v C}Q}Ot

Transcription

v C}Q}Ot
} W C} Q}Ot w `}=vY |UOvyt
h Q
2511 "X '1 |xQ=tW '26 1 |xQwO
uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
x}=B Q@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO xOwRi= VRQ=
?=v C} Q}Ot
OWQ= T=vWQ =Wwm =[QO}tL
O=DU= Qiv=}m uwO} Qi
h} QW |DavY x=oWv=O '`}=vY |UOvyt |xOmWv=O
uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= x@ \w@ Qt C=}@O= |UQQ@ R= TB 'j}kLD u}= QO
o= i hPL |wor= |R=UxO=}B 'TBU "OwW|t xO=O KQW Q=YDN=x@ wor= u}= 'xOwRi= VRQ=
xDiQo Q=Qk VywSB w |UQQ@ OQwt RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai
CmQW QO |R=UxO=}B p@=k w Q}o=Qi |WwQ u=wvax@ 1 ?=v C} Q}Ot s=_v |UQQ@ u}= QO "CU=
x@ =Q 2 hqD= hPL |=yVwQ R= |}xawtHt s=_v u}= "CU= xOW xO=O X}NWD RwQi=u=yH
=@ ?=v C} Q}Ot "Ovm hPL =Q =yv; G}QODx@ w xDi=} =Q hqD= OQ=wt |xty Ov=wD@ =D OQ}o|t Q=m
'CmQW Q=my=Q w R=Ov=sWJ uOWXNWt R= TB w OwW|t `wQW 3 u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi
u}rw= |=Q@ "OQ}o|t Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt CmQW QO xQwO OvJ |=Q@ 4 |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ
u=wvax@ Qo}O |xaUwDO}rm xv u}@ R= 5 xaUwDO}rm wO 'RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO xr=Ul} |xQwO
Ow@y@ |xNQJ pw= |xQwO |rY= |=yC}r=ai QwLt w xOW xDN=vW |v=QL@ |xaUwDO}rm
hPL uOW ?=v CtU x@ u=tR=U OwQ|t Q=_Dv= xmu}= Q@ xwqa "OvQ}o|t Q=Qk |OQ@y=Q
KqY= xrtHR= |Qo}O |xOQDUo G}=Dv 'Ovm CmQL xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi
"OwQ|t Q=_Dv= wor= u}= |=QH= R= R}v QDW}@ O}rwD w `@=vt R= QDy@ |xO=iDU= 'u=tR=U Q=DN=U
Q} Q
hkoosha@gmail.com
kianfar@sharif.edu
Ow@y@ |xNQJ 'u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi '?=v C} Q}Ot 'hqD= %|O}rm u=oS=w
"xaUwDO}rm '|OQ@y=Q
t t
x Ok
QO wor= |R=UxO=}B O}=@ TBU w O@=}|t CQwQ[ RwQi=u=yH CmQW |=Q@ ?U=vt |Wwt=Qi u=QwO xw@v= O}rwD dwr@ w |}=iwmW u=QwO sDU}@ uQk CUNv |xt}v
"OQ}o Q=Qk |UQQ@ w p}rLD OQwt RwQi=u=yH CmQW OwHw xm OvOw@ xH=wt |yw@v= |=[=kD =@ =yRwQ u; |O}rwD |=yCmQW "Ow@ sy |QDWt
OvDUv=wD|t =yCmQW u=QwO u; QO "OQm|t u}t[D =yv; CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q |QDWt
|R=UxO=}B|=Q@xOW?=NDv=|wor= x@\w@ QtC=}@O= |UQQ@ x@=OD@= j}kLD u}=QO
*
x[Qa Q=R=@ x@ OwN x=wNrO Ct}kx@ w O=}R O=OaD =@ x=wNrO CQwYQO =Q |rwYLt Qy
CmQWQOxOW?=NDv=|wor=|R=UxO=}B pL=Qt TBU"CN=OQB s}y=wN?=v C} Q}Ot
"Ovvm
l} Qy xm CU= xrLQt GvB pt=W xOW?=NDv= |wor= "OwW|t u=}@ |UQQ@ OQwt
QwQt =Q =yO=yvW}B w G}=Dv C}=yv QO "OvwW|t pt=W =Q |}=ys=o R}v pL=Qt u}= R= p}t x@ Ovv=wD|tv =yCmQW Qo}O "CU= Cw=iDt ,qt=m u=QwO u; =@ RwQt= \}=QW
"OQm s}y=wN xOvvmu}}aD |QDWt 'RwQt= Q=R=@ QO =Q}R &Ovvm x[Qa Q=R=@ x@ =Q OwN CqwYLt OwN
Q_v QO =Q |QDWt xm |t}Ok |=yVwQ R= u=wD|tv Qo}O |D}a[w u}vJ =@ "CU=
xO}UQ =Qi |O}OH u=QwO "CiQo xQy@ =yCmQW h=Oy= x@ |@=}CUO |=Q@ OvDiQo|tv
"CU= u} wv |=yVwQ w =ys=_v R= xO=iDU= OvtR=}v u; QO <=k@ xm CU=
x]w@ Qt C=}@O= RwQi=u=yH CmQW u; ltmx@ xm CU= |Q=my=Q |x=Q= 'j}kLD u}= R= hOy
w 50 |xyO QO Q=@u}rw= ?=v O}rwD =} xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai hPL |xO}= x@ w xDiQo Q=m x@ xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai hPL |=Q@ ?U=vt |WwQ Ov=wD@
[1] "OW KQ]t '=Dw} wD O}rwD Q}Ot 'wvyw= |J}=D \UwD |} wor= ?=NDv= =OD@= Q=my=Q u}= uOQmXNWt |=Q@ "OwW p}O@D hqD= uwO@ |v=tR=U
O}rwD s=_v ?=Dm QO =yOa@ |w
s=_v xvwoJ u=wva =@ w= |Oa@ ?=Dm [2] "OQm uwOt =Q OwN s=_v s}y=it 1980 =Dw} wD
"1387 2 1 VQ}PB '1386 9 21 |Qw=O '1386 7 24 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
X=YDN= hqD= hPL s}y=it QDpt=m h}YwD x@ '1982 OW O=H}= =Dw} wD O}rwD
[10] "OWQ ErFt T-=Q xU "1 pmW
'u}= Q@ uwRi= "OyO|tv x=Q= hqD= R= |L[=w h} QaD wvyw= OwHw u}= =@ [2] "Ci=}
'wvyw= |J}=D R= Q}e "OQ}o|t CQwY xv} Ry Vy=m hOy =@ hqD= hPL w= Q_v R=
VqD CU= 7 ?r=k |}xk}kO l} Z} waD s=_v Qo`=O@= OwN xm 6 wov}W wH}W
[3] "OQm =Dw} wD O}rwD s=_v K} QWD |=Q@ |O=}R
|=y@ R= CU= CQ=@a VRQ= "OwW|t h} QaD VRQ= swyit x@ xHwD =@ hqD=
|=yC}r=ai [4] "|QDWt x=oO}O R= |QDWt x@ xOW xO=O p} wLD CtON =} pwYLt
pwYLt VRQ= V}=Ri= ?Hwt xm OvDUy |}=yC}r=ai R= xDUO u; xOwRi= VRQ= =@
u=tR =} xv} Ry |xOvvmhQYt pta Qy R= CQ=@a hqD= %?}DQD u}=x@ [5] "OvwW|t
[4]
u} QDsyt |QDWt hqD= w VRQ= h} QaD QO "Ovm|tv xOwRi= VRQ= O=H}= xm CU=
u; |=Q@ Oy=wN|tv |QDWt xm |D}r=ai Qy R= CU= CQ=@a hqD= %CU= pt=a
|xOvvmhQYt ?re= w O}=Ri=|tv CtON =} q=m x@ |WRQ= =Q}R 'OW=@ xDW=O |DN=OQB
[6] "CU= `@=vt
|xiUri "OW R=e; 70 |xyO QN=w= R= |vB=S |O}rwD |=ys=_v x@ |OH xHwD
|OH xHwD R=e; R= |OQwt CU= xOW KQ]t 8 QoQ@vwW |UQQ@ QO xm O}rwD u} wv
hPL u=ty |O}rwD |=ys=_v u}= |rY= |xiUri [7] "CU=y|vB=S O}rwD x@ =y|@ Qe
CmQW QO u; OrwD x@ xHwD =@ xm Ow@ |QDWt x@ |yOCtON ^iL Q@ O}m -=D =@ hqD=
10 ?=v O}rwD u=wva 1988 p=U QO "CiQo s=v TPS 9 =Dw} wD |O}rwD s=_v '=Dw} wD
[8] "OW xO} RoQ@ O}rwD |xiUri u}= |=Q@
* vB=S |=ys=_v |xOta p=mW=
xm CU=yv; uOw@ Q}o=Qi sOa u=ty hqD= hPL |
uwUmH 'p=Ft |=Q@ [10w9] "CU= xDiQo CQwY p=mW= u}= `iQ |=Q@ |Q=}U@ VqD
u}= |t=tD QO "OQ=O xHwD hqD= Q}o=Qi hPL x@ xm Ov=xO=O x=Q= |@=v s=_v RvwH w
u}= u=oOvU} wv R= |NQ@ p}rO u}tyx@ "CU= |QwLt `w[wt hqD= hPL '=yx=oO}O
s=v TWE 11 xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL =Q |vB=S |xiUri
[5] "OvO=yv
wo
r= |iQat
?=v C} Q}Ot s=_v
|Q=m Ov}=Qi l} 13 ?=v Ov}=Qi "OQ=O hqD= swyit =@ |ovD=ovD \=@DQ= 12 ?=v swyit
} a t w OQ=O |OwQw OvJ =} l} C}r=ai Qy xm CU=yC}r=ai R= |ywQo pt=W
sy=Qi VRQ= |HQ=N =} |rN=O |QDWt l} |=Q@ xm Ovm|t jrN =Q =y|HwQN R=
OwHw hqD= u; QO xm CU= |Ov}=Qi ?=v Ov}=Qi OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ [11] "Ovm|t
[12] "OvW=@ ?=v u; |=yOv}=Qi |xty xm CU= |v=tR=U R}v 14 ?=v u=tR=U &OQ=Ov
[13] "Ow@ |O}rwD |=yOv}=Qi QO hqD= hPL |xOvQ}oQ@QO ?=v O}rwD |x}rw= swyit
swyit w xDiQ QD=Qi ?=v O}rwD R= u}kkLt 'hqD= hPL `w[wt |Q}o=Qi |x]U=wx@
[10] "OvOQm KQ]t =Q ?=v C} Q}Ot
QO QiY =DrO [10] "OwW|t xO}t=v 15 QiY =DrO ?=v C} Q}Ot |v=tQ; hOy
|xty uOQmQiY |=vatx@ QiY =DrO "OQ=O xQ=W= QiY OL =D hqD= Vy=m x@ swyit
'Q}N-=D 'pkvwptL '|OwHwt '|i=[= O}rwD %R= Ov=CQ=@a xm CU= xv=oxv hqD= `@=vt
jqN |xO}= 'xO}=i|@ C=aq]= '?w}at CqwYLt '|iqD= CmQL '|i=[= VR=OQB
h=Oy= R= |}xawtHt x@ =Q xv=oxv hqD= OQ=wt hPL '?=v C} Q}Ot s=_v "xOWhrD
"Ovm|t p}O@D xv=oxv
&QiY |QDWt |D}=[Q=v 16 |QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
&QiY |ovy=ty=v 17 |Q@yQ "2
| x wtH
12
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
&QiY |Qq=Uu=w}O 18 ?=v u=tR=U "3
&QiY u=aiv|P |D}=[Q=v 19 CmQ=Wt "4
&QiY xDiQ CUO R= C=aq]= 20 C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
&QiY xDiQCUO R= C}kqN 21 Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
&QiY xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ Q=m 22 ?=v O}rwD "7
&QiY Xkv 'QiY |@=QN 23 C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
"QiY xDiQ CUO R= CYQi 24 ?=v |UOvyt "9
C=]=@DQ= |v=@}DWB |=Q@ xm CU= |v=tDN=U '?=v |D} Q}Ot s=_v C=Qki uwDU
* =DN=U w |vwQ}@ '|vwQO
|=Q=O s=_v u}= "CU= xOW =v@ u=tR=U l} Q@ sm =L |Q
Ow@y@ |xNQJ w 25 u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi 'xaUwD ?wJQ=J %CU= |rY= umQ xU
[10] "26 |OQ@y=Q
%CU= Q}R |rY= QY=va pt=W xaUwD ?wJQ=J pw= umQ
&OWQ ErFt T-=Q xU "1
&xaUwDO}rm xv "2
"|Q}oO=} K]U GvB "3
'|v=tR=U Q=DN=U '|OQ@y=Q |R}Qxt=vQ@ pt=W u=tR=U O* WQ ErFt |rY=T-=Q xU
"Ov=xOW xO=O u=Wv 1 pmW QO xm CU= |v=Uv= |wQ}v |=yC}r@=k w
OWQ ErFt |=yT-=Q |rY= xwQo xU QO xaUwD ?wJQ=J |xaUwDO}rm xv
|yOu=tR=U pt=WQ=DN=U'|Q@yQw |}=Qo|QDWt pt=WQ=my=Q %OvwW|t|Ov@xk@]
'?=v O}rwD s=_v 'Ow@y@ nvyQi pt=W =yC}r@=k 'C=aq]= |Q=tat w CmQ=Wt '?=v
u=tR=U 'xaUwD ?wJQ=J swU QYva T=U=Q@ "?=v |UOvyt w C=R}yHD C} Q}Ot
's=_v `wQW 'xw@v= O}rwD %Ovm|t |] =Q K]U 5 uOW?=v |wU x@ CmQL pw] QO
[10] "s=_v p}tmD 's=_v dwr@ 's=_v |xaUwD
uOW?=v Kw]U Ow@y@ u; QO xm CU= u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi |xOvQ}oQ@QO swO umQ
"OwW|t V}=B w |Q}o}B '|Q=PohOy
w |Q}oO=} R= |}xNQJ xm OQ=O jraD |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ x@ swU umQ
pt=W |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ "Ovm|t |Q}o}B =Q u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi xm CU= Ow@y@
%CU= xrLQt Q=yJ
xm OR=OQB|t xvq=U |Wt\N u}}aD x@ OWQ= C} Q}Ot xwQo 'xrLQt u}= QO %RmQtD "OwW|t RmQtD xaUwD |=Q@ xOW QmP OQwt xv R= OQwt xU =} wO Q@ 'u; QO
OQ=Ov=DU= p@k |xrLQt QO xOW =v@ |Wt\N 'xrLQt u}= QO %|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= u=DUQB QU'u=Q}Ot|xty|=yC}r=aiuOWXNWtR= TB xm ?}DQDu}O@&OwW|t
"OvwW|t =QH= *pweWt u=vmQ=m '=yxwQo u* =Q@y=Q w
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
Q=my=Q swO s=o Q=yJ QO w OwW|t h} QaD CmQW R=Ov=sWJ pw= s=o Q=yJ QO
|QwQ[ xDmv u}= x@ xHwD R=Ov=sWJ u}wOD OQwtQO "OwW|t XNWt CmQW |xaUwD
|QDWt x=oO}O R= xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai hPL u=tR=U hOy uwJ xm CU=
"OW=@ =Qo|QDWt R=Ov=sWJ O}=@ TB CU=
|xNQJ Qy "OwW|t |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ OvJ pt=W u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi Qy
"OQwNR=@ w |Q}o}B '|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= 'RmQtD %CU= xrLQt Q=yJ pt=W R}v |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@
OvJ QO 'OW x=Q= =yu; OQwtQO |QYDNt K}[wD QDV}B xm pL=Qt u}= R= l} Qy
u; |xOvyOs=Hv= |=yxwQo x=Qty x@ 1 pwOH QO =ys=o u}= xm OwW|t =QH= p@=k s=o
"Ov=xOW QmP
|=yVN@ |xty C* mQ=Wt w |ywQo Q=m =@ xm CU= |t=_v ?=v C} Q}Ot
OwHw xwQo xU ?=v C} Q}Ot s=_v Qy |=QH= s=ovyx@ "CU= s=Hv= p@=k u=tR=U
|=yxwQo 'RmQtD xwQo %R= Ov=CQ=@a =yxwQo u}= "OvwW|t K} QWD Q=YDN=x@ xm OvQ=O
|xNQJ pw] QO =yxwQo u}= h}=_w 1 pwOH QO "|}=QH= |=yxwQo w |R=UxO=}B
CU= |ywQo RmQtD xwQo s}v}@|t xm u=vJ "CU= xOW XNWt |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@
pL=Qt pw] QO xwQo u}= "CU= RmQtD |xrLQt p}tmD C}rwUt Q=OxOya xm
R}v OQwNR=@ |xrLQt |=QH= pwUt w 'OQ=O Vkv R}v |Q}o}B w |R=UOQ=Ov=DU=
"CUy
QO xwQo u}= "OvQ}o|t pmW |R=UOQ=Ov=DU= |xrLQt R= |R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= pL=Qt pw] QO |}=QH= |=yxwQo "OQ=O Vkv R}v |Q}o}B |xrLQt pw]
|xNQJ pw] QO "CU= xOt; 1 pwOH QO xYqN Qw]x@ xm OvQ=O |i}=_w |Q}o}B w
|}=QH= w |R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo O=OaD =t= 'OQ=O OwHw RmQtD xwQo l} =yvD |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@
"OQ=O |oDU@ 'OwW s=Hv= O}=@ xm |}=yC}r=ai u=R}t x@
RmQtD %1 xrLQt
RmQtD xwQo RmQtD xwQo RmQtD xwQo
xOWs=Hv= |=y|R}tt w QYDNt |=yVQ=Ro R= xO=iDU= =@ 'xrLQt u}= QO %|Q}o}B "s} wW|t ut]t xvq=U |* Wt\N |=QH= R= OWQ= C} Q}Ot \UwD
|=yC}r@=k w '|UQQ@ =Q xQwO OQmrta OWQ= C} Q}Ot 'xrLQt u}= QO %OQwNR=@ |Q=PoCU=}U |=Q@ |OQwNR=@ |QovR=@ u}= "Ovm|t |@=}RQ= xQ=@wO =Q u=tR=U
[10] "Ow@ Oy=wN xOv}; |xQwO
'=QH= '|R}QKQ] pt=W 27 nv}tO |xNQJ |xO}= T=U=Q@ xOW QmP pL=Qt
"CU= xOW |L=Q] 28 PDCA s=Ok= w pQDvm
?=v C} Q}Ot |R=UxO=}B pL=Qt
%OwW|t R=e; s=o CWy QO w u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi =@ ?=v C} Q}Ot |wor=
&xOv}; R=Ov=sWJ "1
&|rY= |=yC}r@=k p}rLD "2
&R=Ov=sWJ KqY= "3
&R=Ov=sWJ |R=UxO=}B "4
&CmQW p=Ut X}NWD "5
&|OQ@y=Q C=aq]= QwQt "6
&|OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm h} QaD "7
"xaUwD xt=vQ@ l} O=H}= "8
"u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi QO =yxwQo Vkv "1 pwOH
u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi
l} SD=QDU= Ow@y@ xNQJ
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= %2 xrLQt
|Q}o}B %3 xrLQt
OQwNR=@ %4 xrLQt
RmQtD xwQo RmQtD xwQo
R=Ov=sWJ ?=NDv= "1 |yOu=tR=U "1
p}tmD "1
}; R=Ov=sWJ "1 pmW l} |=yxwQo
pwOH
p}rLD "2
w Ow@y@
|R=UxO=}B |R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo
|R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo xt=vQ@ xYqN
|=yC}r@=k |R=UxO=t; uqa= "2 w p}rLD '|Qw;`tH "1
s=_v l} O=H}="1
|rY=
|rm hOy l}
|Wt\N
=yxO=O |@=}RQ=
xv=}y=t p}rLD
KqY= "3 h} QaD"2
xv=}r=U
\=kv u}}aD "2
|}=QH= |=yxwQo |}=QH= |=yxwQo
R=Ov=sWJ
|=yO}rm
p=kDv= w
|v=QL@ |UQQ@
|=yxt=vQ@ s}UQD "1 s=_v l} O=H}="1
|R=UxO=}B "4 |v=QL@
|=yxt=vQ@ pO=@D w |Qw;`tH "3
|Q=m RmQt
|Q=O}O C=aq]=
R=Ov=sWJ
u}}aD "3
|R=UxO=}B
=yO=yvWB
x@ h=Oy= X}YND "2
l} |Q=Oxov "2
xaUwD xt=vQ@
\=kv
|Qw;`tH "3 |R=UxYqN "4
|Q=m |=yxwQo
|yOVQ=Ro s=_v
X}NWD "5
pQDvm
pO=@D w
h=Oy= uOQm XNWt "3|Q}oO=} R= |v=@}DWB "3
CmQW p=Ut
|v=QL@
=yO=yvW}B
X=NW= h}=_w w Q=m \}Lt QO xDUw}B
C=aq]= QwQt "6 uDWwv "4 |}=yv "4
|=yVwQ R= xO=iDU= "4
|OQ@y=Q
|=yxt=vQ@ xHOw@ uDN=U
Ow@y@ w u=v}t]= p@=k
h} QaD "7
|O=yvW}B |R=UxYqN "5
|rai |=yOQ=Ov=DU=
|OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm u}tND "5
l} O=H}= "8
|r=t C=QF=
xaUwD xt=vQ@ |R=UxYqN "6
Ov
13
|Qw;`tH "1
C=aq]=
|}=U=vW "2
|=yh=mW
|v=QL@ OQmrta
|}=U=vW "3
=yh=mW
`v=wtw
p}rLD "4
=yh=mW
`v=wt w
|R=UxYqN "5
m D
R Qt
}R pt=wa 'RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO %s=a hOy |R=UxO=t; w Ow@y@ |xw}W ?=NDv=
%Ov=xOW |}=U=vW OwU Q@ |Q=PoQF= |=Q@ syt pt=wa u=wvax@
&VwQi u=R}t =} Q=R=@ syU V}=Ri= &O}rwD |=yxv} Ry Vy=m &O}rwD pta CaQU V}=Ri= "C}i}m Ow@y@ xOW xO=iDU= CmQW OWQ= u=Q}Ot C=Q_v R= Qo}O Q=@ 'Ow@y@ |xw}W u}}aD |=Q@
Ow@y@ |xw}W C}ty= %R= CU= CQ=@a Ow@y@ |xw}W u}}aD QO syt Q=}at wO "CU=
\w@ Qt Ow@y@ |xw}W |=v@tQ@ xOWu}}aD hOy x@ |@=}CUO |}=v=wD w CmQW |=Q@
u=wvax@ xv} Ry Vy=m OQwt xm OW O=yvW}B xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ x@ xHwD =@ "u; x@
"OwW xDiQo Q_v QO xv=}r=U Ow@y@ |xw}W
wO |v=QL@ |=yO}rm ?=NDv= QO %l} Qy h=Oy= w |v=QL@ |xaUwD |=yO}rm h} QaD
|=yO}rm uOQmXNWt |=Q@ "CU= xOw@ Q_v OQwt =yO}rm |}=Q=m w |WN@ QF= Q=}at
xO=iDU= hOy Q=Owtv R= xOW u}}aD |rm h=Oy= w xOW?=NDv= Ow@y@ |xw}W w |v=QL@
xaUwD pw= p=U |=Q@ |v=QL@ |xaUwD |=yO}rm 'Q=Owtv u}= QO "2 pmW s}vm|t
w |Q@yQ O}rm wO xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ "OwW|t K} QWD Q_v OQwt h=Oy= x=Qtyx@
"Ovvm|t O=yvW}B wQ V}B *p=U |v=QL@ |=yO}rm u=wvax@ =Q C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov
h=Oy= Q=Owtv CU= sRq |v=QL@ |=yO}rm R= l} Qy |=Q@ %|v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv u}}aD
QO xOWx}yD h=Oy= Q=Owtv x@=Wt '|v=QL@ |=yO}rm |=Q@ =yQ=Owtv u}= "OwW xO=t;
pQDvm \=kv |O=OaD Q=Owtv Qy |=Q@ CU= sRq T=U= u}=Q@ "Ov=xOW x}yD p@k CtUk
"OwW XNWt |v=QL@
pQDvm |x]kv GvB Qy |Q@yQ |=Q@ xm OW O=yvW}B xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ j@]
'C=R}yHD/Ov}=QiOw@y@pQDvm|x]kv xU syC=R}yHD?=v|Q=Oxov|=Q@wOwW?=NDv=
"2 pwOH OvwW ?=NDv= Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov w xOW |R}Qxt=vQ@ |Q=Oxov
'|v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv uOWXNWt R= TB %|O=yvW}B |R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ uDWwv
|=yO}rm h=Oy= =D OwW u}wOD pQDvm \=kv u}= R= l} Qy |=Q@ |}xt=vQ@ CU= sRq
xOW x=Q= xt=vQ@ u}= |xYqN 6 pwOH QO "OvwW xOQw;Q@ R=}v OQwt |v=QL@ pQDvm
"CU=
Q
RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO ?=v C} Q}Ot |R=UxO=}B
RwQi=u=yH CmQW |rai C}a[w
uOW?=v |wU x@ CmQL Ov}=Qi sHvB K]U QO '|UQQ@ u=tR QO RwQi=u=yH CmQW
X}NWD |=yVUQB |=v@tQ@ xOWs=Hv= K]U u}}aD "OQ=O Q=Qk xw@v= O}rwD K]U
u=tR=U u=Q}Ot =@ wowCio w x@L=Yt w RvwH w uwUmH \UwD xOWQmP xrUt
[10] "CU= xOW s=Hv=
uOW?=v |wU x@ CmQL QO CmQW u=Q}Ot |Wt \N
|Ovtxkqa u; Ovts=_v VwQ w ?=v C} Q}Ot h=Oy= R= uOWx=o; =@ u=tR=U C} Q}Ot
?=v C} Q}Ot QO xJv; "CU= xOQm sqa= u=tR=U QO s=_v u}= |R=UxO=}B x@ =Q OwN
hPL |xiUri u=ty CU= xOQm ?rH OwN x@ =Q u=tR=U C} Q}Ot xty R= V}@
|Q=}U@ CqmWt |}xv} Ry Qy =@ O}rwD |xt=vQ@ s=Hv= |xiUri =Q}R 'CU= hqD=
"CU= xOQm O=H}= CmQW |=Q@
|R=UxO=}B |xwLv
|=QH= |=Q@ u=tR=U |rY= u=Q}Ot C@Ft Q_v sqa= w CmQW C} Q}Ot s}tYD R= TB
Q}Ot Q_v |Qw;`tH w j}kLD =@ u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi '?=v C} Q}Ot Q@ |vD@t |t=_v
"OW R=e; Q}R KQW x@ xv=NQ=m Q}Ot w pt=a Q}Ot s=kts=k 'pt=a
u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi
C=mv uDiQo Q_v QO w xOW s=Hv= |=ywowCio x@ xHwD =@ %RwQi=u=yH CmQW R=Ov=sWJ
%OW O=yvW}B u}vJ RwQi=u=yH CmQW R=Ov=sWJ 'R=Ov=sWJ u}}aD QO xHwD p@=k
u=} QDWt C}=[Q ?Um w |rrtr=u}@ K]U QO CqwYLt C}i}m <=kDQ=
OQmrta w CqwYLt C}i}m '|rY= |=yC}r@=k u}}aD QO %|rY= |=yC}r@=k p}rLD
C}r@=k u=wvax@ OQmrta w C}i}m x@ \w@ Qt |xk@=U w =yv; x@ \w@ Qt Q=@Da= R}v w '=yv;
QO |v=Uv= |x}=tQU OwHw u}vJty "CU= xOW |}=U=vW CmQW |rY= C} Rt w
xU}=kt QO OwW|t Ea=@ u}= xm 'CU= Qo}O C}r@=k l} |R=U?r=k Ovv=t |OQ=wt
"OwW s=Hv= QD`} QU xR=D pwYLt l} O}rwD =yCmQW |xOta =@
"OwW dq@= O=Qi= |xty x@ R=Ov=sWJ O}=@ s=o u}= QO %R=Ov=sWJ |R=UxO=}B
|rw=OH R= 'xaUwD |=yO}rm C}a[w uOWXNWt |=Q@ %CmQW p=Ut X}NWD
\=kv |O=OaD xaUwDO}rm Qy |=Q@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= s}v}@|t 2 pwOH QO xJv; x@=Wt
RvwH w uwUmH |O=yvW}B |wor= T=U=Q@ pQDvm \=kv u}= "Ov=xOW h} QaD pQDvm
[10] "Ov=xOW x}yD
Q=R=@/pwYLt T} QD=tR=Q=R=@QO CmQW C}akwtQwQt|=Q@%|OQ@y=Q C=aq]=QwQt
hrDNt |=yVN@ C}ty= u=R}t |xOvyOu=Wv xm 3 pwOH QO "CU= xOW xO=iDU=
xO=O u=Wv T} QD=t u}= CU= |}=}i=QeH |xOwOLt w pwYLt `wv l}miDx@ Q=R=@
"CU= xOW
QO "CU=@kQ p}rLD OQ}o Q=Qk xHwD OQwt O}=@ VN@ u}= QO xm |Qo}O OQwt
Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt u; CqwYLt T=U=Q@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW OwN 'xaUwDO}rm 9 OQwt
xOW|}=U=vW |xOta CqwYLt Q=R=@ |rY= |=@kQ =@ xU}=kt |=Q@ =Hv}= QO "CiQo
|}xvwtv "CU= xOW xO=iDU= |O}rm pt=wa T} QD=t R= |R=o |Q=N@ w |R=o Qrwm
"s}v}@|t 4 pwOH QO =Q T} QD=t u}= R=
X}NWD w xOW |Qw;`tH |OQ@y=Q C=aq]= x@ xHwD =@ %|OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm h} QaD
14
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
|=yQ=}at '`k=w QO "Ov=xOW XNWt |OQ@y=Q |xaUwD |=yO}rm 'CmQW p=Ut
w Q=R=@ QO xaUwD |=yO}rm |xOv}; C}ty= |OQ@y=Q |xaUwD |=yO}rm u}}aD |rY=
RmQtD O}rm wO xm OW O=yvW}B C}=yv QO "OvDUy =@kQ Q@=Q@ QO =yO}rm u}= |QDQ@ u=R}t
|=Q=O ,qw= =Q}R &OwW ?=NDv= CmQW COtR=QO Q=my=Q |=Q@ ?=v |UOvyt w |QDWt Q@
|D@=kQ C} Rt w CQOk \=kv xm u; swO w CU= u=} QDWt |=Q@ C}ty= u} QDW}@
"CU= CmQW
xOv}; p=U 5 =D 3 |=Q@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW |xaUwD |xt=vQ@ %xaUwD |xt=vQ@ l} O=H}=
|UOvyt w |QDWt Q@ RmQtD xOWu}}aD |OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm "s}v}@|t 5 pwOH QO =Q
"OUQ@ swO K]U x@ =yv; QO xOv}; p=U 5 QO O}=@ CmQW xm OvDUy |}=yO}rm ?=v
C}kiwt K]U xm '3 K]U x@ =D CU= xOW |R}Qxt=vQ@ |}xvwox@ Qo}O |=yO}rm |=Q@
`wQW u=tR QO u=tR=U K]U |xOvyOu=Wv QiY OOa 5 pwOH QO "s}UQ@ 'CU=
|v=}=B p=U hQat sy 5 OOa "CU= xt=vQ@ `wQW R= swU p=U Qou=}@ 3 OOa "CU=
"CU= |R}Qxt=vQ@ COtR=QO |xQwO w Ow@y@ Ov}=Qi
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
"?=v C} Q}Ot C=R=}Dt= pwOH "2 pwOH
|v=tR=U |Q}oO=} K]U 5
u}ov=}t
pQDvm \=kv
5 K]U 4 K]U 3 K]U 2 K]U 1 K]U
Qi =}
13 34
20 54
21 54
17 44
19 45
14 44
33 75
32 75
10 25
15
U D |=yO}rm
xa w
|QDWt C=H=}DL= 11
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
|QDWt =@ \@=wQ 21
p} wLD =D VQ=iU Ov}=Qi 31
u=tR=U O}OHD 12
RmQtD 22
|Q@yQ "2
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= 32
|Q}o}B 42
OQwNR=@ 52
|Q=m |=yxwQo 13
|}xm@W Q=DN=U =@ u=tR=U 23
?=v u=tR=U "3
|}=U=vWV=O=B 33
u=Q@H|@=}RQ= 43
?=v uOQm xQ=O= 53
Q=m |wQ}v VRQ= 14
xOvR=U |Q=mty 24
CmQ=Wt "4
\}Lt =@ OQwNQ@ xwLv 34
xat=H =@ |oJQ=Bm} 44
|Q=O}O pQDvm w |Q=m \}Lt 15
`} QU OQwNR=@ |=ys=_v 25
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
OQmrta |Q}oxR=Ov= 35
uR}=m |yOVQ=Ro 45
|R=U OQ=Ov=DU= 16
hqD= uwO@ Q=my=Q 26
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
|Qw=vi VQDUo 36
VRwt; 46
u=wQ O}rwD 17
Ov}=Qi u}OvJ C}=Oy 27
\rDNt w xOW K}]UD O}rwD 37
?=v O}rwD "7
|R=UxO=t; u=tR 47
=yX}NWD uw}U=twD= 57
xDUw}B O}rwD |WWm s=_v 67
O}rwD |Ov@v=tR77
C=R}yHD Ov}=Qi Ow@y@ 18
Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov 28
xOW |R}Q xt=vQ@ |Q=Oxov 38
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
C}i}m |Q=Oxov 48
C=R}yHD `} QU C} Q}Ot 58
xv=Q}oW}B |Q=Oxov |L=Q] 78
|L=Q] Ov}=Qi 19
?=v |UOvyt "9
QCD |=Q@ |L=Q] 29
WQ ErFt
O
Q=my=Q
Q=DN=U
y @k
= C}r =
C=QO=Y QwWm x}k@ p=tW ?wvH ?Qe u=yiY= u=H}=@QP; u=QyD u=U=QN Q=R=@
M
M
L
L
M
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
p=}Q 1'500'000'000
p=}Q 5'000'000''000
p=}Q 15'000'000'000
L
L
H
L
L
M
L
L
L
L
H
L
L
M
H
m
\UwDt
O=}R
s
M
H
M
L
M
H
H
M
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
"pwYLt/Q=R=@ T} QD=t "3 pwOH
pwYLt`wv
|R=o Qrwm
|@; Qrwm
|R=o |Q=N@
umtQo@;
Q=R=@ C}ty=
"|O}rm pt=wa T} QD=t "4 pwOH
I
G
E C A ?
5
3
2
3
3
5
5
4
2
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
r= RwQi=u=yH
h
3
4
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
5
5
5
32 41 39 24 24 24 40
|@Uv R=}Dt=
40
|R=o Qrwm %pwYLt
QwWm ?wvH %Q=R=@
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
|Q@yQ "2
?=v u=tR=U "3
CmQ=Wt "4
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
?=v O}rwD "7
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
?=v |UOvyt "9
H
`t
"RwQi= u=yH CmQW xaUwD xt=vQ@ "5 pwOH
|v=tR=U |Q}oO=} K]U 5
1 K]U 2 K]U 3 K]U 4 K]U 5 K]U
xaUwD |=yO}rm
s=_v p}tmD s=_v dwr@ s=_v xaUwD s=_v `wQW xw@v= O}rwD
5
3
3
5
5
5
3
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
0
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
0
|Q@yQ "2
0
3
?=v u=tR=U "3
0
3
mQ t "4
WQ TwQ
Q=my=Q
Q=DN=U
C =W
0
0
3
3
0
O
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
0
0
?=v O}rwD "7
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
?=v |UOvyt "9
y @k
= C}r =
16
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
"h=Oy= Q=Owtv "2 pmW
"CiQo Q=Qk O}}-=D w |UQQ@ OQwt xHOw@ s=o u}= QO %xHOw@ uDN=U |}=yv
"CU= xOW xOQw; xOW Q_v O}OHD |xt=vQ@ |xYqN 6 pwOH QO %|R=UxYqN
T=U=Q@|R=UOQ=Ov=DU=|xrLQtQOxwQo u}=|=yC}r=ai%|R=UxO=}BxwQo|=yC}r=ai
%OwW|t s=Hv= p}P |=ys=o
|R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ T=U=Q@ CtUk u}= QO "=yxO=O |@=}RQ= w p}rLD '|Qw;`tH "1
Qy |=Q@ =Q h=Oy= |=yQ=Owtv |R=UxO=}B xwQo 'RmQtD xwQo \UwD xOWO=yvW}B
x@=Wt |v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv |=Q@ h=Oy= Q=Owtv "OyO|t X}YND pQDvm |x]kv
QmP p@=k Cw=iD =yvD "s}O}O ,q@k xm CU= CmQW |xr=Ul} h=Oy= Q=Owtv u=ty
\=kv h=Oy= Q=Owtv QO w 'RmQtD xwQo O=Qi= xr=Ul} h=Oy= Q=Owtv QO xm CU= u;
"OvwW|t QmP x]w@ Qt |R=UxO=}B xwQo |=[a= '|v=QL@ pQDvm
pQDvm \=kv |=Q@ |v=QL@ |UQQ@ \=kv s=o u}= QO "|v=QL@ |UQQ@ \=kv u}}aD "2
h=Oy= =@ \@DQt pt=wa |xOvyOu=Wv |UQQ@ \=kv u}= "OwW|t h} QaD |v=QL@
"Ov=|rY=
"OW Q=RoQ@ ji=wD ?Um |=Q@ C=UrH "=yO=yvW}B pO=@D w |Qw;`tH "3
17
OQw;Q@ Ow@y@ \=kv R= l} Qy |=Q@ =yxv} Ry CU= sRq s=o u}= QO %|r=t C=QF= u}tND
u}= "OvwW x@U=Lt KQ] s=Hv= R= xOWO=H}= |=y|} wHxiQY O}=@ ut[ QO "OvwW
X T} QD=t QO xOWx@U=Lt Q}O=kt w xDiQo Q=Qk x@U=Lt OQwt KQ] |=Q@ C=@U=Lt
"CU= xOt; 3 pmW xv=}r=U pmW
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU=
xOt; p}P QO RmQtD |xrLQt QO Q[=L O=Qi= |=yC}r=ai %RmQtD xwQo |=yC}r=ai
"CU=
xwQo l} |=Q=O pk=OL O}=@ |v=QL@ O}rm Qy %|R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo |yOu=tR=U
[10] "OW=@ |R=UxO=}B
l} 'C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov w |Q@yQ |=yO}rm R= l} Qy |=Q@
"OW xDiQo Q_v QO |R=UxO=}B xwQo
|R=UxO=}BxwQoO=Qi= =@xOWs=Hv=|=ywowCiow EL@QO%=yO=yvW}BpO=@Dw|Qw;`tH
xOW s=Hv= |R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ QO |mOv= C=Q}}eD RmQtD xwQo O=Qi= |=yC@LY w
"CU=
"pmW X T} QD=t "3 pmW
18
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
83 1 15
83 1 15
83 3 1
83 4 3
83 5 16
84 1 5
84 2 1
Qi =}
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
W=OO=} p}tmD `wQW
C
k=w Q=Okt
"xOW Q_v O}OHD xt=vQ@ xYqN "6 pwOH
hOy
Q=my=Q
pwUt
|a
%p}P OQ=wt `kwtx@ s=Hv=
83 2 31
83 4 2
83 5 15
84 6 15
84 1 31
84 3 1
OEE= 65
?=v |D} Q}Ot s=_v
xaUwD xt=vQ@
xv=}r=U |Wt \N
|}=QH= xt=vQ@
|yO VQ=Ro
p=Ut X}NWD
p}rLD xYqN
pOt C=R}yHD
OEE= 65
83 4 3
A90
pOt C=R}yHD
22 u=R}t x@ Vy=m
pOt C=R}yHD
kO 30
pOt C=R}yHD
E80
pOt C=R}yHD
xk}
83 4 3
83 4 3
|OYQO 20 V}=Ri=
C=R}yHD =@ O}rwD
|UQDUO u=tR QO
Q90
pOt C=R}yHD
y m 50
pOt C=R}yHD
V =
83 4 3
xOWQmP OQwt xU
83 4 3
yQO s=Hv=
|O}rwD \w]N
83 12 1
xt
\w]N QO s=Hv=
|rY=
TQB \N QO s=Hv=
pOt \w]N |=Q@
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 10 1
19
Y= |=yur=U
|rY= C=R}yHD
|rY= C=R}yHD
w =yur=U
|rY= C=R}yHD
|rY= |=yur=U
|r
pOt C=R}yHD
y m 50
V =
83 8 1
pOt C=R}yHD
|=yQ=m |Q=Po=w
VRwt;-|}=OD@=
1 s =o
2 s =o
3 s =o
t a Q}Ots=kts=k
|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
|R}Q xt=vQ@ Q}Ot
xv=NQ=m Q}Ot
xv=NQ=m Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
|vi Q}Ot/
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
TQB CUQB QU/
/|vi Q}Ot
/|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
TQB CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
/|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
TQB ur=U CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
/pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
TQB ur=U CUQB QU
/Q}Ot s=kt s=k
/TQB CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
OQwt
p =
pQDvm \=kv
2
12
22
32
42
52
62
8
u=tR=U O}OHD
RmQtD
|R=U OQ=Ov=DU=
|Q}o}B
|Q}o}B
OQwNR=@
18
C=R}yHD Ov}=Qi Ow@y@
118
a1
1 8
b1
1 8
U UO C}r@=k
| QD
@= N Vy=m
| Q
|R=UxO=t; u=tR Vy=m
218
a2
1 8
b218
}=Q m
 H C=ikwD Vy=m
|R
k=w CaQU V}=Ri=
C}i}m C@Uv
|a
318
a3
1 8
b3
1 8
v
| = C@U
C}i}
m C=a}=[ Vy=m
r D R=e; C=a}=[ Vy=m
O} w
v NQ=m Q}Ot
28
Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov
TQB ur=U CUQB QU
128
|Q=mR}tD
C=Q}taD u}U}vmD
228
i }t
i Qwt= Q}Ot
|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot/
|R}Q xt=vQ@ Q}Ot
|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
328
|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
438
i Qwt= Q}Ot
538
x=
|v Q O
|v
|v
oO r; `@=vt hPL w |}=U=vW
| w
rw= |=yOQ=Ov=DU=
x}
38
xOW |R}Qxt=vQ@ |Q=Oxov
138
238
338
}xQwO |Q=Oxov xt=vQ@
C=R}yHD w =yx=oDUO j@=wU
C=R}yHD C=aq]=
|
C
v |=yVQ=Ro
m } C=a]k |OwHwt pQDvm
| O
v= @ m
| QL O}r
|Q@yQ
?=v |Q=Oxov
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
"|R=UxO=}B xt=vQ@ "4 pmW
|x]kv OvJ =} l} |R=UxO=}B h}=_w QO "|}=QH= |=yxt=vQ@ p=kDv= w uDWwv "4
|QwQ[ xv=RwQ w |}=QH= h}=_w s=Hv= |=Q@ xwQo 9 p}mWD '`wQW |=Q@ "OwW
R= |}=QH= xwQo Qy |=[a= xm CU= sRq xDmv u}= x@ xHwD "OW xO=O X}NWD
R= |}=QH= |=yxt=vQ@ "CU= xOW Q=Po=w |R=UxO=}B xwQo hrDNt O=Qi= x@ |UQQ@
"Ov=xOW ?=NDv= xt=vQ@ u}= s=Hv= |=Q@|oDU}=W |=Q=O =} x@ QHD=@ O=Qi= u}@
u; R= |}xvwtv 4 pmW QO xm Ov=|R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ x@=Wt ,qt=m pmW ^=Lr
"CU= xOW x=Q=
sRq s=o u}= QO OW xQ=W= ,q@k xm Qw]u=ty "=yxwQo |=yQ=m w h=Oy= X}YND "2
%R= Ov=CQ=@a =ys=o u}= "|}=QH= |=yxwQo |}=QH= |=ys=o
"OwW XNWt xv=oxv |=yxwQo R= l} Qy h=Oy= CU=
xwQo w[a u* =Q}Ot R= l} Qy h}=_w CtUk u}= QO "|Q=m Rm=Qt |=yxt=vQ@ s}UQD "1
xDiQo Q_v QO =QH= |=Q@ xm xv=oxv |=yxwQo R= l} Qy "=yQ=m w O=Qi= h=Oy= s}_vD "3
|=Q@ xOW xDiQo Q_v QO h=Oy= T=U=Q@ "CU= xOW p}mWD Qiv xU R= Ov=xOW
O=Qi= R= l} Qy R= h}=_w uOQmXNWt |=Q@ "s}=xOQm XNWt =Q |R=UxO=}B
l} Qy |=Q@ "OvwW|t XNWt pw= x=t |=Q@ O=Qi= R= l} Qy '=yxwQo R= l} Qy
x@ uO}UQ |Ov@u=tR w |R}Qxt=vQ@ |xQ=@QO xm Ow@ xOWxDU=wN |R=UxO=}B xwQo
XNWt O=Qi= R= l} Qy h=Oy= xwQo |rY= |xt=vQ@ j@] O}=@ Oa@ |=yx=t R=
QO "Ovvm CQwWt OvyO s=Hv= =Q =yQ=m u}= CU= Q=Qk xm |}=QH= O=Qi= =@ h=Oy=
u}= R= |}xvwtv "CU= xOW x}yD xv=}y=t |xt=vQ@ s=v =@ |tQi Qiv Qy |=Q@ "OwW
p}mWD |}=QH= C=}rta s=Hv= |=Q@ |}=yxwQo xm Ow@ sRq u}vJty CtUk u}=
20
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
"OW Ovy=wN Q=RoQ@ xk}kO xORv=B =D xO COtx@ xv=RwQ |=yC=kqt u}= "Ovvm|t C=kqt
w xv=}y=t |=yxt=vQ@ xwQo O=Qi= 'RwQ Qy |=yDv= |=yC=kqt QO "|yOVQ=RoOwN
OQwNQ@ u; =@ xm |r=Ut u=}@ |=Q@ =ysQi u}= "CW=O Ovy=wN x=Qty =Q u=Wxv=RwQ
"Ow@ Oy=wN |O}it ltm Ov=xOQm
|Q}o}B QO |yOVQ=Ro |=Q@ VwQ u} QD`} QU =ywr@=D u}= "|Q=m RmQt pQDvm |=ywr@=D
"CU= |Q=O}O V}=tv j} Q] R= xv=}r=U Ow@y@ |Wt\N
xO=iDU= |=Q@ w '|@=}OQ =Q =yxwQo C=aq]= 'Ow@y@ |L=wv u=Q}Ot "u=Q}Ot |=yVQ=Ro
|=yx}YwD w 'p}rLD =Q G}=Dv |R=UxO=}B xwQo "Ovvm|t xYqN |R=UxO=}B xwQo QO
R=}vOQwt `@=vt u}t-=D CyH QO =} Ovvm|t x=Q= Ow@y@ |=yC}r=ai CyH QO =Q sRq
"Ovvm|t VqD
|}xOWlJwm |xNUv Q}Ot Qy 'Ow@y@ |xNQJ Ov}=Qi u}LQO "=QH= |R}Qxt=vQ@ |xoQ@
x@ w xOQm p}tmD =Q s}t=v|t =QH= |R}Qxt=vQ@ |xoQ@ xm '|Q=m RmQt pQDvm |wr@=D R=
"OyO|t VQ=Ro |R=UxO=}B xwQo
29
|}=QH= |=yxt=vQ@ |R=UxO=}B xwQo '|R=UxO=}B C=}rta u}LQO " p}rLD |=yxoQ@
u=R}t xwQo |=[a= CU= sRq xDiy Qy u=}=B QO "O}O u=wD|t 5 pmW QO =Q sQi
xO=O Q=Qk xv=}y=t |xt=vQ@ |xoQ@ CWB QO xm |}xoQ@ QO =Q OwN Q=m CiQW}B
CU= sRq ut[ QO "CU= xOW x=Q= 6 pmW QOxvwtv sQi "Ovvm C@F CU= xOW
O=H}= xv=RwQ |xQwO |=v@tQ@ |i=Oy= OwN u=vmQ=m R= l} Qy |=Q@ xwQo Qy Q@y=Q
"Ovm
%Ovvm|t =QH= |R=wt Qw]x@ =Q Q}R OQ=wt |}=QH= |=yxwQo R= l} Qy |Q}o}B |xrLQt QO
C=aq]= |=ys=_v |=v@t |Q=O}O pQDvm |=yVwQ %|Q=O}O C=aq]= s=_v l} O=H}=
hrDNt |=yCQ=m w =ysQi '=yCU}rlJ '=yVQ=Ro '=ywr@=D `=wv= "OvDUy |Q=O}O
"OvQ}o|t Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt |Q=m \}Lt pQDvm w C} Q}Ot Qw_vtx@
%OwW|t pt=W =Q Q}R OQ=wt xm |yO VQ=Ro s=_v
xwQo Q@y=Q =@ RwQ Qy u=}=B QO =yxwQo O=Qi= '|Q=m Rm=Qt K]U QO "xv=RwQ |=yC=kqt
"xv=}y=t xt=vQ@ sQi l} R= |}xvwtv "5 pmW
21
|Q}o}B
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
|=yDv= QO "CU= xt=vQ@ xYqN l} p}tmD '|Q}o}B |xrLQt QO RmQtD xwQo |xOta
|=yu=tR p}tmD w OwW p}tmD |ak=w G}=Dv =@ O}=@ xt=vQ@ |xYqN 'Ow@y@ |xNQJ
"OQ}o CQwY Ow@y@ |xNQJ |=yC}r=ai
Oy=wN CmQW p=Ut X}NWD xrLQt u}= QO RmQtD xwQo Qo}O |xOta |xi}_w
RmQtD xwQo CU= sRq 'OwW|t l}ORv OwN u=}=B x@ |Q}o}B |xrLQt xm |t=ovy "Ow@
xaUwD |=yO}rm R= l} Qy ,=OOHt O}=@ Q=m u}= |=Q@ "Ovm |@=}RQ= =Q CmQW Qo}O Q=@
"OwW x}yD ?=v C} Q}Ot C=R=}Dt= pwOH Ovv=t |rwOH w OwW |yOR=}Dt=
OQwNR=@
xOWO=H}= C=aq]= x@ RmQtD xwQo 'xOv}; |Wt\N u}}aD |=Q@ %C=aq]= |Qw;`tH
xDWPo p=U pw] QO s_vt |=yVQ=Ro =} u=tR=U O}OHD |r@k Ov}=Qi QO xOWu}wOD =}
%R= Ov=CQ=@a OQ=wt u}= "OQ=O R=}v
&xaUwD |xt=vQ@ w CmQW R=Ov=sWJ &xDWPo p=U |r=t |=yVQ=Ro |R}Q xt=vQ@ Q=R@= w '|O}rm pt=wa T} QD=t 'CmQW Q=R=@ / pwYLt T} QD=t "Qo}O |OQ@y=Q
pw] QO xm 'Q}R |xOW |Qw;`tH O=vU= w C=aq]= x@ RmQtD xwQo 'u}= Q@ uwRi=
%OQ=O R=}v 'CU= xOt; CUOx@ |Q}o}B s=o |=QH=
&xaUwD |xt=vQ@ w xOW RwQ x@ ?=v |Q=O=Q Q=Owtv &V}B p=U |=yC}r=ai |=Q@ xOWp}tmD xt=vQ@ xYqN "|R=UxO=}B xwQo R= C}a[w |=yVQ=Ro w xDWPo p=U p}rLD |=yxoQ@ R= |r}rLD u}@ |=yh=mW O}=@ RmQtD s}D s=o u}= QO %|v=QL@ OQmrta |=yh=mW |}=U=vW
"Ovm |}=U=vW =Q CmQW |ak=w OQmrta w xDWPo p=U Ow@y@ h=Oy=
O}OHD Q=my=Q xm |D=}[Qi |xQ=@QO RmQtD xwQo 's=o u}= QO %`v=wt w =yh=mW |}=U=vW
QO OwN C}akwt QwQt =@ =Q Q=m 'xwQo "Ovvm|t j}kLD Ovvm|t |v=@}DWB =Q u=tR=U
Q=R=@/pwYLt |=yT} QD=t Q}_v |DvU |OQ@y=Q |R}Qxt=vQ@ Q=R@= R= xO=iDU= =@ Q=R=@
"Ovm|t `wQW |O}rm pt=wa |=y T} QD=t w xOW RwQ x@
|xOvQ=OR=@ pt=wa R= |DU}r |x}yD |=Q@ xwQo 'Q=R=@ |OQ@y=Q C=aq]= QwQt R= TB
Q=Owtv R= u; R= TB w Ovm|t xO=iDU= 36 |vyP u=iwD R= '|Q}PBC@=kQ R= CmQW
RmQtD xwQo 'OW=@ sRq Qo= "Ovm|t xO=iDU= x@=Wt pt=wa |Ov@xOQ |=Q@ |oDU@=w
"OQm Oy=wN s}UkD |QDlJwm |=yxOQ x@ =Q CqmWt
CU= h=Oy= Q=Owtv x}@W |Q=Owtv |x}yD 'p}rLD |Oa@ s=o %`v=wt w =yh=mW p}rLD
OQmrta |=yh=mW R= |DU}r C} Q}Ot xwQo '=OD@= QO "s}=xOQm xO=iDU= u; R= ,q@k xm
Qy p}rLD x@ TBU w 'Ovm|t OQ=w OwN Q=my=Q QO =Q u; w '?}mQD sy =@ =Q `v=wt w
jrN pwrat w Cra Q=Owtv l} `v=t =} h=mW Qy |=Q@ xwQo "OR=OQB|t `v=t =} h=mW
"OwW|t x}yD x}rw= OQmrta Q=Owtv w 'x}rw= hOy 'x}rw= h=mW KQW TBU w Ovm|t
QwQt R= =yCra u}= "Ovm|t =O}B =Q `v=t =} h=mW Cra Qy C=aq]= xwQo 'xt=O= QO
O=yvW}B Qo}O pt=a Qy w C}a[w |=yVQ=Ro 'p}rLD |=yxoQ@ '=yVN@ C=aq]=
uOQms_vt |=Q@ |oDU@=w Q=Owtv R= xwQo TBU "O};|t CUOx@ |vyP u=iwD QO xOW
"Ovm|t xO=iDU= hrDNt |=yxDUO QO pra
'|]}Lt |=yh=mW w |v=QL@ |=yOQmrta |}=U=vW R= TB RmQtD xwQo %|R=UxYqN
"OR=OQB|t p}rLD xYqN p}tmD x@
"xv=}y=t |yOVQ=RoOwN sQi "6 pmW
Ow@y@ |=yx}L=v u=Q}Ot x@ =Q u; C}mr=t w xOQm u}wOD |UQQ@ |x]kv Qy |=Q@ =Q
p}rLD |xoQ@ l} Ow@y@ |=yx}L=v u=Q}Ot '|Q}o}B Ov}=Qi u}L QO "OyO|t X=YDN=
C}a[w |xQ=@QO CW=OO=} C@F |=Q@ 'OQ=O Q=Qk |}=QH= |xt=vQ@ CWB QO xm =Q
"OvQ@|t Q=mx@ syt w C} wrw= =@ |}=QH= |=yxv}tR |Q=H
|L=wv u=Q}Ot 'p}rLD |=yxoQ@ R= xOt;CUOx@ |=yxDi=} T=U=Q@ "C}a[w |=yVQ=Ro
u=Q}Ot w `]=kDt |=yxwQo u=Q}Ot `q]= |=Q@ xv=}y=t |}xLiYwO |=yVQ=Ro Ow@y@
QO CiQW}B uO=Ou=Wv 'C}a[w VQ=Ro hOy "Ovvm|t xO=t; |R=UxO=}B K]U
"CU= xOW u}}aD Ow@y@ |Wt \N w h=Oy= =@ xU}=kt
QO u=tR=U l} QO Ow@y@ |=yC}r=ai "Q=m \}Lt QO xDUw}B |Q}oO=} R= |v=@}DWB
uO}UQ |=Q@ xR=D |=yx=oO}O R= uOQmpta w uO}O |=Q@ |}xO=Q= sRrDUt '|v=yH K]U
|=vatx@ C}a[w u}= "CU= xOWv x@ QHD u}= R= V}B xm CU= OQmrta R= |Lw]U x@
u} wv |=y|Qw=:vi w =yOv}=Qi uwJty |OQ=wt w CU= wQW}B K]U QO xDUw}B |Q}oO=}
C=R}yHD C}a[w Ow@y@ x@ QHvt xm |}=y|Qw=:vi =} OvwW|t OQmrta Ow@y@ x@ QHvt xm
"OQ}o|t Q@ QO =Q OvwW|t |rai |=yOv}=Qi =}
|=yVRwt; Ovvm|t C}r=ai |}xOQ xJ QO =} |Q=m RmQt xJ QO O=Qi= xm u}= x@ xDU@
G}QODx@ =Q Q}R |=yVRwt; CU= sRq xv=oxv |=yxwQo u=vmQ=m "CU= sRq |Dw=iDt
%OwW|t xO=O X}NWD |QwQ[ xv=oxv |=yxwQo |xty |=Q@ =yVRwt; u}= "OvQ}o =Qi
&30 xrUt pL |rY= |=ys=o "1
&31 C}i}m pQDvm |xv=oCiy Q=R@= "2
"32 |WQB l}vmD "3
u}@ u=tR u}ov=}t p}rLD %R= Ov=CQ=@a =yxwQo |=Q@ |QwQ[ Qo}O |=yVRwt;
34 xmw}=mwB pwY= '2 w 1 |=yxwQo 33 =y|@=QN
Z} waD pwY= '2 w 1 |=yxwQo
pwY= w '5 w 3 |=yxwQo P-M 35 s=|B p}rLD '3 xwQo =y?r=k |}xk}kO l}
"7 w 6 xwQo Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov
|xi}_w u}rw= %1 pwOH |Q}o}B |xrLQt QO RmQtD xwQo |=yC}r=ai
22
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
&OvW=@ xOW OQ=Ov=DU= C=Q}taD w |Q=Oxov |=yOv}=Qi "1
&Ov=xOW O=H}= hqD= hPL |=Q@ |}=yxwQo "2
|}xk}kOl} Z} waD OQwtQO XwYNx@ |YYND |OL=D w |vi |=yVRwt; "3
&CU= xOW O=H}= ?U=vt |Q=O}O |Q=O}vW C=v=mt= =@ ?r=k
&Ow@ Oy=wN |y=oQ=m K]U QO xOWs=Hv= |=yVRwt; "4
"CU= xOW O=H}= O=Qi= QO O}OH |=yVwQ Ow@y@ |Q=Oxov w lQO |OL =D "5
x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ 'OvW=@ xOW jkLt |v}@V}B j@] xm |DQwYQO jwi OQ=wt
"CW=O s}y=wNv |Q=wWO x=Q 3 K]U QO Ow@y@ nvyQi
%R= Ov=CQ=@a QmP p@=k OQ=wt ?=v O}rwD |xaUwDO}rm |xv}tR QO
Oy=wNv QDsm =yxDW=@v= xR=Ov= xOv}; p=U |xt=vQ@ |=OD@= =D xm OwW|t |v}@V}B &OW
&OW Oy=wNv s=Hv= 37 C=aq]= |Qw=:vi |W}=tR; |xSwQB |R=UxO=t; x@ \w@ Qt |=yp}OaD w s}_vD xrtHR= =yQ=m |NQ@ QO Q=m |wQ}v u}@ &OW Oy=wN O=H}= |@U=vt |Q=mty
&Ov=xOWv |}=U=vW Rwvy |rwrU O}rwD O=H}= |=yCYQi "Ov=xOWv |}=U=vW Rwvy pwYLt |=yxO=wv=N ?=v O}rwD x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ =Q x=Q C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov w |Q@yQ QO C}kiwt
|R=UxO=}B 'C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov s=_v |R=UxO=}B =@ `k=w QO "OQm Oy=wN Q=wty
%=Q}R 'Ow@ Oy=wNv wQ@wQ |v=OvJ |Q=wWO =@ ?=v O}rwD
xm CU=vat u=O@ u}= "Ovm|txv}tm =Q =yx=oDUO |@=QN 'C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov "1
"CW=O Oy=wNv |v=OvJ |v=Qov Q=R=@ |=[=kD Q@=Q@ QO `} QU Vvm=w |=Q@ CmQW
xm |}xvwox@ 'Ovm|txv}tm =Q =yx=oDUO |R=UxO=t; u=tR C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov "2
Z} waD OQwtQO |v=OvJ |v=Qov Q=R=@ |=[=kD Q@=Q@ QO `} QU Vvm=w |=Q@ CmQW
"CW=O Oy=wNv u; uOw@ Q@ u=tR w =y?r=k
=y|Q=mxQ=@wOwC=a}=[u=Qov CmQW xm OW Oy=wN ?HwtC=R}yHD?=v|Q=Oxov "3
"OW=@v CmQW O}rwD \w]N uOWu}ovU w uOWOvm xH}DvQO w
C=v=mt= R= =Pr w xOW =yx=oDUO CaQU V}=Ri= ?Hwt C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov "4
"OW Oy=wN xO=iDU= |QwQ[ `k=wt QO QDW}@ O}rwD CyH |r@k
%CU= Q}R KQW x@ |rai |xOt; CUOx@ G}=Dv |xYqN |rm Qw]x@
&u=tR=U QO |ywQo Q=m nvyQi Ow@y@ &u=tR=U VRwt; s=_v C} wkD &xv=NQ=m |=y\}Lt w =yx=oQ=m R= |Q=}U@ QO Q=m \}Lt |@Uv |oR}m =B &\=kv R= |NQ@ QO xD@r= u=tR=U |yOVQ=Ro w |R=UOvDUt s=_v QO KqY= &CmQW C=Q}taD w |Q=Oxov s=_v Ow@y@ "u=tR=U C} Q}Ot Ow@y@ u=tR pw] QO |QDW}@ |=yp}rLD x@ u=tR=U C}a[w QDj}kO |@=}RQ= |=Q@ xD@r=
%OUQ|t Q_v x@ |QwQ[ p}P OQ=wt x@ xQ=W= CtUk u}= u=}=B QO "CU= R=}v
23
xOv=t|k=@ C=t=Ok= w G}=Dv
CQwQ[ O}OH |}xNQJ R=e; '|OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ |xr=Ul} |xQwO u=}=B R= TB
'O}Wm Oy=wN pw] x@ p=U 5 xm u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi pw] QO xNQJ u}= "O@=}|t
"Ov@=} jkLD Q_v OQwt h=Oy= xm CU= |QwQ[ w O=O Oy=wN MQ Q=@ GvB
|xaUwD |=yO}rm u=wvax@ C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov w |Q@yQ O}rm xm CU= CUQO
"OvW=@ xOQm |kQD sy Qo}O |xaUwD |=yO}rm CU= umtt =t= OvOW ?=NDv= xr=Ul}
p=U |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ R= |v}@V}B p@=k G}=Dv Q@ |QYDNt QwQt =Hv}= QO
O}rm wO QO OW Oy=wN jiwt CmQW xt=vQ@ C}kiwt CQwYQO "CW=O s}y=wN pw=
C}kiwt K]U x@ 4 K]U R= |Q@yQ O}rm "Ovm |kQD K]U l} QO xOW?=NDv=
"OQm Oy=wN |kQD 4 K]U x@ C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot w O}UQ Oy=wN
?=v |Q=Oxov pO=at ,=@} QkD =Q u; u=wD|t xm Q}o=Qi QwxQy@ |Q=Oxov h=Oy=
CQ=@a CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xHwD u} QDW}@ OQwt pw= p=U |xt=vQ@ QO w CUv=O C=R}yHD
%R= CU=
&CmQW Q=DN=U KqY= "1
&QDW}@ O}rwD G}=Dv x@ uO}UQ "2
&Q=m \}Lt Ow@y@ "3
"|O}rwD s=_v QDsm C=ikwD "4
w CmQ=Wt '?=v u=tR=U OQ=O xQ=W= Q=DN=U x@ xDU@=w |=yO}rm x@ 1 OQwt
3 OQwt w OvwW|t Qm PDt =Q ?=v O}rwD QO Ow@y@ 4 w 2 OQwt "C=aq]= |Q=tat
|R=UxO=}B =@ s}v}@|t xm u=vJ =Pr "OQ=O xQ=W= Ow@y@ nvyQi x@ R}v Q=m \}Lt Ow@y@
"ODi}@ j=iD= CU= umtt =yO}rm QFm= QO Ow@y@ C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot
xm =Hv; R= "CW=O Oy=wNv |yHwD p@=k CiQW}B |QDWt Q@ RmQtD pw= O}rm
pw= p=U QO xOW?=NDv= |rY= O}rm wO =@ ?=v |UOvyt w ?=v u=tR=U |=yO}rm
"OW=@ xDiQo CQwY =yv; QO |O}OH CiQW}B xm CU= O}a@ OvQ=Ov |wk \=@DQ=
%CmQ=Wt O}rm OQwt QO
|=yxt=vQ@ w VRwt; nvyQi \UwD |O=}R OL =D x@ QHD w =yCQ=yt 'Vv=O &OwW|t C} wkD OvQ}o|tv Q@QO =Q =yxv}tR |xty OvJQy |WRwt;
|xv}tR QO =yvD w OwOLt OvJQy Vv=O ?Um |=Q@ Ow@ Oy=wN Qw@Ht CmQW &OR=OQB@ pwB C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov
"u=vmQ=m |ovyQi K]U <=kDQ= |QDq=@ K]U x@ uDi=} CUO |wU x@ =Q x=Q jwi OQ=wt |xty OUQ|t Q_v x@ =Pr
"OQm Ovy=wN QDQ=wty CmQ=Wt R=
%C=aq]= |Q=tat OQwtQO
&s}vm|t |v}@V}B =Q =yx=oQ=m K]U |@Uv uOW xR}m =B &Ov=xDiQo O=} =Q s}qa w =yQ=Owtv R= xO=iDU= =yxwQo QO Q}oQO O=Qi= C}a[w Ow@y@ QO xOW xDiQo =Qi |Q@yQ O}rm R= xm |yOVQ=Ro |=ys=_v |=QH= &CW=O Oy=wN C@Ft QF= |yOVQ=Ro
"OW Oy=wN KqY= C=Q}taD w |Q=Oxov |yO VQ=Ro s=_v xm CU= 4 K]U x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ Ovr@ |t=o |xOvyOu=Wv jwi OQ=wt |xty
xrY=L |=yCiQW}B OwW|t |v}@V}B "O}; CUOx@ xOv}; p=U xU |] CU= Q=Qk
%R= Ov=CQ=@a Ow@y@ nvyQi |xv}tR QO p=U l} CWPo R= TB
|Q}o xH}Dv
QO xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |=Q@ ?U=vt |} wor= j}kLD u}= QO
=@ ?=v C} Q}Ot |wor= '=DU=Q u}ty QO "CiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt RwQi=u=yH CmQW
QO u; |R=UxO=}B |xwLv "CiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt u; ?U=vt |=y|oS}w x@ xHwD
xJ wor= u}= |=QH= |=Q@ xm OW xO=O u=Wv w OW p}rLD w |UQQ@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW
RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO wor= u}= |=QH= CqmWt xD@r= w =}=Rt w G}=Dv TBU "OQm O}=@
s=Hv= |=Q@ =yO=yvW}B w wor= u}= |=QH= |=yC}OwOLt |xQ=@QO C}=yv QO "OW x=Q=
"OW QmP |@r=]t xOv}; |=yQ=m
W vB
C w=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
lean management
waste
business renewal process
strategic improvement cycle
development key
Shigeo Shingo
single minute exchange of die
OQwt C* mQW 'j}kLD u}= QO w =yu=tR=U QO |ywQo Q=m nvyQi OwHw sOa "1
x@ |Ovtxkqa sOa "CU= ?=v C} Q}Ot |wor= |=QH= |xOta pmWt EL@
xO}O u=tR=U O=Qi= R= |}xOQDUo h}] QO |ywQo Q=m Q@ |vD@t u} wv |=ys=_v
K]U =@ |v=tR=U |q=@ |=yCtU |=Q=O O=Qi= |wU R= pmWt u} QDsyt "OwW|t
w Ctw=kt Cra OQwt QO Q_v Q=y_= |=Q@ =t= "CU= xOW O=H}= u}}=B C* q}YLD
"CU= sRq |Qo}O j}kLD O=Qi= R= |NQ@ |Q=mty sOa
C} Q}Ot |=QH= QO u=tR=U u}t-=D |xQ}HvR CmQ=Wt 'CmQ=Wt Qo}O Oa@ l} "2
Q}PBu=mt= u=tR=U u=oOvvmu}t-=D x@ xHwD uwO@ ?=v C} Q}Ot |=QH= "CU= ?=v
x@ u=v}t]= sOa |=y|OwHwt |q=@ sHL pra R= |m} p=Ft u=wvax@ "CU}v
|=QH= 'u=oOvvmu}t-=D x@ xHwD uwO@ Q[=L p=L QO u=tR=U "CU= u=oOvvmu}t-=D
|OQ=wt QO xO=iDU= OQwt |wor= QO OvJQy "CU= xOQm R=e; =Q ?=v C} Q}Ot
Q_v x@ 'CmQ=Wt nvyQi |xaUwDO}rm QO CU= xOW xQ=W= u=oOvvmu}t-=D x@
Q=JO u=oOvvmu}t-=D |Q=mty uwO@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO wor= u}= |=QH= OUQ|t
"OwW pmWt
yO=yvW}B w =yC}OwOLt
=
|=v@t Q@ u=wD@ =D s}@=}@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW |=Q@ |} wor= xOW |aU |UQQ@ u}= QO
Q}o=Qi xmv}= Q@ xwqa pOt u}= "OQm hPL u=tR=U R= Q}o=Qi CQwYx@ =Q hqD= u;
=Pr w Ovm|t xO=iDU= |rai |v=Uv= |wQ}v u=tR=U OwHwt `@=vt R= =yvD CU=
sOa u}ty =t= "OwW|tv p}tLD u=tR=U Q@ =QH= |=Q@ |v=OvJ |i=[= |=yxv} Ry
OvmQ=}U@ w COtOvr@ |Ov}=Qi Ow@y@ Ov}=Qi xm OwW|t ?Hwt |i=[= |Q=Pox}=tQU
Qy QO u=tR=U K]U 'CU= xOy=Wt p@=k sy 5 pwOH QO xm Qw]v=ty "OW=@
"CW=O Oy=wN Ow@y@ p=U 5 pw] QO K]U wO QFm=OL xaUwD |=yO}rm R= l}
Ck=] w |vqw] Q=}U@ |Ov}=Qi uOW ?=v |wU x@ CmQL xm OyO|t u=Wv u}=
"CU=UQi
,
Q}o=Qi qt=m |} wor= Ovm|t |aU RvwH w uwUmH |O=yvW}B |wor= xJQo=
xaUwD |=yO}rm pQDvm \=kv OQwtQO ,qFt "OQ=O OwHw u; Ow@y@ u=mt= 'OW=@
|UOvyt 9 |xaUwDO}rm OQwtQO p=Ft u=wvax@ "OQm p=ta= |D=LqY= u=wD|t
xOW xQ=W= p} wLD w xv} Ry 'C}i}m |va} 38 QCD |=Q@ |L=Q] x@ =yvD ?=v
R= TB C=tON '|}=}=B |=Q@ |L=Q] Ovv=t |Qo}O OQ=wt xm |r=L QO 'CU=
OQwtQO Qo}O |xDmv "OQm xi=[= Qwm Pt OQ=wt x@ u=wD|t R}v =Q """w VwQi
8. Schonberger
9. Toyota production system
10. lean production
11. total waste elimination
12. lean
13. lean process
14. lean enterprise
15. delta zero
16. customer focus
17. leadership
24
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
pQDvm \=kv Ow@y@ |=yQ=R@= OQwtQO =yv; xm CU= u}= RvwH w uwUmH |wor=
xm |O=}R Q=}U@ |=yQ=R@= x@ xHwD =@ u=wD|t xm |r=L QO 'Ov=xO=Ov |O=yvW}B
|=Q@ ,qFt "O=O x=Q= |@U=vt |=yO=yvW}B OQ=O OwHw ?=v C} Q}Ot |=QH= |=Q@
O=yvW}B 5S C=aq]= |Q=tat Ow@y@ |=Q@ w uR}=m Ow@y@ nvyQi O}rm Ow@y@
"OwW|t
OUQ|t Q_v x@ "OW C@LY u=oOvvmu}t=D pmWt OQwt QO p@k CtUk QO
|UQQ@ OQwt ?=v u}t-=D xQ}HvR C} Q}Ot u; QO xm Qo}O |xaUwDO}rm l} OwHw
xm O=O Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt =Q O=yvW}B u}= u=wD|t |DL "CU= |QwQ[ OQ}o Q=Qk
QO =Q u}t-=D |xQ}HvR xty w xDiQ QD=Qi u=tR=U K]U R= xOW p}mWD |=yxwQo
"OvQ}oQ@
'=QH= '|R}QKQ]PDCA |xNQJ R= |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ |=QH= Qw_vtx@
39 HCA \UwD wor= u}= ,=Q}N= "OwW|t xO=iDU= s=Ok= 'pQDvm
GvB w xDi=} xaUwD
'p}rLD 'h}YwD '|yOv=tR=U '|@=}xO}=FOCUS u=wva CLD Qo}O |x}rw= s=o
40 ?=NDv=
xDiQo s=v FOCUS PDCA O}OH VwQ u}= "Ov=xOW xi=[= u; x@
[14] "CU=
O}OH VwQ u}= uDiQo Q_v QO =@ |rai |wor= xOv}; QO OwW|t O=yvW}B
"OwW KqY=
|Q=PoQF= OQ=O OwHw CmQW u=Q}Ot uyP QO VUQB l} u=wvax@ xm |Qo}O |xDmv
s=_v Q[=L p=L QO u=tR=U "CU= u=tR=U uOW?=v Q@ C}i}m C} Q}Ot |=ys=_v
18001 wR}= w '14001 wR}= '9001 wR}= pt=W xm =Q IMS 41 xJQ=Bl} C} Q}Ot
=}; =ys=_v u}= R= QFw-t |xO=iDU= xm Ov=O@ CU= Ovtxkqa w xOQm |R=UxO=}B CU=
VUQB u}= |UQQ@ "Q}N =} CW=O Ovy=wN uOW ?=v |wU x@ u=tR=U CmQL Q@ |QF=
"OW=@ xOv}; j}kLD `w[wt Ov=wD|t
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
lean organization
partnership
information architecture
culture of improvement
lean production
lean equipment management
lean engineering
enterprise renewal process
strategic improvement cycle
Deming cycle
plan, do, check, act
analysis sheet
L 'xrUt pL VwQ ?=NDv= 'xrUt lQO pt=W p=Ut pL |=Q@ |twta Ov}=Qi "30
[15] "CU= 'xOW s=Hv= xJv; QwQt 'x}rw= xrUt x@ MU=B 'xrUt
Q=Owtv 'wDQ=B Q=Owtv 'pwrat w Cra s=Qo =}O 's=QowDU}y 'CU}r lJ R= OvDQ=@a Q=R@= u}= "31
[15] "=]N QF= w Cr=L p}rLD w x} RHD w |oOvm=QB s=Qo =}O 'pQDvm
p
32. 1H & 5W (Who?, What?, When?, Where?,[16] Why?, How?)
33. mean time between failures(MTBF)
34. poka-yoke
"CU= xOW u}wOD pt=wa p}rLD VwQ |=yha[ `iQ Qw_vtx@ P-M p}rLD VwQ "35
R}v M hQL w Problem 'Physical 'Phenomena C=trm hQat P hQL
"CU= Machinery 'Mechanism 'Material 'Manpower xOvvm XNWt
=} `w[wt |=Q@ xO}= |O=}R O=OaD jrN |=Q@ xm CU= |m}vmD brainstarming "36
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
[17] "OQ}o |t Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt |}xr=Ut
information technology
quality, cost, delivery
hospital corporation of America
nd, organize, clarify, understand, select
integrated management system
@t
` =v
'O=SvO=Q "|QwxQy@ w C}i}m ?qkv= %?=v O}rwD "TwQ 'p}v=O &Rt}H 'l =tww "1
"1379 'sQ=yJ A=J 'xRwt; QWv %u=yiY= "xO=R;
'pw= A=J 'xRwt; QWv %u=yiY= "s_=m 'u=}@=Dwt '=Dw} wD O}rwD s=_v "|J}=D 'wvyw= "2
"1382
3. Kenichi, K., and Arai, Keisuke. Zero dandori kaizen
tejun, translated by Bruce Talbot, Kaizen For Quick
Changeover: Going Beyond SMED. Portland: productivity Press (1992).
25
4. Productivity Press Development Team; Kaizen for the
Shopoor, Portland: Productivity Press (2002).
5. Arora, K.C. Total Quality Management, New Delhi: S.K.
Katari & Sons. (2002).
6. Lucansky, P.; Bruke, R., and Ducharme, L. Value Imoration Directory [HomePage] (January 2003), [on-line]
<http://www.b5srl.com> [11 January 2004].
7. Schonberger; R.J. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques,
The Free Press New York (1982).
8. Womack, J.P.; Jones. D.T., and Roos, D. The Machine
That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production,
New York: Harper Perennial (1996).
9. Koskela, L. Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction, Technical Report, Stanford University (1992).
10. Jackson, T.L., and Jones, Karen R. Implementing a
Lean Management System, Portland: Productivity Press
(1996).
11. Cappels, T.M. Financially Focused Quality, United
States of America: St. Luice Press (1999).
12. Richards, C.W. Lean Enterprise, V2R Consulting Group
(2001).
13. McGiven, M., and Stiber, Alex. Lean Manufacturing Techniques, Development Dimensions International,
(October 2002), [On-line]. <http://www.ddiworld.com>
[14 January 2004].
14. Xia, Jie, M.S., Redesign of complaint processing procedures in Kaiser Permanente Tri-Central Service Area,
California State University, MSc Thesis, Long Beach
(2001).
15. Organized Change Consultancy, <www.organizedchan
ge.com>. [20 January 2004].
16. Shingo, Shigeo. A Study of the Toyota Production System From an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint, Revised
Edition, Portland: Productivity Press (1989).
17. Shina, Sammy G., Six sigma for electronics design and
manaufacturing, McGraw-Hill (2002).