Direct Object Pronouns

Transcription

TRANSPARENCY 16
Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1
R EPASO
Direct object pronouns can be used to replace direct object nouns.
Here’s how:
Singular
masculine
feminine
me
te
lo
la
Plural
nos
os
los
las
me
you (familiar)
you (formal), him, it
you (formal), her, it
us
you (familiar)
you, them
masculine
you, them
feminine
Direct object pronouns are placed directly before conjugated verbs.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
replaced by
before verb
Veo a la profesora.
La veo.
I see the teacher.
I see her.
Héctor tiene el itinerario.
Héctor lo tiene.
Héctor has the itinerary.
Héctor has it.
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the direct object
pronoun can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to
the infinitive.
before
No voy a hacer la maleta hoy.
I’m not going to pack the suitcase today.
No la voy a hacer hoy.
attached
or No voy a hacerla hoy.
I’m not going to pack it today.
¡Avancemos! 2
Unidad 1, Lección 1
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TRANSPARENCY 17
Indirect Object Pronouns
In Spanish, indirect object pronouns are used to accompany or
replace nouns that act as indirect objects.
Here’s how: The indirect object pronouns me, te, nos, and os are
the same as the direct object pronouns. Only the usted/
él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas forms are different.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
me me
te you (familiar)
nos
os
us
le
les
you, them
you (formal), him, her
you (familiar)
In Spanish, you must use the indirect object pronoun to accompany
the noun it modifies or to replace the noun. The pronoun appears
before conjugated verbs.
accompanies
replaces
Mamá les da el dinero a José y Ana.
Mamá les da el dinero.
Mom gives José and Ana the money.
Mom gives them the money.
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the indirect object
pronoun can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the
infinitive.
Le voy a vender mi coche a Sara.
before
I’m going to sell Sara my car.
Le voy a vender mi coche.
becomes
attached
or
Voy a venderle mi coche.
I’m going to sell her my car.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 18
Preterite of -ar Verbs
The preterite tense in Spanish tells what happened at a particular
moment in the past. How do you form the preterite of -ar verbs?
Here’s how: Like present-tense verbs, you form the preterite tense of
regular verbs by adding tense endings to the verb stem.
visitar to visit
yo
visité
nosotros(as) visitamos
tú
visitaste
vosotros(as) visitasteis
usted,
él, ella
visitó
ustedes,
ellos(as)
visitaron
Durante las vacaciones, yo monté a caballo, mi mamá
visitó un museo y mis hermanos nadaron.
During vacation, I went horseback riding, my mom visited a museum,
and my brothers went swimming.
The nosotros ending in the preterite tense is the same as in the
present tense. Look for clues in the sentence to help you determine
whether the verb is in the present or past tense.
Acampamos anoche en el parque.
We camped last night in the park.
The word anoche tells you that the verb acampamos is in the
preterite tense, not the present.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 19
Preterite of ir, ser, hacer, ver, dar
The verbs ir, ser, hacer, ver, and dar are irregular in the preterite
tense. They are formed without regular past-tense endings.
Here’s how:
The preterite forms of ir and ser are exactly
the same.
You must use clues in the sentence to
determine whether ir or ser is used in the
preterite.
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Fuimos al parque de diversiones.
¡Fue un día muy divertido!
We went to the amusement park.
It was a very fun day!
Hacer has its own preterite-tense forms. In
the usted/él/ella form, the c of the stem
becomes a z before o.
ir to go / ser to be
¿Qué hizo usted ayer?
Hice la tarea.
What did you do yesterday?
I did homework.
hacer to do; to make
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
The verbs ver and dar take regular -er/-ir past tense endings in the
preterite but have no written accent marks.
ver to see
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
dar to give
di
diste
dio
dimos
disteis
dieron
Vimos mucho arte interesante en el museo.
Mi amigo me dio un regalo.
We saw a lot of interesting art at the museum.
My friend gave me a gift.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 10
Preterite of -er, -ir verbs
Regular -er and -ir verbs are different from regular -ar verbs in the
preterite tense.
Here’s how: Regular -er and -ir verbs have the same preterite
endings.
comer
to eat
yo
comí
nosotros(as)
comimos
tú
comiste
vosotros(as)
comisteis
usted,
él, ella
comió
ustedes,
ellos(as)
comieron
escribir to write
yo
escribí
nosotros(as)
escribimos
tú
escribiste
vosotros(as)
escribisteis
usted,
él, ella
escribió
ustedes,
ellos(as)
escribieron
Note that the nosotros form of -ir verbs is the same in the preterite
and in the present tense (-imos). Look for clues in the sentence to
help you know whether the verb is in the present or past tense.
Recibimos el premio ayer.
We received the prize yesterday.
¡Avancemos! 2
The word ayer tells you
that recibimos is in the
preterite tense.
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TRANSPARENCY 11
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Demonstratives indicate where something is. In Spanish, they show if
something is close to, not as close to, or far away from the speaker.
Here’s how:
Demonstrative Adjectives
close
not close
far away
m.
f.
m.
f.
m.
f.
Singular
este
this
esta
this
ese
that
esa
that
aquel
that
aquella
that
Plural
estos
these
estas
these
esos
those
esas
those
aquellos
those
aquellas
those
Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular
éste
ésta
ése
ésa
aquél
aquélla
Plural
éstos
éstas
ésos
ésas
aquéllos
aquéllas
Demonstrative pronouns have accents, but there is no change in pronunciation.
Demonstrative adjectives appear
before the noun. They agree in
gender and number with the noun
they describe.
Demonstrative pronouns take
the place of nouns. They agree in
gender and number with the noun
they replace.
¿Cuánto cuesta este anillo?
How much does this ring cost?
Ese anillo cuesta diez dólares.
¿Cuánto cuesta éste?
How much does this one cost?
Ése cuesta diez dólares.
That ring costs ten dollars.
Aquel anillo es más barato.
That ring (over there) is cheaper.
That one costs ten dollars.
Aquél es más barato.
That one (over there) is cheaper.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 12
Reflexive Verbs
In Spanish, all reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun.
Here’s how: In the infinitive form of reflexive verbs, the
reflexive pronoun attaches to the end: bañarse.
When you conjugate reflexive verbs, the pronoun
appears before the conjugated verb.
bañarse to take a bath
yo
me baño
nosotros(as)
nos bañamos
tú
te bañas
vosotros(as)
os bañáis
usted,
él, ella
se baña
ustedes,
ellos(as)
se bañan
Jorgito se baña a las ocho.
Jorgito takes a bath at eight.
When a reflexive verb follows a conjugated verb, use the correct
reflexive pronoun with the infinitive.
attached
¿A qué hora quieres despertarte?
You can attach the pronoun to
the infinitive.
What time do you want to wake up?
before
You can also place the pronoun
before the conjugated verb.
Me quiero despertar a las siete.
I want to wake up at seven.
Some verbs are not always reflexive.
not reflexive
reflexive
¡Avancemos! 2
Yo despierto a Celia a las siete.
I wake up Celia at seven.
Yo me despierto a las siete.
I wake (myself) up at seven.
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TRANSPARENCY 13
Present Progressive
Use the present tense of estar plus the present participle to form the
present progressive.
Here’s how: To make a present participle, drop the end of the infinitive
and add -ando (-ar verbs) or -iendo (-er/-ir verbs).
becomes
comprar
comprando
comer
comiendo
escribir
escribiendo
Estoy comprando las toallas.
I am buying the towels.
¿Qué estás comiendo?
What are you eating?
becomes
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends
in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo.
leer
Some -ir verbs change vowels
e → i: decir
in the stem of the present
o → u: dormir
participle form.
becomes
becomes
leyendo
diciendo
durmiendo
Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar
or attached to the end of the present participle. When you attach a
pronoun to the present participle, you need to add an accent to the
stressed vowel.
before
Me estoy arreglando. or
I am getting ready.
¡Avancemos! 2
attached
Estoy arreglándome.
I am getting ready.
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TRANSPARENCY 10
REPASO Present Tense of Irregular yo Verbs
Some present-tense verbs are irregular only in the yo form.
They have endings different from the -o ending of regular verbs.
Here’s how: The verbs hacer, poner, salir, and traer end in -go
in the yo form. Compare them with their tú forms in
the present tense.
hacer
to make;
to do
yo
tú
hago
haces
poner
to put
salir
to go out;
to leave
traer
to bring
pongo
pones
salgo
sales
traigo
traes
The verbs decir, venir, and tener also end in -go in the
yo form. All are stem-changing verbs, but only decir
changes in the yo form.
yo
tú
decir
(e → i)
to say; to tell
venir
(e → ie)
to come
tener
(e → ie)
to have
digo
dices
vengo
vienes
tengo
tienes
Conocer, dar, saber, and ver also have irregular yo
forms in the present tense.
conocer
to know;
to meet
yo
tú
¡Avancemos! 2
conozco
conoces
dar
to give
saber
to know
ver
to see
doy
das
sé
sabes
veo
ves
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TRANSPARENCY 11
Pronouns after Prepositions
Pronouns that follow prepositions are different from subject pronouns
and object pronouns.
Here’s how: Use these pronouns after prepositions like para, de, a,
and con.
Pronouns after Prepositions
mí
ti
él, ella, usted
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ellos, ellas, ustedes
Notice that these pronouns are the same as the subject pronouns in all
forms except mí (yo) and ti (tú).
Clara vive lejos de nosotros.
Clara lives far from us.
Tengo un regalo para ti.
I have a gift for you.
With verbs like gustar, use pronouns after the preposition a to add
emphasis.
A mí no me gusta la ropa de cuadros.
I really don’t like plaid clothes.
The pronoun after a can also clarify to whom a sentence refers.
Uncertain
Certain
Le gusta ir a la librería.
A él le gusta ir a la librería.
He/She/You like(s) to go to
the bookstore.
He likes to go to the bookstore.
When you use mí and ti after the preposition con, they combine with
con to form the words conmigo and contigo.
¿Vas a la fiesta conmigo o con Jorge?
No voy con él; voy contigo.
¡Avancemos! 2
Are you going to the party with
me or with Jorge?
I’m not going with him; I’m
going with you.
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TRANSPARENCY 12
Irregular Preterite Verbs
The verbs estar, poder, poner, saber, and tener are irregular in the
preterite tense. To form the preterite of these verbs, you must change
their stems and add irregular preterite endings.
Here’s how: Each of these verbs has a unique stem in the preterite,
but they all take the same endings.
Verb
estar
poder
poner
saber
tener
to be
to be able
to put
to know
to have
Stem
Preterite Endings
estuvpudpussuptuv-
-e
-iste
-o
¿Dónde pusiste mi cartera?
Where did you put my wallet?
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Note that there are no
accents on these endings.
Ella estuvo en casa ayer.
She was at home yesterday.
The verb saber usually has a different meaning in the preterite.
It means to find out.
Yo supe la verdad ayer.
I found out the truth yesterday.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 13
Preterite of -ir Stem-Changing Verbs
Remember that many -ir verbs have stem changes in the present tense.
These verbs change stems in some forms of the preterite tense too.
Here’s how: Stem-changing -ir verbs in the preterite change only in
the usted/él/ella and the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
Preterite tense e → i
Preterite tense o → u
pedir to ask for
dormir to sleep
pedí
pedimos
dormí
dormimos
pediste
pedisteis
dormiste
dormisteis
pidió
pidieron
durmió
durmieron
¿Qué pidieron en el mercado?
What did they ask for at the market?
Zulma durmió diez horas
anoche.
Zulma slept ten hours last night
Here are some other e → i preterite stem-changing verbs that follow
the pattern of pedir.
preferir
servir
vestirse
competir
seguir
¡Avancemos! 2
to prefer
to serve
to get dressed
to compete
to follow
¿Quiénes compitieron en el
campeonato?
Who competed in the
championship?
Nosotros competimos y ganamos.
We competed and we won.
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TRANSPARENCY 10
The Imperfect Tense
The imperfect is another past tense in Spanish. How do you use it?
Here’s how:
The imperfect is used to describe something that was not
perfected or not completed in the past. You use it to . . .
• talk about something that was happening
• talk about something you used to do
• say how old someone was
• tell what time it was
Regular verbs in the imperfect take these endings:
Note that the
yo form and
the usted/él/
ella forms are
the same.
yo
tú
usted, él, ella
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes, ellos(as)
estar
estaba
estabas
estaba
estábamos
estabais
estaban
hacer
hacía
hacías
hacía
hacíamos
hacíais
hacían
salir
salía
salías
salía
salíamos
salíais
salían
Él estaba aquí cuando yo hacía el pastel.
He was here when I was making the cake.
Only three verbs are irregular in
the imperfect.
Cuando yo era niña, íbamos a
la playa.
When I was little, we used to go to
the beach.
¡Avancemos! 2
ser
ir
ver
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
iban
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
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TRANSPARENCY 11
Preterite and Imperfect
You have learned two verb forms used for the past tense: the
preterite and the imperfect. How do you know when to use each one?
Here’s how: Decide whether an action had a specific beginning and
ending. Use the preterite if the action started and ended
at a definite time.
La guerra empezó en 1846.
The war began in 1846.
Santa Ana fue presidente de México.
Santa Ana was the president of Mexico.
Use the imperfect to talk about past actions without saying when they
began or ended.
Los guerreros no tenían miedo del enemigo.
The warriors were not afraid of the enemy.
El ejército peleaba valientemente.
The army fought bravely.
You can apply both tenses to talk about two overlapping events.
• the preterite for the action that occurred
• the imperfect for what was going on at the time
Cuando la guerra terminó, Santa Ana era presidente de México.
When the war ended, Santa Ana was president of Mexico.
Note that you use the preterite of ser (fue) to say that Santa Ana was
once president of Mexico, but you use the imperfect of ser (era) to say
that Santa Ana was president during an unspecified time.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 12
Preterite of -car, -gar, and -zar Verbs
In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar are spelled
differently in the yo form to maintain their pronunciation.
Here’s how:
buscar
c
becomes
qu
(yo) busqué
pagar
g
becomes
gu
(yo) pagué
empezar
z
becomes
c
(yo) empecé
tú Form
yo Form
¿Buscaste las ruinas?
Did you look for the ruins?
Sí, busqué las ruinas.
Yes, I looked for the ruins.
¿Pagaste la cuenta?
Did you pay the bill?
No, no pagué la cuenta.
No, I didn’t pay the bill.
¿Cuándo empezaste la excavación?
When did you begin the excavation?
Empecé la excavación ayer.
I began the excavation yesterday.
Here are some other verbs that change in the same way.
¡Avancemos! 2
-car
-gar
-zar
sacar
tocar
llegar
jugar
almorzar
comenzar
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TRANSPARENCY 13
More Verbs with Irregular Preterite Stems
The verbs venir, querer, decir, and traer are irregular in the preterite.
Here’s how:
All four verbs have irregular preterite stems. Venir and
querer take the same preterite endings as estar, poder,
poner, saber, and tener.
Verb
Stem
venir to come
querer to want
vinquis-
Irregular Preterite Endings
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
¿Ustedes vinieron de la biblioteca?
Did you come from the library?
The verb querer usually has a different meaning in the preterite. It
means tried.
Quisimos ver las ruinas, pero no pudimos.
We tried to see the ruins, but we couldn’t.
The preterite stems of decir and traer end in j. Use the same
irregular preterite endings as above, but drop the i from the
ustedes/ellos/ellas ending.
Verb
decir
traer
Stem
to say; to tell dijto bring
traj-
ustedes/ellos/ellas
dijeron
trajeron
Ellos trajeron unas cerámicas
Marcos me dijo que están hechas
de México.
a mano.
They brought some ceramics from Mexico. Marcos told me that they’re handmade.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 10
Usted/Ustedes Commands
To tell someone respectfully to do or not do something, use usted
commands. Commands require a change in verb endings.
Here’s how: You form usted commands with the yo form of verbs in the
present tense. Drop the -o and add the following endings.
Commands
Infinitive
Present Tense
usted
ustedes
probar (ue)
comer
añadir
yo pruebo
yo como
yo añado
pruebe
coma
añada
prueben
coman
añadan
Pruebe el té.
Coman la merienda.
Añada más sal.
Taste the tea.
Eat the snack.
Add more salt.
Add no before the verb to make
commands negative.
No añada más sal.
Don’t add more salt.
Some common verbs have irregular usted/ustedes command forms.
usted
ustedes
dar
estar
ir
saber
ser
dé
den
esté
estén
vaya
vayan
sepa
sepan
sea
sean
Vaya a la cocina. Go to the kitchen.
No estén tristes. Don’t be sad.
Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in the
command form.
buscar
¡Avancemos! 2
busque
empezar
pagar
empiece
pague
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TRANSPARENCY 11
Pronoun Placement with Commands
In Spanish, the placement of pronouns depends on whether a
command is affirmative or negative.
Here’s how:
In affirmative commands, you attach object pronouns to the end
of the verb.
attached
Affirmative:
Llévenos al supermercado.
Take us to the supermarket.
Pónganlas en la mesa.
Put them on the table.
Note that when a pronoun is attached to an affirmative
command of two syllables or more, the stressed vowel carries
an accent.
In negative commands, you place object pronouns before the verb
and after no.
before
Negative:
No le venda esta camisa.
Don’t sell her this shirt.
No lo prueben.
Don’t taste it.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 12
Affirmative and Negative Words
Indefinite words refer to non-specific people, things, or situations and
can be affirmative or negative. How do you use them in Spanish?
Here’s how:
Affirmative Words
Negative Words
algo
something
nada
nothing
alguien
someone
nadie
no one
algún/alguno(a) some
ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
o... o
either . . . or
ni... ni
neither . . . nor
siempre
always
nunca
never
también
also
tampoco
neither, either
Alguno(a) and ninguno(a) have different forms before masculine
singular nouns.
alguno
becomes
algún
¿Quieres algún filete?
Do you want some steak?
ninguno
becomes
ningún
No, no quiero ningún plato con carne.
No, I do not want any dish with meat.
A double negative is required in Spanish when no comes before the
verb. Indefinite words that follow no must be negative.
No veo nada.
I do not see anything.
When alguien or nadie is the object of a verb, it is preceded by the
personal a.
¿Conoces a alguien de España?
Do you know anyone from Spain?
¡Avancemos! 2
No, no conozco a nadie de España.
No, I do not know anyone from Spain.
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TRANSPARENCY 13
Double Object Pronouns
In Spanish, direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns
appear before the conjugated verb. How do you place both in the same
sentence?
Here’s how:
In sentences with both object pronouns, the indirect object
pronoun comes first.
indirect object
La camarera nos trajo el caldo a Juan y a mí.
The waitress brought the broth to Juan and me.
direct object
La camarera nos lo trajo.
The waitress brought it to us.
When a conjugated verb appears with an infinitive or a verb in the -ndo
form, you can put the pronouns before the conjugated verb, or you can
attach them to the infinitive or -ndo form.
before
attached
Me los vas a pedir.
or
Vas a pedírmelos.
Me los estás pidiendo.
or
Estás pidiéndomelos.
When you attach pronouns, you need to add an accent to the stressed
vowel.
If both pronouns start with the letter l, change the indirect object
pronoun to se.
Le pedí la cuenta al camarero.
I asked the waiter for the bill.
le
becomes
¿Les puedes llevar el té a esas mujeres?
Can you take the tea to those women?
les becomes
¡Avancemos! 2
se
Se la pedí.
I asked him for it.
se
¿Puedes llevárselo?
Can you take it to them?
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TRANSPARENCY 10
Negative tú Commands
You learned that negative usted commands begin with the word no and
change the verb ending. Negative tú commands follow a similar pattern.
Here’s how: You form negative tú commands with the yo form of verbs in
the present tense.
-ar verbs
-o changes to -es
-o changes to -as
-er, -ir verbs
Infinitive
Present Tense
Negative tú Commands
mirar
yo miro
¡No mires esa película de terror!
Don’t watch that horror film!
poner
¡No pongas el micrófono allí!
yo pongo
Don’t put the microphone there!
escribir
¡No escribas otra escena!
yo escribo
Don’t write another scene!
Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have spelling changes.
tocar
no toques
jugar
no juegues
almorzar
no almuerces
The negative tú command forms of some verbs are irregular.
dar
estar
ir
no des
no estés
no vayas
saber
ser
no sepas
no seas
Pronouns with negative tú commands appear before the verb.
¿Ves esta cámara? No se la des.
Do you see this camera? Don’t give it to her.
¡Avancemos! 2
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TRANSPARENCY 11
R EPASO
Affirmative tú Commands
You use affirmative tú commands to tell someone you know well to do
something. How do you form these commands?
Here’s how: Regular affirmative tú commands are the same as the
usted/él/ella form of a verb in the present tense.
Present Tense
Affirmative tú Command
Él escribe el guión y filma la
película.
Escribe el guión y filma la
película.
He writes the script and films the movie.
Write the script and film the movie.
The verbs hacer, ir, and ser are irregular in the tú command form.
hacer
ir
ser
Haz un documental. Make a documentary.
Ve al cine.
Go to the movie theater.
¡Sé bueno!
Be good!
Some irregular tú commands are based
on the present-tense yo form. For these
verbs, drop the -go ending to form the
commands.
decir
poner
salir
tener
venir
yo Form
tú Command
digo
pongo
salgo
tengo
vengo
di
pon
sal
ten
ven
The rules of pronoun placement also apply to affirmative tú commands.
Attach pronouns to affirmative commands.
When you attach pronouns to verbs with
two or more syllables, add an accent to
show stress.
¡Avancemos! 2
Dime. Tell me.
Preséntanos a la directora.
Introduce us to the director.
11
TRANSPARENCY 12
Present Subjunctive with Ojalá
One way to express a hope or wish is to use the phrase ojalá que...
with the present subjunctive. How do you form the subjunctive of
regular verbs?
Here’s how: Use what you already know about forming usted
commands.
-ar verbs = -e endings
-er, -ir verbs = -a endings
Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs
yo
These forms
tú
are the
usted, él, ella
same in the
subjunctive.
nosotros(as)
vosotros(as)
ustedes, ellos(as)
hablar
tener
escribir
hable
hables
hable
hablemos
habléis
hablen
tenga
tengas
tenga
tengamos
tengáis
tengan
escriba
escribas
escriba
escribamos
escribáis
escriban
Fact: Ganamos un premio hoy.
We’re winning a prize today.
Hope: ¡Ojalá que ganemos un
premio hoy!
I hope that we win a prize today!
Stem-changing -ar and -er verbs in the present tense also change in the
subjunctive.
pensar
piense
pienses
piense
¡Avancemos! 2
e → ie
pensemos
penséis
piensen
poder
pueda
puedas
pueda
o → ue
podamos
podáis
puedan
12
TRANSPARENCY 13
More Subjunctive Verbs with Ojalá
The verbs dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser are irregular in the subjunctive.
Here’s how:
dar
estar
ir
saber
ser
dé
des
dé
demos
deis
den
esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayáis
vayan
sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepáis
sepan
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seáis
sean
Ojalá que vayan a la gala.
I hope they go to the gala.
Stem-changing -ir verbs in the present tense also change stems in the
subjunctive.
The e → i stem change applies to all forms.
Ojalá que ellos pidan un entremés.
I hope they order an appetizer.
The e → ie stem change applies
to all forms except nosotros
and vosotros. Those forms
change e → i.
preferir
prefiera
prefieras
prefiera
¡Avancemos! 2
e → ie, i
prefiramos
prefiráis
prefieran
pedir
pida
pidas
pida
e→i
pidamos
pidáis
pidan
The o → ue stem change applies
to all forms except nosotros and
vosotros. Those forms change
o → u.
dormir
duerma
duermas
duerma
o → ue, u
durmamos
durmáis
duerman
13
TRANSPARENCY 10
Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions
You know how to form the subjunctive and how to use it after
expressions of hope. You also use the subjunctive after some
impersonal expressions to show uncertainty that something will
happen.
Here’s how: When an impersonal expression gives an opinion that
something should happen, the verbs that follow are in
the subjunctive.
Fact: Mis amigos y yo estudiamos para los exámenes.
My friends and I study for the exams.
Opinion: Es importante que todos estudiemos para los exámenes.
It’s important that we all study for the exams.
In the second example, the speaker thinks it is important that everyone
study, but it is uncertain that everyone will.
Use the subjunctive with impersonal expressions to tell what you
think is necessary, important, preferable, good, or bad.
Es necesario que presentemos la verdad.
It’s necessary that we present the truth.
Es preferible que escribas tres artículos.
It’s preferable that you write three articles.
Es bueno que tenga la cámara.
It’s a good idea that she have the camera.
Es malo que publiquen ese titular.
It’s bad that they may publish that headline.
Pronouns appear before verbs in the subjunctive.
Es importante que nos expliques tu punto de vista.
It’s important that you explain to us your point of view.
¡Avancemos! 2
10
TRANSPARENCY 11
Por and para
The prepositions por and para have similar meanings but different uses
in Spanish. How do you know which one to use?
Here’s how:
The preposition por can mean for,
through, in, because, and by. Use por
when referring to
the cause of or reason for an
• action
Por eso, ella escribió el artículo.
For that reason, she wrote the article.
Gracias por el regalo.
Thanks for the gift.
• means of communication
Te llamo por teléfono.
I’ll call you by phone.
• periods of time
Mari fue a Samaná por un mes.
Mari went to Samaná for one month.
Vengo por la tarde.
I’ll come in the afternoon.
• movement through a place
Los turistas pasan por la aduana.
The tourists are going through customs.
Fui a México por Texas.
I went to Mexico through Texas.
The preposition para can mean
for, in order to, to, and by. Use para
when referring to
• goals to reach or purposes to
fulfill
Practicamos para ganar el partido.
We practice in order to win the game.
• movement toward a place
Salíamos para la escuela a las
siete.
We used to leave for school at seven.
• the recipient of an action or
object
Estas fotos son para Laura.
These photos are for Laura.
• an opinion
Para mí, es una cuestión de
tiempo.
To me, it’s a question of time.
• deadlines to meet
Escribe el artículo para el viernes.
Write the article by Friday.
• employment
Sara trabaja para el periódico.
Sara works for the newspaper.
Use por to indicate cause rather than purpose. Think of para as
moving you toward the word, or destination, that follows.
¡Avancemos! 2
11
TRANSPARENCY 12
REPASO
Comparatives
There are several phrases for making comparisons in Spanish. They
compare differences and similarities between people and things.
Here’s how:
Use the following phrases with an adjective to compare
qualities. Use them with a noun to compare quantities.
más... que
more . . . than
Lorena es más generosa que yo.
Lorena is more generous than I.
menos... que
less . . . than
Tengo menos dinero que Tania.
I have less money than Tania.
tan... como
as . . . as
Víctor es tan tímido como Sonia.
Víctor is as shy as Sonia.
When using tan to compare quantities, it changes to agree with the noun.
tanto(s)... como
as . . . as
Tienes tantas opiniones como yo.
You have as many opinions as I.
When a comparison does not involve qualities or quantities, use these
phrases.
más que...
more than . . .
Me gusta leer más que escribir.
I like to read more than write.
menos que...
less than . . .
Francisca juega al fútbol menos que al tenis.
Francisca plays soccer less than tennis.
tanto como...
as much as . . .
Viajo tanto como tú.
I travel as much as you.
The following comparative words are irregular.
mayor
older
menor
younger
Mis hermanos son menores que yo.
¡Avancemos! 2
mejor
better
peor
worse
My brothers are younger than I.
12
TRANSPARENCY 13
Superlatives
In Spanish, you form superlatives by using más and menos.
Here’s how: When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality, use a definite article with más or
menos. You use de after the adjective to say from what
group you are comparing.
el (la) más...
los (las) más...
el (la) menos...
los (las) menos...
Estos pájaros son los más bellos de la tienda.
These birds are the prettiest in the store.
When the noun is part of the superlative phrase, place it between the
article and the superlative word.
Eres la persona menos tímida que conozco.
You are the least shy person I know.
When you refer to an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo.
Lo más importante es estudiar. The most important thing is to study.
Use the irregular forms you learned with comparatives when referring to the
best, worst, oldest, and youngest. You use them without más and menos.
Adjective
bueno
malo
viejo
joven
good
bad
old (for person)
young (for person)
Superlative
el
el
el
el
(la)
(la)
(la)
(la)
mejor
peor
mayor
menor
the best
the worst
the oldest
the youngest
Mis botas son buenas, pero tus botas son las mejores.
My boots are good, but your boots are the best.
¡Avancemos! 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10
Other Impersonal Expressions
You have learned that the subjunctive is used after some impersonal
expressions to show uncertainty. If an impersonal expression deals
with certainty, however, the verbs that follow are in the present tense.
Here’s how:
Impersonal expressions with the words cierto and verdad express
certainty in the affirmative and are followed by the present tense.
Es cierto que respiramos aire puro.
It’s true that we breathe clean air.
Es verdad que trabajan de voluntarios.
It’s true that they work as volunteers.
When these expressions are made negative, they imply doubt or
disbelief. The impersonal expressions No es cierto que and No es
verdad que are followed by verbs in the present subjunctive.
No es cierto que respiremos aire puro.
It’s not true that we breathe clean air.
No es verdad que trabajen de voluntarios.
It’s not true that they work as volunteers.
¡Avancemos! 2
10
TRANSPARENCY 11
Future Tense of Regular Verbs
You have learned one way to talk about future actions in Spanish using
ir a + infinitive. Spanish also has a future tense. How do you form it?
Here’s how:
You attach endings to the infinitive to form the future tense of regular
verbs. These endings are the same for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
Infinitive
Future Tense Endings
trabajar
recoger
escribir
+
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-án
Trabajaré de voluntario para proteger el medio ambiente.
I will volunteer to protect the environment.
¿Recogerán la basura en el parque mañana?
Will they pick up trash in the park tomorrow?
Escribiremos un artículo sobre la deforestación.
We will write an article about deforestation.
Notice that all future tense endings have accents except nosotros.
¡Avancemos! 2
11
TRANSPARENCY 12
Future Tense of Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs in the future tense use the same endings as regular verbs,
but the infinitive stem changes.
Here’s how: Some infinitives lose a letter.
saber becomes
e
e
sabr-
saber to know
sabré
sabremos
sabrás
sabréis
sabrá
sabrán
The verbs haber, poder, and querer also follow this pattern.
haber
poder
querer
habrpodrquerr-
¿Qué podrá hacer la doctora?
What will the doctor be able to do?
Some infinitives change a letter.
poner becomes
poner to put, to place
pondré
pondremos
pondrás pondréis
pondrá
pondrán
pondr-
The verbs salir, tener, and venir also follow this pattern.
salir
tener
venir
saldrtendrvendr-
Algún día, tendremos más curas.
Some day, we will have more cures.
Decir and hacer do not follow either pattern.
decir
¡Avancemos! 2
dir-
hacer
har-
12
TRANSPARENCY 13
R EPASO
Pronouns
In Spanish, reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns, and direct
object pronouns all function in relation to the action of the verb in a
sentence.
Here’s how:
Reflexive
me
nos
te
os
se
se
Pronouns
Indirect Object
me nos
te
os
le
les
Direct Object
me
nos
te
os
lo/la los/las
Note that only the
usted/él/ella and
ustedes/ellos/ellas
forms are different.
Reflexive pronouns appear with reflexive verbs. Together, they refer to
the same person, place, or thing as the subject.
Él se gana la vida como carpintero.
Indirect object pronouns answer to whom? or for whom? about the verb.
La ingeniera le habla al arquitecto.
La ingeniera le habla.
Direct objects pronouns answer whom? or what? about the verb.
El enfermero hizo los exámenes.
El enfermero los hizo.
When both object pronouns appear in the same sentence, the
indirect object goes first. When both pronouns start with l, change
the indirect object to se.
Delsi le explica la tarea a Juan.
Delsi se la explica.
Attach pronouns to affirmative commands. Place them before
negative commands.
Dímelo más tarde.
No me lo digas ahora.
¡Avancemos! 2
13

Direct Object Pronouns

Transcription

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