Technologie - agibsondesign.com
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Technologie - agibsondesign.com
Unit 110: Component two The Technical Manual UP673018 Contents Section 1: Analysis of Site .................................................... 4 Section 2: Environmental and Sustainable Design Response 10 Coursework 1 ............................................................... 10 Environment response .................................................. 13 Section 3: Material Selection............................................. 17 Concrete ...................................................................... 17 Wood........................................................................... 19 Glass ............................................................................ 21 Hybrid Solar Panels ....................................................... 22 Section 4: Making/ Building............................................... 23 Preparing the Site ......................................................... 23 Foundations ................................................................. 23 Substructure................................................................. 23 Water........................................................................... 24 Stairs............................................................................ 24 Structure ...................................................................... 24 Solar Panels.................................................................. 24 Cladding....................................................................... 25 Interior-Exterior............................................................ 25 Electric ..................................................................... 25 Water ....................................................................... 25 Ventilation................................................................ 25 2|P age Furniture .................................................................. 25 Finishes........................................................................ 26 Floor......................................................................... 26 Ceiling ...................................................................... 26 Walls ........................................................................ 26 Section 5: Predicting the Future......................................... 27 Concrete ...................................................................... 27 Wood........................................................................... 27 Glass ............................................................................ 27 Hybrid Solar Panels ....................................................... 28 Images ......................................................................... 29 3|P age Section 1 Analysis of Site My site is east facing to get the morning sun, as a result of this it means that the building doesn’t heat up during the day to the extent that the visitors become uncomfortable. The United Kingdom is in a temperate region situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, but it has a maritime temperate climate. It is caused by the sea’s moderating effect, which keeps the land warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer, compared to continental Europe. Portsmouth has a milder climate then the rest of the United Kingdom; since it is surrounded by water and densely populated the temperatures rarely drop below freezing. The marshes are also protected by Portsdown hill at 370 feet tall it provides protection from the cold northerly wind during the winter. Since Portsmouth is on the south coast of the United Kingdom it receives more sunshine and therefore more heat, it also has an urban heat effect caused by the buildings retaining the heat. The lowest recorded temperate is -8°C and the highest is 35°C Portsmouth is a very dense city, in which parks, gardens and open spaces represent less than 20% of the land, so the marshes are important to help cut down to CO2 emissions coming from the city. 4|P age The site is on the edge of the sea and very exposed to the elements, there is nothing but the city of Portsmouth to stop the strong south-westerly wind. The marshes were embanked from the sea in the late 18th century; the sea wall is in threat because of the rising sea levels, which would revert it back to mudflats and small islets, as shown in the diagram below: The site was anywhere you wanted on the west part of the Farlington marshes, the cover an area of 125 hectares. My site is 30m x 10m as shown in the image below: 10m 30m 5|P age The tide height varies a lot, from 0.60m at low tide to 4.70m at high tide in February 2013. The site is only two meters above sea level, the same height as the current walkway. The site is internationally important for the bird population, as well as to the plants, flowers that bread and grow there, also to other animals and insects including the vast numbers of butterflies. Some of the birds include Lapwings, Wheatears, Brimstones, Peacocks, large red Damselfly and many more. The several pools both freshwater and brackish and a broad steam each provide feeding and roosting sites for waders and wildfowl, along with ducks and swans. The marsh is covered with unusual species of plants, Sea Barley, Bulbous Foxtail, Slender Hare’s-ear, Yellow-rattle and many more. 6|P age There are several was to get to the marshes there are several small car parks just of the A27, a cycle route along the A27, and a pedestrian path around the marsh. Since the marsh in south of the A27, you can always hear the road noise, even if you are the farthest south. When you are on the marsh, you can smell the seaweed especially when the tied is out, you can also smell the petrol from the cars when you approach the road. There’s no mains electric or water on the site but there is a possibility of producing electric from the wind of from the sun, you could also collect rain water to have a source of water in the site. The difference in height between the walkway and the marsh has been used as an advantage in my design, allowing me two floor heights without modifying the landscape too much. 7|P age Climate data average for Portsmouth, England, from 1971 to 2000 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year Average high °C Average low °C Precipitation mm 9.6 5.1 65 8.8 4.3 50 10.6 5.4 52 13.4 6.4 42 16.8 9.6 28 19.4 12.3 40 21.8 15 32 21.8 15 43 19.3 12.8 62 15.8 10.9 81 12.0 7.5 72 10.0 5.9 80 14.94 9.18 647 (Head Office at Havant, 2013) 8|P age (Windfinder, 2013) 9|P age Section 2 Environmental and Sustainable Design Response Coursework 1 What is climate? - Definition of climate: - ‘the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period: our cold, wet climate’ (Oxford Dictionaires, 2013) - ‘Climate is the average weather we expect over a long period of time. So, while the weather brings different temperatures all over the world on a day to day basis, over a year we'd expect the global climate to bring an average temperature of about 14 °C.’ (Met Office, 2012) What’s the difference between weather and climate? - ‘The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.’ (Gutro, 2005) 10 | P a g e Average winter rain fall in mm 11 | P a g e 12 | P a g e Environment response Climate-responsive design: The building is orientated to capture the heat of the morning to midday sun. It also has photovoltaic panels curved round the top of the Island building and the main building that will produce electric for the lights, heating and ventilation when needed. There are automated vents at the top of the glass front which opens when it gets too hot in the building to let the heat out. The building is shaded from the heat of the mid-day sun, from the roof and the curved wall because the building is not orientated to the south. There are large windows to the east, and small windows to the south, west, and north. There is a large opening to in the roof of the Island building to let light into it during the day. To the west of the building and surrounding the Island there is a pond, which will help with the cooling in the summer. 13 | P a g e Human comfort: The buildings heat will be automatically regulated to insure that it’s in the band of lack of discomfort. The tunnel to the Island building will be cool and help cool the main building when the vents at the front are open or the door is open. The pond will provide cool air in the summer for people sitting outside of the main building. The ceiling in the main building is quite high so the heat can rise and go out the vents at the front. 14 | P a g e Climate change: The only way to get to the site is by walking, you cannot drive to it, there are two routes, either you go counter clockwise around the marsh like most people do or you go clockwise. The heating will be done by photovoltaic on the roof of the Island and main building, that will be stored in batteries that will power under floor heating in the winter and run air conditioners in the summer. The exterior will be cladded in IPE-Brown wood; that can easily be replaced if the harsh sea weather deteriorates it too much. The direct current LED lights running of batteries will only come on when someone enters the building thanks to motions sensors. There will be night lights on the exterior of the building that give of a dim light during the night so you can work out where the building is but not to disturb the wildlife surrounding the building, as people may want to come to the building at night to look at the stars from inside the Island building. 15 | P a g e Economy of resources: The building is made out of reinforced concrete so it will last over a long period of time and since the main building is cladded with wood it will be protected. The front glazing and the opening in the roof of the Island building will provide sufficient light during the daylight hours. The roof will naturally drain into the pond with no need of gutters thanks to the angle of the roof. 16 | P a g e Section 3 Material Selection Concrete: All the structural pieces of the building will be made out of precast concrete insulated sandwich wall panels which consist of two conventionally reinforced or prestressed concrete wythes (a vertical section of bricks or other masonry that is one unit thick. (Oxford Dictionaire, 2013)) with a continuous layer of rigid insulation (typically extruded polystyrene) sandwiched between the two wythes. The panels come with a minimum insulation thickness of 25mm, the thickness of the insulation is determined by two things, the thermal characteristics of the insulating material and the thermal loads on the structure. The insulation is installed under controlled factory conditions which stop the insulation getting damage and when it is installed between the two wythes they (Canadian Precast/Prestressed prevent it settling or Concrete Institute, 2012) shifting which would 17 | P a g e reduce the thermal efficiency of the panel, this often happens with on-site insulation installation. Precast Concrete Sandwich: Precast concrete sandwich is made up of concrete, foam insulation and steel which are not food sources for mould. Also the precast concrete made of 35MPa is produced in a controlled and protected environment in a process that resists moisture intrusion, the concrete is virtually impermeable to moisture migration. The larger the precast concrete sandwich wall panels are the fewer joints it will have, this can reduce uncontrolled air filtration, they can also be recycled, be locally manufactured, have high thermal mass and come pre-insulated. These key features reduce the energy needed to manufacture, transport and install the panels. 18 | P a g e Wood: The wood cladding will be made out of IPE-Brown otherwise known other is Acariquara, Guayacan and Manwood. It is grown in South America and West Africa, it is particularly teredo-resistant ‘a worm-like marine bivalve mollusc with reduced shells which it uses to drill into wood. It can cause substantial damage to wooden structures and (formerly) ships. Also called shipworm’ (Oxford Dictionaires, 2013), saltwater resistant, frost-resistant and is also used for breakwater construction. (South America Tmber Corp) (Bedson Timber, 2013) IPE-Brown is used for boat building, outdoor flooring, furniture, panelling, and for decorative purposes. The wood will cost around £120.00 M² to import, £25.00 for the brackets & rails. 19 | P a g e Appearance: IPE-Brown is naturally resistant to rot, abrasion, weather, decay, and termite attacks. IPE-Brown is the great choice for all your decking or outdoor projects. Will last for 25 over years without treatment, and can be maintenance-free. The wood has a very nice chocolate colour with a fine to medium texture. The grain is straight to very irregular. It is an extremely durable wood due to its density. Basic density Bending Strength Crushing Strength Hardness Impact Strength Maximum Crushing Shearing Strength Static Bending Work to Maximum Load Shrinkage, Tangential Shrinkage, Radial Drying Natural durability Working properties Basic density 997 kg/cm2(green);1485 kg/cm2(dry) 101 kg/cm2(green); 158 kg/cm2(dry) 873 kg 137 kg/cm2 (dry) Strength 480 kg/cm2(green); 732 kg/cm2(dry) 62 kg/cm2(dry) 622 kg/cm2(green); 874 kg/cm2(dry) 0.49 cm-kg/cm3(green);0.84 cmkg/cm3 (dry) 8% 5% Very durable. Resistant to termites Fairly Difficult 20 | P a g e Glass: The glass will come from a company less than ten minutes away called Milton Glass, the Cosham Branch at 29 London Road, Widley, Hampshire PO7 5AS. They have had more than 30 years experience in the glass industry and has become one of the leading glass and glazing service in the South. The glass will have these two options put on them, one to keep the glass clean without maintenance and one to keep the heat in the building during the winter. Activ™ Self Cleaning Glass Activ coating uses the sun to heat up the gas to burn of any dirt and also consists for an extra sooth coating that makes it hard for any dirt to stick to it. Therefor when it rains the rain water washes the already loose dirt (Milton Glass, because of the heat off the glass, so you can 2013) have clean glass for longer, the glass is also clearer than a glazing. This helps the visitors in the observatory see out. The activ coating doesn’t get worn away or rubbed off, it lasts the lifetime of the glazing itself. It is an ideal choice for hard to clean places and for low maintenance buildings. K Glass K Glass is a coating that is put on the glass which helps reduce heat loss through your glazed areas. It works by being a very poor heat conductor which helps prevent heat (Milton Glass, being transferred outside. 2013) 21 | P a g e Hybrid Solar Panels: The solar panels will come from a company less than ten minutes any in Harts Farm Way, Havant, Hampshire, PO9 1HS. Hybrid solar panels are different compared to the most common panels as these panels consist of a combination of monocrystalline cells and thin film layers. That means that these panels allow 20% more power output from the same area than mono or polycrystalline panels. (Solar Voltaics, 2013) Hybrid solar panels are over twice the price as standard mono or polycrystalline solar panels, so they are only used for small roofs to maximize the power output These panels will be used to charge batteries that will store the electric (DC) which will then be used by the direct current LED lights and converted though an inverter to power the sockets in the main building. 22 | P a g e Section 4 Making/ Building Preparing the Site: The site will have to be prepared before the build start, there has to be easy access for vehicles, workers and equipment. So the walkway may have to be modified to allow this. Materials and equipment will have to be stored on or near the site to save time on the build. The pond at the back of the build, west, will have to be drained to allow access to the area in which the foundations, the underwater walk way and the Island are situated A cane will be installed in the field to the west to lift everything onto the site. Foundations: The foundations will for the entire build will have to be piles because the build is situated in a marsh with very soft soil and half of the build is underwater. Substructure: All the floor slabs for the entire build will be precast of site and brought to site to be installed by a crane. The crane will also install the steel beams used to make the bird nest structure that holds the main buildings floor slab up of the ground. This will be done before the installation of the main buildings floor slab. 23 | P a g e Water: There is a water tank to be installed under the stair, where all the water, electric and ventilation commands and setting are, but all controls are remotely accessed from a maintenance company. Stairs: The stairs will be precast off site, delivered to site and place on the floor slabs by cane, the stairs have hydraulics in them so they can lift up so maintenance can access to the electrics and the water and ventilation. Structure: The retaining walls for the underwater walk way and the Island will be precast off site, delivered to site and place on the floor slabs by cane The roof slabs will be precast off site, delivered to site and place on the precast retaining wall slabs by cane. The wall slabs for the main building will be precast off site, delivered to site and place on the precast floor slab by cane. The roofs slabs will be precast off site, delivered to site and place on the precast wall slabs, starting will the underwater walkway. The glass will be precast off site, delivered to site and placed where required by cane. Solar Panels: The hybrid solar panels will be delivered and installed by the Solar Voltaics company on the main roof and the Island roof. 24 | P a g e Cladding: Wood cladding will be delivered beside the main building, it will be cut to fit onsite. It will be installed on invisible exterior brackets and rails. Interior-Exterior Electric: The interior electrics will run of batteries, which are charged by the hybrid solar panels, they will only run direct current LED lights and alternative current sockets, inside for visitors to use. All controls are remotely accessed from a maintenance company. Water: There’s a tap inside where visitors can get portable water which is collected from the roof, filtered and kept in a large tank situated under the stair. All controls are remotely accessed from a maintenance company. Ventilation: The ventilation main controls are under the stair, they control the automatic vents above the glass wall at the front, East, of the building. All controls are remotely accessed from a maintenance company. Furniture: Inside there are seats, stools and sofas of people to relax inside either to get out of the weather or the use the observatory. There are tables so people can bring their computer or paper to take notes, or just for their food. Outside there are benches for people to sit, a bin for rubbish and a dog bin. 25 | P a g e Finishes Floor: The floor is finished with Terrazzo(flooring material consisting of chips of marble or granite set in concrete and polished to give a smooth surface (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013)), Corian Sandstone K, Farben by Hasenkopf. It is (Hasenkopf, 2013) this colour so it looks like your walking on sand. Ceiling: The ceiling is finished with Terrazzo, Staron Metallic galaxy by Staron. It is this colour so it looks like your looking up at the stars in the sky at night. (Staron, 2013) Walls: The wall is finished with Terrazzo, Staron Light Ash, Farben by Hasenkopf. It is a plan and bright colour so the colours in the building aren’t over powering (Staron, 2013) 26 | P a g e Section 5 Predicting the Future Concrete: According to the manufacturer a building using robust materials like precast concrete can have life expectancies of over a hundred years. It is also protected from any harsh weather by the exterior wood cladding. Wood: Since IPE-Brown is naturally resistant to rot, abrasion, weather, decay, and termite attacks, it is idea for all types of outdoor projects. The wood can last for 25 years or more without treatment, and can be maintenance-free. It can easily be replaces since it is only exterior cladding and has no structural benefits. Glass: Glass will last for centuries unless it suffers some type of mechanical stress caused by humans, animals, the structure surrounding the glass or the environment. Modern glass in uniform and provides constant performance. Abrasion can be caused by chemicals of air born grit like sand but it is rare that is causes major damage, it usually only causes scratches or removes the external coating. 27 | P a g e Hybrid Solar Panels: The photovoltaic panels have an estimated lifespan of 15 to 20 years. They can last longer but loose there efficiency over time. One 1m x 2m panel can generate around 220W. There are several ways in which you will lose power, one being converting the electric to alternative current through the inverter because they are only around 95% efficient. Also if the panels are exposed to a lot of heat, this can decrease the amount of electric produced, on average 4% for temperatures over 35°C and up to 14% for temperatures over 50°C. Another loose of efficiency is caused by the panels ageing which is generally around 0.5% loose ever year. 28 | P a g e Images Here are some images of the project, to understand to better understand the build. View from the West View from the East 29 | P a g e Works Cited Carlton McLendon. (2011). Rare Woods and Veneers: Carlton McLendon, Inc. Retrieved from Carlton McLendon, Inc Web Site: http://www.rarewoodsandveneers.com/pages/speci mens/rarewoods/rarewood40.htm Bedson Timber. (2013). Importer, processor and distributor of exotics and hardwoods: Bedson Timbers. Retrieved from Bedson Timbers Web Site: http://www.bedsontimber.co.za/products/fullspecies-range.html Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. (2012). Concrete Institute: CPCI. Retrieved from CPCI Web Site: http://www.cpci.ca/downloads/nationalinsulatedwall .pdf Gutro, R. (2005, February 01). http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaan/climate/climate_weather.html. Retrieved May 06, 2013, from www.nasa.gov: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaan/climate/climate_weather.html Hasenkopf. (2013). The independent resource for architecture and design: Archi tonic. Retrieved from Archi tonic Web Site: http://www.architonic.com/pmsht/corianfarben-hasenkopf/1137428 Head Office at Havant. (2013, May). Independent water company: Portsmouth Water. Retrieved from 30 | P a g e Portsmouth Water: http://www.portsmouthwater.co.uk/news/default2.a spx?id=460 Met Office. (2012, March 20). What is climate?: Met Office. Retrieved from Met Office: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide/climate Milton Glass. (2013). Glass and glazing service: Milton Glass. Retrieved from Milton Glass Website: http://www.miltonglassuk.co.uk/index.html Oxford Dictionaire. (2013, May 06). Dictionary: Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved from Oxford Dictionaries Web Site: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_e nglish/wythe Oxford Dictionaires. (2013, 05 06). Dictionary: Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from Oxford Dictionaries Web Site: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tere do Oxford Dictionaires. (2013, May 06). Dictionary: Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved May 06, 2013, from Oxford Dictionaries Web Site: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/clim ate Oxford Dictionaires. (2013). http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/clim ate. Retrieved May 06, 2013, from Oxford 31 | P a g e Dictionaries Web Site: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/clim ate Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Dictionary: Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from Oxford Dictionaries: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/terr azzo Solar Voltaics. (2013, Febrary 18). Supplyer of solar photovoltaic systems: Solar Voltaics. Retrieved from Solar Voltaics Web Site: http://www.solarvoltaics.com/portfolio/hybrid-solar-panels/ South America Tmber Corp. (n.d.). South American Tmber: South America Tmber Corp. Retrieved from South America Tmber Corp Web Site: http://www.satimber.com/zlzym.html Staron. (2013). The independent resource for architecture and design: Archi tonic. Retrieved from Archi tonic Web Site: http://www.architonic.com/pmsht/staronmetallic-staron/1183313 32 | P a g e