JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR

ASEAN- Training Program on Response to Climate
Change (Focusing on Renewable Energy &
Environment Health)
10 -27 June 2012
Korea
“WE CAN LIVE WITHOUT FOOD FOR MORE THAN TWO
WEEKS,
WE CAN LIVE WITHOUT WATER FOR SEVERAL DAYS,
BUT
WE CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT AIR FOR MORE THAN
FOUR MINUTES.”
Department of Environment
Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment
Malaysia
Objective
To prevent, abate, control pollution
and to enhance the quality of the
environment, and for purpose
connected therewith
EQA 1974 came into force on
15 April 1975
APPLICATION
EQA is applicable to the whole of Malaysia
y Environmental Quality Act (EQA), 1974
y Exclusive Economic Zone Act (EEZ), 1984
y DOE administers the EQA, 1974 and Part IV of the
EEZ, 1984.
Controls pollution through:
• Standards
• Written permission
• Licensing
AMENDMENT 1996
• New emerging issues
• Rectify short comings
• Increase penalty
REMEDIAL APPROACH
-Enforcement of the EQA
PREVENTIVE APPROACH
- Land use planning
- Environmental input to resource & regional
planning
- EIA
27 Regulations:
• Air Pollution
• Prescribed Premises
• Water Pollution
• EIA
• Mobile Sources
• Ozone Depleting Substances
• Open Burning
• Scheduled Wastes
To address possible impact on
human health as a result of
increasing industrialisation process
in the early seventies
To establish a comprehensive legal
framework to deal with
environmental problems
Cle
ean Air Action Plan
`
`
`
`
`
(a) Motor Vehicles Emission Reductions
(b) Industrial Emission Reductions
(c) Prevention and Control of Haze Due to Land and
Forest Fires and Open Burning Activities
(d) Knowledge Enhancement
(e) Public Awareness and Participation
11
•Introduction
•Air
Pollution Sources
•Prevention and Control
• Legislation
Types of Monitoring
•Ambient Air Quality Management
•
• Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines
• Air Pollutant Index (API)
• Haze
•Challenges
in Air Quality Management
•New Initiatives - Clean Air Action Plan, Fire Prevention and
Peatland Management Programme
`
`
`
`
Motor Vehicles
Point Sources
(Industries)
Open Burning
Transboundary
Pollution
13
Section 21 : Power to specify conditions of
emission, discharge, etc
{ specify the acceptable conditions for the
emission,
discharge
or
deposit
of
environmentally
hazardous
substances,
pollutants or wastes or the emission of
noise
Section 22 : Restrictions on pollution of the
atmosphere
{ No person shall, unless licensed, emit or
discharge any environmentally hazardous
substances, pollutants or wastes into the
atmosphere
Section 51 : Regulations
{ The Minister after consultation with the
Council may make regulations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Environmental Quality Clean Air Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality Control Of Lead
Concentration In Motor Gasoline Regulations 1985
Environmental Quality Motor Vehicle Noise
Regulations 1987
Environmental Quality Control Of Emission From
Petrol Engines Regulations 1996
5.
6.
7.
8.
Environmental Quality Control Of Emission From
Diesel Engines Regulations 1996
Environmental Quality Halon Management
Regulations 1999
Environmental Quality Refrigerant Management
Regulations 1999
Environmental Quality Compounding Of Offences
Open Burning Rules 2000
9.
10.
11.
Environmental Quality Delegation Of Powers
Investigation Of Open Burning Order 2000
Environmental Quality Delegation Of Powers Halon
Management Order 2000
Environmental Quality Declared Activities Open
Burning Order 2003
12.
13.
Environmental Quality Control Of Emission From
Motorcycles Regulations 2003
Environmental Quality Dioxin And Furan
Regulations 2004
`
Point sources –Stack/ CEMS
`
Non Point Sources- Motor vehicles
`
Ambient Monitoring
enforcement
19
Pollutant
Averaging
Malaysian Guidelines (Concentration)
Time
ppm
(μg/m3)
Ozone
1 Hour
8 Hour
0.10
0.06
200
120
Carbon
Monoxide***
1 Hour
8 Hour
30.0
9.0
35
10
Nitrogen Dioxide
1 Hour
24 hour
0.17
0.04
320
10
Sulphur Dioxide
1 hour
24 Hour
0.13
0.04
350
105
(**mg/m3)
Particulate Matter
(PM10)
Total Suspended
Particulate (TSP)
Lead
24 Hour
12 Month
150
50
24 Hour
12 Month
260
90
3 Month
1.5
21
y
y
Air Pollutant Index (API) is an indicator for the air quality
status at any particular area
It is calculated based on 5 major air pollutants which are:
{ Sulphur Dioxide, SO2
{ Nitrogen Oxide, NOx
{ Carbon Monoxide, CO
{ Particulate Matter Size < 10micron, PM10
{ Ozone, O3
y
The air pollutants concentration are measured and
recorded by 52 automatic air quality stations all around
Malaysia
SO2
(24 hr)
Idx (SO2)
NOX
(1 hr)
Idx (NOX)
CO
(8 hr)
Idx (CO)
PM10
(24 hr)
Idx (PM10)
O3
(1 hr)
Idx (O3)
Pollutant
Individual
Index
Max
Idx
Choose
Maximum
Index
API
Air
Pollutant
Index
AIR QUALITY STATUS
API SCALE
AIR QUALITY STATUS
0 – 50
GOOD
51 – 100
MODERATE
101 – 200
UNHEALTHY
201 – 299
VERY UNHEALTHY
300 – 500
HAZARDOUS
> 500
EMERGENCY
Note : * = Particulate Matter < 10 micron, PM10
a = Sulphur Dioxide, SO2
b = Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2
c = Ozone, O3
d = Carbon Monoxide, CO
& = More than one pollutant
# = Technical problem
API
Status
Health Effect
0 – 50
Good
Low pollution without No obligation for outdoor
any bad effect on health
activities to the public.
Maintain healthy lifestyle
51 – 100
Moderat
e
Moderate pollution that No obligation for outdoor
does not pose any bad activities to the public.
effect on health
Maintain healthy lifestyle
101 – 200 Unhealth Worsen
the
health
y
condition of high risk
people who is the people
with heart and lung
complications
Health Advice
Limited outdoor activities
for the high risk people.
Public need to reduce the
extreme
outdoor
activities
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API
Status
Health Effect
Health Advice
201 –
299
Very
Unhealthy
Worsen
the
health
condition
and
low
tolerance of physical
exercises to people with
heart
and
lung
complications.
Affect
public health.
Old and high risk people
are advised to stay
indoor
and
reduce
physical activities. People
with health complications
are advised to see doctor
300 –
500
Hazardous Hazardous to high risk Old and high risk people
people and public health are
prohibited
for
outdoor activities. Public
are advised to prevent
from outdoor activities
> 500
Emergency Hazardous to high risk Public are advised to
people and public health follow
orders
from
National Security Council
and always follow
the
announcement in mass
media
26
AIR QUALITY STATIONS IN MALAYSIA
y
y
y
Atmospheric haze is the
condition of reduced
visibility caused by the
presence of fine
particles in the
atmosphere
Particles typically in the
size range 0.1-1 μm in
diameter scatter light
most efficiently
The source of particles
can be natural or
anthropogenic (humanmade)
`
Haze 1997
`
Haze 2005
`
Haze 2006
`
Haze 2010
`
Haze 2011
`
`
Detected in mid July 1997 when API reached
unhealthy levels of more than 100
Haze emergency was declared in Sarawak for 10
days from 19 September 1997, when API reached
hazardous level of more than 500 and visibility was
greatly reduced
`
`
`
`
`
`
Air pollution > WHO recommended levels >
hazardous level
Affected 6 ASEAN countries, 70 million people
Estimated 180 million tonnes CO2 released
Peak level of PM10 - 6,000 μg/m3
API reached 839 in Sarawak
TSP exceeded National Standards (260 μg/m3) by 10
times
Source : ASEAN Secretariat
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
20 million in Indonesia suffered respiratory
problems; 527 deaths, 2.5 million workdays lost
Hospital visits increase
UNEP labelled it as “most damaging in recorded
history”
Total economic loss USD 9.3 billion
Closure of airports/flight cancellations
Drastic drop of tourist arrivals
Agriculture production declined
Loss of biodiversity
Source : ASEAN Secretariat
`
`
`
`
`
1 August 2005 until 15 August 2005
Worst hit areas were central (Klang Valley), eastern
and northern parts of Peninsular Malaysia
Primary source was due to transboundary haze
Condition was aggravated by the stable atmospheric
condition during these periods
Haze emergency was declared when the haze was at
its peak on 11 August 2005 in Pelabuhan Klang and
Kuala Selangor as the Air Pollution Index (API) for
both areas exceeded 500
Haze 2005
Source : New Straits Times, 13 August 2005
`
`
`
`
In late September and early October 2006,
Worst hit area was Sri Aman in Sarawak, which
registered the highest Air Pollutant Index (API) of
221 (very unhealthy level) on 6 October 2006,
Hazy condition was also experienced in Peninsular
Malaysia, where twenty stations recorded unhealthy
air quality levels on 7 October 2006,
Low visibility of between 0.4km and 6km was also
observed.
`
`
`
Hit Melaka and Johor areas
Worst hit Muar District, Johor on 20th October 2010
which highest Air Pollutant Index (API) of 432
(hazardous level)
170 schools in Muar District were closed on 21st
October 2010
• Malaysia experienced 4 episodes of transboundary haze
pollution during the period from the month of May to early
September 2011:
i)
from 9 to 13 May –west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
affected with maximum unhealthy level of API reached 104
in Port Klang, Selangor on 12 May 2011;
ii)
from 3 to 15 July – northern and west coast of Peninsular
Malaysia affected with maximum unhealthy level of API
139 in Ipoh, Perak on 13 July 2011
iii) From 26 to 28 August 2011, affected areas in
Sarawak with unhealthy level of API reached 110 in
Sibu, Sarawak and 109 in Sri Aman, Sarawak on 27
August 2011; and
iv) From 6 to 10 September 2011 west coast of
Peninsular Malaysia was affected with maximum
unhealthy level of 105 in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan on 9
September 2011
40
`
`
`
`
Transboundary haze pollution
Lack of awareness and alternatives to control open
burning among shifting cultivation and small
farmers
Lack of awareness for premises to control and
maintain air pollutant control equipment
Lack of maintenance on motor vehicles
CHALLENGES IN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
`
`
`
Limitation of enforcement on open burning cases
due to shortage of manpower
Poor accessibility to the open burning site
Phase out HCFC to non-HCFC as a new reduction
target
◦ Multinational company may have problem due to limited
budget as they are not eligible for multilateral fund
43
44
NEW INITIATIVE IN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
`
Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP)
`
New Clean Air Regulations in the making
`
`
Propose new standard for Malaysia ambient air
quality
◦ Include Particulate Matter < 2.5 micron (PM2.5 )and
other air toxic into consideration
Fire Prevention and Peatland Management
Programme to control firebreak out in peatland fire
prone areas that cause local haze
45
TENTH MALAYSIA PLAN
THRUST FOUR :
IMPROVING THE STANDARD AND SUSTAINABILITY OF
QUALITY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 6 : BUILDING THE ENVIRONMENT THAT
ENHANCES QUALITY OF LIFE BY:
REDUCING EMISSIONS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY : Implementation
of the Clean Air Action Plan to be intensified in 5 focus areas:
• Reducing emissions from motor vehicles
• Preventing haze pollution from land and forest fires
• Reducing emissions from industries
• Building Institutional capacity and capabilities
• Strengthening public awareness and participation
46
“Green Strategy” in The National Policy on
the Environment :
1
• Education and Awareness;
2
• Effective Management of Natural Resources and the Environment;
3
• Integrated Development Planning and Implementation;
4
• Prevention and Control of Pollution and Environmental Degradation;
5
• Strengthening of Administrative and Institutional Mechanisms;
6
• Proactive Approach to Regional and Global Environmental Issues; and
7
• Formulation and Implementation of Action Plans
47
Inline with the 7th “Green Strategy”, a
Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) is developed:
yAs
a roadmap to cleaner air;
ySpell
out strategies and action plans to
address air pollution issues;
yIncludes
timeframe and target year for each
identified programmes and activities (short,
medium and long-term).
48
49
50
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`
`
`
Contribution of the 1st Brainstorming Workshop, 24-25 April 2007
A team of air quality experts to assist in developing a draft of the
strategic actions concept
Two Working Group Sessions also held in August and November
2007 to produce final draft of the document
Multistakeholders Seminar was held on 18 December 2007
51
`
`
`
CAAP is an important plan to ensure better air
quality is achieved
Crucial that all stakeholders play their part in
implementing the proposed strategies/action plans
CAAP is a dynamic document and continuously
evolve to take care of future air quality challenges
52
1.
Motor vehicle emission reductions
2.
Industrial emission reductions
3.
Prevention and control of haze (local and regional levels)
4.
Knowledge enhancement
5.
Public awareness and participation
53
54
STRATEGIES
Motor Vehicles Emission Reductions
1. Vehicle
technology,
fuel quality,
inspection
and
maintenance
2. Enforcement
Actions
Timeframe
• More stringent vehicle emissions standards through Type
Approval
• Short-term
• Review and upgrade existing fuel quality (specifications)
• Medium-term
• Promote and support conversion to CNG-Petrol Hybrid
fuel system
• Short-term
• Promote and support the use of biofuel.
• Short-term
• Review existing emissions standards
• Short-term
• Stringent enforcement actions against smoky vehicles
on the roads
• Short-term
• Strengthen enforcement
• Short-term
55
Actions
3. Off-road
vehicles and
fugitive
emissions
4. Public
Awareness/
Education
• Inclusion of ‘Off Road Vehicles’ emissions into the existing
Diesel Regulations (Regulation 5)
Timeframe
• Short-term
• Include emission from off-road vehicle and fugitive
emission due to fuel evaporation into emission load
inventory
• Long-term
• Introduce the use of benzene recovery system at petrol
stations
• Long-term
• Strengthen enforcement of laws and regulations to
improve level of compliance
• Short-term
• Education/awareness campaign on the health, social and
environmental benefits of utilizing non-motorised transport
• Short-term
• Organize campaign on ‘no private car day’ in Putrajaya
• Short-term
• Educate vehicle owners on proper maintenance
• Short-term
• Establishment of sustainable transport clubs in schools as
part of environmental education programme
• Short-term
56
NST, 19/8/2007
57
STRATEGIES
Industrial Emissions Reduction
1. Improve
emission
inventory
Actions
Timeframe
• Improve and expand the present emission inventory
database
• Short-term
• Enhance emission inventory data capture, collection and
archives
• Short-term
• Review current regulations for major and new emitters to
report their emission loads
• Short-term
• Quality assurance and control programme for emission
inventories
• Short-term
• Incorporate the on-going greenhouse gases emission
inventory
• Short-term
58
2. Review of
existing
emission
standard
3. Concept of
selfregulation –
ISO 14000
Actions
Timeframe
• Review of existing emission standards
• Short-term
• Information & documentation of Best Available Technology • Short-term
(BAT)
• Review polluter pays principle and charges base on
emission load
• Long-term
• Life cycle assessment promotion
• Short-term
(2015)
59
Strategies
4. Promotion
of the State
of the Art
Technology
5. Establish
and Review
Existing
Guidelines
Actions
Timeframe
• Promote state of the art technology
• Short-term
• Develop institutional arrangements and capacity building
for the promotion of good air quality management
• Short-term
• Organize training programmes at local, national and
regional levels
• Short-term
• Air pollution control technology demonstration centre for
better understanding of the latest technology available
• Long-term
• Establish & review guidelines on Best Available
Techniques (BAT) in air pollution control
• Short-term
• Form a Working Group consisting multi stakeholders to
review existing guidelines
• Short-term
60
Strategies
1. Prevention
and control
at local level
Actions
Timeframe
• Strengthen enforcement actions against illegal open
burning activities
• Short-term
• Review Plan of Action to prevent open burning activities
• Short-term
• Capacity building among enforcement officers
• Short-term
• Promote Zero Burning Techniques in agricultural sector
• Short-term
• Implementation of the Fire Prevention Programme at
peatlands
• Short-term
61
Strategies
2. Prevention
and control
at regional
level
Actions
Timeframe
• Continuous support and contribution to the
implementation of the ASEAN Agreement on
Transboundary Haze Pollution
• Short-term
• Joint collaboration on air quality monitoring and data
sharing
• Short-term
• Knowledge & technology transfer on zero burning
practices and sustainable peatland management
• Short-term
• Participate in forum that promotes the understanding
and dissemination of information on air quality
management
• Short-term
62
Strategies
1. Review of
air quality
monitoring
network
Actions
Timeframe
• Review present stations classification and monitoring
network through continuous assessment
• Short-term
• Establish more stations in critical / sensitive areas
• Medium-term
• Implement vertical measurements of air pollution and
meteorological parameters to facilitate modeling and
forecasts
• Medium-term
• Initiate a 3-dimensional national monitoring network
2. Monitoring
of additional
air
pollutants
• Medium-term
• Incorporate PM2.5 monitoring system at air quality
monitoring stations
• Long-term
• Set up new sites for monitoring air toxics to improve
estimates of air toxics concentrations. Use data to
evaluate potential public health impacts
• Long-term
63
Actions
Timeframe
3. Quality
Assurance
(QA)
programme
• Strengthen QA programme
• Short-term
4. Review of
ambient air
quality
guidelines
• Establish experts group to study national and international • Medium-term
ambient air quality guidelines
Strategies
• Strengthen training and capacity building in quality control • Short-term
and assurance
• Achieve ISO certification in air quality monitoring
programme
• Adoption and compliance to the new ambient air quality
standards proposed
• Medium-term
• Medium-term
64
Strategies
5. Improve air
quality
reporting
Actions
Timeframe
• Improve daily air quality reporting includes pollutants
concentration
• Short-term
• Upgrade websites to be interactive in reporting of air
quality status
• Short-term
• Utilize Geographical Information System (GIS) as an
analytical and display tool
• Short-term
• Incorporate air quality status and forecast into the print
and electronic media
• Medium-term
65
Strategies
6. Development
of expertise
in air quality
prediction
and
modelling
7. Research
and
development
Actions
Timeframe
• Identification and assessment of available resources
• Short-term
• Accelerate lifelong learning for continuous professional
development
• Short-term
• Determine national level priorities and needs for capacity
building to address national air quality issues
• Short-term
• Strengthen capacity building by actively engaging experts
• Short-term
• Encourage collaboration and cooperation between local
and foreign experts to transfer of technology
• Short-term
• Integrate air quality assessment and modeling activities
with air quality observations, quality assurance and data
management in air quality forecasting systems
• Medium-term
• Formulate a succession plan to prevent the lost of
intellectual capacity and expertise
• Medium-term
• Recognition of research and development initiatives in air
quality management
• Short-term
66
Strategies
1. Continuous
Professional
Training For
Environment
Practitioners
Actions
Timeframe
• Provide assistance in the form of smart partnership and
‘accredited’ training centres
• Short-term
• Identify expertise in specific areas of interest relating to air • Short-term
quality management
• Broaden the scope of assistance to stationary schools
2. Student
students in implementing environmental
Involvement in and
awareness projects and programmes
Environmental
Programmes
• Short-term
67
Strategies
Actions
• Prepare selected curriculum on EEdu for different target
3. Train the
group
Trainers
Programme in • Plan a series of pilot workshops to see how well the EEdu
Environmental programmes run
• Implement the programme with the cooperation of NGOs,
Education
CBOs, DOE, LA, the private sectors, government
(EEdu)
Timeframe
• Short-term
• Medium-term
• Short-term
agencies and other stakeholders
4. EEdu as
Compulsory
Course at
Tertiary Level
• Evaluate the programme for effectiveness and gap
identification
• Short-term
• Initiate a working group to develop framework on
compulsory environmental curriculum at tertiary level
• Short-term
68
Strategies
Actions
Timeframe
5. Promote
‘Sustainable
School
Concept’
(Sekolah
Lestari)
• Expand participation of schools in ‘Sustainable School
Concept’ (Sekolah Lestari)
• Short-term
6. Expansion of
the Role of
“Pusat
Khidmat
Masyarakat”
and the
Media in
Providing
Information to
the Public
• Widen outreach programmes on solving air pollution
issues involving politicians, decision makers, local
government and other relevant agencies
• Short-term
69
Actions
Timeframe
7. Development
of Information
Materials on
Clean Air and
Health
• Provide sufficient materials and campaigns on air quality
and health through mass media
• Short-term
8.
• Form a group for the current set of sustainability
indicators used and the best way in which air quality and
health dimensions can be incorporated into the existing
indicator set.
• Short-term
Strategies
Enhancement
of Air Quality
and Health
Dimensions
in “Bandar
Lestari”
Programme
70
Strategies
Actions
Timeframe
9. Development
of Emergency
Response
Plan (ERP) at
Local Level
When Air
Pollution
Level
Reaches
Critical Limit
• Review & assess air pollution situation in Malaysia and
identify areas with high frequency of pollution level
• Medium-term
• Develop ERP at local level when air pollution reaches
critical limit
• Short-term
10. Designate
and Declare
one day as
“Hari Udara
Bersih
• Introduce one day in a year as ‘Hari Udara Bersih’
• Short-term
71
Strategies
Actions
• Inculcate environmental responsibilities among corporate
11. Corporate
bodies through corporate social responsibility
Social
programmes
Responsibility
In Promoting
Environmental
Awareness
Timeframe
• Short-term
72
`
`
Fire Prevention and Peatland Management
Programme
Early warning system –Fire Danger Rating
System (FDRS)
`
`
Fire Prevention and Peatland Management
Programme
Early warning system –Fire Danger Rating
System (FDRS)
CHECK DAM
• To prevent excess peat water discharge, that made it dried
and fire-prone.
• To maintain minimum water level so as to retain the peat
p
humidity.
TUBE WELL
• The alternative water resource to increase the peat humidity
and to put out peat-fires.
WATCH TOWER
• To monitor the peat fires continuosly
76
PHOTOS
Check Dam in Johan Setia, Kelang,
Selangor
Check Dam in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat,
Johor
PHOTOS
Tube Well in Kampung Pulau Kempas,
Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas, Kuala Langat,
Selangor
U
Underground
nderground w
water
ater ffrom
rom ttube
ube well
well pumped
pumped
d
drain.
iinto
nto tthe
he d
rain.
PHOTOS
Watch tower in Kampung Pulau Kempas,
Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas, Kuala
Langat, Selangor
Monitoring activities at the tower
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM – FIRE DANGER
RATING SYSTEM (FDRS)
•Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) developed
by the Malaysian Meteorological Department
adapting from the Canadian Forest Fire
Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) using colour
coding alert to prevent fires in Malaysia as well
as in the South East Asia
• Published in MMD website
FIRE DANGER RATING SYSTEM
(FDRS)
Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) developed
by the Malaysian Meteorological Department
adapting from the Canadian Forest Fire
Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) using the
colour coding alert to prevent fires in Malaysia
as well as in the South East Asia.
Indicator :
Kam sahamnida
Thank You
82