Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers

Transcription

Bioplastiques : du biodégradable
au durable
Reims le 7 février 2014
-Ne pas reproduire sans autorisation Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
ICPEES – UMR CNRS 7515
ECPM : École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM)
Université de Strasbourg (UniStra)
email : luc.averous@unistra.fr
Website : www.BIODEG.NET
Twitter : LucAverous
General Topic (BioTeam):
► Biobased and/or Biodegradable Polymers,
for Environmental and Biomedical Applications.
Springer 2012
BioTeam Members (18) :
 Staff(4):
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Pr. Luc Avérous (BioTeam leader)
Dr. Eric Pollet (A/Prof.)
Pr. Jean Marc Jeltsch (Vice-President UniStra)
Dr. Vincent Phalip (A/Prof.)
 Researchers (14):
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Post-Doct. (3):
Dr. Marina Magaton (Funding Brazil, 2013-2014)
Dr. Dhriti Khandal (Europ. Project, 2013-2016)
Dr. Alexandru Sarbu (2014/2015)
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PhD Students (8):
Flavie Prévot (Government, 2011-2014)
Camille Carré (Region + Company, 2011-2014)
Alice Arbenz (CIFRE, 2011-2014)
Stéphane Duchiron (Company, 2012-2015)
Marie Reulier (CIFRE, 2012-2015)
Thibaud Debuissy (European Project, 2013-2016)
Amparo Jimenez-Quero (Government, 2013-2016)
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Rogerio Prataviera (Co-Direction w/ Brazil – UFSCar)
> Masters (3)
Biorefinery from Biomass
Extraction
PHAs, PLA
Seeds
Vegetable Oils
Biobased
Thermosets &
Thermoplastics
Fermentation
Fractionation
Starch
Mushroom, Crustaceas…
Fractionation
Lignins & Tannins
-based Materials
Thermoplastic
Starch
Clay
Nano-Biocomposites
Chitin, Chitosan
Ligno-cellulosic
Fibers
BioMaterials
Biocomposites
► Integration, from the biomass to final objects
BioTeam
Integration « Biochemistry/Chemistry & Process »
BioProduction
Chemical
Synthesis
Formulation
Process
Characterization
Biomass:
Final Objects:
Triglycerides,
Ligno-cellulose,
Tannins, Starch,
Chitin, …
For automotive,
Building, Textile,
Packaging,
Agriculture …
Academic international collaborations:
Funding – Cooperation - Partners
Bioplastiques : du biodégradable
au durable
Reims le 7 février 2014
-Ne pas reproduire sans autorisation Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
Outline
1. Bioplastics: Some Definitions and the
Market
2. Biobased and durable polymers / Biobased
and biodegradable polymers
9
1- Bioplastics: Some definitions and the
Market
Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
Some definitions (IUPAC):
 Biomacromolecules : Macromolecules, which are elaborated from
living organisms (proteins, polysaccharides, bacterial polymers …)
[Caracteristics]
 Biopolymers : substances based on biomacromolecules
[Applications]
Nota: PLA is not a biopolymer!
11
Another definitions:
 BIOPLASTICS : “Industrial” term used to qualify biobased and/or
biodegradable (environment) polymers.
(e.g., PLA, PA11, PCL …)
12
Bioplastics : The market
Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
Worlwide Bioplastics – Trends
Some indicators:
- Growth: 10-20 % per year
- Market: 1 Billion $/year
Europe
14
2- Biobased and durable polymers /
Biobased and biodegradable polymers
Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
Biobased polymers
 Biobased polymers for Long term
applications (Durable) e.g.,
Automotive, Building …
 Biobased and biodegradable polymers
for Short term applications e.g.,
Packaging, Agriculture, Hygiene …
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Biobased polymers
Sources of agricultural feedstock:
– Bacterial Polyesters: PolyHydroxyAlkanoates (PHA), …
– Cellulose: Crop and forestry fibres (Composites with “petroplastics”) -> Bioethanol
– Hemicellulose
– Lignin and Tanins
– Starch: from corn, wheat, potatoes, pea …-> Bioethanol
– Proteins: Gluten, zein, Corn, elastin, collagen, soybean
– Vegetable Oils
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Biobased and Durable Polymers
Production of Polyethylene
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Production of Polypropylene (Metathesis)
Polyolefins (PE,PP) = 2/3 of plastic market
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Production of PET, PTT, PBT …
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Vegetable oils
Vegetable oil = 95% of triglycerides (tri-ester of glycerol and fatty acids)
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
Fatty acid
Glycerol
45
Plant oil production (MMT)
40
Palm oil
Soybean oil
Rapeseed oil
Sunflower oil
35
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• Chain length : C6 à C24, hydrophobic
• Low toxicity
• Low price
• Highly available
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20
15
10
5
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
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Structures of main Fatty acids
O
O
Fatty acid
O
O
O
1
O
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Wide Variety of Functional Polyurethanes
By combining green polyols with di-isocyanates, we can produce a wide
variety of functional polyurethanes (Foam …) at a competitive cost
(e.g., Ford, Biobased Insulation, BioFoam, Dow, Cargill, Merquinsa …)
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2- Biobased and durable polymers /
Biobased and biodegradable polymers
Pr. Luc Avérous
BioTeam
Polysaccharide: Starch-based materials
Applications: Packaging, Agriculture, Leisure, Hygiene, Catering, …
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a family of intracellular
biopolymers synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and
energy storage granules. PHAs are mainly produced from renewable
resources by fermentation.
A wide variety of prokaryotic organisms accumulate PHA from 30 to
80% of their cellular dry weight.
Only some bacterial strains show satisfactory levels of productivity:
• Cupriavidus necator
(former Ralstonia eutropha)
• Alcaligenes lactus
• Azotobacter vinelandii
• some methylotrophs
• Pseudomonas oleovorans
• Recombinant Escherichia coli
+ Mixed cultures
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PLA: The Last Trends
• PLA = Polymers for durable applications (No
biodegradation)
• New PLA based blends
(e.g., PLA/Plexiglass = Arkema or PLA/PC = Ingeo)
• PLA as a polyol (TPU, PU …)
• PLA with high value (grafted polymers)
___________________________________
• More and more biomedical applications (biocompatibility;
biodegradable in contact with living tissue)
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Biobased polymers
The future ?
– GMO (e.g., Starch)
– ↓ Some fossil resources with  price of some
fractions (???$)
– Evolution of the « society » (« Grenelle de
l’environnement », sustainability ? )
– Evolution of the governmental policy Eco-tax ?
Europe?
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Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers

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