Child`s Booklet C - Nancy Larson® Science

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Booklet
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Investigotin g
Choroct eristics
of Anirnols
Zoology
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Clossif ying Animols
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1
Members of the qnimql kingdom ore clqssified, or sorted, into groups bosed on
common chorocteristics. One chorocteristic used
to clossify
on onimol is whether or
not it hos q vertebral column, which is olso cotled o bockbone, spinol column, or spine.
An onimol
thot hos avertebrol column is clossif ied os avertebrate.Vertebrotes
include onimols thqt ore mommols, birds, reptiles,omphibions, ond f ish.
'
Any onimol
thot does not hqve avertebrol column is described os on invertebrote.
Tnvertebrotes moke up obout 97 percent of oll known onimol species.
Chorocteristics of
1
V
ertebrotes
Avertebrate hos avertebrol column. Theverlebrol column is mode up of
individuol bones colled vertebrae. The verlebrae are connected to one onoth er by
tissue colled cortilage. Carlilage is softer ond more flexible thon bone.
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2
Ail vertebrates hsve a type of skeleton colted on endosk eleton tocoted inside
their bodies. The vertebrol column, olong with oll the other bones ond cortilage
in a
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vertebrote's body, moke up its endoskeleton. A vertebrote's endosk eleton provides
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the structure for its body, provides o ploce for muscles to ottoch, ond protects vitol
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o
orgons, such os the broin, heart, ond lungs.
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A vertebrote hos o broin protected by o cronium. The cronium is the bones of
the skull thot cover the broin.
4
A vertebrote hos o spinol cord tocoted inside theverrebrot column. The spinol
cord is mode up of nerves thot corry messages from the bnoin to oll ports of the body
qnd from oll ports of the body bock to the broin. Theverlebrot
column protects the
spinol cord.
F
A vertebrote has o closed circulotory system thot circulotes btood through its
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body in on endless loop of blood vessets. The blood corries oxygenond nutrients to the
cells ond removes woste products from them.
Science 4
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Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
3
kingdom
Animols
phylum
Chordotes
subphylum
classes of vertebrates
Mommqls
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibions
Bony Fish
-humon
-eogle
-snoke
-frog
-solmon
-cot
-duck
-lizord
-tood
-tuno
-horse
-robin
-turtle
-solomonder
-trout
-sguirrel
-robbit
-loon
-tortoise
-newt
-eel
-owl
-crocodile
-boss
-mouse
-goose
-olligotor
-seohorse
-mole
-chicken
-lion
-ostrich
-comel
-penguin
Cortiloginous
Fish
-shark
-roy
-skote
Jqwless
Fish
-lomprey
-onteoter
-kongoroo
-plotypus
-whole
-seol
-otter
-dolphin
-monotee
-bot
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Annelids
Cnidarions
Ech inoderms
-eorthworm
-jellyf ish
-seo stor
-leech
-hydro
-sond dollor
-seo onemone
-seo urchin
-corol
-brittle stor
Mollusks
more thon
25 olhers
-seo lily
-sea cucumber
classes of mollusks
6ostropods
v
Bivolves
Cepholopods
-snoil
-mussel
-octopus
-slug
-oyster
-squid
-conch
-clom
-noutilus
-scollop
classes of arthropods
fnsects
-butterf ly
Arochnids
-spider
-bee
-scorpion
-ont
-tick
Molocostrocons
-lobster
-crob
-shrimp
-grosshopper
-mite
-croyf ish
-mosguito
-pill
bug
-ftv
-beelle
-cockrooch
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Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
5
Cl
1
os
oss
ifying V ertebrotes
Vertebrotes are sorted into groups, colled closses, bosed on diff erences such
their body coverings,
how they bringoxygen into
\.,
their bodies, their internol
body temperotutes, qnd how they reproduce. Five of the closses
of verfebrotes are
mommols, birds, reptiles, omphibions, ond bony f ish.
2
Vertebrotes hove diff erent types of body coverings. Reptiles hove dry, scoly
skin. Most omphibions hqve moist, smooth skin. Most f ish hove skin with overlopping
scoles. Birds hove skin with feqthers. Most mommols hove skin with hoir.
3
Vertebroles hsve diff erent woys of bringing oxygen into their bodies ond
removing corbon dioxide. The obsorption
of
oxygen ond the releose
of corbon dioxide
toke ploce in the lungs of mqmmqls, birds, reptiles, ond most odult omphibions when
they breothe. The exchange of oxygen ond corbon dioxide in f ish ond some young
omphibions tokes place in gills. Some omphibions, such os solomonders, con olso qbsorb
oxygen through
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their moist skin.
Somevertebrotes hove relotively constont, or obout the some, body
temperotures. An onimol whose body temperoture remoins obout the some is colled
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o
p
o
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homeotherm. Birds ond mommols ore homeotherms. An onimql whose body temperoture
is oble
to chonge with its surroundings is colled o poikilotherm. Reptiles, omphibions,
3
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@
'd
ond f ish ore poikilotherms.
5
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Adult verlebrotes are copoble of producing more of their own kind in o process
colled reproduction. Most mommqls hove young thot ore born live. The young of
ond most reptiles, f ish, ond omphibions-develop in eggs outside
o
birds-
of the mother's
=
body.
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leathery shells ond ore usuolly loid on or buried under the ground. Fish ond omphibions
jelly-like eggs thqt do not hove shells. Fish ond most omphibions loy their eggs
o
in
woter.
6
o
o
Birds hove hord-shelled eggs loid on the ground or in nests. Reptile eggs hove soft,
hove
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O Nancy Larson.
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rights reserved.
Science 4
Chorocteristics of All
V
ertebrotes
v
Chorocteristics of Closses
Charocteristics
Mommols
tkiL) wi+h
'L
Body
Covering
hrir
Birds
of Vertebrotes
Reptiles
Bony
Fish
Amphibions
Inoi;l
*;n "iil
f"a]'hew #h34, ;Pof tr
skin will
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Ittnqs
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How Oxygen
Enters the
Itnngr
lun!
/
Body
lunqs
I
q
i)lr
skin
/tllr
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O
Body
o
Temperoture
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H: Homeotherm
P: Poikilotherm
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9-
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Reproduction
ivt& har|
slr.lle d
q3s
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7
Life Cycles of Vertebrotes
1
The
life
cycle
of on onimol refers to the complete cycle from lhebeginning of
on onimol's lif e until the time
it
v
produces o new onimol like itself . Mommols, birds,
reptiles,ond most fish ore born with bodies similor to those they will hove os odults.
Life Cycleof o Chic V,"n-
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odult
Jbla"
chick
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Life cycteof on Allieotor
o
-Rrfhk
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hotchling
odult
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Science 4
2
thot look very diff erent from
Some onimols, such os omphibions, sre born with bodies
the bodies they will hove qs odults. The chonging of on onimol's body form during its life
cycle is colled metomorphosis.
Lif e Cycle
of o Frog-
todpole
without
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Changing Characteristics
e
of o Frog during Metomorphosis
o
;
Frogspown
Todpole
2 weeks
Todpole
4 weeks
6 weeks
Froglet
9 weeks
Adult Frog
7 year
woter
woter
waler
woter
lond
lond
gills
lungs
lungs
lungs
lungs
Body
toil
toil
toil
bock legs
ports
no legs
no legs
bock legs
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o
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A
o
o
!
Where
it lives
Todpole
o
How
o
o0
it
breathes
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.V
toil
front
legs
no toil
legs
growing
Whot
if eots
Science 4
plonts
plonts
plants ond
onimols
O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
onimols
onimols
9
Five Phylo
of
Animols
Thot Are Invertebrotes
!-
Phylum-Annelids
eqrthworms
eqrthworms
jellyf
leech
ish
seo onemone
. Most live in solt woter
' Most hove tentocles or stinging
' Live in woter or domP soil
' Long, cylindricol body
. Body divided into segments
threods
Phylum-Echinoderms
seo
stor
sond dollor
snoil
clqm
octoPus
Fo
' Usually live in woter
' Most hove o hord shell
. Live in solt woter
' Hord, spiny outer-bodY cover
' Tube f eel
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m
E
. Musculor foot
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Phylum-Arthropods
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-
butterf ly
cockrooch
'
Segmented body
'Jointed
10
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legs
scorpion
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Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
shrimP
shrimp
v,
Exoskeleton
Molts os it grows
Science 4
Closses
v
of Arthropods
Closs-Arqchnids
Closs-Insects
.
3, b o {y_s_"g m
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obdomen
' 3 poirs of legs on thorox
' Only crthropod with wings
'1 poir of antennae
Closs-Chilopods
' 2 body segments-ffiiioiothoroi
ond
obdomen
.."-..-".*-
' tpglfs_ gf legs on cepholothorox
' No ontennoe
' Pedipolps ond fongs
Closs-Diplopods
Closs-Merostomotq
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cenlipede
'
Heod ond mony
body segments
.
1 poin
'
Antennae
of
legs on
each segment
horseshoe crob
2 body segmentscepholothorox ond
millipede
' Heqd ond mony
body segments
. 2 poirs of legs on
each segmenl
. Anlennse
obdomen, plus o toil
4 poirs of wolking legs
on cepholothorqx
No ontennoe
Pedipolps ond pincers
Sub phyl um-Crustoceons
Closs-Molqcostrocons
lobster
'
'
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Usuolly 3 body ports-heod,
thorox, obdomen
3 or mote poirs of wolking legs on
thorox
. 2 poirs of onfennoe
Science 4
gooseneck bornocle
' 2 body segments-heod ond thorox
' 6 or more f eather-like poirs of legs
on thorox
' 1 or 2 pairs of ontennoe
@
Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
11
Life
I
An insect begins its
life
Cycles
of Insects
cycle inside anegg.Young insects hove bodies
thot
look
diff erent f rom the bodies they will hove qs odults. The chonging of on onimol's body
form during its life cycle is colled metomonphosis.
2
Some insects look similor to
of the body ports they will hove
their porents when they hotch, but they lock
some
os on odult. For exomple,young grosshoppers ond
cockroaches look like their porents, but they lock wings. As they grow older, wings
groduolly develop. The groduol development
of
new body features os on insect grows is
colled incomplete metomorphosis.
3
fnsects thot experience incomplete metomorphosis 9o through three stoges of
development-egg, nymph, ond odult. Ayoung insect thot locks some of the body ports
it will hove os on qdult is colled o nymph.
Lif e Cycle of o Stonef ly-fncomplete Metomorphosis
Yt
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m
@
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o
o
'd
5
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+
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a
z
adult
=
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O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved
Science 4
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Some insects do not look tike
their porents when they hotch. For example,when
the egg of o butterf ly hotches, a coterpillor emerges. A caterpillor looks completely
different from the odult butterfly it will become. A complete
change
of body form
os
on insect grows is colled complete metomorphosis.
5
fnsects thot undergo complete metomorphosis 9o through four stages of
development-egg,lorvo, pupo, ond odult. The young thot hotches from the egg is
colled o lorvo. When the lorvo is reody to chonge into on odult,
it enters a slage
colled o pupo. While in the pupo,the insect's body chonges completely to o new
form. Butterf lies,bees,beetles, ond onts ore insects thot go through complete
metomorphosis.
Lif e cycle
of o Monorch Butterfly-complere Metqmorphosis
9
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chrysolis
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O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
13
Whot Animols Eot
'
All onimols eat, or consume, other orgonisms to obtoin energy to live. Some
onimols consume only plonts, some consume only onimols, some consume both plonts ond
onimols, ond others consume decaying plonts ond onimqls.
Animols thot consume only plonts are called herbivores. Exomples of onimols thot
oreherbivores ore cows, donkeys, mice, robbits, deer, finches, iguonos, tilopio, ophids,
bees, ond grosshoppers.
Animols
thot consume only onimols are called cornivores. Exomples of onimols
thot ore cornivores sre lions, ligers, howks, snokes, olligotors, jellyf ish, seo stors,
proying montises, ond spiders.
4
Animols
onimols
thot consume both plonts ond onimols ore called omnivores. Exomples of
thot ore omnivores are bears, skunks, robins, hummingbirds, lobsters, onts,
cockrooches, chimponzees, ond humqn beings.
Animols thot consume decoying plonts qnd onimols ore called detritivores.
Exomples
of onimols thot ore detritivores ore eorthworms, termites, millipedes, pill
bugs, ond f iddler crobs.
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o
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z
o
Eots only plonts
Eots only qnimols
Eots both plonts
qnd onimqls
fr
Eots decoying
plonts qnd onimols
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14
O Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
Science 4
How Animols Obtoin Energy
1
v
Animol cells need glucose ond oxygen to produc
ene?gy produced ollows the onimol
2
e
energy f or theorgonism. The
to move, grow, ond reproduce.
The food on qnimol eots is the sourc e
breqks down ond chongesthe food
of
glucose. Anonimol's digestivesystem
it eots into substqnces the onimol's
obsorb. The process of digestion chonges much
of the food into sugors
body con
such os
glucose.
3
Animols obtoin oxYgen f rom their surroundings. Diffe renl types of onimols hove
diff erent woys of bringing oxygen into their bodies ond removing corbon dioxide.
fn mommols ond reptiles, for inston ce, these goses are exchanged in tungs os they
breathe. fn fish, the exchange of goses occurs os woter enters the mouth ond posses
oven gills' The exchonge
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of oxygen ond corbon dioxide
in worms tokes ploce through
their outer body coverings. fnsects hove openings in their exoskeletons through which
the exchonge of gases tokes place.
a
An onimol's circulotory system corries glucose and oxygen to the ceils in
fhe circulotory system
its
body.
olso corries corbon dioxide ond woste products owcly from
the cells. fn the closed circulotory systems of vertebrotes, blood tronsports glucose,
oxYgen, ond carbon dioxide.
f
fn the open circulotory systems of mony invertebrotes,
luid-colled hemotymph-locoted in the spoces oround the cells,tronsports the
glucose, oxygen, ond cqrbon dioxide.
o
-d
o
tr
o
o
o
glucose
o
oo
+ oxygen
=+
energy
* corbon dioxide + woter
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\,
Science 4
@
Nancy Larson. All rights reserved.
15
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