C=Q_v

Original Article
10393 "X '2/2 |xQ=tW '31 1 |xQwO
1394 u=DUtR 'h} QW C} Q}Ot w `}=vY |UOvyt
C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ =yC}OwHwt |oS}w w
|m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt
O=DU= u=}LDi OtLt
Q=}O=DU= u=}tqe =[QOtLt
OWQ= |U=vWQ |wHWv=O
u=Q}=
|}=[Q sQm =
CavYwsra x=oWv=O '`}=vY |UOvyt |xOmWv=O
|Q}os}tYD |=Q@ xwkr=@ u=} QDWt x@ |m}vwQDmr= CQ=HD |=yC}=U?w QO u=} QDWt C=Q_v
ltm |@=}Q=R=@ |=yQ=mx=Q w CqwYLt <=kDQ= |=Q@ u=oOvWwQi x@ w 'O} QN |xQ=@QO QDy@
R= =Q u=} QDWt xHwD w G}wQD =Q OwN CqwYLt 'C=Q_v paH =@ u=@rkDt wQu}= R= "Ovm|t
hWm |=Q@ |@}mQD sDU}U l} |L=Q] j}kLD u}= hOy "Ovvm|t hQLvt =@kQ CqwYLt
u}@ \@=wQ w <=}W= |=y|oS}w R= xm u=vJ 'CU= \NQ@ u}qv; |raH C=Q_v
|w=mxO=O R= hOy u}= x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ "OQ}o xQy@ u=tRsy Qw]x@ hrDNt |=yC}OwHwt
w u=Q@Q=m |]=@DQ= |xm@W "OW xO=iDU= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= =@ |}x]@=Q
VwQ u}= "OWO=H}= lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m 'OQwNR=@ 'O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= T=U=Q@ C=Q_v
G}=Dv Q_v R= xm u; Q@xwqa |O=yvW}B VwQ "OW =QH= C=Q_v |xO=O xawtHt wO |wQ
|=yxm@W `=wv= |=Q@ Q}PBh=]av= |WwQ 'OQ=O Qo}O |=yVwQ x@ |@Uv |QDQ@ xrY=L
|x]@=Q |=Q@ |OwyW C=}[Qi x@ R=}v uwO@ '|UQQ@ OQwt |xO=O xawtHt T=U=Q@ C=Q_v
"OQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO '=yC}OwHwt
fathian@iust.ac.ir
gholamian@iust.ac.ir
rezaie.akram@gmail.com
"|raH C=Q_v hWm '|raH C=Q_v '|m}vwQDmr= |QDWt 'Q_v %|O}rm u=oS=w
t t "1
x Ok
C=Q_v u=} QDWt R= OYQO 83 xm OyO|t u=Wv Q}N= C=k}kLD "Ovvm R=Q@= C}i}m|@
|xOy=Wt |B QO =Q OwN O} QN s}tYD u=} QDWt OYQO 80 w Ovvm|t |UQQ@ =Q u}qv;
[1] "Ov=xO=O Q}}eD |ivt C=Q_v
?} Qi Ea=@ X}NWD p@=kQ}e |raH C=Q_v OwHw
|O=tDa=|@ ?Hwt Qt= u}= &OwW|t u=v; |xv}y@ Q}e |=y?=NDv= w u=oOvvmhQYt
"OwW|t hQ]|@ u=Q@Q=m \UwD xOW p=UQ= O}it C=aq]= x@ |yHwD|@ w
u=WO}=ka uO=O u=Wv |=Q@ xm CU= u=Q@Q=m \UwD xOWO}rwD |=wDLt 'C=Q_v
[3w2] "Ovvm|t x=Q= =}W= |xQ=@QO
2
?} Qi |=Q@ |raH C=Q_v ^ir R= 'C=}@O= QO
Ow@y@ |=Q@ |oDN=U |ivt =} C@Ft O}=ka |x=Q= =@ Q=mOwN |=ysDU}U =} u=oOvv=wN
[2] "OwW|t xO=iDU= hOy pwYLt CQyW ?} QND =}
|=yC}=U QO |@rkD C=Q_v X}NWD R= CU= CQ=@a |raH C=Q_v hWm
Q_v xm |rwYLt 'xOvU} wv 'Q_v uDt 'C}=U |wQ C=Q_v xty uDW=O =@ '\NQ@
|=yVwQ QFm= QO [4] "xDi=} X=YDN= R=}Dt= w Q_v p=UQ= u=tR 'xOW xDWwv u; |=Q@
'CU= xOW C}=aQ C=Q_v uOw@ pkDUt ZQi '|raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ OwHwt
QO "OwW|t OQ K} QY w |vt[ C=]=@DQ= OwHw p}rOx@ ZQi u}= xm |r=LQO
|Ov@xk@] |}=Q=m |=kDQ= CyH QO '|}x]@=Q |Q}oO=} |=Q@ C=]=@DQ= u}= xar=]t u}=
u=wvax@ R}v \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt Tqm R= Cr=Lu}= QO "OvQ}o|t Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt
1 u}qv;
|=yO} QN |=Q@ |QDW}@ |DL=Q T=UL= O=Qi= xRwQt= xm |r}qO R= |m}
w CqwYLt |xQ=@QO C=aq]= Qwiw 'Ovvm|t |DvU |=yVwQ x@ C@Uv \NQ@
xO=O C=R=}Dt= w C=Q_v 'C=aq]= u}= `=wv= u} QD|O}rm R= |m} "CU= u=oOvWwQi
O=}R sHL R= |Q}oxQy@ Qw_vtx@ u}kkLt "CU= u=oOvWwQi w CqwYLt x@ xOW
Ov=xO=O xaUwD C=Q_v p}rLD |=Q@ |irDNt |=yVwQ 'u=Q@Q=m \UwD |O}rwD C=aq]=
|x}[Qi C=k}kLD u}= |t=tD "CU= |w=mxO=O uwvi w |a}@] u=@R VR=OQB pt=W xm
=@ `k=w QO xm 'OvQ}PB|t p}rLD OQwt C=Q_v |t=tD uOw@ jFwt Q@ |v@t =Q |v=Um}
xHwD p@=k Q}F-=D w C=Q_v u=U; |UQDUO uDiQo Q_v QO =@ "OQ=Ov |v=wNty Ck}kL
u=@rkDt \UwD C=Q_v Qw;OwU |=y|Q=mDUO |=Q@ |}xOv}=Ri |xR}ov= 'VwQi Q@ =yu;
'=yv; uOv=wN =@ =yvD R}t;?} Qi C=Q_v X}NWD |O=a Q@Q=m l} |=Q@ "OQ=O OwHw
Tv=W Ovvm C@F C@Ft C=Q_v u=@rkDt Qo= "CU= Q=wWO Q=}U@ 'OW=@v umttQ}e Qo=
u=Q@Q=m O=}R p=tDL= x@ OvU} wv@ |ivt C=Q_v Qo= &OvQ@|t q=@ =Q pwYLt VwQi
xm OwW|t QDGvQe@ |Dkw xrUt "Ovvm|t ?=NDv= O} QN |=Q@ =Q |Qo}O CqwYLt
CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q C@Ft C=Q_v w 'C}i}m =@ CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q |ivt C=Q_v u=@rkDt
pwUt xOvU} wv "1393 5 14 VQ}PB '1393 4 15 x}LqY= '1392 12 25 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
'C=]=@DQ= Q@ xwqa 'xO=iDU= OQwt sD}Qwor= "OwW|txO=iDU= xOvvm|} woV}B |=yQ}eDt
QO xm |r=L QO "Ovm|t |rN=O |xO=iDU= R}v =yC}OwHwt |rLt |=y|oS}w R=
'Ov=xDiQo pmW Cw=iDt |=yC}OwHwt u}@ \ki x]@=Q |=yQ=Owtv u}W}B C=k}kLD
Q=}at u}OvJ |Q}oQ=mx@ =@ u=Q@Q=m w C=Q_v R= |O}OH |=yxm@W j}kLD u}= QO
Q_v OQwNR=@ w lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m 'O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= pt=W C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ=
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= ?r=k QO '|}x]@=Q |w=mxO=O "OW xO=O xaUwD
|=Q@ sDU}U |Q}PBh=]av= VwQ u}= C} Rt "OW xDiQo Q=mx@ sDU}U u}= QO 3 RDN
u}W}B |=yVwQ QO xm|r=LQO 'CU=yC}OwHwt R= ?}mQD Qy =@ xO=O xawtHt Qy
=Hv; R= "Ov=xDiQo pmW X=N |xO=O xawtHt l} T=U=Q@ =yxm@W 'xm@W Q@ |vD@t
|raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=ysDU}U |=Q@ |U=U= Vr=J Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O xm
"OW xO=iDU= =yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ |=Q@ |Q=mD@= VwQ l} R= j}kLD u}= QO 'CU=
C}kiwt "Ovm|t pta uDt p}rLD w u=@rkDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w T=U=Q@ VwQ u}=
|=yxO=O R= |kFwt |xawtHt xm Ovm|t u}t[D u}W}B C=ar=]t QO =yVwQ u}=
"s}W=@ xDW=O Q=}DN= QO Q=O?UJQ@
Q=Qk EL@ OQwt p}YiD x@ `w[wt |xQ=@QO OwHwt C=}@O= 'xr=kt u}= |xt=O= QO
|O=yvW}B VwQ 'swU VN@ j}kLD VwQ u=}@ ut[ TBU "swO VN@ OQ}o|t
G}=Dv 'xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxO=O xawtHt |iQat =@ "sQ=yJ VN@ OW Oy=wN K} QWD
|xQ=@QO EL@ R= TB "sHvB VN@ OwW|t x=Q= =yxO=O |wQ VwQ |=QH= R= pY=L
VN@ OW Oy=wN xU}=kt x@=Wt |=yVwQ Q}=U =@ |O=yvW}B VwQ 'pY=L G}=Dv
"sWW
|Q=DiQ |=ypOt ?
} @ m OwW|t xOy=Wt '|raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OwHwt |=yOQm}wQ |UQQ@ =@
O}m -=D C=Oy=Wt R= |W=v u=Q@Q=m lwmWt |=yQ=DiQ |R=UpOt Q@ =yKQ]
X}NWD Q@ |raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=Hx@ =yVwQ '|Q=DiQ |=ypOt u}= QO "OvQ=O
[14] "OvwW|t RmQtDt ?rkDt u=oOvyOQ_v
O@=}|t X=YDN= uOw@ ?rkDt R= |}xHQO Q@Q=m Qy x@ |Q=DiQ |=ypOt QO
|Ov@x@DQ u}= QO q=@ x=o}=H =@ u=Q@Q=m "OvwW|t |Ov@x@DQ u=Q@Q=m u; T=U=Q@ w
QDq=@ xHQO u}= xJQy `k=w QO "OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO ?rkD =yv; C=Q_v w '?rkDt
|=ypOt u}= R= 'C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ QO "CU= QDW}@ =yu; uOw@ ?rkDt p=tDL= OW=@
C=ar=]t j@] [7] "CU= xOW xO=iDU= =yxOvQ}oO=} |OwQw |=y|oS}w u=wvax@ |Q=DiQ
OQwtQO |}=DOvJ C=Q_v w C=R=}Dt= pt=W u=oOvyOQ_v Q=DiQ 'u}kkLt R= |NQ@
x@ |=Q@ =Q \UwDt R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= R}v w CqwYLt R= |ywQo =} =Dm} pwYLt l}
[14] "OvDi=} xv=@rkDt |=yQ=DiQ uDN=Ov=s=O
X}NWD CLY Ow@y@ hOy =@ u}vJty
C=Q_v Q=WDv= pt=W u=Q@Q=m R= Qo}O C}r=ai wO [14] 'Qwm Pt C=ar=]t QO xOW KQ]t
C=Q_v O=OaD x@ C@Uv =yO} QN O=OaD uOw@ QDsm ?D=Qtx@ w x=Dwm |v=tR xQwO l} QO
[15] "CU= xOQm xi=[= u=@rkDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w u=wvax@ =Q
C=}@O= QwQt "2
u QDW} x
=wDLt p}rLD G
H C=Q_v hWm QO Q=DWwv l@U |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |irDNt |=yxw}W R= C=}@O= QO
8
w Qw=Ht C=trm |=yxr=@vO Q}_v xO=U |wer |wLv |=ywor= "CU= xOW xO=iDU=
|Q}oO=} |=ysD}Qwor= x@ xm |}=yxOwr=W u=wvax@ 9 Q=Dio |=yVN@ |=y?UJQ@
[7w6] "Ov=xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt OvyO|t =Q |vDt |=yxO=O R= |Q}oO=} xR=H= u}W=t
[16] Vv=Q=mty w nvi
|}x}w=R '?} Qi X}NWD |=Q@ u=@R |wLv l@U xar=]t =@
"O}=Ri=|t |r@k C=ar=]t x@ hQ=aDtQ}e |OwOL =D
R= "CU=xDiQoQ=Qk xHwD OQwt |Q=DiQ |=ypOt QO C=Q_v C=HQOvt Cy@=Wt
|ra
w |DQ=_v pt=W hrDNt |=yx=oO}O R= |raH C=Q_v hWm |=yVwQ VN@ u}= QO
Q=Owtv Q@ |vD@t |=yVwQ w C=Q_v uDt p}rLD '|Q=DiQ |=yVwQ 'uOw@ |DQ=_vQ}e
VN@ |=yDv= QO "OwW|t u=}@ xwQo Qy X=N |=yxw}W w OQ}o|t Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt
s}y=wN |raH C=Q_v hWm QO Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O OQi x@ QYLvt Vr=J x@
"CN=OQB
|ra
H C=Q_v hWm |=yVwQ |Ov@xDUO "1"2
DQ v e w |DQ=_v |=yVwQ hr=
| =_ Q}
DQ v Y= |xDUO wO x@ u=wD|t =Q |raH C=Q_v hWm QO OwHwt |=yOQm}wQ
u=wvax@ u=wD|t =Q |raH C=Q_v X}NWD '|rm Qw]x@ "OQm s}UkD |DQ=_vQ}e w
|=yVwQ "OQm |Ov@pwtQi |raHQ}e w |raH Tqm wO =@ |Ov@xk@] |xrUt l}
u} QD|Wr=J u}=Q@=v@ "Ovvm|t xO=iDU= Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O xawtHt R= |DQ=_v
"CU= Q=O?UJQ@ |}xv}tR |=yxO=O uOQw; CUO x@ =yVwQ R= xDUO u}= VN@
u}W=t ,=DOta 'Ov=xDiQ Q=mx@ |raH C=Q_v hWm QO xm |DQ=_v |Q}oO=} |=ysD}Qwor=
|=yVwQ syt |oS}w [75'3] "OvDUy xO=U R}@ w l}DUHr uw}UQoQ 'u=@}DWB Q=OQ@
hWm QO XwYNx@ '|oS}w u}= "CU= Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O x@ R=}vsOa |DQ=_vQ}e
OvtOwU Q=}U@ 'CU= pmWt u; QO =yxO=O u}= uOQw; CUO x@ xm |raH C=Q_v
"CU=
[2]
|}=U=vW |xrUt |DQ=_vQ}e |=yVwQ u}@ R= 'xOWs=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |m} QO
|}=U=vW CQwYx@ xrUt u}= "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot u=Q@Q=m pwtatQ}e |=yQ=DiQ
OwW|t h} QaD C=Q=_Dv= R= |}xawtHt &OwW|t xrwtQi Q=_Dv= R= QwO Oa=wk R= |ywQo
| =_ |r
94
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|=yxwQo w Oa=wk "CU= xOW |iQat =yu; |=Q@ R}v \@DQt uOw@ xQ_DvtQ}e Q=}at w
R= QwO "CU= u=oOvyOQ_v |O=aQ}e w pwtatQ}e |=yQ=DiQ Qou=Wv Q=_Dv= R= QwO
Vw=m |w=mxO=O l}vmD "OwW|t h} QaD C=Q=_Dv= R= h=QLv= CQwYx@ uOw@ Q=_Dv=
[8] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t QO |ywQo u=@rkDt uDi=} |=Q@ 4 QQmt sqk=
CU= xDiQ Q=mx@
"Ovvm|t |yOQ_v pwYLt u}OvJ |wQ =yxwQo QO u=Q@Q=m xm pqODU= u}= =@
[9] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |m} QO
|a}@] `}RwD l} xm CU= u}= |rY= ZQi
|=Q@ =Q O=Qi= xm ?rkDt |Q=HD C}OwHwt l} "OQ=O OwHw C=R=}Dt= w C=Q_v QO
QO "OQ}o|t xrY=i |a}@] `}RwD u}= R= 'Ovm|t s=ONDU= |raH C=Q_v uDWwv
"CU= xOW |UQQ@ |mD C=Q_v QO ?rkD X}NWD |xrUt [10] 'Qo}O |}xar=]t
5
xU =yv; &Ov=xOQm p}O@D |v=tR |wor= hWm |xrUt x@ =Q xrUt u}= u=oOvU} wv
l} TBU "Ovvm|t CrqO xrtL `wv u}= Q@ xm Ov=xOQm |}=U=vW |a}tHD |xQ=t;
u=oOvyOQ_v u}kkLt "Ovvm|t O=H}= |vLvt VR=Q@ T=U=Q@ 6 |Oa@OvJ |v=tR |QU
w [11] Ovvm|t pOt hwmQ=t |iO=YD u=O}t CQwYx@ =Q =yu=Qwi QO =yv; |oDU@ty w
[12] |DQ=_vQ}e pOt l} QO "Ovvm|t xO=iDU= G=DvDU= |=Q@ 7 |}xNQJ Qw=@ Q=WDv= R=
xrwtQi |Ov@xWwN |xrUt l} CQwYx@ xrUt 'u} R}@ OQm}wQ l} R= xO=iDU= =@
&CU= xDiyv u=Qo}O x@ C@Uv u=@rkDt Q=DiQ Cw=iDt O=a@= QO |rY= |xR}ov= "OwW|t
"OwW|t ?rkDtQ}e w ?rkDt |xWwN wO u}@ |a}RwD |}=Qo=w O=H}= Ea=@ Qt= u}=
Q}}eD |xOy=Wt =@ "OwW|t xWwN wO |D}atH `}RwD |Q}oO=} x@ QHvt pOt G=DvDU=
Qw]x@ C=Q_v QO |Q=mCUOsOa =} |Q=mCUO 'u=tR pw] QO Q=DWwv l@U QO
[13] "OwW|t G=DvDU= |DQ=_vQ}e
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
uOw@ |YNW u}@ RQt =yv; QO xm Ov=|vyP |D=i}YwD C=Q_v xm =QJ 'CU= Q=wWO w
CqmWt u}= |R=UxO=U |=Q@ "CU= swrat=v |raH C=Q_v w u}}=B C}i}m =@ Q_v 'Q_v
u}kkLt "CU= xOW x}yD |Q}os}tYD QO u=oQ@N x@ ltm |=Q@ |Q=mD@= |=yXN=W
|iQat sD}Qwor= \UwD xOW hWm lwmWtQ}e w lwmWt C=Q_v R= |}xawtHtQ}R
u=v; [14] "OvyO|t Q=Qk u=@=}RQ= Q=}DN= QO |UQQ@ |=Q@ 'C=Q_v Q}=U x=Qtyx@ =Q xOW
w [20w8] 'Ovvm|t |@=}RQ= 5 =} 1 R=}Dt= |va} |]=Qi= C=R=}Dt= T=U=Q@ =Q C=Q_v
Q=}DN= QO |DUO |UQR=@ |=Q@ =Q q=@ Cy@=Wt =@ C=Q_v CiH |iO=YD CQwYx@
Q=}U@ C=Q_v QO ?rkD X}NWD |=Q@ u=Uv= |}=v=wD [22w21] "OvyO|t Q=Qk XYNDt
[3]
|DUO |vR?UJQ@ |}=Q=m C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ |y=wo x@ xm |Qw]x@ 'CU= h}a[
"CU}v QDy@ |iO=YD ?=NDv= Cr=L R=
"Ovvm|t x[Qa |@ wN |=y?} QkD =yxvt=O R= |NQ@ QO |Q=mD@= |=yOQm}wQ
u=wvax@ |Q=QmDxt}v =} |Q=QmD C=Q_v '\@DQtQ}e C=Q_v R= |Y=N `=wv= hPL R= TB
[5] "OvQwN|t ?UJQ@ |raH C=Q_v
|@=}RQ= |=Q@ h=QLv= Q=}at l} |OQ=wt QO
xOW |iQat QiU xQw=Wt QO =ypDy |raH C=Q_v uDN=UQ=mW; QO =yVwQ Q}F-=D
[23] "CU=
xHwD p@=k h=QLv= ?Hwt xv=@rkDt C=Q_v xm CU= u}= |rm |xOa=k
'Ovm hPL =Q |raH C=Q_v xm |Q=mwR=U u}=Q@=v@ "OwW|t =ypDy C}@ w@Lt |Ov@x@DQ
|y@=Wt |xawtHt xm |v=tR =@ xU}=kt QO |Q}osWJ Qw]x@ =Q C}@ w@Lt ?}DQD u}=
xOW QDr}i C=Q_v u}kkLt [24] "OyO|t Q}}eD 'OvwW hPL |iO=YD Qw]x@ C=Q_v R=
C=Q_v xm u=Q@Q=m C=Q_v |v=@ R}t |=yC}=U u} QDnQR@ R= |m} yelp.com R=
?=UL x@ |raHQ}e =Q xOW QDr}iQ}e C=Q_v w |raH =Q Ovm|t QDr}i =Q lwmWt
Qw]x@ xOWO}rwD C=Q_v X}NWD |=Q@ |@ wJQ=J |Oa@ C=ar=]t QO [25w7] "OvQw;|t
[16] Ci=} xaUwD Q=mOwN
|raH ?UJQ@ =@ |=yxO=O |=Q@ |oDN=U |=yxO=O R= w
QO xrtH u} QDx@=Wt =@ Q_v l} QO xrtH Qy |v} Ro}=H =@ =yxO=O u}= "OW xO=iDU=
C=Q_v X}NWD |DQ=_vQ}e pOt G}=Dv |@=}RQ= |=Q@ "OvwW|t O}rwD C=Q_v uRNt
|=Q@ [12] "OW |iQat O}OH x=Q l} '|DUO |vR?UJQ@ xvwoQy x@ R=}v uwO@ |raH
xawtHt =@ |DQ=_v pOt VRwt; |=yxO=O |=Q@ |DQ=_vQ}e pOt G}=Dv R= Qw_vt u}=
=yVwQ Q}F-=D |@=}RQ= |=Q@ "CU= xOW xO=iDU= pw= pOt QO xOWvxO=iDU= |=y|oS}w
[23] "OW |iQat h=QLv= Q=}at l} R}v =ypDy |raH C=Q_v |R=UQ=mW; QO
'=yxO}= 'R=}v OQwt C=tON uOQw; CUO x@ R= CU= CQ=@a |Q=BU`tH OQm}wQ
`=tDH= l} R= XwYNx@ O=Qi= nQR@ xwQo l} R= |Q=mty CU=wNQO =@ =wDLt =}
xO=iDU= =@ w \NQ@ C=Q_v OQwt QO "|DvU u=oOvvmu}t-=D =} u=vmQ=m |=H x@ \NQ@
Q=}U@ |OQ=Ov=DU= |xv=@rkDt |=wDLt u=wD|t 10 |vi lQwD uwJty |}=yx=o}=B R=
s=Hv= C=k}kLD R= |NQ@ QO "OQm O}rwD CU= xOW xOy=Wt pta QO xJv; x@ x}@W
[3] CU= xOW xO=iDU= =yxO=O u}= O}rwD |=Q@ |vi lQwD R= xOW
Qo}O |D=ar=]t QO w
R= |ywQo [26] "CU= xOW O}rwD |ivt Cq}=tD =@ x@=Wt C=Q_v R= |}xO=O xawtHt
[17w16] "Ov=xOQm xO=iDU= xOW O}rwD |=yxO=O u}= R= R}v C=ar=]t
j}kL
D VwQ "3
|=yVqD"CU= |raHC=Q_v hWm|=Q@Q=mOwN |tDU}U|xaUwD'j}kLD u}=hOy
R=e; 2008 p=U QO Vv=Q=mty w p=Ov}H |xr=kt =@ xRwL u}= QO xDiQoCQwY
|rLt |=y|oS}w Q@ OQm}wQ l} C=}@O= QO OwHwt |=yVwQ u=}t R= "CU= xOW
R}v w 'pwYLt w Q_v |xOvU} wv |=y|oS}w 'uDt |=y|oS}w xrtHR= =yC}OwHwt
|=yxO=O Q@ |vD@t |Ov@xk@] pOt w CU= Q=wDU= u=oOvyOQ_v |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
95
u=tR O}OH ,qt=m Q_v l} uDWwv |=Q@ |vwv=k u=Q@Q=m |xR=Ov=x@ u=@rkDt xm|}=Hv;
[14w8] "OW=@ u=Um} ,qt=m =} x}@W CU= umtt C=Q_v u}= uDt 'Ovvm|tv hQY
|U=UL= p}rLD w C}@]k '|}=v=wN '|}=vat s=HUv= pt=W uDt R= |irDNt |=yx@vH
CQwYx@ =Q xrUt [3] `HQt [18w17'16'13] "Ov=xOW xDiQoQ=mx@ |D=k}kLD xRwL u}= QO
|D=@U=Lt |q=@ |=yxv} Ry "Ov}@|t u=@R |U=vWv=wQ R= xO=iDU= =@ ?} Qi X}NWD
u=kkLt xm OvDUy |r}qO xrtH R= uDt K}LY=v |=yp}rLD p}rO x@ |}=Q=m |=yxrD w
"Ovvm|t ?=vDH= C=Q_v uDt p}rLD R=
Q=Owtv Q@ |vD@t |=yp}rLD O
xOvyOQ_v l} =} Q_v l} p}rLD |wQ |raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OwHwt |=yQ=mQDW}@
=Q xOvyOQ_v =} Q_v OvJ u}@ xwkr=@ C=]=@DQ= xm u}= uwO@ Ov=xOW RmQtDt u=tR l} QO
CqwYLt w u=oOvyOQ_v 'C=Q_v |xm@W xm |}=yVwQ Qo}O |wU R= "OvQw; ?=ULx@
|=wDLt R= QD=Qi xm =Q |Q=DN=U sqa |QDV}@ Ci=Q_ =@ Ovv=wD|t OvQ}o|t Q=mx@ =Q
[4] "Ovvm |R=UxYqN =Q Ov=xO=U C=Q=mD@= w Q_v
X}NWD |=Q@ |WwQ u}kkLt
[
8
]
xOW |iQat VwQ QO "Ovvm|t |iQat hOy CqwYLt |wQ ?rkDt |=yxwQo
|=yxwQo u=wvax@ O}Ov=m |=yxwQo R= |}xawtHt uDi=} |=Q@ QQmt sqk= Vw=m =OD@=
R= xDiQoQ@ |Q=DiQ pOt u}OvJ R= TBU w &OwW|t xDiQo Q=mx@ Q=O?UJQ@ ?rkDt
"OQ}o|t xQy@ CqwYLt w O=Qi= '=yxwQo u}@ \@=wQ
xQo `wv xU pt=W Tv=HDtQ}e Q=Owtv O}OH swyit [19] |Oa@ C=ar=]t QO
|=Q@ xOvwWQ=QmD |D=@U=Lt pOt l} w xOW O=yvW}B x=oWwQi w Q_v 'xOvyOQ_v
=@ C=]=@DQ= 'C=Q_v Q=Owtv QO "CU= xDi=} xaUwD lwmWt u=oOvyOQ_v |}=U=vW
Q=@Da= w C=Q_v |DUQO 'u=oOvyOQ_v O=tDa= C}r@=k |U=U= swyit xU |iQat
"OvwW|t KQ]t =yv; Cqt=aD w =yx=oWwQi
[
19
] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ QO
C}OwHwt xU u}@ C=]=@DQ= |xrUt
Q_v QO u=oOvyOQ_v OwN u}@ =} C=Q_v OwN u}@ C=]=@DQ= =t= 'CU= xOW ^=Lr
uO=O Ovw}B j} Q] R= [19] u}W}B C=ar=]t QO C=]=@DQ= `wv u}= "CU= xOWv xDiQo
Q}F-=D Ovv=wD@ xmv; |=Q@ u=@rkDt "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot u=Qwi l} QO u=oOvyOQ_v
Qo}Om} =@ 'OvQ=Po@ |UQQ@ OQwt pwYLt C}i}m R= u=Q@Q=m \=@vDU= Q@ |}xOta
w 'Q=Owtv Q=WDv= VwQ 'Q=Owtv l} j}kLD u}= QO "Ovvm|t Q=m |ywQo CQwY x@
u}@ |Q=mty `wkw &CU= xOW |iQat u=@rkDt |}=U=vW |=Q@ |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W
|iNt |=yxQo u}@ xOvyOp=YD= p=} l} =@ lQDWt VyH l} QO xOvyOQ_v wO
R= xar=]t u}= QO "OwW|t xO=O u=Wv hwmQ=t |iO=YD u=O}t QO =yv; x@ \w@ Qt
|=yQ=Owtv |wQ |@} QkD G=DvDU= p=Ut pL |=Q@ xm |}xNQJ s=}B Q=WDv= sD}Qwor=
"CU= xOW xO=iDU= OQ=O OQ@Q=m Q=OCyHQ}e
|WN@wO |xm@W l} CQwYx@ =Q C=Q_v |xO=O xawtHt u}kkLt R= |NQ@
COWx@ xO=O xawtHt QO <=}W= ?UJQ@ [4] "Ov=xO=O u=Wv CqwYLt w u=Q@Q=m u}@
"CU= xOW h} QaD |Qo}O T=U=Q@ s=Om Qy xm =QJ Ov=xDU@ty
xO=O |vR?UJQ@ "2"2
|=Q@ |@UJQ@ OwHwsOa QO |raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OQi x@ QYLvt Vr=J
|}=yVwQ u}=Q@=v@ "CU= u=oOvyOQ_v uOw@ lwmWt =} C=Q_v uOw@ |raH u}}aD
xU x@ C=}@O= QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yOQm}wQ "Ov=xOW O=yvW}B xO=O u}= O}rwD |=Q@
OQwt OwHwt C=ar=]t QDW}@ QO xm |WwQ &|DUO OQm}wQ "1 %OwW|t s}UkD xwQo
xQ@N |v=Uv= pt=a OvJ =} l} \UwD C=Q_v Q}UiD u; QO w xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU=
xv} RyQB Q=}U@ xO=O nQR@ |=yT=}kt QO XwYNx@ |DUO OQm}wQ "OQ}o|t s=Hv=
u
Q_ uD
| xm@
=a =]
u
OvDU
wt Q |vD@
=
=
Qw_vtu}O@"OwW|t|R=UxO=t; =yC}OwHwtR=}vOQwt |rLt|=y|oS}w xrLQt u}=QO =yC}OwHwt p@=kDt C=Q}F-=D T=U=Q@ w xOQm h} QaD =Q x=oWwQi w pwYLt 'xOvyOQ_v
R= xO=iDU= =@ u; R= jDWt |=y|oS}w w xOW hPL =yxO=O R= O}itQ}e |=y|oS}w
[19w4] "Ovm|t u}}aD =Q =yC}OwHwt R= l} Qy ?UJQ@ |Q=QmD Ov}=Qi l} QO
|=y|oS}w "OwW|t xOwRi= u; x@ uDt x@ \w@ Qt |=y|oS}w u}vJty w |a}tHD `@=wD |}=yvDx@ s=OmQy =yu; u}@ |}xm@W C=Q}F-=D w =yC}OwHwt |rLt |=y|oS}w
"Ovvm|t Q=mW; =Q ?rkD |=yxv=Wv R= |WN@ =yC}OwHwt |rLt =yu; R= |Q}oxQy@ xm 'OvQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO =Q ?rkD R=UQ=mW; |=yxv=Wv R= |WN@
u}W}B C=ar=]t QO |@rkD C=Q_v X}NWD sDU}U |xaUwD |=Q@ u=tRty Qw]x@
\=@DQ= |xm@W p}mWD %swU |xrLQt "3"4 |D=ar=]t Qw_vt u}tyx@ "CU= VywSB u}= |rY= hOy w CU= xDiQov CQwY
|xaUwD |=Q@ |WwQ w CiQo CQwY xOW KQ]t |xrUt pL VwQ XwYNQO
|@ wNx@ |@=}Q=R=@ |xRwL QO O=Qi= C=t}tYD |yOpmW QO |a=tDH= C=Q}F-=D Pwiv
Q@Q=m w Q_v Q_v `wv R= |}=yxm@W xm OW |iQat Q_v OQwt sDU}U
|xm@W Q@ |vD@t Qox}YwD |=ysDU}U Q@ xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t QO "CU= xOW xDN=vW =QQ@QQ=@Qm ='Om =tD a=s
Oa 'O=tDa= pt=W C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ= Q=}at u}OvJ |Q}oQ=mx@ =@
[4] "CU= xOW xO=iDU= u=DUwO C=L}HQD |Q}oO=} |=Q@ \@=wQ u}= R= '|a=tDH=
u}=
@=Q |w=mxO=O R= TBU "OyO|t xaUwD Q_v OQwNR=@ w lQDWt pwYLt w
"OwW xDiQo Q_v QO |raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ O}=@ u=oOvyOQ_v u}@ |vt[ C=]=@DQ= |C=}x]
Q_v hWm |=Q@ |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= |x}=B Q@ '=yxm@W u}= QO
Q_v l} Q=@Da= VHvU |=Q@ u=wD|t |a=tDH= C=]=@DQ= u}vJ R= xm s}OkDat =t
u}@ |oDU@=w R= xO=iDU= Q@ |vD@t sD}Qwor= u}= "OW xO=iDU= |raH
"OQm xO=iDU= |xO=yy=WQ}eDt t\VRQ=
NQ@ C=Q_v |=yxO=O xawtHt QO xm CU= \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt QO x@=Wt
hr= XNW u; T=U=Q@ xm CU= |vyP p=tDL= l} O=tDa= %O=tDa= |xm@W |xrLQt QO xO=O |xawtHt wO R= xO=iDU= =@ VwQ u}= G}=Dv p}rLD w |@=}RQ= "OwW|t
[24] "OW=@ |w x=iQ |xOvvmu}t-=D ? XNW |=yC}r=ai OQ=O Q=_Dv=
Q}@aD x@
"CU= xDiQ}PB s=Hv= j}kLD u}= |}=yv
Q=DiQ =} O=O}wQ l} |xH}Dv |xQ=@QO OQi l} |xv=v}@VwN Q=_Dv= O=tDa= Qo}O
[27] "CU= XNW l}
xJv=vJ |O=a u=Q@Q=m OwQ|t Q=_Dv= h}Q=aD u}= T=U=Q@
w O=tDa= w= x@ 'Ovvm |@=}RQ= xv=kO=Y w O=tDa= p@=k =Q |YNW l} ?wDmt C=Q_v
|O=yvW}B VwQ |iQat "4
XwYNx@ ?rkDt u=Q@Q=m u}@ |]@=wQ u}vJ "Ovvm hPL =Q w= CQwYu}= Q}e QO
|O=Qi= C=Q_v R= xwkr=@ u=} QDWt xm =QJ "OwW|t xOy=Wt |ywQo |=yC}r=ai QO j@=]t 'u=} QDWt |raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ |}xrLQt GvB VwQ l} VN@ u}= QO
"OwW|t xO=O KQW xt=O= QO VwQ u}= hrDNt pL=Qt "OwW|t O=yvW}B '1 pmW
'OvO=tDa=|@ u; x@ Q@Q=m |OwOat O=OaD w Ov=xOQm O=tDa= u; x@ |O=}R u=Q@Q=m xm
|=v@tQ@ \@DQt C=Q_v xm Cio u=wD|t |OwyW Qw]x@ "OvQ=O |QDW}@ |Q}PB Q}F-=D
w |@rkD ^=Lr R= |QDW}@ p=tDL= =@ 'Qo}Om} x@ O=tDa=sOa w O=tDa= |xm@W
=yxO=O |Qw;`tH %pw= |xrLQt "1"4
|=Q@ =Q \=@DQ= `wv u}= CyH u}= R= "OvQ}o|tQ=Qk xDUO l} QO uOw@ K}LY R= pwYLt w Q@Q=m Q}_v '\@DQt <=}W= w C=Q_v |=y|oS}w pt=W =yxO=O u}=
"s}v=O|t O}it |raH C=Q_v hWm "OwW|t |@=}R=@ u=} QDWt C=Q_v |=yC}=U?w =} |DvQDv}= |=yx=oWwQi C}=U?w
sDU}U QO R}v |Qo}O |xm@W 'O=tDa= |xm@W Q@ xwqa %Q_v OQwNR=@ |xm@W sy=Qi O=Qi= \UwD C=Q_v |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |QDy@ u=mt= xm OQ=O OwHw \NQ@ C=Q_v
u=WC=Q_v xawtHt T=U=Q@ =Q X=NW= O=tDa= |xm@W QO xJQo= "OQw;|t
C=Q_v lDlD |@=}RQ= |=Q@ u=mt= u}= OQwNR=@ |xm@W QO 's}vm|t |@=}RQ=
OQwNR=@ =} xv=@rkDt Q_v l} |=Q@ C@Ft OQwNR=@ C@F s}Q=O Q=_Dv= "OwW|t sy=Qi
xOvyO OQwNR=@ uOw@ ?rkDt |xv=Wv 'Q@Q=m l} \UwD K}LY Q_v l} |=Q@ |ivt
uO=OQ=Qk =@ Ovv=wD|t u=Q@Q=m "Ot=Hv}@ w= C=Q_v uOw@ xv=@rkDt G=DvDU= x@ w OW=@
QDW}@ |=yOQwNR=@ Q@Dat C=Q_v "OvQw; OwHw x@ =Q |D=]=@DQ= 'C=Q_v |wQ OQwNR=@
"Ovvm|t Ci=}QO =Q |QDC@Ft w
C}r=ai |ywQo CQwYx@ ,qwtat u=@rkDt %lQDWt pwYLtw Q@Q=m Q@ |vD@t xm@W C}=Oy lQDWt `@vt l} j} Q] R= |rw OvU=vWv =Q Qo}Om} Qo= |DL 'Ovvm|t
xR=@ l} QO XwYNx@ 'hOy pwYLt |wQ =Q OwN C=Q_v ?rkDt xwQo "OvwW|t
'pwYLt |rm R=}Dt= uDN=U hQLvt =@ =yxwQo u}= "Ovm|t p=UQ= 'x=Dwm |v=tR
C=Q_v R= |Q=OQ@xNUv =@ ?rkDt |=yxwQo "OvyO|t Q}}eD =Q CqwYLt x@ p}=tD
Qo}O |wU R= "Ovvm|t O=H}= x@=Wt |rLt |=y|oS}w =@ \@DQt C=Q_v 'O=Qi= Q}=U
w Q_v uDt Cy@=Wt Q_v R= OvwW|t \@DQt sy =@ lQDWt Q@Q=m =@ xm |D=Q_v
|=yxv=Wv OQivt Cr=L x@ C@Uv 'xQ}e w RwQ l} QO ,qFt p=UQ= u=tR Cy@=Wt
"|raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=Q@ |O=yvW}B VwQ "1 pmW
96
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
}= p@=kt QO [2w1] "Ov=xOW |vR?UJQ@ Q=mOwNxt}v CQwYx@ xm CU= |WRwt;
yxO=O |R=UxO=t; %swO |xrLQt "2"4 ' v t R= } W C r t }= " y Q=O v @ t | yVwQ ' yVwQ
=
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
Q_v Qy Tqm 'Q_v Qy |=y|oS}w Q@ xwqa 'T=U= u}=Q@ "Ovvm|t Q=mW; |QDW}@
D @ R=}Dt= u} QDsm w u} QDW}@ hqDN= x]@=Q u}= QO "OwW|t h} QaD 1
"CU=yu; |Ov@xk@] w lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m =@ C=Q_v |=y|oS}w Q}F-=D CLD
U t @ t u=R}t '1 R= uOW sm =@ w xOW p=tQv 'umtt hqDN= QFm=OL
Q@Q=m l} |=yR=}Dt= O=OaD w Cy@=Wt u=R}t xJQy jwi Q=}at T=U=Q@ "OwW|t
pwYLt l} |=Q@ =} Q@Q=m l} \UwD Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
T=U= Q@ "CU= QDsm C=Q_v u; x@ O=tDa= u=R}t 'OW=@ QDW}@ pwYLt l} |=Q@
"OW=@ xOW C@F lQDWt
[12] "OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO |@rkD xv=oOvJ C=Q_v XN=W u}=
xOvvmO=tDa= Q@Q=m B Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
Ou;p
1
u;p
u;p
u;p
"OW=@ A Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m |xOvvmhPL =}
S1
= n(R ) (1
4 (max(R ) min(R ))) (1)
pwYLt l} |=Q@ |O=a Q@Q=m l} R=}Dt= OwQ|t Q=_Dv= "\UwDt R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= "2 |=Q@ |OQwNR=@ B Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
"OW=@ xOQmC@F A Q_v
QO |aU ?rkDt xm =Hv; R= "OW=@ pwYLt u; x@ u=Q@Q=m Q}=U R=}Dt= x@ l}ORv
Cw=iDt ,qt=m pwYLt l} x@ VvO=OR=}Dt= 'OQ=O pwYLt l} p} RvD =} `}iQD
=yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ %sQ=yJ |xrLQt "4"4
Q=}at u}= "OwW|t h} QaD Cw=iD u}= VHvU |=Q@ 2 |x]@=Q "CU= u} Q}=U R=
|xty |=Q@ u} Q}=U C=R=}Dt= u}ov=}t x@ C@Uv Q@Q=m R=}Dt= h=QLv= u}ov=}t
C=Q_v hWm |=ypOt |@=}RQ= w xaUwD QO R}ov=Q@Vr=J w |U=U= pL=Qt R= |m}
[12] "CU= xO=O R=}Dt= =yu; x@ Q@Q=m xm CU= |DqwYLt
QO xOW xO=iDU= OQm}wQ "CU= Q=O?UJQ@ xO=O xawtHt l} x@ |@=}CUO '|raH
|=yVwQ R= =Hv}= QO "O=O Q=Qk |Q=mD@= |=yOQm}wQ xwQo QO u=wD|t =Q j}kLD u}=
S2u = Avgu jru;p Avg(Rp )j
(2)
p2P
=yVwQ u}= "s} Q@|t xQy@ CU= xOW x=Q= |r@k C=ar=]t QO xm |raH C=Q_v hWm
QO =Q C=Q_v R= |O=}R sHL u=@rkDt QDW}@ "RwQ l} QO C=Q_v O=OaD u} QDW}@ "3 p}rOx@ xm CU= u; VwQ u}= C} Rt "Ov=xOW ?=NDv= xv}tR u}= QO jiwt |=yQ=m R=
Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O R= |O=tDa= p@=k |xawtHt u=wD|t jiwt |=y|@=}RQ= s=Hv=
l} QO Q@Q=m \UwD xOW x=Q= C=Q_v O=OaD u} QDW}@ "Ovvm|t p=UQ= RwQ l}
"CW=O Q=}DN= QO
[12] %CU= u}@rkDt X}NWD |=Q@ |@ wN XN=W 3 |x]@=Q j@] 'RwQ
|=ysDU}U R= |O=}R VN@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w R= pw= OQ@y=Q QO
S3u =
max
n(Otu )
(
3
)
|
xar=]t w u=@rkDt |=Q@ OOaDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w |iQat x@ 'C=}@O= QO OwHwt
t:every one day
R= |NQ@ uOw@ VN@O}t= Qou=Wv C=ar=]t u}= [12] "CU= xDi=} X=YDN= u; G}=Dv
C=Q_v ,qwtat =yu; &OvDU}v |DOtOvr@ u=Q@Q=m ,qwtat u=@rkDt "C}r=ai |xQHvB "4 |Q=DiQ |=ywor= u}= |Ov@xrwtQi =@ "CU= u=@rkDt hWm |=Q@ xOW |iQat |=y|oS}w
xm |r=LQO "Ovvm|t C@F O=}R O=OaD x@ w x=Dwm |v=tR |xQHvB l} QO =Q OwN
\UwD ?re= |raH C=Q_v "O@=}|t X=YDN= Q@Q=m Qy x@ O=tDa= C}r@=k R= |}xHQO
x=Q= COtOvr@ |v=tR |=yxR=@ QO w |y=o OvJ R= Qy =Q OwN C=Q_v |O=a u=Q@Q=m
CiQo xH}Dv u=wD|t "OwW|t xDWwv Ovvm|t Ci=}QO V=O=B Q=m u}= |=Q@ xm |O=Qi=
u} QN; w u}rw= |v=tR hqDN= |x@U=Lt =@ Q=DiQ u}= Qou=Wv XN=W "Ovvm|t
K} QWD R= p@k "Ov=|raH C=Q_v 'sm O=tDa= C}r@=k =@ u=Q@Q=m x@ ?UDvt C=Q_v xm
[12] %OwW|t x@U=Lt 4 |x]@=Q QO Q@Q=m Qy |=Q@ xOW C@F Q_v
%s}vm|t |iQat =Q xO=iDU= OQwt |=yO=tv |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
&u=Q@Q=m R= xvwtv l} %u
S4u = Last(Ru ) First(Ru )
( 4)
&C=Q_v |xty |xawtHt %O
&C=Q_v R= xvwtv l} %o
OW=@ QDq=@ xv=DU; OL l} R= =yu; |=Q@ jwi |=yXN=W R= l} Qy xm |v=Q@Q=m
&u Q@Q=m C=Q_v |xawtHt %ou
|raH C=Q_v u=wvax@ u=@rkDt x@ \w@ Qt C=Q_v "OvQ}o|t ?UJQ@ ?rkDt u=wvax@
&p pwYLt |=Q@ u Q@Q=m Q_v %ou;p
"OwW|t xDN=vW
&CqwYLt xty |xawtHt %P
C=trm |xr=@vO |=y|oS}w xawtHt w C=Q_v uDt R= xO=iDU= =@ swO OQ@y=Q QO
&CqwYLt R= xvwtv l} %p
"OvwW|t |Ov@xk@] C=Q_v 'SVM |Ov@xk@] sD}Qwor= R= xO=iDU= =@ |}xtrmwO Qw=Ht
[3] "CU= |raH C=Q_v X}NWD l}vmD R= xDiQoQ@ VwQ u}=
&u \UwD xOW |yOQ_v CqwYLt |xawtHt %P u
&p pwYLt x@ xOW xO=O 5 =D 1 C=R=}Dt= |xawtHt %Rp
&p pwYLt x@ u Q@Q=m R=}Dt= %ru;p
sD}Qwor= R= xO=iDU= =@ G=DvDU= w |Q}oO=} %sHvB |xrLQt "5"4
&p pwYLt x@ u Q@Q=m C=R=}Dt= xawtHt %Ru;p
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W
"s=i |Q=DiQ XN=W %Siu
u=WC}y=t =yu=tR=U \UwD xOW |Qw;`tH |=yxO=O xawtHt R= |Q=}U@ OvJQy
?rkD |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W "1"4"4
|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O |wQ u}W=t |Q}oO=} C=ar=]t R= |Q=}U@ Rwvy 'CU= |}x]@=Q
w Tv=HDt <=}W= |=y|oS}w =yxvwtv '|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O QO "Ov=xOQm RmQtD K]Ut %R= Ov=CQ=@a Ovm|t |}=U=vW =Q u=Q@Q=mQO lwmWt |=yQ=DiQ xm |YN=W Q=yJ
=yxvwtv |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O QO xm |r=L QO 'Ovvm|t ^iL =Q |Q=t; ^=Lrx@ pkDUt
C=Q_v Vw=m |=ysDU}U G}=Dv uDN=U hQLvt |=Q@ u=@rkDt "|}=DOvJ R=}Dt= "1
[28] "OvDUy =yu; u}@ \@=wQ w Tv=HDt=v |=}W= |=y|oS}w ^i=L w CU= pwYLt R= u=Q@Q=m |rm |@=}RQ= =} pwYLt |Ov@x@DQ =yu; |HwQN xm
|}x]@=Q |=yl}vmD R= xO=iDU= |=Q@ sRq |xR}ov= ?Hwt |oDU@tyOwN OwHw
R= |y@=Wt |xawtHt j}QRD x@ s=Ok= C=Q_v u=oOvv=wN C=U=UL= Q}}eD |=Q@
x@=Wt |=yQ}eDt VRQ= u}@ |oDU@=w '|oDU@tyOwN "CU= G=DvDU= w |Q}oO=} QO
|x]@=Q CQwYx@ C=Q_v |=Q@ xv=oOvJ R=}Dt= XN=W "Ovvm|t C=Q_v w C=R=}Dt=
@
Q s}Uk =
x@ =L Cy =W
97
xOW |iQat VwQ |@=}RQ= w =QH= "5
@ 11 |D}t}Um=QB R=@uDt Q=Ri=sQv R= xO=iDU= =@ xar=]t u}= QO xOW |iQat VwQ
RAM 4 00 GB w Core(TM) i5, 1 73 GHz |xOvR=OQB l} R= xO=iDU=
"OW =QH= 13 epinions w [6] 12 uwR=t; |=yxO=O xawtHt |wQ
=
uwR=t; |xO=O xawtHt "1"5
w u} QDnQR@ R= |m} 'uwR=t; |=yxO=O xawtHt x@ \w@ Qt C=}RH 1 pwOH QO
2000 =yxO=O u}= R= "CU= xOt; '|m}vwQDmr= CQ=HD |=yC}=U?w u} QDjiwt
CqwYLt u}= x@ \w@ Qt u=Q@Q=m w C=Q_v w '?=NDv= |iO=YD Qw]x@ pwYLt
"OW G=QNDU=
|rY= |=y|oS}w xawtHt w OW |R=UxO=t; =yxO=O 'VwQ pw= |xrLQt j@=]t
pt=W Q@Q=m |=y|oS}w %OW G=QNDU= uwR=t; xO=O xawtHt |=Q@ xOW jDWt w
x=Q= C=Q_v pw] u}ov=}t w 'Q@Q=m \UwD xOW xO=O C=R=}Dt= u}ov=}t 'Q@Q=m |x@DQ
u}ov=}t T=U= Q@ pwYLt C}i}m pt=W pwYLt |=y|oS}w 'Q@Q=m \UwD xOW
'pwYLt Qy C=Q_v O=OaD T=U= Q@ pwYLt C}@ w@Lt 'pwYLt x@ xOW xO=O R=}Dt=
O=OaD '=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD 'C=Q_v ?}DQD QO C}akwt pt=W C=Q_v |=y|oS}w 'Ct}k
uDt pw] 'Q_v u=wva pw] 'R=}Dt= 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ OYQO 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@
R=}Dt= =}; OyO|t u=Wv xm |}wOwO |oS}w l} 'uOw@ Q_v =yvD 'uOw@ Q_v u}rw= 'Q_v
|}=v=wN XN=W T=U= Q@ xm Q_v uDt |oO}J}B w Q}N =} CUy 5 =} 1 xOW xO=O
XNWt =Q uDt uOw@ lQO p@=k u=R}t w OwW|t x@U=Lt 5 pwtQi j@] Q=mOwN
[13] %CU= uDt CqtH O=OaD S w C=trm O=OaD W 'hwQL O=OaD C "Ovm|t
ARI = 4 71(C=W ) + 0 5(W=S ) = 21 43
( 5)
OQ@Q=m uwR=t; |=yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ |=Q@ 'p@k VN@ QO xOW xO=O KQW pw= OQ@y=Q
|=Q@ xv=DU; Q}O=kt "OwW|t x@U=Lt =yxO=O xawtHt |wQ |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W "OQ=O
} @=Q |=yxO=O xawtHt |xty |oS}w ,=@} QkD u}= w CU= \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt QO
CU= |DYQi 'OvyO|t u=Wv |oDU@tyOwN |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O xm |v=tR "CU=
Ov=wD|t <|W l} |xQ=@QO G=DvDU= xm =QJ 'pOt |}=Q=m <=kDQ= R= |OvtxQy@ |=Q@
u=} QDWt C=Q_v xO=O xawtHt [28] "Ovm ltm \@DQt <=}W= |xQ=@QO G=DvDU= x@
p}rOx@ "CU= Tv=HDt=v <=}W= =@ |}x]@=Q |xO=O xawtHt l} R= |}xvwtv \NQ@
|xm@W sD}Qwor= ltmx@ |}x]@=Q |w=mxO=O R= 'C=Q_v xO=O xawtHt |}x]@=Q C}y=t
OQ@Q=m |ovwoJ lQO Qw_vtx@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= xar=]t u}= QO |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w
|iQat VN@ u}= QO '=yC}OwHwt \@=wQ w |rLt |=y|oS}w ?}mQD QO sD}Qwor= u}=
"OwW|t x=Q= sD}Qwor= u}= R= |y=Dwm
pOt 'xO=O Q=Owtv xU '|m}i=Qo pOt l} =@ |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O |R=UpOt s=ovy
l} \UwD |}x]@=Q |xO=O xawtHt |=tW "OQ=O OwHw pOt =@ \@DQt G=DvDU= w
u}@ \@=wQ =yp=} w '<=}W= |xOv}=tv =yxQo u; QO xm GD = (VD ; ED ) Q=Owtv
sqk= R= `wv Qy &OQ=O `wv l} p=} Qy w xQo Qy "OwW|t xO=O u=Wv CU= <=}W=
l} =@ =yxQo =} =yp=} R= xvwtv Qy u}=Q@=v@ "OQ=O \@DQt |oS}w |O=OaD p=} w xQo pt=W
|=y|oDU@=w "OwW|t \@DQt 'OwW|t u}}aD u; `wv =@ xm |oS}w VRQ= R= xawtHt
|=y|oS}w "OvwW|t xO=O u=Wv GM = (VM ; EM ) pOt Q=Owtv QO =y|oS}w u}@
x@ u}vJty <|W u=ty Qo}O |=y|oS}w x@ |r=tDL= CQwYx@ Ov=wD|t <|W l}
GD QO C=]=@DQ= "OW=@ xDU@=w GD QO \@DQt |=yOvw}B w =}W= Q}=U |=y|oS}w
xawtHt xH}DvQO w umtt |Q=t; |=y|oDU@=w |=Q@ wHwCUH uOQmOwOLt |=Q@
QO <|W wO u}@ x]@=Q l} "OwW|t xO=iDU= OvwW|t Qy=_ GM QO xm |}=yp=}
|=Hx@ "CU}v GM QO =yu; |=y|oS}w u}@ |Dq=tDL= |oDU@=w OHwt ,=twRr GD
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W 'X=N |=}W= |=y|oS}w |wQ |oDU@=w Q=DN=U O=H}=
`}RwD l} x@ xQo Qy "Ovm|t h} QaD <|W `wv K]U QO |rm |oDU@=w Q=DN=U l}
R= |oS}w u}t=k |va} 'Xkt u}Or=w "CU= \@DQt =yQ}eDt Q}=U x@ \wQWt p=tDL=
QO xm OvDUy tj `wv R= |}=ysD}; |=y|oS}w =} tk `wv sqk= |=y|oS}w Q}=U 't `wv
[28] "CU= \@DQt G Q=Owtv QO t sD}; =@ t sD}; u;
D
j
k
\@DQt |vwQO |=y|oS}w R= |D@=F |xawtHt =yxOvQ}oO=} '|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O QO
s}tYD O}=@ =yxOvQ}oO=} '|}x]@=Q |=yxO=O QO p@=kt QO "Ovvm|t pOt =Q <|WQy x@
l} h=Q]= |}x]@=Q |o}=Uty R= u=R}t xJ |va} "Ovvm pOt =Q |O=OaD xJ xm OvQ}o@
[28] "OQ=Po@ Q}F-=D sD}; l} |=y|oS}w p=tDL= `}RwD Q@ Ov=wD|t sD};
Q=Owtv l} w pOt Q=Owtv l} R= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W 'G=DvDU= pw] QO
xOQDUo xm |Ov}=Qi QO GI = (VI ; EI ) G=DvDU= Q=Owtv l} |R=Uxvwtv |=Q@ xO=O
|xty u}@ |Dq=tDL= |=y|oDU@=w GI "Ovm|t xO=iDU= 'OwW|t xO}t=v uOW
Q=Owtv wO Qy \UwD GI Q=DN=U "OyO|t u=Wv =Q uwtR; xawtHt l} QO =yQ}eDt
xO=iDU= OQwt |xO=O Q=Owtv R= Cw=iDt GD '=Hv}= QO "OwW|t u}}aD GM w GD
=@ GM Q=OCyH pOt Q=Owtv l} R= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W "CU= VRwt; |=Q@
VM w[a vi xQo Qy "Ovm|t xO=iDU= P |]QW |=yp=tDL= `}RwD R= |}xawtHt
t
`}RwD l} =@ w CU= =y`wv |xawtHt T w[a t u; QO xm Xk l} =@ CU= Q@=Q@
[28] "CU= \@DQt P (xt jP A t ) |]QW
k
xk
w R |]QW |}x]@=Q |xOvQ}oO=} l} 'xO=O Q=Owtv l} pt=W sD}Qwor= |OwQw
Qy |=Q@ R QO xOW xDiQoQ_v QO |o}=Uty xm Qt s=vx@ =ywHwTQB R= xawtHt l}
R= sD}Qwor= '(Xkt ) `wv Qy R= |oS}w Qy w t *`wv Qy |=Q@ "Ovm|t XNWt =Q t *`wv
t
xawtHt uDW=O =@ Xk |=Q@ CPDs |]QW p=tDL= `}RwD l} |Q}oO=} |=Q@ R
"OwW|t XNWt Q \UwD |o}=Uty u}= &Ovm|t xO=iDU= u; |o}=Uty |=y|oS}w
"OwW|t xO=iDU= GM x@ uO=O pmW |=Q@ 'pY=L |]QW p=tDL= |=y`}RwD R=
| x]
98
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|=yxm@W QO Q=DN=U |Q}oO=} w =yQDt=Q=B OQw;Q@ |=Q@ R |]QW |}x]@=Q |xOvQ}oO=}
GM |=yp=} QO R \UwD xOW ?=NDv= |=yQ}eDt "OQ=O OQ@Q=m |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w
|oDU@=w |xm@W 'Ovm ?=NDv= =Q OwHwt |=y|oS}w |xty R Qo= "Ovm|t =O}B ?=DR=@
[28] "Ow@ Oy=wN pt=m pYDt |]=@DQ=
|rY= |xO=O Q=Owtv R= QDnQR@ Q=}U@ |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W G=DvDU= Q=Owtv
xO=O Q=Owtv |wQ wor= |]QW p=tDL= |=y`}RwD xawtHt GI CN=U |=Q@ "CU=
|oDU@=w |xm@W QO G=DvDU= |=Q@ R@}o |Q}oxvwtv R= "OwW|t xOQDUo uwtR; xawtHt
?}DQD l} u; QO xm Ovm|t xQ=W= |}x}wQ x@ R@}o |Q}oxvwtv "OwW|t xO=iDU= |]=@DQ=
|yOQ=Okt x=wNrO Q=Okt l} x@ Q}eDt Qy w OwW|t ?=NDv= =yQ}eDt R= |iO=YD
`}RwD T=U=Q@ u; Q=Okt w OwW|t C=kqt ?}DQDx@ ,=QQmt Q}eDt Qy TBU "OwW|t
|wQ GM pOt VQDUo =@ s-=wD `}RwD l} OQw;Q@ "OwW|t OOHt |yOQ=Okt u; |]QW
|xty |=yVRQ= "OwW|t `wQW GI Q=Owtv |yOpmW w GD hOy |xO=O xawtHt
|@ QHD Qw]x@ xm u}W}B |=y`}RwD R= xDiQoQ@ |=yVRQ= x@ xOWv xOy=Wt |=yQ}eDt
|Q}oxvwtv TBU "OvwW|t x}rw= |yOQ=Okt 'Ov=xOW |Q}oO=} VRwt; |=yxO=O R=
=@ 'u; |rLt |]QW `}RwD T=U=Q@ =Q xOWv xOy=Wt Q}eDt Qy xOvwWQ=QmD Qw]x@ R@}o
O=OaD R= TB "Ovm|t |vR?UJQ@ ,=OOHt 'Q=Owtv xOv=t|k=@ |rai C}a[w uDW=O
=Q =yxvwtv u=wD|t w OwW|t G=QNDU= Q=O}=B `}RwD l} R= =yVRQ= '?U=vt Q=QmD
[29] "OQm xO=iDU= Cq=tDL= OQw;Q@ |=Q@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
"uwR=t; |xO=O xawtHt C=YNWt "1 pwOH
=y|oS}w
O=OaD
v t 'Q_v u=wva 'R=}Dt= 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD '=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD 'M}Q=D 'pwYLt xU=vW 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 5838923 C=Q_v
|v=mt C}akwt 'OrwD M}Q=D 'x@DQ 's=v '|Q@Q=m s=v 'xU=vW
2237765 u=Q@Q=m
q=m KQW 'Ct}k 'OvQ@ '`wv 's=v 'xU=vW
6726649 =yq=m
Q_ uD
"|vR ?UJQ@ |=Q@ xv=DU; Q}O=kt "2 pwOH
C=Q_v O=OaD R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= |yOR=}Dt=
C}r=ai xQHvB
RwQ l} QO
\UwDt
|}=DOvJ
RwQ 28 R= QDtm
"uwR=t; xO=O |wQ |rY= |xm@W "2 pmW
Q=}at
v 5 R= QDW}@ R=}Dt= 2 5 R= QDW}@ 2 01 R= QDW}@ xv=DU; Q=Okt
Q_
" U= xOW |Q}oO=} OwHwt Q=O?UJQ@ xawtHt l} |wQ '|Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
"OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO 2 pwOH j@=]t |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W |=Q@ xv=DU; Q=Okt
u}= "OwW|t |iQat uwR=t; xawtHt |=Q@ C=Q_v R= |}xm@W 'swO |xrLQt QO
j@=]D Q=}at wHwTQB "OQ}o|t s=Hv= wHwTQB l} h} QaD =@ RDN sD}Qwor= QO Q=m
u}= T=U= Q@ "Ovm|t XNWt u; |]=@DQ= |o}=Uty w |RmQt <|W l} |=Q@ =Q
xm@W u}= QO "2 pmW OwW|t O=H}= xO=O Q=Owtv pm R= Q=OwtvQ}R l} wHwTQB
QO ,=L} QY pwYLt w Q@Q=m C}OwHwt wO =@ xm CU= |RmQt <|W |rY= Q_v
Q@Q=m |vt[ Q=}at T=U=Q@ C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ= 'jwi C=]=@DQ= Q@ xwqa "CU= \=@DQ=
"OwW|t xDiQo Q=mx@ R}v lQDWt pwYLt w
p}mWD C=Q_v \=@DQ= uwO@ |}xm@W 'xOW |iQat |xm@W |}=Q=m |UQQ@ |=Q@
Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt Q_v Qy |o}=Uty |=Q@ =Q Q@Q=m w pwYLt \ki Cr=L u}= "OW
xO=iDU= C=Q_v \=@DQ= xm@W |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |}=v@t u=wvax@ xm xm@W u}= "OyO|t
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 3 pmW QO 'OwW|t
|=Q@ pY=L RDN 4 pmW QO "OwW|t =QH= xm@W wO |=Q@ RDN sD}Qwor=
xOW xO=O u=Wv =v@t |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN 5 pmW QO w '|rY= |xm@W
"CU=
|=yu=tm "Ovm|t ?=NDv= pOt QO pwtW |=Q@ =Q =y|oDU@=w RDN sD}Qwor=
Qw]x@ "Ovm|t u=}@ =Q OL=w <|}W l} |=y|oS}w u}@ |=y|oDU@=w ?=k pN=O
|=yRQt R= xm |}=yu=tm "CU= Q=PoQ}F-=D Q_v uOw@ |@rkD |oS}w Q@ Q_v l} R=}Dt= p=Ft
"OvyO|t u=Wv =Q \@DQt <=}W= |=y|oS}w u}@ |=y|oDU@=w 'Ovvm|t Qw@a ?=k
[12] C
[12]
"uwR=t; xO=O |wQ =v@t xm@W "3 pmW
"uwR=t; |rY= xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "4 pmW
Epinions |xO=O xawtHt "2"5
"=v@t xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "5 pmW
C=}RH "OQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO =Q C=]=@DQ= R= |QD|ve C=aq]= =yxO=O R= xawtHt u}=
Q_v 2000 O=OaD xawtHt u}= R= "CU=xOt; 3 pwOH QO xO=O xawtHt x@ \w@ Qt
"OW ?=NDv= |iO=YD Qw] x@ \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt Q}=U x=Qty x@
l} R= VwQ u}= QO "CU= xOW s=Hv= C=Q_v uDt R= xO=iDU= =@ |vR ?UJQ@
"Epinions xO=O xawtHt C=YNWt "3 pwOH
=y|oS}w
O=OaD
v t 'pwYLt xU=vW 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 'Q_v xU=vW
102378
'very helpful "4 'helpful "3 'somwhat helpful "2 'not helpful "1 %OQwNR=@ 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 'Q_v xU=vW 13668320
V}=Q}w M}Q=D 'O=H}= M}Q=D 'xOW x=Q= OQwNR=@ V}=tvsOa =} V}=tv x@ Q@Q=m p}=tD C}a[w 'most helpfull "5
O=tDa= M}Q=D 'O=tDa= VRQ= 'xOvwW OwOUt O=tDa= Q@Q=m xU=vW 'xOvvm OwOUt O=tDa= Q@Q=m xU=vW
841372
}O H t
C w w
C=Q_v
Q_ uD
99
=
yQwNR=@
O=tDa=
"|rY= |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "8 pmW
"=v@t |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "9 pmW
xOQm |Q}oO=} |xm@W R= |Q=DN=U |oS}w l} u=wvax@ =Q u; sD}Qwor= 'xOw@v C=Q_v
"CU=
|Q}oxH}Dv "6
Q=Owtv CQwYx@ xO=O xawtHt wO QO AUC w ACC |=yQ=}at |=Q@ pY=L G}=Dv
R= xm CU= |m}i=Qo Q=Owtv l} ROC |vLvt "CU= xOt; 11 w 10 |=ypmW QO
"O};|t CUO x@ hrDNt |=yxv=DU; QO FPR Q@=Q@ QO TPR C@Uv sUQ j} Q]
OOa l} x@ =Q |vLvt u}= 'ROC |vLvt Q}R CL=Ut |x@U=Lt =@ AUC Q=}at
"O};|t CUO x@ 6 |x]@=Q =@ ACC Q=}at "Ovm|t xYqN
Accuracy (Acc) =
TP + TN
TP + FP + TN + FN
"epinions |xO=O |=Q@ |rY= |xm@W "6 pmW
( 6)
|Q}oxQy@ =@ uwR=t; |=yxO=OQO 'OwW|t xOy=Wt11 w 10 |=ypmW QO xm u=vJ
Cr=L x@ C@Uv |rY= |xm@W QO pOt |}=Q=m '\@DQt C=Q_v |}xm@W C=Q}F-=D R=
l} C=Q_v u}@ x]@=Q OwHw Qou=Wv xH}Dv u}= "OQ=O |}x_Lqt p@=k |QDQ@ =v@t
xm =QJ "CU= pwYLt l} C=Q_v |wQ hrDNt u=Q@Q=m C=Q_v R}v w lQDWt Q@Q=m
C=Q_v ?re= 'Ovm|t Ci=}QO V=O=B |raH C=Q_v |x=Q= |=Q@ xm |@rkDt Q@Q=m
|iQ] R= "OW=@ K}LY =yu; C=Q_v |NQ@ CU= umtt OvJQy 'Ovm|t C@F |raH
"epinions |xO=O |=Q@ =v@t |xm@W "7 pmW
100
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|Q=BU`tH OQm}wQ R= xO=iDU= =@ xawtHt u}= "OwW|t xO=iDU= Q=O?UJQ@ xawtHt
OwHwt Q=O?UJQ@ |xawtHt =yvD w CU= xOW x}yD Vv=Q=mty w C)=p}=t \UwD
[26w3] "CU= \NQ@ C=Q_v |xv}tR QO
xm CU= Q_v uDt 1600 |w=L =yxO=O u}=
VRwt; |=yxO=O u=wvax@ xawtHt u}= R= "CU= |raH Q_v 800 w |ak=w Q_v 800
Qw=Ht C=trm xr=@vO |oS}w xawtHt w SVM sD}Qwor= =@ =Q |rOt w xOW xO=iDU=
[3]
?Um |=Q@ epinions |xO=O xawtHt |wQ pOt u}= "OW xO=O VRwt; |}xtrmwO
"OW p=ta= =y?UJQ@
"CU= xOW xO=O V}=tv 6 pmW QO xar=]t u}= QO xOW |iQat xm@W u}twO
O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= |vt[ |=yQ=}at =@ Q@Q=m Q@Q=m w Q_v Q_v C=]=@DQ= R= `wv xU
w Q@Q=m Q_v K} QY C=]=@DQ= R= u}= Q@ uwRi= "OQ=O OwHw xm@W u}= QO OQwNR=@ w
`tDHt CQwYx@ jwi C=]=@DQ= |t=tD u}=Q@=v@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= R}v OQwNR=@ Q_v
"OQ=O OQ@Q=m
\=@DQ= =yvD xm xm@W R= |Dr=L 'VwQ |}=Q=m Q@ C=]=@DQ= Q}F-=D |xU}=kt |=Q@
=v@t u=wvax@ 'CU= xOQw; ?=ULx@ OQwNR=@ w O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= T=U=Q@ =Q u=Q@Q=m
'CU}v xO=iDU= OQwt u; QO Q_v Q_v `wv R= |]=@DQ= I}y xm xm@W u}= "OW O=H}=
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv xm@W 7 pmW QO
hrDNt |=yCr=L |=Q@ =Q xOW |Q}oO=} |=yRDN '9 w 8 |=ypmW
xO=O u=Wv xv=o=OH ?=k l} QO <=}W= R= s=OmQy "OvWm|t Q} wYD x@ xm@W
xm |v=tm 8 pmW QO "CU= |oDU@=w l} |xOvyOu=Wv u=tm Qy "CU= xOW
uOw@ |raH |oS}w x@ xOvyOOQwNR=@ Q@Q=m Q_v C}OwHwt QO QB wD |xQ}=O R=
Q@Q=m C=Q_v O=OaD x@ Q_v uOw@|raH ?UJQ@ |oDU@=w |vatx@ 'CU= xDiQ Q_v
|=y|oS}w R= xOvyOOQwNR=@ Q@Q=m C=Q_v O=OaD xm u}= =@ "CU= Q_v |xOvyOOQwNR=@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
"=yxO=O QO C=Oy=Wt "4 pwOH
|raHQ}e C=Q_v QO xOy=Wt
|raH C=Q_v QO xOy=Wt
\UwD xOW xO=O X}NWD
\UwD xOW xO=O X}NWD
Q=}at
|O=yvW}B VwQ
|O=yvW}B VwQ
67
17
9
91
2
4 124
41
36
13
60
12
2 45
xO=O xawtHt
t |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
C=Q_v u}rw= OYQO
|mD C=Q_v OYQO
C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
|ivt |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
C=Q_v OQwNR=@ R=}Dt= u}ov=}t
C@F
uwR=t;
epinions
"u}W}B C=ar=]t =@ |O=yvW}B VwQ R= pY=L G}=Dv |xU}=kt "5 pwOH
Cr=L u} QDy@
|vR?UJQ@
xO=O xawtHt `HQt xQ=tW
AUC
78
95
80
78
ACC
74 4
86 5
89 8
91 2
77 4
89 3
76 3
77 6
84
91 4
C=Q_v Q=QmD
|DUO
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=mD@=
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=BU`tH
|DUO
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=mD@=
|Q=mD@=
|Q=mD@=
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
[5]
[8]
TripAdvisor
[9]
Yelp.com
[7]
uwR=t;
TripAdvisor
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
Epinions
[3]
[16]
"uwR=t; xO=O G}=Dv "10 pmW
[12]
[26]
[17]
[11]
|O=yvW}B VwQ
|O=yvW}B VwQ
D C=Q_v xm OyO|t u=Wv G}=Dv "CU= xOt; 4 pwOH QO C=Oy=Wt u}=
C@Ft OQwNR=@ |raHQ}e C=Q_v R= QDsm '|O=yvW}B VwQ \UwD |raH u=wvax@
pwYLt l} OQwtQO xm} =} u}DUNv C=Q_v xm OyO|t u=Wv G}=Dv "Ov=xOQm Ci=}QO
l} uOW xO=t; ZLt x@ u=@rkDt xm =QJ 'OvDUy ?rkD x@ lwmWt |QDW}@ p=tDL= =@
"OvW=@ xDW=O |Oa@ u=Q@Q=m Q@ =Q Q}F-=D u} QDW}@ =D OvyO|t x=Q= =Q OwN C=Q_v pwYLt
QO K}LY OQ=wt x@ C@Uv |raH C=Q_v u}@ C=Q_v `wv u}= R= |QDq=@ OYQO OwHw
xm C=Q_v OQwNR=@ R=}Dt= "CU= G}=Dv CLY |xOvyOu=Wv |O=yvW}B VwQ G}=Dv
QDu}}=B |Q}osWJ Qw]x@ |raH C=Q_v |=Q@ \UwDt Qw]x@ 'CU= 5 =D 1 u}@ |OOa
"CU= |ak=w C=Q_v R=
|=Q@ ACC w AUC Q=}at xm u}W}B C=ar=]t R= pY=L G}=Dv 5 pwOH QO
QO |O=yvW}B VwQ xm CU= u; |=} wo G}=Dv u}= "CU= xOW x=Q= xOW x@U=Lt =yu;
QO xOW |iQat VwQ xJQo= "OQ=O u} Q}=U x@ C@Uv |yHwD p@=k Ow@y@ ACC Q=}at
'xOQw; CUO x@ |O=yvW}B VwQ R= |QDy@ G}=Dv AUC Q=}at QO [8] C=ar=]t Qo}O
"Ovm|t |UQQ@ xO=O MQ |ywQo CQwYx@ xm =Q |Y=N |xv=@rkDt C}r=ai VwQ u}=
|=y?rkDt hWm |=Q@ xm |r=LQO OQ=O RmQtD ?rkDt |=yxwQo hWm Q@ VwQ u}=
"CU}v |OQ@Q=m |raH C=Q_v X}NWD u}vJty w |mD
|Y}NW
101
"epinions xO=O G}=Dv "11 pmW
@ J y |Q=PoQ}F-=D |=Q@ u=@rkDt "CU= u=@rkDt |ywQo C}r=ai O} w-t G}=Dv u}=
l} |wQ COtx=Dwm CqtL QO w |ywQo CQwYx@ ,qwtat 'pwYLt |rm R=}Dt= Q@
"Ovvm|t s=Ok= hOy pwYLt
xm OQ}o|t Q=Qk 0 89 |q=@ ACC Q=}at QO epinions |xm@W wO Qy G}=Dv
|xU}=kt |=Q@ |QDy@ Q=}at xm AUC Q=}at QO "CU= VwQ |rm |}=Q=m |xOvyOu=Wv
|QDy@ |xH}Dv 'OQ}o|t xQy@ C=]=@DQ= |xty R= xm |rY= |xm@W [30] 'CU=ypOt
|xOW |iQat |xm@W u}@ pY=L G}=Dv QO Q}osWJ Cw=iD "CU= xOQw; CUO x@
R= |Q}oxQy@ uOw@ O}it R}v epinions |xO=O xawtHt QO =v@t |=yxm@W w |rY=
"Ovm|t |@=}RQ= OvtOwU =Q \@DQt C=Q_v
"s}vm|t |UQQ@ =Q G}=Dv QO C=Oy=Wt |NQ@ |v}@V}B |}=Q=m uO=Ou=Wv |=Q@
QDW} x Q
|R=UxYqN R= p@k |m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt C=Q_v 'j}kLD u}= G}=Dv R= xO=iDU= =@
PN= |=Q@ u=} QDWt x@ ltm =@ xm OwW|t V}q=B C=Q_v uDt R= |Q}oxH}Dv w
hPL =@ |m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt O=tDa= ^iL w ?rH x@ QHvt 'QDy@ C=t}tYD
u=} QDWt C=Q_v Vw=m |=ysDU}U G}=Dv 'Qo}O |wU R= "OwW|t |raH C=Q_v
|=yCQ=UN w CqtL =@ xr@=kt w |}=U=vW "CU= QDQFw-t |raH C=Q_v hPL =@
j}kLD u}= |=yOQ@Q=m Qo}O R= \NQ@ u=oOvWwQi |=Q@ =@kQ ?v=H R= |r=tDL=
"CU=
14 nv}mDU=uwJty |atH|Ov@xk@]|=yVwQR=u=wD|t xar=]t u}=|xt=O=QO
y W vB
6. Li, F., Huang, M.Y. and Zhu, X. \Learning to identify
review spam", in Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Articial Intelligence,
3, pp.2488-2493 (2011).
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N. \Fake review detection: Classication and analysis of
real and pseudo reviews", Technical Report, Department
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= C w=
1. online
2. review spam
3. relational dependency network (RDN)
4. frequent itemset mining (FIM)
5. temporal pattern discovery
6. multi dimensional time series
7. loopy belief propagation (LBP)
8. n-gram
9. part of speech (POS)
10. Mechanical Turk
11. available at https://kdl.cs.umass.edu/display/public/
Proximity
12. available at www.cs.uic.edu/ liub/FBS/fake-reviews.html
13. available at http://www.sfu.ca/ sam39/Datasets/
EpinionsReviews/
14. Stacking
15. Bagging
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"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
xO=iDU= x]@=Q u}OvJ ?}mQD R}v w \@=wQ w =y|oS}w ?}mQD |=Q@ 15 nv}o@ w
|raH C=Q_v X}NWD sDU}U |xaUwD QO =yOQwNR=@ uDt p}rLD u}vJty "OQm
p=@vOx@ 'X}NWD OQ@y=Q =@ ?rkD O[ |=ysDU}U "OW=@ VN@O}t= Q=}U@ Ov=wD|t
|Q}oV}B OQ@y=Q xm |r=LQO "OvDUy u; `wkw R= TB =yxO=O QO ?rkD |=ywor=
"Ovm|t Cav=tt xv=@rkDt |=wDLt Q=WDv= R= p@k sDU}U x@ u=@rkDt OwQw R=
O=H}= \NQ@ C=Q_v |=ysDU}U QO |r qDN= xm |Q}oV}B |=yVwQ |xaUwD
|D; C=k}kLD `w[wt Ov=wD|t w CU= xOw@ u}W}B C=ar=]t EL@ OQwt QDsm 'Ovmv
"OW=@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
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