SemuSavebuli
kulturis filosofiuri koncefcia, romelmac Tavis
Sinagan ganviTarebaSi gaiara garkveuli safexurebi da,
romlebic zogadad da pirobiTad SeiZleba ase iqnas
warmodgenili: 1. Tanamedrove evropuli kulturis (Cveni kulturis CaTvliT) mZime krizisuli mdgomareobis
mZafri grZnobadi gancdis safuZvelze misi gamovlenis
formebis gacnobiereba; 2. kulturis arsebobis, misi
bunebis filosofiuri gaazreba da am gaazrebis fonze
aRniSnuli krizisis siRrmiseuli mizezebis warmodgena da maTi daZlevis gzebis Zieba; 3. kulturis, ase
vTqvaT, ontologiuri safuZvlebis gaxsna-gamokvleva,
ramac erTgvarad Sekra da mTlianobaSi moiyvana yvela
es safexuri, mianiWa maT erTnairi sazrisi.
am safexuris gamoyofa da misTvis garkveuli sqemis formis micema Zalzed pirobiTia da, rogorc yve557
la sqema, mxolod nawilobriv asaxavs saqmis namdvil
mdgomareobas. amasTan, igi mxolod da mxolod logikur WrilSi unda aRviqvaT da ara droSi Tanmimdevrobis azriT. miuxedavad amisa, igi, vfiqrobT, mainc iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gamoikveTos Cveni kulturis
filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi namdvilad arsebuli is erTiani xazi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems am
ganviTarebis Sinagani logikis ufro naTlad da cxadad warmodgenisa. qvemoT, Cven, xuTi aRiarebuli
qarTveli filosofosis: konstantine kapanelis, zurab
kakabaZis, niko WavWavaZis, oTar jioevis da merab mamardaSvilis Sexedulebebis ganxilviTa da gadmocemiT
SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT am xazisa da safexurebis
arsebiTi momentebi da Taviseburebebi. TavisTavad ki,
XX saukunis Cveni kulturfilosofiuri azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi Zalzed didi da mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana mravalma filosofosma mkvlevarma,
romelic dResac Zalzed aqtiurad da nayofierad
moRvaweobs da romelTa Sexedulebebic aq ar iqneba
ganxiluli, ris gamoc am istoriis ufro srulyofili
da yovlismomcveli gaazreba da gadmocema Cven momavlis saqmed migvaCnia.
$ 1. konstantine kapaneli
adamianis cnobierebis filosofiuri refleqsia
Tanamedrove
kulturis
krizisul
mdgomareobaze
wminda evropuli movlenaa. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan
es krisizi upirvelesad Tavs iCens, rogorc TviT adamianis yofierebis im formis krisizi, romelic,
aRorZinebidan moyolebuli, swored evropam airCia da
daamkvidra Tavis cxovrebaSi. es arCevani ar gakeTebula, ase vTqvaT, SiSvel niadagze. igi ganxorcielda
evropuli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobrivi orienta558
ciebis cvlilebis pirobebSi, romlebSic axleburad
iqna gaazrebuli adamiani, misi arseba, adgili da roli sinamdvilis mTlianobiT sistemaSi. amitom, evropuli adamianis yofierebis krizisi niSnavda ara mxolod
am adamianis mier sakuTari cxovrebis Seferxebebis
grZnobad gancdas, aramed moiTxovda misi cxovrebiseuli orientaciebis msoflmxedvelobriv reviziasa da
axali
orientaciebis
Zieba-damkvidrebas
axal
msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlebze.
cnobilia, rom, rogorc evropuli adamianis, aseve, mTeli evropuli kulturis krizisis yvelaze ufro
mZafri da emociuri gancda, aseve, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebis ukiduresad radikaluri kritika
gamovlinda da ganxorcielda „sicocxlis filosofiaSi’’ saerTod, kerZod ki, misi yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis – fr. nicSes filosofiaSi. Cven ki
am viTarebis aRniSvna imisTvis dagvWirda, rom swored
fr. nicSea is evropeli moazrovne, romelmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa k. kapanelis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis formirebaSi, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSec, Znelad Tu moxerxdeba am ukanasknelis rolisa da
adgilis swori gansazRvra bolo periodis qarTuli
filosofiisa da kulturis istoriaSi, aseve, misi, rogorc moazrovnisa da pirovnebis, piruTvneli da obieqturi Sefaseba.
saqme is aris, rom sicocxlis filosofia evropul
kulturas
aRiqvams
da
afasebs
sakuTari
msoflmxedvelobis fundamenturi debulebebis prizmaSi, am debulebebis Suqze. esaa evropeli adamianis
arsebobis gabatonebuli formis ukmarisobisa da Seferxebis mZafri gancdis impulsiT nasazrdoebi mcdeloba, moxsnas da gadalaxos yvela is siZnele da winaaRmdegoba, romelsac evropuli azrovneba waawyda
evropuli
kulturis
safuZvelmdebare
ZiriTadi
principebisa da Rirebulebebis, misi ontologiuri sa559
fuZvlebis Teoriuli gamarTlebisa da racionaluri
dafuZnebis gzaze. erTiani da yovlismomcveli, yovelgvari
winaaRmdegobebisagan
Tavisufali
optimistur-eTikuri xasiaTis metafizikis Seqmna evropam,
mravali, TavisTavad metad mniSvnelovani da nayofieri
cdebis miuxedavad, ver moaxerxa. aqedan sicocxlis filosofiis mkveTrad da radikalurad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, rogorc evropuli racionalizmis mier
kulturaSi Semotanili Rirebulebebis, ideebisa da
idealebis (ris gamarTlebasa da Teoriul dafuZnebasac es racionalizmi cdilobda), aseve, TviT gonebis
mimarT mis yvela fenaSi da gamovlenis yovel mimarTebaSi, iqmneba es mecniereba, zneoba, filosofia Tu
sxva.
sicocxlis filosofiis Tanaxmad, adamianis gonebam ver gaamarTla da es moxda ara imitom, rom is saerTod fuWi da unayofo warmonaqmnia, aramed imitom,
rom man gadaameta Tavis uflebamosilebas, rac imaSi
gamoixateba, rom adamianis yofierebis ZiriTadi ganmasazRvreli da warmmarTveli faqtoris – sicocxlis –
damxmare saSualebidan misi SeuzRudavi da yovelgvari, misive bunebisaTvis sruliad ucxo goniTi warmonaqmnebisa da normebisagan Tavisufali gamovlenis Semaferxebelsa da gamakontrolebel faqtorad iqca.
evropeli adamianis xsna mxolod imaSi SeiZleba iyos,
rom man unda Secvalos es arabunebrivi mdgomareoba,
an, rac igivea, unda gadalaxos sakuTari Tavi, radganac yofierebis gabatonebuli forma da wesi, romelic
mas WeSmaritad aqvs miCneuli, ukve mis arsebadaa qceuli. yovelive amis aucilebeli piroba ki usafuZvlo
da fuWi iluzoruli ideebisa da idealebisagan, mkvdari da usicocxlo logikuri sqemebisagan, adamianis
arsebis da Sesabamisad – misi yofierebis wesis racionaluri gaazrebisa da codnis obieqtur WeSmaritebad
miCnevis pretenziisagan, arsebobisa da funqcionirebis
560
sakmao obieqturi safuZvlebis armqone Rirebulebebisagan da a.S. ganTavisufleba. erTi sityviT, yvelafer
imisagan, rac qmnis kidec evropuli kulturis erTian
qsovils, im sulier vels, romelSic cxovrobs evropa
da evropeli adamiani. aqedan, sicocxlis filosofiis
poziciebze mdgomi moazrovneebis, TavisTavad SeiZleba
miuRebeli, magram mainc, sruliad gasagebi mkveTrad
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba evropuli kulturisadmi
misi uaryofisa da gadalaxvis aucileblobis naTelyofis mizniT, misi mxolod Sav ferebSi warmoCena
da yovelive pozitiuris ugulebelyofa da uaryofa.
sicocxlis filosofias ubralod ,,ar ZaluZs”
kulturas raime iseTi dadebiTi da myari, waruvali
mniSvnelobis mqone momentis aRmoCenis TvaliT Sexedos, romlis avtori da wyaro gonebaa da ara sicocxlis impulsi da stiqiuri Zalebi. es xdeba ara
raime boroti winaswarganzraxviT, aramed imis gamo,
rom
aseTi
ram
ara
mxolod
Seasustebda
am
msoflmxedvelobis pociziebs, aramed mTlianad daangrevda mas. marTlac, sakmarisia kulturis nebismieri movlena, vTqvaT, esa Tu is mecnieruli codna obieqtur WeSmaritebad miiCnio da am codnis wyaro – goneba maSinve aRsdgeba Tavis ZlevamosilebaSi da pretenziaSi, SezRudos da gaakontrolos sicocxlis stiqiuri Zalebis Tavisufali da SeuzRudavi gamovlena.
am viTarebis gaTvaliswineba, sruliad aucilebelia,
Tu gvsurs obieqturad SevafasoT am filosofiis nebismieri warmomadgenlis WeSmariti mimarTeba rogorc
kulturasTan saerTod, aseve sakuTar kulturasTan.
yovelive es exeba, cxadia, k. kapanelsac, gansakuTrebiT
misi msoflmxedvelobis formirebis adreul periodSi,
rodesac is mTlianad nicSeanelia da „nicSes TvaliT“
uyurebs rogorc mTlianad evropul, aseve qarTul
kulturasac. es Cans yvelaferSi, Tundac igive mecnieruli codnis WeSmaritebis sakiTxis (raki es sakiTxi
561
vaxseneT) miseul gaazrebaSi. aq igi, erTi cnobili gamoTqmis perifrazi, rom movaxdinoT, nicSeze ufro metad nicSeanelia, radganac Tu am codnasTan sakuTriv
nicSes mimarTeba ase Tu ise gaurkvevelia, k. kapaneli
Zalzed naTlad da pirdapir uaryofs codnis obieqtur xasiaTs. misi azriT, WeSmaritebas saxavs ara
ideebi, aramed mdgomareobani“1.950ris gamoc subieti
WeSmaritebis erTaderTi wyaroa, yofierebis kanonmdebelia, movlenaTa da nivTTa Semomqmedia2,951– riTac
faqtobrivad uaryofs kidec mas, radganac, rogorc es
jer kidev sokratem naTelyo, WeSmariteba Tu arsebobs,
is arsebobs mxolod obieqturad.
Tu obieqturi WeSmariteba ar arsebobs, maSin
eWvis qveS dgeba Semecnebis SesaZlebloba da aqedan,
yofierebis arsebis wvdoma, masze raime obieqturi
codnis mopovebac. magram yofierebis Sesaxeb kiTxva
aris iseTi, romelsac filosofosi Tavs ver aaridebs.
k. kapanelic, cxadia, msjelobs mis Sesaxeb da qmnis
garkveul ontologias. magram es ontologia misi subieqtivizmis, relativizmis da biologizmis sruli Sesatyvisia. yofierebis miseuli gagebis principia ara
adamianebisaTvis raRac saerTo da garegadamwvdomi
(suli, goneba, racio da a.S), aramed Cveni individualuri me. ,,Cveni, es diadi principia, obieqti mxolod
subieqtis iluziaa.. obieqtad yofna niSnavs subieqtisaTvis yofnas, arseboba niSnavs, iyo SemCneuli da gagebuli. subieqts obieqtze gadaaqvs is, rasac naxulobs am obieqtis aRqmaSi“3.952misi azriT, samyaros nebismieri goniTi konstruqcia _ esaa ara samyaros raRac inteleqtualuri suraTi, an gonebis Sedegi, aramed samyaros subieqturi gancda iseTad, rogoradac
igi evlineba subieqts grZnobebis gziT, TavisTavadi
samyaros wvdomis pretenziis gareSe. saerTodac Cvens
azrovnebas gansazRvravs ara goneba, aramed intuicia,
romelic
warmoadgens
instiqturi
naTelxedvis
562
siRrmis gamovlenas. es intuicia amodis organuli yofierebis siRrmidan da nebismieri Rirebuleba obieqturobas iZens mxolod SemoqmedebiTi individualobis
iluziaSi. TavisTavad ki, am iluziis gareSe, wuTisofeli nivTierebaTa wvaa mxolod da universalobis
ideologiuri gasxivosneba sxva araferia, Tu ara am
wvis Sedegi4.953suli Tavisi SegrZnebiT da emociebiT,
Tavisi sxivosani ideebiT da ucnaurobebiT organuli
moZraobis qimiuri saxecvlilebebis Sedegia. qimiuri
elementebis SemoqmedebiTi atalReba iZleva sulierebas ise, rogorc aCqarebuli moZraoba iZleva siTbosa
da cecxls5.954,,suli da inteleqti Tavisi logikur-racionalisturi normebiT iseTive produqtebia samyaros
biodinamikur cvlilebaTa, rogorc eleqtroni da sinematografi“6.955,,fiziologiuri
gaRizianeba
iZleva
SegrZnebas, SegrZneba gadadis STabeWdilebaSi, STabeWdileba qmnis Secnaurebas7956da a.S. aseTi pasaJebis
moyvana k. kapanelis Semoqmedebidan, rac naTelyofs
mis ukidures individualizms, relativizms da, rac
mTavaria SiSvel biologizms (rasac ver vityviT TviT
nicSeze), mravlad SeZleba. yovelive es naTlad Cans
ara mxolod adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis mageneralizebeli ZiriTadi principebisa da Rirebulebebis, ideebisa da idealebis ukiduresad relativistur, biologistur Tu meqanistur-materialistur
gagebaSi da raRac nivTierebaTa cvlasa Tu qimiur
elementTa cvlis Sedegad warmoqmnil aalebebSi Sobil iluziad miCnevaSi, aramed mTeli realurad arsebuli istorisaa da kulturis gagebasa da interpretaciaSi (Tumca es meore logikurad gamomdinareobs
pirvelidan). sicocxlis filosofiis suliskveTebis
Sesatyvisad, k. kapaneli miiCnevs, rom arc kacobriobis
istoriaSi, arc individis cxovrebaSi da arc kulturaSi ar xorcieldeba araviTari sazrisi. marTalia,
sazodadoebebsa da individebs aqvT raRac idealebi
563
(xSirad Zalzed amaRlebuli da keTilSobilic), romelTa ganxorcielebas isini eswrafvian, – ris safuZvelzec iqmneba yvelaferi adamianuri da maT Soris
kulturac, – magram es idealebi, rogorc raRac qimiur elementTa wvis Sedegad gamowveuli wamieri aalebis Sedegebi, iluziebia mxolod da meti araferi. Sesabamisad, iluziaa mTeli adamianuri kulturac; ufro
sworad: kultura warmoadgens iluzias imdenad, ramdenadac is iluziuri ideebisa da idealebis, Rirebulebebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc
mTlinad sazogadoebas, aseve mis kulturasac amoZravebs individualur da koleqtiur gancdaTa mravalferovneba, romlebSic mTavari da wamyvania cocxali
organizmis ugono, instiqturi swrafva sicocxlisaken.
istoria warmoadgens brZolisa da tanjvis arenas, sadac araferi xorcieldeba winaaRdegobebisa da milionTa tanjvis gareSe, romelTanac (tanjvasTan) ontologiurad da dinamikurad dakavSirebulia Semoqmedeba.
am tanjvis safuZvelze ibadeba mSveniereba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara ,,istoriul-kulturuli
mgrZnobelobisa da organuli gaRizianebis esTetikuri
gansaxeoba~8,957da rac, aseve, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens
yvela sxva Rirebulebis wyarosa da safuZvels (zneobrivi Rirebulebebis CaTvliT).
fr. nicSes gavlena k. kapanelze imdenad didia,
rom gonebis kontrolidan metad Tu naklebad gamosuli, sakuTar Tavsa da impulsebs mindobili, wamieri
gancdebisa da grZnobebis amara darCenili sicocxlis
pulsacia met-naklebi simZafriT yovelTvis igrZnoba,
rogorc mis SexedulebaSi, aseve am SexedulebaTa
gadmocemisa da dalagebis formaSi. es gavlena igrZnoba ara mxolod maSin, rodesac igi, rogorc problemaTa dayenebiT da maTi gaazrebiT, aseve maTSi ganviTarebuli ideebiT mTlianad nicSes mimyolia (1917 wlamde.
am periodSi iwereba misi pirveli Sroma ,,nicSeanelo564
bis laitmotivi”, aseve maSinac, rodesac igi aqveynebs
Sromebs – ,,Semoqmedeba da tanjva” da ,,suli da idea”,
sadac, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ukve aqvs sakuTari
msoflmxedvelobis warmoCenis pretenzia, mainc Zalumad igrZnoba nicSes ideebis upiratesi gavlena (1923
wlamde); da Semdgomac rodesac igi jer sabolood
asrulebs ,,organotropizmis” saxeliT cnobili Tavisi
sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis formirebas (igi gadmocemulia SromaSi ,,socialuri esTetikis safuZvlebi.
organotropizmi”, 1925), Semdeg ki (gardacvalebamde),
ukve am msoflmxedvelobis Suqze aanalizebs rogorc
qarTuli, aseve mTlianad evropuli literaturisa da
xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebs, ris safuZvelzec akeTebs mraval, xSirad CvenTvis friad mniSvnelovan (Cveni kulturis filosofiuri gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT)
daskvnas. am periodSi iwereba misi ,,qarTulis suli
esTetikur saxeebSi”, ,,qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi”, ,,mSvenierebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”,
,,qarTuli kulturis suli” da sxva. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, Zalzed Zneli, ufro sworad SeuZlebelia k.
kapanelis sicocxlis filosofiis tipur, Tundac originalur warmomadgenlad miCneva. zustad iseve, rogorc mas ver miviCnevT marqsistad, an romelic gnebavT filosofiuri mimdinareobis (Tu calkeuli moazrovnis) warmomadgenlad, romelTa gavlena da kvali,
xSirad sakmaod SesamCnevic udavod Cans mTel mis SemoqmedebaSi,
,,organotropizmis”
CaTvliT.
giuio,
bergsoni, berdiaevi, biologizmi, relativizmi, maxizmi,
meqanisturi materializmi, marqsizmi, TviT qristianobac ki (miuxedavad imisa, rom mas namdvilad ver miviCnevT religiur adamianad) ...da es mxolod mcire
wrea im moazrovneebisa Tu msoflmxedvelobebisa
romlebTan Tavis kavSirs Tu ideur siaxlovesac is,
arc Tu iSviaTad, TviTve mianiSnebda.
565
swored amitom k. kapanelis organotropizmi
SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rogorc sicocxlis filosofiisa da misi literaturuli tradiciebis upiratesi gavleniT Camoyalibebuli relativisturi da biologisturi (meqanisturi materializmis aSkarad gamokveTili niSnebiT) msoflmxedveloba, romelic Tavis
TavSi iwovs TiTqmis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili moazrovnisa da mimdinareobis im momentebs, romlebic
ase Tu ise exmaureba mis ZiriTad principebs da romelsac igi, safiqrebelia, ulmobeli da umkacresi
drois moTxovniT vidre TviT k. kapanelis sulieri
wyobisa, cdilobs ramenairad SeuTavsos da Seurwyas
marqsizms, rac arc Tu yovelTvis warmatebiT gamosdis
da bolos iqneba swored amis gamoc, esaa msoflmxedveloba, romelsac aSkarad aklia logikuri simwyobre
(aramxolod debulebaTa gadmocemis azriT) da Tanamimdevroba, rac vlindeba masSi iseTi motivebis gaJRerebaSic, romelTa sakmao safuZvlis moZieba TviT am
msoflmxedvelobaSi sruliad SeuZlebelia.
k. kapanelis msoflmxedvelobaSi, rogorc ukve
iTqva, ukiduresad muq ferebSi, ukiduresad relativistur
konteqsSi
da
nihilistur
tonalobaSia
warmodgenili kultura da misi arsebobis ontologiuri safuZvlebi, misi momavlis persreqtivebi. uaryofilia ara mxolod adamianis arsebobis mocemuli
konkretuli forma da wesi, aramed mTlianad adamianuri yofierebis, rogorc aseTis, yovelgvari mdgradoba,
yvelaferi is progresis idea, cneba, Rirebuleba, logikis mniSvneloba, obieqturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba da a.S. raSic adamianis arsebobis esa Tu is
forma da wesi, esa Tu is kultura Tavisi arsebobis
gamarTlebasa da WeSmaritebis safuZvlebs hpovebs ara
mxolod im azriT, rom maTi wvdoma adamians ar SeuZlia, aramed imitom, rom maT TavianTi obieqturobis
TviTkmari safuZveli TavianT TavSi ara aqvT da mTli566
anad adgilze drosa da garemoebebze aris damokidebuli. da es TiTqmis ara mxolod evropul aramed sakuTriv qarTul kulturazec, romliskenac k. kapanelma, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi evoluciis dasrulebis Semdeg, mTeli kvleviTi yuradReba mimarTa da
romlis saukeTeso nimuSebis filosofiuri analizis
fonzec igi Seecada gaeazrebina qarTuli kulturis
suli da misi arsebiTi Taviseburebebi.
k. kapanelis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis es monakveTi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor SevafasebT mas,
sayuradReboa upirvelesad imiT, rom aq qarTuli
kultura da qarTuli erovnuli suli pirvelad
axorcielebs filosofiur TviTrefleqsias. am TviT
refleqsiaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom k. kapanelis
Tanaxmad, ,,individualisturi periodebi kacobriobis
istoriisa, SeiaraRebuli filosofiuri da esTetikuri
kategoriebiT, silogizmebiT da principebiT, irRveva
Sinagan wyobaSi _ filosofiur debulebebSi, xelovnebaSi, religiaSi, kulturul-civilizirebul urTierTobaSi da rRvevis wyvdiadSi ismis Zaxili axali sulisa, romelic glejisa da brZolis planetarul arenaze apirebs mowyobas siyvarulisa da Segnebis yofisas“9.958mainc yvelaferi es amaoebaa, radganac ,,istorias ara aqvs Sinagani simarTle“10,959ris gamoc uTvalavi
keTilSobiluri zraxvani, diadni gancdani da fiqrebi,
idealebi da moqmedebani... yalbi moralis lamazi paTosi iyo da xseneba darCa WleqiTa da luesiT daavadebul kacobriobaSi11,960mainc, es Sinagan simrTelesa da
simarTles moklebuli istoria ukvalod ar qreba da
sruliadac ar Seadgens bunebis elementTa wamier
afeTqebaTa maradisobaSi ukvalod gamqrali wamebis
jams, radganac nebismieri eris warmomadgeneli da maT
Soris qarTvelic, ,,rogorc tipi, ,,istoriuli“ pirovnebaa, radganac qarTvelis individualur Tvisebebs
qmnida qarTveli eris istoria“12.961amitom, nebismieri
567
qarTvelis tipi, romlis SemoqmedebiTi individualobac vlindeba qarTul kulturaSi da misi suli iseTi
iyo da iseTia, rogoric iyo da aris saqarTvelos
istoria, romelic garkveul socialursa da geografiul garemoSi viTardeba. erTi mxriv im garemoebam,
rom Cven mtrebiT viyaviT garSemortymuli, meore mxriv
ki iman, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebi bunebriv-geografiuli garemoTi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, kvali daaCnia Cven istoriasac da Sesabamisad,
Cvens
kulturaSi
gamovlenil
erovnul
sulsac, romlis fundamenturi niSnebia – brZola da
gankerZoebuloba, rac uTanxmoebaSi vlindeba. ,,brZola
saqarTvelos moZraobisa da sicocxlis esTetikuri
principia. brZola da uTanxmoeba Cveni religiaa“13.962
qarTulis sulis brZolis paTosiT gamsWvalulobam Tavisi daRi daaCnia qarTveli qalis bunebas.
,,mxedruli,
rainduli
ampartavnoba
istoriulad
14
963
ganmtkicda qarTveli qalis bunebaSi“ . qarTveli qali araa penelopes tipi, igi ufro TinaTini da nestandarejania, romlebic ojaxze sul ar zrunaven da ar
fiqroben. siamaye da mijnuroba – ai, maTi sulierebis
Sinaarsi. ojaxi, Svilebi, qsova, dazga maT ar ainteresebT. oRondac, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mxedruli, amazonuri sulieri ganwyobilebis gamo, es mijnurobac
gaqra qarTveli qalis bunebaSi, darCa mxolod
Tavmoyvareoba, romelic qmnis qarTveli qalis gazviadebul pretenziebs. igi araa erotikuli. amazonobam
masSi Cakla sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebic. man ar icis
romani am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT. qarTveli qali Tavisi sulieri wyobiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT
meSCankaa. qarTveli qalis idealia gaTxoveba“15.964
qarTveli qalis sulieri Taviseburebebis aseTi,
ukiduresad uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba sruliadac araa k.
kapanelis raRac gansakuTrebuli qalTmoZuleobis Sedegi. ubralod, sakuTari msoflxedvelobis ZiriTadi
568
principebis Sesatyvisad, igi fiqrobs, rom yovelive
amis mizezi Cveni istoriis Taviseburebebia.
swored Cveni istoriis TaviseburebebSi, k. kapanelis
azriT, unda veZioT erTaderTi mizezi Cveni kuTxuri
gankerZoebulobisa da TavkerZoebisac. ,,kuTxuri sxvaoba
da Tavisebureba saqarTveloSi qmnida mraval saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi kuTxur fsiqologias, provincialobis
kults, gankerZoebisa da ganapirebis Cveulebebs“16.965swored amitom, Cveni erovnuli kulturis saukeTeso wuTebi
epizoduri xasiaTisaa sistemuri xasiaTi Cven civilizacias ara aqvs. saqarTvelo ar warmoadgenda kulturul-civilizaciur erTeuls da arc erovnuli kulturis erTian
centrs uarsebia rodisme. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, es garemoebac Cveni eris, TiTeuli misi individis sicocxlisaken swrafvis, misi SenarCunebisaken instinqturi ltolviT
da misgan nasazrdoebi istoriiT iyo gamowveuli, ramac gadaarCina kidec saqarTvelo ganadgurebas, daRupvas.
warsulSi rom momxdariyo sruli centralizacia Cveni
kulturisa, Cvens rasiul-erovnul arsebobas bolo moeReboda ise, rogorc moeRo bolo asurelebisa da elinebis
arsebobas“17.966Cveni kulturisa da civilizaciis provincialurobam da danawevrebam Cven gadagvarCina imitom, rom
aTasi juris dampyrobeli, romelic saqarTveloSi Semodioda, ver axerxebda Cveni kulturis yvela centris ganadgurebas, rasac advilad gaakeTebda erTi da erTiani
centris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rac ucilod gamoiwvevda
qarTveli eris aRgvas pirisagan miwisa, rameTu qarTveli
eri – upirvelesad qarTuli kultura da misi sulia.
magram Cvens civilizaciur provincializms, Cvens
kulturul kuTxurobas hqonda uaryofiTi xasiaTic. es
iyo mizezi Cveni istoriuli sisustisa da gaurkvevlobisa, es iyo pirveli mizezi imisa, rom miuxedavad Cveni
kulturis originalobisa, kacobriobis saerTaSoriso
569
civilizaciur SemoqmedebaSi Cven ver davikaveT iseTi
adgili, rogoric Seefereboda Cven warsuls. saxelovani warsulis, mdidari literaturis, feradi metyvelebis miuxedavad, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT Cven
mainc provincialebi varT.
Sinagani mimdinareobis provincialobam, k. kapanelis azriT, Cvens kulturas garedanac provincialuri
elferi misca. provincialobis kultma ki eris Sinagani cxovreba tragediad gadaaqcia. Soreuli warsulidan saqarTveloSi ganmtkicda Cveuleba dausrulebeli,
urTierTSoris mtrobisa, daundoblobisa da Ralatisa... ,,naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars“ _
aRniSnavs meaTe saukunis istorikosi. igives amboben
frangi mwerali dela-vale, Cveni d. guramiSvili da
qarTuli kulturis didi fsiqologi da sociologi i.
WavWavaZe, romelic gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad ganicdida qarTvelTa sazogadoebriobis mimdinareobis
saSinel sens – ,,uCemod vin imRereTobas“ ,,...qarTul
kulturas axrCobs, originalurobas umcirebs da nebisyofas usustebs ,,uCemod vin imRereToba“18.967esecaa
mizezi imisa, rom arc erTi eris istoriaSi imdeni Ralatisa da erTmaneTis mtrobis magaliTebi ar SegxvdebaT, ramdensac Cven warsulSi hqonda adgili.
friad uaryofiTia qarTuli inteligenciis sulieri wyobis k. kapaneliseuli xedvac; inteligenciisa, romelic TviT kapanelisave miTiTebiT, gamosaxulebaa
eris sulisa da moralis; ,,inteligenciis suli igive
eris sulia da Tu eri degeneraciis gzaze dgas, inteligencia saukeTeso gamomxatvelia eris degeneratuli
sulisa da moralis“19.968qarTuli inteligenciisaTvis
niSandoblivia SiSveli TviTSeyvareba, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavze zrunva, wuTisoflisa da samyaros
yvela RirebulebaTa ukiduresi personalizacia. marTalia drodadro, gansakuTrebiT Cvens literaturaSi, es
personalizmis kulti originalur da momxiblav
570
formas iRebs (mag; rusTavelTan). aq avTandilis personalizmi gamoixateba mis moTxovnaSi: misi sikvdilis
SemTxevaSi mTeli misi qoneba daurigdes Raribebs da
arafris mqoneT, rac im surviliTaa ganpirobebuli, rom
sikvdilis Semdeg igi axsovdeT, raTa am xsovnaSi gaagrZelos arseboba misma personam, individualobam);
magram Semdgom es keTilSobileba individulizmisa isev
Sordeba qarTul suls da qarTvelis nebisyofa isev
Zveleburad im ganapirebisaken midis, romlis TvalsaCino tragediul gansaxierebas warmoadgens giorgi saakaZe.
amrigad, daaskvnis k. kapaneli, Cveni eris kultura da misi civilizaciuri formebi Sedegia teritoriul-istoriuli tropizmisa; yoveli saukune Taviseburi
cxadyofaa kulturul-istoriuli SesaZleblobebis da
biologiur-organuli mexsierebis... romelsac aqvs mxolod istoriul-fsiqologiuri CveulebebiT ganmtkicebuli racionaluri da ideologiuri xasiTi... araferi
ikargeb
mravlobaSi,
garda
individualobisa
da
mravlobis
teritoriul-kuTxuri
SesaZleblobebis
tropizmiT
ganisazRvreba
rogorc
individualurerovnuli, ise zogadi, kacobriuli nebisyofa, suli da
idea – gancda da moZraoba“20.969
am striqonebSic naTlad Cans kapanelis relativizmi, misi individualizmi, magram es individualizmi,
romelic TviT kapanelis azrTa wyobis logikiT sruliad moklebuli unda iyos raRac, amaRlebuli idealebis Sesatyvisi arsebobisaken swrafvis sakmao obieqtur safuZvlebs, misive Rma rwmeniT, swored aseTi
yofierebisaken unda iswrafodes, radganac mxolod
igia erTaderTi garanti wuTisoflis maradiul trialSi individualobis SenarCunebisa da damemkvidrebisa. ,,arseboba bolos da bolos arqivis masalas Seadgens da arc erTi movlena wuTisoflad ar aris mizani: erebi da saxelmwifoebi, cxovelebi da mcenareebi
571
masalebia yovlobisa: ...adamiano, vinc ar unda iyo, ra
adgilic ar unda gekavos amqveynad... zviadi paTosi Seni didebisa Seanele Seni xvedris SegnebiT... Seicani
usamarTloba Seni egoizmisa da yovel arsSi monaxe
nawili Seni meobisa; udidesi danaSauli Seni am
qveynad aris is, rom Sen Zlier cota giyvarda im dros
rodesac SegeZlo didi da Rrma siyvaruli, Sen
giyvarda yovelTvis Seni siamovnebisaTvis da arasodes
ar gyvarebia siyvarulisaTvis“21.970am sityvebs, Tumca ki
mas sul sxva, qristianobisagan sruliad gansxavebuli
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli aqvs, albaT, didi siamovnebiT moawerda xels nebismieri keTilmorwmune
qristiani da swored es gvqonda mxedvelobaSi, rodesac mivaniSnebdiT qristianuli motivebis JReradobaze
k. kapanelis SemoqmedebaSi.
k. kapanelis filosofia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi mTlad organulad ver Cajda qarTuli filosofiui azris ganviTarebis erTian nakadSi, aqvs is pozitiuri mniSvneloba, rom aq qarTuli kulturisa da misi
subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi uaryofiTi
movlena pirvelad iqna gaazrebuli zogadfilosofiur
konteqstSi, kulturis, rogorc aseTis, filosofiuri
gaazrebis Suqze, evropul kulturaze da mis krizisul mdgomareobaze aqcentirebiT; xolo, rac Seexeba
imas, rom k. kapanelis Semoqmedeba garkveuli drois
manZilze mainc ,,CrdilSi rCeboda“ da ver hpova misi
Rirsebebis adekvaturi gamoZaxili, es, vfiqrobT
aixsneba Semdegi garemoebebiT:
upirvelesad unda aRvniSnoT TviT kapanelisave
mier gamoyofili da sakmaod muq ferebSi warmodgenili Cveni provincializmi. nebismieri provincializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari Rirsebebis uzomod
gazviadebuli aRqma da naklovanebebisadmi sruli
sibrmave. faqtia, es araa TviT Cveni kulturis sibrmave
da amis dasturad Tundac d. guramiSvilisa da ilia
572
WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis gaxsenebac kmara. magram provincializmis gadalaxva CvenTan yovelTvis erTeul rCeulebs xelewifebodaT mxolod,
rasac ver vityviT mTlianad sazogadoebaze. da Tu
TviT iliac ki, romelic naklovanebebTan erTad
Rirsebasac uamravs xedavda da siamayiT aRniSnavda,
moeqca mZafri kritikis qarcecxlSi da eris moZuledac ki moinaTla. sruliad gasagebi unda iyos is fsiqologiuri muxti, romelmac kapanelisadmi aRniSnuli
damokidebuleba ganapiroba. miT umetes, rom es
ukanskneli, i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT, aqcentebs
mxolod da mxolod qarTuli kulturis sulis naklovan mxareebze, akeTebs, Tanac ise, rom ,,ferebis gamuqebaSi“, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis suliskveTebis Sesatyvisad. marTlac, vgoneb, cotas aWarbebs kidec. vimeorebT: yvelaferi es xdeba mxolod da mxolod sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis WeSmaritebis dasabuTebis
mizniT da araviTar SemTxvevaSi Cveni erisa da Cveni
kulturis siyvarulis ,,simciris gamo“.
meore mizezad unda miviCnioT is, rom am periodis qarTul filosofiaSi misi mesveurebis mier ukve
sakmaod myarad iyo damkvidrebuli azrovnebis is wesi
da stili, romlis Tanaxmadac logikuri da sabuTiani
azrovneba erTaderTi, namdvili da WeSmariti, Tanac
filosofiis
sulisTvis,
adekvaturad
Sesatyvisi
azrovnebaa. Tumca aq arc isaa dasaviwyebeli, rom, rogorc saerTod mTel sinamdvileze, aseve kulturaze
goniTi refleqsiis mxatvrul saxeebSi gansxeuleba
istoriulad yovelTvis aranakleb gasagebi da misaRebi iyo qarTuli sulisaTvis.
mesame momenti, romelic aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, vfiqrobT Semdegia: kapanelis naazrevSi, rogorc ukve araerTgzis iTqva, Zalzed xelSesaxebia sicocxlis filosofiis nakadi, misi ideuri gavlena. sakuTriv evropaSi tradiciuli metafizikis gadaulaxavi
573
winaaRmdegobebis mZafri gancdis safuZvelze es filosofia iyo erTgvari reaqciac sicocxlis impulsebis
ukidures SezRudvaze, misi, rogorc samyaros erT-erTi
fundamenturi
maxasiaTeblis
rolis
ukiduresad
damcroba-dakninebaze. aq adamianis goneba erTgvarad
moswyda sicocxles da samyaros miseul suraTSi,
faqtobrivad, adgili aRar darCa realuri cocxali
adamianisaTvis, misi gancdebisa da grZnobebisaTvis (gavixsenoT Tundac, hegeli). erTi sityviT, evropis
sulma erTgvarad dakarga kavSiri sicocxlesTan, ramac, vfiqrobT ganapiroba kidec sicocxlis filosofiis jer warmoSoba, Semdgom ki egzomi popularobac.
sul sxvagvarad iyo saqme Cvens sinamdvileSi. Cven, rogorc marTebulad SeniSna kidec m. mamardaSvilma,
,,Seryeuli da daTrgunuli ara gvaqvs fundamenturi
kavSiri sicocxlesTan, rogorc fenomenTan“22971da mTeli Cveni kulturac, Tu davakvirdebiT, sakmaod uxvadaa gajerebuli swored sicocxlis, oRondac ukve gagoniTebul-gasulierebuli (amis aRniSvna aucilebelia) impulsebiT. amitom sruliad bunebriavia, rom kapanelis msoflmxedvelobam qarTul sinamdvileSi, sadac jer kidev Zalumad igrZnoboda goniTi SuqiT ganaTebuli sicocxlis feTqva ver miipyro jerovani yuradReba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom k. kapanelis
naazrevisTvis amomwuravi da obieqturi Sefasebis micema isev da isev drois TaviseburebaTa gamo ar iyo momgebiani qarTuli filosofiuri (da ara mxolod filosofiuri) inteligenciisaTvis, radganac amas nebismieri
individisaTvis SeeZlo Seeqmna politikurad ara sando
,,elementis“ imiji, misgan gamomdinare yvela SedegiT.
asea Tu ise, rogorc evropuli, iseve qarTuli
kulturis krizisul mdgomareobaze Zalzed mwvave da
emociuri, Tumca ki met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli
refleqsia qarTulma filosofiuma azrma k.kapanelis
meSveobiT ganaxorciela. amis Semdeg saWiro iyo, Cvens
574
mier pirobiTad meore safexurad miCneuli monakveTis
gavla; anu pasuxis gacema imaze, Tu saxeldobr raa am
krizisis gamomwvevi konkretuli mizezi da rogori
unda iyos misi daZlevis gzebi. daZlevis gzebze ver
vityviT, magram mizezebze cxadia k. kapanelic msjelobs da aseTad qarTuli kulturis magaliTze, miiCnevs Cveni istoriis Taviseburebebs, mravali aspeqtiT
Cveni sasicocxlo sivrcis bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT gansazRvruls. nebismieri eris kulturaSi misive erovnuli gonia obieqtivirebuli, romlis Taviseburebebsac udavod atyvia amave eris istoriis Taviseburebebis, misi istoriuli bedis waruSleli kvali;
magram, jer erTi, TviT kapaneli ase Sors ar wasula
(da misi msoflxedvelobis safuZvelmdebare principebis Tanaxmad, verc wavida), da meorec, istoriaze, an
Tundac geografiul garemoze zogadi miTiTeba araa
sakmarisi imisTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena viqonioT
kulturis krizisis gammomwvev konkretul mizezebze.
sakuTriv sicocxlis filosofiaSi, romelic gacilebiT ufro meti TanmimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba da romelic swored am Tanamimdevrobis dacvis moTxovnam miiyvana ,,lokaluri civilizaciebis“ Teoriis Seqmnamde,
es sakiTxi Zalzed umniSvneloa, an saerTod ar arsebobs. aq erTaderT da sruliad sakmao mizezad miCneulia nebismieri cocxali organizmis (misTvis kulturac swored aseTia) bunebrivi ganviTarebis safexurebis Seuqcevadi Tanmimdevroba, romelSic bolo safexurebi
sibere
da
sikvdilia.
magram
nebismierma
msoflmxedvelobam, romelmac ase Tu ise gadauxvia sicocxlis filosofiis amosavali ZiriTadi principebidan, am sakiTxs pasuxi unda gasces, radganac aq sakiTxi upirvelesad exeba imas Tu saxeldobr ra cvilelebebi moxda kulturaSi iseTi, romlebmac misi subieqtis krizisi gamoiwvia, subieqtisa, romelic imave
istoriasa da geografiul garemoSi adre Tavs norma575
lurad da kargad grZnobda; ratom da rogor moxda
is, rom igive qarTuli inividualizmi ,,guSin“ gacemis,
moyvasis siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis, nazraxi sicocxlis sanacvlod, saxelovani sikvdilis, sikeTis
qmedebis (da a.S.) Sinagani moTxovniT iyo gakeTilSobilebul-ganaTebuli, dRes ki ara. gasagebia, rom individualizmis es keTilSobileba Cven Cvensave istoriaSi
davkargeT, magram gasarkvevia isic, Tu ratom, ra mizezebiT moxda es. magram sakuTriv k. kapanelis
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelze da farglebSi es sakiTxi
ukve
veRar
gadawydeboda.
misi,
rogorc
kulturfilosofiis mniSvnelovani sakiTxis qarTuli
filosofiis saazrovno velSi Semoyvana da Sesabamisi
gaazrebac ganxorcielda Cvens mier zemo aRniSnul meore safexurze, oRondac ukve sxva filosofiur tradiciebze dayrdnobiT da sxva msoflmxedvelobrivi wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze, rac kulturis sul sxvagvar
gagebasac da interpretaciasac gulismobda. am safexuris saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi, rogorc, iTqva arian
zurab kakabaZe, niko WavWavaZe da oTar jioevi.
$ 2. zurab kakabaZe, niko WavWavaZe,
oTar jioevi
z. kakabaZis (1926–1982) filosofiuri kvlevis
ufarToes problematikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili filosofiuri anTropologiis, kultiris filosofiis
da aqsiologiis problemebs ukavia. amitom misi
ganxilva-dalageba mravalnairad, sxvadasxva kuTxiT
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. magram, vfiqrobT, ufro
marTebuli iqneba adamianis arsebis, samyaroSi misi
adgilisa da rolis z. kakabaZiseuli gaazrebiT dawyeba, rac didi filosofosis edmund huserlis SemoqmedebasTan
umWidroessa
da
uaRresad
nayofier
576
kontaqtebSi Camoyalibda da ris ,,miRmac” naTlad SeimCneva am ori moazrovnis sulieri wyobis msgavseba
da naTesaoba. swored adamiania is centri, romelsac
z. kakabaZis Zalzed naTeli da mwyobri azrovneba
utrialebs da romlis farglebSic nebismieri filosofiuri problema eqceva mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac
igi dakavSirebulia adamianis problemasTan. Tanamedrove kulturis krizisic misTvis upirvelesad misi
subieqtis – adamianis krizisia;
kulturis
krizisSi Cans da ,,amoikiTxeba” adamianis krizisi da am
ukanasknelis daZlevaa pirvelis gajansaRebis safuZveli da ara piriqiT.
adamianis arsebis, misi yofierebis kakabaZiseuli
gaazreba, romelic umWidroes kontaqtSia, iTvaliwinebs da mraval aspeqtSi Tanxvdeba evropis mowinave
filosofiur azrs, uSualo kavSirSia filosofiis
rolisa da daniSnulebis Tavisebur gagebasTan.
z. kakabaZis mizani arasodes yofila tradiciuli
metafizikuri sistemis ageba da am konteqstSi mTeli
sinamdvilis raRac erTiani Ziris, substanciis, arxes,
pirvelmizezis Zieba, rasac, rogorc m. mamardaSvilic
ixsenebs, is ironiaSeparuli iumoriT egzotikur mxecebze nadirobas uwodebda1.972misi yuradRebis centrSi,
rogorc iTqva, iyo adamiani da misi cxovreba, da filosofiasac. am cxovrebaze goniT refleqsiad miiCnevda.
filosofia, Tvlida z. kakabaZe, Taviseburi xasiaTis azrovnebaa da amitomac Taviseburi, kerZo mecnierebaTagan gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa misi kavSiri da
urTierToba adamianis cxovrebasTan. magram es Tavisebureba ara Zevs empiriulis sibrtyeSi da amitom is
ganmartebas (aseve filosofiurs) saWiroebs, romelSic
upirvelesad unda gairkves is, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs
filosofias adamianis cxovrebisaTvis, ra rols TamaSobs igi masSi.
577
filosofiis erT-erTi arsebiTi Tavisebureba, misi kavSiri cxovrebasTan imaSi gamoixateba, rom is
,,svams da SeZlebisdagvarad wyvets sakiTxs, romelic
adamianis cxovrebas Tavis uRrmessa da umniSvnelovanes fenaSi exeba da romelzedac raRacadagvari pasuxi
mudam mxedvelobaSi aqvs cxovrebas _ esaa sakiTxi
cxovrebis ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo principebis Taobaze“2.973es principebi, romlebic arasodes xdeba arc
kerZo mecnierebisa da arc yoveldRiuri cnobierebis
specialuri refleqsiis sagani da romlebic am ukanasknelis (,,cxovrebis kacis“) mier TavisTavad cxad da
ueWvelad marTebul principebadaa miRebuli, sinamdvileSi arasodes araa TavisTavad cxadi da ueWveli,
aramed kritikul ganxilvas saWiroebs. amis naTeli sabuTi, z. kakabaZis azriT, isaa, rom kacobriobis istoriulsa da kulturul ganviTarebaSi, principebi,
romlebic raRac periodSi TavisTavad cxad da ueWvelad marTebulisa da misaRebis saxiT gamoiyureboda,
SemdgomSi misive matareblisa da gamtareblis TvalSi
aSkarad
yalbi
da
gaumarTlebeli
aRmoCenila.
,,cxovrebis ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo principebis, gezisa da wesis marTebuloba arasodes araa TavisTavad
cxadi da ueWveli, aramed yovelTvis kiTxvis, eWvisa da
kritikis Rirsia; es marTebuloba mxolod imdenadaa
damajerebeli, ramdenadac am kiTxvas eWvsa da kritikas
uZlebs“3.974
z. kakabaZis Tanaxmad, adamianis cxovrebis gabatonebuli wesi da xasiaTi, yovelTvis Tavis TavSi atarebsa da avlens sazogadoebriv-epoqalur tendeciebs –
cxovrebis indivividualuri gezi yovelTvis sazogadoebriv-epoqaluris raRacagvari gamovlenaa, masSi raRacagvarad yovelTvis es ukanaskneli moqmedebs. is, rac
an vinc, adamianTa individualur cxovrebaSi epoqalur
tendenciebs xedavs da swored am ukanasknels ixdis
kritikisa da analizis sagnad, aris swored filoso578
fia da Sesabamisad filosofosic. xolo yoveli epoqa
rom kritikis Rirsia, Cans imaSic, rom kacobriobis
istoria epoqebis monacvleobacaa, rac swored imas gulisxmobs, rom arcerTi epoqa ar flobs absoluturad
WeSmaritsa da ueWvel principebsa da orientirebs.
epoqis kritika, z. kakabaZis azriT, filosofiisaTvis TviTmizani araa. esaa ara SiSveli, mxolod
uaryofis mizniT Catarebuli kritika, aramed swori da
WeSmariti principebis mopovebis mizniT Catarebuli
analizi. filosofiam ,,pirvelad swored is unda gaarkvios, Tu raSi gamoixateba adamianis cxovrebis
WeSmariti saxelmRvanelo principi da aqedan, saxeldobr, ra aris misTvis ZiriTadad dasaxvis
Rirsi“4.975yovelive es, z. kakabaZis Tanaxmad, ar niSnavs
filosofiis ,,anTropologiaze“ dayvanas da filosofiis erTaderT sagnad adamianis gamocxadebas. saqme
isaa, rom filosofiis erT-erT centralur ganyofilebad sruliad marTebuladaa miCneuli ,,ontologia“ –
moZRvreba yofierebis Sesaxeb, sadac yofierebaSi igulisxmeba ara romelime kerZo sagani an saganTa klasis
yofiereba, aramed ,,yofiereba saerTod“, rogorc
gansxvaveuli saxis yofierebaTa piroba da safuZveli.
magram filosofiis mier sakiTxis am konteqstSi dasma
SesaZlebelia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac axorcielebs ra Tavis realur cxovrebas, ,,adamians raRaca saxiT yovelTvis aqvs mxedvelobaSi ,,yofiereba saerTod“ da amiT xelmZRvanelobs Tavis cxovrebaSi.
sxvagvarad, ,,yofierebis saerTod“ sakiTxis Taobaze
aseTi Tu iseTi gadawyvetileba cxovrebis ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips Seadgens. amitomac, filosofia
`yofierebis saerTod~ sakiTxs rom ayenebs da arkvevs,
swored amiT ayenebs da arkvevs, adamianis cxovrebis
saxelmZRvanelo princips“5.976z. kakabaZis es azri asec
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: adamianis cxovrebis safuZvelmdebare principebis, misi yofierebis kvleviT
579
igi ikvlevs ,,yofierebasac saerTod“, rameTu adamiani
rogorc am principebis dadgenis, aseve maT Sesatyvisad
Tavisi cxovrebis ganxorcielebisas, emyareba ,,yofierebis saerTod“ aseTsa da iseT gagebas, mxedvelobaSi
aqvs es gageba. amdenad, adamiani, filosofiis ucentralures problemad iqceva imdenad, ramdenadac ,,yofierebis saerTod“ gagebis yvelaze ufro produqtuli da
optimaluri gza ,,adamianze gadis“. ,,yofierebasTan saerTod“ misasvleli sxva gza filosofias ubralod ar
gaaCniaa,rameTu igi swored adamianis cxovrebaSi da mis
principebSi, mis yofirerebaSi iCens Tavs.
adamianis yofierebis, ,arsebobis gansakuTrebuli
wesi, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom mas
aseTi, erTxel da samudamod winaswar dadgenili wesi
ki ar gaaCnia, aramed sxvadasxvagvarad, sxvadasxva wesiT yofna SeuZlia da TviTon irCevs am SesaZleblobebs Soris; igi TviTon irCevs da awesebs imas, Tu rogor, ra wesiT iyos. ra Tqma unda, adamiani
yovlisSemZle araa, igi yovelTvis SezRuduli da
gansazRvrulia mocemuli biologiuri da, rac mTavaria, socialur-istoriuli pirobebiT, magram, yovelgvar pirobebSi mas, ase Tu ise met-naklebad farTo
SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia da am SesaZleblobebs Soris
irCevs Tavisi arsebobis wess6.977
magram, am arCevanSi igi raRaciT xelmZRvanelobs.
upirvelesad igi irCevs Tavis sakuTar arsebobas,
yofnas, rac sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, mas rom ar
hqondes aryofnis cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi ki yofierebis ganxvavebul doneTa cnobiereba, rac imaSi
vlindeba, rom adamiani, rogorc wesi, irCevs iseT
yofnas, romelic rac SeiZleba ufro meti sisruliT
xasiaTdeba, e.i rac ufro metadaa dacilebuli
aryofnas. sisrulis TvalsazrisiT yofierebis doneTa
gansxvavebas, z. kakabaZis azriT, adamiani axerxebs imis
safuZvelze, rom mas yovelTvis aqvs raRac warmodgena
580
,,yofierebaze saerTod“, swored amitom yofierebis sakiTxi, filosofia rom ayenebs, amasTan, cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo principebs exeba. adamiani warmoadgens
iseT arsebas, romelic gulgrili araa yofierebisadmi.
igi ganasxvavebs mis doneebsa da SesaZleblobebs,
irCevs da isaxavs romelime maTgans miznad. es ki sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, adamiani rom Tavisufali
ar iyos. igi iseTi arsebaa, romelsac araferi ar exveva Tavs fataluri aucileblobiT. gamonaklisi am
SemTxvevaSi TviT adamianis sicocxlec ki araa. adamians yovelTvis rCeba arCevani sicocxlesa da sikvdils
Soris da misi sicocxlec swored imaze metyvelebs,
rom man ,,moaxdina arCevani sicocxlesa da sikvdils
Soris. swored esaa Tavisufali moqmedebis arseba“7,978e.i. adamiani Tu cocxlobs, is cocxlobs
TviTmkvlelobis SesaZleblobis fonze da es arCevani
yofnisa da aryofnis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis SesaZleblobebs Soris adamianis mier xorcieldeba sakuTari nebisa da sakuTari cnobierebis dasturiT, rameTu aq xorcieldeba raRacis hoyofa da raRacis
uaryofa, ,,moqmedeba Sekavebis SesaZleblobis fonze,
e.i. moqmedeba sauTari nebisa da sakuTari cnobierebis
dasturiT, moqmedeba moqmedebasa da umoqmedobas Soris
arCevanis safuZvelze, aris swored adamianis sicocxle, rogorc Tavisufali aqtivoba“8.979
sicocxlis arCevaniT adamiani iZulebulia misdios garkveul sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebs, sakuTar
TavSi sul axali da axali moTxovnilebebis dabadebisa da maTken swrafvis, e.i. moTxovnilebebis mudmivi
cvalebadobis pirobebSi, radganac mudam erTnairi
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi cxovreba, sicocxle, mosawyeni da erferovani xdeba, rac mas sikvdilTan
aaxloebs. adamianis mier uaryofili sikvdili sxva
araferia Tu ara erTnair pirobebTan savsebiT erTnairi mimarTebis SenarCuneba, rac araorganuli fizikuri
581
sxeulebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
am
konteqstSi
sikvdili niSnavs qcevis absoliturad erTiani sazomebiT SeboWvas, e.i. adamianis mier sicocxlis Tavisufali arCevani niSnavs imas, rom igi irCevs ,,arCevis
Semdgom Tavisuflebas, Tavisufal ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebas“, sul axali da axali sazomebis Sesatyvis ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebas“9.980
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis SesaZleblobebs Soris
sicocxlis arCevaniT adamiani irCevs ,,ukvdavebas“, rac
niSnavs sicocxles usasrulobis perspeqtiviT, anu yofierebis absoluturad srulyofil dones. magram,
radganac adamiani mokvdavia, e.i. radganac misi sasicocxlo moqmedeba zRvardebulia, mas rCeba, ,,ukvdavebis“ am Tavisi arCevanis ganamdvilebis erTaderTi Sansi
– Tavisi ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebis“ gagrZeleba sxva sicocxleSi da sxvaTa ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebaSi“, rac miiRweva sxvaTa sicocxleze, zrunviT. sakuTari ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebis“ sxvaTa ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebebTan“, saboloo jamSi ki kacobriobis ,,sasicocxlo
moqmedebasTan“ SeTanawyobiTa da TanxmobaSi moyvaniT10.981swored esaa, adamianis cxovrebis, misi yofierebis erTaderTi namdvili WeSmariti wesi da forma, is,
rac srulyofilad Seesabameba missave arsebas.
aseTia, z. kakabaZis azriT, adamianis arseba da misi yofierebis WeSmariti wesi. magram es ar niSnavs,
rom adamianis yofierebis yoveli konkretuli, aq da
axla ganxorcielebuli forma, epoqalur tendeciebs
rom avlens, srulad Seesabameba mis WeSmarit arsebas.
istoriaSi adamiani Tavis Tavs Sesabamisad – Tavis
arsebasac mzamzareuli saxiT arsebuls ki ar poulobs, aramed adgens, qmnis. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin
arc cxovrebis WeSmariti ZiriTadi principebis Zieba
iqneboda saWiro da Sesabamisad, arc filosofia. adamianebs, rogorc, iTqva araferi ar exvevaT Tavs fataluri aucileblobiT; maT Soris arc sakuTari
582
cxovrebis forma da wesi. isini am wess TviTon irCeven
sxva SesaZlebel wesTa simravlis pirobebSi da radganac es arCevani upiratesad xorcieldeba winare filosofiuri refleqsiisa, cxovrebis swored am wesis
ganmsazRvreli principebis TavisTavadi sicxadisa da
ueWvelad marTebulebis uSualo e.i. filosofiuri
refleqsiiT gauSualebuli) gancdis safuZvelZe _ gamoricxuli araa Secdomac. swored aseTma Secdomam,
romelmac saboloo jamSi, gansazRvra kidec Tanamedroveobis
sazogadoebriv-epoqaluri
tendenciebi,
rac adamianTa cxovrebis Sesabamisi wesis totalur
damkvidrebaSi gamoixata, migviyvana kidec, z. kakabaZis
azriT, Tanamedrove adamianisa da misi kulturis krizisamde.
adamiani, iseve rogorc yvela cocxali arseba,
eswrafvis sakuTari biologiuri arsebobis SenarCunebas. magram cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic am
miswrafebis realizaciisaTvis yvela saWiro pirobas
bunebaSi mzamzareuli saxiT naxulobs, adamiani TviTon awarmoebs am pirobebs. warmoeba ki yovelTvis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTisaa, ase, rom, adamiani aris ara
ubralod mwarmoebeli, aramed sazogadoebrivi mwarmoebeli, amasTan biologiurad saarsebo pirobebis
warmoeba sruliadac araa adamianis saboloo mizani. k.
marqsze miTiTebiT z. kakabaZe aCvenebs, rom biologiurad saarsebo pirobebis warmoeba da moxmareba mxolod maSinaa specifikurad adamianuri xasiTisa da
mxolod maSin Seadgens adamianis arsebiT daxasiaTebas, roca ganxilulia ara, rogorc saboloo mizani,
aramed rogorc aucilebeli gza da saSualeba, raRac
sxva, ufro maRali miznisaTvis, saxeldobr, ,,adamianuri Zalis ganviTarebisaTvis“11.982
Tavisi biologiuri arsebobisTvis saWiro pirobebs rom awarmoebs, adamiani, Tavis miznis mixedviT,
cxovelisagan ar ganxvavdeba. am SemTvevaSi cxove583
lisTvisac da adamianisaTvisac mizani erTia, – biologiuri arsebobis SenarCuneba, – gansxvavebulia mxolod
gzebi da saSualebebi. ,,magram adamiani arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, ara mxolod miznis miRwevis
gzebiTa da saSualebebiT, aramed swored Tavisi specikuri miznebiT; da swored am miznebis ganxorcielebis
mimarTulebiT moZraoba Seadgens sakuTriv adamianuri
Zalis
ganviTarebas“12.983es,
biologiuri
arsebobis
miznisagan gansxavavebuli sakuTriv adamianuri mizani
aris sinamdvilis gardaqmna ise, roca mis safuZvelSi
aRar igulisxmeba TviTSenaxvis mizani, anu rodesac is
TviTmizania. samyaros gardaqmna adamianisaTvis TviTmizania da mis TviTmiznobas ganapirobebs is, rom esaa
procesi, romelSic xorcieldeba TviT adamianis
TviTgardaqmna, misi ganviTarebisa da srulyofis mimarTulebiT. samyaros gardaqmna _ es upirvelesad
TviT adamianis gardaqmnaa da swored amitom igi SeiZleba miviCnioT TviT miznad. aseT, saqmis namdvil viTarebidan gamomdinare konteqstSi, biologiuri TviT
Senaxvisa da samyaros gardaqmnis miznebi, rogorc z.
kakabaZe Tvlis, warmogvidgeba urTierTdaqvemdebarebaSi myof miznebad; Tanac ise, rom meore, rogorc specifikur adamianuri mizani, iqvemdebarebs pirvels, rogorc, Tavisi ganxorcielebis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas da saSualebas. samyaros gardaqmna TavisTavad
rogorc mizani ki, arasodes ar SeiZleba ganxilul
iqnas saSualebad biologiuri TviTSenaxvis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi im ubralo mizeziT, rom misi realizacia,
rogorc wesi gulisxmobs da moiTxovs adamianis bevri
iseTi, TviT biologiuri arsebobis poziciidan sruliad gamarTlebuli moTxovilebis gakontrolebasa da
SezRudvas, romelic ar Seesabameba da ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis fundamentur, sakuTriv adamianur
miznebs rac, rogorc ukve iTqva, gulisxmobs adamianis
TviT realizacias ukvdavebasTan da usasrulobasTan
584
adamianisTvis xelmisawvdom formaSi ziarebas.amis
miRwevis erTaderTi adamianuri gza ki gadis sxva adamianebze zrunvaSi, sakuTari ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebebis“, sxvaTa ,,sasicocxlo moqmedebebTan“ TanafardobaSi moyvanaze da SeTanawyobaze da a.S. erTi sityviT,
iseTi sasicocxlo orientaciebis damkvidrebaze, romelSic sxva adamiani ganixileba, rogorc, amave dros
TavisTavadi mizani da arasdros, – rogorc mxolod
saSualeba.
amrigad, z. kakabaZe gamoyofs da erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs adamianis orgvar cxovrebiseul pozicias:
,,erT SemTxvevaSi adamians mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi
arseboba biologiuri organizmis saxiT da misi moqmedeba sxva arafers umiznebs, Tu ara amgvari saxiT
arsebobis Senaxva-ganmtkicebas; igi sxvas arafers akeTebs da aRwevs, Tu ara imas, rom amyarebs da amtkicebs
Tavis arsebobas biologiuri organizmis saxiT. xolo
meorgvar poziciaSi adamiani upiratesad amtkicebs Tavis arsebobas biologiuri organizmis saxiT arsebobis
iqiT, saxeldobr, amtkicebs sakuTar Tavs, rogorc
individualobisa da pirovnebis arsebobas produqtSi
(farTo azriT), aqedan sxva adamianTa cnobierebasa da
gancdaSi, marqsis sityvebiT, azrovnebasa da siyvarulSi, saboloo angariSiT, usasrulo kacobriobis
cnobierebis wiaRSi“13.984esaa pozicia da misi Sesatyvisi
cxovreba, romelSic xorcieldeba adamianis sakuTari
arsebobis ,,transcendireba“ biologiuri organizmis
saxiT arsebobis iqiT, usasrulobisa da ,,ukvdavebis“
mimarTulebiT da romelSic miiRweva ,,sxvasTan“: sicocxlis universumTan, bunebasTan, sxva adamianebTan,
kacobriobasTan, rogorc pirovnebaTa mTlianobasTan
Sinagani sulieri erTianoba. kultura warmoadgens
adamianisa da kacobriobis progress am mimarTulebiT,
e.i. adamianis transcendencias, romelSic miiRweva bunebasTan, sxva adamianTan da mTlianad kacobriobasTan
585
sulieri erTianobis progresi. kulturis sapirispirod, z. kakabaZis mier civilizacia gaiazreba rogorc
progresi meore mimarTulebaSi, anu iseTi cxovrebiseuli poziciis upiratesi gamovlena, romelSic miiRweva
progresi adamianis biologiuri arsebobis Senaxvisa
da ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT, ise, rom erTgvarad
CrdilSi eqceva da ugulebeliyofa progresi pirveli
mimarTulebiT. ase, rom daaskvnis z. kakabaZe, ,,civilizaciis monapovaria yovelive is, rac bunebis Zalebisa
da masalis damorCilebisa da amgvarad adamianis bunebaSi keTilmowyobis, biologiuri organizmis saxiT misi arsebobis Semsubuqebisa da ganmtkicebis dones
amaRlebs. xolo kulturis saTave adamianis im TvisebaSi Zevs, biologiuri organizmis saxiT sakuTari arsebobis iqeT rom adebs fass da Rirebulebad cnobs raimes... kulturis paTosi elementaruli saxiT vlindeba
pirovnebis mier TviTgamosaxvis da amgvarad sxvebTan
Sinagani, sulieri urTierTobisa da gaerTianebis yovelgvar tendenciaSi; kulturis monapovari ZiriTadad
zneobrivi cnobierebisa da moRvaweobis, filosofiurhumanitaruli azrovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
sferoSi Zevs“14.985
TavisTavad, fiqrobs z.kakabaZe, civilizacia da
kultura erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba. metic, civilizacia kulturis progresis aucilebel bazas Seadgens
da gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom civilizaciis monapovrebi, rogorc aseve adamianis sulier-materialuri
moRvaweobis Sedegebi, TviTonaa kulturis movlenebi;
amdenad, civilizaciis progresi, garkveuli azriT,
kulturis progressac niSnavs. magram es xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac civilizaciuri ganviTarebis mizani daqvemdebarebulia kulturuli ganviTarebis mizans
da upiratesad am miznis realizacias emsaxureba.
kulturisaTvis Zalzed saSiSi mdgomareoba iqmneba maSin, roca civilizaciuri ganviTareba gamodis kultu586
ruli progresis amocanis kontrolisagan da misgan
abstrahirebuli gziT viTardeba15,986Sesabamisad, rodesac saSualeba iqceva TavisTavad miznad. swored aseTi
viTarebaa Seqmnili Tanamedrove evropul sinamdvileSi
da swored amaSia evropuli kulturis krizisis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi siRrmiseuli mizezi.
saqme isaa, rom biologiuri organizmis saxiT
arsebobis ganmtkicebis amocana, kulturis ganviTarebis amocanisagan abstrahirebiT ganxorcielebuli, xSirad iseT RonisZiebas moiTxovs, rasac sulier-kulturuli degradacia moaqvs Sedegad. is, rac biologiurorganuli arsebobis TvlsazrisiT xelsayreli da
momgebiania, xSirad friad mavne da wamgebiania sulierkulturuli donis TvalsazrisiT. ...amitom aRniSnuli
amocana, absolutizebuli da umaRlesi amocanis
rangSi ayvanili, ver iTmens ,,kulturul grZnobebs“:
siyvaruls, urTierTTanadgomas, urTierTangariSgawevas, urTierTpativiscemas da a. S. radganac biologiuri organizmis moTxovnilebebs mxedvelobaSi ara aqvT
sazogadoeba da kacobrioba, maT mxedvelobaSi ara
aqvT TviT adamiani, rogorc sulieri arseba; rogorc
adamianis sulier interesebsa da moTxovnilebebze,
aseve kacobriobis ,,saboloo angariSze“ orientireba,
anu ,,Sors xedva“ kulturuli Cvevebia“16.987aseT pirobebSi progresi civilizaciis saxiT ukve aRaraa
kulturuli progresis sawindari, aramed metwilad
swored kulturuli gadagvarebis momaswavebelia. Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoebis cxovrebiseuli poziciisa da orientaciebis simcdare da siyalbe imaSic
gamoixateba, rom man arnaxul warmatebebs miaRwia civilizaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, magram es
civilizacia, faqtobrivad, ,,ukulturo civilizaciaa“.
adamianis arsebidan gamomdinare misive miznebis
swori da WeSmariti mimarTebis gamrudebam, kacobriobis upiratesad civilizaciurma ganviTarebam gamoiwvia
587
is, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi zedmetad gadaWarbebuli yuradReba eTmoba teqnikuri mecnierebebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebas da es sruliad bunebrivia: sazogadoeba, romelic civizaciis progreszea
orientirebuli, ZiriTadad yuradRebas uTmobs imas,
rac am progress uzrunvelyofs. swored amis Sedegia,
Tvlis z. kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri
revolucia, romlis niadagzedac yalibdeba da sul
ufro da ufro farTod vrceldeba e. w ,,scientisturi
anTropologia“. ,,scientisturi anTropologia“, romelic scientizmis, anu kerZomecnieruli kvleviTi meTodebisa da codnis rolis, mniSvnelobisa da SesaZleblobebis absolutizirebis pirobebSi warmoiSva,
warmoadgens teqnikuri azrovnebis wesis mixedviT SemuSavebul koncefcias adamianisa da misi yofierebis
struqturis Taobaze, rac arafriT ar SeiZleba iyos
swori da WeSmariti.
saqme isaa, rom kvlevis meTodi. anu sagnisadmi SemecnebiTi midgomis wesi TviT am sagnis bunebiT unda
iyos gansazRvruli. teqnikuri, ukeT sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis meTodi srulad Seesatyviseba sakvlevi
sagnis bunebas da esecaa erT-erTi safuZveli am mecnierebebis udidesi warmatebisa. igives ver vityviT am
meTodis iseve rogorc am mecnierebaTa cnebiTi aparitis adamianTan, mimarTebaze, rasac mivyavarT am meTodis safuZvelze miRebuli adamianis Sesaxeb codnis
suraTis damaxinjebamde, mdgomareobamde, roca suraTi
srulad ar Seesatyviseba sagans. am dros gadadis ra
aqcenti
movlenaTa
mizez-Sedegobriv
mimarTebaze,
mxedvelobis gareSe rCeba adamianis fundamenturi Tavisebureba – Tavisufleba. Tavisuflebis ugulebelyofiTa da uaryofiT ,,scientisturi anTropologia“
faqtobrivad uaryofs zneobas, radgan es ukanaskneli
Tavisuflebis gareSe arc arsebobs da arc moiazreba.
amdenad, zneobis aucilebeli pirobis uaryofiT es
588
anTropologia
adamianTa
zneobriv
gadagvarebas
uwyobs xels, riTac blokirebas ukeTebs maTi kulturuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs.
Tavisuflebas
rom
uaryofs,
,,scientisturi
anTropologia“ uaryofs adamianis unars – gadalaxos
faqtobrivad arsebuli biologiur da socialur garemoebaTa inercia da moiqces maTgan damoukideblad. xolo Zneli araa imis Cveneba, rom adamianis saqcieli saerTod RirebulebaTa mixedviT da gansakuTrebiT ki
eTikur RirebulebaTa mixedviT, Tavis aucilebel pirobad adamianis swored am unars gulisxmobs“17.988Rirebulebis saxiT Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs xolme raime, imisgan damoukideblad, faqtobrivad arsebobs igi
Tu ara. Rirebulebis saxiT Cven vaRiarebT da mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs raime, rogorc SesaZlebloba, romlis
ganamdvileba garantirebuli araa saganTa da movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis wesrigiT. RirebulebiT poziciaSi movlenebi, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs
Tu ara isini, warmogvidgeba, rogorc Rirebulebis matareblebi. Rirebulebebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa dadebiTad da uaryobiTad. dadebiTebi iseTi viTarebis saxiT
warmogvidgeba, romlebic TavianT ganxorcielebaSi, Tu
ganxorcielebulobaSi Cvens mxardaWeras moiTxovs,
uaryofiTebi ki piriqiT – Cvens winaaRmdegobas imsaxurebs. arsebobs maRali da dabali, ufro maRali da
ufro dabali Rirebulebebi. faqobrivad arsebuli garemoebani sruliad gulgrilni arian imis mimarT, Tu
romeli, dadebiTi Tu arayofiTi Rirebulebebis matarebeli aris arsebuli, an is movlenebi, romlebic momavalSi ganxorcieldeba, amitom Cven, dadebiTi Rirebulebis matarebel movlenebs an aseTebis ganxorcielebas rom vuWerT mxars, e.i. dadebiTi Rirebulebebis
Sesatyvisad rom viqceviT da uaryofiTebis sawinaaRmdegod, _ amiT, faqtobrivad, arsebul garmoebaTa
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT vmoqmedebT, e.i. varT Ta589
visuflebi am faqtobriv garemoebebTan mimarTebaSi.
yvelaze ufro ukeT es garemoeba Cans zneobrivi Rirebulebebis Sesatyvisad Cvens moqmedebaSi, radganac,
,,zneoba yovel Tavis aspeqtSi Tavis aucilebel pirobad gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas, rogorc faqtobrivad
arsebul garemoebaTa inerciis gadalaxvisa da maTgan
damoukideblad moqmedebis unars“18.989
Tavisi simaRlisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT RirebulebaTa ganxvaveba gulisxmobs maT garkveul ierarqiul mimarTebas. am ierarqiaSi Rirebulebebi
miznebs warmoadgens maTze dabal RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi, xolo maTze maRal RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi – saSualebebs. RirebulebaTa ierarqiuli
mimarTebis saTaveSi ki dgas umaRlesi Rirebulebebi,
rogorc TavisTavadi miznebi, romlebic arc erT
konteqstSi aRar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnen saSualebebad; maT Soris erTmaneTan mimarTebaSic, radganac isini erTmaneTs moiTxovs da ganapirobebs. rom aviRoT,
magaliTad, sikeTisa da Tavisuflebis Rirebulebebi,
arc erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes meores
miznad an saSualebad, radganac isini mxolod erTianobaSi arsebobs da erTmaneTs ganapirobebs.
RirebulebaTa (igulisxmeba dadebiTi Rirebulebebi) jerarsuli buneba moiTxovs adamianis cxovrebis
organizacias, misi saqmianobis warmarTvas ukve realurad arsebuli Rirebulebebis mqone movlenebis mxardaWerisa da jer ar arsebulebis ganamdvileba-gaxorcielebis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT. adamianis swored aseTi saqmianoba, mimarTuli arsisa da jerarsis
gansvaveba-dapirispirebis moxsnisaken, imisaken, rom
arsi rac SeiZleba ufro srulad Seesatyvisebodes jerarss, iyos amave dros jerarsic, – aris kidec misi
kulturuli
saqmianoba,
romlis
drosac
iqmneba
kultura, rogorc aseTi. kulturis mTlianobiTi
sistema misi ,,sxeuli“ jansaRia da is progresulad vi590
Tardeba maSin, rodesac adamianis cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi daculia Rirebulebis, rogorc am cxovreba-Semoqmedebis ganmapirobebeli safuZvlebis swori da WeSmariti ierarqiuli wyoba.
kultura deformacias ganicdis da misi normaluri
winsvla ferxdeba. maSin, roca es ierarqiuli wyoba
irRveva da SedarebiT ufro dabali Rirebulebebi adamianis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi ikavebs maRali Rirebulebebis adgils, ise rom es ukanasknelni ugulebeliyofeba, an sulac ganidevneba adamianis moRvaweobis
sferodan. swored es xdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi. aq Rirebulebebma, romlebic mowodebulia
uzrunvelyos adamianis biologiuri arsebobis maqsimalurad xelsayreli pirobebi da Seqmnas keTil sasurveli foni adamianTa sulieri ganviTarebisaTvis
TandaTan
daikaves
umaRlesi,
adamianis
sulieri
cxovrebis Sesatyvisi Rirebulebebis adgili, riTac
moxda am ukanasknelTa ugulebelyofa, an maTi sulac
gandevna kulturis mTlianobiTi sistemidan. swored
amis gamoa Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arseboba kulturis mwvave deficitis pirobebSi da amis gami miiRo
misma ganviTarebam upiratesad civilizaciuri xasiaTi.
igive procesi danaxuli ukve sxva kuTxiT, ara,
vTqvaT, Rirebulebidan, aramed adamianis arsebidan
amosvliT, SeiZleba daxsiaTdes, rogorc Sromis gaucxoeba, romelsac, rogorc garduvali, logikuri Sedegi, mohyveba TviT adamianis gaucxoeba. z. kakabaZe,
vrclad exeba Sromisa da adamianis gaucxoebis am process, romelsac, rogorc is TviTonve sagangebod
aRniSnavs jer kidev k. marqsma miaqcia sagangebo yuradReba da romlis rsebiTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom aq
Sromis, rogorc realur-konkretuli procesis ganmapirobebeli miznebi aRar Seesabameba TviT Sromis WeSmarit bunebas, mis sazogadoebriv xasiaTs, ris gamoc igi
gaucxoebulia sakuTari Tavisagan, rasac Sedegad
591
mohyveba is, rom mis safuZvelze Seqmnili produqti veRar asrulebs Tavis sazogadoebriv funqcias, ganesxviseba missave Semoqmed adamians da upirispirdeba mas,
rogorc raRac ucxo Zala, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara
TviT adamianis gaucxoeba Tavisi sakuTari arsebisagan.
am gaucxoebis arsi isaa, rom adaminis Sromisa da
moRvaweobis produqti, romelSic igi gaasagnebs sakuTar Tavs, imis gamo, rom es produqtebi araadekvaturi
miznebiT aris Seqmnili da Sesabamisad araadekvaturi
miznebiTac moixmareba, veRar asrulebs adamianis
arsobrivi unarebis, sulieri Zalebis srulyofa-ganviTarebis funqcias da iqvemdebarebs mas, rogorc masTan
dapirispirebuli da misive sulierebis Semmusrav-gamanadgurebeli Zalebi.
aseTia, mokled, adamianis arsebis, misi yofierebis z. kakabaZiseuli gageba da mis safuZvelze kulturis raobisa da krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebis gaazreba, sadac sakmaod soliduri adgili eTmoba Rirebulebebsac – adamianis kulturis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis ganmapirobebel umTavres faqtorebs da es bunebrivicaa, radganac misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi
warmoadgens mZlavrsa da umniSvnelovanes nakads
qarTuli filosofiuri azris saerTo ,,mdinareebisa“,
romelSic SemuSavebul iqna kulturis RirebulebiTi
koncefcia.
qarTuli kulturis filosofiis ukanaskneli periodis istoriis met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli
warmodgena SeuZlebelia im didi Rvawlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, rac n. WavWavaZem (1923-1997) Seasrula
masSi, ara mxolod rogorc gamoCenilma filosofosmkvlevarma, aramed, rogorc uaRresad farTo interesebis mqone sazogado moRvawemac. es wvlili ZiriTadad
dakavSirebulia kulturfilosofiis problematikis
kvlevis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
ufro
mniSvnelovani
centris – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filo592
sofiis institutis direqtorad misi muSaobis periodTan, romelic samociani wlebis meore naxevridan
1997 wlis dasawyisamde, e.i. misi sicocxlis dasasrulamde gagrZelda. swored misi TaosnobiTa da institutis wamyvani specialistebis aqtiuri mecadineobiT
moxda is, rom samociani wlebis bolosa da samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi institutis kvleviTi muSaobis prioritetul mimarTulebad adamianis, kulturisa
da Rirebulebis filosofiuri problematika ganisazRvreba da maTi umWidroes urTierTkavSirSi kvleva
TiTeuli am dargis Semdgomi winsvla-ganviTarebis yvelaze ufro saimedo da nayofier gzad iqna miCneuli.
am garemoebas TviT n. WavWavaZec sagangebod usvams
xazs mogvianebiT gamocemul gamokvlevaSi ,,kultura
da Rirebuleba“ (Tb. 1984 w. rusul enaze). filosofiis
am dargebis ganviTarebis yvelaze saimedo gza,
aRniSnavda igi, aris ,,adamianis gageba kulturis da
Rirebulebis meSveobiT, kulturisa – adamianisa da Rirebulebis meSveobiT, Rirebulebisa ki – adamianisa da
kulturis
meSveobiT“19,990risi
erT-erTi
naTeli
TvalsaCino magaliTic misi es Sromacaa. adamianis
arsebis, samyaroSi misi adgilisa da rolis n.WavWavaZiseul gagebas Cven aq sagangebod ar gadvomvcemT. jer
erTi, imis gamo rom Cveni uSualo mizania kulturis
filosofiis istoriis gadmocema; meorec, n. WavWavaZis
filosofiur-anTropologiuri Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad Tanxvdeba z. kakabaZis azrs da mesamec, es Sexedulebebi sakmaod naTlad ,,ikiTxeba“ kulturisa da Rirebulebebis n. WavWavaZiseuli gaazrebis suraTSi.
mokled es suraTi aseTia:
adamiani samyaros aTvisebis procesSi moqmedebs
ara mxolod rogorc Teoriuli, aramed, rogorc esTetiuri, religiuri, praqtikuli da a.S subieqtic, – isaa
sinamdvilis mravalmxrivad da mraval formaSi amTvi593
sebeli da gardamqmneli, erTiani da mTlianobiTi subieqti.
sinamdvilis mTlianobiTi sistemis msoflmxedvelobriv modelSi adamian-subiqtis Semoyvana erTianad
cvlis am modelis azrobriv suraTs. am sinamdvilis
movlenebi sayovelTao kavSir-urTierTobebSi imyofeba.
amasTan, arsebobs am kavSir-urTierTobebis gansxvavebuli sferoebi, rac vlindeba movlenaTa arsobrivi
gansxvavebiT nasazrdoebi mimarTebis formebis sxvadasxvaobaSi, sxvadasxvagvar xasiaTSi. arsebobs kavSirurTierobebi, romlebic sruliad damoukidebelia adamianisagan (rogorc subieqtisagan), magram arsebobs
iseTi kavSir-urTierobebic, anu iseTi mimarTebebic,
romlebic ukve damokidebulia subieqtze (adamianze)
da am azriT obieqturnic veRar iqneba.
movlenaTa kavSir-urTierTobebi warmoadgens im
areals, romelSic vlindeba maTi Sinagani buneba, maTi
niSnebi da Tvisebebi. amitom unda arsebobdes movlenaTa niSan-Tvisebebis, sul mcire, ori tipi mainc: iseTebi, romlebsac movlenebi avlens, rogorc Tavis msagavs sxva movlenebTan (aseve adamianTan) mimarTebaSi
da iseTebi, romlebsac isini avlens mxolod adamianTan mimarTebaSi. pirveli rigis Tvisebebis arseboba
faqtia da igi eWvs ar iwvevs. aseve, magram ukve sadavo
faqtia meore rigis niSan-Tvisebebis arseboba. ufro
swored, sadavoa ara TviT maTi arsebobis faqti, aramed is, rom isini swored movlenis obieqtur Tvisebebs
warmoadgens. faqtia, magaliTad, rom arsebobs lamazi
sagnebi, magram sadavo da saeWvoa Semdegi – silamaze
TviT sagnis obieqturi niSania Tu ara.
rac Seexeba silamazes, rogorc sagnebisa da
movlenebis Tvisebas, aRniSnavs n. WavWavaZe, aq, ,,Cveni
esTetikosebis samarTliani azriT, uazrobaa movlenis
silamazeze da sxva esTetikur Tvisebebze laparaki sinamdvilesTan esTetikuri mimarTebis gareSe“20.991es ki
594
imas niSnavs, rom met-naklebad srilyofili pasuxi
kiTxvaze – Tu ra aris silamaze, aucileblad moiTxovs masSi subieqturi momentis gaTvaliswinebas an
sxagvarad: movlenis, rogorc lamazis, gageba moiTxovs
adamianTan, anu esTetikuri aRqmis subieqtTa am movlenis mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebas. ase rom, movlena, rogorc esTetikuri aRqmis obieqti, e.i iseTi ram, romelic garkveul mimarTebaSi imyofeba esTetikuri aRqmis
subieqtan, amJRavnebs iseT niSnebs, romelTa obieqturobaze, anu adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebobaze
msjeloba safuZvelsaa moklebuli. amitom misi (movlenis) srulyofili gageba moiTxovs am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebas.
movlenaTa aRniSnuli, ,,meore rigis“ niSan-Tvisebebi vlindeba mxolod adamianTan mimarTebaSi da am
ukanasknelis gareSe isini arc arsebobs. aq adamiani,
rogorc subieqti, mxolod im instanciad ki ar gvevlineba, romelic gamoavlens da gamoamzeurebs movlenaTa
romeliRac obieqtur, e.i. adamianisagan damoukideblad
arsebul niSan-Tvisebebs, aramed maTi (am niSan-Tvisebebis) arsebobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad. aq kanonzomierad ibadeba kiTxva: ra aris iseTi, rac movleniseulicaa da adamianis gareSec ar arsebobs?
iseTi movleniseuli, romelic mJRavndeba adamianTan mimarTebaSi da romelsac, imave dros, mxolod
adamianTan mimarTebaSi eniWeba arsebobis statusi,
aris misi (movlenis) mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis. adamiani, rogorc subieqti, mravlmxrivsa da mravalferovan
mimarTebaSia sinamdvilesTan, rasac ganapirobebs misi
survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis, interesebisa da amocanebis, miswrafebebisa da miznebis simravle da mravalferovneba, romelTa fonze sinamdvilis movlenebi,
rogorc maTi Sesatyvisebi (an Seusatyvisebi da Seusabamoebi) ,,iZens“ garkveul mniSvnelobebs. es mniSvnelobebi movleniseulia, radganac aseTi Tu iseTi mniSvne595
loba swored movlenasa aqvs, magram isini adamianiseulicaa, radganac, jer erTi, es mniSvnelobebi movlenebs mxolod adamianebisTvis aqvT da meorec, movlenaTa mniSvnelobis xasiTs mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs swored adamianis moTxovnilebebis, miswrafebebis
miznebis da a.S. xasiaTi.
movlenebi, romlebic Seesatyviseba da akmayofilebs Cvens survilebsa da moTxovnilebebs, xels
uwyobs Cveni miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebas
da a.S. Cven ganvicdiT, aRviqvamT, rogorc garkveuli
Rirebulebebis mqones; ganvicdiT, radganac, swored
Cveni grZnobadi gancdebia is areali, sadac Rirebulebebi vlindeba da Tavs gvaCvenebs. ,,ar arsebobs, –
aRniSnabs n. WavWavaZe, – RirebulebebTan urTierTobis
sxva, grZnobad-pirovnuli gancdisagan gansxvavebuli
xerxi“21.992sinamdvilesTan Cveni grZnobad-emociuri mimarTebis sferoSi gamJRavnebul im mniSvnelobebSi,
romlebic sagnebsa da movlenebs aqvT CvenTvis,
vlindeba swored maTi Rirebuleba.
Rirebuleba, aRniSnavs n. WavWavaZe, Cven yovelTvis
gveZleva mis matarebelTan erTad – realuris sferoSi
sagnebsa da movlenebTan, xolo idealurisa – ideebsa
da idealebTan. amasTan, rogorc sagnebi da movlenebi,
aseve ideebi da idealebic flobs Rirebulebas mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac maT aqvT pozitiuri mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis. adamianis RirebulebiTi cnobierebis mier gaxsnili teleologiuri Tvisebebi movlenebisa _ esaa ara maTi obieqtur-realuri niSnebi. ,,isini axasiaTebs movlenebs ara TavisTavad, aramed mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini CarTulia adamianis
praqtikul moRvaweobaSi. isini gamoxatavs movlenebis
mniSvnelobas adamianisaTvis“22.993oRondac: aq saqmes n.
WavWavaZe ise ki ar warmoadgens, TiTqos movlenis
mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba erTi da igive ram iyos, an,
miT umetes, rom movlenebs aqvT Rirebuleba imdenad,
596
ramdenadac Cven maT dadebiTad vafasebT. saqme swored
piriqiTaa. movlenebs CvenTvis mniSvneloba aqvT da Cven
maT dadebiTad vafasebT imdenad, ramdenadac maT aqvT
Rirebuleba. ase, rom movlenis Rirebulebaa misdami
Cveni grZnobad-emociuri mimarTebis, Cveni Sefasebis safuZveli da ara piriqiT.
Rirebulebebebis ,,yofierebis“ es zogadi kanonzomiereba ganapirobebs maTi Semecnebis Taviseburebebsac.
Tu im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven gvsurs movlenis Semecneba mis obieqturobaSi, anu adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebobaSi, masTan Cveni mimarTebis idealad
unda miviCnioT mdgomareoba, saidanac maqsimaluradaa
gamoricxuli yvela Cveni subieqturi interesi, garda
Teoriulisa, amave movlenis, rogorc garkveuli Rirebulebis mqonis Semecnebisas aseTi mimarTeba ukve idealurad veRar CaiTvleba. ver CaiTvleba upiratesad
imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSi ganyeneba xdeba swored
imisgan,
rasTan
mimarTebaSic
movlena
,,Tavs
amJRavnebs“, rogorc garkveuli Rirebulebis mqone; saxeldobr, adamianis mravalferovani survilebisa da
miswrafebebis, miznebisa da amocanebisagan, romlebic
ara Tu meorexarisxovani ar aris, wminda Teoriul
interesTan SedarebiT, aramed TviT am ukanasknelis
aRmZvrel siRrmiseul safuZvlebsac warmoadgens.
aRniSnuli gziT movlenis Semecnebisas Cven movipovebT misi, rogorc Cvengan damoukideblad arsebulis Sesaxeb, CvenTvisve friad saWiro da aucilebel
codnas. magram am dros mxedvelobis gareSe gvrCeba
igive movlena, rogorc Cveni ,,grZnobadi moqmedeba,
praqtika”, rogorc raRac subieqturi. Cveni praqtikuli
moRvawebis sferoSi Semosuli nebismieri movlena aRar
daiyvaneba mxolod imaze, rac isaa Cvengan damoukideblad, obieqturad. amitom aRniSnuli Semecneba ver
uzrunvelyofs movlenis yovelmxriv codnas. am dros
an saerTod mxedvelobis gareSe rCeba movlenis subi597
eqturi mxare, is rac adamians Seaqvs am movlenaSi, rogorc Tavisi grZnobadi moqmedebisa da praqtikuli
moRvaweobis SedegSi, anda es ukanasknelic ganixileba
mxolod da mxolod obieqtis formaSi. amgvari viTarebis tipur nimuSad n. WavWavaZe asaxelebs kulturis e.w.
,,sistemur-teqnologistur“ interpretacias, romelSic
im faqtis konstataciis Semdeg, rom is adamianis mier
Seqmnili sulieri da materialuri Rirebulebebis
erTobliobaa, mTeli yuradReba arsebiTad gadatanilia misi struqturis, misi finqcionirebis obieqturi
kanonzomierebisa da meqanizmebis Semecnebaze, Tanac
ise, rom, ugulebeliyofa am kanonzomierebebisa da meqanizmebis kavSiri adamianTan. kulturis aseTi Semecneba, SeniSnavs n. WavWavaZe, cxadia, SesaZlebelicaa da
saWiroc23,994magram aseT Semecnebas axasiaTebs is arsebiTi nakli, rom am gziT SeuZlebeli xdeba kulturis,
rogorc swored adamianis mier Seqmnili sinamdvilis
gageba, radganac am dros mxedvelobis gareSe rCeba is
adamianuri miznebi, romlebic kulturis SemoqmedebaSi
TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols da romelTa gareSec igi
srulyofilad ver gaigeba.
adamiani aris sinamdvilis ara marto amTvisebeli,
aramed Semfasebeli arsebac. igi ara marto aiTvisebs,
aramed afasebs kidec rogorc sinamdviles, aseve misi
aTvisebis formebsa da meTodebs, rezultatebs da a.S.
adamianis amTvisebel-gardamqmneli, anu axali sinamdvilis Semqmneli moRvaweoba iwyeba Sesafaseblis uaryofiTad Sefasebisa da RirebulebaTa safuZvelze axali
perspeqtivebis dasaxvis Semdeg. Sefaseba aucileblobiT
gulisxmobs imasac, ris mixedviTac xdeba Sefaseba. aseTi ram ar SeiZleba iyos mizani, radgan is rogorc adaminis moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli ram, Cndeba SefasebiTi
aqtis ganxorcielebis Semdeg. is, ris mixedviTac adamiani afasebs sinamdviles, aris Rirebuleba, romelic Tavisi arsebiT jerarsuli bunebisaa. raRac arsebuli, an
598
SesaZlo sinamdvile adamianis mier ganicdeba, rogorc
arsisa da jerarsis erTianoba (rodesac arsebuli ganicdeba Rirebulebis mqoned), an rogorc iseTi ram,
rac jer ars rom iyos (Rirebulebis Sesatyvisi jer ar
arsebuli, magram SesaZlo sinamdvilis SemTxvevaSi),
imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs Rirebuleba.
Rirebuleba aris is, ris Sesatyvisadac adamiani
qmnis axal sinamdviles – kulturas. Rirebulebebi, Tanaxmad n. WavWavaZisa, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. aris
SedarebiT dabali, maRali, ufro maRali, dabolos,
umaRlesi Rirebulebebi. RirebulebaTa mTeli es sistema, aRniSnavs igi, SeiZleba warmovidginoT piramidul
sistemad, romlis saTaveSic dgas umaRlesi, safuZvelSi
ki umdablesi Rirebulebebi. kultura ki, Tavis mxriv,
warmoadgens RirebulebaTa am sistemis Sesatyvisad adamianis mier Seqmnil axal an Tavis sulier-praqtikul
moRvaweobaSi CarTul arsebul sinamdviles.
qarTveli filosofosebis, maT Soris, n. WavWavaZis mier SemuSavebuli kulturis RirebulebiTi
koncefciis miCneva specifikur qarTul movlenad gadaWarbebuli iqneba (amis naTelsayofad rikertis gaxsenebac ikmarebda). es arcaa gasakviri: mTlianad qarTuli filosofiuri azri am periodisa SemoqmedebiTad
viTardeba uaxloes evropul filosofiasTan kavSirSi,
am ukanasknelis TiTqmis yvela met-naklebad mniSvnelovani ,,racionaluri marcvlis“ kritikuli gadamuSavebisa da aTvisebis safuZvelze. qarTvel filosofosTa damsaxureba, am SemTxvevaSi, jer erTi, kulturis problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma, misi problematikis yovelmxrivi, safuZvliani damuSavebaa da meorec is, rom maT, miuxedavad ukiduresad araxelsayreli ideologiuri da politikuri fonisa, SeZles
marqzismTan am koncefciis ise moxerxebulad SexamebaSeTavseba, rom misTvis ,,moqalaqeobis ufleba“ moepovebinaT. amitom, sruliad bunebrivia, rom siZneleebi,
599
romlebic dgeba am koncefciis winaSe, tipuria saerTod filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi
siZnelea yovelive imis obieqturobis dasabuTeba, rac
adamianis gareSe ar moiazreba da ris arsebobasac adamianis arseboba aZlevs ,,sanqcias“. kulturis RirebulebiT koncefciaSi ki es siZnele, es, Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas ,,aqilevsis qusli“, sakuTriv Rirebulebis obieqturobis problemaa. amitom sruliad bunebrivia, rom
mas n. WavWavaZec uTmobs jerovan yuradRebas da mis gadawyvetas cdilobs esTetikuri Rirebulebis obieqturobis dasabuTebis gziT.
esTetikur Rirebulebebze, vTqvaT, silamazeze
msjelobisas, n. WavWavaZis azriT, TiTqos saqme gvaqvs
erTgvar antinomiasTan: ,,silamaze erTdroulad aris
bunebrivi realobac (misi gamomricxveli) Rirebulebac, igi erTdroulad aris raRac realuric da idealuric, arsic da jerarsic, erTdroulad igi ganekuTvneba bunebis samefosac da kulturis samefosac“24.995am antinomiis gadawyveta n.WavWavaZis azriT, SesaZlebelia arsisa da jerarsis, realurisa da idealuris, faqtobriv arsebobasa da Rirebulebas Soris
arsebuli dualizmis daZlevis gziT da es arsebiTad
ukve gakeTebulicaa dialeqtikuri materializmis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac ,,...realuri da idealuri, arsi da jerarsi, buneba da goni, arseboba da Rirebuleba erTmaneTs mowyvetili da Tavis TavSi gaqvavebuli arsebebi ki ar aris, aramed warmoadgens erTi
ganviTarebadi mTelis safexurebs“25.996kultura iqmneba
adamianis guliTa da gonebiT, magram es ,,Semoqmedeba
aris ara empiriuli ,,me“-s kaprizi, aramed, universumis
Semdgomi
mizandasaxul-kanonzomieri
ganviTareba“26.997kulturisa da sakuTari Tavis SemoqmedebaSi
adamiani Tavisufalia, magram es Semoqmedeba namdvilia
da mimarTulia namdvili Rirebulebebis ganxorcielebisaken maSin, rodesac is aris aucileblobis gacnobi600
ereba da Sesabamisad, rodesac adamianis ,,nebis mizani
da kanoni xdeba universumis ganviTarebis tendenciebi“.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare ,,esTetikur saganSi empiriuli arseboba da RirebulebiTi jerarsoba erTmaneTanaa Serwymuli. esaa idealuri realoba da grZnobadaRqmad formaSi realizebuli ideali“27.998
n. WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisi Rirebulebis obieqturobis Sesaxeb, arsisa da jerarsis erTianobis miseuli
dasabuTeba da simZimis centris mTlianad universumis
ganviTarebis uzogades tendenciebze gadatana, cxadia
RirebulebaTa obieqturobis mimaniSnebeli Zalzed yuradsaRebi sabuTia. magram imis gamo, rom RirebulebaTa
obieqturobis es gza Tavis safuZvlad gulisxmobs
aRniSnuli tendenciebis winaswarsa da ueWvel codnas
(rac, Tavis mxriv, aseve problemaa), mainc SeuZlebelia
imis mtkiceba, rom aq cxadadaa gamokveTili is kriteriumi, romlis safuZvelzec unda moxdes sinamdvilis adamianur SefasebaSi wminda subieqturisa da obieqturis
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. amitom, sruliad bunebria, rom
aRniSnul problemaze msjeloben kulturis filosofiaSi moRvawe sxva wamyvani filosofosebic, romelTa Soris erT-erTi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia z. kakabaZisa
da n. WavWavaZis Tanamoazresa da TanamebrZols
(am
sityvis, rogorc gadataniTi, aseve pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) – oTar jioevs.
aqsiologiuri problebiT o. jioevi (1928–1999) dainteresda istoriuli aucileblobis bunebis garkvevisas, rasac eZRvneba misi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani gamokvleva ,,istoriuli aucileblobis
buneba” (rus. enaze, Tb., 1967). am gamokvlevis umTavresi
Sedegia imis Cveneba, rom istoriis obieqturi kanonebis moqmedebis pirobebSic adamiani inarCunebs sakuTari istoriis avtonomiurad Semoqmedi subieqtis statuss, imdenad, ramdenadac igi mTlianad da erTmniSvnelovnad araa gansazRvruli sinamdvilis kauzaluri
601
determinaciiT, Tavisufalia da amis SesaZleblobas
iZleva TviT istoriuli aucileblobis buneba, romelic ara mxolod gulisxmobs, aramed emyareba kidec
determinacias sul sxva, arakauzalur formas. Tavisufleba, rogorc deeterminaciis forma, wers igi, ,,im
SemTxvevaSi iqneba gansxvavebuli determinaciis sxva
formebisagan (igulisxmeba kauzaluri determinacia _
T.m.), Tu aRmoCndeba, rom pirovnebaze moqmedeba SeuZlia ara mxolod materialurs, aramed idealursac.
maSin Tavisufleba, rogorc damoukidebloba, iqneba
namdvili Tavisufleba fizikuri, materialuri determinaciisagan“28.999
adamianisagan damoukidebeli, obieqturi sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebSi
imyofeba. am kavSirebs mkacrad gansazRvruli aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvT, sadac arCevani gamoricxulia. amitom, sakuTriv am sinamdvilisaTvis ucxoa Tavisuflebac. sxvagvaria viTareba adamianur sinamdvileSi. saerTod yoveli arsebuli arsebobs raRaca aucileblobis ZaliT da amitom, bunebrivia, aucilebloba arc am
sinamdvilisTvisaa ucxo. magaliTad, rom aviRoT sazogadoebis istoria, aq istoriis kanonebi, ra Tqma unda,
sruliad realuria. isini gamoxatavs procesebs Soris
garkveul mimarTebas, rasac adamianebi aucileblad
unda iTvaliswinebdnen TavianT moqmedebaSi. magram es
ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianuri moRvaweoba mTlianad
da erTmniSvnelovnadaa determinirebuli am kanonebiT.
,,istoriis kanonebi – es Janris, SeiZleba stilis kanonebia, magram sruliadac araa TviT piesa, romelic
adamianebma unda dadgan“29.1000adamianebi erTdroulad
arian am piesis avtorebic da Semsruleblebic da
Janrisa Tu stilis roli ganisazRvreba imiT, rom is,
erTi mxriv piesis avtorebs aZlevs moqmedebis garkveul Tavisuflebas, xolo meore mxriv adgens am Tavisuflebis sazRvrebs.
602
moqmedebis Tavisuflebis es SesaZlebloba sinamdviled iqceva imdenad, ramdenadac istoriul procesebSi
monawileobs adamianic, romelic am procesebSi Tavisi idealuri miznebis ,,SemweobiTaa CarTuli”. `rom SevajamoT, aRniSnavs o. jioevi, aucileblobis bunebis gamokvlevis daskvnaSi, – bunebriv-istoriuli aucileblobis gansxvaveba bunebrivisagan, es iqneba
istoriaSi
idealuri
determinaciis,
monawileoba“30.1001swored am, idealuri determinaciis mTavari determinantia Rirebuleba, romelic ukve Semdgom,
kulturis filosofiuri problematikis kvlevisas, o.
jioevis mier gaazrebulia ara mxolod istoriis, aramed kulturis Semoqmedebis mTavar safuZvlad da
warmmarTvel Zalad, romlis obieqturobasac igi asabuTebs adamianis kategorialuri cnebis Sinaarsis
dadgenis safuZvelze.
Tanaxmad o. jioevisa, adamiani bunebis nawilia,
magram iseTi, romelsac bunebriv kauzalur samyaroSi
Seaqvs determinaciis axali forma, ganpirobebuli im
miznebiT, romlebsac adamiani TviTonve irCevs da
adgens. ,,adamiani ar moqmedebs (mxolod) brma aucileblobiT; igi eyrdnoba aucileblobas, magram, amave
dros, mas SeuZlia imoqmedos Tavisuflad“31,1002mizandasaxulad. ,,mizandasaxuli moqmedeba aris idealuriT
gansazRvruli moqmedeba. idealisaken adamians SeuZlia
iswrafodes imitom, rom mas aqvs cnobiereba. cnobierebisa da TviTcnobierebis wyalobiT, arsebobs garkveuli distancia adamiansa da bunebas Soris, distancia,
romelic adamianis xeliTa da TaviT Seqmnili xelovnuri iaraRebiTa da wyalobiT Rebulobs nivTier
formas“32.1003,,adamians bunebasTan aqvs ara mxolod
gacnobierebuli mimarTeba, aramed cnobierebiT ganpirobebuli mimarTebac“33.1004,,Tavisuflebis, cnobierebis
floba, bunebasTan adamianis cnobierebiT ganpirobebuli mimarTebis SesaZlebloba niSnavs imas, rom adamia603
ni aris ara mxolod obieqti, aramed subieqtic. adamiani aris samyaros Semqmneli gardamqmneli“34.1005ai, swored adamianis ,,aseT niSnebTan aqvT mimarTeba upirobo
Rirebulebebs. Rirebuleba (upirobo) aris is, rac adamianis Rirsebis Sesatyvisia, rac Seefereba adamianis
adgils samyaroSi“35.1006kultura ki warmoadgens am idealur Rirebuleba-miznebiT ganpirobebuli SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegs, romlis drosac xdeba adamianis mier sinamdvilis sulieri da praqtikuli aTviseba-gardaqmna. amitom, o. jioevis azriT, ,,kultura... SeiZleboda gagvesazRvra, rogorc adamianis mier sinamdvilis sulieri aTviseba ufro zustad, rogorc
praqtikul-sulieri aTviseba“36.1007
kulturis arsebisa da xasiaTis o. jioeviseuli
gaazreba arsebiTad Tanxvdeba zemoT gadmocemul z.
kakabaZisa da n. WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisebs da es arcaa
gasakviri, radganac samive es moazrovne warmoadgens
erTi – qarTuli kulturfilosofiuri skolis erTerT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan saxes ise, rom romelime maTganisaTvis raime gadamwyveti prioritetis miniWeba sakmaod problematuri sakiTxia. amitom, qarTuli kulturofilosofiis gadmocemis WrilSi, ufro
mniSvnelovania kulturis RirebulebiTi Teoriis is,
Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ,,Sidaproblematika“, romelsac
o. jioevma mravali statia da gmokvleva miuZRvna:
,,kulturis
problema
marqsistul
filosofiaSi“,
,,kultura rogorc Semoqmedeba“, ,,kulturis struqtura“, ,,tradiciis roli kulturaSi“, ,,sulieri kulturis struqtura“... es mxolod im sakiTxebisa da
problemebis mcire CamonaTvalia, romliTac o.jioevi
iyo dainteresebuli. am problemaTagan erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesia, magaliTad, materialuri da sulieri kulturebis xasiaTisa da Taviseburebebis o.jioeviseuli gaazreba, sadac is aviTarebs Tvalsazriss, rom
maT Soris gansxvaveba pirobiTia; rom Sesabamisad,
604
kulturis WeSmariti arsi sulierebaSia, ris gamoc,
,,materialuri da sulieri kultura unda ganvasxvavoT
masSi materialuri moRvaweobis, fizikuri Sromis monawileobis mixedviT“37;1008mniSvnelovania, aseve, sulieri
kulturis struqturis (mecniereba, zneoba, xelovneba) o.
jioeviseuli gaazreba; aseve kulturis sistemebSi filosofiis rolisa da adgilis gansazRvra, sadac is damajereblad aCvenebs, rom ,,filosofia, samyarosadmi adamianis damokidebulebis cnebiTi gamoxatuleba, aris epoqis
TviTcnobiereba, kulturis TviTcnobiereba, amitom filosofia ar aris kulturis calke fena, is emTxveva mas,
emTxveva mis TviTrefleqsias“38.1009
RirebulebaTa obieqturobis dasabuTebas, rogorc vnaxeT, n. WavWavaZe idealurisa da realuris
erTianobisa da universumis ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaze miTiTebiT, o. jioevi ki adamianis zogadfilosofiuri kategoriis safuZvelze axdenen.
qarTul kulturfilosofiaSi arsebobda mosazrebac,
romlis Tanaxmadac, RirebulebaTa obieqturobis safuZveli maTi wvdomisaTvis adamianis mier sinamdvilesTan grZnobad-emociur mimarTebaSi wminda goniTi
poziciis gamomJRavnebasa da obieqturobaSi, e.i. yovelgvar piradulze da wminda subieqtur interesze
amaRlebis aucileblobaSi iyo saZiebeli. yovelive es,
TavisTavad, RirebulebaTa obieqturobis dasabuTebis
Zalzed mniSvnelovani argumentebi iyo. magram am doneze yoveli maTgani, mainc unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc
erT-erTi SesaZlo da ara erTaderTi da saboloo gadawyveta am problemisa; da es ver gakeTdeboda manam,
sanam TviT RirebulebaTa safuZvelSi ar moinaxeboda
raRac iseTi gare gadamwvdomi da obieqturi ram, rasac SeeZleboda etvirTa kulturis da saerTod, adamianuri yofis ontologiuri safuZvlis roli. amis gakeTeba scada cnobilma qarTvelma filosofosma merab
605
mamardaSvilma, romlis originalur koncefciasac, yovel SemTxvevaSi jerjerobiT mainc, msoflio maStabiT
ara aqvs met-naklebad seriozuli alternativa.
$ 3. merab mamardaSvili
m. mamardaSvilis (1930-1990) filosofiis gadmocema-dalagebis dawyebamde saWiroa SevexoT sakiTxs, Tu
ramdenad
da
ra
konteqstSi
SeiZleba
misi
msoflmxedvelobis miCneva qarTuli filosofiis nawilad da ramdenad marTebulia misi Sexedulebebis
ganxilva qarTuli kulturis filosofiis WrilSi.
Zalze Zneli da albaT, SeuZlebelicaa m. mamardaSvilis romelime calke aRebuli filosofiuri
disciplinis tipur warmomadgenlad miCneva, imdenad
farTo da mravalferovania mis mier ganxiluli da damuSavebuli problemebis wre. magram erTi ram ueWvelia: yvela isini WeSmaritad filosofiuri problemebia, exeba adamianis, rogorc aseTis yofierebis uRrmes
fenebs, ris gamoc, cxadia, isini ar SeiZleba iyos arc
calke qarTuli, arc sakuTriv rusuli da a.S. isini
zogad-adamianuri problemebia da amiT TiTqmis yvelaferia naTqvami: m. mamardaSvili, rogorc filosofosi,
yvela adamianis, mTeli kacobriobis warmomadgenelia
da vfiqrobT, swored es hqonda TviTon mas mxedvelobaSi, rodesac aRniSnavda, rom Tavisi sulieri wyobiT
is sakuTar Tavs msoflio moqalaqed aRiqvamda. magram
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom aqve mas arc temperamentiT Tavisi qarTvelobis xazgasma daviwyebia; da Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom misTvis filosofia temperamenti da cxovrebis wesi iyo1,1010am SemTxvevaSi, raRa
Tqma unda, mas mxedvelobaSi sruliadac ar hqonda (da
arc SeiZleba hqonoda) temperamenti, rogorc raRac
fizikur-biologiuri Taviseburebebis maxasiaTebeli.
606
vfiqrobT, aq igi laparakobda Tavisi sulis (misi
konstituciuri wyobis zogadadamianurobis miuxedavad), rogorc cocxali mocemulobis, sicocxlis
ritmis, misi Sinagani pulsaciis im Taviseburebebze,
romelsac ukve veraferiT ver gamoiyvan verc ,,kacobriobis”, verc ,,msoflios moqalaqis” cnebebidan da romelsac udavod atyvia erovnulobis kvali. swored es,
misi sulis sicocxlis Sinagani ritmi, misi cxovelmoqmedebis ,,temperamentuli niuansebi”, rasac TviT
mamardaSvili, saerTo qarTuli, erovnuli gonis safuZvelmdebare artefaqtebiT Sobil movlenad miiCnevda (,,...me, rogorc goniTi, zneobrivi arseba, var
mravalxmiani qarTuli simReris struqturis produqti21011da ,,Cemi romeliRac sulieri SesaZleblobebis bedi mocemulia qarTuli musikis struqturaSi. man
me dammbada”3)1012iyo is, rac erTgvari qarTuli surneliT JRenTavda mTel mis Semoqmedebas da ganapirobebda misi filosofiuri azrovnebis struqturis Sinagan msgavsebasa da erTianobas qarTuli mravaxmiani
simRerisa da saerTodac mTeli qarTuli erovnuli
kulturis struqturasTan.
es msgavseba da erTianoba imaSi vlindeba, rom m.
mamardaSvilis
mTeli
filosofiuri
memkvidreoba
warmoadgens didi filosofosis cnobierebis sicocxlisa da filosofiuri Semecnebis iseTi wiaRsvlebis organul mTlianobas, romelTagan TiToeuls, sruliad calke aRebulsac ki, gaaCnia damoukidebeli da TavisTavadi rogorc SemecnebiTi, aseve zogadkulturuli Rirebulebac (iseve, rogorc qarTuli
simReris mraval xmaTagan, an vTqvaT qarTuli taZrebis
mravalferovan ornamentul SemkulobaTagan TiTeuls
_ sruliad damoukidebeli da TavisTavadi esTetikuri
Rirebulebac). qarTuli bunebis, kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi Sobili gonisTvis yvelaze ufro optimalurad da bunebrivad unda miviCnioT arsebobisa da
607
sicocxlis iseTi forma, romelSic, erT organul
mTelSi miRweulia gansxvavebulTa iseTi harmoniuli
Tanaarseboba, sadac mTlianadaa SenarCunebuli TiTeuli maTganis ,,simaRle”, unikaloba da ganumeorebloba,
Rirseba da Seucvleli Rirebuleba, TiTeuli maTganis
individualuri saxe. upirvelesad swored aseTia mTeli qarTuli kultura _ am gonis obieqtivirebuli saxe da swored aseTia m. mamardaSvilis filosofiac.
amitom igi udavod unda mivakuTvnoT qarTuli filosofiuri azris istorias.
m. mamardaSvilis Sexedulebebis CvenTvis saWiro
konteqstSi met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli gadmocema-dalagebisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli warmodgena
viqonioT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor esmoda mas filosofia. am sakiTxze msjelobisas mas mohyavs erTi aseTi
magaliTi: ,,bergmani – dekartis mkiTxveli da mowafe...
ekiTxeba dekarts: ,,SeeZlo Tu ara RmerTs Seeqmna iseTi arseba, romelsac RmerTi anu Tavisi Semqmneli SeizizRebda da am zizRis faqts rqmeoda keTili“.
dekartis pasuxi aseTia: ,,axla aRar SeuZlia“. me
es pirvelad rom wavikiTxe patara viyavi, 19 an 20
wlis, da absoluturad idiotad momeCvena Cemi Tavi.
simarTle giTxraT, aqamdec ar mesmis es naTqvami. im
gagebiT ki ara, rom ar mesmis da ar viReb, ara vici,
mesmis, rom genialurad sworia, magram mTlianobaSi
ras niSnavs aqamde ver vigeb. an xandaxan vigeb, magram
mere vkargav am gagebas. es jojoxeTia, magram es aris
swored azrovneba da filosofia: jojoxeTi, sadac
arafris mopoveba ar SegiZlia. TiTqos raRacas cxadad
dainaxav da gaigeb. magram am sicxades jibeSi ver Caideb, ver Seinaxav, rom, roca dagWirdeba jibidan amoiRo da waikiTxo: ai, es es aris. ara, isev xelaxla unda
gaigo, isev unda Cavarde am sicxadeSi“4.1013swored ai
es, raRacis cxadad danaxva anu azris sicxadeSi Cavardna aris swored filosofia _ erTaderTi saTave
608
da safuZvelic mTeli adamianuri sinamdvilisa. ra
Tqma unda, esaa filosofia ara profesionaluri
azriT. ,,rodesac me vambob ,,filosofia“, es xan specialobaa, xan kvalifikacia, adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis an kulturis dargi, xanac es im elementis, an SeCerebis, Seyovnebis, intervalis aRmniSvneli terminia,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia Cveni cnobierebis sicocxlis wyobisTvis, damaxasiTebelia adamianuri aqtebisaTvis, iqneba es romanis weris aqti, ...Tu mecnieruli dakvirvebisa da gansjis. da ai, imisaTvis, rom
aRvweroT es sagnebi (igulisxmeba Cveni cnobierebis
wyobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli momentebi), Cven iZulebulni varT, SemovitanoT cnebebi, romelTa erToblioba qmnis kidec filosofias ukve profesionaluri, kvalificirebuli azriT“5.1014es, _ raRacis cxadad danaxva, anu sicxadeSi Cavardna, ar aris raRac koleqtiuri procesi da mas arc raRac, erTxel da samudamod
dadgenili kanoni gaaCnia. SeuZlebelia moindomo, gamoiyeno es kanoni Tu kanonzomiereba da azris sicxadeSi
Cavarde. es sicxade arc iseTi ramaa, rom mas erTxel
miaRwio, Semdeg ki Semoinaxo da survilisamebr, roca
dagWirdeba, aiRo da gamoiyeno. SeuZlebelia moindomo
da Seiyvaro, moindomo da gaigo da a.S. SeuZlebelia,
aseve, erTxel Seiyvaro da Semdgom, Seni sulis im Taviseburi mdgomareobis mudmivad ai aq da axla yofnis
gareSe,
romelsac
siyvaruli
hqvia
_
mudmivad
giyvardes.
SeuZlebelia
erTxel
gaxde
keTili,
mxatvrulad rom vTqvaT, sikeTeSi Cavarde da Semdgom
TavisTavad, avtomaturad ganagrZobde keTilad Tu sikeTeSi yofnas. sikeTes yovelwuTieri, ai aq da axla
ganxorcielebuli sulieri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. esaa
mdgomareoba, rodesac Sen ubralod ki ar ici qristes
arseboba, ubralod ki ar flob qristes simbolos,
romelsac, roca dagWirdeba, aiReb da gamoiyeneb; aramed esaa mdgomareoba, rodesac qriste cocxlobs
609
SenSi, swored aq da axla, am saWiro momentSi. esaa
mdgomareoba, romelic aris imdenad, ramdenadac ai
axla, ai aq xdeba, ris gamoc, is Tavis winamorbeTa
ubralo asli ki ar aris, aramed unikaluri da ganumeorebeli, Tavis gvarSi erjeradi movlenaa. filosofia
ki aris elementi imisa, rogor eufleba adamiani sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar azrebs, gancdebs, aRqmas, emociebs;
eufleba, radganac es aris piroba sazrisis Tu
mniSvnelobis gamotanisa imidan, rac man TviTon ganicada, rac TviTon gaifiqra, rac TviTon Seityo, rac
TviTon aRiqva. ra Tqma unda, es Znelia da amitom arsebobs filosofia. es rom advili iyos, arc azrovneba
iarsebebda da arc filosofia iqneboda saWiro, rogorc am azrovnebis disciplinaruli elementi. ...Tavisuflebis udidesi moyvarulis, – kantis TqmiT, – ,,filosofia aris azrovnebis policia“6,1015rac, ra Tqma
unda, sworad unda gavigoT. magram am gagebasac filosofia sWirdeba, oRondac ara filosofiuri cnebebis,
debulebebis da a.S. flobis azriT, aramed filosofia,
rogorc azrovnebis xelovneba. magram arsebobs Teoriuli filosofiac. filosofiuri azrovnebis policiad
miCnevis zemoTmoyvanili kantiseuli magaliTic aseTi
filosofiis nimuSia, Tumca is araa gamoTqmuli tradiciul filosofiur terminologiaSi. Teoriuli filosofia aris filosofiur terminebSi: yofiereba,
cnobiereba, mizezi, Sedegi, usasrulo, sasruli da a.S.,
erTi sityviT, filosofiur kategoriebSi gamoTqma imisa, rasac Cven ganvicdiT, gavigeT; rac Cveni sulieri
ZalisxmeviT CvenSi gavacocxleT. amitom filosofiis
sagani aris ara zogadi codna, zogadi kanonebi da a.S.
aramed ,,cnebiTi eqsplikacia TviT filosofiisa, romelic sayovelTao saqmea da yvelas TavSia – maT Soris
imisaSic, visac araferi gaegeba filosofiisa, rogorc
cnebebis korpusisa, nomenklaturisa, siisa da a.S. roca
filosofias am ,,disciplinaruli“ kuTxiT vudgebiT,
610
me SemiZlia gavigo ras niSnavs filosofosis Sroma –
misi Wvreta, siCume, simartove“7.1016am simartoveSi, am
siCumeSi da WvretaSi xdeba (an ar xdeba) Sedgeba (an
ar Sedgeba) filosofiuri aqti, rogorc aq da ai axla
momxdari, amitom Tavis gvarSi ganumeorebeli da unikaluri ram, rogorc wamieri ganaTeba, gageba Cvens garemoSi arsebuli samyarosi da am samyaros xdomilebis
namdvili azrisa, sazrisisa. sanam me ori qalis cekvaSi (m. mamardaSvils mohyavs prustis magaliTi) vxedav
mxolod cekvas, Cemi xedva araa filosofiuri, Cemi pozicia da sinamdvilis aRqma araa filosofosis pozicia da filosofosis aRqma. filosofiur sibrtyeSi
arsebobaSi me gadavdivar maSin, rodesac am cekvaSi
vxedav ori qalis sasiyvarulo aqts (es, cxadia, mxolod moyvanili konkretuli magaliTis SemTxvevaSi) e.i.
vaxorcieleb misi sazrisis gagebas. am SemTxvevaSi me,
ufro sworad, prustis gmiri iseve, rogorc aqamde,
isec cekvas xedavs, magram mas ukve ganicdis ara rogorc cekvas, aramed imis mixedviT, rac xdeba sinamdvileSi, e.i. ganicdis, rogorc sasiyvarulo aqts. asevea
filosofiaSic.
filosofia SeiZleba profesiac iyos, magram
ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, rom filosofia warmoadgens
sicocxlis, rogorc aseTis nawils, Tu, ra Tqma unda,
es sicocxle realizdeba adamianis pirad, erTjerad
da ganumeorebel cxovrebaSi; Tu es cxovreba swored
misi cxovrebaa da ara sxvisi mibaZva an ganmeoreba.
WeSmariti filosofosi isaa, vinc axorcielebs
filosofiur aqtebs (Tavis cxovrebaSi). saqme isaa, rom
nebismieri saqme, nebismieri cxovreba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc garkveul xdomilebaTa, faqtTa Tanamimdevroba. magram faqtebis Tanmimdevrobis procesSi
aris (gamoereva xolme) iseTi faqtic, romelic araa
arc erTi danarCenTagani, ara hgavs maT. esaa raRac pauza, intervali, romelic garegnulad araviTari pro611
duqtiT ar gamoixateba, ufro swored, ara aqvs araviTari garegnuli produqtuli gamoxatuleba; esaa iseTi
raRac, rac moiTxovs udides Zalisxmevas, warmoadgens
yvela
adamianuri
Zalis
udidesi
daZabulobis
wertils, magram rac garegnulad ar gamovlindeba arc
emociebSi, arc vnebebSi, arc raime saqmis keTebaSi qcevebSi, da a.S. radganac TviT am faqtSi mTavaria ara es
ukanasknelebi, ara misi garegamovlena, aramed swored
is, rac xdeba am SeCerebis, pauzis dros, adamianur
ZalTa koncentraciis am wertilSi, romelSic Cven
vimyofebiT ise, rom aRar vmonawileobT zemoqmedebebisa da reaqciebis jaWvSi. am wertilSi, am momentSi Cven
TiTqos arsebobis zedroul sibrtyeSi gadavdivarT da
aRar vemorCilebiT, aRar varT cxovrebiseuli problemebisa Tu faqtebis Tanadamswreni da Tanamonawileni.
aseTi pauza aqvs yovel moqmedebas, romelic atarebs
bedis kvals da monawileobs am bedSi.
Cven vcxovrobT adamianebs Soris ise, fiqrobs m.
mamardaSvili, rom CvenTvis yovelTvis vqmniT raRac
xats imisa, rac xdeba Cvens garSemo. magram, es xati
yovelTvis araadekvaturia, radganac, imis gamo, rom
sinamdvile mudmivad da didi siswrafiT icvleba, Cven
vxedavT ara imas, ara maSin da ara iq, rac, rodesac da
sadac xdeba; xdeba ise, rom cvalebadobis siswrafis
gamo. Cven yovelTvis vagvianebT. sinamdvile aswrebs miiRos iseTi konfiguracia, romelic gansxvavdeba Cvens
mier Seqmnili am sinamdvilis xatisagan da ai, am
konteqstSi SegviZlia vilaparakoT filosofiaze, rogorc samyarosa da masSi Cveni adgilis gaazrebis
gansakuTrebul aqtze; aqtze, romelic gvaZlevs ganzogadebul universalur codnas, romelic Tavisufalia
,,xdomilebisadmi Cveni yoveldRiuri devnisagan“. m. mamardaSvilis azriT esaa wertili, romelSic xdeba SeCereba; wertili, romelSic erTmaneTs kveTs yofierebis ganmsazRvreli ,,Zaluri xazebi“ da romelSic Cven
612
gadagveSleba yofierebis sibrZne; sibrZne, romelic
Zevs samyaros mowyobaSi. filosofosoba warmoadgens
Cveni cnobieri cxovrebis im Tvisebas, raRac iseT
wertils am cxovrebaSi, romelSic xdeba raRac iseTi
faqti, rac ar warmoadgens arc erT elements faqtebis
Tanmimdevrobis jaWvidan, romelic msWvalavs yvela am
faqts da romelic, swored amis gamo, SeuZlebelia
uSualod da mTlianad iqnes moxelTebuli. esaa aqti,
romelsac platoni ,,ukumimarTulebiT curvas“ uwodebda. ...am termins igi xmarobda samyaros fundamenturi mowyobis im Taviseburebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlis
gareSec ar iarsebebda araviTari wesrigi. esaa wertili, romelic, rogorc awmyo, aq da axla momxdari ram,
Tavis TavSi moicavs da aerTianebs warsulsac da momavalsac; romelic, rogorc samyaros yofierebis safuZvelmdebare sibrZnis gacxadeba, aerTianebs da
garkveul wesrigSi mohyavs samyarouli faqtebi mis
yvela ganzomilebaSi da mis yvela mimarTulebaSi (rogorc droul, aseve sivrciT) da romelic SesaZlebels
xdis ,,ukumimarTulebiT curvas“, rameTu amisTvis sruliad aucilebelia pauzis, SeCerebis es faqti. filosofosoba ki warmoadgens Cvens cnobier Tanadaswrebas
am pauzisa, am SeCerebisa, an ukeT, Cveni cnobierebis
iseT mdgomareobas, romelSic xdeba es SeCereba raRac
momentSi, raRac wertilSi, romelSic, rogorc awmyoSi, monawileobs, Cans, aris warsulic da momavalic. es
sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Cveni cnobiereba, rom
mTlianad faqtebis Cveulebriv mdinarebas iyos mindobili da mTlianad mas misdevs. zogad konteqstSi, e.i.
Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi SeiZleba es asecaa, e.i. mihyveba
kidec, magram am miyolaSi, sadRac, romeliRac
wertilSi (,,Zalovan velTa“ gadakveTisa) xdeba SeCereba, pauza, – xolcieldeba filosofiuri aqti, rogorc
aseTi, rogorc erTaderTi da garegadamwvdomi safuZveli samyarouli wesrigis Cvens mier flobisa da axali
613
mowesrigebuli sinamdvilis, kulturis: filosofiis
(rogorc garkveuli Teoriis), xelovnebis, mecnierebis,
teqnikis da a.S Seqmnisa. Sedgeba Tu ara es gamorCeuli
xdomileba, filosofosobis es aqti, m. mamardaSvilis
azriT, damokidebulia, erT mxriv, imaze, Tu saxeldobr
sad,
samyarouli
myofadobis
romel
wertilSi, samyaros ,,Zaluri xazebis“ gadakveTis romel wertilSi movxvdebiT Cven mocemul momentSi, xolo, meore mxriv imaze, Tu ramdenad varT Cven Cvenive
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT mzad imisaTvis, rom es
wertili iqces samyaros yofierebis safuZvelmdebare
sibrZnis ,,xilvis“ aqtad, anu ganxorcieldes filosofosobis aqti, rogorc aseTi. gamoricxuli araa, rom
xdomilebaTa raRac, Cemgan damoukidebeli Tanamimdevrobis gamo, me am wertilSi ar aRmovCnde swored
mocemul, saWiro momentSi. gamoricxuli araa arc is,
rom am wertilSi myofs, me ,,ar meyos“ gamocdileba filosofosobisTvis, anu filosofiuri aqtisaTvis; ar
meyos im azriT, rom Cemi gamocdileba iyos iseTi, rom
am wertilSi Semdgari xdomilebaTa gadakveTa Cem
sulSi veraviTar gamoxmaurebas ver hpovebdes da me
verc vigrZno da verc ganvicado is, razedac isini mimaniSnebs. magram Tu es TanadamTxveva moxda da Tu
Sedga filosofiuri aqti, am aqtSi myof adamians (filosofoss –ara profesiis azriT) ar SeuZlia dumdes,
radganac filosofia esaa enis cnobiereba, anu cnobierebis sicocxle enaSi. mxolod enaSi da enis SemweobiT igebs adamiani imas, Tu ra ,,xdeba“ im SeCerebaSi,
im pauzaSi, romelzec zemoT vlaparakobdiT da romelsac TviT m. mamadaSvili filosofias uwodebs.
oRondac ena aq Cven unda gavigoT farTo mniSvnelobiT: erT SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi sametyvelo ena, meore SemTxvevaSi – profesiul-filosofiuri terminebis (cnebebis da kategoriebis) sistema,
mesameSi – mxatvruli saxeebi, meoTxeSi – kanonebi da
614
a.S. yvela maTganSi, rogorc fiqrobs mamardaSvili monawileobs filosofia, oRondac im gagebiT, rogoriTac is am termins moixmars. rodesac me, aRniSnavs igi,
vambob ,,filosofia“, es xan specialobaa, kvalifikaciaa, kulturis an adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis
dargia, xanac esaa termini im elementis, an SeCerebis,
pauzis, intervalis aRmniSvneli, romelic damaxasiaTebelia Cveni cnobierebis sicocxlisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia adamianuri aqtivobisaTvis, – iqneba es romanis
daweris aqti, saxviTi an gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna, mecnieruli dakvirvebisa da gansjis aqti
Tu sxva. da ai, imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es movlenebi,
Cven iZulebulni varT mivmarToT, gamoviyenoT (erTgvarad saqmeSi CavrToT) cnebebi, romelTa erToblioba
Seadgens ukve filosofias profesiuli, kvalifikaciuri azriT.
nebismieri filosofiuri traqtatis kiTxvisas
(analogiurad SeiZleboda gvemsjela xelovnebaze,
mecnierebaze da a.S.) adamians saqme aqvs garkveul cnebebTan, debulebebTan, daskvnebTan da a.S. me SeiZleba
aRviqvamde yovelive amas ise, rom CemSi ar sruldebodes namdvili filosofiuri aqti, e.i. wvdoma da gageba,
Cems azrovnebaSi gacocxleba imisa, ris simboloebsac
es cnebebi, debulebebi Tu daskvnebi warmoadgenen. filosofiuri azri xorcieldeba mxolod maSin, rodesac saxezea Tanadaswreba, rodesac me Tanadamswre var
am traqtatis safuZvelmdebare pirveladi filosofiuri aqtisa, raRac xdomilebaTa namdvili azris gancdisa, romelic ukve Semdgom, gaformda cnebebSi, kategoriebSi, daskvnebSi da a.S., (e.i. moxda am gancdis filosofiuri
gageba,
gaazreba),
miiRo
filosofiuri
traqtatis saxe. arsebiTad, igive xdeba xelovnebaSi,
mecnierebaSi da a.S. adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis
yvela sferoSi. is, rasac me vwvdi da ganvicade pirvelad filosofiur aqtSi, me SeiZleba davafiqsiro, ga615
vaformo cnebebSi, kategoriebSi, mxatvrul saxeebSi, Camovayalibo mecnierul kanonebSi da a.S. yvela eseni
warmoadgens
kulturis,
kulturul
simboloebs,
romlebic raRac viTarebas migvaniSnebs, romlebic
pirveladi filosofiuri aqtis eqsplikaciebs warmoadgens: cnebebSi, kategoriebSi (filosofia), mxatvrul
saxeebSi (xelovneba), kanonebSi (mecniereba) da a.S. sinamdvilis sazrisis wvdomis, mis uSualo grZnobadkonkretuli, ai aq da axla gancdis faqtebi, es pirveladi filosofiuri aqtebi, romlebic jer kidev araa
arc filosofia (am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT), arc
mecniereba, arc xelovneba da a.S da romelic yovelTvis raRaciT ufro metia, vidre TiTeuli amaTgani
cal-calke, an Tundac erTad aRebuli (simbolo yovelTvis naklebia imaze, ris simbolosac is warmoadgens, rameTu, masSi rogorc garkveuli formis mqone,
maSasadame, sasrulo movlenaSi, usasrulobaa fiqsirebuli da gamoxatuli), warmoadgens TiTeuli maTganis
da saerTodac, mTeli adamianuri sinamdvilis SesaZleblobis pirobebs, kulturis, rogorc aseTis, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ontologiur safuZvels.
kulturis arsebis mamardaSviliseuli gaazrebis
ufro naTlad warmosadgenad mivmarToT mecnierebisa
da kulturis mimarTebis miseul analizs. am sakiTxs
igi, rogorc TviTonve aRniSnavs, svams ontologiur
sibrtyeSi: saxeldobr, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, an
rogor
xdeba
is,
rom
mecnieruli
Semecneba
gansazRvravs samyaroSi adamianis adgilsa da SesaZleblobebs, romlebic damoukidebelia adamianisagan
da mTlianad kacobriobisaganac. swored am ontologiur WrilSi unda gamoCndes, misi azriT, rogorc mecnierebisa da kulturis gansxvaeba, aseve maTi SesaZlo
kavSirebic, romlebic daZabuli da dramatulia TavisTavad, radganac es daZabuloba devs TviT am movle616
nis arsebaSi da ar aris dakavSirebuli raime, maT gareT arsebul dramatul situaciebTan.
TviT sakiTxis dayeneba mecnierebasa da kulturaze, rogorc gansxvavebul movlenebze, dakavSirebulia
im sxvaobasTan, romelsac Cven aRmovaCenT ama Tu im
iteleqtualuri Tu konceptualuri warmonaqmnis Sinaarssa da amave Sinaarsis arsebobis konkretul formas
Soris.
marTlac, rom aviRoT, magaliTad fizikis universaluri kanonebis azrobrivi Sinaarsi, cxadia, rom
igi upirvelesad dakavSirebulia maT empiriul gadawyvetasTan, romelsac adamiani axorcielebs gamocdilebaSi SeZenili garkveuli wesebisa da normebis
Tanaxmad, romlebic Tavis mxriv ar Seicavs araviTar
miTiTebebs, maT ,,kulturul“ adgilsa da droze. es
imis Sedegia, rom am kanonebis formulireba ar SeiZleba adamianis raime kerZo, konkretuli arsebiT, rogorc amsaxveli, Semmececnebeli da a.S. arsebisa. erTi
sityviT, mecnierebaSi imTaviTvea Cadebuli da nagulisxmebi, rom misi kanonebi atarebs universalur xasiaTs, maTi sicocxlis (moqmedebis) masStabebi kosmiuria
da arvaiTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, rom isini aq
da axla, am konkretul drosa da garemoSi, aseTi da
aseTi SemecnebiTi unaris mqone pirebis mier iqna aRmoCenili da dadgenili. am ganzomilebaSi aRebuli mcniereba gulisxmobs ara mxolod adamianis gonebis universalurobas (rameTu universaluri kanonis wvdoma
universalur gonebas SeuZlia mxolod) nebismier sazogadoebasa da kulturasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed Tavisi
Sinaarsebis
damoukideblobasac
yovelgvari
kerZo, vTqvaT, magaliTad, bunebis mier dedamiwaze realizebuli Semmecnebeli arsebisagan.
ase rom, aq mecnierebis SemTxvevaSi, erT mxriv,
saqme gvaqvs raRacis (kanonebis) xedvasTan adamianis
TvaliT da adamianis prizmaSi, meore mxriv ki, samya617
ros obieqtur, adamianisagan sruliad damoukidebel
wesrigTan, romelic am xedvaSia realizebuli. am fenomenologiur WrilSi win wamoiwevs problema gansxvavebisa, erT mxriv, imas Soris, rasac Cven vxedavT mecnierebaSi, mecnierul codnaSi universaluri fizikuri kanonis saxiT, romelic Cvengan sruliad damoukidebelia da cxovrobs Tavisi bunebrivi sicocxliT samyaroSi, xolo meore mxriv, – imas Soris, rasac SeiZleba
vuwodoT misi subieqturi moculoba, imas Soris, Tu
rogor aviTviseT da gaviTaviseT Cven Tavi, rac yovelTvis gulisxmobs Semmecnebeli arsebis SemecnebiTi
unarebis aqtualizacias da garkveul organizacias.
marTlac, raRaca azriT adamianma yovelTvis unda gaukeTos realizacia Tavisi cxovrebis mTlianobasa da
mowesrigebulobas, raTa gamoiTqvan an, sxvagvarad,
iyos SemCneuli da daeqvemdebaros xedvas fizikuri kanonebi. swored aq, am WrilSi warmoiSoba kulturebi,
rameTu aRniSnuli realizacia ar uzrunveliyofa,
araa garantirebuli bunebrivi procesebis stiqiuri
svliT. ,,WeSmaritebis, rogorc movlenis es damokidebuleba imisagan, rac emarTeba adamians, subieqts, stovebs swored kulturis ganviTarebis adgils“8.1017sxva
sityvebiT: ,,aris gansxvaveba TviT mecnierul codnasa
da im zomas (yovelTvis konkretul, adamianur da,
axla SevniSnav, – kulturul) Soris, ra zomiTac Cven
vflobT am codnas da sakuTar SemecnebiT Zalebsa da
maT wyaroebs. ai, es ukanaskneli bunebisagan gansxvavebiT, iwodeba, cxadia, kulturad, romelic am SemTxvevaSi mecnierebasTan mis mimarTebaSia aRebuli; an
sxvagvarad _ mecnierebad rogorc kultura“9.1018
codna obieqturia, kultura ki subieqturi.
kultura warmoadgens codnis subieqtur mxares.
,,kulturas mecniereba warmoadgens im zomiT, ra zomiTac mis SinaarsSi gamoxatulia da reproducirdeba
adamianis unari – flobdes universumis Sesaxeb mis mi618
erve miRweul codnas da am codnis wyaroebs da kvlav
warmoqmnas igi drosa da sivrceSi, anu sazogadoebaSi,
rac ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs garkveul socialur
mexsierebas da kodirebis garkveul sistemas“10.1019am
kuTxiT e.i. kulturis mxridan danaxuli mecniereba ar
gansxvavdeba adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva saxeebisagan:
xelovnebisagan, moralisagan, samarTlisagan da a.S. ar
gansxvavdeba imitom, rom aq moqmedebs universumis
wvdomisa da misi gamoxatvis erTiani wesi. kulturuli
movlenebi iseTi movlenebia, romlebic cvlis fizikur,
bunebisagan
adamianisaTvis
boZebul
unarebs,
gardaqmnis maT muSaobas, romeliRac struqturaSi da
moRvaweobis romeliRac wesSi, romlis Sedegi, mdgradoba da erTmniSvnelovnebac, ara mxolod damokidebuli araa individualuri unarebis SemTxveviTobisagan,
aramed maTi gardaqmniT iZleva raRac sul sxva Sedegs.
magaliTad, qanCi _ es kulturuli sagania imitom, rom
masSi fizkuri Zalebis moqmedeba gardaqmnilia SedegSi, romlis miReba sxva gziT SeuZlebeli ramaa. amave rolSi SiZleba ganvixiloT (e.i. qanCis rolSi)
mecnierebis kanonebic, gantolebaTa sistemebic, maTi
gadawyvetis xerxebic da a.S.
amdenad, mecniereba da, saerTodac, adamianuri
moRvaweobis
nebismieri
Sedegi
ganxiluli
Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, araa kultura. kultura igi
imdenadaa, ramdenadac masSi an pirveladaa realizebuli adamianis romeliRac SesaZleblobebi (romlis safuZveli TviT bunebaSi ar Zevs) an masTan, am SedegTan
mimarTebaSi Cven gviCndeba is SesaZleblobebi, romlebic manamde CvenSi ubraload ar iyo. ,,siqstis madona“
rafaelisa araa kultura, is xelovnebis nawarmoebia.
magram is, bunebrivia, kulturuli obieqticaa im zomiT, ra zomiTac Cveni masTan urTierToba CvenSive
kvlavwarmoqmnis, an pirvelad badebs SesaZleblobebs,
romlebic am suraTTan kontaqtamde CvenSi ar iyo. esaa
619
samyaroSo raRacis xedvisa da gagebis SesaZleblobebi
da ara TviT am suraTis xedvisa da gagebisa“11.1020nebismieri nawarmoebi – yovelTvis unikaluri sagania;
aris ra erTaderT ezemplarSi, is ganumeorebeli da
Seucvlelia, is yovelTvis rCeba Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi, rogorc mocemuli ena (Sinagani forma) rogorc aseTi – Tanac calkeuli ena, rogorc aseTi da
ara ena saerTod. esaa is, rac moxda erTxel da ris
Semdegac gaCnda ,,madonas samyaro“, romelSic Cven
vagrZelebT sicocxles, magram ukve rogorc kulturuli (unariani) arsebebi. aseTive obieqtia, magaliTad
eleqtro teqnikaSi moxmarebuli omis kanoni. magram xelovnebis nawarmoebis, an mecnieruli Semoqmedebis produqtebis warmoqmnis aqti da maTi mocemuloba kulturis saxiT – sxvadasxva ramaa. Cven imis kulturaSi
varT, rac Seqmna mxatvarma, xolo TviT es mxatvari
ukve aq aRaraa. is SeuZlebelia ganvsazRvroT CveniT,
an kulturiT12,1021rameTu is erTjeradi Tavis gvarSi
ganumeorebeli da unikaluri aqtia.
m. mamardaSvilis filosofiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Sedegi isaa, rom man cxadyo: yofierebis qmnadobis TvalsazrisiT, produqtiulia mxolod iseTi
azrovneba, romelic cocxalia, romelic TviTon da
Tanac swored ,,aq da axla“, am konkretul situaciaSi
xdeba da romlis umTavresi sayrdeni da warmmarTveli
Zalaa adamianis cnobiereba, rac, rogorc TviTkmari
safuZvelis mqone aqtiuri sawyisi, Tanadamswrea sinamdvilisa. aseT SemTxvevaSi ,,azris mTeli Sinaarsi
...Tanadamswrea. mTeli misi aqtovoba gamoxatulebaa am
faqtisa, rom is aqtivobs mxolod Tavisi Tavis
TandaswrebiT“13.1022sxva saxis azrovnebas SeiZleba vuwodoT ,,gaucxoebuli“, ,,imitaciuri“, ,,mkvdari“ da a.S.
aseTi azrovnebis adamiani ki ukeTes SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mxolod zedapirulad, ase vTqvaT, empiriuli
,,xedvis“ doneze flobdes da erTgvarad ,,meqanikurad“
620
moixmardes sxvaTa namdvil azrovnebaSi wvdomildadgenil WeSmaritebebs, flobdes da iyenebdes garkveul codnas, aRiarebdes da icavdes zneobis dadgenil
normebs da a.S. magram igi sruliad uZluria, TviTon
Cawvdes movlenaTa farul sazriss; sruliad uunaroa
imisaTvis, rom TviTonve swvdes raime axal ideas, an
WeSmarit azrs da sruliad berwia imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos am ideasa da WeSmaritebaSi TviTSobisa da
TviTdabadebis nebismieri aqti.
SeiZleba iTqvas (da es, ase Tu ise, gamomdinareobs TviT mamardaSvilis filosofiidanac), rom Cven,
qarTvelebs,
romlebsac
gansakuTrebulad
gvaqvs
gamZafrebuli awmyos grZnoba, azrovnebis mokvdinebisa
Tu gaucxoebis aseTi safrTxe naklebad gvemuqreba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTul kulturas (da im erovnul
gons, romelic am kulturaSi obieqtivirdeba), Tundac
imis gamo, rom man bolo dromde SeZlo SeenarCunebina
sicocxlis fenomenTan fundamenturi kavSiri (rasac
TviT m. mamardaSvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs), gaaCnia yvela saWiro wanamZRvari da piroba am safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad. magram aseT azrovnebas, romelic mxolod awmyoTi sazrdoobs, axlavs subieqtivizmisa da
relativizmis, saboloo jamSi, sofizmis udidesi
safrTxec, Tu sofizms gavigebT, rogorc azrovnebisa
da cxovrebis iseT wess, romelic am azrovnebisa da
cxovrebis yovelgvari obieqturi, – sayovelTao da aucilebeli masStabebis ignorirebasa da uaryofazea
damyarebuli.
aseT viTarebaSi, erTi SexedviT, ufro momgebianad gamoiyureba azrovnebisa da cxovrebis metafizikuri wesi, romelic upiratesad orientirebulia ufro
Soreul perspeqtivaze, cvalebadobis uwyvet stiqions
mindobili da aryofnis maradi safrTxis winaSe mdgari awmyos ,,miRma“ nagulveb, yofnis maradiulsa da
ucvlel safuZvlebze da romelsac, amis gamo, TiTqos
621
xelewifeba Cveni azrebisa da cxovrebis WeSmariteba
da Rirebuleba uzrunvelyos. magram, rogorc cnobilia, metafizika panacea araa da rogorc istoriuli
faqtebic metyvelebs, metafizikuri msoflmxedvelobebi araerTgzis gamxdara adamianTa gonebis fanatizmiT
dabnelebisa da aTasgvari, Teoriuli Tu aqsiologiuri cdomilebis, saboloo jamSi ki maTi individualobisa da TavisTavadobis dakargvisa da gaufasurebis
safuZveli.
maS, TiTqos gamosavali ar Cans, ar arsebobs:
erTi mxriv subieqtivizmis da relativizmis safrTxe, –
safrTxe adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis momwesrigebeli
erTiani centris ugulebelyofa-uaryofisa da adamianis imanenturi samyaros iseTi struqturebiT misi
Secvlisa, romelTa adgili mxolod am samyaros periferiul SreebSia (rasac, adre Tu gvian, garduvalad
mohyveba adamianis pirovnuli ryeva da sulieri degradacia); meore mxriv ki – safrTxe WeSmariti azrovnebis
sikvdilisa da aqsiologiur WrilSi adamianis ontiurobis sruli gaufasurebisa.
da ai, m. mamardaSvilis udidesi damsaxureba filosofiuri da ara mxolodi filosofiuri azris winaSe isaa, rom man SeZlo TviT cocxal azrovnebaSi
moiZia iseTi momenti, iseTi raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs
orive am safrTxes da iZleva awmyoSi, rogorc sworad
awmyoSi warsulisa da momavlis iseTi SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, sadac isini am ,,awmyos“ xasiaTis
ganmsazRvrel umniSvnelovanes faqtorebsac warmoadgens. es momenti, es raRac aris filosofia,
oRondac, cxadia, ara Teoriis, – miT umetes metafizikuris, – mniSvnelobiT. gansxavavebiT filosofiis, rogorc garkveuli cnebebisa da kategoriebis sistemisagan (rac swavlul filosofosTa saqmea), es filosofia yvelas TavSia, yvelas saqmea da igi warmoadgens
Cveni cnobierebis sicocxlisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
622
umTavres Sinagansa da sruliad aucilebel moments;
esaa Cvens cocxal azrovnnebaSi momxdari cdomileba,
raRac wertili, gaelvebuli wami, romelic maradisobasTanaa naziarebi da romelSic Tanaarsebobs warsulic da momavalic, ris gamoc aq aRarc warsulia mxolod warsuli da aRarc momavali – mxolod momavali.
es filosofia, an ukeT, filosofiuri aqti Cven
cnobierebaSi xdeba imis safuZvelze, rom Cven varT
istoriuli, ufro zogad planSi ki –kulturuli arsebebi (radganac sulier WrilSi istoria yovelTvis
moqmedebs, rogorc amave dros kulturac).
swored kulturis sulieri aTvisebisas viTardeba, an kvlavwarmoiqmneba CvenSi iseTi ,,zebunebrivi“
organoebi da unarebi, romlebsac (zemo aRniSnuli filosofiuri aqtisaTvis saWiro yvela sxva danarCeni,
subieqturi Tu obieqturi pirobebis saxeze yofnis
SemTxvevaSi), erTaderTebs SeuZliaT amogvrTon movlenaTa da xdomilebaTa horizontaluri, droSi mimdinare mizez-Sedegobrivi Tanmimdevrobidan da gadagviyvanon kosmiur ganzomilebaSi, erTianad ganmsWvalon mTeli sinamdvile mis yvela mimarTulebaSi (warsulSic
da momavalSic), erTgvarad vertikalur WrilSi ganalagon misi movlenebi da Segvaxvedron maTTan ,,mudmiv
awmyoSi“.
swored es ,,awmyoa“ zemoaRniSnuli filosofiuri
aqti, romelsac versaidan ver gamoiyvan da verc Segnebulad da survilisamebr ver gamoiwvev. mas ara aqvs
araviTari konkretuli mizezi da ar efuZneba araviTar
garegan kanonebs. esaa adamianis imanenturi samyaros
romeliRac wertilSi momxdari umaRlesi Tavisufali
goniTi aqti, romelSic mTlianobis saxiTaa mocemuli
is, rac Cven mxolod gafantulad gveZleva; wertili,
romelSic, rogorc m. mamardaSvili aRniSnavs, adamianuri ,,me“ erTgvarad maraosebr gaiSleba da ,,ganivrcoba“ mTel sinamdvileSi (misi yoveli mimarTulebiT) da
623
romelSic xdeba erTgvari kvanZis Sekvra, miiRweva
(xorcieldeba) iseTi tavtologiuri bmuloba, romlis
nawilebsac es adamiani da sinamdvile, an sxvagvarad,
es ,,me“ da ,,ara-me“ Seadgenen. am wertilSi ,,me“ aris
ara idealuri wertili, aramed ,,me“-s xangrZlivobisa
da igiveobis sfero.
,,me“-s yofierebis am sisruleSi Tavs iCens garkveuli formebi, romelSic es sisrule miiRweva da
romlebsac m. mamardaSvili, i. kantisa da n. boris
kvaldakval, Cvengan damoukideblad, TviT sinamdvilis
kuTvnil da, am azriT, obieqtur formebad miiCnevs. es
is formebia, romelTa ,,gavliTac“ da romlebSic es
sinamdvile erTgvarad nebas gvrTavs (TiTqos gvTavazobs), SevaRwioT masSi, daveufloT mas da romelTa
SemweobiTac igi imaze ukeT warmarTavs Cveni azris
evolucias, vidre es Cven TviTon SegveZlo gagvekeTebina. oRondac, – da amas m. mamardaSvili xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, – ,,esaa formebi, romlebSic samyaroSi obieqturTa
xarisxSi
arsebobs
iseTi
struqturebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulia am samyaroSi adamianis Tanadaswrebaze“14.1023yovelive ki niSnavs imas, rom es
formebi warmarTavs da ganapirobebs Cveni RirebulebiTi cnobierebis formirebis processac, rac (TviT m.
mamardaSvilis filosofiidan logikurad gamomdinare)
aris kidec am Rirebulebebis obieqturobis ontologiuri safuZveli.
aseTia mokled kulturis m. mamardaSviliseuli
gaazreba. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi aris mxolod erT-erTi
fragmenti kulturis miseuli, im mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani koncefciisa, romelsac sagangebo gamokvleva sWirdeba. igi miekuTvneba im moazrovneTa
ricxvs, romelTa aseTi Tu iseTi interpretacia SeiZleba mxolod da ara yovelmxrivad amomwuravi da
calsaxa gaazreba.
624
naTqvami exeba saerTod qarTveli filosofosebis
mier SemuSavebul kulturis filosofiur Teoriasac,
raSic mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebmac. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Cven
moklebuli varT SesaZleblobas sakvlev Tematikas
SevxedoT drois gadasaxedidan, rac aucilebelia
kulturis nebismieri movlenis obieqturi SefasebisaTvis. sakvlevi Temis irgvliv warmodgenas garkveulad Seavsebs qvemoT motanili naSromebis arasruli
sia, romelTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSec XX s-is qarTuli kulturis filosofiis istoria srulyofilad ver
gaiazreba: d. qerqaZe. eri da kultura Tb; 1984; misive,
lokaluri civilizaciebis TeoriaTa kritika. Tb; 1978;
g. nodia. TamaSis cneba kulturis filosofiaSi. Tb;
1987; i. kalandia. mecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia da
sulieri kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb; 1979; T. mTibelaSvili. kultura da socialisturi humanizmi. Tb;
1988; Т. Мтибелашвили. Культура и гуманизм. Тб., 1986; Г.
Нодиа. Труд и гуманизм, Тб., 1986, Сборники: «Культура и
обшественное сознание», Тб., 1973; «Культура в свете
философии». Тб., 1979; «Философские проблемы культуры». Тб.,
1980; «Философия, культура, человек». Тб; 1988.
625
meTormete Tavi
filosofiuri anTropologia
filosofuri
anTropologia
filosofiur
disciplinaTa Soris yvelaze ,,axalgazrdaa”. filosofiis calke dargad igi Camoyalibda germaniaSi XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi (m. Seleri, h. plesneri), xolo
Semdeg sxva qveynebSi gavrcelda. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, am mecnierebam aq SemoaRwia 60-ian wlebSi,
kerZod, 1967 w-s saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
filosofiis institutSi akad. angia boWoriSvilis TaosnobiT Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli (da erTaderTi) ganyofileba filosofiuri anTropologiisa. am
saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba mTliani adamianis Teoriulobieqturi da RirebulebiTi cxadyofa. miuxedavad mcire asakisa, qarTul filosofiur-anTropologiur
azrovnebas ukve aqvs Tavisi istoria. gamocemulia ,,filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxebis” 9 tomi, mravali statia da calke monografia, rogorc mSobliur,
aseve, msoflios sxvadasxva enaze.
filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis dafuZnebas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. gamoCdnen Sinauri
da gareSe mtrebi, romelmac gailaSqres misi kanonierebis winaaRmdeg. mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTadi argumentebi mimarTuli iyo am mecnierebis saxelwodebisa da Sinaarsis mimarT. zogi Tumca aRiarebda adamianis filosoifuri gaazrebis aucileblobas, magram uaryofda
termins ,,filosofiuri anTropologia”, rogorc antimarqsistul Teorias. sxvebi filosofiur anTropologias aigivebdnen anTropologiur filosofiasTan da
masSi anTropologizmis, anTropomorfizmis da anTropocentrizmis saSiSroebas xedavdnen.
626
1977 w-s TbilisSi gaimarTa sakavSiro diskusia
Temaze: ,,adamianis problema” (diskusiis masalebi gamoqveynda JurnalSi ,,macne”. filosofiis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikis da samarTlis seria. #1, #2, 1978 w.).
cxare kamaTis Semdeg gaimarjva WeSmaritebam da filosofiurma anTropologiam _ am humanisturma moZRvrebam
_ mtkiced daimkvidra adgili sxva filosofiur
disciplinaTa gverdiT. filosofiur anTropoligias
saqarTveloSi ar daxvedria ,,nayofieri niadagi”. arada, ioane petriwis, rusTavelis da esoden mdidari filosofiuri folkloris qveyana moklebuli ar unda
yofiliyo am sikeTes. istoriis ukuRmarTobam daarRvia
kavSirebi Taobebs Soris. XX s-is dasawyisSi aRorZinebulma qarTulma filosofiurma azrovnebam Semecnebis
Teoriisken warmarTa yuradReba, Semdeg ki, ,,rkinis
fardis” xanaSi, daixSo gza ,,meore samyarosaken”, yuradRebis gareSe darCa evropul filosofiaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. amitom daigviana CvenTan filosofiurma anTropologiam. miuxedevad amisa, qarTveli filosofosebis SemoqmedebaSi, maT nawarmoebebSi gvxvdeba msjeloba adamianis Sesaxeb da iseTi problemebic,
romlebic filosofiur-anTropologiuri xasiaTisaa.
,,anTropologiurad momarTuli” filosofosebidan, uwinaresad, unda dasaxeldes S. nucubiZe, d. uznaZe da k. kapaneli (agreTve, s. danelia, romlis literaturul-filosofiur Semoqmedebasa da filosofiis
istoriaSi naTlad Cans anTropologiuri epoqis moazrovneebisadmi didi interesi da simpaTia). rac Seexeba saSualo Taobas, aq gansakuTrebulia z. kakabaZis
wvlili; adamianis filosofiuri problemis kvlevis
dargSi, misi nayofieri da originaluri azrovneba.
mTeli warsuli filosofiuri memkvidreobis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba aseTi daskvna: iyo anTropologiuri problemebi, magram ar yofila anTropolgiis
problema da msjeloba adamianis filosofiurad
627
ganmsjeli mecnierebis Sesaxeb. es misia ikisra saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebam, misi xelmZRvanelis a. boWoriSvilis, agreTve, o. tabiZis,
v. kakabaZis, m. cincaZis da sxva TanamSromlebis SemadgenlobiT. filosofiis axali dargis dafuZnebasa
da winsvlaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis institutis maSindel direqtors n. WavWavaZes da mis moadgiles T.
buaCiZes.
SeiZleba ukmayofilobis grZnoba gamoiwvios am
mkvlevarTa naSromebSi marqsizmis klasikosTa, gansakuTrebiT k. marqsis xSirma damowmebam, magram amasac
Tavisi gamarTleba hqonda. jer erTi, igi saWiro iyo
im miznis ganxorcielebisTvis, rasac es mkvlevrebi
isaxavdnen, da meore: k. marqsis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis adrindel naSromebSi (roca k. marqsi
jer kidev ar iyo orTodoqsi ,,marqsisti”), marTlac
gvxdeba
adamianis
Sesaxeb
anTropologiuri
(da
eqsistencialuri) ganazrebebi. amis Sesaxeb TviT antimarqsistebic miuTiTeben.
am mcire istoriuli eqkursis Semdeg SevexebiT filosofiur-anTropologiis
zogierTi
TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlis ramdenime mosazrebas adamianis Sesaxeb.
gamoCenili qarTveli fsiqologi da filosofosi
a. boWoriSvili Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobis bolo
15 wlis ganmavlobaSi nayofierad muSaobda adamianis
filosofiur problemebze. man am xnis ganmavlobaSi
gaswia didi Sroma, saqarTveloSi daafuZna axali
mecniereba,
daicva
misi
kanoniereba,
dasaxa
am
disciplinis ganviTarebis gza.
a. boWoriSvili, rogorc yoveli WeSmariti mecnieri, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs mecnierebis sagnis
problemas. man jer fsiqologiiis sagnis damoukideblobas miuZRvna fundamenturi naSromebi, Tavisi
628
wvlili Seitana, agreTve, esTetikis sagnis raobis
cxadyofaSi.
filosofiuri anTropologiis sagnis dadgenas, am
mecnierebis kardinalur sakiTxebs exeba mravali gamokvleva. maTgan ramdenimes davasaxelebT: 1. filosofiuri anTropologiis sagani (ix. kreb. filosofiuri
anTropologiis sakiTxebi. naw. I, 1970); 2. eqsistencialuri anTropologia (iqve, naw. III, 1973); 3. filosofiuri anTropologiis Teoriuli safuZvlebi (Tbilisi,
1976); 4. adamianis fenomenologiis Sesaxeb (ix. kreb. filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxebi. naw. IV, 1977); 5.
adamianis arsi da arseboba (iqve, naw. V, 1978); 6. ras
amboben filosofosebi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb (1980).
a. boWoriSvilis naSromTa erTi nawili, gansakuTrebiT monografia ,,filosofiuri anTropologiis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi” ZiriTadad eZRvneba filosofiuri anTropologiis sagnis problemebis raobas. aseT
Tanamimdevrobas logika gvavalebs. rogorc Tavad
avtori ityvis: ,,kiTxva _ ra aris adamiani?” mxolod
maSin iqneba ase Tu ise, ..pasuxgacemuli filosofiuri
anTropologiis Sesabamisad, roca gvecodineba im
kiTxvis Sinaarsi, rac gamoxatulia ase: ,,ra aris filosofiuri anTropologia?”.
filosofiuri anTropologia, a. boWoriSvilis
azriT, warmoadgens uzogades filosofiur disciplinas adamianis bunebis, misi struqturis, mniSvnelobisa
da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. is arkvevs samyaroSi adamianis adgils, eZebs mis arss. am problemebiT filosofia
mudam iyo dainteresebuli. antikuri azrovnebis
anTropologiuri periodidan (sofistebi, sokrate)
dRemde yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli interesi adamianis raobis mimarT. axal droSi ki anTropologiis
problemebi filosofiuri anTropologiis problemad
gadaiqca, e.i. specialur-mecnieruli kvlevis adgili
filosofiurma kvlevam daiWira.
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arc erTi sxva mecniereba, amtkicebs a. boWoriSvili, adamianis arss ar eZebs. am misiis Sesaruleba mxolod filosofiur anTropologias evaleba. zogierTi
mkvlevari filosofiur anTropolgias amocanad usaxavs daadginos adamianis ontologia, sxvebi ki am
mecnierebisagan moiTxoven adamianis ideis Seqmnas da
a.S. arcTu iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca bevri terminia gaerTianebuli da filosofiuri anTropologiis dasaxasiaTebladaa gamoyenebuli. xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego filosofiuri moZRvrebis mimdevrebic ki
Tanmxdebian maSin, roca saqme filosofiuri anTropologiis nominalur definicias exeba, Tumca es ar
niSnavs Tanxmobas Sinaarsebs Soris. aq didi sxvaobaa,
formalurad erTi, Sinaarseulad mravalia saqme amiT
iwyeba
da
aRniSnul
gansxvavebas
TvalsaCinod
warmogvidgens imis dadgena, Tu sad ra igulisxmeba
arsSi, ideaSi, yofierebaSi... winaswar unda iqnas
garkveuli is, Tu ra aris arsi da Semdeg is, Tu ra
aris adamianis arsi.
a. boWoriSvili amodis sagnis saxelwodebidan da
aRniSnavs, rom filosofiuri anTropologia aris filosofiuri mecniereba. ufro zustad _ ,,gamoyenebiTi
filosofia”. igulisxmeba, rom arsis raobas arkvevs
filosofia, xolo amiT SeiaraRebuli filosofosi_
antropologi ikvlevs adamianis arss. magram, radganac
arsSi yovelTvis araa nagulisxmebi erTi Sinaarsi, amitom filosofiurma anTropologiam TviTon unda
izrunos am cnebis garkvevaze.
filosofiur anTropologias hyavs winamorbedebi
da Tanamedrove avtorebi, romlebmac Seqmnes es
disciplina. gamodis wignebi, sadac gaSuqebulia sagnis
raoba, misi mimarTeba filosofiasTan, filosofiur
disciplinebTan, pozitiur mecnierebebTan, sxva anTropologiebTan... am mecnierebam ukve miaRwia ganviTarebis
iseT dones, roca misi xelaRebiT uaryofa SeuZlebelia.
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a. boWoriSvilis Tanaxmad, filosofiuri anTropologiis gaCenamde adamiani mravali mecnierebis obieqtad iyo warmodgenili. imis magier, rom mecnierebas
jer moepovebina adamianis cneba, xolo Semdgom daewyo
misi calkeuli aspeqtebis kvleva, man adamianis
Seswavla nawilebidan daiwyo. amitomac aris, rom
calkeul mecnierebebs adamianis Sesaxeb (anatomia, fiziologia, sociologia, istoria, fsiqologia...) didi
xnis istoria aqvs. maT didi codnac daagroves, magram
mecniereba adamianis mTliani arsebis Sesaxeb axalia.
adamianis cnebis gaazrebis siZnelec imis Sedegia, rom
am cnebis SemuSavebisas Tavs iCens sxvadasxva mecnierebis monacemebi, romlebic adamianis calkeul mxareebs
swavlobs da ara adamians, rogorc mTels. nawilebis
codna ki mTliani adamianis codnas ver mogvcems. mTelis Tviseba specifikuria da ar udris nawilTa Tvisebebis erTobliobas. es da kidev sxva mravali faqtori
a. boWoriSvilis azriT, imis sasargeblod metyvelebs,
rom aucilebelia adamianis Semswavleli calke mecnierebis arseboba, romelic da romlis monacemebic meTodologiuri safuZveli da logikuri winapiroba iqneba
adamianis Sesaxeb nebismieri mecnierebisaTvis. es
disciplina ar warmoadgens humanitaruli mecnierebis
monacemebis sinTezs. igi araa krebuli saxeli empiriulad mocemuli adamianis mravalferovani atributebisa, ar aris ,,adamianis enciklopedia”, aramed mecnierebaa sakuTari sagniT da kvlevis aseve sakuTari meTodebiT. mis sagnad iTvleba ,,TviTon adamiani”, ,,adamiani
rogorc aseTi”. adamians mravali atributi aqvs; filosofiuri anTropologia maT Soris yvelaze arsebiTs
eZebs, kerZod, imas, rac uZiriTadesia, anu rac aris
TviTon adamiani.
zogierTi mkvlevari filosofiur anTropologias, adamianis filosofiur Ses