A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS OF SEMARANG`S

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS OF
SEMARANG’S DIALECT AND STANDARD DIALECT OF
JAVANESE LANGUAGE
A Graduating Paper
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
In the English and Educational Department
By :
Lina Tri Astuti
11307116
English Education Study Program of Educational Faculty,
State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga
2011
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
(STAIN SALATIGA)
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Phone 0298 323706 Sala ga 50721
Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
DECLARATION
In the name of Allah, The Most gracious and The Most Merciful.
Pronounces wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled “A
DESCRIPTIVE
ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS OF SEMARANG’S DIALECT AND
STANDARD DIALECT OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE” is originally made
by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor made by others. The things related to
other people works are written in quotation and included
in the bibliography.
The writer is capable to account for this graduating paper if in the future it can
be proved of containing others’ ideas or in fact the writer imitates the others’
graduating paper.
Likewise, the declaration is made by the writer and she hopes that this
declaration can be understood.
Salatiga, February 2th, 2012
The Writer,
LINA TRI ASTUTI
NIM. 11307116
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 02 Telp. (0298) 323706 Fax. (0298) 323433 Sala ga 50721
Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac.id. E-mail administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
Hanung Triyoko, M.Ed
The Lecturer of Educational Faculty
State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga
Salatiga, February 2th, 2011
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case: Lina Tri Astuti’s Graduating Paper
Dear
The Head of Islamic
Studies Institute of Salatiga
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
After reading and correcting Lina Tri Astuti’s graduating paper entitled “A
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS OF SEMARANG’S DIALECT AND STANDARD
DIALECT OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE “, I have decided and would like to propose that if
it could be accepted by educational faculty. I hope it could be examined as soon as
possible.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant,
Hanung Triyoko, M. Ed
NIP. 19730815199903 1 003
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
(STAIN SALATIGA)
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Phone 0298 323706 Sala ga 50721
Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS
IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE: THE DIALECT OF SEMARANG
CREATED BY:
LINA TRI ASTUTI
113 070 116
Has been brought to the board of examiners of English Department of
Education Faculty State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) on February 2012, and
hereby considered to completely fulfillment the requirements of the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.PdI.).
Board of examiners,
Head
: Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd.
______________
Secretary
: Setya Rini, M.Pd
______________
1st Examiner : Dra. Hj. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd
______________
2nd Examiner : Norwanto, M.Hum
______________
3rd Examiner : Hanung Triyoko, S.S., M.Hum. M.Ed.
______________
Salatiga. February 2th 2012
Rector STAIN Salatiga
MOTTO
There is an easy after difficulty (QS. Al-Insyirah 6)
DEDICATION
This thesis is whole heatedly dedicated to:
· Allah SWT
· My beloved, mother, Giarti and father, Priono. Allah will give you more.
· My beloved husband, Muhamad Salimin thanks for your support, motivation
and love.
· My beloved daughter, Safira.
· My beloved sister, Yuliarti thanks for your support.
· My parent in law, Tukiman and Saliyem thanks for all your support.
· My best friends Siti Nur Janah, Siti Nur Rohmah, Ulfa Nur Hasanah,
Trimanto, Anwar Harif, and Affandi.
· All my friends in TBI E 07.
· All my friends in STAIN Salatiga.
ABSTRACT
Astuti, Lina. 2012. A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON HOMONYMS OF
SEMARANG’S DIALECT AND STANDARD DIALECT OF
JAVANESE LANGUAGE. A Graduating Paper. Educational Faculty.
English Department. State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN)
Salatiga. Counselor: Hanung Triyoko, S.S., M.Hum., M.Pd.
Keywords: Homonym, Semarang’s Javanese Dialect, Descriptive Study, Comparative
Analysis.
Language can be said as a means of communication, which is not only in the
forms of written language but also in spoken language. The success of
communication process is affected by the meaning of words. Some words have a
unique characteristic in meaning; some of them have a meaning with a form of word,
while some of them have many forms of words representing one meaning.
Particularly for the last mentioned is called as homonyms. Homonyms are several
words with the same form. In this research, it is revealed that Semarang’s Javanese
dialect is very unique and interesting to be analyzed. It is because Semarang’s
Javanese dialect has homonyms words that make ambiguous meaning as the effect of
homonyms. The purpose of the research is to find out some homonyms words of
Semarang’s Javanese dialect and to analyze the meaning along with the processes that
influence the existence of the words. The homonyms will exist in Semarang’s
Javanese dialect if it is compared with words in formal Javanese dictionaries. In order
to gather real pictures of Semarang’s Javanese dialect, the researcher adapts the
descriptive qualitative research as the grand design of this research and utilizes a
particular method of gathering data (read: words) namely simak libat cakap (listen,
get involved, and discuss). The next process after gathering data is analyzing them by
comparing the meaning of individual data by using the framework of meaning in
Semarang society and meaning in accepted formal Javanese. From data gathering and
analysis, the researcher is able to investigate more or less 84 homonym words
wherein the investigation is divided into some analysis frameworks based on
homonym’s forming process i.e. affixation process, a new word coming into a
language, acronym and shorting process, phoneme adding process, phoneme losing
process, phoneme changing process, and phoneme substitutions process. From the
comparison, it is found that apparently there are 35 original words from Semarang’s
dialect formed as a result of social meaning, reflected meaning, affective meaning,
behaviorism, setting, and ends.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises due to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful because of
His wonderful blessing and His mercy, the writer can finish this thesis successfully.
His incredible blessings make realize that nothing is difficult in His eyes. I realize my
gratitude will and endless blessing in my life.
Peace and salutation always is given to our beloved Prophet Muhammad
SAW that we hope his blessing in Judgment day.
However, this success would not be achieved without the support, guidance,
advice, help and encouragement from individuals and institutions. Therefore, the
writer would like to express the deepest gratitude to:
1. Dr. Imam Sutomo, M.Ag., as the head of State Islamic Studies Institute
(STAIN) of Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, S.Pd, MA, as the chief of Education faculty.
3. Maslihatul Umami, S. Pd.I, M. A., as the head of English Department.
4. Hanung Triyoko, S.S., M.Hum. M.Ed., as a counselor who has educated,
supported, directed, and given writer advices. Thanks for suggestion and
guidance for this graduating paper from beginning until the end.
5. All lecturers of English Department of STAIN Salatiga, and all of my teachers
who have taught and guided me.
6. All staffs who have helped the writer in completing of this graduating paper.
7. Her beloved family and all of my best friend’s classmates in TBI-E ’07 who
always give their love, pray, and support me to finish my final project.
Finally, the writer realize that the study is still far from perfect, and have great
expectation that this final project would be useful for further study. This graduating
paper is expected to be able to provide useful knowledge and information to the
readers.
Salatiga, February 2th, 2012
The writer,
LINA TRI ASTUTI
NIM. 11307116
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE....................................................................................................................
i
LOGO PAGE ........................................................................................................
ii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................
iii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR .............................................................................
iv
CERTIFICATION PAGE ...................................................................................
v
MOTTO ...............................................................................................................
vi
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................
xi
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ..................................................
1
B. Research Question ............................................................
4
C. Objective Of The Research .............................................
4
D. Significances Of The Research .......................................
4
E. Scope Of The Research ...................................................
5
F. Underlying Theory .........................................................
5
G. Definition Of Key Terms .................................................
6
H. Organization Of The Paper ..............................................
7
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
A. Nature of Dialects ..............................................................
9
B. Nature of Homonyms.........................................................
11
REASERCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
A. Type of Research ...............................................................
21
B. Method of Collecting Data ................................................
21
1. Data Sources ..................................................................
21
2. Technique of Collecting Data .......................................
22
C. Method of Analyzing Data ................................................
24
D. Procedures of Analyzing Data ..........................................
24
ANALYSIS
A. Homonym ...........................................................................
26
B. Homonym’s Forming Process ...........................................
37
1. Affixation Process ......................................................
37
2. A New Word Coming into a Language .....................
40
3. Acronym and Shorting Process..................................
41
4. Language Indication ...................................................
42
a. Phoneme Adding Process ..............................
42
b. Phoneme Lossing Process..............................
44
c. Phoneme Changing.........................................
44
d. Phoneme Substitution ....................................
44
C. Original Dialect of Semarang ............................................
46
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A Conclusion ...........................................................................
49
B Suggestion ...........................................................................
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is one of human characteristics, because there is no human who
is living without language. Language is considered to be an exclusively human
mode of communication. Whereas, Indonesia is well known of Indonesian
language as the national language, and also the traditional languages (from each
ethnicity). Traditional language has an important role towards society.
Javanese language is acquainted with three-language stratification; they
are krama inggil, krama madya, and ngoko. Ngoko is the lowest level and it is
used when addressing someone of the same status, of the same age, or the lower
status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates. Krama madya is
the middle level and it is used when addressing a second person who is fairly
respected for example for a new acquainted. Krama inggil is the highest level
and it is used when addressing a second person or talking about third person who
is highly respected, such as teachers, parents, grandparents, etc. (Geertz, 1977:
35)
Language can be said as a means of communication, which is not only in
the forms of written language but also in spoken language. The success of
communication process is affected by the meaning of words. Some words have a
unique characteristic in meaning; some of them have a meaning with a form of
word, while some of them have many forms of words represented one meaning.
Particularly for the last mentioned is called as homonyms. Homonyms are
several words with the same form.
Semarang’s Javanese dialect is very unique and interesting to be
analyzed. It is because Semarang’s Javanese dialect has homonyms words that
make ambiguous meaning as the effect of homonyms. The homonyms will exist
in Semarang’s Javanese dialect if it is compared with words in formal Javanese
dictionaries. Something that makes Semarang’s Javanese dialect is interesting
and unique to be analyzed because there are several words with the same shape;
it has different usage if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries. To make it
clear, the researcher gives an example that is “marah” in general is used to
express bad feeling, but in Semarang’s Javanese dialect “marah” is used to invite
someone. Therefore, Semarang’s Javanese dialect is interesting and unique to be
analyzed because there are different usages of the same word between
Semarang’s Javanese dialects if it is compared with Javanese dictionaries.
Javanese dialect in Semarang has different meaning if it is compared with
other areas in central Java, even with the same political district as Semarang.
Semarang’s Javanese dialect has homonyms words, because the society always
uses the same words to express different purpose. It is always called as
homograph. Besides, why homonyms words exist in Semarang’s Javanese dialect
is also because Semarang’s society uses some words, which are spelt differently,
but are pronounced in the same way. It is called as homophone.
There are many words having homonymous words in Semarang, some of
them can be seen from the table below:
Table 1.1. Samples of Homonymous Words in Semarang’s Dialect
Meaning in Semarang’
Meaning in Javanese
No
Words
Javanese Dialect
Dictionary
membuat tambang
yang digunakan
nylampar
menggoda, kurang ajar
1
untuk
/nylΛmpΛr/
(teasing, bad attitude)
memanjat (making
rope used to climb)
rasa pegal atau sakit
jengkel atau
yang sangat pada
2 mangkel /mΛŋkəl/
perasaan
punggung (stiff in the
marah (upset, anger)
back)
ladang kosong atau
banyak aroma
tempat menanam padi,
3 mbaon /mbΛόn/
(various of
jagung, kacang (field for
fragrances)
crops)
buah bibir, masalah
4 berdondi/bərdόndΙ/
Pembohong (liar)
(gossip, troubles)
Because too many words that have homonyms words found by the
researcher in Semarang’s dialect, the researcher tries to study and analyze the
dialect that is used within Semarang’s society. The researcher compares Javanese
dialect in Semarang’s society with Javanese dialect in formal Javanese
dictionaries as reference.
Based on the idea above, the researcher decides to take Javanese dialect in Semarang
as object of research with the title “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON
HOMONYMS OF SEMARANG’S DIALECT AND STANDARD
DIALECT OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE”.
B. Research Question
Questions that need to be answered in this research are:
1. What are the homonyms words in Semarang’s Javanese dialect?
2. What are the morphological processes of homonyms words in Semarang’s
Javanese dialect?
C. Objectives of the Research
After knowing the research questions above, the objectives of this
research are:
1. To find homonyms words in Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
2. To analyze morphological processes of the homonyms words in Semarang’s
Javanese dialect.
D. Significances of the Research
After accomplishing the research, the researcher expects that this research
will be beneficial to:
a. Practically:
1. The researcher
To make it easier in understanding language culture in Semarang,
especially in the account of homonyms words in Semarang.
2. Lecturers
The result of the research can be used as additional materials in giving
the lectures to the students in STAIN, especially in the class of
sociolinguistics.
3. Students
The result of the research can stimulate the students in studying
sociolinguistic, especially about language culture and diversity.
4. Other researchers
The result of the research can be used as additional references and
information for further researches related with the field.
b. Theoretically:
For the development of science especially on linguistics.
E. Scope of the Research
The researcher analyzes some words, which are taken from daily
language dialogued by people in Semarang. In this discussion, to limit the
analysis the researcher focuses on analyzing homonyms words, which can be
found in commonly daily words spoken by the citizens of Semarang.
F. Underlying Theory
The researcher adapts the meaning of ambiguous from Jerrold J. Katz’s
opinion that is “semantic ambiguity is multiplicity of senses versus uniqueness of
sense that more than one sense and the fact that the sentences have two or more
senses (1964: 296). The researcher takes this opinion because ambiguous is the
effect of homonyms words that exists in Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
The researcher also uses a semantic book written by F.R Palmer as a
reference in writing and researching this research. From Palmer’s book, the
researcher takes Bloomfield’s opinion about behaviorism. The researcher tries to
look for and analyze the connection between homonyms words in Semarang’s
Javanese dialect and behaviorism theory. Bloomfield said that, “We can define
the meaning of a speech form accurately when this meaning has to do with the
same matter of which possesses scientific knowledge” (1981: 58). The opinion
can help the researcher in identifying the causes of homonyms words that exist in
Semarang’s Javanese dialect, because behaviorism is influencing language
acquisition and it certainly has connection to the homonyms word that exist in
Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
G. Definition of Key Terms
1. Analysis
Analysis is study of something by examining its parts. (Oxford
Learner’s Pocket, 2004:13).
2. Homonyms
Homonym is a word that is the same in form and sound as another but
different in meaning (Hornby, 1980: 410).
3. Semarang
Semarang is a city that becomes the capital city of central java, and is
located northern most of Java near by Javanese Sea.
4. Dialect
The term dialect (from the Greek Language word dialektos, Διάλεκτος)
is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a
language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers
(Hornby, 1980: 238).
5. Javanese
Javanese is an adjective, which modifies the word Java. Java itself is
the name of an island in Indonesia that becomes the most inhabited island in
this country.
6. Language
Language means a human and no instinctive method of
communicating ideas, feelings, and desires by means of a system of sound and
sound symbols (Hornby, 1980: 472).
H. Organization of the Paper
CHAPTER I
:
INTRODUCTION
The content of introduction are background of the
study, reasons to take the title, scope of the study, purpose
of the study, underlying theory, research method (type of
research, method of collecting data, data sources, technique
of collecting data, method of analyzing data), writing
organization.
CHAPTER II
:
LITERARY REVIEW
The content of literary review is underlying theory,
which is used to support the research.
CHAPTER III
:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The content of methodology are method of
collecting data, technique of collecting data, method of
analyzing data.
CHAPTER IV
:
ANALYSIS
It contains Homonyms and it’s forming process
(affixational process, a new word coming into Indonesia,
acronym and shorting process, phoneme adding process,
phoneme losing process, phoneme changing, and phoneme
substitution.
CHAPTER V
:
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusion contains result of the research and
suggestion.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ON DIALECT AND HOMONYM
A. Nature of Dialects
In linguistics, dialects are the variants or varieties of a language used by
different speakers who are separated by geographic or social boundaries (Francis,
1992: 349 in Wagiman 2008: 1). Although there is an old adage, that a language
is simply a dialect with its own army and navy (Fasold, 1984: 75 in Wagiman
2008:23) – suggesting a sometimes-arbitrary distinction between the two
concepts – linguists argue that dialects but not languages should allow basic
mutual comprehension (Francis, 1992: 350 in Wagiman 2008:1).
From the definition above, it can be understood that dialects are more
regarded by varieties of a certain language by which the varieties can be easily
comprehended because of mutual comprehension within the people who speak
them in one area.
Furthermore, a dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and
pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made
only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate, not dialect. Other
speech varieties include: standard languages, which are standardized for public
performance (for example, a written standard); jargons, which are characterized
by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins or argots.
9
Thus, according to Finegan (2007: 345), a dialect is divided into two
categories; they are a standard dialect and a non-standard dialect. A standard
dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect
that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include
government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form
of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set
forth a "correct" spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that
employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple
standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard
Semarang Javanese Language, Standard Solo Javanese Language, Standard
Yogyakarta Javanese Language, and Standard Surabaya Javanese Language may
all be said to be standard dialects of the Javanese language. In the other hand, a
nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar,
and syntax, but is not the beneficiary of institutional support. An example of a
nonstandard Javanese dialect is Kebumen Javanese Language, which is naturally
close to Yogyakarta Javanese Language but in fact possesses a complete different
intonation in speaking it, which is popularly called as “ngapak-ngapak”.
In the relation with language, there is no universally accepted criterion for
distinguishing a language from a dialect. A framework that may aid in analyzing
the issues is provided by the linguistics concepts of Ausbausprache,
Abstandsprache and Dachsprache. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes
leading to contradictory results. According to Finegan (2007: 348), some
linguists do not differentiate between languages and dialects, i.e. languages are
dialects and vice versa. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the
user's frame of reference. Note also that the terms are not by themselves mutually
exclusive; there is by itself nothing contradictory in the statement that "the
language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German ". However, the term
dialect always implies a relation between languages: if language X is called a
dialect, this implies that the speaker considers X a dialect of some other language
Y, which then usually is some standard language.
Furthermore, Finegan (2007: 349) states some specific criterions that
language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages in those of:
1. because they have no standard or codified form,
2. because the speakers of the given language do not have a state of their own,
3. because they are rarely or never used in writing (outside reported speech)
4. or because they lack prestige with respect to some other, often standardised,
variety.
B. Nature of Homonyms
In linguistics, a homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that
share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different
meanings (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999: 215). Thus, homonyms are simultaneously
homographs (words that share the same spelling, irrespective of their
pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation,
irrespective of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called
homonymy. Examples of homonyms are the pair of “bisa” (being able to do
something) and “bisa” (toxic from snakes) and the pair of “bulan” (month) and
“bulan” (satellite of planets). A distinction is sometimes made between "true"
homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as “dara” (pigeon) and “dara”
(virgin), and polysemous homonyms, or polysemes, which have a shared origin,
such as “jatuh” (from a higher place to a lower one) and “jatuh” (from
prosperity to poverty).
Particularly for this thesis, the writer uses some theories to explain about
homonyms word in Semarang’s Javanese dialect. By using these theories,
hopefully the analysis can describe the homonyms words in Semarang’s Javanese
dialect. The theories used to look for the causal factor of homonyms words and
the effect of homonyms that exist in Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
Research is a form of social action, which introduces its own outcomes
into the social field. In complex societies, research becomes a process of metacommunication, a self-reflective learning process. Providing an account of the
plurality and tensions constituting collective life, which can contribute to the
practice of freedom (Alberto Melucci, 1996: 367).
Homonyms are a relation holding between two or more identical
expressions that have the same form but a different meaning. Complete
homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling (Allan, 1986).
Alan also divides homonyms into two categories, they are homograph and
homophone. Homophone is some words that have the same pronunciation but
different meaning, whereas homograph is some words that have the same
spelling but different meaning (Alan, 1986).
To find out the causal factor of homonyms word, the writer takes I Dewa
Putu Wijana’s opinion, Wijana’s said that,
“Pengalaman membuktikan bahwa mereka yang baru masuk bidang
linguistic kadang-kadang membiarkan diri digoda untuk lebih
memperhatikan ejaan (ortografis) daripada bentuknya dalam bahasa
lisan, sejauh yang berhubungan dengan homonymic antar kata dalam
bahasa Indonesia, disebutkan sebab pembentukan homonim karena
empat hal di samping kebetulan ada dua buah leksem atau lebih memiliki
bentuk yang sama juga karena empat hal di antaranya karena adanya
afiksasi, masuknya kata-kata ke dalam kosa kata bahasa Indonesia
(Experiences have proven that those who are just interested in linguistics
will let themselves dragged into the concern of orthography rather than its
shape in verbal form. In Indonesian homonymic, there are four things that
form homonyms i.e. two of lexemes, affixation, and the insertion of
stranger words into Indonesian” (Wijana, 2004).
Wijana’s opinion above is an answer of Verhaar opinions who classifies
homonyms in just homophony. Verhaar says, “Homophone is the only thing
deserves to be regarded as homonym based on the fact that orthography is not the
primer object of linguistics” (Verhaar, 1977).
Because there are too many linguistics indications as part of the causal
factor of homonyms, Wijana classifies homonyms in his book with the title
“Semantik”. Wijana’s classifies linguistics indications into the adding of
phoneme, the loss of phoneme, changing positions of phoneme, and phoneme
changes (Wijana, 2004). Furthermore, Badudu defines linguistics indications as
“peristiwa yang menyangkut bentukan-bentukan kata, atau kalimat dengan
segala macam proses pembentukannya (all events that deal with the forming of
words or sentences along its forming process)” (Badudu, 1980, 47).
The writer takes an opinion that is proposed by Chaer that is “Homonyms
is formed from two words. They are “onoma” that means as “name”, and
“homo” that means as “same” so homonym is some words that have same name
but different meaning (Chaer, 1990:96)”.
Keraf says “Homonim adalah kata-kata yang bunyinya sama tetapi
berbeda arti (homonyms are words with the same sound but different in
meaning)” (Keraf, 1984:37). In homonyms, it is usually called as homograph,
because there are some words, which are spelt in the same way, but pronounced
differently.
Besides, there are some words, which are spelt differently, but they are
pronounced in the same way. It is called as homophone. On the other hand,
homonyms are some words with the same shape.
To simplify the discussion of homonyms, the researcher provides a
comprehensive table dividing the various types of homonyms based on the
explanation by James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasley (1983: 123).
Table 2.1. Various Types of Homonyms
Term
Homonym
Homograph
Homophone
Heteronym
Heterograph
Polyseme
Capitonym
Meaning
Different
Different
Different
Different
Different
Different but related
Different when
capitalized
Spelling
Same
Same
Same or different
Same
Different
Same
Same except for
capitalization
Pronunciation
Same
Same or different
Same
Different
Same
Same or different
Same or different
The explanations for each term are:
1. Homographs (literally "same writing") are usually defined as words that share
the same spelling, regardless of how they are pronounced. If they are
pronounced the same then they are also homophones (and homonyms) – for
example, bark (the sound of a dog) and bark (the skin of a tree). If they are
pronounced differently then they are also heteronyms – for example, bow (the
front of a ship) and bow (a type of knot).
2. Homophones (literally "same sound") are usually defined as words that share
the same pronunciation, regardless of how they are spelled. If they are spelled
the same then they are also homographs (and homonyms); if they are spelled
differently then they are also heterographs (literally "different writing").
Homographic examples include rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise).
Heterographic examples include to, too, two, and there, their, they’re.
3. Heteronyms (literally "different name") are the subset of homographs (words
that share the same spelling) that have different pronunciations (and
meanings). That is, they are homographs which are not homophones. Such
words include desert (to abandon) and desert (arid region); row (to argue or
an argument) and row (as in to row a boat or a row of seats - a pair of
homophones). Heteronyms are also sometimes called heterophones (literally
"different sound").
4. Polysemes are words with the same spelling and distinct but related meanings.
The distinction between polysemy and homonymy is often subtle and
subjective, and not all sources consider polysemous words to be homonyms.
Words such as mouth, meaning either the orifice on one's face, or the opening
of a cave or river, are polysemous and may or may not be considered
homonyms.
5. Capitonyms are words that share the same spelling but have different
meanings when capitalized (and may or may not have different
pronunciations). Such words include polish (to make shiny) and Polish (from
Poland); March (organized, uniformed, steady and rhythmic walking forward)
and March (the third month of the year in the Gregorian calendar). However,
both polish and March at the beginning of sentences still need to be
capitalized.
In the other hand, sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship
between language and society, the context in which it is used. It identifies the
social function of language and the ways it is used to convey social meanings (J.
Holmes, 1992: 23). This theory used to look for the causal factor of homonyms
and the effect of homonyms words in Semarang’s Javanese dialect. Hopefully,
this research can give a little description about Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
Because of Semarang’s Javanese dialect has different meaning if it is
compared with the Javanese dictionaries; the writer takes Halim opinion about
traditional language. Hopefully, the reader or Semarang’s society especially all
of the Javanese societies are proud with their traditional language. Halim (1984:
22) said that “traditional language’s position in Indonesia is guaranteed by UUD
1945 which state that traditional language are one of culture’s potential wealth
which can influence, support, enrich national language which have to maintain
by all parts of the nation.
Javanese dialect is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. Besides, it
has an old age and deeply rooted of literature tradition; until recent days, it is still
used on daily communication by large number of its speech communities. It is
observed from the amount of the users, Javanese dialect is used by over than 60
millions of Javanese people (Djojodigoeno, 1976: 1). The writer takes this
opinion because Semarang’s Javanese dialect is a language that has different
interesting thing to analyze.
According to Geertz (1977: 35), Javanese dialect is acquainted with three
language stratifications. They are karma inggil, krama madya, and ngoko. Ngoko
is the lowest level. It is used when addressing someone of the same status, of the
same age or of lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and
subordinates. Krama madya is the middle level, which is used when addressing a
second person who is fairly respected, for example a new acquaintance and
respected younger persons. Krama inggil is the highest level. It is used when
addressing a second person or talking about third person who is highly respected,
such as teachers, parents, grandparents, etc. the writer takes this opinion to find
out the Javanese dialect level that Semarang’s societies choose in their spoken.
Since a kid “each individuals is absorbed by culture’s value of their
society, the culture’s conception becomes rooted into their mentality and difficult
to substitute by other culture’s value for brief periods” (Koentjaraningrat, 1969:
18). Actually, every body is a part of certain culture in their own environment.
The culture is influencing their attitude and behavior, which can develop their
personality. This pattern is reflected in the society’s daily life related to their
views (Sastroatmaja, Suryanto, 2001: 54). This condition concerns on the
language of Javanese teenagers will be maintained and restored their language
because the value of traditional culture has particularistic feature. In addition,
teenagers are the only hope who can continue the perpetuation of traditional
heritage. It means that the value occurs generally and gradually in culture region
of certain tribes.
The writer adopts the meaning of ambiguous from Jerrold J. Katz opinion
that is “semantic ambiguity is multiplicity of senses versus uniqueness of sense
that have more than one sense and the fact that the sentences have two or more
senses” (1964: 296). The writer takes this opinion because ambiguous is the
effect of homonyms words that exists in Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
The writer also uses semantic books written by Palmer as reference in
writing and researching this research. In this book, the writer takes Bloomfield
opinion about behaviorism. The writer tries to look for and analyze the
connection between homonyms words in Semarang’s Javanese dialect and
behaviorism theory. Bloomfield said that, “we can define the meaning as a
speech form accurately when this meaning has to do with same matter of which
possesses scientific knowledge” (1981: 58). This opinion can help the researcher
in identifying the causal factor of homonyms word, which exists in Semarang’s
Javanese dialect. Because behaviorism influences language acquisition, it has
connection to the homonyms word that presence in Semarang’s Javanese dialect.
The writer adopts Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning to look for the
relationship between homonym expressions presences in Semarang’s Javanese
dialect with this theory. Geofrey Leech (1981: 9-23) defines the seven types as:
1. Conceptual meaning
2. Connotative meaning
3. Social meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the social circumstances of
language use.
4. Affective meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of
the speaker or writer.
5. Reflected meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with
another sense of the same expression.
6. Co locative meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with
words which tent to occur in the environment of another word. Example:
pretty and handsome is the same meaning for good-looking word expression.
7. Thematic meaning, i.e. what is communicated by the way in which the
message is organized in terms or order, focus, and emphasis.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
Type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer adopts
Moleong’s opinion about descriptive qualitative research. Moleong (1988:2)
affirms that qualitative research is a type of research, which does not include any
calculation or enumerating. Further Moleong explains that a qualitative research
is the research of which the data in the form of written or oral word are
descriptively analyzed. Based on this, the type of this study is descriptive, since
the data are not enumerating, but they are written and oral words (Moleong,
1982).
B. Method of Collecting Data
1. Data Sources
The data sources are from the some original citizens of Semarang. The
researcher categorizes the source of data in this research into two categories
those are:
a. Primary Data
Primary data are the data directly collected from the research,
observed, and noted for the first time (Marzuki, 1995). Primary data that
the researcher used in this research are collected from observing and
interviewing some original citizens of Semarang. The observation is done
21
by the researcher through observing and collecting homonyms words that
are found in Semarang’s Javanese language. The researcher interviewed
some people who have competence about homonyms, asked them the
meaning of each word and classified how the word are formed.
b. Secondary Data
Secondary data are the supporting data that complement the
primary data. In this research, particular secondary data are taken from
many relating source books that deal with the topic of this research such
as Javanese dictionary, Palmer’s book on semantics, etc.
2. Technique of Collecting Data
The researcher applies some methods in collecting the data; they are
Simak Libat Cakap methods, observation method.
In this research, the researcher uses observation method. The
researcher observes the object that will be examined (Gorrys Keraf,
1980:163). The researcher conducts direct observation to the Semarang’s
Javanese language in Semarang.
The researcher uses Simak method in collecting data. “Simak method is
a technique of obtaining data by listening and paying attention carefully to the
use of oral and written language” (Sudaryanto, 1993: 133-136).
Another technique to collect data that is used by the researcher is
Sadap technique.
“Teknik sadap adalah peneliti menyadap penggunaan bahasa
seseorang atau beberapa orang yang menjadi informan. Data yan
disadap bisa berupa bahasa lisan maupun data bahasa tulis.
Penyadapan data lisan bisa diperoleh dari pemakaian bahasa
seseorang yang sedang pidato, kotbah, atau anak yang sedang
berbicara. Sedangkan sadap bahasa tulis dilakukan terhadap
pemakaian bahasa dalam wujud bahasa tulis (bukan bahasa tutur
lisan/cakap/wicara). Misalnya, naskah teks pidato, teks narasi,
naskah kuno, brosur, liflet, atau teks media masa (Sadap
technique happens when a researcher is bugging the use of language.
The bugged data can be oral or written languages. The bugging of oral
language can be done when someone is delivering speech, preaching,
or speaking. Meanwhile, the bugging of written language can be done
in the forms of written texts such as a speech text, narrative texts, old
documents, brochures, leaflets, or even news paper)”
(Sudaryanto,1993: 133-136).
In this research, the researcher uses Simak Libat Cakap (SLC) method.
Simak Libat Cakap means that the researcher conducts the bugging by getting
involved in real conversation (Sudaryanto, 1993: 133-136). Particularly for
this research, the researcher gets involved directly with the people in
Semarang to have conversation, interviews, and sharing idea. The researcher
uses this method to collect the needed data in researching and writing this
research.
The researcher uses note taking technique in transcribing the gained
formation. Further, in this research, the transcripts are used by the researcher
as a compilation of data.
The researcher takes some references from books having correlation
with this research as theory and standard of comparison in the report (Gorrys
Keraf, 1980: 165). In this matter, the researcher reads, studies, and takes a
note about the content of some books having relationship with this analysis.
C. Method of Analyzing Data
The next is analyzing the data, which are classified before. Analyzing
data is organizing process and ordering data in the pattern categories, and
analyzing base unit. We can get the topic and formulate hypothesis work likes
the data suggested (Moleong, 2000: 103). The writer begans the analysis by
making a list of homonym word in Semarang’s Javanese language, so that; the
writer gets some homonym words in Semarang’s Javanese language if it is
compared with the Javanese dictionaries.
D. Procedures of Analyzing Data
In analyzing the data, there are some procedures that the writer takes as
follows:
1. The writer observes the research object that is Semarang’s Javanese language.
2. Making a list of homonyms word in Semarang’s Javanese language and
classifying the data that would be analyzed in a research. The writer gets the
data from the informant that is interviewed before. The informants are the
writer’s husband and her husband’s family and so some of the writer’s
neighbor.
3. Finding and comparing homonyms word in Semarang’s Javanese language
with the Javanese dictionaries.
4. Using some references in analyzing homonym expression in Semarang’s
Javanese language. The references are used to support the analysis.
5. Arranging data into a research report.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Homonym may be defined as a relation holding between two or more ethic
expressions that have the same form but a different meaning (Hurford and Heasley,
1983: 123). Complete homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling.
The researcher identifies Semarang’s Javanese language as the object of research. In
Semarang’s Javanese language, the researcher finds several words that have different
meaning and usage but in the same form. There is an example to explain language
phenomenon that exist in Semarang’s Javanese language. The example is ‘marah’. It
has different meaning and usage. ‘marah 1’ means /get angry/, it is used to express
bad feeling. On the other hand, ‘marah 2’ means /inviting someone/, it is used to
request helping. If there are several words with the same form but different meaning
exist in a language, it will definitely be called homonym expression.
A. Homonym
Homonym may be defined as several words, which are spelt and
pronounced in the same way. The researcher found 84 homonym words in
Semarang’s Javanese language. The words are listed and classified based on the
word forming process. In the classification, the researcher adapts Hurford’s and
Heasley’s (1983:123) four kinds of homonym’s forming process as broken down
below:
1. Affixation Process is coded as AP
26
2. A New Word Coming into a Language is coded as NWCL
3. Acronym and Shorting Process is coded as ASP
4. Language Indication: Phoneme Adding Process (PAP), Phoneme Losing
Process (PLP), Phoneme Changing Process (PCP), and Phoneme Substitution
Process (PSP).
Thus, the table for the list and the classification of the collected words can
be seen from the following table:
No
1
2
3
4
5
Table 4.1. Homonym’s Classification
Meaning in
Forming
Meaning in
Words
Semarang’
Process
Javanese Dictionary
Javanese Language
membuat tambang
yang digunakan
menggoda, kurang
Nylampar
untuk
AP
ajar (teasing, bad
/nylΛmpΛr/
memanjat (making
behavior)
rope used for
climbing)
rasa pegal atau
jengkel atau
sakit
perasaan
mangkel /mΛŋkəl/
PLP
yang sangat pada
marah (upset,
punggung (pain on
anger)
the back)
ladang kosong
atau
tempat menanam
banyak aroma
mbaon /mbΛόn/
PAP
padi,
(fragrances)
jagung, kacang.
(rice field)
buah bibir,
berdondi/bərdόndΙ/
PAP
masalah (problem, Pembohong (liar)
issue)
saku baju atau
karung, wadah
celana,
sak /sΛk/
NWCL
(sack)
kekecilan atau
sempit. (pocket)
6
cemet /cεmεt/
n/a
7
menek /mεnεk/
n/a
8
lambung /lΛmbόŋ/
n/a
9
marah /mΛrΛh/
PAP
10
mbok /mbόk/
PLP
11
gembul /gəmbόl/
n/a
12
bener /bənər/
n/a
13
kasak /kΛsΛk/
n/a
14
gembeng /gəmbεŋ/
n/a
15
semang /šəmλŋ/
n/a
16
bantah /bλntλh/
n/a
17
basang /bΛsΛŋ/
PCP
18
tebas /təbλs/
n/a
kurang ajar,
intinya
adalah umpatan
tapi
untuk bercanda
(swering word)
Menciprat ( splash)
memetik, memanjat
(climbing a tree)
membangun rumah,
contohnya
membetulkan
genting. (fixing
roofs)
pinggang,
punggung (waist,
back)
menyuruh,
meminta,
mengundang
(asking, inviting)
Tante (aunt)
kumpul, bersama,
campur (gathering)
tepat, hari h
(precise, the
execution day)
gosok, sikat,
membersihkan
(scrub, brush,
clean)
Penakut (chicken)
tidak usah, jangan
(do not)
diskusi, ngobrol,
bercakap-cakap
(discussion)
jualan, memetik,
mengumpulkan
(sell, pick, gather)
menjual dalam
partai
besar, memotong,
Perut (stomach)
rasa tidak suka
atau
benci (dislike,
hatred)
ibu-ibu, ibu
(mother, women)
gendut, perut yang
besar (fat)
Betul (correct)
Isu (issue)
cengeng, kecil hati
(whine)
tiba-tiba, susah
(sudden, difficult)
Menyangkal, tidak
setuju (deny,
disagree)
bersama-sama,
memasang
(together, set)
tak perduli, tega
sekali (careless)
19
kesliring /kəšlιrεŋ/
AP
20
surup /šurόp/
PLP
21
gandik /gλn₤εk/
n/a
22
payon /pλyόn/
gambreng
/gλmbrεŋ/
PCP
membersihkan
rumput (sell
grocery, cut, clean
grass)
kaki yang keseleo
(slipped foot)
memasukkan
benang
dalam jarum
(inserting a wool to
a needle)
anak kecil
pendamping
nikah (a little boy
or girl becoming an
assistant of bride
and bridegroom)
Terjual (sold out)
PCP
Cengeng (whine)
24
tetek /£εtεk/
n/a
Buruh (labour)
25
gupruk /guprόk/
n/a
Bertengkar
(fighting)
26
nyekek /nyəkεk/
AP
27
mahal /mλhλl/
n/a
28
barut /bλrόt/
n/a
29
ambeng /λmbəŋ/
n/a
silahkan dimakan
(eat, please!)
30
mloto /mlόtό/
AP
besar kepala,
Lucu (funny)
sombong (arrogant)
31
kemplong
/kəmplόŋ/
PAP
Bodoh (stupid)
Palu (hammer)
AP
kwali dari tanah (a
dish from soil)
menanak nasi
setengah
matang sebelum
23
32
ngaron /ŋλrόn/
Makan (eat)
berat, puas,
mantap (satisfy,
heavy, sure)
gedong bayi
(babies carrier)
sakit punggung
(backache)
Sore (at down)
buah yang
tergantung (hanging
fruits)
atap rumah (roof)
bau yang
menyengat (stinks)
Khitan
(circumcision)
ramai berbincangbincang, asik
mengobrol (talking
loudly)
Mencekik (choke)
tak terjangkau
(unaffordable)
Gores, luka
(scratch, injury)
kepung dan jaga
(ambush and keep
out)
dikukus (cooking
rice half done)
mencangkul atau
melubangi tanah
dengan
cangkul khusus
untuk
ditanami kacangkacangan dan padi
(hoeing soil for rice
seed)
pagar bamboo
(fence from
bamboo)
Kecil (tiny)
Cerewet (fussy)
Berteriak
(screaming)
33
koak /kόλk/
34
dadah /dλdλh/
PAP
35
36
ciplis /cιplεs/
ciblek /cιblεk/
AP
n/a
37
toklo /£όklό/
n/a
kayu bakar (fire
log)
38
klowor /klόwόr/
n/a
Idiot (idiot)
39
betem /bə£əm/
n/a
40
dipan /dιpλn/
n/a
41
sengkrek /šəŋkrεk/
n/a
42
cengek /cəŋεk/
n/a
43
anyit /λnyιt/
n/a
Lembek (soft)
44
cupar /cu:pλr/
n/a
Pelit (economical)
45
bongkro /bόŋkro/
AP
Rusak (broken
down)
Tua (old)
Gerobak (cart)
sudah tua sekali,
usang, rusak (worn
out)
46
songkro /šόŋkrό/
n/a
n/a
pipi yang cabi
(cubby)
lemari hias
(cabinet)
Rusak (broken
down)
banyak omong (talk
much)
Pijat (massage)
Dibunuh (murdered)
Pelacur (prostitute)
tanduk sapi atau
kerbau yang turun
ke
bawah (cow’s horns
that go lower)
badanya besar,
longgar (too big)
beton kluwih (seed
of jackfruit)
tempat tidur (bed)
patah, sobek (torn,
broken)
Mengiba (pitty)
bau busuk (smell
bad)
Lancang,
campurtangan (dare
to do something,
intervene)
tidak lebat (less
thick)
luka akibat
kekerasan
(violence wound)
Repot (busy)
Rakus (greedy)
47
bajang /bλjλŋ/
n/a
48
momrot /mόmrόt/
n/a
49
50
kedhik /kəθιk/
mangas /mλŋλs/
AP
51
laut /lλόt/
n/a
Istirahat (taking a
rest)
52
suker /šukər/
n/a
Kotor (dirty)
PLP
amat sangat, tak
terhingga
(uncountable)
53
kondang /kόndλŋ/
mengerahkan
orang (mobilizing
people)
sesaji untuk orang
meninggal
(offering for the
dead)
54
kepyak /kəpyλk/
n/a
55
pacen /pλcεn/
n/a
56
rengket /rəŋkət/
PLP
dekat, lengket
(close, sticky)
57
blendrek
/blεndrεk/
PCP
Memalsukan (fake)
58
madal /mλdλl/
n/a
59
gasik /gλšιk/
n/a
60
ogleng /όglεŋ/
AP
61
62
cetil /cə£εl/
manjeng /mλnjeŋ/
n/a
n/a
63
Temonjo /təmόnjό/
PAP
ancang-ancang
maju (preparing to
move forward)
pagi buta, cepat
(early morning)
koplak, gila (crazy,
insane)
Pelit (economical)
Kelunturan (faded)
ada hasilnya atau
ada
wujudnya (having
results)
kecil, kuntet, orok
(tiny)
Berantakan (messy)
Sedikit (a little)
Loba (avaricious)
samudera,
hamparan
air yang luas (sea)
susah, sulit
(difficult)
gotong royong,
hajatan (working
together, having a
party)
Bertepuk tangan
(applause)
kebun mengkudu
(field of mengkudu)
kebanyakan bawaan
(too much to be
brought)
membuka dengan
paksa (force open)
Berkilah (deny)
Bersih (clean)
menancapkan keris
(inserting keris to its
case)
Gila (crazy)
Masuk (get in)
Membelanjakan
(distribute)
64
kiyeng /kιyəŋ/
PCP
65
lhas-lhes /lhλslhəs/
n/a
66
nyluruk /nylurόk/
AP
67
sikep /šιkəp/
n/a
68
bongkok /mόŋkok/
70
amoh ra amoh
/λmoh r5λ λmoh/
sareh /ŠΛreh/
71
72
69
73
74
75
76
PAP
Berotot (muscle)
bekerja dengan
cepat (working
quickly)
lari yang tak
beraturan (random
running)
Peluk (hug)
Ikat (tie)
PAP
tidak karu-karuan
(mess up)
Redam (calm)
kurop /kurόp/
n/a
Untung (benefit)
Onclang /όnclΛŋ/
PSP
ora pinter /rλ
pιntər/
senthet /šən£εt/
ndiler /ndιlər/
parisiseten
/pλrιsιsεtən/
ASP
AP
AP
daun bawang
(onion leaves)
tidak berbakti (not
obedient)
Retak (crack)
Tidur (sleep)
AP
Parises (pharisees)
n/a
77
janggol /jλŋgol/
PLP
minta makanan
pada orang yang
mempunyai
acara hajatan,
mengemis (asking
food to people who
have a party,
begging)
78
mbregudul
/mbrəguθl/
AP
Pemarah
(emotional)
PLP
main atau
bertandang ke
rumah teman (hang
out to friends’
79
Lurug /lurόg/
Kuat (strong)
Boros (wasteful)
Terjerembab
(trapped)
membawa, bersedia
(carry)
dahan kelapa
(branch of a coconut
tree)
Baru (new)
Sabar (patient)
Seimbang
(proportional)
Lari (run)
Bodoh (stupid)
Panas (hot)
Ngantuk (sleepy)
Luka (wound)
kuli tetap di
kelurahan,
mendengarkan
orang
yang berbincangbincang (officer at
village office,
listening to people’s
talk)
kain yang berbulu
atau
akan rusak (worn
out fabric)
pergi berperang
(going to a war)
house)
80
lorot /lorόt/
PLP
Tarik (pull)
longsor, pulung
(landslide)
81
lireh /lιrεh/
n/a
Sayuran
(vegetable)
Lirih (lowly)
82
maton /mλtόn/
n/a
Tetap (constant)
83
njepaplang
/jəpa:plλŋ/
AP
Telentang (face up)
84
tempat /təmpλt/
n/a
baskom, mangkok,
rantang (bowl)
Tidak menyimpang
(not diverge)
membuka tangan
(open a punch of
hand)
letak, daerah (area,
place)
From the table above, the classification can be concluded that there are:
1. Fifteen words that are formed based on Affixation Process i.e. nylampar
(slampar), kesliring (sliring), nyekek (cekek), mloto (moto), ngaron (aron),
ciplis (cipis), bongkro (bongko), kedhik (kedik), ogleng (ogeng), nyluruk
(sluruk), senthet (sentet), ndiler (diler), parisiseten (parises), mbregudul
(begudul), and njepaplang (njepapang).
2. One word formed based on a New Word Coming into a Language that is sak
(from English ‘sack’).
3. One word formed based on Acronym and Shorting Process that is amoh ra
amoh (amoh ora amoh).
4. Eight words formed based on Phoneme Adding Process that are mbaon
(baon), berdondi (dondi), marah (mara), kemplong (kempong), dadah (dada),
temonjo (temojo), bongkok (bongko), and sareh (sare).
5. Seven words formed based on Phoneme Losing Process that are mangkel
(mrengkel), mbok (simbok), surup (slurup), kondang (kondangan), rengket
(krengket), lurug (nglurug), and lorot (mlorot).
6. Five words formed based on Phoneme Changing Process that are basang
(pasang), payon (payu), gambreng (gembeng), blendrek (mblandrek), and
kiyeng (kiyel).
7. One word formed based on Phoneme Substitutions Process that is onclang
(loncang).
From the collected data, the researcher takes ‘nylampar’ word as an
example to make the analysis clear, especially to represent homonym in the side
of Affixation Process. ‘nylampar’, which has the meaning of making something
fall or a net to climb, has similar sound and spelling like ‘nylampar’, which has
the meaning of teasing thing. Thus, these two different words are clearly a
homonym. Below is the example in the form of sentences:
· Pak lek nembe nylampar dadung wonten wingking. (making a net to climb)
My uncle is making a net in the back yard.
· Tukang ojek neng pojok kae senenge nylampar mudi-mudi seng liwat.
(teasing)
The bikers’ service down the street likes to tease girls who walk by.
In additional, to represent homonym’s forming process from the side of A
New Word Coming into a Language, the researcher takes one sample that is
‘sak’. If it is investigated the word ‘sak’ in Javanese is adapted from an English
word ‘sack’. In english, ‘sack’ means a bag to hold sugar, salt, sand, etc., while
‘sak’ in Javanese can be meant as a pocket, whereas it is meant as a bag to carry
sugar, salt, and sand in Semarang’s Javanese Dialect. Here is an example:
· Pak tukang tumbas setunggal sak semen teng toko bangunan Berkah. (a
bag/sack)
The worker buys a sack of cement at Berkah store.
· Ati-ati nggembol duwit neng sak soale sakmu bolong. (pocket)
Be careful to put your money in the pocket because your pocket has a hole.
For the Acronym and Shorting Process, the researcher chooses a phrase
‘amoh ra amoh’ where the complete phrase should be ‘mbuh amoh ora amoh’.
However, this mentioned phrase has two different meaning, which is meant as
mess up in Semarang’s Javanese Dialect and is meant as new in Javanese.
· Kamare anakku wes amoh ra amoh. (mess up)
My son’s room is messed up.
· Klambine anakku iseh amoh ra amoh. (still in good condition)
My son’s shirt is still in good condition.
The following examples deal with the Language Indication that also
influences to the homonym’s forming process. The first process is the Phoneme
Adding Process, whereas the researcher takes ‘mbaon’ as the sample. The
original word of ‘mbaon’ is ‘baon’, which means field. However, ‘mbaon’ can be
meant as field or it is meant as fragrances. Here is an example in the form of
sentences:
· Pak Sukari dino iki macul sak mbaon. (field)
Pak Sukari ploughed a plot of field.
· Ibuk mboten remen kaleh mbaon kang nyegrak. (fragarances)
My mom does not like strong fragrances.
The second process is Phoneme Losing Process, whereas the researcher
chooses ‘mbok’ as the example. The word ‘mbok’ is originally ‘simbok’, which
has two meaning that are aunt/adult women, in Semarang’s Dialect, or mother, in
Javanese. Below is the example of it:
· Aris senenge nggodani mbok-mbok. (aunt/adult women)
Aris likes to tease adult women.
· Aris kangen karo mbokne. (mother)
Aris misses his mother.
The next forming process is Phoneme Changing Process. In this process,
the researcher takes ‘basang’ as the example, whereas this word is originally
spelled as ‘pasang’. The word ‘basang’ in Semarang’s Dialect means to sell, to
pick, or to gather, while in Javanese means to set or to work together. Below is
the example of it:
· Bapak basang duren neng Pasar Bandungan. (to sell)
My father sells durian at Bandungan Market.
· Bapak basang antena neng mburi omah. (to set)
My father is setting the antenna in the back yard.
The last forming process is Phoneme Substitutions Process. The
researcher chooses ‘onclang’ as the example, whereas this word is substituted
from the original word ‘loncang’. The word ‘onclang’ can be meant as onion
leaves, in Semarang’s Dialect, or it is meant as to run in Javanese. The examples
can be seen below:
· Ibuk ngerajang onclang neng pawon. (onion leaves)
My mother is slicing onion leaves into pieces in the kitchen.
· Ibuk gupuh-gupuh onclang neng ngarepan omah amargi udan. (to run)
My mother runs out the house in hurry because it is raining.
B. Homonym’s Forming Process
Homonyms is formed by various forming process such as affixation
process, a new word coming into a language, acronym and shorting process, and
language indications (phoneme adding process, phoneme losing process,
phoneme changing process, and phoneme substitutions process) (Hurford and
Heasley, 1983: 123). These processes are broken down into each explanation and
finding.
1. Affixation Process
There are several homonym words caused by affixation process, they
are classified into table below:
No
1
2
3
4
5
Words
nylampar
/nylλmpλr/
nyendekke
/nyendekkε/
katisen
/kλtιsən/
mainan
/mλιnλn/
demarenen
Table 4.3. Affixation Process
Basic
Prefix Suffix Infix Affix
Forms
Meaning
membuat
tambang
yang
digunakan
untuk
memanjat
(making rope
used for
climbing)
nye-
-
-
-
Slampar
ny-
-
-
-
Sendekke Gadai (pawn)
k-
-en
-
-
Atis
Dingin (cold)
-
-an
-
-
Main
Main (play)
-
-en
-
-
Demaren
Tumben
6
7
8
9
10
11
/dəmεrεnən/
metoan
/mətόλn/
nggoto
/ŋgόto/
kenthip
/kən£ιp/
njedodot
/jədόdot/
purunan
/pu:runλn/
dipotengpoteng
/di:po£eŋpo£eŋ/
(unusual)
Menjemput
(pick up)
-
-an
-
-
meto’
ng-
-
-
-
Goto
Kerja (work)
-
-
-h
-
Kentip
Tinggi (high)
-
-ot
-
-
Njedod
Terbentur (hit)
-
-an
-
-
Purun
Mau (willing)
di-
-
-
-
potengpoteng
potongpotong (cut
into pieces)
12
kobokan
/kόboλn/
-
-an
-
-
Kobok
tempat cuci
piring atau
tangan (finger
bowl)
13
slempitan
/sləmpιtλn/
-
-an
-
-
Slempit
Terjepit (stuck)
14
nyepatani
/nyəpλtλnι/
nye-
-ni
-
-
15
diwelehke
/dιwəlehkε/
di-
-
-
-
16
ngrincikki
/ŋrιnci:kι/
ng-
-ki
-
-
17
angkringan
/λŋkrιŋλn/
-
-an
-
-
18
nyetatel
/nyə£λtəl/
-
-
-ta
-
sumpah
Sepatan
serapah
(swearing)
membalikkan
Welehke omongan (talk
back)
Membersihkan
Rincik
(clean)
tempat
nongkrong (a
Angkring
place to hang
out)
Setel
Putar (turn on)
The researcher finds some words added with affixes in the basic unit.
The researcher finds it in front of the word, in the middle of word, and in the
last of word. The researcher found prefix adding in some words that are:
‘dipotheng-potheng, dintang-ntang, diwelehke, nggoto’. The researcher takes
‘diphoteng-potheng’ as an example of prefix adding process. ‘dipothengpotheng’ /dΙpό£eŋ-pό£eŋ/ means /cutting something/ and ‘dipotheng-potheng’
/dΙpό£eŋ-pό£eŋ/ means /make doodles or rough sketches on something/.
‘diphoteng-potheng’ is formed from ‘di+potheng-potheng’.
‘potheng-
potheng’ /pό£eŋ-pό£eŋ/ means /torture someone/. Because of prefixing adding
process in front of ‘potheng-potheng’ word, there is different meaning exist in
this word. Added affixes in the basic unit of word makes homonym
expression exist in Semarang’s Javanese language.
The second affixation adding process is added affixes in the middle of
word for example, ”nyetatel” words, ”nyetatel” has two meanings, “nyetatel
1” /nyə£a:tel/ means /flank something/ and “nyetatel 2” /nyə£a:tel/ means /
bend over of confined / this word is formed from “ nye + ta + tel “. The base
unit of “nyetayel” word is ‘nyetel’ /nyətel/ means /turn on something/.
Because of affixation adding process by adding infix in the middle of ‘nyetel’
word, ‘nyetel’ becomes ‘nyetatel’.
The researcher also finds affixation adding process in the last words.
There are several words, which are found in Semarang’s Javanese languages,
they are ‘katisen, mainan, demarenen, metoan, njedodot, purunan, kobokan,
slempitan, nyepatani, ngrincki, angkringan’ words. The researcher takes
‘metoan’ word as the example of affixational adding process in the last of
words. ‘metoan’ /mətόΛn/ means /meeting/ and ‘metoan’ /mətόΛn/ means
/fetching someone/. ‘metoan’ is formed from /meto’/ words. /meto’/ means
/inviting someone/. It becomes /metoan/ word because there is affixation
adding process in the last of /meto’/ word.
2. A New Word Coming into a Language
There is interesting thing found by the researcher in Semarang’s
Javanese language. There is ‘meni’ word that has the similar sound to /many/
in Englsish language. The researcher analyzes that ‘meni’ is shorted from
/men+iki/. For example: ‘akeh men to ace iki’, it is the example of Javanese
language in Central Java province in general. In Semarang’s Javanese
language the researcher finds /ekeh meni ace iki/. The researcher analyzes is
false that /meni/ is formed from /men+iki/. ‘meni‘ is naturally formed from
/meni/ word. It is influenced by a new word coming into Semarang’s Javanese
language. ‘meni’ is influenced by ‘many’ word From English language.
Because of different pronounciation, ‘many’ becomes ‘meni’ in Semarang’s
Javanese language. The influencing is looked into pronunciation and meaning
similarities.
The phenomenon in ‘meni’ /mən/ forming shows the effect of
globalization era. In globalization era a country has to learn different language
as introductory language to communicate with different country. This
phenomenon influenced local language indirectly. The society inclined to
borrow and use a new word to make conversation simple. The researcher not
only finds English language influencing Semarang’s Javanese language but
also finds regional language influencing. The regional language influences
looked into ‘bakul’ words. ‘bakul’ means /little trader/ and ‘bakul’ means /rice
bowl made from bamboo/. Whereas, Semarang’s Javanese society always say
‘besek’ to say ‘rice bowl’. Because of the influence of regional language,
‘besek’ word becomes lost. ‘besek’ is substituted by ‘bakul’ word.
3. Acronym and Shorting Process
The researcher finds ‘mberuh, monteng, and pelita’ words. The
researcher analyzes ’mberuh, monteng, and pelita’ words forming. ‘mberuh’ is
formed from /mboh ora weruh/. ‘monteng’ is formed from /montang
manteng/. ‘pelita’ is formed from /mutual cooperation every Sunday/. The
researcher found shorting process in ‘mberuh’ and ‘monteng’ words. ‘mberuh’
means /do not know something/ and ‘monteng’ means /unstable/. Whereas,
‘monteng’ and ‘mberuh’ has different meaning from the Javanese dictionaries.
In dictionaries ‘monteng’ means /confuse/ and ‘mberuh’ means /as you wish/.
Semarang’s society is shorting /mboh ora weruh/ becomes /mberuh/ because
‘mberuh’ forms is simpler in spelling and pronouncing than /mberuh ora
weruh/ forms. The researcher does not only analyze ‘mberuh’ and ‘monteng’
words but also analyzes ‘pelita’ words. ‘Pelita’ means /cooperation every
Sunday/. It is different from ‘pelita’s’ meaning in general. Generally, ‘pelita’
means /five-year plan/ in general forming. ‘pelita’ is acronym process in
Indonesian becomes a word in Semarang’s Javanese language. This cases
make ambiguous meaning because there is a word with different usage and
meaning from general ‘pelita’s’ meaning. It is a part of interesting and unique
things that the researcher found in Semarang’s Javanese language.
Table 4.4 Acronym and Shorting Process
No
Words
Stand For
Meaning
1 mberuh /mbərόh/
mboh ora weroh
tidak tahu (do not know)
2 monteng /mόnteŋ/ montang-manting
Oleng (shaky)
kerja bakti tiap hari minggu
3 pelita /pəlιtλ/
pembangunan lima tahun (community work on every
Sunday)
4. Language Indications
a. Phoneme Adding Process
There are several language indications, which are found by the
researcher in Semarang’s Javanese language. The researcher found
phoneme added in front of the word, in the middle of word, and in the last
of word. Besides, the researcher also finds word losing in the word,
phoneme substitution, and phoneme changing.
The researcher found phoneme-adding process in front of the word
on ‘esak’ and ‘mbaon’ words. ‘esak’ means /unhealthy/. It is formed from
‘sak’ word. ‘sak’ means /sack or bag/. ‘sak’ added by ‘E’ in front of this
word so that ‘sak’ words become /esak/. Because of phoneme added in
front of ‘sak’ words, automatically the meaning of ‘sak’ words changes.
Therefore, phoneme-adding process in a word is causing changing
meaning, forming, and using. ‘esak’ example process has the same as
‘mbaon’ word adding phoneme process. Absolutely ‘esak’ phoneme adding
process representative for ‘mbaon’ process.
The researcher also finds phoneme-adding process in the middle of
word. The researcher finds this case in ‘mbonggel’ words. It is formed
from ‘bonggel’ word as the base unit of ‘mbonggel’. ‘mbonggel’ means
/be obstinate/. Besides, ‘bonggel’ means /undergraduate/. ‘bonggel’ is
added ‘mb’ letters in front of ‘bonggel’ but it is pronounced added ‘ng’
letter in the middle of ‘bonggel’ word.
Adding phoneme in the last of word exists in Semarang’s Javanese
language e.g. ‘luweh’ word. ‘luweh’ is formed from ‘luwe+h’. ‘h’
phoneme added in the last of ‘luwe’ word so that ‘luwe’ becomes /luweh/.
‘luweh’ means /up to you/ but ‘luwe’ means /hungry/. Phoneme adding
process makes the word changing and forming a new word with different
forming and meaning. The researcher appendiexes phoneme adding
process into table below. To make the research clear in reading the
researcher gives phonetic transcription.
No
1
2
3
4
Table 4.5. Phoneme Adding Process
Words
Phoneme
Basic Forms
luweh /lu:weh/
-h
luwe /lu:wε/
esak /εšΛk/
esak /šλk/
mbaon /mba:on/
mbaon /ba:on/
mbonggel /bỏŋgεl/
-ng
bogel /bỏgel/
Meaning
Lapar (hungry)
Karung (sack)
Kebun (field)
putus sekolah
(unable to
continue
schooling)
b. Phoneme Losing Process
There are several words, which are losing a phoneme in those
words. They are ‘mbandang and njanggol’ words. ‘mbandang’ /mbΛndΛŋ/
means /lost/. Generally, ‘mbandang’ /mbΛndΛŋ/ is the same as
‘mblandang’/mbla:ndΛŋ/ in Javanese language. This word is formed from
‘mblandang’ word. ‘mblandang’ /mbla:ndΛŋ/ means /run off/. Phoneme
losing in the middle of ‘mblandang’ word by deleting ‘l’ becomes
‘mbandang’make homonym expression exists in this word.
The phenomenon above also happens in ‘janggol’ word. ‘janggol’
/jΛŋgόl/ means /having eaten in someone’s ceremonial/. It is formed from
‘n+janggol’. There is phoneme losing ‘n’ in front of ‘janggol’ word. So
that ‘njanggol’ becomes ‘janggol’. Losing phoneme makes a new word
formation forming with different spelling and pronunciation. A new word
forming also makes a new meaning.
No
Table 4.6. Phoneme Losing Process
Words
Phoneme
Basic Forms
1
mbandang /mbλndλŋ/
-l
Mblandang
2
janggol /jλŋgỏl/
-n
njanggol
/ənjλŋgol/
Meaning
Kabur (run
away)
Meminta
makan
pada
orang
punya
hajat
(having
eaten in
someone’s
ceremonial)
c. Phoneme Changing Process
Phoneme changing found by the researcher on some words as
follows:
kudu→kodo
boso→mboso
ngukuri→nakori
grapyak→gambyak
duso→doso
bandang→mbandang
Phoneme changing makes a new word forming with different
spelling, pronunciation, and meaning. The witer takes ‘kudu’ becomes
‘kodo’ as the example to make this analysis clear. ‘Kudu’ /ku:θu/ means
/must/ and ‘kodo’ /kόθo/ means /bad-tempered/. Phoneme changing makes
a new meaning different from the words before phoneme changing.
d. Phoneme Substitutions Process
There are two words having phoneme substitutions that are found
by the researcher in Semarang’s Javanese language. The words are:
‘loncang’ becomes ‘onclang’, and ‘kemekelen’ becomes ‘mekekelen’.
Phoneme substitution only makes a new word forming with different
spelling and pronunciation from the word before substitution process but
the same meaning. ‘Loncang’ becomes ‘onclang’. Oncl position is
substituted ‘lonc’ in ‘loncang’ words so that ‘loncang’ /loncΛŋ/ words
become ‘onclang’ /onclΛŋ/ words.
C. Original Dialect of Semarang
Original dialects of Semarang may be formed by social meaning,
reflected meaning, affective meaning, behaviorism, setting, and ends.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
4.7. Original Dialect of Semarang
Meaning in Semarang’
Meaning in Javanese
Words
Javanese Language
Dictionary
sali /šΛlΙ/
Tajir (rich)
tak terhingga, banyak
meni /mənΙ/
sekali (uncountable)
sanjung, pura-pura (phony,
solu /sỏlu/
fake)
membantu, menyumbangkan
leden /leden/
tenaga (helping with effort)
untuk mengatakan bayi
sementek
yang gendut dan berat (an
/səmεntεk/
over weight baby)
pertemuan di malam
metoan /mətỏλn/ maulidan, menjemput
(meeting in the Maulid eve)
merat /merΛt/
Kabur (run away)
bloboh /blỏboh/ Dermawan (generous)
malam persiapan sebelum
melek pasian
acara hajatan digelar
/məlεk pλšιλn/
(preparation night before the
party day)
maesan /mæsλn/ batu nisan (gravestone)
trenten /trəntən/ keranjang dari bamboo
-
12
dunak /du:nλk/
13
ngayap /ŋa:yλp/
mremen
/mrεmen/
monyeng
/mỏnyεŋ/
kentis /kən£i:s/
kenthip
/kən£i:p/
njedodot
/jə:dodot/
momrot
/mỏmrot/
pitik horen
/pΙtek
horən/
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
matean
/mΛteΛn/
24
25
mendreng
/mendreŋ/
temonjo
/təmonjo/
cekak /cəkΛk/
metoto /mətoto/
26
ngasak /ŋa:sΛk/
27
kecis /kəces/
jo ngasi /jỏ
ŋa:sІ/
mbonggel
/bỏŋgel/
cengklek
/cεŋklek/
metotolen
22
23
28
29
30
31
yang berukuran besar (a big
bamboo basket)
keranjang dari bamboo
yang berukuran sedang (a
medium size of bamboo
basket)
jalan-jalan (take a walk)
-
Melebar (out of the context)
-
Kurus (skinny)
-
Lumayan (not bad)
-
tinggi sekali (very high)
-
duduk jongkok tak
bergeming (squat still)
luka akibat kekerasan
(violence’s wound)
-
ayam potong (consumed
chicken)
-
orang yang merebus air di
acara hajatan (a person
whose job is boiling water
in a party)
-
tukang kredit (creditor)
-
ada hasilnya atau ada
wujudnya (having results)
Pendek (short)
Bengkak (swollen)
mencari sisa-sisa,
memulung (looking for
trash)
bohong, dusta (lying)
-
tak sudi (mind)
-
Ngotot (stubborn)
-
Gendong (carry)
-
Kedinginginan (freezing)
-
32
33
34
35
/mə£ỏtolən/
stereg /stεrək/
kiyel /ki:əl/
klejetan
/klejeεtΛn/
krenyeh
/krənyεh/
Sedang (just so so)
Kenyal (elastic)
Kesakitan (feeling so
painful)
-
pecundang, penakut (loser)
-
-
The researcher found several words, which have no meaning in Javanese
dictionaries. The researcher called those words as Dialek Asli Semarang
(Semarang’s Original Dialect). The words that exist in Semarang’s Javanese
language are used to make something different in Semarang’s Javanese language
from their neighbor’s language. Semarang’s language has special characteristic
by adding ‘ra’ in the last of sentence.
In expressing and reflecting language, Semarang’s society is inclined to
use and choose coarse word. For example, they will say ‘cemet’ /cεmet/ to
express and reflects bad feeling. Besides, ‘cemet’ is used to joke.
Another Semarang’s language characteristic is ‘a’ phone becoming ‘e’
letter. For example, ‘ngantenan’ becomes ‘ngentenan’, ‘karetan’ /kΛretΛn/
becomes ‘keretan’ /kεretΛΛn/. ‘A’ letter becoming ‘e’ letter almost exist in all of
Semarang’s vocabularies that includes ‘a’ letter
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
This chapter mainly discusses the conclusions of this research paper.
There are three major conclusions that can be made as a response to the three
research questions in chapter I. The two conclusions are:
1. The researcher successfully gathered more or less 84 homonym’s words found
in Semarang’s Javanese Dialect, they are:
nylampar, mangkel, mbaon,
berdondi, sak, cemet, menek, lambung, marah, mbok, gembul, bener, kasak,
gembeng, semang, bantah, basang, tebas, kesliring, surup, gandik, payon,
gambreng, tetek, gupruk, nyekek, mahal, barut, ambeng, mloto, kemplong,
ngaron, koak, dadah, ciplis, ciblek, toklo, klowor, betem, dipan, sengkrek,
cengek, anyit, cupar, bongkro, songkro, bajang, momrot, kedhik, laut, suker,
kondang, kepyak, pacen, rengket, blendrek, madal, gasik, ogleng, cetil,
manjeng, temonjo, kiyeng, lhas-lhes, nyluruk, sikep, bongkok, amoh ra amoh,
sareh, kurop, onclang, ora pinter, senthet, ndiler, parisiseten, janggol,
mbregudul, lurug, lorot, lireh, maton, njepaplang, tempat.
2. The existence of homonym expressions in Semarang’s Javanese language can
be analyzed through seven homonym’s forming processes, they are:
a. Affixation Process, ex: nylampar
b. A New Word Coming into a Language, ex: sak
49
c. Acronym and Shorting Process, ex: amoh ra amoh
d. Phoneme Adding Process, ex: mbaon
e. Phoneme Changing Process, ex: basang
f. Phoneme Substitutions Process, ex: onclang
B. Suggestions
The researcher suggests Semarang’s society to develop and keep their
language because it is their special characteristic that makes their language
different from languages of other areas in Javanese speaking cities across Java.
The Semarang’s wants to use and to introduce their language to the outsider
when they exist in the out side of their city in order to minimize
miscommunication with people form other cities.
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CURICULUM VITAE
Personal Details
Full Name
Sex
Place, Date of Date
Religion
Address
Current address
Mobile
E-mail
: Lina Tri Astuti
: Female
: Kab. Semarang January 6, 1989
: Moslem
: Sugihan RT 09 RW 02 Tengaran Semarang
: Sumogawe, Magersari RT 09 RW 02 Getasan
Semarang
: 085876505170
: lina.astuty@ymail.com
Educational Background
1994-1995
1995-2001
2001-2004
2004-2007
: Kindergarten school Marsudisiwi
: Elementary School Sugihan 1
: SMP Ampel 1
: SMA Tengaran 1