saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010 ART SCIENCE

Transcription

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010 ART SCIENCE
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
Georgian State University
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani
#2 (43), 2010
ART SCIENCE STUDIES
#2 (43), 2010
gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi _ 2010
1
UDC(u ak) 7( 051. 2)
s-364
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani
sa r e d a q c io sa b W o
lela oCiauri
nino sanadiraZe
marina xaratiSvili
literaturuli
redaqtori
mariam iaSvili
g a r e k a n is d iz a i n i
levan dadiani
d akab ad oneb a
ekaterine
oqropiriZe
koreqtura
manana goSaZe
gamomcemlobis
xel mZRvaneli
maka vasaZe
2
#2 (43), 2010
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos
Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan
unda axldes monacemebi avtoris
samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb
qarTul da inglisur enebze,
agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani
reziume.
krebulis stamburi gamocema
egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
kvleviT centrs.
naSromebi mogvawodeT da
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
II korpusi.
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408
mob: +995 (95) 305 060
+995 (77) 288 750
E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge
Web: www.tafu.edu.ge
Art Science Studies #2 (43), 2010
Editorial Group
LELA OCHIAURI
NINO SANADIRADZE
MARINA
KHARATISHVILI
Literary Editor
MARIAM IASHVILI
Cover Design
LEVAN DADIANI
Book Binding
EKATERINE
OKROPIRIDZE
Proofreading
MANANA GOSHADZE
Head of Publishing
House
MAKA VASADZE
Materials supplied for the volume
should be provided with
corresponding scientific appliance.
Paperwork concerning author’s
academic qualification and summary
of work should be attached in
Georgian and English languages.
Printed version of the volume is sent
out to various international research
centers.
Works should be supplied under the
following contact:
0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli
Avenue #40
Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre
and Film State University
Second Block
Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408
Mob: +995 (95) 305 060
+995 (55) 288 750
E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge
Web: www.tafu.edu.ge
3
Sinaarsi
T e a t r m c o d n e o b a
maia goSaZe
variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze ................................................................11
marine (maka) vasaZe
saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~
(robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis) .............21
k i n o m c o d n e o b a
zviad doliZe
kinos iaponeli imperatori ............................................................................31
irakli maxaraZe
amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi ........................................35
dinara maRlakeliZe
kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi ....................................................44
eTer okujava
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTul-amerikul kinoSi
SeniSnuli analogiebi ...........................................................................................59
u n i v e r s i t e t i s
p r o g r a m a
s a m a g i s t r o
k u l t u r i s
m e n e j m e n t i
naTia grZeliSvili
sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura ............................................................67
TaTia elbaqiZe
muzeumebis roli dRevandel sazogadoebaSi ..............................................73
TaTa inaSvili
Soubiznesi, reklama da PR ................................................................................78
elene meCiTova
kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi .........................................................83
sofo cercvaZe
menejeris imiji ........................................................................................................89
leila janaSia
saqarTvelos xelnawerTaAerovnuli centris menejmentis
zogierTi sakiTxi .............................................................................................94
4
k u l t u r u l i t u r i z m i s
m e n e j m e n t i
eka avTandilaSivli
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri .........................................100
eleonora gogolaSvili
imereTSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis
strategiuli mimarTulebis analizi .........................................................110
lela elizbaraSvili
qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia .............115
jano TiTiraSvili
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis funqcionaluri
zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi .................................................................123
nino oTaraSvili
momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi .......................131
TinaTin qristesaSvili
didi abreSumis gzis turistuli potenciali ......................................138
v o k a l u r - t e q n i k u r s a S e m s r u l e b l o
k v l e v i T i
a n a l i z i
zaqaria faliaSvilis opera
`abesalom da eTeri~
marixis kanconeta, eTeris ariebi
(vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi)
lia barbaqaZe
z. faliaSvili, `marixis kanconeta~ operidan:
`abesalom da eTeri~ .......................................................................................146
eka gureSiZe
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan ........................................163
nino sakandeliZe
`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan .......................179
maia xaWapuriZe
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
(`dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi) .............................194
5
u n i v e r s i t e t i s
s a d o q t o r o
p r o g r a m a
k u l t u r i s p o l i t i k a
k u l t u r i s m e n e j m e n t i
nino azmaifaraSvili
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba
globalizaciis procesebSi ..............................................................................204
elene babakiSvili
sponsoroba da kulturis politika .........................................................219
sofio komlaZe
sagamomcemlo organizaciis ............................................................................228
struqturis analizi
ana kotrikaZe
kinoindustriis dafinansebis zogierTi sakiTxi ....................................234
s a t e l e v i z i o
x e l o v n e b a
daviT gujabiZe
mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze .........................................238
s c e n o g r a f i i s
i s t o r i a
d a
T e o r i a
lali gelaSvili
Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kinofilm
`qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT .............................................................................246
avtorTa Sesaxeb ..................................................................................................251
6
CONTENTS
T H E A T R E S T U D I E S
MAIA GOSHADZE
Variation on the Theme To Be Or Not To Be............ .......................................254
MARINE (MAKA) VASADZE
Conversations about Robert Sturua’s
“Theatrical Language”
(Formation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language)....................................... 255
F I L M
S T U D I E S
ZVIAD DOLIDZE
Japanese Emperor of Film .....................................................................................257
IRAKLI MAKHARADZE
Image of American Indian in American Western ................................................258
DINARA MAGLAKELIDZE
Developmental Trends of Cinema Theory ............................................................259
ETER OKUDJAVA
Remarkable analogies in Georgian-American cinema of the 20s
and 30s of XXth century ..........................................................................................261
U N I V E R S I T Y ’
M A
P R O G R A M
C U L T U R A L M A N A G E M E N T
NATIAGRDZELISHVILI
Structure and Varieties of Advertisement .............................................................263
TATIAELBAKIDZE
The Role of a Museum in Present Society........................................................ 263
TATA INASHVILI
Show Business, Advertising and PR .....................................................................264
ELENEMECHITOVA
Financing of Culture in Georgia ..............................................................................265
SOPO TSERTSVADZE
The Image of a Manager .........................................................................................265
LEILA JANASHIA
Role and Public Activity of Georgian National Center of Manuscripts .............266
7
M A N A G E M E N T O F
C U L T U R A L T O U R I S M
EKA AVTANDILASHVILI
Mtskheta as a Center of Tourism ..................................................................... 267
ELEONORA GOGOLASHVILI
Analysis of strategic directions of cultural tourism
development in Imereti .......................................................................................267
LELA ELIZBARASHVILI
Tourist Function of Georgian
Traditions and Culture ............................................................................................268
JANO TITIRASHVILI
Touring Aspects of Borjomi- Kharagauli National Park
Functional Zone ....................................................................................................269
NINO OTARASHVILI
Pilgrimage tourism resources in Georgia ...............................................................269
TINATIN KRISTESASHVILI
Tourist potential of “The Great Silk Road” ...........................................................270
R E S E A R C H A N A L I S Y S O F
P E R F O R M A N C E F R O M A
T E C H N I C A L V I E W P O I N T
OPERA “ABESALOM AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI
(Canzoneta of Marekhi, Arias of Eteri)
(Vocal-technical-performance research analysis )
LIA BARBAKADZE
.Z. Paliashvili, “Canzoneta of Marekhi” from the opera
“Abesalom and Eteri”...............................................................................................271
EKAGURESHIDZE
Z. Paliashvili, “Aria of Eteri” Act IV .................................................. 271
NINO SAKANDELIDZE
“Aria of Eteri” from the opera “Abesalom and Eteri” Act I................................272
MAIKO KHACHAPURIDZE
Aria of Eteri from the opera “Abesalome and Eteri” by Z. Paliashvili
(Performance Research Analysis of “Step mother”) ............................................273
8
U N I V E R S I T Y ’
P h . D
P R O G R A M
C U L T U R A L M A N A G E M E N T
C U L T U R A L
P O L I C Y
NINO AZMAIPARASHVILI
Significance of International Organizations in the Processes
of Globalization .........................................................................................................274
ELENE BABAKISHVILI
Sponsorship and Cultural Policy ......................................................................275
SOFIO KOMLADZE
Analysis of Structure of an Editorial Organization ......................................... 276
ANA KOTRIKADZE
Issues Related to Financing of Film Industry ...................................................278
T E L E V I S I O N A R T
DAVIT GUJABIDZE
Mikhail Tumanishvili – and TV-theatre ................................................................279
H I S T O R Y A N D T H E O R Y
O F S C E N O G R A P H Y
LALI GELASHVILI
XIX century Georgian Fashion Style
According to the draft samples from musical “Keto and Kote” ........................280
9
Teatrmcodneoba
maia goSaZe
variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze
Со мной сегодня вечность вся1
yvelaferi, rasac aryofnidan yofnaSi gadavyavarT,
Semoqmedebaa, _ ambobda platoni. cxovrebisadmi `yofniseul~
_ SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebas genialurobis gamomxatvelad
miiCnevda nikoloz berdiaevi da am mxriv, kirkegoris msgavsad,
pirovnul mniSvnelovnebas istoriisTvis xSirad sruliad
SeumCnevel adamianTa Sinagan monapovrad aRiqvamda.
yofna yovelive arsebulis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli
sisavsiT, garedan ganusazRvrel-ganupirobebeli TviTobiT aRqmagancdis gamomxatvelia da, imavdroulad _ mxolod awmyoseuli
SesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis gamomxatveli (parmenides
Tqmisa ar iyos, iyo an iqneba axla xom aryofnas niSnavs).
TviTonac, upirvelesad, awmyoSi `yofnisas~ vlindeba,
latenturi arsebobis inertulobidan Tavs aRwevs da
realizdeba. TviTobis amouwuravi arqeti pis erT-erT
maxasiaTeblad iungi swored SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis
gamomxatveli procesis saxiT mis arsebobas miiCnevs: `brahmani
RvTiuri arsia, TviTobaa, garkveuli fsiqologiuri mdgomareobac
da procesic. RvTiuri arsis TviTobasTan identurobis idea,
dinamikuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis, libidos ideaa~.2
TviToba ara erTxel da samudamod damsaxurebul jildos,
miRweul monapovars, Sedegsa da mdgomareobas warmoadgens,
aramed swored awmyoSi `yofnisas~ _ aq da amJamad arsebobis
procesSi CarTulobisas realizebad adamianis Sinagan arss.
aq da amJamad arsebulTan, moZravTan, cvalebadTan, Sesabamisad
_ cocxalTan, cocxal awmyoseul realobasTan mimarTebaSi
gamoRviZebis, Tvalis axelis, `mkvdreTiT~ aRdgomis misteria
msoflio literaturaSi, albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi
saxierebiT warmoCindeba miTo-poeturi da religiuri
simbolikiT gajerebul ernest hofmanis moTxroba-zRapar `oqros
qoTanSi~.
10
11
maia goSaZe
rodesac hofmanis moTxrobis gmiri, axalgazrda anselmi
amaRlebis dResaswaulze xis Ziras ganmartoebuli zecas
Tavis ubedur varskvlavze dabadebas, uCinobasa da usaxsrobas
uCivis, sakuTari umniSvnelobis gancdiT Sepyrobil sociumis
pirmSomde moulodnelad yovelgvari ierarqiisa da
gapirobebulobis miRma arsebuli sicocxlis maTrobela
surneli aRwevs. mudam arsebulis miRmismier drosa da
sivrcisken mimarTuli mzeris `Rrublian~ melanqolias, TiTqos,
idumali sixarulis uxilavi mnaTobi aqarwylebs. awmyoSi
armyofis maradiul SimSils Sinagani sisavsis mzardi gancda
enacvleba da misTvis aqamde, TiTqos, ucnobi sinamdvilis idumali
CurCuli moesmis.
rodesac mosaRamovebisas mze aramwveli sxivebis amboriT
gaTenebamde eTxoveba samyaros, nawvimariT danamuli xeebi ki
sios uxilavi partnioruli TanxlebiT acekvdnen, gaSlili
yvavilis (iungis mier mraval kulturaSi TviTobis arqeti pis
gamomxatvel erT-erT simbolod miCneulis) gulidan, TiTqos,
sareclidan wamomdgar umSvenieres qal-gvelTa samebis rokva
bunebis mejlisis gvirgvinad iqca. mocekvave solistTa
zurmuxtisferi, gazafxulisa da ganaxlebis, aRdgomisa da
samebis emblematuri feris triada, xis tanis irgvliv brunvisas,
TiTqos, spiralurad moZravi sulieri energiis plastikur
gansxeulebad iqca, miwaSi fesvgadgmuli da zecisken
totebaSverili xe ki varskvlavebiT moWedil casaviT
zurmuxtebiT mokaSkaSe, zurmuxtebis mfrqvevel sicocxlis
sakralur xed transformirda.
bunebis mejlisi _ arsebiTad adamianis sakuTar TviTobasTan
ziarebis Sinagani realobis warmomCeni peizaJi, swored awmyoSi
arsebulSi, miwier-sxeulebrivSi, yofiTsa da yoveldRiurSi _
upirvelesad ki, empiriul (saxarebiseul metaforas Tu
davesesxebiT) Zvel kacSi fesvgadgmul-ganfenili Zvirfasi
substanciis madideblad gvevlineba.
yvavilis gulidan, arsebiTad misive arsebis uxilavi
siRrmidan amosuli triadidan umSvenieresis mzeris silurjeSi
_ Sinagani zecis silurjeSi CaZiruli anselmi, morigi
kalendaruli dResaswaulis nacvlad egzistencialuri
12
variaciebi
yofna-aryofnis
motivebze
amaRlebis, Sinagani feriscvalebis, ZvelSi kvdomisa da axlisTvis
dabadebis sakralurobas eziareba. swored arsebulTan
mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebis _ aryofnidan yofnaSi, sikvdilidan
sicocxleSi, marad ukvdav awmyoSi `gasvlis~ hofmaniseuli
misteria cxovrebisadmi SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebis, cnobierebis
zrdisa da gafarToebis, sulieri energiis STamberavi ganaxlebis,
sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli suliskveTebis namdvil triumfad
gvevlineba.
prestiJul Cinsa da uZravi idiliis myudro naWuWze
meocnebe biurokrat anselms poeti anselmi amarcxebs _ bednier
Tu ubedur varskvlavze dabadebis pirmSo-tusaRs Sinagani
zecis mkvidri _ ama Tu im saxis gapirobebulobis uZraobaze
ki marad `cocxal~ awmyoSi moZravi sicocxlis Tavisufali
SemoqmedebiTi stiqia imarjvebs.
aq da amJamad arsebulTan, erTian SemoqmedebiT realobasTan,
uSret Sinagan wyarosTan Tanaziareba, upirvelesad, swored
aq da amJamad arsebul sakuTar TavTan, garedan ganusazRvrelganupirobebel Sinagan adamianTan iseTive Semxvedri da
Tanmxvedri mimarTebebis gamomxatvelia, rogorc taZrisa da
sakuTari Tavisken savali gzis identurobis idea _ nebismieri
orTodoqsiaze aRmatebuli WeSmaritebis gamomxatveli.
nekrofilia fromiseulad
swored awmyosadmi mimarTebas, adamianis wamyvani fsiqikuri
tendenciis, sicocxlis moyvareobis an moZuleobis umTavres
gamomxatvelad miiCnevda fsiqologi erix fromi.
fromis mier biofiliad Seracxuli sicocxlis moyvareoba,
sicocxlis yovelTvis mxolod awmyoSi moZrav stiqiaSi
CarTulobisken swrafvaSi vlindeba, awmyos muRamis gancdaSi
vlindeba (pasternakiseuli melodiurobiT mJRer sityvebSic,
rom gamosWvivis `ukvdavebaa Tavad sicocxle – `жизнь и
бессмертье одно`). 3
nekrofiliad (mkvdaris, rogorc inertulis, ucvlelis,
araSemoqmedebiTis moyvareobis gamomxatvelis) fromis mier
Seracxuli sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule fsiqikuri tendencia
13
maia goSaZe
ki swored Sedegze da ara procesze, flobaze da ara Ziebaze,
erTxel da samudamod, aTvisebul-Sesisxlxorcebulis naWuWSi
gaxvevaze da ara cnobierebis zrdasa da gafarToebaze
mimarTebaSi vlindeba, awmyoseuli realobisgan mudmiv gaucxoebadistancirebaSi vlindeba.
procesis SedegSi, moZravis uZravSi, warmavlis waruvalSi,
mokvdavis ukvdavSi STanTqmis, sicocxlis samudamo sakuTrebaSi
miRebis, samudamod mopovebul, uZrav Sedegad qcevis, erTxel
da samudamod damsaxurebuli netarebis obieqtad qcevis mania
sikvdilis instinqtis mSobadsa da masazrdoebel STagonebis
wyarod gvevlineba patrik ziuskindis romanSi `parfiumeri~.
nebismier viTarebaSi, nebismier drosa da sivrceSi yofnisgan
ganurCevlad yovelTvis mainc armyofi, Tvalxilulobis
miuxedavad, arsebulis mudam daunaxavi ziuskindis romanis
gmiri, parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei, avtorisve TqmiT,
`yvelafers esenciis msgavsad kvaldakval aRiqvamda, rogorc
warsulis sulis matarebelsa da awmyoTi xelSeuxebels~.4
awmyosgan mudam gaucxoebuli, awmyos mudam miuRebeli,
awmyoSi mudam armyofi ziuskindiseuli parfiumeri Jan batist
grinuei yovelTvis swored aq da amJamad sicocxlis moZravi
stiqiis uarmyofeli sikvdilis instinqtis _ nekrofiliis
(fromiseuli gagebiT) gansaxierebad gvevlineba.
yovelive cocxalis, Sesabamisad moZravis, cvalebadis,
mzardisa da ganviTarebadis da, imavdroulad, warmavalswrafmavlis moZule parfiumeriis genia ukvdavi surnelebis
SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniiT iyo
Sepyrobili. edemiseuli da, imvdroulad, waruvali sunamos
Seqmnas ki swored warmavlis, Sesabamisad, cocxlis mokvdinebis
Sedegad aRwevs.
netarebis momgvrel surnelebaTa adre Tu gvian qrobadobis
gardauvalobasTan brZolis ziuskindiseuli parfiumeris Jini,
arsebiTad swored mudmivi Zalisxmevis gamovlenis momTxovni,
warmaval-swrafmavali cxovrebis Tavad procesis erTxel da
samudamod mopovebul uZrav SedegSi gaxevebis, sanukvar momavlad
aRqmul edemiseul idiliis netar inertulobaSi dabrunebis
ukvdav ocnebas warmoaCens.
14
variaciebi
yofna-aryofnis
motivebze
TviTmoqmedi idiliis wiaRSi uSfoTvelad miZinebis,
usasrulo `hefi-endad~ qceuli cxovrebis `ukvdav~ sakuTrebaSi
miRebis survili ziuskindiseul romanSi, siuJeturi
TvalsazrisiT edemSi dabrunebis iluziis STamberavi sunamos
Seqmnisa da flobis maniis saxiT vlindeba. saamur surnelebaTa
dapyrobis swrafvaSi, pirvel warmatebas parfiumeri yvavilebis
Tavisuflebisken mswraf aromatebze borkilebis dadebiT aRwevs.
zRva yvavilebis Wknobis, mokvdinebis, svel `gvamebad~ qcevis
sanaxaobiT monusxuli parfiumeri kuprSi aduRebuli
surnelovani sulis mesakuTred iqceoda. aromatizirebuli
qonisgan damzadebuli, edemiseuli surnelebis mfrqveveli
sunamos SeynosvisTanave adamians maradiuli axalgazrdobisa
da netarebis mopovebis gancda eufleboda. cxovreba maSinve
siberisa da sikvdilis gardauvalobisgan, yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gamovlenis saWiroebisgan, - zogadad nebismieri
saxis procesSi myofobisgan Tavisufal uZrav Sedegad iqceoda,
- TviTmoqmed idiliis uZrav peizaJad iqceoda. gafiqrebisTanave,
yvela survilis aRmsrulebel edemSi virtualurad
dabrunebuli, erTxel da samudamod mopovebul netarebaSi
(cxeli wyliT gavsebul abazanaSi CamjdariviT) xevdeboda.
swored mokvdavi aromatis mimTvisebeli ukvdavi surogati,
WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis sulis amomxdeli
aduRebuli kupris naxarSi afrqvevda edemiseul surnelebas,
ukvdavebasTan ziarebis momnusxvel iluzias aziarebda mis
Semynosavebs. swored aduRebuli kupris samflobelos Semoqmedi
iqca kuprSive `gamomcxvari~ edemis avtorad _ marad moZravi
warmavlobis uZravi maradisobiT Canacvlebisken swrafvis
sayovelTao maniis masazrdoeblad.
waruvali bednierebis iluziis STamberavi produqcia swored
warmavlis damTrgunavi, WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis
sulis amomxdeli cnobierebis pirmSo-nayofad gvevlineba.
sagulisxmoa, rom RvTaebrivi surnelebis marad
SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnas parfiumeri mis mier moklul
qaliSvilTa sxeulebidan mopovebuli esenciis safuZvelze
SeZlebs. qalebis seriuli mkvleli maniakis siuJeturi
TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis deteqtiuri istoria awmyoSi mudam
15
maia goSaZe
aryofnis _ sicocxlis yoveldRiuri, yovelwuTieri
`mkvlelobis~ ambavs warmoadgens, nicSes cnobili naSromis
saTaursa da paTossac Tu davesesxebiT erTob adamianur
ambavs mogviTxrobs, cocxlis surogatiT, warmavlis waruvaliT,
awmyos momavliT, moZravis uZraviT, procesis SedegiT, gareganis
SinaganiT, TviTobis TviTmoqmedi wesrigiT Camnacvlebeli
usinaTlobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens.
oRond ara axla!
awmyos winaSe mudam uZlurad xelebis mosavsave, oRond
ara aq da ara amJamad suliskveTebis gamomxatveli sulis
Zaxilad gaismis Seqspiriseuli makbetis cnobili sityvebi:
`xvale xvals misdevs~5 (dedanSi: tomorrow and tomorrow and
tomorrow6) iseve, rogorc Cexoviseuli sami dis cnobili
`laitmotivuri~ SeZaxili: `moskovSi, moskovSi, moskovSi!~7 –
TiTqos, awmyodan aq da amJamad arsebobidan gaqrobis msurvelis,
uZluri sulis Zaxili.
`ukvdavi~ momavliT damajildovebeli, yovlismomcveli
wesrigis gareSe, `umizezod~ da `uSedegod~ cxovrebis ver
miRebis motivi (Cexoviseul gmirTa samyaroSi mudam
Sexmatkbilebuli mravalxmianobiT gaJRerebuli), marad axlis
mSobadi SemoqmedebiTi stiqiis, nebis, aqtivobis uarmyofeli,
sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule fsiqikuri tendenciis
gamomxatvelad iqceva.
uflis nebis yovlisSemZleobis moaruli frazebiTa da
Tvinieri morCilebiT amRiarebel Cexoviseul gmirTaTvis iRbali
Tu uiRbloba, SenaZeni Tu danakargi cxovrebaSi yovelive
uflis nebis gamomxatvelia, sakuTari Sinagani, pirovnuli arsisa
da SesaZleblobebis garda, pirovnuli zrdisa da ganviTarebisken,
cnobierebisa da Tvalsawieris gafarToebisken, Tavisufali
SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisken swrafvis garda, swored Semoqmedis
xatisamebr adamianis Seqmnilobis ideis garda.
oRond ara me, ara martom, ara aq da ara amJamad _
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTia Cexoviseul gmirTa umravlesobis
cxovrebiseuli kredos gamomxatveli paTosi. yovlismomcveli
16
variaciebi
yofna-aryofnis
motivebze
wesrigisa Tu qaosis, maradisobisa Tu warmavlobis winaSe
individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebisa da zedmetobis
idea, maTi ucvleli Zilispirulis maradiul laitmotivad
rCeba. awmyos, rogorc sanukvari momavlis dadgomamde, rogorRac
gasayvan, mosaklav droSi (mosacdel oTaxSi myofiviT)
`yuryutis~ xanad aRqma, maT mudmivad Tanamdev ganwyobad
rCeba.
mxolod sicocxlesTan gamosalmebis saSiSroebis winaSe
misTvis, marTlac, sabediswerod dasrulebuli duelis win
wamierad mainc SeZlebs tuzembaxi (piesidan `sami da~)
arsebulTan mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebas, mudam Waobad aRqmuli
im patara qalaqis mSvenierebis gancdas, sadac mdinarecaa,
tyec, ulamazes xeTa nairsaxeobebic xaroben, misi mkvidrni ki
mxolod koRoebs aRiqvamen.
sagulisxmoa, rom kacobriobis naTel momavalze meocnebe
`sami dis~ gmirebi ara mxolod arafers iRoneben maTi axloblis,
tuzenbaxisTvis, uazrod Tavsmoxveuli duelis CasaSlelad,
aramed mis daRupvasac ki zezeulad mZinareni, TiTqos, sakuTar
Tavze ZaldatanebiT amCneven.
awmyoseuli realobisgan sakuTari Tavisa da erTmaneTisgan
gaucxoebuli Cexovis gmiri zamTarSi zafxuls mistiris,
zafxulSi _ zamTars, ucxoeTSi _ samSoblos, samSobloSi _
ucxoeTs, umuSevari mosamsaxures Senatris, samsaxurSi moaruli
_ saxlSi mjdoms, daojaxebuli _ martoxelas, martoxela ki
_ daojaxebuls.
imedsa Tu uimedobaSi gamqcevi, warsulisa Tu momavlisken,
saiqiosa Tu ucxo planetebisken momzirali, aswleulebisa
Tu aTaswleulebis Semdgom cxovrebas rom Senatris, nebismieri
siSoresa da xangrZlivobas gulgaxsnil-xelgaSlili rom
egebeba mudam karCaketili, Zunwi da Seuvali swored arsebulis
mimarT rCeba, iqneba es yofiTi Tu Sinagani `realoba~, Sinagani
xma Tu mowodeba. erTaderTi rac mis gulsa da suls ar
ekareba, risi aRqma-gancda da gaazreba ar surs, yofniseuli
mimarTebis momTxovni realobaa.
swored momavliT gaTenebamde ZilquSidan gamosvlis
armsurvelad, TiTqos, marTlac, dabadebamdel netar
17
maia goSaZe
inertulobaSi dabrunebis msurvelad gvevlineba Cexovis gmiri
kinomsaxiobTa Teatriseul `alublis baRSi~.
giorgi margvelaSvilis mier dadgmul speqtaklSi TeTri
alublis edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa, mudam awmyos
acdenilsa da am acdenilobaSi, TiTqos, urTierTamreklav
oreulTa wyvilebad qceul gmirTa infantiluri samyaros
protagonistad ranevskaia (nineli WankvetaZe) gvevlineba; mis
Tavisebur, arsobriv da ara erTi medlis ori mxaris warmomCen
anti podad, mudam garedan gapirobebulobaze apelirebadi
umweobis uarmyoflad ki _ lopaxini.
mTeli speqtaklis manZilze mudam Seusmeneli lopaxini
(gia roiniSvilis SesrulebiT) ara mxolod ranevskaias mier
uaryofil Tayvanismcemlad, ara mxolod mis Tavisebur
alternativad, arsebobis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis
warmomCenad, aramed alublis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa mier
Seusmeneli maTive Sinagani xmis, Seucnobadi da amdenad
dakarguli `sinamdvilisa~ da SesaZleblobebis personificirebad
gmirad iqceva.
speqtaklSi lopaxini siyvaruls uxsnis pirdapiri gagebiT
smenadaxSul ranevskaias, dawolis win xmaurisagan damcav
sacobebs yurebSi rom Caidgams, daZinebis amao mcdelobis
Semdeg warmomdgari ki zardaxSidan amoRebuli raRac
qaRaldebis Tvalierebas iwyebs. sanam ranevskaia, rogorc Cans,
mamulis dagiravebasTan dakavSirebul sabuTebSi garkvevas amaod
(Zilismomgvrelobis efeqts Tu ar CavTvliT) cdilobs, oTaxSi
lopaxiani Semodis anTebuli sanTliT xelSi.
ukve miZinebul saxlSi ratomRac SemorCenili Tu
dabrunebuli stumari penuarSi gadacmuli ranevskaias
danaxvisTanave moibodiSebs, gasvlasac daapirebs, magram _
sapasuxo reaqciiT, ufro swored ki, ureaqciobiT sakuTar
SeusmenlobaSi darwmunebuli Seyovndeba, sanTels karadis Tavze
Semodgams da, TiTqos, salocavi xatis win Tavis grZnobas
aRsarebasaviT gamoTqvams, Tumca, imavdroulad, yovelgvari
abezari molodinisgan Tavisufali TviTkmarobiT. avanscenaze
mayureblis pirispir qaRaldebSi TavCaqindruli ranevskaias
zurgs ukan, moSorebiT, naxevrad Cabnelebul scenis siRrmeSi,
18
variaciebi
yofna-aryofnis
motivebze
ganaTebuli `aRmsareblis~ saxe, TiTqos, raRac uxilavi siRrmidan
`amoyvinTuli~ sazrisiT gaelvebuli uCinardeba.
mTeli speqtaklis manZilze ama Tu im saxiT lopaxinis
mudmivi uaryofa _ iqneba es misi msoflaRqma, ranevskaiasadmi
utyvi (Tumc sruliad aSkara) grZnoba Tu friad metyveli
mowodeba-gafrTxileba, umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi mamulis
dakargvis gardauvalobis Sesaxeb, swored raRac arsismieri
realobisadmi edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa `zurgSeqcevis~
motivis gamomxatvelad iqceva.
sagulisxmoa, rom sakmaod xangrZlivi dros manZilze
ranevskaiasTvis lopaxinis mier mirTmeuli yvavilebi (sicocxlis
warmaval-swrafmavali stiqiisa da masTan Tanaziari TviTobis
arqetipis maradiuli gamomxatvelni) `daunaxaobisa~ da gaTelvis
obieqtad iqcevian. rodesac xangrZlivi ganSorebis Semdeg
kvlav Tavis mamulSi dabrunebuli ranevskaia rogorc iqna
dainaxavs lopaxinis mier misken gawvdil yvavilebis Taiguls,
TiTqos, scenaze mdgari msaxiobisa da mis winaSe myofi
mayureblis rolSi erTdroulad aRmoCenili, gamorTmevisTanave
haerSi moisvris. lopaxinis mier akrefili yvavilebis
xelmeored gamorTmevisTanave ranevskaia imave Jests imeorebs,
odnav onavruli keklucobiT Serbilebuli, magram, TiTqos,
raRac iracionaluri yovlismflangvelobis brma sijiutiT.
ziuskindis romanSi swored momavlis ukvdavsayofad
`sulamoxdili~ yvavilebis msgavsad, kinomsaxiobTa Teatris
scenaze mimofantuli zed gadavlisa da gaTelvis, TiTqos,
uxilav obieqtad qceuli yvavilebi, sicocxlis yovelTvis
swored awmyoSi moZravi, warmaval-swrafmavali stiqiis
usasrulod ganmeorebadi uaryofis niSan-xatad gvevlinebian.
miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi, Zilis moyvaruli parfiumeris
msgavsad, ranevskaia nineli WankvetaZis SesrulebiT, sicocxlis
marad moZrav stiqias daxSuli sivrcis uZraobaSi, arsebiTad
misive ucvleli cnobierebis Taviseburad proecirebad
uZraobaSi gaurbis, xan garemomcvelebisgan Tavs (ufrosebisgan
damaluli bavSviviT) wignebis karadas afarebs, xan ki Zvelmanebis
damtev skivrSi Cawveba da am saxiT tovebs, ufro swored ki,
am saxiT gaaqvT dakarguli mamulidan.
19
maia goSaZe
aryofnis netar inertulobaSi _ samyarosTan pirveladi,
edemiseuli, harmoniis inertulobaSi gaxevebisken mswraf
alublis baRis mkvidrTa scenuri istoria ganxorcielebadis
ganuxorcieleblobis, gansacdelis ganucdelobis, aRsaqmelis
aRuqmelobis, Sesmenadis Seusmelobis Sinagan istorias
warmoaCens.
ama Tu im saxiT moazrebuli gapirobebulobis winaSe
individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebis SegrZneba,
swored arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Ziebisgan gaqcevis,
sakuTar `fexze~ wamodgomis nacvlad uzenaes sazrisze
amaRlebuli nostalgiis kvarcxlbekze gaSeSebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
yofna-aryofnis dilema, sikvdil-sicocxles Soris (cxadia,
egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT) arCevani swored `ukvdav~
Sedegsa da `mokvdav~ process Soris arCevanSi vlindeba _
maradisobiT dajildoebis imediTa Tu moTxovniT, yovelive
amJamad arsebulis, mocemulis, realizebadis gaufasurebasa
da yovelgvari gasaCivrebis gareSe, swored awmyoSi, arsebulSi,
mocemulSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT cxovrebas
Soris arCevanSi vlindeba.
1. Пастернак Борис, Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, gv. 567.
2. Карл Густав Юнг, Психологические типы, М., 1995, gv. 225.
3. Пастернак Борис, Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, gv. 225.
4. Зюскинд Патрик, Парфюмер, М., 1967, gv. 43.
5. uiliam Seqspiri, tragediebi, Tb., t. 3, 1987, gv. 227.
6. William Shakespeare, Tragedies, L., 2001. gv. 167.
7. Чехов Антон, Рассказы, повести, пьесы. М., 1967, gv. 654.
8. Гофман Эрнест, Повести, рассказы, М., 1967.
9. Бердяев Николай, Философия свободного духа, М., 1994.
10. Антология мировой философий, М., 1969.
11. Фромм Эрих, Душа человека, М., 1984.
20
marine (maka) vasaZe
saubrebi robert sturuas
`saTeatro enaze~
(robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis)
robert sturua _ reJisori, rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro
xelmZRvaneli; levan xeTaguri _ profesori, Teatrmcodne, msoflio
Teatris mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli.
qarTuli saTeatro profesiuli reJisura, anu sareJisoro
Teatri, iseve rogorc evropuli, erT saukuneze cotaTi mets
iTvlis. vgulisxmob imas, rom sareJisoro Teatrs (zogadad)
safuZveli Caeyara me-19-e saukunis 80-iani wlebSi _ C. kini,
an. antuani, o. brami, m. reinhardti, k. stanislavski, vs. meierholdi,
b. brexti (mogvianebiT)... da a.S.. CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvans.
saqarTvelom ki, teritoriulad patara (mcire), magram
uzarmazari kulturis qveyanam, mxolod XX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi Sva msoflio masStabis (mniSvnelobis) sami
reJisori _ kote marjaniSvili, sandro axmeteli da robert
sturua (ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmob dabadebis TariRebs).
vfiqrob, es arc ise cotaa.
yovel axal kulturul movlenas, mimdinareobas da a.S.
Tavisi warmoSobis winapirobebi gaaCnia. samive reJisorma
gansxvavebuli _ sakuTari individualuri xelweriT _ epoqebi
Seqmnes msoflio Teatralur samyaroSi, axali sityva Tqves
saTeatro, sareJisoro enis formirebis sakiTxebSi. es exeba,
kote marjaniSvils da sandro axmetelsac, magram amjerad,
Cemi kvlevis obieqti robert sturuaa, misi saTeatro enis
formirebis sakiTxi.
sad SeiZleba veZieoT misi xelweris safuZvlebi,
konkretulad qarTul da zogadad msoflio Tetris masStabiT?
... rogor ganviTarda da Camoyalibda, misi saTeatro, sareJisoro
ena? ... da SeiZleba Tu ara, vuwodoT mas, erTi, romelime
konkretuli mimdinareobis reJisori? ...
statiis _ dialogisa Tu saubris forma _ romelic
avirCie, vfiqrob sainteresoa.
21
maka vasaZe
saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~
m. v. _ batono levan, rogorc adre viyaviT SeTanxmebulebi,
saubari daviwyoT robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ Sesaxeb.
kvlevis sagania robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis
sakiTxi da dialogis forma, romelic SemomTavazeT, vfiqrob
sainterseso da mravlis momcemi iqneba CemTvis. vinaidan naTqvamia,
saubarisas, kamaTis dros ibadeba WeSmariteba...
msurs gamovikvlio, Tu rogor Camoyalibda iseTi fenomeni,
rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da misi gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebani. zogadidan gamomdinare konkretulisken wavide.
SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare, Seviswavlo misi
sareJisoro ena, romelic _ teqnikuri saSualebaa _ koncefciis,
gamosaxatavad. es ori kopmponenti erTimeoredan gamomdinareobs.
teqnika _ enaa, ena ki saSualebaa gamoxato Seni koncefcia,
msoflmxedveloba... ra xerxebs iyenebs batoni robert sturua
amisTvis?...
erTi periodi imasac ki vfiqrobdi _ robert sturuam
Seqmna Tavisi modeli Teatrisa da mas vuwode `ekleqturi
Teatris modeli~, magram termin ekleqturobas adre xelovnebis
nebismieri dargis mimarT xmarobdnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is
`cudi~ iyo. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvano nawyveti
statiidan `Teatri absurdi~ (Jur. `H2SO4~ 1924 w. #1, gv
46)1:
[...] `epigonoba. diletantoba. or skam Sua jdoma. yoveli
dadgma marjaniSvilis aris
eklektiuri naxerxi
aqedan:
Teatraluri SantaJi~
(stili daculia)
amas werdnen kote marjaniSvilze 1924 wels _ qarTuli
da ara marto qarTuli _ Teatris reformatorze (gavixsenoT
k. marjaniSvilis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, kerZod misi roli
`Tavisufali Teatris~ SeqmnaSi a. TairovTan erTad). aRvniSnav
imasac, rom am Jurnalis Semqmnelebi da avtorebi misi megobrebi
da bevr rameSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. me ki, am SemTxvevaSi,
vgulisxmob imas, rom batonma robertma _ xelovnebis sxvadasxva
22
dargis, sxvadasxva mimarTuleba gaaerTiana _ erT, mwyobr
sistemaSi... amasTanave moaxerxa, es yvelaferi, Seerwya qarTul
tradiciul fenomenTan, rasac qarTuli kultura ewodeba...
l.x. _ vfiqrob es termini ar gamodgeba robert sturuas
saTeatro enis, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis, koncefciis
ZiebisaTvis.
Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sturuam Tavisi samyaro Seqmna,
sakuTari Teatraluri xelwera Seqmna..., magram msoflio saTeatro
reJisuris konteqstSi mas saTeatro modeli ar gamougonebia.
vTqvaT, rac gaakeTes magaliTad: reinhardtma, brextma, marjaniSvilma,
meierholdma da a.S. vfiqrob, es sruliadac ar akninebs reJisors,
piriqiT, man saukeTesod gamoiyena sxvadasxva mignebebi, romelic
gaarTiana da SemogvTavaza iseTi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis
nakrebi, romelsac dRes Cven SeiZleba sturuas Teatri vuwodoT.
Cven ar gvaqvs misi Teoriuli mwyobri, qaRaldze gadmotanili
mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Teoriuli konceptualuri
naazrevi, gadmotanili qaRaldze...
m.v. _ saTeatro modelis gamogoneba _ vfiqrob es sakamaTo
sakiTxia. diax, mas SeiZleba axali gamogoneba ara aqvs (borblisa
ar iyos), magram, rogorc Tqven aRniSneT, man Seqmna `Tavisi
Teatraluri samyaro~. samyaros Seqmna ki, TavisTavad, ukve
models gulisxmobs. xolo `Teoriulad mwyobri, konceptualuri
naazrevis gadmotana qaRaldze~ _ iqneb ar scalia amisTvis?...
is xom sul sadadgmo, SemoqmedebiT procesSia?! anu, ufro
metad, praqtikosi reJisoria. da, iqneb, vinmem Caiweros zustad
misi muSaobis procesi? miTumetes, rom giorgi tovstonogovidan
moyolebuli qarTul TeatrSi, amis magaliTebi gvaqvs. 50-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, batoni akaki dvaliSvili studentobis
dros da Semdegac _ iwerda, akonspeqtebda Tavisi maswavleblis
giorgi tovstonogovis muSaobis process. (akaki dvaliSvili
aris mixeil TumaniSvilis Taobis reJisori. isini erTad mividnen
rusTavlis TeatrSi da erTad daiwyes SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba.
m.v.). cnobili faqtia, rom XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan, iwyeba e.w. Semotrialeba fsiqologiuri Teatrisaken.
(Tumca, me vfiqrob, es, jer kidev, sakamaTo sakiTxia da amis
Sesaxeb mogvianebiT visaubrebT). Semdeg, am Canawerebze, sakuTar
23
maka vasaZe
maxsovrobasa da SemoqmedebiT gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiTi,
misi megobari da Tanamoazre batoni mixeil TumaniSvili, robert
sturuas e.w. `ostati~ (maswavlebeli), qmnis mwyobr, Teoriul
naSroms _ qaRaldze gadmotanil sistemas _ saTeatro
swavlebisa. mixeil TumaniSvilis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis
meore naxevarSi ki, sxvadasxva Teatris istorikosebi Tu
Teoretikosebi, akeTeben Canawerebs misi repeticiebisa. es, uaxlesi
istoriuli praqtika, vTvli, rom dResac SeiZleba ganmeordes.
Tuki, praqtikos reJisors _ robert sturuas _ ar scalia _
saTeatro koncefciis, enis, saSualebebis _ naSromad
CamoyalibebisTvis, mis magivrad sxvam SeiZleba gaakeTos. momaval
Taobebs dautovos sturuaseuli Teatris Secnobis saSualeba,
im video-audio CanawerebTan erTad, rac arsebobs. (SoTa
rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo unuversitetis
gamomcemloba `kentavri~, rusTavelis Teatris muzeumTan erTad,
muSaobs robert sturuas repeticiebis Canawerebze. m. v.).
SeiZleba, dadges dro da Tavadac gadmosces qaRaldze `Tavisi
mosazrebebi, Seqmnas mwyobri Teoriuli sistema~...
l. x. _ arsebobs sxvadasxva dros gamoqvenebuli interviuebi,
mosazrebebi, werilebi. batoni roberti Tavadac wers
literaturul nawarmoebebs, magram, mis mier dawerili, mwyobri
sistema _ konceptualuri Teatrisa _ xelT ar gvaqvs. amitom,
Cven, unda gamovikvlioT da Cven, unda SevqmnaT, mis naazrevze
dayrdnobiT, sturuaseuli Teatris fenomeni.
maxsovs, wlebis win, sturuam gamoTqva aseTi mosazreba,
rom qarTuli dramaturgia ar arsebobs. mas Tavs daesxnen
ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi. saqme imaSi gaxlavT, rom
robert sturua amaSi marTali gaxldaT (arcerTi Cvengani
klasikosebs ar vgulisxmobT). vinaidan, roca isini ekamaTebian
mas, im `niRbiT~, rom icaven qarTul Teatrs _ ufro metad
azianeben, vidre _ piriqiT. zusti daTariReba, da movlenis
zusti Sefaseba, arasodes saziano ar aris kulturisTvis. es
aris adgilis zusti gansazRvra. kulturaSi Sejibri imis
Taobaze _ me, ori wliT adre mqonda, Tu gvian _ aseTi
konceptualuri Sejibri ar arsebobs... da, vinc amaze agebs
Tavisi qveynis kulturis istorias yovelTvis wagebuli rCeba...
24
saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~
m. v. _ vfiqrob, qarTuli Tanamedrove dramaturgia marTlac
Zalian sustia da am SefasebaSi namdvilad ar Semcdara batoni
robert sturua. ara aqvs mniSvneloba _ ramdeni wers da
ramdens wers, mTavaria xarisxi da Sedegi.
sainteresoa, rogor akeTebs piesis arCevans? rodis xvdeba,
rom es is piesaa, an im literaturuli nawarmoebis inscenirebaa,
romlis ganxorcielebac surs scenaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
upiratesobas mainc e.w. `klasikur piesebs aniWebs~. amave
dros dadgmuli aqvs Tanamedrove piesebic, maT Soris qarTuli.
radgan qarTul dramaturgiaze Camovarda saubari, aucileblad
unda gavixsenoT, rom mas qarTveli klasikosebic _ ilia
WavWavaZe, daviT kldiaSvili da polikarpe kakabaZe sainteresod,
axleburad, Taviseburad (sturuaseulad) aqvs danaxuli,
moazrebuli da dadgmuli. `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (T.
CxeiZesTan erTad), `yvaryvare~, `kacia_adamiani?!~, `darispanis
gasaWiri~... am CamonaTvalidan ilia, ra Tqma unda ar iyo
dramaturgi, magram saocrad azrovnebda da werda e. w.
`saxeebiT~ (gavixsenoT `kacia adamiani~, `glaxis naambobi~... es
nawarmoebebi araerTxel daudgamT qarTul scenaze da gadauRiaT
filmebi).
aqve minda moviyvano nawyveti robert sturuas da Cemi
saubridan, romelic 2006 wlis noemberSi Sedga (gTavazobT
nawyvetebs m.v.). kiTxvaze, Tu ra princi piT xelmZRvanelobs,
scenaze gansaxorcielebeli piesis arCevisas _ mi pasuxa:
r. s _ SemoqmoqmedebiTi, reJisoruli gzis dasawyisSi,
vcdilobdi damedga mxolod iseTi piesebi, romlebic Cems
cxovrebiseul `kredos~, Cems msoflmxedvelobas esadageboda,
magram aris momentebi, rodesac Sen asruleb SekveTas.
axalgazrdobaSi xSirad miwevda ganawilebiT Sexvedrili
piesebis dadgma. droTa ganmavlobaSi mivxvdi, rom amgvarad
dadgmuli speqtaklebi arc ise cudi gamodioda, piriqiTac ki
xdeboda xolme. anu ar aris aucilebeli piesa zustad
emTxveodes Sens msoflmxedvelobas. nebismieri nawarmoebidan
SegiZlia gaakeTo is, rac Sen gsurs. mokled vityvi, nebismier
nawarmoebSi (Tu is sruli `katastrofa~ ar aris) SegiZlia
i povo raRac marcvali da Semdeg masze aago mTeli Seni
koncefcia, struqtura da a.S. Tu kargia dramaturgiuli
25
maka vasaZe
nawarmoebi, maSin is, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, zustad moergeba
Tanamedroveobas. SegiZlia i povo iq saTqmeli, romelic
gainteresebs Sen da Sens xalxs am konkretul droSi, am
konkretul momentSi. Teatri ki, yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba
konkretuli drois, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli da gamomxatveli
tribuna, amitomac ver moikida TeatrSi fexi e.w. socrealizmma,
Tumca mxatvrobaSi, mwerlobaSi mSvenivrad damkvidrda da
mTeli mimdinareobac ki Seiqmna socrealizmisa.
dRes, rodesac virCev piesas (an nebismier nawarmoebs)
dasadgmelad, intuiciasac veyrdnobi. magaliTad, momewona xuTi
piesa da miWirs arCevanis gakeTeba, imitom rom xuTive Zalian
sainteresoa. mxatvruli done maRalia, Tanabari, Seesabameba
Cemi da Cemi xalxis tkivils, problemebs. viReb raime yuTs an
jams, sxvadasxva qaRaldis naglejze vwer saTaurebs, vyri am
yuTsa, Tu jamSi, kargad amovurev da amoviReb erT-erTs.
mokled, `latareas~ vTamaSob. Teatri, xelovnebis sxva
dargebisgan gansxvevebiT, yvelaze ufro cocxali xelobaa,
xelovnebaa. Tu is ar asaxavs Tanamedroveobas, maSin igi
mkvdaria. rac ar unda kargi piesa airCio dasadgmelad da
CaTvalo, rogorc reJisorma, rom dadgma warmatebulia, Tu is,
mayurebelma ar moiwona, speqtaklma mayurebeli ver miizida,
maSin e. i. raRac aklia. es Seni (reJisoris) bralia. yovelTvis
unda gaiTvaliswino mayureblis moTxovna. vinaidan Teatri
da mayurebeli cal-calke ar arsebobs, erTiania, erTianad
cocxlobs, erTnairad sunTqavs. maT, erT ritmSi unda ucemdeT
pulsi, maTi majiscema, unda emTxveodes. speqtakli im konkretul
momentSi cocxlobs, rodesac scenaze TamaSdeba da mas,
mayurebeli adevnebs Tvals.
reJisorisTvis sainteresoa magidasTan piesaze muSaobis
procesi, scenaze gadatanis procesi, msaxiobebTan muSaobis
procesi, mxatvarTan, kompozitorTan, gamnaTebelTan da a.S.
Semdeg. speqtakli, roca Sedgeba da mayurebeli mas
naxavs, me is ukve imdenad aRar mainteresebs... is
icocxlebs, Tu sworad davdgi, anu mayureblisaTvis
gasagebad. parterSi sxva dasxva inteleqtis, fenis
warmomadgenlebi sxedan, Sen, rogorc reJisorma muSaobis
dros unda ifiqro yvelaze, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi
26
saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~
da gasagebi gaxdes Seni Canafiqri. yvelam unda gaigos,
risi Tqma gsurda. zogs, ubralod, nanaxiT siamovnebis
gancda mianiWo, zogic ufro Rrmad Caswvdeba Sens
namuSevars da detalebiT daiwyebs tkbobas da a.S.
aris piesebi, romelebic uSualod ar exeba Tanamedroveobas,
sakmaod rTuli, filosofiuri siRrmeebiT, mayureblisTvis
aRsaqmelad mZime, samagierod, aseT piesebSi, aris deteqtiuri
momentebi. TiTqmis yvela piesaSi aris dedeqtivis marcvali.
magaliTad, aviRoT saberZneTi. epidavrosSi davdgi `oidi pos
mefe~, TiTqos araferi aqvs saerTo TanamedroveobasTan.
samagierod, masSi devs deteqtivis marcvlebi. anu, mkvleli,
borotmoqmedi, ise, rom Tavad ar icis. eZebs mamis mkvlels
(Tavad mokla mama) da cxovrobs dedasTan (oidi posma, ra
Tqma unda, ar icis, rom iokasta misi dedaa). me im dadgmaSi
wina planze, swored es deteqtiurobis momenti gamovitane da
ara is, rom adamiani ver gaeqceva Tavis bedisweras (mogexsenebaT
berZnul dramaturgiaSi, e. w. tragediebSi bedisweris Tema
umTavresia, es exeba evri pidesac, sofoklesac da esqilesac.
m. v.). ufro metsac getyviT, `hamletic~ deteqtivia, vinaidan
Cven, danamdvilebiT ar viciT, marTla mokla klavdiusma Tavisi
Zma Tu ara. `eleqtrac~ deteqtivia, SurisZiebis deteqtivi.
anu, reJisorma nebismieri piesis dadgmis dros unda moZebnos
raime, riTac miizidavs mayurebels. vimeoreb, parterSi, sxvadasxva
fenis, sxvadasxva inteleqtis mayurebeli zis da Sen, reJisorma
unda SeZlo yvelasTan miitano Seni saTqmeli. Teatri yvelaze
demokratiuli Janria da unda hyavdes mayurebeli.
bevrs hgonia, rom me dramaturgias, dramaturgs udierad
vepyrobi. es ar aris marTali. me yovelTvis vcdilob
dramaturgis stili gamovavlino. yovelTvis, nawarmoebs
veyrdnobi, Tumca, dRes, XXI saukuneSi, msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynis reJisorebi, Zalian `Tavisuflad~ udgebian klasikosi,
Tu araklasikosi dramaturgebis piesebs. (aRsaniSnavia, rom
reJisorebi, aseve `Tavisuflad~ epyrobodnen piesebs jer kidev
XIX saukinis bolodan, vgulisxmob, zemoT CamoTvlil,
`sareJisoro Teatris~ mamamTavrebs, maT Soris k. marjaniSvils.
mag. gr. robaqiZe, marTalia aRrfTovanebuli iyo k. marjaniSvilis
da a. axmetelis `lamaras~ dadgmiT, magram amave dros, ukmayofilo
27
maka vasaZe
_ marjaniSviliseuli `monataJiT~ piesisa, romlis mixedviTac
a. axmetelma ganaxorciela scenaze es piesa. m. v.). magaliTad,
litvelma reJisorma _ o. korSunovasma `romeo da julieta~
dadga, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba samzareuloSi _ sacxobSi
(qarTvelma mayurebelma es speqtakli ixila 2009 wels Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalze _ `Tbilisi Internationale~ _
marjaniSvilis TeatrSi. m. v.). anu, isini weren Zveli piesis,
axal variants. me amgvarad ar viqcevi. Tu vdgam klasikosis
nawarmoebs, vakeTebT axal Targmans da erTi sityvis meoreTi
Senacvlebis dros mimyavs xolme teqstualuri mxare Cemi
Canafiqrisaken. roca, Tanamedrove dramaturgis piesaze vmuSaob
(magaliTad laSa buRaZe, irakli samsonaZe), maSin maT vuTanxmdebi,
an saerTod, maT vTxov, gadamikeTon, esa Tu is, epizodi, scena
Tu teqstualuri masala... (zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams
piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs, moqmedebas. gavixsenoT, Tundac,
bolo wlebSi dadgmuli, samuel beketis `godos molodini~,
maqs friSis 2009_2010 wlis rusTavelis Teatris sezonis
premiera `bidermani da cecxlis wamkidebelni~. es `xerxic~,
rogorc zeviT aRvniSne `ar axalia, Zvelia~ m. v.)
l. x _ davubrundeT Cveni saubris dasawyiss, rogorc ukve vTqvi
_ zusti daTariReba, da movlenis zusti Sefaseba, arasodes
saziano ar aris kulturisTvis, es aris misi adgilis zusti
gansazRvra. magaliTad moviyvanoT poloneTi. polonuri Teatri
centralur evropaSi yvelaze gvian Seiqmna. nacionaluri Teatri
XVII saukunis meore naxevaris miwuruls, magram man moicva XX
saukunis Teatraluri Ziebebi, mTlianad da ager ukve XXI saukuneSic
gadmovida; gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa rkinis fardiT
rusuli Teatraluri Ziebebi, absoluturad miuwvdomeli gaxda
msofliosaTvis. dRes msoflio Teatrze saubrisas _ kantoris,
grotovskis, svinarskis da sxv., am saxelebis gareSe ver vimsjelebT.
eseni faqtiurad konceptualurad cvlian XX saukunis Teatrs.
grotovski magaliTad dRes erT-erTia, im ramdenimesTan erTad
vinc mTlianad axali saTeatro modeli Seqmna.
meore magaliTs getyvi Zalian mniSvnelovans: es aris litva.
litvaSi profesiuli Teatri XIX saukunis bolos, XX saukunis
dasawyisSi iqmneba, ufro gvian vidre saqarTveloSi. dRes
28
saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~
litvis sareJisoro da samsaxiobo skola atrialebs da qmnis
aminds evropul sivrceSi. eseni arian dRemde moRvawe: nekroSusi,
vaitkusi, bolo periodSi tuminasi da sxva. dRes evropaSi
yvelaze meti moTxovna maTzea.
m. v. _ geTanxmebiT, rom XX da XXI saukunis Teatraluri
Ziebebi, poloneTesa da litvaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa.
XIX saukunis bolo _ XX saukune, vTvli (da ara marto me
vTvli ase), aris axali Teatraluri Ziebebis, aRmoCenebis
saukune ara marto poloneTsa da litvaSi, aramed zogadad
evropaSi, amerikasa da aziaSic (italia, britaneTi, safrangeTi,
germania, iaponia, aSS da a.S.). es exeba, rogorc dramaturgias,
aseve reJisuras, Teatralur mxatvrobas, musikas, saSemsruleblo
teqnikas (msaxiobs vgulisxmob) da a.S. am ZiebebSi da
aRmoCenebSi, axali Teatraluri stilistikis SeqmnaSi, sabWoeTis
rkinis fardis miuxedavad (raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos)
qarTuli Teatric CarTulia...
(gagrZeleba ix. Semdeg nomerSi, #3 (44))
1 `Teatri absurdi~ Jur.. ‘H2SO4~ 1924 w. #1, gv 46
a. vasaZe `mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, wigni pirveli, S rusTavelis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~, 2010.;
Э. Гугушвили, Котэ Марджанишвили; [Ред. Н. Т. Финогенова]. - М. : 1979;
v. kiknaZe, `saubrebi qarTul Teatrze~, 1979;
v. kiknaZe `qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi~, Tb., 1982;
n. gurabaniZe, reJisori robert sturua, Tb.: 1997;
`dialogi `yvaryvareze~, Jur. `Teatraluri moambe~, 1974, #4;
n. gurabaniZe, `yvaryvare~, Jur. ‘sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1974, , #7;
d. mumlaZe, `reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi portreti~, Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~,
1981, #12;
gaz. `kavkasioni~, parizi, 1964, #9
gaz. `kultura~ 2006, #12 (29);
gaz. `kultura~ 2008, #2 (40);
`Teatri absurdi~ Jur. `H2SO4~ 1924’ #1, gv 46.
http.// dic. academic. ru
29
kinomcodneoba
zviad doliZe
kinos iaponeli imperatori
mimdinare wels Sesrulda gamoCenili kinoreJisoris, akira
kurosavas, dabadebidan asi wlisTavi. am didebulma xelovanma,
romelic maradisobaSi 12 wlis win gadavida, madlier
STamomavlobas dautova Tavisi genialuri filmebi, romlebSic
gamosWvivis sikeTisa da humanurobis dResaswauli, realobis
Zieba da iluziisadmi Seuguebloba, progresi sasowarkveTidan
imedisaken, amitomac moi poves maT msoflio donis mniSvneloba.
kurosava ufro socialurad moazrovne, meamboxe Semoqmedi
iyo, vidre politikurad angaJirebuli reJisori. igi yovelTvis
cdilobda Sors mdgariyo mis qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri
movlenebisagan da ufro metad ainteresebda mavani socialuri
problema, misi yvela mxare, misi yvela niuansi. swored amis
gamo iqca igi mTeli kinematografiuli samyarosaTvis gamorCeul
figurad.
akira kurosava daibada 1910 wlis 23 marts tokioSi, erT
Cveulebriv, mravalSvilian iaponur ojaxSi. is bavSvobidanve
iyo gatacebuli mxatvruli literaturiTa da kinematografiT.
es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT Seayvara erT-erTma ufrosma
Zmam _ heigom, romelic `benSis~ (`mTxrobelis~) Tanamdebobaze
muSaobda kinoTeatrebSi da xSirad dahyavda akira sxvadasxva
kinoseansze. 1936 wels kurosavam muSaoba daiwyo erT-erT
kinokompaniaSi reJisoris asistentad da ramdenime wlis
manZilze didi gamocdileba daagrova, ris Sedegadac 1942
wels mas andes damoukideblad gadaeRo sadebiuto namuSevari
`sanSiro sugata~. iqidan moyolebuli, akira kurosavam Seqmna
30 kinosuraTi (plus erTi filmi man erToblivad gaakeTa or
sxva iaponel kinoreJisorTan erTad). maTi umetesoba
aRiarebulia kinos gamokveTil nimuSad, xolo 1950 wels
gadaRebulma filmma `raSomon~ saerTaSoriso asparezze gaiyvana
manamde, erTgvarad, karCaketil mdgomareobaSi myofi iaponuri
kino, Tavisi STamagonebeli ZaliTa da niSandoblivi emociuri
aspeqtebiT msoflios gaacno ara marto misi avtori, aramed
30
31
zviad
doliZe
mTeli iaponuri kinematografis mimarT aRZra da gaaRviva
cxovelmyofeli interesi.
kurosavas kinogmirebs, iseve rogorc Tavad mas, hqondaT
daJinebuli moTxovnileba, scodnodaT cxovreba iseTi, rogoric
aris. iaponiaSi mas akritikebdnen imisaTvis, rom igi dasavluri
publikisaTvis muSaobda, sinamdvileSi misi kolegebidan aravis
masaviT ar uRvawia ise, rom Tavisi samSoblo da misi
sazogadoeba zedmiwevniT gasagebad eCvenebina dasavleTisaTvis.
is amayad acxadebda, rom arasodes vakeTeb films gamorCeulad
ucxouri auditoriisaTvis. Tu nawarmoebs ar SeuZlia hqondes
mniSvneloba iaponeli mayureblisaTvis, me, rogorc iaponeli
xelovani, misiT ubralod ar vinteresdebio.1
kurosavas arasodes Camouyalibebia sakuTari stili,
arasodes aravisTan ganuxilavs igi da mxolod kritikosebi
msjelobdnen da gamohqondaT sxvadasxva daskvna amis Taobaze.
man bevri kinematografisti `fexze daayena~, bevri ram aswavla,
Taviseburad `SeuZRva~ kinosamyaroSi. mis TanamSromlebs is
arasodes gaufetiSebiaT, oRond yovelTvis sjerodaT misi da
amayobdnen, rom iTvlebodnen kurosavas gundis wevrebad.
msaxiobebsac sulac ar uWirdaT, piriqiT, siamovnebdaT masTan
muSaoba. bevri umadloda mas samsaxiobo karieris SeqmnaSi
gaweuli RvawlisaTvis. umetesi maTgani piradad umegobrdeboda.
masze ambobdnen, rom imden repeticiebs atarebda, sanam msaxiobebs
xmebi ar CauwydebodaT, an cxenebidan panta-puntiT ar cviodnen.2
es asec iyo, magram sworedac rom es iyo namdvili, muxlCauxreli
muSaoba. Tavad msaxiobebi, vinc masTan wlebis manZilze
TanamSromlobdnen, amtkicebdnen, rom igi ar icvleboda.
erTxel kurosavas hkiTxes, filmis keTebis procesSi romel
etaps aniWebda upiratesobas, man upasuxa, albaT, montaJi ufro
mniSvnelovania, magram, Tu ar gaqvs kargi scenari, veranairi
montaJi ver dagexmarebao.3 Cveulebisamebr, mas hqonda ramdenime
proeqti ideaSi, magram, roca romelimes airCevda, ramdenime
wels amuSavebda, sanam uSualod scenaris dasawerad ar
dajdeboda. daweras, ZiriTadad, andomebda daaxloebiT naxevar
weliwads. TanascenaristebTan erTad gaerideboda tokios,
moaSurebda romelime sakurorto qalaqis myudro sastumros,
xandaxan ki pirdapir Tavisi saxlis baRSi iwyebda weras.
32
kinos
iaponeli
imperatori
iaponelis pirobaze simaRliT sakmaod maRali (1.86 sm.)
kurosava gadasaReb moedanzedac erTi TaviT maRla idga
yvelaze. man daarRvia erovnuli kinos aTwleulobiT
Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi, masSi gabatonebuli filosofia.
axalgazrda kolegebs mouwodebda, rom waekiTxaT msoflio
donis mxatvruli literatura, enaxaT aRiarebuli kinosuraTebi,
SeeswavlaT saukeTeso reJisorebis kinoTeoriebi da Tu surdaT
gamosuliyvnen kargi kinoreJisorebi, jer aucileblad
kinodramaturgiaSi unda ecadaT bedi. mas miaCnda, rom saWiro
iyo kinowarmoebisadmi mecnieruli midgoma, riTac
mniSvnelovanwilad Seewyoboda xeli kinos, rogorc xelovnebis
dargis Semdgom ganviTarebas.4
akira kurosava sxvadasxva gamokiTxvis Sedegad SehyavdaT
da axlac SehyavT msoflios saukeTeso kinoreJisorTa
aTeulebsa Tu xuTeulebSi, Tanac misi filmebis imdeni `rimeiqia~
gadaRebuli, rom am mxriv is aSkara rekordsmenia. mravali
Tikuni Searqves mas, magram maTgan yvelaze metad moswonda
`imperatori~, xolo SekiTxvaze, ras niSnavda misTvis kino, is
pasuxobda: `es Zalze martivia: amiReT me, gamomakeliT filmebi
da Sedegi nuli iqneba~.5
kurosavam 88 weli icocxla da sicocxlis bolomde
kvlav kinoze fiqrobda: mas hqonda axali Canafiqri, romlis
kinematografiuli xorcSesxmis gegmebsac awyobda, magram aRar
dascalda.
mcire xnis win, zustad 23 marts, kinoTeatrma `rusTavelma~
da saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis msoflio kinos istoriis
mimarTulebam moawyves erToblivi RonisZieba _ akira kurosavas
dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saRamo, romelzec
naCvenebi iqna misi erTi Zveli, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi
kinosuraTi `saocari kviradRe~. amiT Cveni mokrZalebuli
pativiscema gamovxateT am genialuri Semoqmedis mimarT, Tayvani
veciT mis samaradJamo xsovnas.
1. Joseph Anderson and Donald Richie. The Japanese Film: Art and Industry.
New York: Grove Press, 1960, gv. 378.
33
zviad
doliZe
2. Donald Richie. The Films of Akira Kurosawa. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1984, gv. 222.
3. iqve, gv. 124.
4. Akira Kurosawa. Something Like an Autobiography. New York: Random
House, gv. 193.
5. Fred Marshall. Emperor of Film – No, Not Yet! In collection: `Akira Kurosawa:
Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008, gv. 187.
irakli maxaraZe
amerikeli indielis saxe
amerikul vesTernSi
` S en u nd a ga xs ov de s , r om i nd i e l e b i
adami anebi ar ari an. is ini ga reuli
cxovelebi arian~.
indielebTan mebrZoli amerikuli mxatvruli
filmi (1955)
gaCenis pirveli dReebidanve amerikuli vesTerni1 amerikis
mkvidr mosaxleobas _ indielebs, aCvenebda rogorc
sisxlismsmel da sastik velurebs, romlebic TeTri adamianebis
skalpebze nadirobdnen, kolonistebi ki Tavs icavdnen, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, mainc cdilobdnen am ,,velurebTan~ daaxloebasa
da maTSi civilizaciis Setanas (sabWoTa kavSiris yofil
sivrceSi Cveni codna ,,veluri~ dasavleTis,2 indielebisa da
indielTa omebis Sesaxeb mxolod germanul-ruminuliugoslaviuri warmoebis mdare da ususuri vesTernebiT, goiko
mitiCiT, CingaCgukiTa da vinetuTi Semoifargleboda). kinomde
ufro adre aseTi imijis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa
bulvarulma romanma (mas aseve dime novels eZaxdnen. sityvidan
dime [ing.] _ aTcentiani, zustad amdeni Rirda es nawarmoebebi),
romelmac myarad Caunerga mkiTxvels is azri, rom ,,veluri~
da s av l eTi _ es da us r u l eb el i da am a R el v eb el i
TavgadasavlebiT savse samyaroa, sadac mefoben TeTrkaniani
raindebi, romlebic nebismier wams mzad arian daexmaron umweo
da gasaWirSi Cavardnil adamians.
1865 wlidan 1890 wlamde ,,velurma~ dasavleTma bevrad
meti legenda da Tqmuleba warmoSva, vidre amerikis mTelma
istoriam. amerikuli kinematografi ki Tavisi Casaxvis pirveli
dReebidanve mixvda, Tu ra oqros sabados waawyda. 1903 wels
ekranebze gamovida pirveli vesTerni matareblis didi gaZarcva,
aqedan moyolebuli vesTernis Janrma Seqmna miTosi, sadac
amerikis namdvili da gamogonili warsuli da dRevandeloba
34
35
irakli maxaraZe
erTmaneTSi iyo gadaxlarTuli. erT interviuSi cnobili
amerikeli reJisori jim jarmuSi (igi 90-iani wlebis vesTernis
Janris erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSis _ mkvdaris, avtoria)
ambobda: ,,30-40-ian wlebSic ki auditoriisaTvis zneobrivi
magaliTis Catarebis mizniT holivudur vesTernebSi istoriis
miTologizacia xdeboda. saqme iqamde midioda, rom mkvidri
amerikeli mosaxleoba miTologiur gmirad iqca. mgoni es
jon fordis filmSi maZiebelni moqmedeben komanCis tomis
indielebi, maT ki navahos indielebi TamaSoben, romlebic
Sesabamisad navahos enaze saubroben. es igivea, rom Tqva: ,,diax,
diax, vici es frangebi unda iyvnen, magram me mxolod germanelebis
moZebna SevZeli, amas mainc veravin gaigebs~.3
1890 wlisaTvis, roca literaturasa da TeatrSi vesTernis
Janris fesvebi gaCnda, civilizaciisa da velur dasavleTs
Soris arsebuli gamyofi zoli, anu frontiri (frontier [ing.] _
sazRvari), rogorc mas uwodebdnen, aRar arsebobda, is
oficialurad daixura. ase rom, Tavidanve vesTernis Janri
melanqoliuri tonalobisa iyo, radgan warsul dReebsa da
imis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda, rac aRar arsebobda.
1865 wels frontiris xazi gasdevda mdinare misisi pis
momijnave Statebis dasavleT sazRvrebs da Semofarglavda
kanzass da nebraskas samxreT dayolebaze. Tavisi samsaukunovani
arsebobis manZilze frontirma, am moZravma ,,sazRvarma~,4 daiwyo
ra msvleloba aRmosavleTis koloniebidan _ mTeli amerika
gadasera. realurad frontiri iyo dasavleTisaken
gadaadgilebadi sazRvari qveynis aTvisebul, civilizebul
nawilsa da kontinentis aborigenTa teritorias Soris.
dasavleTSi, am auTvisebel da yamir miwebze, oqros maZiebelTa,
mesaqonleTa da axlamosaxleTa mosvlas mohyva indielebTan
konfliqtis zrda. amerikel indielTa TiTqmis yvela tomi
sxvadasxva dros ebrZoda TeTrkanianebs da amerikul regularul
armias, gansakuTrebiT seriozuli winaaRmdegoba frontiris
winsvlas gauwies CrdiloeT dablobis tomma sium da samxreTdasavleTis tomma apaCim.
mTavrobis politika jer kidev jeims monros prezidentobis
xanidan imaSi mdgomareobda, rom rac SeiZleba Sors hyolodaT
indielebi TeTrkanianTa frontiris zolidan. 1893 wels
36
amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi
istorikosma frederiq jeqson Ternerma Tavis TezisSi
frontiris mniSvnelobaze amerikul istoriaSi indielTa roli
Semdegnairad Seafasa ,,...isini unda Camogvcvlodnen gzidan~.5
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi yvelaze TvalsaCino figura,
romlis saxelTanac dakavSirebulia indielTa problema, endriu
jeqsoni iyo. jer kidev 1812 wlis amerika-inglisis omis Sua
periodSi jeqsoni, romelic maSin tenesis milicias
xelmZRvanelobda, gaigzavna samxreT alabamaSi, sadac
daundoblad CaaxSo krikis tomis indielebis ajanyeba, ris
Sedegadac SeerTebul Statebs maT sakuTari teritoriis ori
mesamedi dauTmes. Semdeg jeqsonma seminolis tomis indielebi
gandevna espaneTis kuTvnil floridaSi. jeqsonma msgavsi
politika prezidentobis yofnis drosac gaagrZela.
1830 wels kongresma miiRo ,,indielebis gasaxlebis aqti~
da daafinansa aRmosavleTis tomebis gadayvana misisi pis iqiT.
1834 wels indielebisTvis gamoiyo specialuri teritoria
axlandeli oklahomas adgilas. jeqsonis prezidentobis dros
indielTa tomebma xeli moaweres (upriania iTqvas, ZaldatanebiT
moawerines) 94 xelSekrulebas da federalur mTavrobas
milionobiT heqtari miwa dauTmes, ris gamo aTeulobiT tomi
gasaxlebul iqna Tavisi winaprebis miwebidan. qevin qosTneri,
avtori cnobili vesTernis cekvebi mglebTan (1990) erT
interviuSi ambobda: ,,filmi (cekvebi mglebTan) asaxavs amerikis
istoriis im monakveTs, romelic yvelasaTvis kargad aris
cnobili da romelsac aravin uwodebs genocids, indielebs
anadgurebdnen, spobdnen maT kulturas, raTa daepyroT maTi
miwa, dRes ki amboben: es miwa CvenTvis aucilebeli ar iyoo.6
yvelaze amazrzeni faqti msgavsi istoriidan exeba Cerokis
tomis indielebs, romlebmac 1791 wlis xelSekrulebiT Crdilo
karolinasa da jorjiaSi sakuTari miwebis SenarCunebis garantia
miiRes, magram maTi bedi gadawyda, roca 1829 wels iq oqro
aRmoaCines. Cerokis toms umaRlesi sasamarTlos mxridan
mxardaWeramac ver uSvela. qveynis saTaveSi jeqsonis
administraciis misvlisTanave Cerokis indielebi aiZules 1838
wels, daetovebinaT sakuTari miwebi da Sesdgomodnen grZel
gzas oklahomisaken. avadmyofobisa da mZime pirobebis gamo 15
37
irakli maxaraZe
aTasi indielidan 4 aTasi daiRupa, ris gamoc am gzas ,,cremlis
kvali~ ewoda.7
amerikis mTavrobaSi iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic fiqrobdnen,
rom indielTa gawyvetis politika yvelaze swori nabiji iyo
da rac ufro Cqara moxdeboda es, miT ukeTesi iqneboda
amerikisaTvis. maSin aseTi araoficialuri lozungebic ki
arsebobda: ,,CrdiloeTi amerika mTlianad gaiwmindos
indielebisagan!~ da ,,kargi indieli es mkvdari indielia~,8
magram amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas mxolod saomari
moqmedebebiT ver gaanadgurebdnen, radgan maSin, XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi, jer kidev darCenili iyo 280 aTasze meti
indieli (cnobisaTvis: XV saukunis miwuruls indielTa
raodenoba 10 milionze mets Seadgenda), amitom TeTrebma
daiwyes indielTa mTavari sakvebis _ bizonebis, ganadgureba.
cnobil Soumens, megzurs, amerikis armiis polkovnik bafalo
bils, roca is amerikul rkinigzas emsaxureboda, mokluli
hyavda 4200 bizonze meti, amitomac Searqves es saxeli (Buffalo
inglisurad niSnavs bizons).9 cxovelebis aseTma umowyalo
ganadgurebam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo _ Tu 1840 wels preriebSi
50 milionamde bizoni iyo, 1870 wlisTvis amerikis samxreTiT
arc erTi aRar darCa. cnobilia faqtebic, roca saxelmwifo
faqtorebi indielebze yiddnen Savi WiriT Seyril sabnebs.
erTxel ki indielTa tomSi gagzavnes yvaviliT daavadebuli
adamiani, rasac imunitetis armqone mTeli mosaxleobis amowyveta
mohyva. aranaklebi indieli gadaiyola isev da isev TeTrkanianTa
mier Setanilma ,,cecxlovanma wyalma~ _ spirtianma sasmelma.
raimeTi mainc rom gaemarTlebinaT is sisastike, rasac
sinamdvileSi Cadiodnen veluri dasavleTis amTviseblebi
aborigenebis mimarT, wignebisa da filmebis avtorebs indielebi
gamohyavdaT gamousworebel avazakebad da barbarosebad, TeTrebi
ki _ gmirebad, radgan isini, TiTqosda, eqstremalur situaciaSi
Cacvenilebi icavdnen TavianT ojaxsa da qonebas da amitom,
rasakvirvelia, uxdebodaT Tavdamsxmelebis, anu indielebis,
ganadgureba.
bafalo bil qoudis mier 1883 wels Seqmnil Wild West
(,,veluri~ dasavleTis) SouSi aCvenebdnen, Tu rogor awiokebdnen
axalmosaxleebsa da fermerebs indielebi, keTilSobili gmirebi
38
amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi
da amerikuli armia ki maT icavda.10 sazogadoebis TvalSi
aseTi saxis ,,reklama~ Zalian cud reputacias uqmnida
indielebs. sainteresoa, rom mas Semdeg, rac XIX saukunis
bolos indielebi ,,moarjules~ da cocxlad gadarCenilebi
rezervaciebSi Seyares, bevri maTganis sulismosaTqmel da
fulis gasakeTebel saSualebad swored ,,veluri~ dasavleTis
Sou iqca. bevri cnobili indielTa beladi da meomari, maT
Soris mjdomare xari, Savi cxen-iremi da jeronimo, am
warmodgenebSi monawileobda. xSirad isini Tavisi popularobiT
Crdilavdnen amerikis yovlisSemZle adamianebs. magaliTad, 1905
wels jeronimo, rogorc sapatio stumari, miiwvies prezident
Teodor ruzvelTis inauguraciisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze.
rogorc Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven, prezidenti aRaravis axsovda.
yvelas surda, jeronimos gasaubreboda da xeliT Sexeboda.
am legendarulma meomarma im dRes uamravi avtografi daariga
_ TiTo 25 centad. inauguraciis Semdeg jeronimo Sexvda
prezidents da sTxova rezervaciidan sakuTar saxlSi, arizonaSi,
daebrunebina, magram prezidentma igi uariT gaistumra.11
indielTa problema bevr amerikel kinematografists
awuxebda, jer kidev munji kinodan moyolebuli iyo mcdeloba,
eCvenebinaT realuri istoriebi. munji vesTernebis varskvlavma
uiliam s. harTma erTxel ganacxada kidevac: ,,dasavleTis
Sesaxeb naTqvami sinamdvile CemTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
Cemi samuSao~.12 Tumca vesTernis Semqmnelebi da TviT harTic
ki xSirad sinamdviles legendas da Selamazebul faqtebs
amjobinebda. ,,es dasavleTia, ser. roca legenda faqtad iqceva,
dabeWdeT legenda~, _ gazeTis redaqtoris es sityvebi jon
fordis vesTernidan kaci, romelmac mokla liberTi velensi,
zustad asaxavda damokidebulebas zogadad amerikis dasavleTis
istoriisadmi.
indielTa negatiuri saxiT warmoCena lamis 60-ian wlebamde
grZeldeboda. miuxedavad sxvadasxva cvlilebisa, TiTqosda,
veraferi Searyevda im klasikur, myar fundaments, im
dakanonebul da xelSeuxebel wesebs, riTac sunTqavda da
sazrdoobda vesTerni, sanam ar dadga 60-iani wlebi. es periodi
amerikuli kinematografisTvis iqca erTgvar dadebiT evoluciur
naxtomad, romelic Seexo ara marto holivudis esTetikur
39
irakli maxaraZe
mxares, man aseve Secvala misi sawarmoo sistema. holivuduri
sistemis krizisi daiwyo daaxloebiT 40-iani wlebis bolos,
xolo sabolood is 60-ian wlebSi daiSala. meore msoflio
omamde holivudi iyo is adgili, sadac Cqefda cxovreba,
romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi araviTari Sexebis wertili da
saerTo ar hqonia gare samyarosTan. holivudSi iqmneboda
miTologia. 60-ianebSi ki es izolirebuli samyaro ganadgurda.
holivudi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi da es maSinve aisaxa mis produqciaze.
kinematografistebma axleburad gaiazres vesTernis Janris
dogmad qceuli WeSmaritebani da indielebis problemasTan
dakavSirebuli kardinalurad gansxvavebuli filmebi SesTavazes
auditorias: Seienebis Semodgoma (1964), ombre (1967), uTxariT
maT, rom bili boi aq aris (1969), lurji jariskaci, patara
didi adamiani, adamiani cxeni, (1970), ulzanas Tavdasxma (1972)
da sxva. 60-ian wlebSi amerikul sazogadoebaSi momxdarma
cvlilebebma (robert kenedisa da martin luTer qingis
mkvlelobebi, SavkanianTa gamosvlebi sakuTari uflebebis
dasacavad, studenturi amboxi, seqsualuri revolucia da
areulobebi amerikis qalaqebSi) da vietnamis omma sakuTari
koreqtivebi Seitana: axalgazrdobas daekarga rwmena amerikis
heroikuli warsulisadmi, razec ase myarad iyo dafuZnebuli
vesTerni. kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom roca vesTernma 60ian wlebSi Seabija, man dakarga adrindeli mimzidveloba,
gaxda ufro nihilisturi, pirquSi da is xSir SemTxvevaSi
,,sisxlSi banaobda~. pirvel rigSi, es aisaxa brwyinvale
reJisorebis: serjio leones (dolaris trilogia) da sem
feqinfas (veluri banda, peT gereTi da bili qidi) vesTernebSi.
60-ian wlebSi mayurebeli, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba, sxva
moTxovnebs uyenebda filmis mwarmoeblebs. ,,veluri~ dasavleTis
miTebi Tavisi heroikuli figurebiT, altruistebiT, romlebic
ebrZodnen borotebas, dabolos, raRa Tqma unda, amarcxebdnen,
mxolod nostalgiis moyvarulT Tu akmayofilebda da darbazSi
sicils iwvevda xolme.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-ian wlebSi vesTerni gascda
kinoekranebis farglebs. samxedroebi, romlebic vietnamSi
ibrZodnen, gazrdilni iyvnen vesTernebze. im dros erT-erTi
40
amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi
yvelaze popularuli serialidan, romelic „praim TaimSi~
gadioda, rva iyo vesTerni. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom jon
ueini, yvela drois yvelaze cnobili kino qauboi, amerikel
jariskacebisTvis vietnamSi erTgvar Tilismad iqca. TviT ueinma
1968 wels dadga propagandistuli mxatvruli filmi vietnamis
omis Temaze mwvane beretebi, sadac amerikelTa bazas dodJ
siTi hqvia (erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili qalaqi ,,velur~
dasavleTSi). ekrans miRma, namdvil vietnamSi, jariskacebi saSiS
adgilebs indielTa teritoriebs uwodebdnen, vietnamel
megzurebs _ qiT qarsonebs. 13 amerikelebma Taviseburad
gadaakeTes cnobili slogani ,,kargi indieli _ es mkvdari
indielia~, oRondac sityva indieli CrdiloeT vietnameliT
Secvales. amerikelTa warmodgenaSi amerikis dasavleTis
frontirma indoCineTSi gadainacvla da amerikelebi isev
gadaiqcnen pionerebad, kavaleristebad, qauboebad, msrolelebad
da Serifebad. maTi misia es iyo civilizaciis, progresis
Setana da daCagrulTa dacva (msgavsi istoria axlac meordeba).
maiql heris wignSi aris erTi epizodi, sadac vietnamSi Casul
reportiors kapitani epatiJeba dagegmil sabrZolo operaciaze:
,,wavideT qauboebisa da indielebis saTamaSod~. 14 xSirad
vesTernis Janris saukeTeso nimuSebi zustad asaxavdnen im
epoqas, romelSic es filmebi keTdeboda, vidre istoriis im
periods (umeteswilad, XIX saukunis meore naxevars), romelSic
moqmedeba viTardeboda. 60-ian wlebSi Seqmnili bevri vesTerni
vietnamis omis alegoriad aris warmodgenili. sem feqinfa
aRniSnavda: ,,vesTerni _ es universaluri formaa, romelic
saSualebas gaZlevs, gamoTqva sakuTari mosazreba dRevandelobis
Sesaxeb~.15
am cvlilebebma, ra Tqma unda, imoqmeda vesTernebSi indielTa
imijis Secvlaze da yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqva.
kinematografistebi da amerikuli sazogadoeba inaniebdnen
codvebs da bodiSs uxdidnen maT im usamarTlobisa da
sisastikisaTvis, rasac amerikis mTavroba wlebis manZilze
Cadioda amerikis mkvidri mosaxleobis mimarT. jon fordi
ambobda: ,,...Cven indielebs Zalian cudad vepyrobodiT; es
Cveni sircxvilia. Cven maT vatyuebdiT da vZarcvavdiT, vklavdiT,
41
irakli maxaraZe
vanadgurebdiT... magram, Tu isini moklavdnen erT TeTr adamians,
RmerTo, Cven vagzavnidiT jarebs!~ 16
dro da mayurebelTa gemovneba Seicvala da dResdReobiT
vesTerni iseTive popularobiT aRar sargeblobs, Tumca
amerikeli kinematografistebi isev ganagrZoben sakuTari
uaxlesi istoriis gaxsenebas _ ,,veluri~ dasavleTis Temaze
filmebis gadaRebas, gansakuTrebiT es exeba televizias, sadac
am Janris bevri suraTi idgmeba. es filmebi bevrad ufro
politkoreqtulia da zedmiwevniT zustad asaxavs istoriul
sinamdviles. werils prezident jon kenedis mravlismetyveli
sityvebiT davasruleb: ,,roca Cven viviwyebT Cveni istoriis
did moamageebs, roca Cven ugulebelvyofT amerikeli indielebis
heroikul warsuls, amiT Cven sakuTar memkvidreobas
vauZlurebT...~ 17
1
termini vesTerni warmoqmnilia inglisuri sityvidan west _ dasavleTi.
,,velur~ dasavleTSi igulisxmeboda aSS-is dasavleTi da centraluri
Statebi.
3
http://gridassov.livejournal.com/19278.html?thread=64590
4
amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, amerikis Seswavlis saqarTvelos
asociacia (gamomcemloba klio, tomi V), gv. 257.
5
Paul Simpson,The Rough Guide to the Westerns (Rough Guides Ltd, 2006),
gv. 3.
6
The Making of Dances With Wolves, Directed by Jack Leustig (Laura Davis
Productions, 1990).
7
Paul Simpson, The Rough Guide to the Westerns (Rough Guides Ltd, 2006),
gv. 5.
8
Ibid, gv. 208.
9
Bill O’Neal, Best of the West (Publications International, Ltd, 2006), gv. 122.
10
am SouSi ,,rusi kazakebis~ saxeliT guruli mojiriTeebi gamodiodnen.
11
Jon E. Lewis, The Mammoth Book of the West the Making of the American
West (Running Press, 2001), gv . 448.
12
Bill O’Neal, Best of the West (Publications International, Ltd, 2006), gv. 3.
13
qiT qarsoni _ ,,veluri~ dasavleTis cnobili megzuri da mebrZoli
14
ix.: Jim Kitses and Gregg Rickman, edited by, The Western Reader (Limelight
Editions, 1998).
15
Stephen Prince, edited by, Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch (Cambridge
University Press, 1999), gv. 25.
2
42
amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi
16
David Matuszak, The Cowboy’s Trail Guide to Westerns (Pacific Sunset
Publishing, 2003), gv. 35.
17
http://www.nativevoices.org/articles/Kennedy.html
 Bob Boze Bell, Bad Men Outlaws & Gunfighters of the West (Boze
Publications, Inc., 1999).
Peter Bogdanovich, John Ford (Univeresity of California, 1978).
William K. Everson, The Hollywood Western (Carol Pub. Group, 1992).
Marshall Fine, Bloody Sam The Life and Films of Sam Peckinpah (Donald I
Fine, 1991).
Herb Hagen, The Encyclopedia of Westerns (Checkmark Books, 2003).
Kevin J. Hayes, edited by, Sam Peckinpah Interviews (University Press of
Mississippi/Jackson, 2008).
 Allan Hunter, edited by, The Wordsworth Book of Movie Classics
(Wordsworth Reference, 1992).
Robert E. Kapsis and Kathie Coblentz, edited by, Clint Eastwood Interviews
(University Press of Mississippi/Jackson, 1999).
Stephen Prince, Savage Cinema Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent
Movies (University of Texas Press, 1998).
Ted Sennet, Great Hollywood Westerns (Harry N Abrams, 1990).
Paul Seydor, Peckinpah The Western Films A Reconsideration (University
of Illinois Press, 1997).
Donald E. Staples, edited by, The American Cinema (Voice of America Forum
Series, 1973).
David Thomson, A Biographical Dictionary of Film, (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
43
Ddinara maRlakeliZe
kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi
kinematografis Sesaxeb Teoriuli mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba,
faqtobrivad, mis dabadebasTan erTad iwyeba da kinos istoriis
ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeba. kinos Teoria, kinos
istoriasa da kritikasTan erTad xelovnebisa da kulturis
mecnierebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba da damoukidebel mecnierul
disci plinas kinos mecnierebas qmnis.
kinos Teoria, romelic sxvadasxva Teoriuli teqstis
uzarmazar korpuss moicavs, kinematografs sxvadasxva
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc xelovnebis dargs, vizualur mediumsa
da ekonomikur produqts, anu, masobriv samomxmareblo
industrias Seiswavlis.
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seqmnili Teoriuli teqstebi
kinematografs ZiriTadad formisa da funqciuri daniSnulebis
aspeqtiT ikvlevdnen. kinos Teoriis esTetikuri ganStoeba
kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis, damaxasiaTebel
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs Seiswavlis, sociologiaze
orientirebuli kinos Teoria kinematografis, rogorc
audiovizualuri komunikaciis formis sazogadoebriv da
kulturul daniSnulebas ikvlevs, xolo fsiqologiuri
mimarTulebis kinos Teoriis kvlevis sferos filmis esTetikuri
daniSnulebis, misi aRqmis fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebisa da
filmis mayurebelze emociuri zegavlenis kvleva Seadgens.
kinematografis arsebobis jer kidev adreul wlebSi e. w.
bazrobebisa da balaganis kinos periodSi (1895-1907), roca
kinematografi, rogorc axali teqnikuri saocreba, masobriv
mediumad da gasarTob sanaxaobad iwyebda Camoyalibebas,
yoveldRiur presasa da saxelovnobo JurnalebSi ukve
ibeWdeboda publikaciebi, romlebic cdilobdnen, pasuxi gaecaT
kiTxvaze: ra aris kino?
1907 wlidan kinematografSi struqturuli cvlilebebi
iwyeba, saukuneTa gasayaris axali teqnikuri saocreba,
bazrobebisa da balagnis gasarTobi mediumi kino, masobriv
mediumad iwyebs Camoyalibebas. iwyeba stacionaruli
44
kinodarbazebis mSenebloba, rac Seqmnili kinopruduqciis
xarisxzec moqmedebs da socialur ekonomikur bazas qmnis
profesiuli presis ganviTarebisaTvis.
naratiuli kinematografis warmoSobis pararelurad, XX
saukunis 1910-ian wlebSi, warmatebiT ikidebs fexs profesiuli
kinokritika. damoukidebel samecniero disci plinad
Camoyalibebas iwyebs kinos Teoria. iwyeba kinematografis,
rogorc xelovnebis axali dargis da kulturis mniSvnelovani
fenomenis, mecnieruli kvleva.
1909-1929 wlebSi kinematografis Sesaxeb bevri sxvadasxva
Teoriuli teqsti iqmneba, romlebic sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, formisa
Tu teqnikuri da esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT
ganixilaven da Seiswavlian kinematografs.
XX saukunis 1920 wlebSi evropa kinos Sesaxeb Teoriuli
mosazrebebis centri xdeba, frangi (epStaini, deluki, dulaki,
musinaki), germaneli (gadi, rixteri, arhnaimi, irosi, balaSi,
krakaueri), rusi sabWoTa (kuleSovi, vertovi, pudovkini,
aizenStaini), italieli (barbaro, Ciarini), britaneli (rota,
jirsoni, spotisvudi) kinematografistebisa da moazrovneebis
refleqsiebi axali mediumis Sesaxeb kinos klasikur Teoriad
yalibdeba. 1915 wels Seqmnil teqstSi The Art of the Moving
Picture Tavisi drois cnobili literatori da kinematografis
Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli Teoriuli Txzulebis avtori vaSel
lindsi tradiciul vizualur da naratiul xelovnebebze
dayrdnobiT filmis sam ZiriTad ti ps gamoyofs e. w. moqmedebis,
intimur da brwyinvale filmebs. xelovnebis sxva tradiciul
dargebTan kinematografis Sedarebisas films lindsi mxatvrobas
moZraobaSi, arqiteqturas moZraobaSi da qandakebas moZraobaSi
uwodebs.1
herbert tanenbaumis 1916 wels gamoqveynebuli teqsti
Film und Theater kinogamosaxulebis esTetikuri kanonebis
kvlevas eZRvneba. tanenbaumis interesis sferos kinematografsa
da TeatrSi realobis asaxvis gansxvavebis kvleva Seadgens.
misi Teoriuli mosazrebebi Teatrisa da kinoxelovnebis
gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebulobis dadgenasa
da kinematografis esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis kvlevaSi
gamoixateba.2 aristoteles poetikaze dayrdnobiT, tanenbaumi
45
dinara maRlakeliZe
aviTarebs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac aristoteles dramis
Teoria kinoxelovnebazec Tavisuflad SeiZleba gavrceldes.
tanenbaumi aristoteles dramis cnebas kinematografze
avrcelebs da xazs usvams kinogamosaxulebaSi drois, adgilisa
da moqmedebis erTianobis mniSvnelobas. gansakuTrebul rols
kinematografSi igi msaxiobTa TamaSs aniWebs da Tavis
TanamedroveTagan gansxvavebiT Tvlis, rom kinoSi msaxiobis
TamaSis manera pantomimisa Tu Teatris msaxiobis TamaSis
manerisagan mkveTrad unda gansxvavdebodes. kinematografis
umTavres princi ps tanenbaumi moqmedebaSi xedavs da adreul
klasikur kinos TeoriaSi e. w. samsaxiobo Teoriul
mimarTulebas aviTarebs.3
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani kinos
Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli Teoriuli teqstis avtori
neokantianuri filosofiuri skolis warmomadgeneli,
fsiqologiis profesori hugo miunsterbergia, romlis naSromi
The Photoplay: A Psychological Study 19 16 w el s i q na
gamoqveynebuli. hugo miunsterbergi kinematografs ara
obieqturi realobis reproduqciad aRiqvams, aramed adamianuri
ocnebebisa da warmosaxvis gamoxatvis mniSvnelovan formad
miiCnevs. miunsterbergis mixedviT, kinematografs unari Seswevs
gare samyaros formebis (sivrce, dro, kauzaloba) gadalaxvisa
da Sinagan samyaros formebSi (mogoneba, warmodgena, grZnobebi)
morgebisa. mis Teoriul mosazrebebs gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas
aniWebs fsiqologiuri princi pebis kinematografis fenomenze
gavrceleba da mayurebelsa da films Soris interaqtiuri
urTierTobis koncefciis ganviTareba. miunsterbergi filmis
aRqmis Taviseburebebis kvlevisas im daskvnamde mivida, rom
filmis saboloo aRqma mayureblis mier gamosaxulebis
TiToeuli kadris interpretirebis Sedegia da aqedan
gamomdinare aqtiur Sinagan sulier process warmoadgens.
miunsterbergma pirvelma ganaviTara kinos fsiqologiuri Teoria,
romlis mixedviT filmis aRqma aqtiur sulier procesad
unda iqnes gagebuli. mayurebeli da filmis avtori misi
Teoriis mixedviT erTmaneTis partniorebs warmoadgenen.4
kinos esTetikuri Teoriis klasikosi, ungruli warmoSobis
ebraeli moazrovne bela balaSi 1924 wels venaSi Tavis
46
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
pirvel kinoTeoriul naSroms Der sichbare Mensch aqveynebs,
mogvianebiT, 1926 wels, berlinSi misi Semdgomi monografia
Der Geist des Films ibeWdeba, romelSic avtori kinos esTetikur
Teorias ukve formalisturi TvalsazrisiT aviTarebs.
balaSis TvalTaxedviT kinematografs yvela sxva
xelovnebaze ukeT Seswevs realobis axleburi aRqmis unari.
amasTanave am axali xelovnebis unikaluroba imaSia, rom igi
saerTaSorisoa _ yvelasaTvis gasagebi mimikisa da
gamometyvelebis ena. arcerT sxva xelovnebas, balaSis mixedviT,
ar SeuZlia ise cxadi gaxados adamianuri grZnobebi, rogorc
es msxvil xeds ZaluZs kinematografSi. swored filmis
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis msxvili xedisa da montaJis
sistematurma kvlevam miiyvana balaSi Tvalsazrisamde, romlis
mixedviTac kinematografi is mediumia, romelic obieqturi
realobisagan gansxvavebul, axal vizualur kulturas qmnis.
bela balaSi filmis Semoqmedad reJisorTan erTad
msaxiobsac asaxelebda, am TvalsazrisiT, igi kinos Teoriis e.
w. samsaxiobo Teoriis mxardamWeria. balaSis Teoriuli naazrevi
enaTesaveba rusul da aRmosavleT evropul formalistur
mimarTulebas xelovnebasa da kinos TeoriaSi. misi Teoriuli
mosazrebebi aseve siaxloves pudovkinisa da aizenStainis
montaJuri kinos TeoriasTanac amJRavnebs.
xmovani kinematografis damkvidrebis Semdeg balaSi giunter
grolTan erTad kinematografis e. w. ganviTarebuli Teoriis
erT-erTi pirveli avtorTagani xdeba. 1948 wels gamoqveynebul
naSromSi Filmkultura igi wina aTwleulebSi SemuSavebuli
Teoriuli mosazrebebis reziumirebas xmovani kinematografis
konteqstSi axdens.5
geStalt fsiqologi rudolf arnhaimi Tavis 1932 wels
gamocemul naSromSi Film als Kunst ayalibebs mosazrebas, romlis
mixedviT kinematografi realobisgan gansxvavebulad unda iqnes
aRqmuli. arnhaimis Teoriuli mosazrebani filmis Seqmnis da
mayureblis mier misi aRqmis fsiqologiuri niuansebis kvlevas
exeba. misi TvalsazrisiT, kinematografisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebani, montaJis meSveobiT drosa da sivrceSi
fragmenturad arsebobis unari, gamosaxulebisa da xmis ekranuli
CarCoTi SemozRuduloba films sxva xelovnebaTagan
47
dinara maRlakeliZe
gansxvavebul, gansakuTrebul eqspresiul potencials sZens.
arnhaimi realobasTan mimarTebaSi kinematografis upiratesobas
mis eqspresiul bunebaSi xedavs da Tvlis, rom am Taviseburebebis
gamo kinomatografs unari Seswevs filmis realoba
mayurebelTaTvis arsebul realobaze ufro mniSvnelovani
gaxados.6
rudolf arnhaimis Teoriul kvlevebTan gansakuTrebul
siaxloves XX saukunis 1920 wlebSi kinos formalisturi
Teoriis praRis, peterburgisa da moskovis skolebis
warmomadgenlebi amJRavneben. formalisturi Teoriis mixedviT,
nawarmoebis poeturi struqtura formalurad ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebuli mayureblis mier mis fsiqologiur aRqmasTan.
swored formalisturi Teoriis konteqstidan warmoiSva
konstruqtivizmze orientirebuli sergei aizenStainisa da
vsevolod pudovkinis kinos montaJuri Teoriebi.
jer kidev 1920 wlebSi rusuli sabWoTa kinoavangardis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli Ziga vertovi qmnis koncefcias, romelic
kinoTvalis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. sabWoTa avangardistebis
TvalsazrisiT, mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis dinamika
upirvelesad montaJiTaa ganpirobebuli. sergei aizenStainis
montaJis Teoriis mixedviT, films, rogorc realobis
damoukidebel konstruqcias, mayureblis cnobierebisa da
qvecnobieris konstruireba da Secvla SeuZlia. rusi sabWoTa
avangardistebi montaJs, rogorc specifikur kinematografiul
xerxs, axali adamianisa da axali samyaros SeqmnaSi warmarTvel
rols aniWebdnen. kinematografis istoriaSi swored vertovis
kinoTvalisa da aizenStainis atraqcionisa da dialeqtikur
inteleqtualuri montaJis koncefciebi uyrian Teoriul
safuZvels filmis mayurebelze zegavlenisa da mediumis
daxmarebiT mayurebelTa politizirebis praqtikas.
filmis, rogorc mediumis, gavlenas adamianur cnobierebaze
1930-ian wlebSi ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli moazrovne
valter beniaminic ikvlevda. beniamini Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi
refleqsirebas adamianuri aRqmis mediuri saSualebebiT
ganpirobebulobaze axdens da Teoriul mosazrebas aviTarebs
sxvadasxva istoriul politikur konstelaciaSi mediis
zegavlenis
Sesaxeb.7 misi
TvalsazrisiT, kinematografs
48
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli vizualuri gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis, msxvili xedisa da montaJis meSveobiT yvela
sxva tradiciul mediumze ukeT Seswevs unari mayurebelze
zegavlenis moxdenisa da misi mani pulirebisa.
XX
s aukunis
1940-ia n
wlebS i
beniaminis
msoflmxedvelobasTan axlos mdgomi frankfurtis filosofiuri
skolis warmomadgenlebi: Teodor adorno da maqs horkhaimeri
kulturuli industriis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kritikul
Teoriul azrovnebas uyrian safuZvels.8 amerikuli emigraciis
wlebSi holivudis kinoproduqciis Sedegad miRebul
STabeWdilebas adorno da horkhaimeri kinos, rogorc
mani pulaciuri mediumis Sesaxeb Teoriul mosazrebaSi
ayalibeben.
xmovani filmis ganviTarebasTan erTad kinos TeoriaSi
ufro da ufro mzard Rirebulebas iZens kinoxelovnebis e.
w. realisturi Teoria. Tavad realisturi mimarTuleba, rogorc
kinematografis erT-erTi esTetikuri forma, jer kidev 1920
wlebSi msoflio kinos sxvadasxva reJisoris mier Seqmnil
filmebSi povebda kinematografiul xorcSesxmas. 1930 wlebSi
safrangeTSi warmoSobili realisme poetique 9 erT-erTi wamyvani
kinomimarTuleba xdeba evropaSi, xolo 1940-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi italiaSi Camoyalibebuli am mimarTulebis axali
ganStoeba neorializmi XX saukunis meore naxevris msoflio
kinematografis Semdgom ganviTarebaze umniSvnelovanes
zegavlenas axdens. Sesabamisad, meore msoflio omis Semdgom
kinos TeoriaSi zigfrid krakaueris socio-ideologiuri
kritikuli Teoria yvelaze ufro popularuli xdeba.
krakaueri swored kinematografSi xedavs im mediums,
romelsac yvela sxva xelovnebaze ukeT Seswevs fizikuri
realobis gadarCenis unari. sergei aizenStainisa da vsevolod
pudovkinis kinos formalisturi, montaJuri Teoriisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic kinematografiuli produqciis
mniSvnelobas montaJiT gansazRvravs, krakaueri kinematografis
mTavar predikatad ara kinematografiul formas, aramed mis
mier realobis reproduqciis, realobis zusti asaxvis unars
miiCnevs. krakueris mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kinos mizani ara
sinamdvilis Secvla unda iyos, aramed misi zedmiwevniT
49
dinara maRlakeliZe
gadmocema, misi reproducireba, kinematografi mayurebels
realobis ukeT aRqmaSi unda daexmaros.10
realizmi, rogorc kinoTeoriuli paradigma 1950-iani wlebis
dasawyisidan, krakaueris garda, andre bazinis Teoriul
mosazrebebSic povebs ganviTarebas. italiuri neorializmis
gavleniT bazini ayalibebs Teoriul koncefcias, romlis
mixedviT kinematografi ganixileba rogorc droSi obieqturoba.
bazinis Tvalsazrisis mixedviTac, kinos yvela sxva xelovnebaze
metad Seswevs realobis mayureblis bunebriv aRqmasTan
daaxloebis unari.
andre bazini 1951 wels aarsebs kinoJurnals Carhiers du
Cinema, romelSic sistematurad ibeWdeba Tavad bazinisa da
misi Tanamoazre axalgazrda kinoenTuziastebis da SemdgomSi
XX saukunis meore naxevris franguli da evropuli kinos
cnobili reJisorebis: fransua triufos, Jan-luk godaris, klod
Sabrolis, erik romerisa da sxvaTa statiebi. Jurnali
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs axali franguli kinomimdinareobis
Nouvelle Vague CamoyalibebaSi. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania
Carhiers du Cinema-s roli kinos saavtoro Teoriis
CamoyalibebaSi. 1950-ian wlebSi fransua triufos mier
inicirebuli pilitique des auterurs kinos saavtoro Teoriis
Camoyalibebis safuZveli xdeba.
Tavad saavtoro kinos koncefcia aleqsandre astrusis
jer kidev 1948 wels gamoqveynebul eseSi gamoikveTa, romelSic
avtori axal kinoavangardze
msjelobs. 11 Aastrusi
kinematografs, rogorc specifikur enas, mxatvruli azris
gadmocemis vizualur formas ganixilavs. misi azriT,
kinematografi xelovans sakuTari azrebisa da gancdebis,
sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis vizualuri xerxebiT gamoxatvis
saSualebas aZlevs. astrusis TvalTaxedviT, kinoreJisori iseve
unda iyenebdes kameras, rogorc romanisa da eseis avtorebi
moixmaren kalams.
astrusis msoflmxedvelobiT STagonebuli fransua triufo
1954 wels aqveynebs statias, romelSic igi brZolas ucxadebs
imdroindel frangul kinematografs, mas konformizmSi sdebs
brals da scenaristebis kinos uwodebs.
50
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
franguli kinos am tendenciis sanacvlod triufo
reJisoris individualuri xelwerasa da msoflmxedvelobaze
dafuZnebuli saavtoro kinematografis damkvidrebas moiTxovs.12
kinos saavtoro Teoria ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli
fransua triufosa da misi Tanamoazreebis mier 1950-ian
wlebSi aqtiurad praqticirebul saavtoro kinos politikasTan.
andre bazenis irgvliv Semokrebili axalgazrda frangi
kinomatografistebis saavtoro kinopolitika popularobis
zenits XX saukunis 1960 da 1970-ian wlebSi aRwevs.13 am
periodSi Seqmnili monografiebi kinos istoriaSi swored
kinos saavtoro Teoriis perspeqtividan iqmneba. didia saavtoro
kinos Teoriis zegavlena kinokritikasa da XX saukunis 1960iani wlebSi Camoyalibebul kinomimdinareobebze: Der Neue
Deutsche Film14 da New Hollywood.15
XX saukunis meore naxevris kinos Teoriis ganviTarebaSi
erTgvar saetapo naSroms warmoadgens Jan mitris16 1963-1965
wlebSi gamoqveynebuli ortomeuli Esthetique et psychologie
du cinema.17 masSi erTadaa fokusirebuli kinos klasikur
TeoriaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli mosazreba,
kinematografis, rogorc garkveuli enobrivi fenomenis, kinos
fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri ganzomilebebisa da misi
g am o ms a xv elo b iTi S esa Zl ebl o beb is Ses ax eb. m i tr i
kinematografze, rogorc vizualur enaze da mayurebelze
misi zegavlenis problemebze, axdens koncentrirebas. misi
mecnieruli gamokvlevebi kinematografis Sesaxeb arsebuli e.
w. klasikuri Teoriebis epoqis dasasrulze mianiSneben da,
imavdroulad, kinematografis Tanamedrove Teoriebs uyrian
safuZvels.
Tu kinos e. w. klasikur TeoriebSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis legitimaciis
problemebs eTmoboda, XX saukunis 1960 wlebidan kinos Teoriis
refleqsirebisa da gaazrebis sagani filmis, rogorc mediumis,
arsebis, misi Sinaarsisa da formis, mayurebelze misi
zemoqmedebis dialeqtikis kvleva xdeba.
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qristian metci18 lingvistur
modelebze orientirebul kinos semoitikur Teorias ayalibebs,
imavdroulad, igi kinematografis semiotikuri kvlevis
51
dinara maRlakeliZe
programis sulisCamdgmelic xdeba19 da ian maria petersTan
da umberto ekosTan erTad kinos klasikuri Teoriebisagan
distancirebul semiotikur, analitikur-empiriul kvleviT
tradicias amkvidrebs. semoitikuri perspeqtividan
kinematografi enis analogiurad niSanTa organizebul fenomenad
gaiazreba, kinematografis sociologiuri da fsiqologiuri
dimensiebi da kinogamosaxulebis SesaZleblobaTa detaluri
kvleva erTiandeba, xolo semiotikuri kvlevis gansakuTrebuli
obieqti filmis mayurebelze zegavlenis Seswavla xdeba.
semiotikuri kinos Teoria, romlis mixedviTac kinematografi
enis msgavsad niSanTa garkveul kods warmoadgens, erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs filmur da kinematografiul kodebs. semiotika
filmis struqturas teqstisa da sistemis TvalsazrisiT
Seiswavlis da kvlevis obieqtad erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel
kinematografiul procesebs aqcevs. filmis mTliani qsovilis
kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kino montaJis formebis
ti pologiebs eTmoba, romelsac metci filmis sintagmebis
saxeliT moixseniebs. metcis analizi filmSi gamosaxulebis
sintagmuri da paradigmuli kavSiris dadgenasa da filmis
mTlian qsofilSi TiToeuli gamosaxulebis
gramatikis
interpretacias emyareba.
umberto ekos 20 struqturalistur lingvistikaze
orientirebuli vizualuri kodebis Teoriac kinematografs
rogorc enas ganixilavs da filmis mTlian sxeulSi calkeuli
gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobas ikvlevs. filmis gageba ekos Teoriis
mixedviT erTian fenomens e. w. semiozs warmoadgens, romelSic
filmi obieqti da misi intepratatori (mayurebeli)
urTierTzegavlenas axdenen. ekos mixedviT, xelovnebis
nawarmoebis analizi Tavis TavSi ara marto nawarmoebis
struqturis, aramed mTliani kulturis analizsac moicavs.
pier paolo pazolini21 kinematografs realobis amsaxvel
enad aRiqvams da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianur qmedebaTa
imitacia kinematografis mastruqturebel princips warmoadgens.
qristian metcTan mecnierul diskursSi 1960-1970-ian
wlebSi safrangeTSi saerTo kulturis problemebze
orientirebuli heterogenuli semiotikuri skola viTardeba,
52
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
romelTa kvlevebis ZiriTadi sfero kinosemiotikis pragmatuli
da kognitivisturi frTa xdeba, xolo Tavad Teoriis
fuZemdebeli qriastian metci Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobis
gviandel periodSi misi maswavleblis ronald barTis 22
moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT fsiqoanalizze orientirebul kinos
Teoriul naSromebs qmnis.
XX saukunis 1970-ian wlebSi kinos TeoriaSi zigmund
froidis, Jak lakanis fsiqoanalitikur da lius alTuseris
marqsistul Teoriebze orientirebuli e. w. aparatus Teoriebi
iqmneba. aparatus Teoriis kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts mayurebelsubieqtis, mayurebel-interpretatoris filmTan identifikaciis
sakiTxi, ekranze naxulTan mayureblis mimarTebisa da Tavad
filmis mayurebelze zemoqmedebis procesis Seswavla
warmoadgens.
aparatus Teoria istoriuli, sazogadoebrivi da zogadi
kulturis aspeqtiT awarmoebs mayureblisa da kinofilmis
urTierTdamokidebulebis kvlevas, masSi ori ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba gamoiyofa: neoformalistur-kognitiuri da
poststruqturalistur-fsiqoanalitikuri. semiotikur
T eo r i a s Ta n a x l o s m dg o m i ne o f o r m a l i s tu r i d a
poststruqturalisturi koncefciebi xSirad Tanamedrove kinos
TeoriaSi aparatus Teoriis saerTo saxelwodebiT moixsenieba.
semiotikuri kvlevis princi pebTan monaTesave Teoriebis
warmoSoba XX saukunis 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodidan
iwyeba, Tanamedrove kinos Teoria zogadad sam aseT mniSvnelovan
Teoriul moZRvrebas icnobs: e. w. enunciaciis Teoria, romelic
filmis, reJisorisa da mayureblis pragmatul urTierTobas
ikvlevs, 1980 wlebSi qristian metcis Teoriuli kvlevebic
am mimarTulebiT iwyeben ganviTarebas.
franCesko ka setis mi er inici rebuli kinos
transcendentaluri pragmatika, romelic kinokomunikaciis
problemebis kvlevazea orientirebuli da kinos fsiqosemiotika,
romelic mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis procesis elementebs
Seiswavlis. swored am koncefcias eyrdnoba devid borduelis
kinos kognitiuri fsiqologiac. 23D
devid bordueli rusuli formalisturi Teoriis
zegavleniT neoformalistur Sexedulebebs aviTarebs da
53
dinara maRlakeliZe
filmis stilisturi normebisa da konvenciebis esTetikas,
mayurebelze filmis zemoqmedebisa da mayureblis mier filmis
c no b i er i a R qm i s p r ob l em eb s i kv l evs . b o rdu eli s
neoformalisturi, kognitivisturi gamokvlevebis ZiriTad Temas
mayureblis mier filmis gacnobierebul aRqmasa da
kinokulturas Soris urTierTkavSiris dadgenis Seswavla
warmoadgens. borduelisa da tompsonis gamokvlevebi calkeuli
filmis mayureblis Cveuli aRqmis gaucxoebiT gamowveuli
kognitiuri procesis warmoCinebasa da misi saSualebiT
kinematografis funqciisa da motivaciis istoriis gagebas
isaxaven miznad.
semiotikuri da formalisturi Teoriebis impulsebiTaa
inspirirebuli cnobili frangi kinos Teoretikos jil
deliozis24 1980-ian wlebSi kinos filosofiaSi Seqmnili
umniSvnelovanesi Sromebic. deliozis Teoriuli teqstebi25
kinematografis semiotikur gagebas efuZneba. misi TvalsazrisiT,
filmis reJisori, imavdroulad, filosofosicaa, romelic ara
cnebebis, aramed gamosaxulebisa da xmis saSualebiT operirebs.
deliozis TvalTaxedviT, kinematografi moZravi gamosaxulebis
universaluri mediumia.Dsamyaros swored kinematografis
meSveobiT SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis danaxva, romelic mxolod
gamosaxuleba, xati ki araa, aramed Tavadaa samyaro.
deliozisaTvis kinematografi is konkretuli adgilia, sadac
samyaros dakvirveba da Secnoba xdeba. igi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas moZraobis mniSvnelobas uTmobs kinematografSi
da Tvlis, rom moZraoba Tavis TavSi moicavs rogorc inerantul,
aseve trancendentur momentebs.
deliozi gamosaxulebis moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi or
umniSvnelovanes fazas ganasxvavebs kinos istoriaSi. moZraobiTi
gamosaxuleba ufro Zvelia, samyaros erTian warmodgenas emyareba
da inerantuli xasiaTi aqvs, misTvis uwyveti montaJia
damaxasiaTebeli. droiTi gamosaxuleba ki transcendenturia
da wyvetili montaJiT xasiaTdeba. jil deliozis Sromebi
kinos TeoriaSi gamosaxulebasa da xmaSi gacxadebuli
kinematografiuli azrovnebis istoriis dafiqsirebis mcdelobad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
54
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebul kinematografis
Tanamedrove Teoriebs, romlebic devid borduelisa da noel
karolis formulirebiT XX saukunis 1970-iani wlebidan
TeoriaTa erTian e. w. agregats qmnian, erTi saerTo
maxasiaTebeli aerTianebT, kerZod, masobrivi mediumis filmis
sazogadoebaze zegavlenis kvleva, mayurebelTa mier filmis
aRqmis meqanizmis mecnieruli interpretacia da gaazreba imisa,
Tu ra aqcevs kinematografs postkapitalisturi sazogadoebis
e. w. idologiur agentad.
Tu kinos klasikur TeoriebSi kinematografis, rogorc
xelovnebis axali dargis, kulturul legitimaciisa da filmis
gamomsaxvelobiTi Taviseburebis, misi esTetikisa da stiluri
Taviseburebebis kvlevas eTmoboda gansakuTrebuli yuradReba,
kinematografis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriuli kvlevebi filmis
medialur, ekonomikur, socio-kulturul determinantebze
axdenen gansakuTrebul aqcentirebas. Tanamedroveoba
globalizebuli procesebiT Secvlili samyaro kinos
mecnierebazec did zegavlenas axdens. Tanamedrove kinos
TeoriaSi erTmaneTis paralelurad Tanaarsebobs sxvadasxva
Teoriuli Sexeduleba, romlebic kinematografs sxvadasxva
aspeqtiTa da TvalTaxedviT Seiswavlian.
XXI saukunis kinos mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eqceva kinematografis intermedialuri, interteqstualuri
struqturebis kvlevasa da vizualur mediaTa sxva formebTan
mis damokidebulebaze refleqsirebas, aseve kinos genderul,26
fsiqoloanalitikur27 da interkulturalobis 28 Teoriul
kvlevebs.
1. Vachel Lindsay, The Art oft he Moving Picture, New Jork, 1971.
2. Helmut H. Diderich, Der Filmtheoretiker Herbert Tannenbaum, Frankfurt
a. M., 1987.
3. SeniSvna: kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis formis Sesaxeb Seqmnil
Tavdapirvel TeoriebSi ZiriTadad oTxi mimarTuleba gamoiyofa,
kinoxelovnebis, samsaxiobo xelovnebis, kamerisa da ganviTarebis (anu
xmovani kinos) Teoriebi;
55
dinara maRlakeliZe
4. ixileT: James Monaco, Film Verstehen, gam.: „Rowohl“ Reinbek bei Bamberg,
2002, gv. 417- 427; Geschichte des deutschen Films, gam.: „Metzler“, Stuttgart,
2004, gv.. 497-500 .
5. Texte zur Theorie des Films, Bela Balazs, Reclam, Stuttgart, 2003, gv. 201234 .
6. Rudolf Arnheim, Texte zur Theorie des Films, Stuttgart, 2003, gv. 176-201.
7. ix.: Walter Beniamin, Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen
Reproduzierbarkeit, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, 1974.
8. ix.: Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialektik der Aufklärung,
Frankfurt am Main, 1947.
9. SeniSvna: qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc poeturi realizmi
10. ix.: Siegfried Krakauer: Theorie des Films. Die Errettung der äußeren
Wirklichkeit, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am M.ain, 1964.
11. ix.: Alexandre Astrus, Naissance d, une nouvelle Avantgarde: La CameraStylo, 1948, Paris.
12. ix.: Francois Truffaut, Une certaine tendance du cinema francaise, Paris,
1954.
13. SeniSvna: saavtoro Teoriis, rogorc mecnieruli cnebis, damkvidreba
niu-iorkel kinos kritikoss endriu sariss miewereba, romelic 1964
wels pirveli laparakobs Auteur Theory Sesaxeb.
14. SeniSvna: axali germanuli kinos saxeliT cnobili kinomimdinareoba
dasavleT germaniaSi. mimdinareobas safuZvlad daedo oberhauzenis
saxelwodebiT cnobili manifesti, romliTac axalgazrda reJisorebma
omi gamoucxades mamaTa Taobis kinos da igi mkvdrad gamoacxades.
15. SeniSvna: axali holivudis kino, mimdinareobas sxvanairad
postklasikuri holivudis kinosac uwodeben.
16. SeniSvna: Jan mitri 1907-1988, frangi kinoreJisori da mecnieri,
mniSvnelovani monografiebis avtori kinos Teoriasa da istoriaSi.
17. SeniSvna: qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc kinematografis esTetika
da fsiqologia.
18. qristian metci: frangi kinos Teoretikosi, 1931-1993.
19. SeniSvna: semiotikuri kvlevis ZiriTadi princi pi metcis Semdgomi
gamonaTqvamiT gamoixateba: gageba imisa, Tu rogor unda iqnes filmi
gagebuli.
20. umberto eko: italieli mwerali, filosofosi, mediaTmecnieri,
semiotikis mkvlevari.
21. pier paolo pazolini: 1922-1975 ww., italieli kinoreJisori,
poeti da publicisti.
22. ronald barTi: 1915-1980 ww., frangi filosofosi da mwerali.
ronald barTi struqturalizmis, dekonstruqtivizmisa da
56
kinos
Teoriis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebi
fsiqoanalizis meTodebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi fenomenebis: teqstis,
fotografiis, kinematografis, reklamis kvlevisaTvis gamoiyenebda.
struqturalisturi Teoriis radikalizaciis gamo barTi
poststruqturalisturi Teoriis damfuZnebladac iTvleba.
23. devid bordueli: amerikeli kinomecnieri, viskonsis universitetisa
da kiolnis kinos skolis profesori, kinos neoformalisturi Teoriis
umniSvnelovanesi avtori. igi Tavis mniSvnelovan Teoriul Sromebs
kinematografis kognitiur fsiqologiaSi, romelic borduelis
TvalsazrisiT, kinos formalisturi Teoriis elementia, xSirad Tavis
meuRlesTan, kristin tompsonTan erTad qmnis
24. Jil deliozi: 1925-1995 ww., cnobili frangi filosofosi,
Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelovanesi moazrovne. misi kvlevebi kulturis
sxvadasxva sferos: fsiqoanalizs, anTropologias, xelovnebas, musikas,
kinematografs moicavs. didia misiHzegavlena Tanamedrove humanitaruli
mecnierebis iseT Teoriebze, rogorebicaa: Cultural Studies, Gender Studies,
mediaTa da esTetikuri Teoriebi. deliozs mWidro mecnieruli
TanamSromloba da megobroba akavSirebda cnobil frang moazrovneebTan:
miSel fukosa da feliqs gvatarTan.
25. ix.: Cinema I, 1983 w; Cinema II, 1985 w.
26. SeniSvna: 1970-iani wlebidan arsebuli feministuri kinos Teoria,
romelic patriarqalur sazogadoebriv normebsa da mamakacur
aracnobierze dafuZnebul tradiciul kinematografs uaryofda 1990iani wlebidan Teoriuli gaazrebis gansakuTrebul obieqtad aqcevs
qali mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis Taviseburebis kvlevasa da kinos
istoriis qaluri mzeris perspeqtividan konstruirebis problemas,
kulturis fenomenis mamakacuri da qaluri diferenciaciiT kvlevas.
Gender Studies, Popular Kulture da Cultural Studies Teoriebis gamoyenebas
feministur kinos TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba.
27. SeniSvna: kinematografi fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis diskursSi
aRiqmeba mediumad, romelsac e. w. sizmriseuli bunebis gamo specifikuri
urTierToba akavSirebs sazogadoebriv da individualur aracnobierTan.
fsiqoanalitikuri koncefciebis Camoyalibeba kinos TeoriaSi XX
saukunis 1970-iani wlebidan iwyeba da zigmund froidisa da Jak
lakanis aracbobieris fsiqologias efuZneba kinos fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi.
28. S eniS vna: int erk u l t ural oba, mu l t iku l t u raloba,
transkulturaloba erTi da imave cnebis sxvadasxva dasaxelebaa.
inerkulturuli komunikaciis Teoria sxvadasxva kulturis erTian
sivrceSi Tanaarsebobis problemebs ikvlevs postmodernul,
globalizebul sazogadoebebSi. kulturaTa sul ufro mzardi
57
dinara maRlakeliZe
globalizaciisa da cifruli teqnologiebis epoqaSi Tanamedrove
kinos mecnierebaSi interkulturalobis problemisadmi miZRvnili
gamokvlevebis mniSvneloba sul ufro metad izrdeba.
Franz Josef Albersmeier (Hrsg.) Texte zur Theorie des Films, Stuttgart, 2003.
Andre Bazin, Was ist Kino? bausteines zur Theorie des Films, Köln, 1975.
 Walter Benjamin, Das Kunstwerk im zeitalter seiner technischer
Reproduzierbarkeit,Frankfurt, 1963.
 David Bordwell, Post-Theory,Recontructing Film Studies,University of
Wisconsin Press, 1996.
Umberto Eco, Semiotik, Entwurf einer Theorie der Zeichen, München:
Fink, 1991.
Jürgen Felixs (Hrsg.) Moderne Film Theorie, Mainz, 2002.
Christian Metz, Sprache und Film,Frankfurt am Main, 1973.
Christian Metz, Semiologie des Films,München, 1972.
Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, In: Screen, 1975.
Gilles Deleuze, Kino I, Frankfurt, 1989.
Gilles Deleuze, Kino II, Frankfurt, 1991.
Andrew Tudor, Theories of Film, London, 1974.
Nils Borstnal, Eckhard Pabst, Hans Jürgen Wulff, Einführung in die Filmund Fernsehwissenschaft, Konstanz, 2008.
 Hugo Münstenberg, das Lichtspiel, Eine psychologische Studie, Wien,
1991.
 Peter Wuss, Kuntswerk des Films und Massencharakter des
Mediums,Konspekte zur Theorie des Spielfilms, Berlin, 1990.
58
eTer okujava
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTulamerikul kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi swored is xanaa, roca naTlad
gamoCnda, rom kinematografs ZaluZs ara mxolod realobis
dafiqsireba, aramed subieqturad aRqmuli realobis Cveneba.
am tendenciam miiyvana kinematografistebi `subieqtur
kamerasTan~, romelic asaxavda sagnis an movlenisadmi avtoris
damokidebulebas (mag., fridrih murnau `ukanaskneli adamiani~
(Der letzte Mann, igive: The Last Laugh, 1924).
esaa pirveli postulati, romelic gvainteresebs TemasTan
mimarTebaSi da aqve meorec: zemoTqmulis fonze CvenTvis
saintereso xdeba ori mkveTri individi xelovani, amerikul
kinoSi sruliad gamorCeuli figura robert flaerti da
qarTveli mixeil kalatoziSvili, romlebmac sxvadasxva
eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze, qronologiurad erTsa
da imave dros, magram gansxvavebul geografiul sivrceSi
Seqmnes filmebi, sadac SemoqmedebiTad aisaxeboda adamiani
bunebasTan pirispir, aq igulisxmeba stiqia, cxovrebis wesi da
sxv. (mag.: uxmo _ `nanuki CrdiloeTidan~ (Nanook of the
North,1922 da ukve xmovani filmi _ britaneTSi gadaRebuli
filmi `adamiani aranidan~ (Man of Aran, 1934 da kalatoziSvilis
`jim SvanTe~, 1931). amgvarad, Cem mier xsenebul avtorTa
miRwevebi iqneba Cemi kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, xolo Sdegebi
_ misi konceptualuri arsis pasuxi.
aRiarebuli faqtia, rom qarTuli kinos istoriaSi 20-30iani wlebis saukeTeso filmTa Sorisaa mixeil kalatoziSvilis
dokumenturi `jim SvanTe~, romelsac im filmTa Soris
movixseniebT, romlebmac kinoenis TvalsazrisiT Tavisi kvali
datoves kinos istoriaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, mis gansakuTrebiT
xelSesaxeb miRwevas gamovyof, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
`jim SvanTem~ erTgvarad moicva munji kinos gamomxatvelobiTi
saSualebebi ara mxolod imis gamo, rom Tanabrad gamoiyena
20-iani wlebis rusuli da amave periodis evropuli kinos,
59
eTer okujava
kerZod, germanuli kinematografiuli skolis, monapovrebi, aramed
imiTac, rom `jim SvanTem~ eTnografiuli Tematika iseve
aqtualuri gaxada qarTul kinoprocesSi, rogorc _ robert
flaertim amerikul kinoSi.
flaertim 1931 wels da amerikaSi momuSave germanelma
reJisorma fridrix vilhelm murnaum erTad gadaiRes, ufro
zustad ki murnaum daasrula flaertis mier dawyebuli
mxatvruli filmi `tabu~, wynari okeanis erT-erTi kunZulis
mcxovrebTa romantikuli ambis Sesaxeb. murnau-flaertis
namuSevari, rogorc Temis arCevaniT, iseve misi gansaxierebis
maneriT eqspresionistul stilizacias unacvlebs realuri
suraTebis Cvenebas. zebunebrivi Zalebis SegrZnebasa da sxva
emociuri impulsebis gamowvevas is axerxebs realuri,
cxovrebiseuli suraTebis CvenebiT. mas swored am TvalsazrisiT
ikvlevda andre bazeni _ cnobili frangi kinomkvlevari,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamokveTda ara montaJur
interesebs, aramed filmis naratiul sawyiss. rac bunebrivia
`jim SvanTeSic~ ikiTxeba, magram masSi SedarebiT mZlavrobs
rakursi, montaJuri gadasvlebi, eqspresia, ram masalisadmi
SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaze metyvelebs. da mainc, bazenis
mier xazgasmuli fraza imis Sesaxeb, rom filmSi `tabu~
xomaldi, romelic ekranis marcxena kididan Semocurdeba,
bediswerasTanaa gaigivebuli (Tumca flaerti-murnau
iotisodenadac ar Tmoben filmis mkacr realistur kanonebs)~1
_ CvenTvis sainteresoa, radgan
kalatoziSvilTan aseve
bediswerasTan gaigivebuli STabeWdilebiTaa Seqmnili saxlis
saxuraviT gadaxurvis epizodi, sadac, murnau-flaertis gemis
msgavsad, realurad arsebuli sinamdvilidan konkretuli
azrobriv-emociuri gancdis gamoxatulebaa svani glexis mier
dasrulebuli saxlis saxuravi, romelic TandaTanobiT,
mayureblis Tvalwin ixureba (TiTqmis imave tempo-ritmSi,
rogorc xomaldis moZraoba `tabuSi~), da ikveTeba azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom saxli aSenda, magram svani kacis gasaWirs ver
ixsnis aSenebuli saxli, isev problemad rCeba mTieli xalxis
dramatizmiT aRsavse sinamdvile. gadaxurvis dasrulebis Semdeg,
ekranis sruli sibnele sabediswero gancdiT aRsavse pauzaa
(asevea flaerti-murnaus filmSi).
60
qarTul-amerikul
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis
kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi
cxadia, rom `jim SvanTes~ avtors, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne,
konkretuli kompoziciis ganzogadebulad gaazreba aqvs miznad.
am mizniskenaa mimarTuli `jim SvanTes~ mxatvari daviT kakabaZec.
swored misi monawileoba ganapirobebs kalatoziSvilis filmis
mometebul SemoqmedebiT sawyiss.
sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnuli epizodis magaliTze, `jim SvanTes~
da `tabus~ saxviT esTetikas exmianeba mosazreba, romelsac
igive bazeni gamoTqvams imis Sesaxeb, rom kuleSovis, eizenSteinis
da abel hansis Semoqmedeba TviT movlenas ki ar gviCvenebs,
aramed iribad migviTiTebs imaze, rom maT filmebSi calkeuli
epizodebis Sinaarsi sruliad damoukidebelia epizodis saboloo
Sinaarsobrivi JRerisagan. aq mas mohyavs magaliTebad rusuli
munji kinos cnobili msaxiobis mozJuxinis saxis axlo xedi
da mkvdari bavSvis gamosaxuleba, romelic mayurebels kadrSi
asaxuli faqtis Sesatyvis STabeWdilebas uqmnis; an, ayvavebuli
vaSlis xeebis da gogonebis Sepirispirebuli Cveneba a.
dovJenkosTan, rac imedis ganwyobas badebs mayurebelSi da
sxv. es ganwyoba montaJuri Sepirispirebis Sedegia, magram
kalatoziSvilsa da flaerti–murnausTan erTi planiT da
montaJis gareSe gvexsneba qveteqsti, razec zemoT mogaxseneT.
amgvarad, 20-iani wlebis e. w. munji periodis msoflios
kinos sxvadasxva gziT xelewifeba mxatvruli ekranuli xatis
Seqmna da aq dawinaurda, erTi mxriv, rusuli kino (montaJis
Teoriis da praqtikis safuZvliani SedegebiT) da, meore mxriv,
germanuli skola, romelmac kadris plastika (dekoracia da
ganaTeba) gamoiyena mTavar gamomxatvel saSualebad. rodesac
andre bazeni wers, rom 1928 wels munjma kinom Tavisi
srulyofis zenits miaRwiao, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs `munji~
kinematografis saxviTi sistemis sisrule imdenad tevadi,
rom masSi bazeni xmovani kinos gamomxatvelobiT koncefciebs
amCnevs (dabadebuli qveteqstebis gamo). am mosazrebis faqtobriv
nimuSebad is asaxelebs 20-iani da 30-40-iani wlebis
kinomoRvaweebis: erih fon Storohaimisa da Jan renuaris
SemoqmedebiT kavSirebs orson uelsTan, karl Teodor draierisas
rober bresonTan. andre bazens aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs, rogorc
TviTon ambobs, ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego tendencia.
61
eTer okujava
tendencia, romelsac warmoadgenen reJisorebi, romlebsac sjeraT
saxviTobisa da tendencia, warmodgenili im reJisorebis mier,
romlebsac sjeraT realobisa. bazenis mier gamoTqmuli es
mosazreba sxva araferia, Tu ara lumierisa da meliesis
pirvel kinonimuSebSi gamomJRavnebuli kinematografiuli
koncefcia, romelic dResac arsebobs da, cxadia, axal mxatvrul
formebSia warmodgenili e. w. ferweruli stilis da mxatvruldokumenturi kinematografis saxiT. rac Seexeba `jim SvanTes~,
bazenis mixedviT, Cemi azriT, buniuelisa da murnaus esTetikur
princi pebTan siaxloves ufro avlens, Tumca `jim SvanTe~
sinTeziT, kerZod, emociur-racionaluri sawyisebis erTianobiT
gamoirCeva da ara zemoTqmulidan erT-erTiT.
amerikel kinomkvlevarTa azriT, mxedvelobaSi maqvs 20ian wlebamde arsebuli Sromebi kinoTeoriis mimarTulebiT,
romlebic iqamde, vidre evropuli kinoTeoria daikavebda
warmmarTvel adgils, sainteresoa hiugo miunsterbergis
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs interaqtiuri urTierTobis
cneba filmsa da msaxiobs Soris. igi ambobs, rom kinosuraTSi
Cveni moZraobis aRqma damokidebulia ara imdenad xedvaze,
ramdenadac gamosaxulebis interpretaciis aqtiur gonebriv
procesebze. 30 wlis Semdeg es aqtiuri procesi cnobili
gaxda, rogorc fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelic miunsterbergma,
rogorc mogaxseneT, bevrad adre SeniSna, kerZod, aRwera 1916
wels. Tavis wignSi igi ramdenime Tavs uZRvnis ,,yuradRebas~,
,,mexsierebasa da warmodgenas~, ,,emociebs~, igi ayalibebs filmis
fsiqologiis Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, filmi aqtiuri
procesia – es aris gonebrivi moqmedeba, sadac msaxiobi da, me
aqve davumatebdi, mayurebelic, aris filmis avtoris partniori
(am mimarTebiTac, mkveTria analogiebi `jim SvanTesTan~,
mxedvelobaSi maqvs amerikeli fsiqologis gansja, romelic
kinos erT-erTi pirveli kinoTeoretikosia amasTanave). sxvaTa
Soris, miunsterbergis Sromas sakmaod rTuli bedi aRmoaCnda
im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tavis droze bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda
da es sruliad gasagebia, misi Sroma erT-erTi pirveli iyo
Teoriis mimarTulebiT da miT ufro imitom, rom miunsterberigi
da linsdei, adamianebi, romlebic cdilobdnen kinos TeoriaSi
62
qarTul-amerikul
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis
kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi
muSaobas, erTi iyo fsiqologi da meore _ poeti; miunsterbergma
daadgina, rom filmis TeoriaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
ara mxolod Seucnobeli esTetika, aramed zusti socialuri
da fsiqologiuri efeqtebic. man am or aspeqts uwoda
kinosuraTis ,,Sinagani~ da ,,garegani~ ganviTareba.
miunsterbergis yvelaze didi miRwevaa filmis saxviT fenomenSi
fsiqologiuri princi pebis gamoyeneba. amerikeli mkvlevrebi
weren, rom am mxriv froidis fsiqologia aucilebel iaraRs
warmoadgenda filmis TeoriaSi. miunsterbergis midgoma aris
prefroiduli, rac naTels hfens Tu, ratom iyo igi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ignorirebuli, magram amave dros igi iyo
geStaltis fsiqologiis winamorbedi, ramac mis midgomas
saocari Tanamedroveoba SesZina.
froidiseuli filmis fsiqologiis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelovania
gamocdilebis gaucnobierebeli buneba da, maSasadame,
koncentrireba xdeba garemos mimarT pasiur midgomaze. amis
sapirispirod, rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, miunsterbergma
gamosaxulebis interpretaciis aqtiur gonebriv procesebi
wamoswia win.
kalatoziSvilis filmTan dakavSirebiT amerikeli mkvlevris
naazrevis moxmoba CemTvis `jim SvanTes~ mniSvnelobas
mravalwilad afarToebs. igi zedrouli da zesivrcobrivia _
gagebebis mxriv. es dromac daamtkica, roca jorJ sadulma
da rusma mkvlevarma freilixma gamoTqves masze sakuTari
Sexedulebebi: pirvelma Tqva, rom esaa `sabWoTa kinos margaliti~
(bunebrivia, imxanad qarTul kinos sabWours Tu uwodebdnen
mxolod) da meore ki Tavis wignSi `ekranis oqros kveTa~
moqmed pirTa xasiaTebis kvlevisas mimarTavs mixeil
kalatoziSvilis films. `mifrinaven weroebis~ magaliTze
msjelobisas, mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs, rom am dros jer kidev ar
iyo g. Cuxrais `balada jariskacze~, s. bondarCukis `adamianis
bedi~, a. tarkovskis `ivanes bavSvoba~ da arc f. felinis `8 1/
2~.2 is gansakuTrebiT mizandasaxulad akeTebs am eqskurss
momaval kinoprocesSi, raTa kidev ufro xelSesaxebad
warmovidginoT `weroebis~ mxatvruli faseuloba, 50-ian wlebSi
ase rom gamoikveTa rusul kinoSi da gamoTqvas fraza, romelsac
63
eTer okujava
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs `jim SvanTesTan~ mimarTebiT:
`50-iani wlebis kinom Tavisi sagvareulo gaixsenao~ da es
wiaRsvla `jim SvanTes~ xanis kalatoziSviliseuli miRwevebs
daukavSira.
amgvarad, 20-iani wlebis qarTuli kino, `jim SvanTes~
sruliad originaluri poetikiT evro-amerikuli sivrcis
Semadgeneli nawili xdeba iseTi araordinaruli moRvawis
xelovnebis gamo, rogoricaa m. kalatoziSvili.
universitetis
samagistro programa
1. andre bazeni, `ra aris kino~, m., 1972, gv. 84.
2. SeniSvna: igulisxmeba m. kalatoziSvilis (m. kalatozovi) filmi
`gaugzavneli werili~, 1960.
64
65
naTia grZeliSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura
`reklama izidavs Sens yuradRebas,
sul esaa~ _ kelvin klaini.
kulturis menejmenti
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. iuri mRebriSvili
66
dResdReobiT saqonlis gasaReba SeuZlebelia reklamis
gareSe. reklama namdvilad uwyobs xels gayidvebis gazrdas,
axdens momxmareblis informirebas gamoyenebis da fasis Sesaxeb.
misi daniSnuleba swored isaa, rom gaacnos sazogadoebas
axali produqti da Seayvaros. mTavaria, sworad iqnas SerCeuli
samizne auditoria, Seiswavlo maTi survilebi, moifiqro ubralo
magram individualobis matarebeli moxerxebuli da
xelmisawvdomi winadadebebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia da SeiZleba
iTqvas _ mosaxerxebelic, radgan momxmarebels uWirs asi
aTasobiT dasaxelebis saqonlidan imis arCeva, rac zustad
mas sWirdeba. garda amisa, Cven adamianebi reklamirebul
produqts ganvixilavT, rogorc saukeTesos da metad sandos,
vidre ara reklamirebuls. es ukanaskneli ki namdvilad kargi
saSualebaa informaciis miwodebasa da darwmunebaSi. sakiTxavia,
maincdamainc ratom aniWeben erT konkretul saqonels
upiratesobas maSin, rodesac imave tipis sxva saqoneli SesaZloa,
ufro iafi Rirdes? pasuxi martivia _ erTis reklama kargia,
meoresi ki _ cudi; imitom rom informacia erT SemTxvevaSi
aRmoCnda saWiro adgilsa da saWiro dros, sxva ki ara; erTis
reklama gasagebi da maRali xarisxisaa meoresi _ gaugebari
da mosawyeni. momxmarebeli SeiZleba winaswar ar fiqrobdes
raime saqonlis SeZenaze, magram raRacam uSualod maRaziaSi
ubiZgos am konkretuli nivTis SeZenisaken. es ki SeiZleba
miRweul iqnas efeqturi reklamiT.
reklamas sakmaod didi istoria aqvs. reklamis primitiul
formebs jer kidev uZveles periodSi vxvdebiT. warwerebma
qvebze, kedlebze, papirusebze egvi ptidan, romidan Tu
saberZneTidan Semogvinaxes Setyobinebebi, romlebSic mocemulia
67
naTia
grZeliSvili
informacia gasayid saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebaze, uaxloes
droSi mosalodnel movlenebze, gaqceuli monebis povnisTvis
dawesebul jildoebze. qalaq pompeis 1500-ze meti warweraa
dRemde Semonaxuli, romelTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove
reklamis struqtura hqondaT. jer kidev xmelTaSua zRvis
qveynebSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines nivTmtkicebebi, romlebic
informacias iZleodnen sxvadasxva RonisZiebisa da SeTavazebis
Sesaxeb. romaelebi qmnidnen kedlis naxatebs, raTa gladiatorTa
brZolebze euwyebinaT. xolo finikielebi uzarmazar qvebze
xatavdnen suraTebs sakuTari nawarmis stimulirebisTvis.
radganac uZveles droSi wera-kiTxvis done dabali iyo,
sareklamo Setyobinebebi egreT wodebuli macneebis saSualebiT
vrceldeboda, romelic xalxmraval quCebSi idga da xalxs
acnobda sxvadasxva informacias (unda aRiniSnos, rom am
periodSi Setyobinebebis mTavari mizani informaciis gavrceleba
iyo da ara darwmuneba).
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, Tanamedrove reklama
absoluturad gansxvavdeba Tavisi winamorbedisgan.
saerTod, ra aris reklama da ra funqcia akisria mas?
reklama (reklam) laTinuri sityvaa da yvirils, moTxovnas
niSnavs. es aris informacia, gavrcelebuli nebismieri meTodiT,
nebismieri formiT da xerxiT, mimarTuli sazogadoebis farTo
masebisTvis reklamirebis obieqtis mimarT maTi yuradRebis
mi pyrobis an interesis gaRvivebis mizniT. alternatiuli
gansazRvrebiT, reklama fasiani, calmxrivi komunikaciaa,
romelSic gansazRvrulia sponsori da informacia ki _
marTvadi. reklamis variantebia: publikacia, `piari~, produqtis
Casma, sponsoroba, gayidvebis waxaliseba. amgvari informaciis
gasavrceleblad mravali saSualeba gamoiyeneba: vitrinebi,
uwyebebi, sasaqonlo da safirmo niSnebi. televizia, radio,
filmebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi, interneti da bilbordebi. dRes
reklama ganixileba, rogorc marketingis umniSvnelovanesi
komponenti. reklama bazris konkurenciis instrumentia.
zogi miiCnevs, rom reklama araformalurad aris tyuili,
radgan masSi araa savaldebulo sruli simarTlis Tqma, anu,
rogorc wesi, ambob mxolod dadebiT mxares da arafers
ambob uaryofiTze, romelic, SesaZloa, mTlianad xazsac ki
68
sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura
usvams im dadebiTs. ese igi, reklamaSi SegiZlia isaubro karg
Sedegze da konkretuli magaliTebic moiyvano, Tundac es ar
iyos ti puri SemTxveva da iyos Zalze iSviaTi Sedegi am
produqtiT sargeblobisa. reklama aris produqtis gayidvis
xelSewyoba. am mimarTulebiT _ mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.
Tumca, sadac konkurenciaa, iq konkurentebi erTmaneTs amowmeben
da aseTi araswori reklamis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos ZaliTac
ki aakrZalvineben mas. magram, rasakvirvelia, arsebobs sareklamo
informaciis regulirebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
cneba. amitom SeiZleba reklama naxevrad simarTlis mTqmelia,
magram aSkara tyuili iSviaTia. SegiZlia Tqva simarTle oRond
_ calmxrivad, anu, Tqva mxolod dadebiTi mxare da uaryofiT
mxares nu ityvi. qveynebSi socialuri reklama xorcieldeba
gegmazomierad, igi xels uwyobs axalgazrduli sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebebis formirebas, socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturis ganviTarebas. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom reklama
xazs usvams raRac saqonlis maRal xarisxs, aqcents akeTebs
mis unikalurobasa da niSnebze, i pyrobs momxmareblis
yuradRebas da sTavazobs winaswar, saqonlis SeZenamde, Tundac
warmodgena gvqondes masze.
xSirad reklamasa da PR-s erTnairad moixsenieben. ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba maT Soris aris is, rom PR esaWiroeba yvela
kompaniasa da organizacias, reklama ki _ ara. reklamisagan
gansxvavebiT, PR xangrZlivi moqmedebis strategiebs SeimuSavebs,
reklamas ki, sadac ar unda ganTavsdes, mokle sasicocxlo
periodi aqvs.
martivad rom warmovidginoT, reklama _ es aris instrumenti,
romelic moqmedebs informaciis fasiani saSualebebis gamoyenebis
meSveobiT. misi mizania organizaciis, produqciis an ideis
popularizeba da maTi realizaciis xelSewyoba.
aSS-is marketingis asociaciis ganmartebiT, reklama
konkretuli, zustad dadgenili damkveTis mier saqonlis, ideis
an momsaxurebis dafinansebuli, arapirovnuli warmodgenaa.
xolo, kotleris Teoriis Tanaxmad, reklama _ es aris 1.
fasiani; 2. arapiradi komunikacia, romelsac axorcielebs; 3.
identificirebuli sponsori da romelic iyenebs; 4. masobriv
69
naTia
grZeliSvili
sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa daiyolios an zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos auditoriaze.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi reklama ganixileba, rogorc
,,gayidvebis stimulatori~, bolo wlebSi Semosuli gansazRvreba
ki _ ,,politikuri reklama~, ganapirobebs imas, rom es movlena
ganvixiloT ufro farTo, Rrma diskursSi da mivceT mas
Semdegi ganmarteba: reklama – es gaxlavT informireba vinmesi
raimes Sesaxeb.
reklamas SeiZleba sxvadasxva funqcia gaaCndes, maT Soris
gamovyofT or ZiriTads:
• momxmareblis informireba (produqtis parametrebis,
fasis, gamoyenebis wesebisa da gayidvis adgilebis Sesaxeb);
• momxmareblis motyueba (magaliTad, aviRoT „TVmarketis~ reklamebi ama Tu im saxis produqciaze).
arsebobs kidev erTi funqcia, miaCvios momxmarebeli
konkretul saqonels da monopoluri mdgomareoba daikavos
bazarze. es yvelaferi, albaT, kargia, magram sinamdvileSi
reklama, albaT, ufro miraJia, momxmareblis gacureba, mis
Semecnebaze zemoqmedeba da zombireba. amis miuxedavad, man,
marTlac, didi adgili daikava TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi,
is gansakuTrebiT 18-44 wlis asakis adamianebSia popularuli,
rac reklamis SemqmnelTaTvis bazarze mimzidveli asakobrivi
jgufia.
mas SexvdebiT yvelgan: saxlSi _ televizoris yurebisas
(televizia xom saojaxo meurneobis 90%-is yuradRebas
i pyrobs), Tanac satelevizio reklama Tanamedrove reklamis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. misi gamoyenebiT mayurebels
SesaZlebelia aCvenon saqoneli naturaluri saxiT, mouTxron
misi sargeblobisa da gamoyenebis wesebis Sesaxeb; manqanaSi
radios mosmenisas, quCaSi bilbordebisa da laiTboqsebis
danaxvisas, erT-erTi eqspertis SefasebiT, adamiani dReSi
saSualod 1600 sareklamo Setyobinebas iRebs, xolo meoris
mtkicebiT, es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 5000-s aRwevs.
reklama aqtualuri gaxda dRes. amitomac reklamis biznesi
sul ufro da ufro imyarebs poziciebs msoflio bazarze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom reklamas, ZiriTadad, komerciuli firmebi
iyeneben, mas aqtiurad mimarTaven arakomerciuli organizaciebi,
70
sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura
profesiuli da socialuri saagentoebi, romlebic reklamas
uweven TavianT saqmianobas.
reklama SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc upirobo saSualeba,
risTvisac organizacia ixdis fuls, raTa urTierToba daamyaros
mTlian bazarTan, sazogadoebasTan. aRsaniSnavia erTi faqti –
karg reklamas ukveTavs ara is, visac bevri fuli aqvs, aramed
fuli Sesdis mas, vinc swor da karg reklamirebas uwevs
Tavis produqts.
dResdReobiT gazeTebis da Jurnalebis tiraJebis zrdasTan
erTad, reklama xdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb
informaciis ucvlel xerxi. amJamad is biznesis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalaa. dRes man xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia.
mTels msoflioSi sareklamo kampanias, rogorc wesi,
sareklamo saagentoebi awarmoeben. 1841 wels filadelfiaSi
volni palmerma gaxsna pirveli sareklamo saagento. misi
ZiriTadi saqmianoba gazeTis mflobelTan reklamis ganTavsebis
msurvelis dakavSireba iyo, raSic gasamrjelod is reklamis
safasuris 25% iRebda. aseTi biznesi warmatebis Sedegad man
1845 wels bostonSi da 1849 wels niu-iorkSi Tavisi saagentos
filialebi gaxsna. xolo pirveli sareklamo saagento, sadac
ara marto damkveTis da gazeTis mflobelis dakavSireba xdeboda,
aramed sareklamo teqstebi da dekoraciebic muSavdeboda, anu,
sruli momsaxurebiT 1891 wels niu-iorkSi jorj batenis
mier iqna daarsebuli. XX saukunis bolosTvis ki es kompania
erT-erTi giganti gaxda sareklamo biznesSi.
sareklamo saqmianobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sareklamo
saxeobebs. arsebobs reklamis sxvadasxva saxeoba, romlebic
didi gamocdilebis mqone specialistebis mier ukve
Camoyalibebulia:
• kargi da cudi.
• saimijo da gayidvebis.
• miznobrivi.
• faruli da pirdapiri.
• gaazrebuli da gauazrebeli.
• maradiuli.
71
naTia
grZeliSvili
• reklama, romelic brendis sicocxlisunarianobazea
damokidebuli.
• warmavali.
reklamis gamoyenebis formebi da meTodebi mravalsaxovania
da xandaxan metad originaluric, magaliTad, aseTi ucnauric:
londonSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs restorani, romlis
patroni absoluturad melotia. restornis yvela sxva
TanamSromelic absoluturad melotia. restornis abraze ki
weria: `CvenTan verasodes aRmoaCenT Tmas wvnianSi.~ sasaciloa,
magram, vfiqrob, originalur da ucnaurTan erTad es kargi
reklamaa – kargi reklamac xom xelovnebis qmnilebaa.
dRevandel ganviTarebuli da civilizebuli kacobriobisTvis
reklama aucileblad saWiroa, oRond mxolod momxmareblis
interesebs unda emsaxurebodes. igi, marTlac, unda uwyobdes
xels axalgazrduli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis formirebas,
socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis ganviTarebas. reklamam
unda gamoxatos sazogadoebis interesebi, daxvewos maTSi
wesebi da gemovneba. man propaganda unda gauwios mxolod
iseT saqonels, romelic sargeblobas moutans adamianis rogorc
fizikur, aseve sulier ganviTarebas. is xazs namdvilad unda
usvamdes saqonlis maRal xarisxs, magram amasTanave misi
uaryofiTi mxareebic ar unda iyos aSkarad dafaruli da,
rac mTavaria, ar unda gvatyuebdnen!
armstrongi, kotleri, marketingis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2006.
m. seTuri, reklama marketingis sistemaSi, Tb., 1997.
n. kacitaZe, reklama, Tb., 2006.
72
TaTia elbaqiZe
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
muzeumebis roli dRevandel
sazogadoebaSi
muzeumebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils
warmoadgens. muzeumi, klasikuri ganmartebiT (berZnuli
μουуеίο[ν]) muzaTa taZari da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
samsaxurSi myofi mudmivi instituciaa, romelic Riaa farTo
sazogadoebisTvis. muzeumi Seiswavlis, iZens, inaxavs, ikvlevs
da gamofens adamianTa Semoqmedebisa da maTi garemos aRmwer
faqtebsa da materialuri kulturis nimuSebis mniSvnelovan
masalas.Aadreuli muzeumebi Seiqmna, rogorc samefo an
sagvareulo koleqciebi, sadac maT mflobelobaSi myofi
xelovnebis nimuSebi da saucxoo Sedevrebi Sedioda. aseT
gamofenebs Tavdapirvelad sakvirvelebaTa oTaxebs an saintereso
saganTa kabinets uwodebdnen. mogvianebiT instituciad
Camoyalibebuli muzeumebi, rogorc struqturuli erTeulebi,
galereiebisa da sagamofeno centrebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar
warmoadgenen finansur mogebaze orientirebul struqturebs
da aramomgebian arakomerciul organizaciebs, romelTa misiac
metnaklebad erTnairia: qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis
sferoSi struqturuli da institucionaluri cvlilebebi
da erTiani samuzeumo politika, daculi koleqciebis Seswavladacva, sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomoba. garda koleqciebis
dacva-aRricxvisa da movla-Senaxvis saqmianobebisa, muzeumebi
emsaxurebian samecniero kvlevebs, saganmanaTleblo, sagamofenosazogadoebriv saqmianobebsa da turizmis sferoSi
ganxorcielebul aqtivobebs. XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, momxdarma politikurma Zvrebma
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze moaxdina zegavlena.
gaCnda ideebi muzeumebis reformirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wina periodTan SedarebiT garkveuli
gaumjobeseba SeiniSneboda, es jer mainc ar iyo oqros xana
73
TaTia elbaqiZe
muzeumebisaTvis. saxsrebis nakleboba, ugulebelyofa da axali
tendenciebi imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom mTavrobebi ar aRiarebdnen
maTze pasuxismgeblobas da bevri muzeumi daSlisa da gauqmebis
zRvarTan idga. finansuri dabrkolebebisa da cudi
administrirebis gamo muzeumebs finansuri da socialuri
problemebi gauCndaT, saWiro iyo siaxleebis mofiqreba samuzeumo
saqmianobis ganviTareba da maTTvis sxvadasxva funqciis Semateba.
Tanamedrove yofaSi muzeumebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod
gansxvavdebian formatiT: didi dawesebulebebidan mcire,
erToTaxian muzeumebamde, romlebic gansxvavdebian koleqciaTa
SinaarsiT _ arsebobs xelovnebis, istoriis, arqeologiis,
mecnierebis, samxedro, eTnografiuli muzeumebi da sxvadasxva
ucnaur koleqciaTa muzeumebic ki (magaliTad: Rilebis muzeumi,
saaTebis muzeumebi, qviriTis muzeumi, bambukis muzeumi da
sxva). muzeumebi gansxvavdebian momxmarebelTa kategoriebiTa
da samizne jgufebiTac. ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
msoflioSi gaizarda maTi raodenoba da muzeumebs axali
roli daekisraT, radganac gaizarda da Seicvala sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebebi. dRes es mzardi saerTaSoriso industriaa,
romelic axal-axal funqciebs iZens kulturuli RonisZiebebis
organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. muzeumebis axali roli SeiZleba
aRvweroT, rogorc tradiciuli samuzeumo saqmianobis
SenarCuneba, romelsac emateba saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba,
sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia codnis gaziarebaze da yvela
adamianis cxovrebaSi xarisxis garkveuli elementis Setanaze.
arian adamianebi, romlebic mistirian Zvel dros, rodesac
muzeumebi wynari, mSvidi adgilis simbolo iyo da ZiriTadad
damTvalierebelsac sazogadoebis zrdasruli nawili
warmoadgenda. Tu situacias globalur konteqstSi
ganvixilavT, rasac ICOM-i da UNESCO unda akeTebdes, unda
vaRiaroT, rom aucilebelia muzeumebis integrireba Tanamedrove
cocxal kulturaSi, muzeums aRar unda SevcqerodeT, rogorc
sakurTxevels, igi unda gaxdes moqmedebebisa da diskusiebis
centri, sadac awmyo da warsuli mWidrod aris gadajaWvuli
er Tm aneTze. mu zeum eb ma unda dai mkvi dr on m ka fi od
Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi funqcia da amiT gaaumjobeson
74
muzeumebis
roli dRevandel
sazogadoebaSi
urTierToba momxmarebelTan. muzeumi ganixileboda, rogorc
adgili, sadac daculia warsulis saganZurebi da gamofenilia
pativiscema didi kulturuli mniSvnelobis mqone nivTebis
unikalurobis mimarT. aseTi elitaruli midgoma pasiur xasiaTs
iwvevda, Sedegad muzeumi rCeboda konservatiul da statikur
dawesebulebad, romelic ar monawileobda, ar iziarebda
sazogadoebis moTxovnebs da momxmarebelsac pasiur ganwyobas
uqmnida.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi muzeumebis roli Seicvala –
isini cdiloben Secvalon TavianTi xedva da damokidebuleba,
aqtiuri dialogi gamarTon sazogadoebasa da koleqciebs Soris.
muzeumebi iseve, rogorc bevri sxva saxelmwifo da
arasaxelmwifo institucia, warmoadgenen zogadi, socialuri,
politikuri da ideologiuri konteqstis nawils, maT muSaobasa
da saqmianobaze bevri garefaqtori axdens zemoqmedebas, aseTebia:
demografiuli, ekonomikuri da bazris cvlilebebi. dRevandel
dRes amis ZiriTad dasabuTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT muzeumebis
saganmanaTleblo rolis gaaqtiureba. mTel msoflioSi
muzeumebSi ganaTlebis misawodeblad axali SesaZleblobebisa
da struqturebis aRmocenebasTan erTad saganmanaTleblo rols
arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. dadga dro, rodesac unda
Secvalon TavianTi princi pebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
maT ganviTarebas.
kulturuli memkvidreobis movla-Senaxva saxelmwifoebs
sakmaod Zviri ujdeba, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi finansuri
saSualebebis moZebna. zogierTi arasamTavrobo organizacia,
kerZo fondebi da sponsorebi, ukve karga xania monawileoben
konservacia-restavraciis kampaniebSi, isini moiTxoven
sazogadoebisaTvis maTi investiciebis sargeblobis
demonstrirebas. saxelmwifomac unda gamonaxos damatebiTi
Tanxa kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva-patronobisaTvis, unda
uzrunvelyos turistuli resursebis mozidva.
muzeumebi veRar gaamarTleben sakuTar arsebobas mxolod
sakuTari koleqciebis dacviT da gamofeniT, maT unda gvaCvenon,
ras sTavazoben sazogadoebas da am winadadebebSi codnaganaTlebac unda Sediodes. Zalze priorotetul sakiTxs
75
TaTia elbaqiZe
warmoadgens saganmanaTleblo ganyofilebis daarseba. samuzeumo
ganaTleba dakavSirebulia muzeumis sakomunikacio xasiaTTan.
isini xdebian ara marto sacavebi, aramed informaciis
mimwodeblebic _ es aris mcdeloba, Seicvalos cneba muzeumisa,
romelic swavlulTa mier gamoyenebisaTvis gankuTvnil
koleqciebis sacavs gulisxmobs, komunikaciis saSualebis cnebiT.
samuzeumo ganaTleba imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom
damTvalierebels gavacnoT, Tu ras uSvebian muzeumebi TavianT
eqsponatebs, aramed es aris individualuri da sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis procesi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs rigi
sasargeblo resursisa, romelSic Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT rogorc
sazogadoebas, ise muzeumis damTvalierebels. saganmanaTleblo
personali da muzeumis mcvelebi (kuratorebi) erToblivad
muSaoben muzeumis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis dasamkvidreblad.
aqtiuri muzeumisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs cvlilebebs
ganaTlebis sferoSi, radgan isini amdidreben stumrebis
STabeWdilebebs koleqciebze, zrdian momsvlelTa raodenobas,
izidaven ufro mravalferovan damTvalierebels, muzeumebs
xelovnebis, Tavisufali drois gatarebis, turizmis, komerciuli
saqmianobis centrSi aqcevs da wamyvan rols sTavazobs
sazogadoebas kulturuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebis micemaSi.
dRes muzeumebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali donis
gamoxatulebaa, maT emuqrebaT safrTxe, romelic dakavSirebulia
axal rolTan mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSi myof
sazogadoebaSi _ es aris mxolod bazarze orientirebuli
politikis danergva, Sedegad muzeumebis realuri miznis _
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da warmoCenis ukana planze
gadasvla. muzeumebis dRevandeli miznis miRwevis ZiriTadi
saSualebaa koleqciebis rolisa da sazogadoebis rolis
dabalanseba. ukanasknel wlebSi muzeumebis winaSe wamoiWra
biznesTan konkurenciis problema, ZiriTadad _ xarisxis,
misawvdomobasa da fasis TvalsazrisiT. samuzeumo produqts
konkurencias uwevs sxvadasxva kulturis produqti,
Soubiznesis sxvadasxva saxeoba da RonisZieba: savaWro da
gasarTobi saSualebebi, vorkSopebi, moZravi eqspoziciebi,
performansi gamofenasTan erTad da sxv. muzeumebi iZulebuli
76
muzeumebis
roli dRevandel
sazogadoebaSi
gaxdnen Secvliliyvnen, damTvaliereblebisaTvis SeeTavazebinaT
mimzidveli momsaxureba da daekmayofilebinaT sazogadoebis
moTxovnebi, siaxleebTan erTad aqtiuri xdeba komercializaciis
cneba, rac dRevandel msoflioSi mniSvnelovan niSas
warmoadgens. aqtualuri gaxda samuzeumo marketingi, rac
miznad isaxavs momsaxurebisa da produqtis mudmivi
ga umj obes ebi s m iRwevas , r aTa Ses aZl ebeli g axdes
damTvalierebelTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, ufro farTo
masStabiT ki _ damTvalierebelTa raodenobisa da Sedegad
Semosavlebis gazrda. sxvadasxva komerciuli aqtivoba bevrad
ufro…mniSvnelovans xdis muzeumisa da momxmareblis
TanamSromlobas.
samuzeumo saqmis menejmenti. bari lordi da geil deqsTer lordi.
moskovi, 2002 (rusul enaze).
samuzeumo dokumentaciis asociacia. Falk.j.visitors: who doesn’t and
why, museum news, Mar-apr 1998.USA:American Association of Museums.
(MDA) http:www.mda.org.uk
levan WilaSvili. msoflios didi samuzeumo centrebi, Tbilisi,
1985
www.icom.com
77
TaTa inaSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
Soubiznesi, reklama da PR
`Soubiznesi~ (Show business _ inglisuri Sesityvebaa) _
es aris komerciuli saqmianoba, romelic uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli xelovnebis samyarosTan, amasTanave Soubiznesi
warmoadgens damoukidebel sistemas momsaxurebis sferos
farglebSi. Soubiznesi qmnis da avrcelebs sanaxaobebs
politikur, inteleqtualur da mxatvrul produqts, amgvarad,
Soubiznesi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc masobriv sanaxaobaTa
industria. mis sferoSi Sedis: kino, televizia, estrada, Teatri,
sporti, kompiuteruli TamaSebis industria.
mniSvnelovania Soubiznesis oTxi aspeqti: 1.) komerciuli
moqmedebis xasiaTi, 2.) garTobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba,
3.) warmodgenebis sanaxaobrioba, 4.) orientacia mayurebelTa
farTo wreze. es aspeqtebi mWidroT aris erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli.
Soubiznesis komerciuli xasiaTi mdgomareobs maqsimaluri
mogebis miRebaSi, risTvisac igi zrdis Tavis momsaxurebis
sferoebs da iTvisebs axal bazrebs. dResdReobiT praqtikulad
yvela sajaro RonisZieba warmoadgens, Tavis mxriv, Sous rogorc
masobrivi xasiaTiT, aseve biznes interesebiT. TiTqmis yvela
aseTi Sous ukan dgas pirovnuli an korporaciuli interesi
da mogeba. Sou sazogadoebriv azrze axdens zegavlenas da
propagandas uwevs ama Tu im saxiT politikas. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, SoubiznesSi momsaxurebas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. imisaTvis, rom warmodgena gadaiqces Soud,
igi unda daidgas gemovnebiani kostiumebiT, dekoraciebiT,
specefeqtebiT, raTa mayurebelma ixilos maRali xarisxis
warmodgena. rac Seexeba gemovnebas, igi unda akmayofilebdes
mayurebelTa umetesobas.
ucxoeli specialistebi `Sou bizness~ gansazRvraven,
rogorc gasarTob industrias (Entertainment industry).
78
Tanamedrove msoflioSi sazogadoebriv azrs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba SoubiznesSi. PR-is (Public Ralation sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) teqnologiebis da reklamirebis
roli kolosaluria. reklama (Reklame - niSnavs gancxadebas,
plakats) klasikuri gansazRvrebiT aris im saxis saqmianoba,
romelic informacias awvdis xalxs produqtis an momsaxurebis
Sesaxeb, zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze maTi realizaciis
mizniT. reklamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos yvela is RonisZieba,
romelic xels Seuwyobs produqtisa da momsaxurebis gayidvas.
maT Soris unda gamovyoT Sales promotion _ gayidvebis mxardaWera,
rac gulisxmobs ufaso saCuqrebs maTTvis, vinc iyidis ama Tu
im produqts an momsaxurebas.
Public Relation _ sazogadoebasTan urTierToba, gulisxmobs
sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas ama Tu im obieqtis mimarT.
Direct marketing-i warmoadgens reklamirebis iseT formas,
rodesac momxmarebeli gamyidvelTan pirdapir kontaqts amyarebs,
magaliTad, telefoniT an fostiT.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba PR-s SoubiznesSi,
romlis ganuyofeli nawilia reklama. PR SeiZleba iyos
politikuri, marketinguli da media-PR. PR-is gareSe
warmoudgenelia warmateba SoubiznesSi. informacia xalxs
unda miewodos sruli da utyuari da es yvelaferi unda
iyos gasagebad da martivad miwodebuli, ar SeiZleba informaciis
gazviadeba. xalxTan urTierToba ar unda iyos mosabezrebeli
maTTvis, xalxis azris gasagebad ar unda daizogos dro.
PR-i SoubiznesSi iyenebs masmediis yvela saSualebas,
rogoricaa: radio, televizia presa, interneti, Savi PR-i, radganac
SoubiznesSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba nebismier informacias.
PR-i miiswrafis auditoriisaTvis mTavari mniSvnelobis
matarebeli Setyobinebebis gadasacemad, rogorc verbalurad,
aseve vizualurad imisaTvis, rom Soubazarze gamoCndes esa
Tu is ucnobi xelovani. PR-i aris harmoniulobis miRwevis
xelovneba da mecniereba urTierTgagebis meSveobiT. arsebobs
PR-is ramdenime meTodi pop varskvlavebis SoubiznesSi CarTvisa:
presa, interviu, reportaJi, preskonferencia, aseve turneebis
organizeba albomis mxardasaWerad da yvela mniSvnelovani
79
TaTa inaSvili
kli pis Cveneba specialur arxze. PR-is jgufi qmnis brends,
romelsac elian da yiduloben.
Soubiznesis mTavar figurad iTvleba prodiuseri, menejeri,
promouTeri. produseri, rogor wesi, eZebs axal ideebsa da
saSualebebs maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis. produqtis Seqmnamde
is aris pasuxismgebeli SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. produseris
mier xdeba produqtis biujetis formireba, SemoqmedebiTi
personalis SerCeva-ayvana, samuSao grafikis Sedgena. Temidan
gamomdinare irCeva strategia da jgufebi, romlebSic moiazreba
PR direqtorebi, promouTerebi da pres ataSeebi. maTi amocanaa
garkveuli imijis Seqmna, proeqtis kincefciis da ideis
SemuSaveba, stilis SerCeva, romliTac msaxiobma unda
iurTierTos masmediasTan, urTierTobebis damyareba sponsorebTan,
albomis distributorebTan da telearxebTan. xmis Camwer
studiebTan da presasTan, romelsac didi gavlenis moxdena
SeuZlia xalxze da sazogadoebriv azrze. Tu prodiusers
kargi sainformacio wyaro aqvs da kvalificiuri PR-i 50%
warmatebisa TiTqmis miRweulia. amgvarad, Soubiznesis erTerTi mTavari amocanaa ganumeorebeli imijis formireba _
Image (pirovnebis Sejamebuli portreti, romelic iqmneba
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis SexedulebebSi da formirdeba
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi, gamomdinare pirovnebis
saqmianobidan). reklamasa da PR-s xandaxan miiCneven erTi da
imave cnebis or sxvadasxva terminad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
orive warmoadgens Soubiznesis mxardaWeris, ganviTarebis
saSualebas, Tumca unda aRiniSnos maT Soris gansxvavebebic,
magaliTad, ganvixiloT Rirebulebisa da kontrolis sakiTxi.
reklama moicavs ara marto mesijis (beWdviTi, radio Tu
satelevizio) Seqmnis Rirebulebas, aramed agreTve misi mediaSi
gamoSvebis safasursac, maSin roca PR-i moicavs rogorc
kompaniis mflobelisa Tu produqtis Sesaxeb pozitiuri
informaciis gavrcelebis da ganviTarebis safasurs, aseve im
mesijebis Rirebulebas, romlis miwodebac xdeba sazogadoebisa
da bazrisTvis. rac Seexeba kontrols, reklamirebisas xdeba
mesijis miwodebis meTodis da drois kontroli maSin, roca
80
Soubiznesi, reklama da
R
PR-is SemTxvevaSi media akontrolebs mesijs da miwodebis
meTodsa da dros.
saqarTveloSi `Sou biznesma~ XX saukunis bolos Caanacvla
termini `qarTuli estrada~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aerTianebda
sxvadasxva Janris xelovnebas. saestrado xelovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo lakonuroba, improvizacia, sadResaswaulo
xasiaTi da originaloba. sadResaswaulo xasiaTi iqmneboda
dekoraciebisa da ganaTebebis cvliT, aseve scenebis
formacvalebiT.
saqarTveloSi Soubiznesi aRmocenda: 1). sakoncerto
estradis; 2). Teatraluri estradis (kameruli speqtaklebi);
3). saxalxo zeimebis (festivalebi, karnavalebi, sportuli da
sakoncerto nomrebi) bazaze. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Zalian
aqtualuria satelevizio politikuri Souebi da aseve
sakoncerto, rogoricaa: saiubileo da Tematuri koncertebi.
izrdeba satelevizio proeqtebis popularoba _ sportuli
Sou, moazrovneTa Sou, modebis Cveneba dabolos, religiuri
Sou, romelic dakavSirebulia religiur dResaswaulebTan,
aseve aRsaniSnavia samxedro Sou, romelic samxedro aRlumebis
saxiT aris warmodgenili.
amJamad saqarTveloSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs
satelevizio gadacemebi da musikaluri proeqtebi, rogoricaa:
`mimRere rame~, `jeostari~, `varskvlavebis akademia~, realiTiSou `jeobari~, `iumorina~ da sxv. maTi reklama xorcieldeboda
televiziis, radios, Jurnal-gazeTebis, broSurebis, bilbordebis,
internetis da sms-is meSveobiT, agreTve proeqtebs reklamas
uwevdnen Soubiznesis cnobili saxeebi, rogorc Jiuris saxiT,
agreTve TviT iRebdnen monawileobas zogierT gadacemaSi Tu
musikalur konkursSi. musikaluri proeqt `jeostaris~ PRjgufi Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
mogzaurobda SesarCevi turebisTvis, sadac uSualod xalxTan
urTierTobiT reklamas uwevdnen kompania `jeosels~ da
musikalur proeqt `jeostars~. `varskvlavebis akademiis~
reklama da popularizacia xorcieldeboda rogorc televiziis,
radios, Jurnal-gazeTebis da sms-is meSveobiT, agreTve ucxoeli
Treinerebis monawileobiT proeqtSi.
81
TaTa inaSvili
Soubiznesi did finansebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Temidan
da proeqtidan gamomdinare xdeba dafinanseba sponsorebis
meSveobiT. didi mniSvneloba da gavlena aqvs Semosavalze
imas, Tu ramdenad did warmatebas da popularobas miaRwevs
esa Tu is proeqti, musikaluri festivali, Tu raime satelevizio
Sou. swored warmatebuli Semosavlebis Sedegad momgebiani
da popularuli gaxda zemoT CamoTvlili musikaluri proeqtebi
da satelevizio gadacemebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kompania
`jeoselis~ da `magTikomis~ musikaluri proeqtebi: `jeostari~
da `varskvlavebis akademia~, romlebic XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
Camoyalibda da yovelwliur tradiciad damkvidrda. am
SemTxvevaSi orive kompaniis monawileoba am musikalur
konkursebSi dakavSirebulia komerciul interesTan, saxeldobr,
did mogebasTan, rac aisaxa sareklamo qselebis zrdaSic: smsreklamebi, radio, satelevizio, Jurnal-gazeTebi, broSurebi
da a. S.
amgvarad, saqarTveloSi Soubiznesi aRmavlobis gziT midis.
reklamisa da PR-is meSveobiT, produserebi, promouTerebi da
menejerebi, agentebi Tu distributorebi qmnian axal produqts
ganumeorebeli imijiT, raTa gaitanon bazarze da miiRon mogeba.
Почепцов Г. Г., Паблик Рилейшенз для профессионалов, М.,: “РефлБук”, “Ваклер”, 2000, gv. 624.
http://www.library.cjes.ru/search/?srch=1
http://referat.ru/pub/search/m?s=PR , http://pr-club.com/PR_Lib
82
elene meCiTova
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi
dResdReobiT saxelmwifo dafinanseba or kategoriad iyofa:
sabiujeto da saproeqto. kulturuli organizaciebi,
romlebsac saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs, finansur daxmarebas
calkeuli proeqtebis safuZvelze iRebs. ukanasknel wlebSi
kulturis saministro saxelmwifo biujetis 10%-s iRebs,
xolo 2009 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT Tanxis moculoba
9-10%-iT gaizarda. biujetis realuri ganawilebis, adekvaturi
gamoyenebis da realizaciis kontrolis sferoSi winsvla
aucilebelia.
kulturuli obieqtebis umetesoba, saxsrebis gaflangvis
da kulturuli procesebis arasworad marTvis gamo,
aradamakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSia.
kulturul organizaciebs saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili
finansebi ar hyofnis da amitom alternatiuli dafinansebis
aucilebloba saxezea. finansebis wyaroebi, pirvel rigSi,
arasabiujeto saxsrebia, romelTa mopoveba sabiujeto
organizaciebs SeuZlia. amaSi igulisxmeba warmodgenebze
gayiduli bileTebi, muzeumebis, sagamofeno salonebis,
biblioTekebis da a. S. fasiani momsaxureba. Semosavlis es
wyaro xelovnebis sferos sabiujeto dafinansebis 1%-ze
naklebs Seadgens.
Semosavlis meore alternatiuli wyaro sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso organizacia da fondebia. isini grantebis sistemis
daxmarebiT proeqtebis dafinansebas axdenen. amgvar fondebs
Soris aRsaniSnavia sorosis da evraziis fondebi, romelTa
saqmianobis mizania axlo da Soreuli sazRvargareTis qveynebs
Soris mxatvrebis, musikosebis da xelovnebaTmcodneebis gacvla.
grantebis daxmarebiT kulturis moRvaweebi ucxour seminarebs,
konferenciebs, festivalebs da a. S. eswrebian.
dafinansebis kidev erTi wyaro mecenatobaa, rac raime
sargeblis miRebas ar iTvaliswinebs. mecenatobis kultura
83
elene
meCiTova
saqarTveloSi jer kidev XIX saukunidan arsebobs, rodesac
Tbilisi kavkasiis kulturuli centri gaxldaT. TbilisSi
mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeboda kulturac.
tiflisis finansuri elita qvelmoqmedebaze saxsrebs ar
iSurebda. magaliTad, Zmeb zubalaSvilebis saxsrebiT `saxalxo
Teatri~ aSenda (`zubalovebis Teatri~, mogvianebiT
marjaniSvilis saxelobis Teatri). daviT sarajiSvili
saqarTveloSi kulturul da saswavlo dawesebulebebs
exmareboda. isai pitoevi Teatraluri xelovnebis mfarveli
gaxldaT. navTobis magnati aleqsandr mantaSevi xels uwyobda
ganaTlebis amaRlebas, aSenebda skolebs. al. meliq-azariancis
da miqael aramiancis SekveTiT pirveli qarTuli `sinematografi
apolo~ aSenda.
dResdReobiT yvelaze cnobili qarTveli mecenati biznesmeni
biZina ivaniSvilia, vinc sruliad uangarod exmareba kulturis
yvela sferos. daxmareba gamoixateba Teatrebis da sakoncerto
darbazebis restavraciaSi (biZina ivaniSvilis daxmarebiT
garemontda k. marjaniSvilis, griboedovis da SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis Teatrebi, konservatoria da a. S.). garda amisa,
biZina ivaniSvili damatebiT anazRaurebas aZlevs kulturis
moRvaweebs, sxvadasxva proeqts afinansebs da a. S.
alternatiuli dafinansebis kidev erTi wyaro sponsorobaa.
sponsoroba socialuri investiciis erT-erTi formaa, rac
sponsorisTvis sargeblis miRebas iTvaliswinebs. sponsoroba
filantropiisgan Sors aris da finansuri mogeba aucileblad
esaWiroeba. kulturis da xelovnebis sponsoroba warmatebuli
biznesis mniSvnelovani komponentia.
saqarTveloSi sponsorobis kultura jer kidev ganviTarebis
stadiazea. kulturis sfero damoukideblad mxolod amerikaSi
viTardeba da iqac giganturi nacionaluri fondi arsebobs,
romlidanac kulturuli organizaciebi finansdeba. garda amisa,
amerikaSi mecenatobis da sponsorobis kultura Zalian
ganviTarebulia da saxelmwifo amgvar organizaciebs an
adamianebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs uwesebs. germaniaSi da
safrangeTSi kulturas ZiriTadad saxelmwifo afinansebs da
es modeli CvenTvis ufro axlobelia, Tumca Cven evropuli
gamocdileba da Tavisufali bazari gvaklia.
84
kulturis
dafinanseba
saqarTveloSi
dResdReobiT TiTqmis yvela msxvil kulturul organizacias
sponsori gaaCnia _ iqneba es generaluri Tu miznobrivi.
sponsoris moZieba sakmaod rTuli procesia. am saqmiT ZiriTadad
kulturuli organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi arian dakavebulni
da pirad kavSirebs aqtiurad iyeneben.
kulturis komerciul mogebaze orientirebul sferoSi,
anu kulturis industriaSi, sponsoris moZieba SedarebiT
advilia. industria farTo samomxmareblo masebzea gaTvlili
da es faqtori sponsorebs izidavs. magaliTad, `koka-kola~
Tbilisis jaz-festivalis mudmivi sponsori iyo. mravalwliani
TanamSromlobis Sedegad `koka-kola~ da jaz-festivali
ganuyofeli cnebebi iyo.
aqtiuri sponsorebis siaSi Sedis ori wamyvani mobiluri
operatori `magTi~ da `jeoseli~. isini ZiriTadad saavtoro
proeqtebze arian orientirebuli, romlebsac Tavad am kompaniis
menejerebi igoneben da organizebas uweven. iseTi proeqtebis
dafinansebam, rogoric aris `jeostari~ da `varskvlavebis
akademia~, reklamis garda kompaniebs mogebac moutana. proeqtis
avtorebma SesaniSnavi Sedegi miiRes da amave dros masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebSi kargi reklama gakeTda. kidev erTi
mobiluri operatori `bilaini~, radgan mas sakuTari proeqtebi
ar gaaCnia, xSirad calkeul RonisZiebebs afinansebs. aseTi
RonisZiebebi samizne auditoriazea gaTvlili.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom rac ufro soliduria kompania
da rac ufro did yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar imijs, miT
ufro metad afinansebs adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisTvis
saWiro kulturul sferoebs. kompaniisTvis sponsoroba igivea,
rac garekani JurnalisTvis. amgvarad, kulturis arakomerciul
sferoebs ZiriTadad msxvili samrewvelo kompaniebi da bankebi
afinansebs, rac kompaniebis mimarT momxmareblebis loialobas
amaRlebs.
TiTqos, yvelaferi kargadaa, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes
is sirTuleebi, rasac finansebis maZiebeli awydeba. saqarTveloSi,
iseve rogorc bevr sxva qveyanaSi, sponsoris moZiebisTvis
mniSvnelovania piradi kavSirebi. Zalian xSirad finansdeba
ara RonisZieba, aramed konkretuli pirovneba. agreTve xSiria
potenciuri sponsoris gauTviTcnobierebloba. zogierTi kompania
85
elene
meCiTova
sponsorobas saxsrebis flangvad Tvlis, rasac mniSvnelovani
mogeba ar moaqvs. aseTi damokidebuleba ZiriTadad informaciis
naklebobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
sponsoris Ziebisas mniSvnelovania sasponsoro paketi, sadac
gadmocemulia informacia finansebis maZiebelze, proeqtze da
kompaniis sargebelze, romelsac miiRebs kompania dafinansebis
nacvlad. komerciul seqtorTan TanamSromlobis amgvari paketi
Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatris veb-saitzec aris
gamoqveynebuli. agreTve Zalian mniSvnelovania veb-saitis qona,
rac, samwuxarod, bevri organizaciis naklia.
dResdReobiT Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatri
sabiujeto saxsrebiT funqcionirebs. Teatri TanamSromlobas
kerZo seqtorsac sTavazobs. Teatris veb-saitze gamoqveynebulia
sasponsoro paketi, sadac administracia saopero da sabaleto
dadgmebis dafinansebis sanacvlod organizacias ramdenime
sargebels sTavazobs: 1. `kompaniis saRamos~ gamarTva
(prezentacia Teatris `wiTel darbazSi~ da speqtakli mxolod
mosawvevebiT 1000 personaze), 2. sezonis bolomde Teatris
banerebze da gamocemul bukletebSi kompaniis _ sponsoris
logotipis ganTavseba, 3. benuaris loJis (8 adgili) daqiraveba
sezonis bolomde Teatris mier gamarTul yvela premieraze
da RonisZiebaze daswrebis uflebiT.
saopero Teatrs mocemul momentSi asponsorebs `saxalxo
banki~, `jeoseli~ da `telekomi~. sainformacio sponsorebia:
radio `ucnobi~, `Georgia Today”, `muza~, katalogi `4 sezoni~,
xolo partniorebi arian: `infoTbilisi~ da `jorjian taimsi~.
premierebze, sabaleto da saopero dadgmebze darbazi
ZiriTadad savsea. mayureblebis daaxloebiT 40% mowveulia
an darigebuli bileTebiT modis. bileTebis saSualo fasi 13
laria. agreTve funqcionirebs abonementebis sistema. Teatrs
ar gaaCnia produqti, rac mas damatebiT mogebas moutans.
operisa da baletis Teatri kapitalur remonts saWiroebs,
romlis Semdegac bevri ram, albaT, ukeTesobisken Seicvleba.
saopero Teatrisgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
konservatoria SesaniSnav mdgomareobaSia. 2002 wels Seqmnili
sameTvalyureo sabWos meSveobiT saremonto samuSaoebi da
restavracia Catarda. am sabWoSi Sediodnen mamuka xazaraZe,
86
kulturis
dafinanseba
saqarTveloSi
akaki wereTeli, gogi TofaZe, qarTu jgufi, badri patarkaciSvili
da sxvebi, romelTa daxmarebiT mTliani Senobis rekonstruqcia
da remonti Catarda (garemontda saswavlo auditoriebi,
kameruli darbazi, sagundo klasi, orkestris sarepeticio
auditoria, sakonferencio darbazi, folkloris da fonotekis
kabinetebi). folkloris da fonotekis kabinetebi aRWurvilia
uaxlesi audio aparaturiT. mcire sakoncerto darbazi
pirveladi saxiT aRdga da a. S.
2003 wels `britiS petroleumma~ saopero studiis
mSeneblobisTvis Tanxebi gamoyo. konservatoria agreTve
sargeblobs iseTi organizaciebis mxardaWeriT, rogoric aris:
iunesko, saelCoebi, holandieli megobrebis fondi da a. S.
mxardaWera gamoixateba instrumentebis SesyidvaSi,
restavraciaSi, saopero dadgmebSi.
saerTaSoriso festivalebis Catarebisas konservatoria
aviakompaniebis da sastumroebis mxardaWeras iyenebs.
aviakompaniebi da sastumroebi Sesabamisad frenebs da stumrebis
cxovrebas uzrunvelyofs. sanacvlod konservatoriis
administracia sponsorebis logos afiSebze, bileTebze da
konservatoriis veb-saitze aTavsebs konservatoriis
mxardamWerebis ganyofilebaSi.
samwuxarod, konservatoriis RonisZiebebze daswreba arc
Tu ise kargia, Tu RonisZieba eqskluziuri ar aris an cnobili
Semsruleblebi monawileobas ar iReben. koncertebs ZiriTadad
studentebi da pedagogebi eswrebian, romelTaTvisac garkveuli
SeRavaTebi arsebobs. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konservatoria
bileTebis gayidvidan mniSvnelovan Semosavals ar iRebs da
aris sabiujeto finansebze, romlis prioriteti ganaTlebaa
da ara Semosavali.
TbilisSi ukve ramdenime welia xalxuri Semoqmedebis
festivali `art-geni~ tardeba. festivalis programaSi Sedis
rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedeba, aseve Tanamedrove musika. am
proeqts potenciuri sponsorebis daintereseba masStaburobiT,
farTo auditoriaze da sxvadasxva miznobriv jgufze gasvliT,
agreTve masmediaSi gasuli reklamis daxmarebiT SeuZlia.
ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro meti kompania zrunavs
sakuTar imijze da sponsorobas eweva. kulturis sferos
87
elene
meCiTova
daxmareba lideri kompaniebisTvis saqmianobis erT-erTi
prioritetia. rac ufro msxvilia kompania, miT ufro meti
socialuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba.
magaliTad, TBC bankma socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
sferoSi sakuTari strategia SeimuSava. strategia socialur
da kulturul sferoSi xangrZliv vadiani proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs, romelTa mizania perspeqtivaSi
xsenebuli sferoebis ganviTareba. 2003 wels bankma yovelwliuri
literaturuli premia `saba~ daawesa. es premia sakmaod
popularuli da prestiJuli gaxda. bankis centralur ofisSi
ganlagebulia sagamofeno darbazi, romelic sxvadasxva
kulturul organizacias prezentaciisTvis, gamofenisTvis da
mciremasStabiani koncertebisTvis xSirad ufasod eTmoba. 2008
wels bankis saqvelmoqmedo proeqtebis biujeti 1 milioni
lari gaxldaT. biujetis 41% kulturas, xelovnebas da
sports moxmarda.
imedi gvaqvs, kulturis sfero nel-nela `maTxovris~
rolidan gamova da warmatebuli biznesis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxdeba. amisTvis saWiroa, kulturulma organizaciebma
marketinguli strategia SeimuSaos, romlis daxmarebiT
potenciur sponsorebs daainteresebs da saWiro dafinansebas
moi povebs.
· Хейфец Кристина, `PR спонсорство как инструмент~, http://www.4p.ru
· ФОМИЧЕВА Наталья, http://salespro.ru/2278
· www.opera.ge
· www.marjanishvili.net
· http://www.rustavelitheatre.ge/
· www.tbcbank.ge http://www.tbcbank.ge/ge/about/bank_overview/pr/sr/
· https://www.republic.ge/ https://www.republic.ge/
index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=96&info_id=176 - socialuri
pasuxismgebloba.
· http://www.mct.gov.az/?/ru Финансирование культуры.
88
sofo cercvaZe
magistraturis II kusri
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
menejeris imiji
imiji inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs xats. imijis SeqmniT
adamiani ufro advilad wyvets Tavis sakuTar amocanebs.
koncentrirebul formaSi imiji, nebismier adamians an
organizacias aZlevs arss ganurCevlad misi profesiisa da
statusisa. rac ufro zustad avirCevT da avagebT sakuTar
imijs profesiidan gamomdinare, miT ufro efeqturi iqneba
komunikacia. imiji aris Setyobinebis yvelaze efeqturi
miwodeba. aqedan warmoiqmneba imijis Seqmnis idea, rogorc
sajaro adamianis `me~. Tqveni saxe _ Tqveni portretia, romelsac
uCvenebT gare samyaros. iersaxidan aucileblad amorCeuli
unda iyos is, romelic pozitiurad iqneba Sefasebuli
garSemomyofTa mier.
Tanamedrove mecniereba gamoyofs imijis ramdenime SesaZlo
variants:
1.sarkisebri. es imiji damaxasiaTebelia sakuTar Tavze
warmodgenisaTvis. imijis es varianti dadebiTia, radgan
fsiqologiurad yovelTvis pirvel adgilzea pozitivi. amitom
misi minusia azrTa minimaluri aRricxva gare mxridan. amave
dros am imijs SeuZlia gansazRvros liderebis da organizaciis
imiji.
2.mimdinare. imijis es varianti damaxasiaTebelia garedan
Sexedulebis formirebisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani amocana xdeba aramarto sasurveli, aramed zusti,
adekvaturi ti pis imijis miReba.
3.sasurveli. am ti pis imiji areklavs imas, riskenac Cven
miviswrafviT. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Seqmnili
struqturebisaTvis. sasurveli imiji yovelTvis erTaderTia.
4.korporaciuli. es aris organizaciis mTliani imiji
da ara calkeuli qvedanayofebis an misi muSaobis Sedegebi.
es gansazRvravs organizaciis reputacias, mis warmatebebs da
89
sofo cercvaZe
stabilurobis xarisxs. es sfero gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
maTTvis, vinc muSaobs menejeris an PR-is sferoSi.
imijs nebismier saqmianobaSi did mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan
is aris firmis niSani da masze damokidebuli adamianis
reputacia. gansakuTrebiT es exeba situacias, sadac reputacia
da profesionalizmi warmatebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.
menejerisTvis imijs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu davakvirdebiT
menejeris saqmianobas, vnaxavT, rom igi monawileobas iRebs
miznis gansazRvraSi, adgens moqmedebis gegmas da misi miRwevis
gzebs isaxavs, monawileobs resursebis mozidvaSi, rac
aucilebelia am miznis realizaciisTvis dabolos, akontrolebs
mTel samuSaos. aqedan gamomdinare menejers unda hqondes
kargad SemuSavebuli imiji, radgan xalxi reagirebs masze
dadebiTad.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom nebismier organizaciaSi
mniSvnelovania menejmenti, romelic im saSualebaTa erTianobaa,
ro mlis meSveobiTac orga niz aci a cdilo bs Tavi si
TanamSromlebisa da sxva resursebis efeqturad gamoyenebas
miznis misaRwevad. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor
imijs Seuqmnis menejeri organizacias. arsebobs menejeris
profesiis sami ZiriTadi dasabuTeba:

funqcionaluri (`klasikuri~), rodesac menejeris
saqmianoba funqciebis da movaleobebis gaerTianebiT
ganisazRvreba. funqciuri midgomisas menejeris saqmianoba im
sibrtyeSi ganixileba, romlis ganzomilebebi menejeris
sxvadasxva funqciaa. istoriulad menejeris profesiis pirveli
aRwera swored aseT xasiaTs atarebda da is anri faiols
ekuTvnoda. 1916 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi man marTvis 5
funqcia gamoyo: dagegmareba, organizeba, koordinireba,
xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli. mas Semdeg am mimarTulebiT
bevri naSromi gamoqveynda, romlebic erTmaneTisgan, ZiriTadad,
funqciebis raodenobiT da krebulis SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdeba.
zogjer koordinirebis an xelmZRvanelobis funqciis magivrad
`kadrebis SerCevis~ funqcia ganixileba.

qceviTi, rodesac menejeris saqmianoba warmodgenilia,
rogorc gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba da
unari. menejeris funqciebi realuri qcevis meSveobiT sruldeba,
90
menejeris
imiji
anu `qceviT sibrtyeSi~, romlis ganzomilebebs qcevis e. w.
rolebi warmoadgens. rolebi nebismieri menejeris saqmianobas
axasiaTebs. amave dros menejerTa Soris gansxvaveba am rolebis
Sesrulebis prioritetebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT aRiwereba.
aseTi midgomis avtoria anri mincbergi, romelmac menejeris
saqmianoba sam jgufad dayofili 10 gansxvavebuli rolis
Sesrulebis aucileblobis saxiT warmoadgina: interpersonaluri
_ am rolSi Sedis menejeris mier garemosTan, TanamSromlebTan
da xelqveiTebTan sainformacio arxebis Seqmnis unari.
i nf or ma c iu li _ am r ol i s Sesr u lebi T m enej er i
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis process saWiro informaciiT
uzrunvelyofs dabolos, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis jgufebi
_ aq mniSvnelovania is, rom menejers am rolis Sesruleba
drois nebismier momentSi unda SeeZlos.

dominanturi, rodesac organizaciis efeqturobis
da menejeris pirovnuli Tvisebebis analizis safuZvelze,
xelmZRvanelobis sxvadasxva ti pi (marTvis stili) gamoiyofa.
marTvis stilze orientirebuli midgoma dakavSirebulia i.
adizesis saxelTan. an organizaciis efeqtianobisTvis saWiro
Tvisebebis (liderobis stili, menejeris Sromis maxasiaTeblebi,
saqmianobis xasiaTis dominantebi (`warmatebis vitaminebi~)
analizis safuZvelze menejeris Semdegi oTxi ti pi gamoiyofa:
Sedegis miRwevaze, marTvis procesebis organizebaze,
organizaciis ganviTarebaze da korporaciuli kulturis
Seqmnaze orientirebuli menejeri _ lideri.
aRsaniSnavia, rom menejeris profesiis aRwerisas nebismieri
midgoma eyrdnoba menejeris unars. roca adamians unda gaxdes
menejeri, igi, pirvel rigSi, unda gaerkves pirovnul
TaviseburebebSi, Seadginos sakuTari Tavis fsiqologiuri
portreti, gansazRvros calkeuli Tvisebebis kompleqsi, hqondes
adaptaciis unari, gaaCndes inovaciuri xedva, romelic sabolood
xels Seuwyobs mis, rogorc xelmZRvanelis, saqmianobas. menejers
moeTxoveba gaaCndes imis unari, rom efeqturad marTos sakuTari
Tavi da dro. iqidan gamomdinare, rom dResdReobiT konkurencia
maRalia da rTuldeba bazarze gamosvla, menejeri unda iyos
mravalmxrivi, SemoqmedebiTi, gamWriaxi, mosazrebuli da unda
SeeZlo moqnilad moaxdinos reagireba nebismier SesaZlo
91
sofo cercvaZe
cvlilebis mimarT. man unda Seiswavlos axali meTodebi da
xerxebi, gansakuTrebiT praqtikuli midgomebi.
menejerma mosaubre, mowinaaRmdege an kolega unda Seicnos
ara mxolod laparakiTa da sityvebiT, aramed JestebiTa da
moZraobiT, saqmiani molaparakebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
usityvo komunikacias da imijs. Zalian xSirad bevr sferoSi
swored imijis saSualebiT viRebT ZiriTad informacias
obieqtis Sesaxeb.
profesionalebi imijis Seqmnisas Tvlian, rom garegnobaÛ,
xmam da sworad warmarTulma dialogma SesaZloa, didi roli
iTamaSos menejeris karieraSi. originaluri Cacmis stili es
ara marto cnobili TargiT an modeliT Sekerili tanisamosia,
aramed es yovelive daexmareba menejers sakuTari ideis
realizebaSi. klasikur stils irCeven isini, visac unda, rom
gaamtkicos Tavisi avtoriteti da pretenzia aqvs prestiJul
poziciaze. menejeri Semoqmedi unda iyos xalxis TvalSi,
moZraobdes graciozulad da yovelTvis unda iyos Tavis
TavSi dajerebuli.
menejerma aucilebelia daicvas aseve eTikis normebi. man
kargi samuSao klimati unda Seqmnas organizaciaSi.
TanamSromeli mxolod maSin iqneba gulaxdili da
cvlilebebisaTvis ganwyobili, rodesac menejeri mis mimarT
pativiscemas gamoxatavs. menejeris amocanaa SekiTxvebis dasmiT,
TanamSromlebis azris mimarT interesis gamoxatviT maT
arsebuli situaciis detalurad gacnobaSi daexmaros, radgan
maTTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania informacia.
menejeris imiji SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc
zemoqmedeba TanamSromlebze. imdenad, ramdenadac adamiani
cxovrobs ara marto realur samyaroSi, aramed simbolurSic,
amitom imiji ganixileba rogorc am simboluri samyaros
erTeuli. SesaZlebelia urTierTzegavlenis sxvadasxva saxe:
masobrivi Segneba imijSi iwvevs im simboluri erTeulis Tvisebas,
romelic SeiZleba menejers ar hqondes. Sesabamisad, menejeri
iwyebs ama Tu im saqcielis SeZenas, romelic masobrivma Segnebam
miawera. amrigad, xdeba simboluri samyaros gadasva realur
samyaroSi.
92
menejeris
imiji
mecnierTa kvlevebis Tanaxmad, sakmarisi ar aris, efeqturad
marTo organizacia, aramed Seni xelqveiTebi darwmunebulebi
unda iyvnen, rom Sen organizacias efeqturad marTav. es isea,
rogorc erTi modelis ori Semadgeneli nawili: misi realuri
da simboluri mxare.
elizbar xabetaSvili, ekonomikisa da menejmentis konsultantTa
asociacia, Tbilisi, 2007.
deil kornegi, rogor SeviZinoT megobrebi, rogor movixmaroT adamianebi,
Tbilisi, 1992.
T. xomeriki, menejmenti, Tbilisi, 2000.
Jurnali `biznesi~, nikoloz markozaSvili, menejeris profesia, #8,
2007.
 www. venec.ulstu.ru/lib/go.php?id=97 - имидж менеджера и пути его
совершенствования.
· www. venec.ulstu.ru- имидж менеджера.
· www.creativeconomy.ru- Журнал Российское предпринимательство,
„имидж менеджера”.
93
leila janaSia
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
saqarTvelos xelnawerTaAerovnuli
centris menejmentis zogierTi sakiTxi
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri kulturis sferos erT-erT
mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgens. msoflioSi arc Tu ise
bevria qveyana, romelsac SeuZlia warmoadginos xelnawerTa
mdidari koleqcia an sacavi. saqarTvelo im erT-erTi
mcireTagania, romelsac Zveli xelnaweri wignebisa da
istoriuli sabuTebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sacavi gaaCnia.
xelnawerTa sacavi Tavdapirvelad simon janaSias saxelobis
saxelmwifo muzeumSi calke ganyofilebad daarsda, mogvianebiT
igi gamoeyo muzeums da Camoyalibda calke struqturul
erTeulad, rogorc xelnawerTa samecniero instituti.
xelnawerTa instituti Seiqmna 1958 wlis 30 ivniss. 1962
wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelnawerTa
instituts mieniWa akademikos korneli kekeliZis saxeli. 2006
wels Seicvala institutis iuridiuli statusi da dafuZnda
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ korneli kekeliZis
xelnawerTa instituti. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2007 wlis
23 maisis dadgenilebiT, xelnawerTa instituts ewoda:
`xelnawerTa erovnuli centri~.
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris sacavebSi
Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva wignTsacavsa Tu
kerZo koleqciaSi daculi qarTuli kulturisa da istoriis
umniSvnelovanesi saganZuri, ilustrirebuli unikaluri
xelnawerebi, Zveli nabeWdi da raritetuli gamocemebi,
memorialuri nivTebi da sxva. aq daculi unikaluri koleqcia
mraval dargsa da sferos moicavs: qarTvel mweralTa da
sazogado moRvaweTa piradi arqivebi (i. WavWavaZis, v. fSavelas,
n. baraTaSvilis, eqv. TayaiSvilis da sxvaTa), grigol wereTlis
sruliad unikaluri papirusTa koleqcia. centrs mdidari
samecniero biblioTeka gaaCnia. ZvelnabeWdi wignebis Zvirfasi
94
koleqcia, maT Soris _ pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wigni. qarTulitaliuri leqsikoni (1629) vaxtang VI-is stambaSi dabeWdili
sa xa reba (1709 ) da viTni ( 1711) S oTa r usTav el is
`vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli gamocema (1712). gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia aTonis iveronis monastris, sinas mTis wm. ekaterines
monastrisa da ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos qarTvel
xelnawerTa fotoebi.
centris da sazogadoebis urTierToba gansakuTrebiT bolo
wlebSi aqtiuria. es aris centris menejmentis damsaxureba,
romelic agebulia vertikalur da horizontalur marTvis
meTodebze. centri aris formaluri organizacia, romelsac
gaaCnia miznebi, struqtura, amocanebi, teqnologiebi, adamianuri
resursi. es aris urTierTdamokidebuli elementebi. centri,
romelic did organizacias warmoadgens, aqvs ramdenime mizani,
funqcia. centrs gaaCnia socialuri pasuxismgebloba. misi
mizani da funqcia aramarto centrSi arsebuli unikaluri
koleqciebis xelnaweri wignebisa da istoriuli sabuTebis
movla da restavraciaa, aramed centris mizans aucilebelia
warmoadgendes momxmareblis saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba da
sajarooba.
centri ar unda warmoadgendes unikaluri koleqciaTa
mxolod sacavs, aramed unda ganixilebodes rogorc mudmivi
dialogis warmmarTveli sazogadoebasTan. etapobrivad
sazogadoebas unda warudginos da warmodgena Seuqmnas masSi
dacul unikalur-koleqciebze.Ees iqneba gamofenebiT Tu
sxvadasxva RonisZiebiT warmodgenili. msoflioSi arsebuli
am ti pis organizaciebi TavianTi gamocdilebiT mividnen
daskvnamde, rom saWiroa organizaciis aqtiur sasicocxlo
ritmSi Cabma da aqtiuri komunikacia momxmarebelTan da
sazogadoebasTan. maTTvis (britaneTis biblioTekis xelnawerTa
ganyofileba, luis vilsonis xelnawerTa biblioTeka-muzeumi
(aSS), indoeTis xelnawerTa biblioTeka, edinburgis
universitetis xelnawerTa centri da sxvebi, romelTa Sorisacaa
saqarTvelos erovnuli xelnawerTa centri) prioritetuli
gaxda sakiTxi, Secvalon TavianTi mmarTvelobiTi formebi,
95
leila janaSia
mxolod koleqciaTa dacviTa da movla-SenaxviT ver
gaamarTleben Tavian saqmianobas da ver moi poveben investiciebs.
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris mizani gaxda
aramarto daculi koleqciebis movla-Senaxva da samecniero
muSaoba, aramed sajarooba da sazogadoebis informireba da
ganaTleba sxvadasxva RonisZiebisa da gamofenis saxiT. erovnul
centrSi aris mudmiv moqmedi gamofena: `qarTuli xelnaweri
wigni~, sadac eqsponirebulia qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis
saukeTeso nimuSebi. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri
Tavis mizans da amocanebs sazogadoebasTan uSualo dialogis
gziT axorcielebs sxvadasxva gamofenis Tu RonisZiebis saxiT,
romelTa Sorisac mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT mowyobil
gamofenebSi miRebuli monawileoba: _ 2006 wlis oqtomberSi
amerikis dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi, frieris galereaSi gaixsna
uZveles xelnawerTa gamofena saxelwodebiT: `dasawyisi: biblia
1000 wlamde~. eqspoziciaSi warmodgenili qarTuli
xelnawerebis fotoebi vrceli komentarebiTurT Sesulia
gamofenis maRal poligrafiul doneze gamocemul katalogSi.
2006 wlis 30 maiss, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi gaixsna
gamofena saxelwodebiT: `didi avtografebi~. damTvalierebelma
pirvelad ixila daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi brwyinvalis da
sxva cnobil qarTvel mefeTa da sazogado moRvaweTa
xelnawerebi maTive xelrTvebiT. eqspoziciaSi pirvelad iyo
warmodgenili saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani dokumenti _ georgievskis traqtati. dokuments
erekle mefis originaluri, xelrTvis garda, specialuri
sabeWdavebi amSvenebs. aseve warmodgenili iyo nikoloz
baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelasa
da galaktion tabiZis cnobili nawarmoebebis originalebi.
2007 wlis maisSi moewyo gamofena saxelwodebiT: ,,Tamars
vaqebdeT mefesa~. pirvelad saqarTveloSi xelnawerTa erovnulma
centrma gamarTa mefisadmi miZRvnili unikaluri gamofena,
damTvalierebels mefe-wmindanis, Tamaris erTaderTi avtografis
xilvis saSualeba hqonda, unikaluri sigeli, romelzec ori
striqoni mefe-wmindanis xeliT aris Sesrulebuli, gamofenis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani eqsponati iyo. eqspoziciaSi
96
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli
centris menejmentis zogierTi sakiTxi
warmodgenili iyo saqarTvelos cnobili monarqisadmi miZRvnili
unikaluri xelnaweri da oqromWedlobis nimuSebi. gamofenaze
aseve pirvelad iyo warmodgenili mdidrulad morTuli
`vefxistyaosnis~ 14 ilustracia. saqarTvelos aRorZinebis
xanis am simdidrem xelnawerTa erovnul centris sagamofeno
darbazSi moiyara Tavi.
xelnawerTa erovnul centrs momavlis gegmaSi saintereso
sa er TaS ori so pr oeqtebi aq vs da wyebu li, ro ml is
ganxorcielebac mniSvnelovania, aramarto centris samecniero
mniSvnelobisaTvis, aramed sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisTvisac.
2007 wlis seqtemberSi xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da
adreul xelnawerTa eleqtronuli biblioTeka EMEL-is
erToblivi proeqtis prezentacia gaimarTa. am proeqtis mizania,
damzaddes yvela im xelnawerebis cifruli asli, romelic
odesRac wm. ekaterines monasterSi inaxeboda da axla
msoflios sxvadasxva biblioTekasa Tu samecniero dargebSi,
maT Soris, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSia daculi. xelnawerTa
erovnul centrsa da EMEL-s Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad, yvela saavtoro uflebas rogorc originalebze, ise
maT cifrul aslebze flobs xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
proeqtis ganxorcieleba saSualebas miscems dainteresebul
pirebs, isargeblon sinuri xelnawerebis eleqtronuli aslebiT.
qarTuli proeqtis farglebSi dagegmilia grigol nazianzelis
Txzulebebis Targmanebis Seswavla da mraval tomad gamocema.
TanamSromlobas iwyebs saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli
centri da msoflioSi udidesi aleqsandriis biblioTeka.
egvi ptis mxare dainteresda saqarTveloSi daculi arabuli
xelnawerebis koleqciis SeswavliT da momdevno etapze
aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi gamofenis mowyobiT. xelnawerTa
erovnuli centrisa da sazogadoebis dialogi wina wlebTan
SedarebiT aqtiuri da srulyofili gaxda.
2004 wlidan dawyebuli sazogadoebas 40 gamofena,
RonisZieba da proeqti SesTavaza, romlis irgvliv sazogadoeba
did interess gamoxatavs. am RonisZiebebis Catarebis Sedegad
centrma SeZlo, sazogadoebisTvis Seeqmna warmodgena
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris rolis da
97
leila janaSia
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis arsis Sesaxeb (miuxedavad imisa,
rom xelnawerTa samecniero instituti 1958 wlidan calke
struqturul erTeulad Camoyalibda, Semdeg `xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri~ ewoda. am centris arsebobis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebis mcire nawilma icoda). centris mier koleqciebSi
daculi xelnawerebis Tematurad da etapobrivad gamofenebiT
saSualeba misca sazogadoebas, gascnoboda mraval koleqciebs.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris interess mowmobs gamofenebze
damTvaliereblis simravle. gamofenaze misul damTvalierebels
gansakuTrebuli gancda eufleba, radgan maT Tvalwin iSleba
unikaluri eqsponatebi. erovnuli centri aqtiurad
TanamSromlobs masmediasTan, rasac mowmobs periodikasa da
telesivrceSi centris irgvliv momravlebuli sagazeTo
statiebi Tu siuJetebi.
xelnawerTa erovnul centrze sazogadoebis TandaTanobiT
– etapobrivad daintereseba, aqtiuri menejmentis damsaxurebaa.
centrs gaaCnia efeqturi menejmentis maxasiaTeblebi. centrs
aqvs unari piradi mwarmoebluroba gaaCndes da Semdeg
realizacias uwevdes. centris menejmentma SeZlo is, rom
ramdenime wlis win Tu am centris arsebobis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebis mcire nawilma icoda da maTi umravlesoba
uSualod centrTan dakavSirebuli mecnierebi da studentebi
iyvnen, dRes sazogadoebis umetesobas warmodgena aqvs centris
arsebobaze da mis socialur pasuxismgeblobaze. centrSi
daigegma da etapobrivad ganxorcieldeba saerTaSoriso
proeqtebi. am proeqtebis ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs centris
ganviTarebas da sazogadoebas saSualebas miscems eziaros
sxvadasxva qveynis kulturas.
kulturuli turizmis
menejmenti
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. malxaz Rvinjilia
ix.: saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris yovelwliuri gamocema
`mravalTavi~, t.VII, 1980; t. XIII, 1983.
www.manuscript.ge
98
99
eka avTandilaSivli
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli
turizmis centri
turizmi ekonomikis erTaderTi seqtoria, romelic
sasicocxlodaa dainteresebuli kulturuli da bunebrivi
memkvidreobis, rogorc turistuli nakadebis mozidvis,
umniSvnelovanesi wyaros dacvasa da ganviTarebaSi.1
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan kulturuli turizmi
xasiaTdeba swrafi ganviTarebiT, rac gamowveulia, erTi mxriv,
saerTaSoriso konferenciebisa da kongresebis xSiri
organizebiT, meore mxriv ki, turizmSi mecnieruli kvlevebis
Sedegad gakeTebuli rekomendaciebis danergviT, samogzauro
Tematikis daxvewiT da misi daaxloebiT momxmarebelTa
moTxovnebTan.2
saqarTveloSi turizmis saxeebis ganviTarebis mxriv
kulturul turizms erT-erTi mTavari adgili ukavia. Tavisi
istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobiTa da adgilmdebareobiT
mcxeTa saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis
q va ku Tx edia , ro g o rc i sto r iu l i a b r eS u m is g zi s
umniSvnelovanesi sakvanZo komponenti, qveynisa da mTlianad
kavkasiis regionis civilizaciis gzajvaredini – mcxeTa
saerTaSoriso turizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rezervuaria.3
mcxeTa – adgili, saidanac iwyeba qristianobis istoria
saqarTveloSi da romelsac ukavSirdeba qarTveli eris
saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba. mcxeTaSia dafluli
qristianul siwmnideTa Soris udidesi – eklesiis erTianobis
simbolod wodebuli uflis kvarTi. saqarTvelos qristianobaze
moqceva swored mcxeTasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aq moRvaweobda
wminda mociqulTa swori nino ganmanaTlebeli, aq moxda yvela
is mniSvnelovani movlena, ramac xeli Seuwyo SemdgomSi
qarTveli eris gaqristianebas. qarTuli qristianuli
sarwmunoebis uZvelesi kera da qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
100
eklesiis dedaqalaqi warmoadgens sruliad saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri mrevlis mizidulobis epicentrs. aqedan
gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens momlocvelTa
(sapiligrimo) turebis formireba (rac saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mdidar istoriul memkvidreobas
unda daefuZnos).4
saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi amJamad mcxeTa-mTianeTis
regionis administraciuli centria. es ulamazesi, istoriuli
ZeglebiT gajerebuli patara dasaxleba (10 aTasamde mcxovrebi)
Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi, rogorc
qalaqi-muzeumi (mcxeTa iuneskos memkvidreobis nusxaSi 1994
wels moxvda). mcxeTis memkvidreobis Setana iuneskos msoflio
memkvidreobis siaSi, qristianuli kulturis xuroTmoZRvruli
Sedevrebis (jvari, sveticxoveli, samTavro) arqiteqturul
RirebulebasTan erTad garemosTan harmoniuli Serwymis
istoriulad damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli.5
cxadia, rom mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri,
saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani atraqciaa.
mcxeTas gaaCnia uaRresad xelsayreli mdebareoba, igi mxolod
20 kilometriTaa saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan
daSorebuli.6
mcxeTaSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobidan turistTa
mowonebas imsaxurebs iseTi Zeglebi, rogorebicaa:
sveticxoveli
mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZari _ sveticxoveli – qarTuli
kulturis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi
Zegli gamoirCeva ara mxolod Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebiT,
didebulobiT da harmoniulobiT, aramed im gansakuTrebuli
roliTac, romelic man qarTveli eris istoriaSi Seasrula.
matianis cnobiT, mcxeTeli ebraeli eliozi daeswro qristes
jvarcmas ierusalimSi da romael jariskacTagan SeZenili
qristes kvarTiT dabrunda mcxeTaSi, qalaqis karibWesTan mas
miegeba qristiani da sidonia, romelmac macxovris kvarTi
gulSi Caikra da gardaicvala. vinaidan ver SeZles kvarTis
misi xelebidan aReba, igi kvarTTan erTad dakrZales samefo
baRSi ax. w. 30 wels. mis saflavze mefe mirianma aago xis
101
eka
avTandilaSivli
eklesia, taZris mSeneblobis dros moxda saswauli, sidonias
saflavze amosuli libanis naZvi xuroebma ver moWres manam,
sanam wminda ninom locvaSi ar gaatara mTeli Rame, mas Semdeg
sveti sinaTlis saxiT Camovida da daemyara Tavis baziss.
svets mironi sdioda da davrdomilebs kurnavda. amitom mas,
rogorc sicocxlis momniWebels, `sveti cxoveli~ uwodes.7
XI s.-is dasawyisSi (1010-1029 ww.) igi jvargumbaTovan
nagebobad gadakeTda qarTlis patriarqis melqisedek I-is
TaosnobiT da xuroTmoZRvar arsukiZis xeliT. taZris swored
es varianti umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTaa moRweuli Cvenamde.
taZris mSeneblobis periodi (XI saukunis dasawyisi) daemTxva
saqarTvelos istoriis metad rTul da saintereso epoqas. am
dros feodalizmi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze adioda.
warmatebiT dasrulda brZola qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis.
politikurma da ekonomikurma warmatebebma ganapirobes erovnuli,
sulieri kulturis, mwerlobis, filosofiis, xelovnebis
ferweris, oqromWedlobis, xuroTmoZRvrebis farTod ganviTareba.8
sveticxoveli, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgenda saqarTvelos
religiur centrs, radgan igi iyo sapatriarqo taZari,
saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurTa _ kaTolikos-patriarqTa
rezidencia. swored sveticxovelSi xdeboda saqarTvelos
mefeTa da eklesiis meTaurTa kurTxeva, jvriswera, qarTvel
ufliswulTa monaTvla. aq xdeboda qarTvel mefeTa, dedofalTa,
batoniSvilTa da kaTolikos-patriarqTa dakrZalva (taZarSi
dRemde SemorCenilia ramdenime maTganis saflavi). gareSe
mterTa Semosevebisas aq afarebda Tavs mcxeTisa da misi
Semogarenis mosaxleoba.9
jvris monasteri
mcxeTis jvari qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis
mwvervalia. miuxedavad imisa, rom es taZari mcire zomisaa,
igi Tavisi grandiozulobiT da mTlianobiT gamoirCeva. igi
iseT adgilzea aRmarTuli, rom SeuZlebelia, kacis Tvals
SeumCneveli darCes. aqedan xelisguliviT moCans wminda qalaqi
mcxeTa. grZnob, ufro uaxlovdebi RmerTs da am madliani
adgilidan naTqvam vedrebas ufali ukeT Seismens. jvris
102
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri
monastris mosalocad mravali adamiani midis, magram maTgan
cotam Tu icis misi unikaluroba da warsuli.10
taZris saxelwodebas istoriuli safuZveli aqvs:
qristianobis miRebis pirveli dRidanve mcxeTis jvris taZris
adgilas wminda ninos miTiTebiTa da mirian mefis brZanebiT
didi xis jvari yofila aRmarTuli. memetianeTa gadmocemiT,
qarTlis erismTavarma guaramma VI saukunis II naxevarSi xis
jvris CrdiloeTiT aaSena patara eklesia, romelsac mcire
taZars an mcire jvars uwodeben. eklesia, rogorc Signidan,
aseve garedan morTuli yofila, xolo saukunis bolos taZris
mSeneblobas ganagrZobs erismTavari stefanozi.11
turistebisaTvis sainteresoa taZris Seqmnis istoria.
matianes ar Semounaxavs taZris xuroTmoZRvris saxeli, arc
misi agebis TariRia miTiTebuli sadme, magram reliefis warweraSi
moxseniebul pirTa mixedviT, agreTve sxva werilobiTi wyaroebiT
dgindeba, rom erismTavar stefanozs taZari 585-604 wlebSi
augia. taZris samxreTiT mTis kalTis SuaSi, im adgilas,
sadac, mematianeTa cnobiT, erTxans Tavs afarebda wminda nino,
aris adreqristianuli xanis patara, naxevrad dangreuli
darbazuli samlocvelo. is mTlianad dafarulia xeebiT da
Soridan ar Cans. jvris monasterSi kvlav grZeldeba samonastro
cxovreba.12
samTavros dedaTa monasteri.
mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT aRmarTulia lamazi, gumbaTovani
nageboba – saepiskoposo taZari, samTavro. mematianeTa
gadmocemiT, qalaqis CrdiloeT mxares mTavris samyofeli
yofila, saidanac warmodgeba taZris saxelwodeba – samTavro.
aq ucxovria sarwmunoebis saqadageblad Camosul wminda ninos,
aq aris dasaflavebuli erT-erTi asureli mama abibos nekreseli.
taZris erT kuTxeSi pirveli qristiani mefis mirianisa da
nana dedoflis saflavebia.13 piligrim turistTaTvis metad
mniSvnelovania is, rom aq ganisvenebs Cveni drois udidesi
beri qristianuli cxovrebis WeSmariti maswavlebeli
arqimandriti gabrieli (urgebaZe).
didi taZris gverdiT mcire gumbaTovani taZaria. gadmocemiT
viciT, rom mcxeTaSi mosuli wminda nino sami wlis
103
eka
avTandilaSivli
ganmavlobaSi `ilocvida farulad adgilsa erTsa Seburvilsa
brZamliTa mayualisaiTa... da adgili igi iyo zRudes garegan~.
am adgilze mirian mefes augia eklesia, rasac adasturebs
`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili misi werilis Sinaarsi:
`aRvaSene eklesia mayulovansa mas Sinai ninossa.~ zemoT
moyvanili cnobebi IV saukuneSi swored wminda ninos eklesiis
aSenebis TariRs da adgilsamyofels gulisxmobs.14
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnulma saagentom,
samTavros samonastro kompleqsis reabilitaciis farglebSi,
samTavroSi daasrula IV saukunis wminda ninos eklesiis
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi.15 taZris gviani Suasaukuneebis freskebs
pirvelad Cautarda restavracia. imeruli da kaxuri kramitiT
Seicvala 60-ian wlebSi gakeTebuli saxuravi. gumbaTisTvis
damzadda axali jvari. amas garda, monastris xarjiTa da
keTilismyofelTa xelSewyobiT, taZarSi daigo axali iataki
da Seicvala wmida trapezis qva.16
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento
uaxloes momavalSi gegmavs, restavracia Cautaros samTavroSi
arsebul koSks (agebulia gvian saukuneebSi) da aseve meore
umniSvnelovanes istoriul naSTs, e. w. mefe mirianis buxars.17
mcxeTis turizmis sainformacio centris monacemebiT, 2009
wels turizmis sainformacio centris momsaxurebiT isargebla
3778 ucxoelma vizitorma.
maTi mxridan iyo Semdegi moTxovnebi:
• saqarTvelos ruka moiTxova – 1937 ucxoelma vizitorma,
• mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionis turistuli ruka – 1356,
• Tbilisis ruka – 1098,
• sxva regionebis ruka – 1139,
• sainformacio bukletebi saqarTveloze – 187,
• sainformacio bukletebi mcxeTaze – 1310,
• sainformacio bukletebi sveticxovelze – 2367,
• mcxeTis kulturis ZeglebiT (armazi, bagineTi) dainteresda
– 207 vizitori,
• mcxeTis muzeumiT – 304,
• RamisTeva mcxeTaSi moiTxova – 246,
• safosto baraTebi – 91,
104
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri
• kvebis obieqti mcxeTaSi – 567,
• gidis momsaxureba – 151,
• internet kafe mcxeTaSi – 18,
• jvarze fexiT asvla – 501,
• jvarze taqsiT asvla – 548,
• transportis (avtobusi, samarSruto taqsi) ganrigi
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT – 419,
• matareblis ganrigi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT – 138,
• Tbilisis megzuri – 1014,
• marketi – 254,
• amindis prognozi – 14,
• karvis gasaSleli adgili – 104,
• banki – 12,
• `parkingi~ – 2.
ikiTxes informacia:
• zamTris saTxilamuro kurortebis (gudauri, bakuriani)
Sesaxeb – 186,
• informacia turizmis sainformacio centrisa da sxva
sainformacio centrebis Sesaxeb – 83,
• informacia saqarTvelos muzeumebis Sesaxeb – 229,
• informacia mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sesaxeb – 12,
• gudauris sastumroebis Sesaxeb – 114,
• RamisTeva axalcixeSi – 1,
• goris, ufliscixis Sesaxeb – 130,
• yazbegis Sesaxeb – 1494,
• borjomis Sesaxeb – 19,
• daviT garejis Sesaxeb – 10,
• siRnaRis Sesaxeb – 15,
• Satilis Sesaxeb – 71,
• ananuris Sesaxeb – 8,
• SiomRvimis Sesaxeb – 27,
• bakurianis Sesaxeb – 12,
• kaxeTis Sesaxeb – 70,
• baTumis Sesaxeb – 130,
105
eka
avTandilaSivli
• quTaisis Sesaxeb – 2,
• varZiis Sesaxeb – 18.
mcxeTis turizmis sainformacio centrSi Semosuli
vizitorebi, 2009 weli
106
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri
miuxedavad saqarTveloSi ZeglTa simravlisa da movlapatronobis mcdelobisa, Zalian bevri Zegli jer kidev ver
aris saTanadod movlili, raTa SeCerdes maTi ganadgureba da
isini wardgnen srulmniSvnelovani saxiT damTvalierebelTa
winaSe.
imisaTvis, rom kulturuli turizmi ganviTardes mcxeTaSi,
iseve rogorc mTels saqarTveloSi, saWiroa farTo moculobis
SemecnebiTi turebis org anizeba (rac kulturuli
turizmisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia). saxelmwifo
xelSewyoba kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT
unda moxdes miznobrivi reklamisa da sainformacio
saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT. am mizniT unda gafarTovdes
saqarTvelos, rogorc turizmis qveynis, gacnobierebis sfero
ZiriTad potenciur bazrebze, rac xelmiuwvdomelia kerZo
seqtorisaTvis, Semdegi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT: monawileoba
saerTaSoriso turistul bazrobebze da gamofenebze, ucxoeli
Jurnalistebis saqarTveloSi mowveva, ucxoeTis presaSi da
internetis qselSi saqarTvelos turizmze informaciis
gavrceleba, Tematuri konferenciebis organizeba da sxva.
saWiroa agreTve adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis turizmTan
dakavSirebuli dargebis Seswavla turistuli moRvaweobidan
mogebis miRebis mizniT, aseve momsaxurebis sferos ganviTareba.
turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis mier gaanalizebuli
iqna saqarTveloSi tradiciulad arsebuli SemecnebiTi
turistuli marSrutebi, romlebsac uaxloes warsulSi
sTavazobdnen ucxoel, maT Soris _ sabWoTa turistebs, am
marSrutebis Sedgenis princi pebi da turistTa mogzaurobebis
motivaciebi, agreTve sadReisod saerTaSoriso turistul
bazarze moTxovnileba, ris Sedegadac ganisazRvra im
umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebis nusxa, romlebic programis pirvel
etap ze unda Sevi dnen tu ristul marSr utebSi . es
umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi Seadgenen kulturuli turizmis
safuZvels da saxelmwifom unda izrunos maT garSemo Sesabamisi
infrastruqturis Seqmna-mowyobaze.18
amJamad, mcxeTaSi mimdinareobs sareabilitacio samuSaoebi.
male muzeum-qalaqSi yvela saxlis saxuravi wiTeli kramitiT
107
eka
avTandilaSivli
gadaixureba, icvleba sveticxovlis mimdebare saxlebis fasadebi
da Robeebi. ZeglTa dacvis saagentoSi miiCneven, rom samuSaoebi,
romlebic amJamad mcxeTaSi tardeba, qalaqis mxatvrularqiteqturul saxes gaaumjobesebs. es ki xels Seuwyobs
kulturuli turizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebas mcxeTaSi.
saWiroa mcxeTaSi kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis
informaciul-saeqspozicio da mxatvrul-esTetikuri
potencialis maqsimaluri warmoCena, rac turistuli nakadebis
mozidvisa da turizmis ganviTarebis mZlavri resursia.
kulturuli turizmis turistuli produqtis –
kulturuli turis, konkurentunarianoba pirdapir
proporciuladaa damokidebuli saCvenebeli obieqtis Rirsebebze
da mis imfrastruqturaze, rac umravles SemTxvevaSi Zeglebis,
rogorc mTavari saCvenebeli obieqtis, garSemo arsebobs. amdenad,
saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba unda
daigegmos istoriuli Zeglebis istoriul-xuroTmoZRvrul
Rirsebebisa da maT garSemo arsebuli imfrastruqturis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri
11. v. mamukelaSvili, g. TaTaraSvili. `mcxeTa da misi Semogareni~,
Tbilisi, 1986 w.
12. iqve;
13. Jurnali `karibWe~, #20, 2009 w.
14. iqve;
15. www.ka.wikipedia.org
16. iqve;
17. iqve;
18. n. kvaracxelia. `kulturuli turizmi~, Tbilisi, 2009 w.
1. g. SaiSmelaSvili. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis
kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~
(iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti).
2. n. kvaracxelia. `kulturuli turizmi~, Tbilisi, 2009 w.
3. g. SaiSmelaSvili, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis
kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~
(iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti).
4. m. bulia, m. janjalia. `mcxeTa~, 2000 w
5. g. SaiSmelaSvili. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis
kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~
(iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti).
6. m. bulia, m. janjalia. `mcxeTa~, 2000 w.
7. Jurnali `karibWe~. #20, 2009 w.
8. qarTuli enciklopedia. `saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
ZeglTa aRweriloba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w.
9. Jurnali `karibWe~, #20, 2009 w.
10. iqve;
108
109
eleonora gogolaSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia
imereTSi kulturuli turizmis
ganviTarebis strategiuli
mimarTulebis analizi
turizmi msoflio ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi dargia.
masze modis globaluri, mTliani erovnuli produqtis 6%.
unikaluria turizmis zrdis tempi. am TvalsazrisiT igi
sagrZnoblad aWarbebs ekonomikis zrdis temps.
turizmis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa
unikaluri istoriul-kulturuli faseulobebis arseboba.
qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani istoria Tavis materialur
gamoxatulebas poulobs mravalricxovan istoriul ZeglebSi,
romlebic Cveni samSoblos yvela raionSia Semonaxuli.
qarTvelma erma saukuneebis manZilze Seqmna didi erovnuli
ganZi _ materialuri kulturis unikaluri Zeglebi. maTi
arasruli raodenoba 35000 aWarbebs. maTgan 5000-s saxelmwifo
icavs. isini agebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. siZvelis
miuxedavad, bevrma maTganma kargad SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvandeli
saxe. maTgan oTxi (bagratis taZari, X-XI saukune), gelaTis
samonastro kompleqsi (XII saukune), uSgulis arqiteqturuli
ansambli, saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (rogorc
qalaqi-muzeumi) Sesulia iuneskos msoflio mniSvnelobis
ZeglTa dacvis siaSi.
Cvens mizans warmoadgens zemo imereTis regionSi
kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba da qveynis ekonomikis
samsaxurSi misi Cayeneba, rac, dameTanxmebiT, metad mniSvnelovania
saqarTvelosaTvis. am problemis dasaZlevad saxelmwifom
mravali etapi unda ganvlos. ganvixiloT es etapebi da
ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra rols iTamaSebs Cveni qveynis ekonomikis
ganviTarebaSi zemo imereTis regionSi kulturuli turizmis
ganviTareba.
110
regioni mdidaria unikaluri ZeglebiTa da qristianuli
taZrebiT, rac xels uwyobs religiuri turizmis ganviTarebas.
turizmis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa unikaluri
istoriuli-kulturuli faseulobebis arseboba. aRsaniSnavia
WiaTuris raionSi wminda giorgis eklesia (XI-XII saukuneebis),
kacxis sveti (XI saukunis monasteri), savanis wminda giorgis
XI saukunis eklesia, jruWis X-XI saukuneebis eklesia, Cixas
XII saukunis eklesia saCxeris raionSi, macxovris eklesia
(XI saukune) da maxaTauris eklesia (Sua saukuneebis) aseve
saCxeris raionSi, mRvimevi _ XVIII saukunis eklesia da XVIII
saukunis navarZevis Tiris monasteri, navarZevis cixe-simagre
(XVII-XVIII saukuneebis) da sveris VII saukunis cixesimagre
WiaTuris raionSi. saqaCxiis Sua saukuneebis eklesia, xevis
XIX saukunis eklesia, ubisis wminda giorgis eklesia (XVIIXVIII saukuneebis), vaxanis XII-XIV saukuneebis cixesimagre
xaragaulis raionSi.
imisaTvis, rom kulturuli turizmi imereTSi gaxdes
sabazro interesebis Sesabamisi, momavalSi saWiroa:
 arsebuli infrastruqturisa da turizmis standartebis
gaumjobeseba;
 axali turizmis mimarTulebebis danergva, agraruli
turizmisa da urbanuli turizmis gaumjobeseba.
 axali marketinguli iniciativebis SemuSaveba da
ganxorcieleba, raTa dakavSirebul iqnes erTmaneTTan imereTis
turizmis axali da gaumjobesebuli momsaxurebebi erovnul,
regionalur
da saerTaSoriso tur. operatorebTan da
bazrebTan. imisaTvis, rom turizmi warmatebuli iyos imereTSi,
saWiroa SemuSavebul iqnes gegma:
a). imereTi, rogorc agraruli turizmis adgili;
b). quTaisi, rogorc urbanuli turizmis adgili;
imisaTvis, raTa ganviTardes axali bazari imereTis
kulturuli turizmisaTvis, saWiro iqneba axali produqciisa
da momsaxurebebis ganviTareba ise, rom tur. operatorebs
(erovnuli da saerTaSoriso) mieceT SesaZlebloba, ufro
iolad gaitanon imereTis turizmi samizne bazrebze, romlebic
SeiZleba iyos didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, holandia,
ruseTi, TurqeTi an sxva potenciuri samizne qveynebi.
111
eleonora
gogolaSvili
imereTis axal agrarul turizmSi SeiZleba Sediodes:
 saojaxo dasveneba, roca turistebs SesaZlebloba
eqnebaT darCnen qarTul ojaxebSi ramdenime dRe an erTi
kvira da meti da gaecnon qarTuli ojaxebis cxovrebis stilsa
da kulturas;
 turistebs SeuZliaT gaeqcnen mZime da stresiT savse
cxovrebas da gaataron dro bunebasTan axlos imereTis lamazi
bunebis janmrTel arealSi.
 aqtiuri dasveneba: jiriToba, velosi pediT seirnoba,
mTamsvleloba, Tevzaoba, sxvadasxva gasarTobi saqmianoba,
dakavSirebuli wyalTan da a. S.
 kulturasa da memkvidreobasTan gacnoba, dasveneba,
romelic sTavazobs turistebs kulturul aspeqtebs,
dakavSirebuls dasvenebis gasarTob saqmianobebTan dakavSirebul
regionis bunebasTan.
turistTa dabinaveba imereTis regionSi momavalSi SeiZleba
moicavdes:
 qarTuli ojaxebis saxlebs saojaxo dasvenebisaTvis;
 kargi xarisxis sazafxulo agarakebs, romlis daqiravebac
iqneba SesaZlebeli;
 turistebisaTvis aSenebul qarTul dasasvenebel sofels,
romelic sTavazobs damsveneblebs mdinaris axlos da lamaz
bunebaSi dasvenebas. aseTi kompleqsi SesaZlebelia iyos patara
da moicavdes erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebul 8-10 qarTuli
stilis sazafxulo saxlebs.
 sastumroebs, romlebic sTavazobs damsveneblebs Ramis
gaTevasa da sauzmes an SesaZlebelia _ sadilsac da vaxSamsac.
 kargi xaris xis sana toriumebs regi onis
damsveneblebisaTvis.
regionis turizmi SesaZlebelia, gaxdes sasurveli ufro
didi bazrisaTvis dabinavebis sxvadasxva saxisa da saqmianobis
SeTavazebiT, moqnili servisebis danergviT, romlebic sTavazobs
turistebs interesebisa da saqmianobebis nairsaxeobas, raTa
moxdes TiToeuli turistis interesebTan Tanxvedra.Ddabinavebis
sxvadasxva saxe da saqmianoba daainteresebs turistebs, ufro
didxans darCnen regionSi vidre erTi an ori dRe.
112
ganviTarebis
imereTSi kulturuli turizmis
strategiuli mimarTulebis analizi
agraruli turizmis ganviTarebis areali, SesaZlebelia,
moicavdes mTian da dablob adgilebs baRdaTisa da sairmis
gzis axlos, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis mimdebare
teritoriebs, gelaTisa da saTaflis adgilebsa da a. S.
dasasvenebeli soflebi, kotejebi da imereTis saxlebi aseT
adgilebSi iqneba Zalian mimzidveli saerTaSoriso
stumrebisaTvis.
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebul menejments turizmSi, zemo
imereTis regionSi, ra cvlilebebi unda gatardes? ra daxmarebaa
saWiro, raTa miRweul iqnes sasurveli cvlilebebi da
ekonomikuri sargebeli?
saxelmwifo seqtori:
 gzebis gaumjobeseba turizmisaTvis daniSnulebis
adgilamde miRwevisaTvis;
 qalaqis centris turistuli sainformacio ofisis
Camoyalibeba da TanamSromlebiT uzrunvelyofa;
 megobruli turistuli niSnebis gavrceleba quTaissa
da zemo imereTSi;
 turizmis samizne bazris gegmis SemuSaveba mcire,
saSualo da xangrZlivi periodisaTvis.
 turizmis industriis treningis saSualebebisa da
samuSao gegmis SemuSaveba;
 turizmis investiciis proeqtebis xelis Sewyoba
quTaisisa da imereTisaTvis;
 efeqturi regionaluri turizmis marketinguli gegmis
SemuSaveba.
kerZo seqtori:
 axali saerTaSoriso standartebis 3-4 varskvlaviani
sastumroebi quTaisSi;
 axali dabinavebis kompleqsebis dafinanseba da SemuSaveba,
romelSic Sedis qarTuli dasasvenebeli saxlebi, kotejebi;
 sazogado seqtorTan muSaoba, turizmis saqmianobebis
reklamireba Sesabamis arealebSi. biznesisa da misi saSualebebis
ganviTareba: axali restornebi, barebi, maRaziebi quTaisSi.
arsebuli tur. operatorebis mier dabinavebisa da momsaxurebis
miwodebis xarisxisa da standartis gaumjobesebis programebis
ganxorcieleba.
113
eleonora
gogolaSvili
ra saxis daxmarebaa saWiro
saganmanaTleblo reforma _ turizmis industriis seqtori.
axali samuSao gegmebi mzareulis swavlebis kursebisaTvis,
sakvebi da sas meli moms axurebeb isaTvis, gidis
momsaxurebebisaTvis, sastumroebis menejerebisaTvis,
zeda mxedvel obis is eve, r ogorc turizmis a da
stumarTmoyvareobis marTvis kursebisaTvis. kursebis
ganxorcieleba ,,treningi eqskursiamZRolebisaTvis’’
 kursebi arsebuli tur. operatorebisaTvis standartis
ganviTarebisa da stumrebis mzrunvelobis programebis Sesaxeb.
dabinavebis standartebi sastumroebisaTvis ,,saukeTeso
praqtikuli’’ standartis SemuSaveba saerTaSoriso (msoflio
turizmis organizacia) standartebTan kavSirSi;
 mcire da saSualo warmoebis ganviTareba turizmis
biznesisaTvis. biznesis dagegmvis procesi. mcire biznesisaTvis
produqciisa da momsaxureobis ganviTareba. momxmareblis
momsaxurebis standartebi, finansebi, adamianuri resursebis
ganviTareba, marketingi. turizmis investirebis reklamirebis
daxmarebis iniciativa;
 turizmis marketingis mxardaWeris programebi, sazogado
da kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisaTvis turizmis marketingis
treningis CaTvliT. strategiuli sabazro gegmis damuSaveba.
marketingis reklamirebisa da komunikaciebis strategiebis
SemuSaveba. sareklamo masalebis SemuSaveba imereTis axali
turizmis produqtebisa da momsaxurebebis Sesabamisad.
urTierTobis ganviTareba erovnul da saerTaSoriso samogzauro
da savaWro operatorebs Soris. turizmis kvlevis, monitoringisa
da Sefasebis saTanado teqnika imereTisaTvis. warmatebuli
regionaluri turizmis organizaciebis turebis Seswavla
dasavleT evropaSi, mag.: irlandia, inglisi, Sotlandia, germania
an sxva stabiluri warmatebuli adgilmdebareobebi.
T. sirbilaZe, ,,turistis gzamkvlevi’’, zenaari, 2008 w.
b. CekuriSvili, ,,turizmis Semosavliani biznesi’’, gazeTi „24 saaTi~, 2008.
k. WarxalaSvili, ,,turizmis sainformacio centri imereTSi’’, gazeTi
,,imereTis moambe~, 2005.
k. WarxalaSvili, didi dasawyisis dasawyisi, gazeTi `axali quTaisi~, 2002.
114
lela elizbaraSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia
qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis
turistuli funqcia
dedamiwaze ar moiZebneba adgili, romelic sanaxaobrivad
saintereso da cnobismoyvareobis aRmZvreli ar iyos. Zveli
civilizacia Tu Tanamedroveobis nimuSebi, flora Tu fauna,
r el i g i a Tu a da T- w es eb i , b u neb r i v i w y a r o eb i Tu
stumarmaspinZloba, musika, qoreografia, Teatri da kidev uamravi
ram aris is, rac nebismieri adamianisaTvis warmoadgens interesis
sferos, ris gamoc adamians miswrafeba aqvs gadalaxos zRvebi
da okeaneebi da imogzauros Soreul qveynebSi.
msoflios Tanamedrove sazogadoebas gaaCnia sakmaod
ganviTarebuli socio-kulturuli baza. mogzaurobebSi
kulturuli motivaciebi kvlavindeburad mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs. turizmSi kvalvac aqtualuria kulturaTa dialogis
procesi, sadac maspinZelTa da stumarTa kulturis
urTierTzemoqmedeba igulisxmeba. rogorc maspinZeli qveynis
kulturaa mniSvnelovani turistisaTvis qveynis aRsaqmelad,
ise mogzaurTa kulturasac aqvs zegavlena damxdurebzec.
kulturaTa dialogi turizmisa da mogzaurobis Tanmdevi
procesia da turizmiT dainteresebuli mecnierebisaTvis
mniSvnelovania turizmis zegavlenis Seswavla mimRebi regionis
socio-kulturaze.
ucxoels Tan miaqvs STabeWdilebebi, rogorc erisTvis
umniSvnelovanes kulturul Rirebulebebze, rac ganivTebulia
xelovnebis, xuroTmoZRvrebis, religiis sakralur nimuSebSi,
ise momsaxurebis kulturaze da misgan gamomdinare eris
sayofacxovrebo kulturazec.1
animaciebis xelovneba mniSvnelovan Tematikas Seicavs
kulturul tur izmSi. igi kulturuli turis
`gakeTilSobilebas~ uwyobs xels. efeqturi kulturuli turi
niSnavs materialuri memkvidreobis mqone istoriul-kulturuli
arealebis `gacocxlebas~ adgilobrivi tradiciuli
115
lela
elizbaraSvili
folklorisa da qoreografiis TanxlebiT. aq Event-s, anu
RonisZiebebis menejments, ganmsazRvreli funqcia akisria.
TiToeuli calke aRebuli SemTxvevisaTvis unda iqnes SerCeuli
individualuri programebi, raTa turistebma maqsimalurad
maRali siamovneba miiRon.
festivali mimzidvelia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvs,
radgan is aviTarebs maTSi siamayis grZnobas. am yvelaferTan
erTad festivalebs gaaCniaT turistuli da komerciuli miznebi.
es aspeqtebia ivenTebi, rogorc imijis Seqmnis erT-erTi gza,
ekonomikuri zegavlenis moxdena da sxv. festivalis
organizatorebi ZiriTadad iyeneben istoriul da kulturul
Tematikas, raTa dagegmon wliuri ivenTebi da moizidon
mayureblebi da Seqmnan kulturuli qveynis imiji rogorc
sakuTari, ise ucxo qveynis sazogadoebis winaSe. festivalebi
saSualebas aZlevs adgilobriv mosaxleobas, ganaviTaros da
gauziaros sakuTari kulturuli Rirebulebebi da gamocdileba
sxva qveynis warmomadgenlebs. festivalebis meSveobiT turistebs
eZlevaT saSualeba, gaecnon adgilobrivi qveynisa Tu
mosaxleobis kulturul Rirebulebebs da imas, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens es yvelaferi maT ganviTarebaze.
msxvili da saerTaSoriso kulturuli turebis
SemTxvevebisTvis rekomendebulia iseTi RonisZiebebis
menejmentis kompaniis arCeva, romelsac klientebis saxiT,
sakuTar portpfolioSi hyavs cnobili brendebi. mas Semdeg,
rac darwmundebiT, rom Tqven mier arCeul kompanias SeuZlia
mogawodoT Tqveni survilis Sesabamisi momsaxureba, SegiZliaT
daisvenoT da iyoT darwmunebuli, rom isini Seasruleben
yvela mZime samuSaos maRal profesul doneze, rac saSualebas
mogcemT Tqven da Tqvens stumrebs, isiamovnoT RonisZiebiT.
1998 wels saqarTveloSi “qemel Trofis~ eqspediciis
momsaxurebis Semdeg “jorjian ivenTia” dakavebuli RonisZiebebis
industriiT. saqarTvelo TviTmyofadi da gamorCeuli qveyanaa.
swored am gamorCeulobis gamoa, rom uamravi ucxoeli
dauyovnebliv moeSureba saqarTvelos dasaTvaliereblad da
raoden saamayoa, rom ukve Zalian bevr turists fexiT aqvs
Semovlili saqarTvelos bari Tu maRalmTiani regionebi.
116
qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis
turistuli funqcia
saqarTveloSi saukuneTa manZilze Semonaxulia daxvewili
zrdilobis wesebi, ufros-umcrosobis wminda adaTi,
stumarTmoyvareobis da stumris daxvedris Cveuleba, mokrZaleba
qalisadmi da dedis kulti, ojaxuri siwmindisa da patiosnebis
dacva, qorwinebis rituali, winaparTa xsovna da micvalebulTa
`gapatiosneba~ da sxv. saqarTvelos TiTqmis arcerT kuTxeSi
tradiciebs ar Ralatoben da xalxuri cxovrebis wess
memkvidreobiT saqmianobad aqceven.
Cveuleba socialuri movlenaa da xalxis sulieri
kulturis nawils warmoadgens. misi warmoSoba-Camoyalibeba
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli sazogadoebriv yofasTan da
ganuwyvetliv icvleba. amasTan erTad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
garkveul etapze formirebuli da tradiciulad damkvidrebuli
wes-Cveuleba konservatulia da masSi nela iWreba
cxovrebiseuli, axali, progresuli movlenebi da Sesabamisi
elementebi.2
turistebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos
kultura da tradiciebi, romlebic erTdroulad moicavs
aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturas, anu, igi warmoadgens
evropisa da aziis erTgvar Serwymas. gansakuTrebul interesebs
ucxoelebSi iwvevs maRalmTiani regionebis wes-Cveulebebi,
romlebic TiTqmis ucvleli saxiTaa Semonaxuli, radgan maTze
`gavlena~ ar mouxdenia Tanamedrove civilizacias. amdenad,
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dResac misdevs uZveles wes-Cveulebebs,
Semonaxuli aqvT uZvelesi xelobebi da dResaswaulebi,
stumarmaspinZlobisa da sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqmis Zveli
da arsebuli wesebi.
folklors mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs kulturul
turizmSi. eris TviTmyofadoba, Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli,
xSir SemTxvevaSi zepirsityvierad folkloruli nimuSebi
aZlierebs ucxoel turistebSi qveynis Secnobis gancdas. am
mxriv sainteresoa qarTul kulturul turebSi animaciebis
Tvisobrioba, gamoxatuli folkloris meSveobiT.
qarTvelma xalxma udidesi samusiko kultura Seqmna.
qarTuli xalxuri sagundo simRera _ es aris uaRresad
TviTmyofadi movlena; qa rTulma xalxurma musikam
mravalsaukunovani gza ganvlo, Seqmna mravalxmianobis, Janrebis
117
lela
elizbaraSvili
da sxva originaluri formebi. yoveli musikaluri kultura
garkveul yofiT tradiciebSi vlindeba. qarTul sinamdvileSi
musika iyo Sromis, dasvenebis, Wiris Tu lxinis Tanmxlebi.
Tumca zogierTma simReram saxe icvala. didi adgili uWiravs
qarTul sufrul simRerebs Tanamedrove yofaSi. salxino
sufraze, sruldeboda ama Tu im kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mravalxmiani simRerebi. arsebobda dakanonebuli Tanmimdevroba
simRerebs da sadRegrZeloebs Soris.
cxadia, rom turizmi uSualod da ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebuli garTobis industriasTan. aWara am mxriv
RonisZiebaTa uzarmazar speqtrs moicavs. movlenebi, romlebic
turistuli sezonis dros viTardeba, praqtikulad yvela asakisa
da gemovnebis momxmarebelzea gaTvlili. araCveulebrivad
lamazia aWara am dros. is festivalebisa da Ria cis qveS
gamarTuli warmodgenebis erT did scenad gadaiqceva xolme.
cekva-simRerebi yovelwliurad sruldeba iseT tradiciul
saxalxo dResaswaulebze, rogorebicaa: ,,SuamToba~, romelic
imarTeba agvistos pirvel SabaT-kviras mTiani aWaris alpur
zonaSi, ,,kolxoba~, romelic aseve agvistoSi tardeba zRvispira
sof. sarfSi, ,,tbeloba~, romelic seqtembris bolos imarTeba
sofel xixaZirSi da eZRvneba Sua saukuneebis did filosofossa
da astrologs _ tbel abuserisZes.
`SuamToba~ uZvelesi qarTuli dResaswaulia da igi,
Cveulebriv, mTis samuSaoTa sezonis Sua periods emTxveva. es
tradicia ukve mravali welia grZeldeba da is didi saxalxo
dResaswaulia. am dRes imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba, Sejibrebani
sportis tradiciul-erovnul saxeobebSi: isindsa da qarTul
WidaobaSi, agreTve ewyoba adgilobrivi rewvis produqtebis
gamofena-gayidva. ordRiani dResaswauli sazeimo warmodgeniT
mTavrdeba.
xulos raionis sof. xixaZirSi laSa-giorgis mefobis
periodSi, daaxloebiT 1190-1240 wlebSi, cxovrobda da
moRvaweobda xixaTa erisTavis Ze, gamoCenili moazrovne, mecnieri,
astronomi, tbel abuserisZe, romelmac Seqmna istoriulfilosofiuri Sromebi, vrceli qronologiur-astronomiuli
traqtatebi. swored misi ZalisxmeviT aSenda xixanis cixe.
tbelisadmi didi pativiscemisa da dafasebis niSnad aqaurma
118
qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis
turistuli funqcia
mcxovreblebma Sromisa da dasvenebis dResaswauls misi saxeli
uwodes. zeimi ZiriTadad imarTeba sof. xixaZirSi, tbel
abuserisZis mSobliur sofelSi. tbeloba agreTve aRiniSneba
sxalTaSi, furtioSi, TxilvanaSi.
`kolxobis~ dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli azri da Sinaarsi
gaaCnda. rogorc viciT, argonavtebma, kolxeTis mefis mSvenieri
asulis daxmarebiT mostaces uZlevel aiets oqros sawmisi,
Tan waiyvanes medeac, mokles kolxeTis taxtis memkvidre
afsirte da gaiqcnen. swored es miTi udevs safuZvlad did
Teatralizebul sanaxaobas saxelwodebiT ,,kolxoba”, romelic
adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi `qvaomxazobis~ saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.
baTumSi yovelwliurad imarTeba folkloris festivali,
romelic Ria cis qveS dadgmul stilizebul scenaze imarTeba
da sanaxaobrivi grandiozulobiT atyvevebs turistebs. yvela
zafxuls baTumi maspinZlobs simfoniuri musikis festivals.
ramdenime dRiT patara qalaqi RvTaebrivi musikis hangebiT
ivseba. am dros turistebis mozRvaveba SeimCneva rogorc
dedaqalaqidan da regionebidan, aseve mezobeli TurqeTidanac.
turizmis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflebis
erovnuli koloritis SenarCunebas, am saqmeSi didi roli
eTnografias ekuTvnis. aucilebelia eTnografiuli Zeglebis
(xalxuri arqiteqturuli nimuSebi, iaraR-WurWeli, kostiumi
da sxv.) Semonaxva, xalxuri gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis adgilkerebis ganaxleba. aucilebelia eTnografiuli nakrZalebis
Seqmna (nakrZalad SeiZleba gamocxaddes mTeli sofeli an
qalaqi, nagebobaTa kompleqsi, romelsac sanaxaobiTi, istoriuleTnografiuli saxe SenarCunebuli aqvs).
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebas kidev ufro uwyobs
xels turistebis interesi tradiciuli religiuri da
warmarTuli dResaswaulebis mimarT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
raionSi. tradiciulad, agraruli dResaswaulebi: berikaoba
da yeenoba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gansxvavebulad
iyo warmodgenili. es tradicia dResacaa SenarCunebuli, magram
pirvandeli mniSvnelobiT aRar tardeba da aqcenti sanaxaobriv
mxarezea gadatanili.
119
lela
elizbaraSvili
qarTuli sufra Cveni xalxis didi tradiciaa, romelmac
Cveni eris kulturis, xelovnebis, xalxuri Semoqmedebis
ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli da aramc Tu Semogvinaxa, aramed
Tavad iyo Semoqmedi im SesaniSnavi sufruli simRerebisa,
xalxuri cekvebisa, zepirsityvierebisa, romelTa badali iSviaTad
moi poveba msoflio kulturis istoriaSi. qarTuli sufra
odiTgan moswrebuli sityva-pasuxis, zrdilobis, rainduli
TavdaWerisa da Cveni miwis madlisa da baraqis sazeimo
demonstireba iyo.
qarTuli sufra Cveni kulturis erT-erTi elementia,
romelic waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs saqarTveloSi
Camosul uamrav turistze. maT moswonT ara mxolod Cveni
kerZebis mravalferovneba, siuxve da sagemovno Tvisebebi, aramed
Tavad sufra, purobis wesi, sadRegrZeloebi, yovelive is, rac
SesaniSnavad avlens daxvewili etiketiTa da rainduli
SemarTebiT gamorCeul erovnul xasiaTs.
turistebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ritualebi,
romlebic qarTul sufras axlavs Tan. maTTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi
moulodnelobas warmoadgens dakanonebuli wesi, rom qarTul
sufraze Rvinis sma sufris wevris neba-survilze araa
damokidebuli. sma mimdinareobs droTa ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli garkveuli sistemiT da es sistemaa swored
qarTuli sufris Semkvreli da metad originaluri saxis mimcemi.
folklors mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs kulturul
turizmSi. eris TviTmyofadoba, Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli
xSir SemTxvevaSi zepirsityvierad fokloruli nimuSebi
aZlierebs ucxoel turistebSi qveynis Secnobis gancdas. am
mxriv sainteresoa qarTul kulturul turebSi animaciebis
Tvisobrioba, gamoxatuli folkloris meSveobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mdidari tradiciebiTa da
qoreografiul-folkloruli elementebis mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva qarTuli yofa, kulturuli turebis Catarebisas
es komponentebi Zalian iSviaTadaa gamoyenebuli. amitomac
kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis mizniT mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:
1.
kulturuli turebis Catarebis procesSi qarTuli
TviTmyofadobisa da aborigenuli identurobis popularizaciis
120
qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis
turistuli funqcia
mizniT kargi iqneba kuTxeebis mixedviT qoreografiuli da
folkloruli nimuSebis CarTva turSi;
2. kargad dagegmili ivenTis saSualebiT qarTuli
folklorisa da qoreografiis miznobrivi SerwymiT
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba turistebze maqsimaluri STabeWdilebis
moxdena;
3. saintereso iqneba qoreografiisa da folkloris
elementebis gamoyeneba qarTul tradiciul sufraze, sadac
turistebs qarTuli gastronomiisa da Rvinis dagemovnebasTan
erTad saSualeba miecemaT eziaron tradiciul qarTul
kulturas;
4. dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli saero da religiuri
dResaswaulebis promouSenis sawarmoeblad saWiroa ucxoeTis
wamyvan tur. operatorul kompaniebTan TanamSromloba arsebuli
produqtis SesaTavazeblad.
5. sa xel mwi fos m xri dan sa Wir oa, sa ga das axa do
stimulireba gaukeTdes im adgilobriv tur. operatorul
kompaniebs, romlebic qarTuli tradiciebis, folklorisa da
qoreografiis meSveobiT SeZleben saerTaSoriso turistebis
mozidvas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiul
provinciaSi.
qveyanaSi Sida turizmis ganviTareba Cveni samSoblos yvela
kuTxes SeakavSirebs, sazogadoebas ki SeamWidrovebs saerTo
erovnuli interesebis garSemo.
1. n. kvaracxelia, kulturuli turizmi (Teoria da praqtika), Tbilisi,
2009.
2. l. fruiZe, `qarTuli eTnografia da tradiciebi~, Tbilisi, 1977.
a. arabuli, e. TaTaraiZe, `SendobiT momixsenieT~, Tbilisi, 2007.
i. gagulaSvili, `qoreografiuli folkloris ZiriTadi motivebis
istoriuli Zirebi~, quTaisi, 2002.
g. gociriZe, `kvebis xalxuri kultura da sufris tradiciebi
saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2007.
T. ivelaSvili, `saqorwilo wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi,
1999.
121
n. kvaracxelia, kulturuli turizmi (Teoria da praqtika), Tbilisi,
2009.
m. mowerelia, `stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi~, Tbilisi, 1987.
m. metreveli, a. arabuli, `kaxeTi~, Tbilisi, 2007.
m. metreveli, `turizmis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2007.
g. sturua, `Cveni sufra qarTuli~, Tbilisi, 2006.
l. fruiZe, `qarTuli eTnografia da tradiciebi~, Tbilisi, 1977.
T. qurdovaniZe, `qarTuli folklori~, Tbilisi, 2001.
 m. SilakaZe, `qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri tradiciebi da
Tanamedroveoba~, Tbilisi, 1988.
Georgia - `Welcome to the world of history amazing traditions unbelievable
natural sights~. Tbilisi, 1998/1999.
www.tourism.gov.ge
www.tbilisi.gov.ge
www.georgianwinehouse.com
http://georgianwines.blogspot.com
http://www.advantour.com/georgia/traditions.htm
http://www.voyagegeorgie.com/Home_fichiers/
Tradition_of_Georgia_toast_hospitality.htm
http://www.Event.ge
122
jano TiTiraSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis
funqcionaluri zonirebis
turistuli aspeqtebi
ekologiuri turizmi turizmis saxeobebs Soris erTerTi swrafad ganviTarebadi mimarTulebaa. yovelwliurad
msoflioSi mogzaurobs daaxlovebiT 700 milioni adamiani,
aqedan 12-13% upiratesobas swored rom am mimarTulebas
aniWebs, ris gamoc gaerom 2002 weli ekoturizmis wlad
gamoacxada.
saqarTveloSi ekoturizmis ganviTarebas kargi perspeqtivebi
gaaCnia, romlis magaliTadac gamodgeba borjom-xaragaulis
erovnuli parki. igi mdebareobs saqarTvelos centralur
nawilSi. aWara-imereTis qedis aRmosavleT monakveTis CrdiloeT
da samxreT ferdobebze. erovnuli parkis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi
daboloeba geografiulad im adgils emTxveva, sadac aWaraimereTis qedi CrdiloeTiT lixis qedSi gadadis. es qedebi
dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan gamoyofen.
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki veluri bunebis
mravalferovnebis, kerZod, xeluxlebeli tyeebis, dacvis mizniT
Seiqmna. igi moicavs xeluxlebeli tyis, sub-alpuri da alpuri
mdeloebis 85 000 heqtars, rac saqarTvelos farTobis TiTqmis
1%-s Seadgens. igi 1995 wels bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis
WWF-is da germaniis mTavrobis daxmarebiT Seiqmna, xolo
oficialurad ki 2001 wels gaixsna. es parki erT-erTi udidesia
evropaSi, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad
daarsebuli parkebidan pirveli erovnuli parkia kavkasiis
regionSi. 2007 wlis 1 Tebervals parki gawevrianda evropis
daculi teritoriebis PAN – parkebis qselSi, rac daculi
teritoriis umaRles doneze dacvisa da mdgradi turizmis
ganviTarebis garantias warmoadgens.
123
jano
TiTiraSvili
b o r j o m - x a r a g a u l i s er o v nu l i p a r kS i a q ti u r i
dasvenebisaTvis moqmedebs 9 salaSqro da sacxenosno
ekoturistuli marSruti, romelTa bilikebis qseli saSualebas
aZlevs molaSqreebs da bunebis moyvarulebs, datkbnen misi
mSvenieri floriTa da fauniT, naxon mravali ulamazesad
ayvavebuli mcenareebi da isiamovnon gasacvifrebeli xedebiT.
marSrutebis xangrZlivoba meryeobs 1 dRidan 1 kviramde, 800
metridan 2642 metr simaRlemde. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
parkSi moqmedebs sxvadasxva sirTulis 9 markirebuli biliki:
3. nikoloz romanovis biliki _ likanis dasaxlebidan
iwyeba da mTavrdeba sof. marelisSi, xaragaulis raioni (43
km.) an, piriqiT. laSqroba sasiamovno xdeba ti piur xeluxlebel
tyeebsa da sub-alpur mdeloebze. lomis mTaze ki vizitorebi
gansakuTrebiT panoramebiT datkbebian. bilikis umaRlesi
wertili zRvis donidan 2198 metria. biliks ivnisSi ayvavebuli
deka amSvenebs, aqvea wm. giorgis samlocvelo. bilikis gavlas
sWirdeba sami dRe da misi moqmedebis dro aprilidan oqtombris
bolomdea.
4. wm. andria pirvelwodebulis biliki – iwyeba da
grZeldeba awyuris reinjerTa saguSagodan, amaraTis turistTa,
samecxvarios reinjerTa da saxvlaris turistTa TavSesafrebis
gavliT, mareliis reinjerTa saguSagomde (an, piriqiT). bilikis
mTliani sigrZe 54 km.-ia
da miuyveba wm. andria
pirvelwodebulis istoriul gzas. igi mTlianad kveTs parks
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken da Sesaferisia rogorc
laSqrobisaTvis, aseve sacxenosno turisaTvis. mTlianad bilikis
dasalaSqrad saWiroa 4 dRe, am drois ganmavlobaSi SevxvdebiT
parkis umaRles mwvervals mTa samecxvarios, romlis simaRle
2642 m.-ia, aseve rkinis jvars, romelic legendis mixedviT wm.
andria pirvelwodebuls swored am adgilze aRumarTavs.
5. panoramebis biliki – 34 km.-ia, iwyeba awyuris reinjerTa
saguSagodan da amaraTis turistTa TavSesafris gavliT
mTavrdeba. biliki gadis ulamazes adgilebSi da, SesaZlebelia,
mwyemsebis cxovrebis stilis gacnoba.
6. xeluxlebeli tyis biliki – kveTs parkis aRmosavleT
nawilidan samxreT CrdiloeTisaken da zanavis Sesasvlels
akavSirebs nunisis SesasvlelTan. bilikis sigrZe 13 km.-ia da
124
parkis
funqcionaluri
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli
zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi
gaTvaliswinebulia molaSqreebze. misi dalaSqvrisas gvxvdeba
wm. elias eklesiis nangrevebi. bilikis moqmedebis vada maisidan
noembramdea.
7. zekaris uReltexilis biliki – wriulia misi sigrZe
31 km.-ia, iwyeba abasTumnis reinjerTa saguSagodan. mis
mniSvnelovan RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgens zekaris
uReltexili. biliki moqmedebs maisidan noembramde.
8. nakvalevis biliki – 13 km.-ia, iwyeba #1 bilikis nawilis
gavliT da #6 bilikze gasasvliT erTmaneTs akavSirebs likansa
da qvabisxevs. biliki vizitorebs xeluxlebeli tyeebisa,
ulamazesi xedebis, wm. mariamis me-9 saukunis eklesias da
xemoTis cixis nangrevebis xilvas sTavazobs. xolo, visac
surs mokle da advili laSqroba, SesaZlebelia qvabisxevidan
turis dawyeba da qvabisxevSi laSqroba. biliki moqmedebs
aprilidan noembramde.
9. erovnuli parkis sainformacio biliki – 3 km. wriulia
iwyeba da mTavrdeba erovnuli parkis borjomis vizitorTa
centrTan. bilikis daTvalierebisas gvxvdeba wm. ninos eklesiis
nangrevebi da 9 sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo stendi. biliki
moqmedebs aprilidan maisamde.
10. meRrukis xeoba – 5.5 km. sigrZis biliki iwyeba saxvlaris
turistTa TavSesafridan da miuyveba mdinare meRrukis viwro
xeobas, romlis ferdobebi dafarulia kolxuri ti pis tyeebiT.
bilikis dalaSqvras saWiroebs 3 saaTi – erTi mimarTulebiT.
misi gavla rekomendirebulia zafxulis cxel dReebSi.
11. mwyemsebis biliki – 14 km. iwyeba likanidan an awyuris
reinjerTa saguSagodan da Savi seris meSveobiT #1 da #2
biliks erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. biliki saWiroebs or RamisTevas
lomis mTisa da amaraTis turistul TavSesafrebSi.
125
jano
TiTiraSvili
bilikebis gaswvriv ganlagebulia ZiriTadi turistuli
infrastruqtura, romelic moicavs 2 administraciul Senobas,
romlebic amave dros funqcionirebs rogorc vizitorTa
centrebi, sastumros 5 nomers, 4 turistul TavSesafars
turistuli marSrutebis gaswvriv (lomis mTa, amaraTi, saxvlari
da abasTumani), aseve sakarve da sapiknike adgilebs, romlebic
mowyobilia parkis SesasvlelebSi da TavSesafrebTan (qvabisxevi,
zanavi, nunisi, awyuri, abasTumani, marelisi).
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki Seqmnilia unikaluri
bunebis dacva-konservaciis mizniT. imisaTvis, rom turizmis
ganviTarebam sargebeli moutanos erovnul parks da ar moxdes
mavne zemoqmedeba biomravalferovnebis konservaciaze,
mniSvnelovania parkis gamtarunarianobis dadgena. turistebis
is raodenoba, romelic parks stumrobs, dReisaTvis ar axdens
uaryofiT zegavlenas parkze, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom turistebis
126
parkis
funqcionaluri
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli
zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi
raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac Sesabamisad met
zegavlenas iqoniebs, rogorc biomravalferovnebaze aseve
infrastruqturazec.
arsebuli turistuli infrastruqturisa da adamianuri
resursis gaTvaliswinebiT dRe-RameSi SesaZlebelia 120
RamisTeva parkis teritoriaze. arsebobs oTxi turistuli
TavSesafari, TiToeulSi aris 12 adgili _ sul 48 adgili;
garda amisa RamisTeva SesaZlebelia mcvelTa TavSesafrebSic
_ daaxloebiT 12 adgili, vizitorTa centrebis sastumroebSi
_ 10 adgili, aseve daaxloebiT 50 sakarve adgili.
rac Seexeba erTdRian turistebs, arsebuli bilikebis qselis
gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia dReSi daaxloebiT 150 turistis
miReba.
parkis marSrutebis qseli met-naklebadaa datvirTuli,
amisaTvis turistebis raodenoba optimalurad unda
gadanawildes TiToeul marSrutze, aqedan gamomdinare unda
xorcieldebodes parkis TiToeul marSrutze turistebis
raodenobis monitoringi SemuSavebuli standartebis Sesabamisad.
erTdRiani turistebis raodenoba turze ar unda
aRematebodes 30, xolo RamisTevis turistebis raodenoba
TiToeul turze _ 12. rac Seexeba sacxeno turs turze
cxenebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 10 cxens.
ar SeiZleba mwuxarebiT ar aRvniSnoT 2008 wlis agvistos
omis dros ruseTis samxedroebis TviTmfrinavebis mier gaCenili
xanZari, romelmac borjom-xaragaulis tye-parkis da atenis
tyeebis 1100 heqtarze meti gaanadgura. es teritoria
saqarTvelos tyeebis mxolod 0,04%, magram is regionis
ekosistemisa Tvis, mcenareTa da cxov elTa jiSebis
mravalferivnebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia.Bborjomis raionis
municifalitetis winaswari monacemebiT regionisaTvis xanZriT
miyenebuli zarali 30 milionamde aRwevda xolo ekologiuri
da biomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT imdenad didia, rom
Tavisuflad SeiZleba zarali Seufasebladac CaiTvalos, ris
gamoc saqarTvelos prezidentma gaeros generalur asambleaze
am vandalur faqts ekocidi uwoda.
127
jano
TiTiraSvili
2009 wels erovnul parkSi Catarebulma marketingulma
kvlevebma Semdegi Sedegebi aCvena:
v iz i tor eb is b or j o m- x a ra g a ul i s er o vnu l p a r kS i
laSqrobis motivacia
parkis
funqcionaluri
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli
zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi
sad isurvebdnen vizitorebi Ramis gaTevas?
rogor afaseben vizitorebi momsaxurebis xarisxs?
ramdenad xSirad mogzauroben vizitorebi?
romeli bilikebi gamoiyenes vizitorebma?
ra momsaxurebebi gamoiyenes vizitorebma ?
128
129
jano
TiTiraSvili
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis 2010 wlis aprilmaisis fasebi vizitorTvis ase gamoiyureba:
1. turistuli TavSesafari 1 dRe 1 adamiani – 10 lari
2. sastumroebi – RamisTeva 15 lari; sauzme – 5 lari;
vaxSami – 10 lari.
3. gidis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 35 lari
4. cxenis daqiraveba – 1 dRe 40 lari;
aRWurviloba:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
saZile tomara – 1 dRe 5 lari;
zurgCanTa – 1 dRe 5 lari
karvis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 7 lari;
sakarave adgilis aReba _ 1 dRe 5 lari;
samTo velosi pedis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 70 lari.
n. beruCaSvili, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. 2004.
m. metreveli, turizmisa da stumarmaspinZlobis safuZvlebi, 2008.
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis salaSqro ruka.
s. cagareiSvili, ekoturizmi imereTSi, Jurnali `novacia~, #4, 2009.
k. Tolordava, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, Jurnali `cxeli
Sokoladi~, #4. 2008.
n. robaqiZe, `zarali, romelic fuliT ar izomeba~, Jurnali `liberali~,
#1, 2009.
www.Garemo.Itdc.ge
www.borjomi-kharagauli-np.ge
130
nino oTaraSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvinjilia
momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi
saqarTveloSi
religiuri turizmi kulturuli turizmis Tanamedrove
industriis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. msoflio
turistuli organizaciis statistikuri departamentis
monacemebiT msoflioSi yvelaze maRali moTxovniT xasiaTdebian
Semdegi turistuli obieqtebi: salocavebi, meCeTebi, sakulto
muzeumebi da sulieri centrebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom
kulturuli turizmi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
maRalganviTarebadi dargia, romlisgan miRebuli Semosavali
sakmaod soliduria.
religiur turs aqvs sami forma: momlocveloba, saeklesio
turebi religiuri TematikiT da specializirebuli turebi,
romlebSic erTiandebian momlocvelebi da eqskursantebi.
momlocvelobis saerTo safuZvels rwmena warmoadgens.
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom locva an esa Tu is rituali
dakavSirebuli unda iyos RvTaebasTan, raime kavSiris mqone
ama Tu im adgilTan, bunebriv an xelqmnil obieqtTan.1.
momlocvelobis mTavari miznebia:
 religiuri ritualis Catareba an masSi monawileobis
miReba;
 wminda adgilis, taZris, wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscema;
 sulieri srulyofa;
 locva-kurTxevis sulieri Tu fizikuri gajansaRebis
rCevis miReba;
 politikuri an sxva miznebis miRweva liderobis uflebis
m os ap ov eb la d an reli gi ur erTo ba Si Tu seqtaS i
gasawevrianeblad;
 aRqmis an epitimiis Sesruleba codvebisagan
gansawmendad.2
qristianobaSi wminda miwis molocva IV saukunidan iwyeba,
kerZod ki _ 325 wels, rac dakavSirebulia imperator
131
nino
oTaraSvili
konstantine didis dedis _ elenes saxelTan. man moiloca
wminda miwa, aRmarTa taZari da jvari, riTac safuZveli Cauyara
jvarTamaRlebis dResaswauls.3
saqarTvelo kavkasionis mTis samxreTiT, Savi da kaspiis
zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. misi saxelmwifoebrioba TiTqmis
3500 wels iTvlis, xolo qristianobis gavrcelebis istoria
_ 2000 wels. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom saqarTvelos
sapatriarqoSi organizebulia momlocvelTa samsaxuri, romelic
dakavebulia religiuri turizmis ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT.4
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos aqvs wminda ninos momlocvelobiTi
gza (turi), momlocvelebi gadian im gzas, romelic wminda
ninom gaiara qarTlis gasaqristianeblad.5
wminda ninos religiuri turi. qristianobis mqadagebeli
da gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi (IV saukunis 30-iani wlebi),
wa rm oS ob iT kap adokieli
berZeni; gadmocemiT, ninos mama
imperator
maqsimi anes
mxedarTmTavari yofila. Semdeg
mas samsaxurisaTvis Tavi
daunebebia da ierusalimSi
wasula, sadac SeurTavs
i er u sa l im i s p atr ia r qi s
iubenalis da susana. bolos
berad aRkvecila, deda ki
g l a x a k Ta s a m z r u nv el o s
msaxuri
gamxdara.
ierusalimidan nino imperator
ko ns ta nt i n e I - i s k a r z e
moxvedrila, sadac dedofal
elenesa da sef e qal ebs
qristianobas uqadagebda. Semdeg nino saqarTveloSi wamosula.
mcxeTaSi, Tavis sadgomSi, salocavad aRumarTavs vazis totisagan
gakeTebuli jvari. ninos qadagebiTa da samkurnalo xelovnebiT
mosaxleobis yuradReba da siyvaruli daumsaxurebia. mas
metsaxelad `tyvesac~ eZaxdnen, rogorc ucxoel uTvistomo
adamians. ninos wyalobiT mcxeTaSi misvlidan meeqvse wels
ninom gaaqristiana qarTlis dedofali nana, xolo Semdeg
132
momlocvelobiTi
turizmis
resursebi
saqarTveloSi
mefe miriani da samefo ojaxis sxva wevrebi. amis Semdeg
ninos rCeviT mefem mociqulebi gaagzavna imperator
konstantinesTan samRvdeloebis Camosayvanad, raTa xalxi
moenaTlaT da ekurTxebinaT axlad agebuli eklesia. ninos
samisionero moRvaweoba gaugrZelebia qarTlis samefos sxva
kuTxeebSic. erisTavis, samRvdeloebisa da jaris TanxlebiT
nino mTianeTSi asula da wilknelebi, WarTelelebi, fxovelebi
da erwo-TianeTelebic gauqristianebia. ukan dabrunebisas is
avad gamxdara da sofel bodinSi (axlandeli bodbe)
gardaicvala. ninos, rogorc wmindanis, xsenebis dResaswaulad
eklesiam daawesa 14 ianvari (Zveli stili).
uZveles berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi (IV-V ss.) nino
ixsenieba, rogorc `tyve qali~, somxurSi _ `nunu~, arabulkopturSi _ `Teognosta~.
yovelwliurad, pirvel ivniss, javaxeTSi faravnis tbasTan,
sofel fokaSi, wminda ninos saqarTveloSi Semosvlis
aRsaniSnavad wirva tardeba, wirvis Semdeg ki morwmuneebi
fexiT iwyeben msvlelobas da gadian wminda ninos mier ganvlil
gzas. am msvlelobas wminda ninos gzasac ki uwodeben. gza
bolos 13 ivliss sruldeba mcxeTaSi, Tormeti mociqulis
xsenebis dRes. gzis monawileebi xatebiTa da bairaRebiT
daivlian javaxeTs da Semdeg qarTlis soflebs, maTTan erTad
dadis samRvdeloebac. inaTlebian adamianebi, ikurTxeba saxlebi,
soflebi.6 marTlmadidebeli eklesia wminda mociqulis andria
p i r v e l w o deb u l i s s a q a r T v el o S i S em o s v l i s dR es
aRniSnavs.wminda andria pirvelwodebuli qristes Tormeti
mowafidan (Sio mRvimeli, ioseb alaverdeli, anton martyofeli,
Tedeoz stefanwmindeli, piros breTeli, ise wilkneli, stefane
qiziyeli, isidore samTavneli, miqael ulumboeli, zenon
iyalToeli da daviT garejeli) erT-erTi mowafeTagani iyo
da pirvel saukuneSi qristianobis saqadageblad saqarTveloSi
Semovida.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavidan mociquli qadagebda iudeas
samariaSi, aseve RazaSi. Razadan gadavida palestinis qalaq
lidaSi, sadac SemdgomSi mowamebrivad aResrula wminda giorgi.
Semdgom gadavida antioqiaSi da iqedan edesaSi (q. TurqeTi).
36 wels wminda andria mociquli gadavida bizantiis berZnul
133
nino
oTaraSvili
qalaqSi, romelic Semdgom gaxda
konstantinopoli. aq man daadgina
episkoposad staqo samocdaaTTagani.
Semdeg iqadaga kapadokiaSi, galatiaSi,
aseve iyo ber Znul pontoSi
(dRevandel CrdiloeT TurqeTi), xolo
Semdeg gaemarTa saqarTveloSi da
Semdeg somxeTSi. amiT Tavisi qadageba
daasrula da dabrunda ierusalimSi.7
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos misiisa
da evangelizaciis ganyofilebam,
romelic piligrimuli marSrutebis
Seswavlaze muSaobs, 2000 wlis 14
maisidan (Tamaroba) 26 noembramde
saeklesio pirebTan da morwmune
mrevlTan erTad ganvlo wminda andria pirvelwodebulis gza.
svla goniodan daiwyo da miiRo Semdegi piligrimuli marSrutis
saxe: gonio-xelvaCauri-qeda-Suaxevi-xulo-sxalTa-goderZis
uReltexili-zarzma-adigeni-abasTumani-axalcixe-andriawminda
zekari-baRdadi-Terjola-zestafoni-xaragauli-saCxere-WiaTuraoni-ambrolauri-cageri-lentexi-sasaSiu-juxaSi-zesxo-canauSguli-ifari-mulaxi beCo-eceri-xaiSi-jvari-walenjixazugdidi-Cxorowyu-martvili abaSa-senaki-xobi-foTi-ozurgeTilanCxuTi-Coxatauri-vani-samtredia-quTaisi. saeklesio pirebi
asrulebdnen naTlobas, wesis agebas, jvriswerisa da sxva
ritualebs.8
saqarTveloSi turizmi miCneulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad. aqedan gamomdinare bolo
periodSi aRiniSneboda gansakuTrebuli interesi religiuri
turizmisa da momlocvelobisadmi. Tumca dResdReobiT turizmi
aRar viTardeba, rasac xels uSli qveyanaSi arsebuli
politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi Sida
turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi xelSemSleli
faqtori iyo 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi. es yvelaferi
statistikur monacemebSi naTladaa asaxuli.9
saqarTvelo yvelaze saSiSi turistuli qveynebis siaSi
me-11 adgils ikavebs, _ amis Sesaxeb franguli gidgamocema
134
momlocvelobiTi
turizmis
resursebi
saqarTveloSi
Petit Fute werda. azerbaijanuli saagento `apa-ekonomiqsis~
informaciiT, franguli gamocemebis mier turistebisaTvis saSiSi
qveynebis siaSi saqarTvelo ruseTTan arastabiluri
urTierTobis gamo moxvda. 10 yvelaze saSiSi turistuli
qveynebis siaSi avRaneTi, erayi, somali, bolivia, gondurasi,
kolumbia, livia, malaizia, samxreT korea da fiji. faqtia, rom
msgavsi ti pis gancxadebebi ramdenime wliT ukan wevs da
sakmaod cud rols TamaSobs adamianebze, romelTac
saqarTveloSi Camosvla surT.
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos turizmisa departamentis
statistikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi momlocvelTa ricxvi
TandaTan mcirdeba.
2006 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi molocvis
mizniT Sida turebiT imogzaura 1450 piligrimma. poloneTidan
qveyanas ewvia 30 piligrimi. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma
moiloces tao-klarjeTi (54 kaci), ierusalimi (307 kaci),
egvi pte (22 kaci) da italia (23 kaci).
2007 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi molocvis
mizniT imogzaura 3000 Sida piligrimma. ruseTidan Camovida
momlocvelTa 15 kaciani jgufi. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma
moiloces tao-klarjeTi (350 kaci), ierusalimi (639 kaci)
da egvi pte (45 kaci).
2008 wlis maisis Tvemde monacemebiT: Sida turebSi
monawileoba miiRo 350 momlocvelma, qveynidan gasulma
piligrimebma moiloces tao-klarjeTi (170 kaci), ierusalimi
(448 kaci) da egvi pte (26 kaci). piligrimTa jgufebi Semovida
ukrainidan da ruseTidan (daaxloebiT 34 kaci).
statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT 2009 wels wminda
adgilebis molocvis mizniT ucxoel momlocvelTa jgufi ar
Semosula. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma (daaxloebiT 100
kaci) moiloces ierusalimi, aseve italia (26 kaci).11
mniSvnelovania isic, rom zemoT mocemuli statistikuri
monacemebi naTlad ver asaxavs religiuri turizmis ganviTarebis
suraTs, radgan Cven veyrdnobiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
mier mowodebul monacemebs da xelT ar gvaqvs amave saqmianobiT
dakavebuli turistuli kompaniebis statistikuri monacemebi.
135
nino
oTaraSvili
saqarTveloSi turizmi sabWoTa wyobis mere axla iwyebs
ganviTarebas da momavalSi didi potenciali aqvs Cvens qveyanas
turizmis sferoSi. ubralod, am sferos didi Sroma da codna
sWirdeba.
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia
aRdges, ganviTardes religiuri dResaswaulebi, xalxuri rewva,
religiur
Temebze suvenirebis warmoeba. es Zalian
mniSvnelovania religiuri turizmis popularizaciisaTvis,
radgan nebismieri momlocveli cdilobs, mosaloci siwmindis
teritoriebze SeiZinos nivTebi, romlebic misTvis siwmindesTan
aris dakavSirebuli.12
saqarTvelo gamorCeulia msoflio mniSvnelobis
qristianuli siwmindeebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli
religiuri da sapiligrimo turebis safuZvelia saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mdidari istoriuli da
kulturuli memkvidreoba. ucxoel piligrimTa yuradRebas
i pyrobs is faqti, rom aq ganisvenebs msoflio mniSvnelobis
siwminde ieso qristes ukerveli kvarTi, romelic mcxeTelma
ebraelebma macxovris jvarcmis Semdeg CamoabrZanes (mcxeTa).
saqarTveloSia agreTve wminda mariamis kvarTi (zugdidi),
wminda ninos (siRnaRi) da simon kananelis (axali aToni)
saflavebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTveloSi Camosul
turistebs, kerZod ki _ piligrimebs, SeuZliaT naxon da
moilocon 12 aTasze meti istoriuli Zegli.13
piligrimuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa religiur
dResaswaulebze piligrimuli da religiuri marSrutebis
damkvidreba. turistuli saagentoebi turistebs ver moizidaven,
Tu saqarTvelo mimzidveli qveyana ar gaxda ucxoeli
turistebisaTvis. turistuli saagentoebi unda gaaqtiurdnen
Tavisi saqmianobis doneze da mravalferovani, erTmaneTisagan
gamorCeuli produqti unda SesTavazon klientebs. saqarTveloSi
amisaTvis gvaqvs yvelanairi resursi _ bunebrivi da istoriuli.
momlocvelobiTi
turizmis
resursebi
saqarTveloSi
3. iqve;
4. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da
ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~,
# 6, 2008.
5. www.ka.wikipedia.org
6. iqve;
7. m. Rvinjilia, piligrimuli turizmis resursebi saqarTvelos
SavizRvispireTis regionSi, J. „mecniereba da teqnologiebi~, 1-3, 2002.
8. iqve;
9. www.conference.ge
10. iqve;
11. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da
ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~,
# 6, 2008.
12. iqve;
13. iqve.
1. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da
ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~,
#6, 2008.
2. m. birJakovi, turizmis Teoria, Tb., 2004.
136
137
TinaTin qristesaSvili
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvinjilia
didi abreSumis gzis turistuli
potenciali
`didi abreSumis gza~ Tanamedrove msoflios masStabiT
yvelaze aqtualuri proeqtia, romelic masobrivi ganxilvis
sagania da masze msoflio organizaciebi muSaoben. XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi es erTxans miviwyebuli marSruti kvlav udides
mniSvnelobas iZens, raTa misi mdidari istoriul-kulturuli
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmnas urTierTobisa da
TanamSromlobis axleburi, optimaluri forma aRmosavleTsa
da dasavleTs Soris, gaimarTos kulturaTa dialogi, romelic
ufro daakavSirebs kulturebsa da civilizaciebs da uTuod
harmo niuls gax dis sxvadasxva qveynis kulturaTa
urTierTgamdidrebis, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis process. Tu
Tvals gadavavlebT abreSumis gzaze arsebuli qveynebis istorias,
rogoricaa: iaponia, korea, CineTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi,
tajikeTi, pakistani, TurqmeneTi, azerbaijani, saqarTvelo,
saberZneTi, egvi pte, aSkarad aRmovaCenT kulturaTa
urTierTgavlenis uamrav magaliTs, axali mimarTulebebis gaCenas
filosofiaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, romlebic
kulturaTa mijnaze Seiqmna.
mocemuli situaciis mixedviT
`abreSumis gzis~ garSemo gaerTianebuli qveynebi gansxvavdebian
TavianTi istoriuli, religiuri, sakanonmdeblo Tu politikuri
mowyobis maCveneblebiT.
XX saukunis bolodan intensiurad mimdinareobs muSaoba
`abreSumis gzis~ monawile qveynebisa da, zogadad, msoflios
masStabiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis
sakiTxebSi. `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawile qveynebi
gaerTianebulni arian `mto~-Si, rac iTvaliswinebs `abreSumis
gzis~ proeqtis ganxilvas msoflio masStabiT iseT mniSvnelovan
faqtorebs Soris, rogoricaa: saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebi da TanamSromloba; ekonomikuri, infrastruqturuli,
138
politikuri da kulturuli sakiTxebis ganxilva da erToblivi
misaRebi formebis SemuSaveba.
mniSvnelovania `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis
ganxorcielebis mizani, romelic iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso
dialogs msoflios qveynebs Soris. Tanamedrove `abreSumis
gzis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis saqarTvelo CarTulia
msoflios mraval sxva qveyanasTan erTad sxvadasxva
RonisZiebaSi.
msoflios masStabiT imarTeba sxvadaxva saxis Sexvedrebi,
konferenciebi, sxdomebi da ganixileba ~abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. sxdomebisa da Sexvedrebis garda
tardeba sxvadasxva rut. marSruti da samanqano Sejibrebi,
romelic abreSumis gzas gaivlis. `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis
ganviTarebis sakiTxSi aqtiurad aris CarTuli iunesko da
`mto~-s organizacia.
msoflios Tanamedrove `abreSumis gza~ es aris:
`abreSumis rkinigza~;
`10 + 3~ _ es gaxlavT aRmosavleT aziis SedarebiT
mcire aTi qveyana, romelic karga xania SekavSirebulia, plus
sami ekonomikuri giganti: CineTi, iaponia da samxreT korea,
romlebic maT axlaxan SeuerTdnen.
`trasekas~ proeqtad wodebuli navTobsadeni, romelic
saqarTveloze gaivlis.
`abreSumis gzis~ Tanamedrove proeqti umniSvnelovanesi
proeqtia, romelsac msofliosTvis udidesi warmatebis motana
SeuZlia erTa Soris urTierTobis damyarebaSi.
`didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqts SeiZleba mSvidobis proeqtic
ewodos.
`abreSumis gzis~, rogorc tur. produtis gamoyeneba
dakavSirebulia mravalricxovani moTxovnebis dakmayofilebasTan,
romelTac msoflios turistuli organizacia moiTxovs im
qveynebisgan, romlebic am istoriuli gzis gaswvriv mdebareoben,
raTa warmatebulad iqnes misi, rogorc tur. SeTavazebis
gamoyeneba.
`abreSumis gzis~ regionis potenciur mgzavrTa umravlesoba
aris 55 wlis da metis da maT umravlesobas aqvs saerTaSoriso
139
TinaTin
qristesaSvili
turizmis didi gamocdileba. `abreSumis gzis~ monawileebs
moswonT gareT Catarebul RonisZiebebSi monawileobis miReba.
garda dadebiTi mxareebisa aris uaryofiTi mxareebic, romelTa
koreqtireba tur. kompaniebis ZalisxmeviT unda moxdes.
`abreSumis gzis~, rogorc STambeWdavi adgilis, Sesaxeb
informacia SezRudulia. barieria mosazreba, rom ~abreSumis
gzis~ gavlas didi dro sWirdeba da a. S.
am marSrutis monawileebs surT gaicnon ~abreSumis gzaze~
arsebuli qveynebis istoria da kultura.
`abreSumis gzas~ udidesi potenciali aqvs, rogorc tur.
produqts. aTiaTasobiT turistis daintereseba da mozidvaa
SesaZlebeli `abreSumis gzaze~ samogzaurod sworad dagegmili
da Seqmnili tur. SeTavazebis safuZvelze. `abreSumis gza~,
rogorc turistuli produqti, farTo istoriuli da
kulturuli rakursis momcvelia, romelic exeba aramarto
erTi an ori, aramed aTeulobiT qveynis warsuls.
`abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis, rogorc turistuli produqtis,
gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia:
upirveles yovlisa, usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebaregulireba.
komunikaciebis mowesrigeba yvela im qveynebs Soris,
romlebzec am gzam unda gaiaros.
gamarTuli infrastruqtura, romelSic Sedis gzebi,
transporti, momsaxurebis obieqtebi.
`abreSumis gza~, rogorc Tanamedrove turistuli produqti,
moiTxovs im ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, romelsac
ayeneben saerTaSoriso tur. operatorebi `abreSumis gzis~
qveynebis mimarT. saqarTvelos odiTganve mWidro kavSiri hqonda
`abreSumis gzasTan~, igi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania, romelzec
uZveles dros es gza gadioda.
`aberSumis gzis~ Tanamedrove proeqtis ganxorcieleba,
upirveles yovlisa, gazrdis saqarTvelos geopolitikur da
strategiul mniSvnelobas msoflios masStabiT, rac Cveni
qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti iqneba. am proeqtSi monawileoba
Cveni qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iqneba aseve sxva danarCen
monawile da aramarto monawile qveynebTan mWidro savaWro,
140
didi
abreSumis
gzis
turistuli
potenciali
ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri da turistuli kavSiris
gasaRrmaveblad. saqarTvelos didi potenciali aqvs, rogorc
turistul qveyanas. `didi abreSumis~ gzis proeqtSi Cveni
qveynis CarTva turistuli kuTxiT udidesi warmateba iqneba
qveynis, rogorc turistuli obieqtis, ganviTarebisaTvis.
winamdebare proeqtis ganxorcieleba da masSi saqarTvelos
CarTuloba maqsimalurad Seuwyobs xels Cveni qveynis, rogorc
tranzituli qveynis, Camoyalibebas.
`abreSumis gzis~ uZvelesi marSruti saqarTveloSi mdinare
mtkvris gavliT, Semdeg ki rion-yvirilas marSrutiT foTisaken
miemarTeboda, saidanac Sav zRvaze gadioda da iqedan
ukavSirdeboda bizantiasa da roms.
Tanamedrove `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis marSrutisaTvis
aseve mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos mxridan mzaoba proeqtis
safuZvliani da maRali doniT ganxorcilebaSi.
`abreSumis gzis~ e. w. `trasekas~ proeqtSi monawileobisTvis
saqarTvelo intensiurad muSaobs sxvadasxva qveyanasTan
TanamSromlobisa da infrastruqturis mowyobis sakiTxebze.
`abreSumis gza~, rogorc turistuli produqti, unda
ganvixiloT kulturuli turizmis kuTxiT.
kulturuli turizmi msoflio turistul bazarze
dRiTidRe ufro did adgils ikavebs da am segmentis
umniSvnelovanesi nawili xdeba.
saqarTvelos kulturuli turizmis mxriv msoflio
turistuli bazris momxmareblebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi da
udidesi tur. prodqtis SeTavazebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia.
`abreSumis gzis~, rogorc turistuli marSrutis gamoyeneba,
saqarTvelos SesaZleblobas miscems moaxdinos sakuTari
kulturuli memkvidreobis komercializacia. kulturuli
turizmi regionaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis sawindaria.
`abreSumis gzis~ proeqti saSualebas iZleva ganviTardes
ara mxolod kulturuli, aramed turizmis sxva saxeobebic.
`abreSumis gzis~, rogorc turistuli produqtis, gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia mravalmxrivad.
umTavresi tur. produqti, romelic am TematikiT
SesaZlebelia SevTavazoT momxmarebels _ es aris:
141
TinaTin
qristesaSvili
qarTuli abreSumis gacnoba;
saqarTveloSi gamavali ~abreSumis gzis~ monakveTze
Sedgenili marSruti;
mogzauroba abreSumis gzaze;
velo-turi;
jip-turi;
saqaravno turi;
safexmavlo turi;
turebis istoriul-kulturuli rakursiT Sevseba.
`abreSumis gzis~ turistuli produqtis CamoyalibebiT
SesaZlebelia msoflios masStabiT arsebuli potenciuri
turistebis mozidva da daintereseba. aRniSnuli turistuli
produqtis Seqmnas da Camoyalibebas SesaZlebelia mohyves
iseTi dadebiT maCveneblebi, rogoricaa:
kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba;
mezobel qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri, kulturuli da
politikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba;
qveynis ekonomikis zrda;
turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba;
istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebis dacva da SenarCuneba;
ekonomikur aRmavlobasTan erTad qveynis umniSvnelovanesi
problemis dasaqmebis mogvareba.
`abreSumis gzis~ turistuli mxriv gamoyeneba qveynis
mravalmxrivi warmatebis momtani da upirvelesad misi
ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani proeqtia. am tur. produqtis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelom mWidro
politikuri da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba unda iqonios
mezobel qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebTan, romlebic
`abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawileoben. partnior qveynebTan
TanamSromlobisa da stabiluri urTierTobis SemuSavebasTan
erTad qveynis umTavresi amocanaa Sida politikuri
stabilurobis SenarCuneba, ekonomikis dargebis ganviTareba,
sakomunikacio, infrastruqturis da usafrTxoebis pirobebis
gamyareba.
saqarTvelo udidesi turistuli potencialis matarebeli
qveyanaa, romelsac mniSvnelovnad xelsayreli geopolitikuri
142
didi
abreSumis
gzis
turistuli
potenciali
mdebareoba aqvs, swored es faqtorebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli
`didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawileobisas, raTa kidev
ufro mkafio gaxdes saukunis proeqtSi monawileobis
aucilebloba.
l. koWlamazaSvili, T. yandaSvili, „turizmi da transportis
industria~, Tb., 2008.
 Биржаков В. С., Никифоров Н. С., Индустрия туризма: Перевозки, М.,
2007.
Гереев С. А., Международное транспортное право, М., 1987.
 Гуляев В. Г., Туристские перевозки, М., 1998.
Ильна Е. Н., Менеджмент транспортных услуг, М., 1997.
Косолопов А. Е., Туристское страноведение, М., 1999.
Петров С. В., Планирование и организация транспортных путешествий,
М., 1986.
Шаповал Е. Ф., История туризма, М., 1999.
www.exotur.ge
www.adventur.ge
www.wikipedia.com
143
zaqaria faliaSvilis opera
`abesalom da eTeri~
(marixis kanconeta, eTeris ariebi)
(vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi)
lia barbaqaZe
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe
vokalur-teqnikursaSemsruleblo kvleviTi
analizi
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Jana ToiZe
144
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~
operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
zaqaria faliaSvili qarTuli musikis istoriaSi Sevida,
rogorc gamoCenili novatori, qarTuli klasikuri operis
fuZemdebeli. igi centraluri figuraa pirveli Taobis
kompozitorTa Soris. man udidesi roli Seasrula erovnuli
sakompozitoro skolis ganviTarebaSi. kompozitoris
memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mis operebs,
romlebic asaxavs istoriuli warsulis heroikas, xalxis
cxovrebis suraTebs, qarTuli erovnuli eposis diad saxeebs.
man gaamdidra qarTuli musika WeSmariti simfonizmis
elementebiT.1
saopero musikis sferoSi z. faliaSvilma farTo
SemoqmedebiTi diapazoni gamoavlina, Seqmna operis sami arsebiTad
gansxvavebuli ti pi: monumenturi opera-tragedia `abesalom
da eTeri~, lirikul-dramatuli opera `daisi~ da gmirulpatriotulo opera `latavra~. misi operebi damkvidrda
qarTuli saopero Teatris ZiriTad fondSi. kompozitoris
saukeTeso qmnilebebis `abesalom da eTeris~ da `daisis~
popularoba didi xania gascda saqarTvelos farglebs.
`abesalom da eTeris~ avtors jer kidev mis sicocxleSi
qarTveli `glinka~ uwodes. Tavis nawarmoebebSi z. faliaSvili
uSualod iyenebs xalxuri simRerisa da cekvebis Temebs, magram
es meTodi ar aris misTvis ZiriTadi. man ganazogada xalxuri
musikis sxvadasxva stilisturi Tavisebureba (qarTl-kaxuri
dialeqtis wamyvani rolis SenarCunebiT) da amiT Tavis
145
lia barbaqaZe
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
SemoqmedebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki, `abesalom da eTerSi~ Seqmna
erTiani, zogadqarTuli ena, romelic safuZvlad daedo qarTul
musikalur klasikas. `qarTuli erovnuli simRera-galobac...
Tavisi ricxviTa da mravalxmianobiT imdenad mdidaria, rom
SesaZloa, axali xana Seqmnas musikis xelovnebaSio~, _ ambobda
kompozitori.
operas Seqmnis safuZvlad daedo xalxuri legenda abesalom
da eTerze, romelic xalxSi `eTerianis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.
operis libretos rac Seexeba, igi xalxuri Tqmulebis mTliani
saxiT warmodgenis saintereso cdaa. pirvelad Jurnal
`faskunjSi~ daibeWda 1908 wels. p. mirianaSvilma xalxuri
teqstis garda gamoiyena vaJas poemis calkeuli strofi,
`vefxistyaosnisa~ da i. WavWavaZis leqsis fragmentebi. operis
meore moqmedebis da teqstis nawili a. wuwunavas ekuTvnis,
xolo marixis kanconetis teqsti _ TviTon p. mirianaSvils.
sainteresoa operis Janrobrivi saxis dadgena. operaSi
gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: lirikuli (pirveli
aqti), epikuri (meore aqti) da gansakuTrebiT tragikuli
(mesame da meoTxe aqtebi). operas SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi
ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli moqmedeba _ siyvarulis
Casaxva, meore moqmedeba _ saqorwino nadimi, mesame moqmedeba
_ ganSoreba, meoTxe moqmedeba _ gmirebis sikvdili.
marixis kanconeta III aqtidan
marixi meorexarisxovani rolia, Tumca Zalze maxvili
daxasiaTeba gaaCnia, ar aqvs kavSiri operis dramatul
ganwyobasTan, erTaderTi mxiaruli da xalisiani gmiria,
mTlianobiT gamorCeuli musikaluri saxe, abesalomis dis _
marixis, lirikul-saxumaro kanconeta kupleturi varirebaa.
moqnili, moZravi melodika, instrumentuli bunebis Tema,
graciozuli, sada. sacekvao sawyisi misi struqturuli
elementia. xasiaTiT da ritmo-intonaciuri wyobiT hgavs gurul
sacekvao simReras. erTaderTi personaJia, romlis vokaluri
partia sacekvao sawyisiT xasiaTdeba. misi partiis melodikasac
146
terciis farglebSi moZraoba axasiaTebs. yvelaze swrafi tempi
swored mis gamosvlas aqvs, is ar aris komikuri personaJi,
ubralod, lxinis mxiarulebas gadmoscems, rac kontrastis
formaa faliaSvilisTvis. marixi operaSi meore aqtSi Semodis.
yoveli misi gamoCena mxiaruli ganwyobaa, saqorwino nadimis
mxiaruleba. marixis kanconeta mosdevs murmanis gamoCenis
scenas, Tanac _ ukve borotebis aqtis Cadenis momentis Semdeg,
rodesac meored gamoCenisas igi Tavis borot Canafiqrs
axorcielebs da apkurebs eTers sawamlavs, raTa ganukurnebeli
seni Sehyaros eTers da daaSoros ufliswuls. orkestri
savsea qromatiuli intonaciebiT, modifikaciebiT, gadidebuli
samxmovanebebiT. marixis kanconetis lirikul-saxumaro motivi
gvxiblavs Tavisi graciozulobiT da sisadaviT. kompozitori
iZleva simReris ti pobriv akompaniments, romelic Conguris
imitaciaa. kanconetis harmoniuli ena naTeli feradovnebiT
gamoirCeva, rasac xels uwyobs erTgvari koloris Semqmneli
tonaluri dapirispirebebi (a moll, C-dur, a-moll, A-mix).
miuxedavad marixis, rogorc personaJis, gmiris da musikalurad
mxiaruli ganwyobisa, am sazeimo da sadResaswaulo
atmosferoSi ar igrZnoba sruli mxiaruleba; drodadro
pirquSi RrubeliviT gaivlis bedisweris motivis naRvliani
intonacia da molodini tragediis. lirika yvela gmiris
Tanmxlebi Tvisebaa, murmanis garda. marixis kanconeta qmnis
udides kontrasts da avis momaswavebel molodins ubedurebisa.
mZafri kontrastuloba damaxasiaTebelia kompozitorisTvis.
nawarmoebis diapazoni
zoma 4/4 ucvlelia. teqsti ekuTvnis p. mirianaSvils.
marixis kanconetis Sesrulebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
sasimRero sunTqvas, sunTqvis kontrols, radgan saxezea Cqari
tempi Allegro da sakmaod grZeli frazebi. aseve yuradReba
gasamaxvilebelia teqstze, metyvelebaze. gvxvdeba bevri xmovani
`a~ pirvel frazaSi. miuxedavad Cqari tempisa, yvela sametyvelo
bgera _ xmovani Tu Tanxmovani unda mkafiod JRerdes da ar
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lia barbaqaZe
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
ikargebodes simRerisas. am SemTxvevaSi metyveleba daexmareba
momRerals gmiris xasiaTis SeqmnaSi da vokalis TvalsazrisiT
ostaturad SesrulebaSi.
sasurvelia “a”-s poziciaSi “e”-s gamomRereba.
pirvelive fraza iwyeba gardamavali bgerebiT. TiTqmis
mTeli kanconetis melodia gardamaval bgerebzea dawerili.
Sesabamisad, sakmaod rTulia es nawarmoebi. rac Seexeba am
frazas, aucilebelia muclis kunTebis (diafragmis) sunTqvis
gamoyeneba, rac axloa sasceno metyvelebis sunTqvasTan.
sametyvelo sunTqvis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli iyo terminebi:
mxrebiT, mkerdiT, mucliT sunTqva. mxrebiT sunTqva yovelTvis
sakamaTo iyo. am ti pis sunTqvis dros xdeba mxrebis aweva,
rasac mosdevs muclis Sua kunTebis maRla aweva, es ki xels
uSlis Sua saZgidis kunTis efeqtur moqmedebas, ris gamoc
ver xerxdeba simRerisa da metyvelebisTvis sakmarisi haeris
SesunTqva. Cveulebrivi sunTqva, TavisTavad, gamoiricxeba am
SemTxvevaSi, _ es ufro SesunTqvis fazas gulisxmobs.
absoluturad igivea sasimRero, vokalis sunTqvis TeoriaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, maRali bgera (G) emTxveva xmovans `a~. gvaqvs
saSiSroeba bgeris `Riaobis~, radgan uecrad xdeba gardamavali
bgeridan maRal bgeraze gadasvla. amitom gvWirdeba Tavisufali
sasa, saartikulacio aparatis viwro maRali pozicia da
momrgvalebuli bgera.
melodia meordeba bolo taqtis garda, Sesabamisad igivea
sunTqvisa da bgeris sfecifika, vinaidan marixis kanconeta
kupleturi formaa, gvxvdeba xSirad melodiis gameoreba, Warbobs
sekvenciebi (erTi da imave melodiis sxvadasxva simaRleze
gameoreba). am nawarmoebs axasiaTebs gardamavali bgerebis
simravle. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kanconeta lirikulsaxumaro formaa. momReralma unda ecados, msaxiobis ostatobis
xarjze gadalaxos es rTuli da uamravi gardamavali bgera,
wina planze wamowios nawarmoebis xasiaTi, anu teqnikuri
mxare, Serwymuli iyos sulierebasTan, Sinagan ganwyobasTan.
es yovelive teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze moqnilad
unda Sesruldes. gaCnda trioli xmovanze “i”. sakmaod rTuli
Sesasrulebelia erTdroulad gardamavali bgerebi, Cqari tempi
da trioli, amitom dauSvebelia yelismieri an cxvirismieri
bgera. aucilebelia muclis kunTebis sunTqvis CarTva, misi
gamoyeneba mTeli kanconetis mRerisas. aris bevri “e” xmovani,
148
momReralma Sesrulebisas unda ecados, ar iyos daZabuli.
rodesac zedmetadQWimavs kunTebs, es xels uSlis iogebs
aqtiuri muSaobis procesSi da rezonatorebis swor
warmarTvaSi. es nawarmoebi ki Zalian laRad da Tavisufladaa
Sesasrulebeli, xolo rodesac sustad muSaoben kunTebi, xma
xdeba uZluri, susti (unda davexmaroT sunTqviT). imisaTvis,
rom xma JRerdes Tanabrad, rac aucilebeli niuansia am
nawarmoebis simRerisas, saWiroa maqsimalurad aviTvisoT samive
registri: mkerdis, saSualo da maRali, anu Tavis. es unda
149
lia barbaqaZe
xdebodes akustikuri (mJReri) efeqtiT da ara marto
fiziologiuri meqanizmiT _ yeliT. gardamavali bgerebis
siWarbis da ritmuli triolis gamo yvela am niuansis
Sesrulebisas momRerali ar unda daiZabos.
italieli profesoris _ iolanda manionis azriT:
gardamavali bgeris sxvadasxva JReradoba rom miviRoT da
TiToeuli fraza Tanabrad JRerdes, saWiroa swori vibrato
da swori Sinagani intonacia, gaTanabreba. moswavlem Tu
momReralma unda amuSaos is kunTebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia
ama Tu im registrze.
am frazaSi maRali bgera gvaqvs (Fis) da “a” xmovanze es
bgera ucbad unda aviRoT, Tanac ise, rom ar moxdes bgeris
wamoyvireba. italieli profesoris _ emanuel garsias TqmiT,
aq SegviZlia gamoviyenoT bgeris “ataka” (Seteva) “coup de
glotte” (anu, bgeris uceb aReba). Zlieri bgeris sufTad aReba,
xSirad gvxvdeba da amitom aris “ataka” bgeris gamoyenebis
saSualeba.
nawarmoebSi gaCnda maRali bgerebi, frazebi, sadac momRerals
sWirdeba sunTqvis sxva ti pi. XVII-XVIII ss.-Si italieli
pedagogebis mier iyo mkerdis sunTqvis SemoTavazebebi, Semdeg
diafragmuli da sunTqvis Sereuli ti pi (anu mkerdis da
diafragmis). Sereuli sunTqvis ti pis momxreni arian maestro
jiraldoni da everardi.
am frazebis Sesrulebis procesSi ufro sasurvelia swored
Sereuli sunTqvis ti pis gamoyeneba, radgan gaCnda maRali da
150
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
didi grZliobis notebi. yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia teqstze,
xasiaTis SeqmnaSi da stilisturad msubuqad SesrulebaSi
daexmareba momRerals teqstis, swori warmoTqma, misi wina
planze wamoweva. frazaSi maRali bgerebisaken crescendo da
mTeli notis (G) win Rrma sunTqva gvesaWiroeba, rac sunTqvis
kontroliT unda mimdinareobdes, vinaidan xmovan “a”-ze sakmaod
didi frazaa samReri, sunTqvis ganawilebiT, crescendo da legatos saSualebiT forteTi maRal bgeraze gadasvla gaadvildeba.
maRali bgeris formirebisas momRerals SegrZneba unda hqondes,
bgeras ki ar miswvda, aramed bgera aiRo. (A). am frazaSi
umaRlesi bgeraa, aq SesaZlebelia bgeris “ataka” (Seteva) coup
de glotte-s gamoyeneba. maRal bgeras vokalis terminologiis
mkvlevarebi maRal sasimRero “formantas” uwodeben, romelic
moiTxovs “bgeris maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi”. melodia
ubrundeba gardamaval bgerebis registrs.
am nawarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari niuansirebaa emociuroba
_ sasceno ostatobis floba, Sesrulebis manera, gemovneba,
raTa ar iyos forsireba, gadaWarbeba.
rodesac momRerali msaxioburad, ostaturad asrulebs,
is ar fiqrobs bgeraze _ maRalia Tu dabali da sirTuleebs
advilad gadalaxavs.
151
lia barbaqaZe
XIX saukunis bevri frangi mkvlevari yuradRebas
gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvaze amaxvilebda. am Sexedulebas
icavda, kerZod, frangi fizikosi mandli (1855 w.). amis Semdeg
cnobili gaxda inglisel mkvlevarTa muclis (diafragmis)
sunTqvis upiratesobis Teoria. sametyvelo sunTqvaSi misaRebia
muclis sunTqva, asevea vokalSic dabali da gardamavali
bgerebis formirebisas, xolo maRali bgerebis formirebisaTvis
ukve emateba gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvac. vinaidan jer gvaqvs
gardamavali bgerebi, am nawilis Sesrulebisas sasurvelia
momReralma gamoiyenos e. w. sasceno metyvelebis sunTqva,
rasac metyvelebis pedagogi babulia nikolaiSvili eyrdnoboda.
didi sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, raTa ar iyos cxviris,
yelismieri simRera da sxva. rom gaTavisufldes xorxi, maRali
bgerebis formirebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, pirvel rigSi
ybis modunebas. rogorc sasceno metyvelebaSi, aseve unda
gamoviyenoT sunTqvis regulacia. amasve gvTavazobs b.
nikolaiSvili Tavis miTiTebebSi. TiToeuli bgeris CamRereba
unda moxdes, ar SeiZleba mifuCeCeba. maRali bgerebisaken
rodesac midis nawarmoebi, momRerals warmosaxvis saSualebiT
winaswar unda esmodes es bgera, romelic unda aiRos Semdeg,
anu, winaswar unda moemzados. am SemTxvevaSi maRali bgera
(G-A) didi grZliobis notebia, saWiroa Rrma sunTqva, misi
kontroli, rom sunTqva gveyos frazis bolomde. maRali bgerebi
gvaqvs “a” xmovanze, saWiroa viwro maRali pozicia sametyvelo
aparatis da momrgvalebuli bgera, rom ar moxdes bgeris
Riaoba. “a” xmovans mosdevs “i” xmovani, sasurvelia “a”-s
poziciaSi misi gamomRereba.
152
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
es frazebi kanconetis dasawyisis gameorebaa. marTalia,
meordeba, magram momRerali emociuri TvalsazrisiT ar unda
modundes da aramed piriqiT, unda gvaCvenos ganviTareba. gvaqvs
piano (p). gvesaWiroeba ufro Zlieri sunTqvebi radgan p xarjavs
met sunTqvis marags. bgera G-ze gvaqvs maxvili (>). maxvili Edan G-ze, terciiT gadasvla gardamavali bgeridan maRal
bgeraze. mTlianad CarTulia muclis kunTebi, romelic emzadeba
Semdeg ukve maRali bgerisTvis. moemzados momRerali, rom ar
moxdes wamoyvireba. vokalisTvis mTavari elementebia: 1. Zlieri
sunTqva, muclis kunTebze (diafragmaze) dayrdnobili. 2.
rezonatorebis muSaoba, saxmo aparati. 3. Tavisufali xorxi.
(ybis gaTavisufleba). 4. Tavisufali bgeris emisia (pirveli
sasimRero bgera, romelic moiTxovs swor pozicias aRebul
“bgeraSi”). 5. vibrato-s xasiaTi. (haeris rxevis sixSire). vibratos warmoqmna unda xdebodes zedmeti daZabvis gareSe da is
iqneba bunebrivi da ara xelovnuri. amas gvTavazobs manioni.
gardamavali bgerebi da mecoforte melodiaSi. daRmavali
svla da gamiseburi svliT maxvili D-ze. gamiseburi svlis
dros bgeris pozicia ar unda Seicvalos da imave poziciaSi
CamRerdes es taqtebi. sasurvelia patara crescendo (bgeris
gaZliereba zomierad). nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba bevri xmovani `a~,
153
lia barbaqaZe
momRerali mudmivad mobilizebuli unda iyos, radgan vokalurteqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ar iZleva patara dasvenebis
saSualebasac ki tempis gamo. es nawarmoebi Tavis stilidan
gamomdinare, iTxovs sasceno metyvelebis da vokaluri teqnikis
sinTezs, romelsac emateba samsaxiobo ostatoba, gmiris
saxumaro-sacekvao ganwyoba. yvelafer amas moiTxovda udidesi
reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili.
melodiis sekvenciuri formis gamo kompozitori gvTavazobs
ferebs Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT. frazaSi mocemulia didi
grZliobis notebi. isunTqo mSvidad, ostaturad ise, rom
msmenelma ar SeniSnos an amas daRliloba ar mohyves, sakmaod
rTulia. amitom Seswavlisas calke unda damuSavdes rTuli
adgilebi vokalizebis saxiT, rom moswavles gauadvildes
Semdeg, mTlianobaSi amis daZleva. bgera E gvaqvs mTeli da
ori naxevriani noti “a” xmovanze. am bgeraze sasurvelia
patara crescendo da Semdeg gaZliereba, bgera rezonatorebis
gavliT unda mimdinareobdes. rezonansi aris bgeris gaZlierebisa
da gafarToebis saSualeba. movixmaroT aseve xorxSi
warmoqmnili vibracia, romelic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
niuansia vokalis specifikaSi. xmis warmarTva (mkerdis
registri) bageebTan, saSualo registrze gadasvlisas
(gardamavali bgerebi) Txoulobs Tavisufal sasas da unda
iyos, TiTqos, mTqnareba da bgeris niRabSi, anu rezonatorSi,
warmoqmna. adamianis metyvelebis da sasimRero meqanizmebTan
dakavSirebulia Semdegi rezonatorebi: filtvebi, sasule, xorxis
Rru, mbgeravi iogebis qvemoT mdebare wiaRi, mbgeravi iogebis
154
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
zemoT mdebare wiaRi, xaxis wiaRi, pirisa da cxviris Rru,
agreTve cxviris damatebiTi wiaRebi. sarezonanso Rruebis
regulireba sxvadasxvagvaria bgeris warmoqmnis dasawyisSi,
Sualedsa da dasasrulSi.
kompozitori, rogorc vxedavT, maRali bgerebisTvis gvasvenebs,
dabali bgerebi da pauzebi mogvca, magram sirTule mainc aris,
es taqtebi xmadabla unda Sesruldes. gvaqvs h-si maxviliT.
saSiSroebaa ar gamovides imaze meti es maxvili, vidre p
iTvaliswinebs, xolo SedarebiT maRali bgera G forteze da
aq ukve Rrma sunTqva (Sereuli sunTqva) da rezonatorebis
bgera, vibraciis sixSiris xarjze misi aReba gvesaWiroeba.
moemzados momRerali am bgeris asaRebad, warmosaxvis saSualebiT
esmodes winaswar es bgera. Semdeg pauzebi da isev ucabedi
bgera maxviliT F. SegviZlia aq gamoviyenoT bgeris ataka (Seteva)
“coup de glotte” da crescendo. aseTi bgerebis daZlevisaTvis
sasurvelia, pedagogma moswavle amuSaos vokalizebis saxiT,
terciiT, kvartiT, kvintiT transportis saSualebiT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saerTod kargi xmis warmoqmnisaTvis, mxrebiT sunTqvis
garda, yvelanairi ti pis sunTqvis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli.
sametyvelo Tu sasimRero sunTqvis saTanado gamomuSaveba
unda xdebodes sunTqvis kontrolze dayrdnobiT.
es nawili forteze grZeldeba - G da crescendo. gvaqvs C-
155
lia barbaqaZe
dan H-ze gadasvla erT xmovanze. SevecadoT zustad iyos
intonaciurad aRebuli meore bgera da ara gadmocurebiT.
vinaidan faliaSvilis xelwera xalxurobidan momdinareobs,
Tavi unda SevikavoT yovelgvari zedmeti gaformebisagan da
gadaWarbebisagan. maRal G bgeraze gvaqvs “i” xmovani da masve
mohyveba F “i” xmovanze. teqnikurad imave intonaciuri simaRlis
SenarCunebiT aviRoT F rogorc G. miuxedavad “i” bgeris
artikulaciuri mdgomareobisa, SedarebiT dabalia bageebis
daSoreba, mainc arsebobs gamosavali da unda gamoviyenoT
franguli “u”, raTa ar iyos ulamazo, moWerili es bgera, amas
gvTavazoben italielebi.
kanconeta dasasruls uaxlovdeba. kompozitori cdilobs
dagvasvenos, ase vTqvaT, mogvces saSualeba, movemzadoT maRali
bgerebis asaRebad. gvaqvs piano erTi da igive notebi da C,
piano-s da legato-s saSualebiT gamovimReroT es adgili, radgan
erTi da imave bgerebis formirebisas saSiSroebaa danawevrebis
(daCexvis), rac miuRebelia, amitom gvWirdeba gaTanabreba,
diafragmis sunTqvis da legatos gamoyeneba, SeiZleba patara
crescendo H-sken, romelzec gvaqvs maxvili. kompozitori
gvTavazobs mraval xerxs nawarmoebis Sesasruleblad
melodiebis msgavsebis gamo, rom ar iyos erTferovani. amitom
vecadoT Sesruldes ostaturad, musikalurad mravali niuansis
gamoyenebiT. dabali bgerebis miuxedavad, momReralma icis,
rom win elodeba dasasruli (romelic kulminaciur bgerebze
mTavrdeba), emociurad mainc momarTulia, TumcaRa p-s mReris.
mTeli am kanconetis sirTule mdgomareobs gardamavali bgerebis
siWarbeSi. pedagogi unda Seecados am nawarmoebze muSaobisas
students Tu moswavles gaumyaros es registri, bgerebi, sunTqva
Seaswavlos sxvadasxva xerxiTa da savarjiSo vokaliziT.
156
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
sami saukunis manZilze italiaSi grZeldeboda Sinagani
brZola: 1). pirvel planze iyo wamoweuli bgerasa da sityvasTan
kavSiri, rom unda iyos maTi sinTezi da dramatizmi,
gamomsaxvelobaa mTavari. 2). ambobdnen, rom teqnika unda
iyos pirvel adgilze. am nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas teqnikas
iseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc sulierebas, Sesrulebis
maneras, samsaxiobo ostatobas, Tumca jer teqnika unda iyos
gamarTuli, rom gaadvildes misi Sesruleba da samsaxiobo
elementebis damateba.
es frazebi damamTavrebeli frazebis Semzadebaa, piano-dan
crescendo-s gavliT emzadeba dasasrulis formirebisaTvis.
melodia stilisturad daiZaba. aq ukve aqtiurad muSaobs
saxmo aparati. dauSvebelia yelis da cxvirismieri bgera,
radgan gvelis maRali bgerebi da maTi aReba gaWirdeba.
gavixsenoT yvela sirTulis gadalaxvis saSualebebi
gardamavali bgerebis. momRerali unda azrovnebdes simReris
dros, ar mReris marto yeli, mReris mTeli organizmi, romelsac
azrovnebiT vexmarebiT. swori poziciaa bgeris aRebis, Tavisufali
sasa, magram saQiro kunTebi aqtiuria, momarTulia sunTqvis
meqanizmi. bolo taqtSi trioli “i” xmovanze davtovoT “u”s poziciaSi da imave adgilas gavagrZeloT es taqti. D-dan
F-ze gadasvlisas mivmarToT crescendo-s.
157
lia barbaqaZe
dasasruli gvaqvs kulminaciur bgerebze, didi grZliobis
notebi, rac sakmaod rTulia. moxsna bgeris da isev aReba,
romelic gviWiravs sakmaod didxans. am frazebis asaRebad
bgeris ataka coup de glotte SesaZlebelia, magram patara crescendoc sasurvelia, radgan didxans grZeldeba, anu, gavaZlieroT
aRebuli bgera. xmovani “a” mTeli am frazis dros. forteze
mTavrdeba nawarmoebi, Tumca unda iyos zomieri forte. maRali
sasimRero “formanta” swored aq gvWirdeba, romelic moiTxovs
bgeris maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi, bgeris siZlieres
da zomier vibracias, sunTqvis zust miwodebas. aq gvWirdeba
Sereuli (gulmkerdis da muclis) sunTqva, rogorc vxedavT,
ama Tu im ariis Sesrulebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sunTqvis
zust miwodebas, raTa bgera aRmoCndes swor poziciaSi.
nawarmoebis Seswavlisas pedagogma unda ecados
gauadvilos moswavles misi daZleva. rTuli adgilebi an
maRali notebi vokalizebis saxiT calke amuSaos sunTqvaze
dayrdnobiT. jer nawarmoebi moasmeninos, Semdeg Seaswavlos
melodia vokaliziviT, dayos nawilebad da daumatos teqsti.
amis Semdeg ukve SeiZleba msaxiobis ostatobis elementebis
damateba da mere yvelaferi amis erT konteqstSi moqceva.
nawarmoebis xasiaTis monaxva, ar daikargos operis, nawarmoebis
Tu romansis manera, stili. pedagogi valdebulia, xelovans
gauRviZos individualoba, ganuviTaros fantazia. kamilo
everardi, gamoCenili italieli maestro (momRerali), Tvlis,
rom vokalis swori swavlebis saidumloeba pedagogis yurzea
damokidebuli.
studentTan pedagogma unda daazustos individualurad
sunTqvis ti pi (rogori mouxdeba). meti yuradReba dauTmos
im registrs, sadac uWirs mas. mag.:Lgardamavali bgerebi, maRali
bgerebi da sxv. aucileblad misces amocanebi msaxiobis
ostatobis TvalsazrisiT varjiSebis dros, gamoumuSavos
sunTqvis kontroli, raTa didi frazebis dros ar moakldes
maragi. vokalis pedagogikaSi arsebobs swavlebis ori meTodi,
romelsac iyenebs pedagogi: empiriuli meTodi da Teoriuli
meTodi.
empiriulia meTodi, rodesac pedagogi teqnikurad uCvenebs
158
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
moswavles (mReris mocemul nawarmoebs, rac saxarbielo araa
mTlad studentisTvis).
Teoriulia meTodi, rodesac
pedagogi Teoriulad xsnis, cdilobs TviTon miaxvedros
moswavle, unarCunebs mas praqtikulad individualobas, rac
miRebulia vokalis pedagogikaSi).
empiriuli meTodis gamoyeneba sazianoa im TvalsazrisiT,
rom xSiri Cvenebisas studenti cdilobs mibaZos pedagogs da
aRiqmeba pedagogis gavlena mis mier Sesrulebul nawarmoebSi
rogorc xmis tembris TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis maneraSi,
studenti pedagogs hgavs, ikargeba misi individualuroba. Tu
studenti iseT Secdomas uSvebs, rom Teoriuli axsniT ver
xvdeba, maSin dasaSvebia empiriuli meTodiT pedagogma aCvenos,
ra Secdomas uSvebs da ganasxvavebinos mas. nawarmoebis
Seswavlis gasaadvileblad dagvexmareba didi reJisoris _
stanislavskis sqema.
1. viwro wre
(sityvebi, nawarmoebi daiyos
nawilebad, ritmis (diriJorobiT)
solfejireba. nawarmoebis
stilis niuansireba).
2. wre farTovdeba. musikaluri
faqtura (ra sirTuleebia
vokalur-teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT), gardamavali
bgerebi, didi intervalebi.
3. nawarmoebis Sekvra.
(SevaerToT yvelaferi erTad, emocia, niuansireba,
Sesrulebis manera, diapazonis gafarToeba,
sirTuleebis gadalaxva).
vinaidan, marixis gmiri da am kanconetis xasiaTi saxumarosacekvao formiT gamoirCeva, gavarTuloT da SevTavazoT
students profesor mixeil TumaniSvilis sqema, romelic eqvsi
punqtisagan Sedgeba, romlis erT-erT niuanss moZraoba, fizikuri
159
lia barbaqaZe
z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~
moqmedeba warmoadgens, anu, m. TumaniSvilma qmediTi analizi
Semoitana, Tumca igive iyo stanislavskisTan, magram TumaniSvilma
ufro speqtraluri daxasiaTeba mogvca. imRero nawarmoebi
da mas ver grZnobde _ es naklia SemsruleblisTvis.
1. moswavlis, studentis survili (ra unda, rom gamoxatos
frazaSi, nawarmoebSi, anu, individualoba wamovwioT wina planze).
gamoCenili italieli musikosi emilio vagi “abesalom da
eTeris” Sesaxeb swerda “lomisis redaqcias”: “me vurCevdi
evropis maestroebs kargad Seiswavlon “abesalom da eTeri”
da maSin mixvdebian, ra mSvenebas warmoadgens aRmosavluri
musika, xolo wminda qarTuli musika metad damoukidebeli
da Taviseburi nakadia aRmosavlur musikaSi”.
2. moqmedeba, Sinagani gaxsna (vokalurteqnikuri siZneleebis daZleva).
3. fizikuri moqmedeba. iaros, icekvos,
dajdes da a. S. (laR moZraobaSi
sunTqvis gamomuSaveba kompleqsuri
meTodis gamoyenebiT).
4. moixmaros intuicia
(niuansireba, samsaxiobo
ostatobis da sulierebis
gamoyenebiT).
5. grZnoba, emocia (zomieri
vibraciis gamomuSaveba).
6. maqsimalurad daixarjos
(Seikras nawarmoebi, moaxerxos yvela niuansis koordinacia).
rogorc vxedavT, m. TumaniSvili uflebas aZlevs xelovans
mis individualurad CamoyalibebaSi, aZlevs mas Tavisuflebas
yovelgvari kompleqsis gareSe, raTa is gaxados bunebrivi,
rac aucilebelia momRerlisTvis.
160
1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia, ix. l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe, g. CxikvaZe
qarTuli musikis istoria, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 157-173.
b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba,
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv. 62-63, gv. 75-76-77.
Стулова. Вопросы физиологии пения и Вокольный методики.
Москва 1975 г.
gv. 93-97-41.
Чаиковский П. Н., Музыкально-критические статьти, М. Музгиз. 1953.
v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 44-45-46-47.
ix. Jana ToiZe, sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: `Tanamedrove qarTuli
saopero reJisura da momRerali msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX
saukunis damlevs~, Tbilisi, 1999 (kompleqsuri meTodi da stanislavskiTumaniSvilis sqemebi).
161
eka gureSiZe
magistraturis I kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~
IV aqtidan
z. faliaSvilis qmnileba, opera `abesalom da eTeri~ qarTuli
erovnuli kulturis erT-erTi mwvervalia. operas safuZvlad
udevs legenda abesalom da eTerze, romelic `eTerianis~
saxeliTaa cnobili. masSi Taviseburadaa Sexamebuli socialuri,
eTikuri da filosofiuri motivebi. didi mxatvruli ZaliTaa
gadmocemuli adamianis saukeTeso sulieri Tvisebebi: siyvaruli,
erTguleba, Tavdadeba.
operis libreto pirvelad daibeWda 1908 wels Jurnal
`faskunjSi~. libretoSi p. mirianaSvilma, xalxuri teqstis
garda, gamoiyena vaJas poemis calkeuli strofi xalxuri
`vefxistyaosnisa~ da i. WavWavaZis leqsis fragmentebi. operis
meore moqmedebis teqstis nawili a. wuwunavas ekuTvnis, xolo
marixis kanconetis teqsti – TviTon p. mirianaSvils.
`eTerianis~ siuJetur fabulaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs socialuri motivi.
am operis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi
gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: lirikuli (I
aqti), epikuri (II aqti) da gansakuTrebiT tragikuli (III-IV
aqtebi). tragikuli operas Janri Tavs iCens rogorc operas
monumentur struqturaSi, ise ZiriTadi ideis gadawyvetis
ganzogadebaSi. amave dros, operis tragediuloba Taviseburia.
es aris tragedia qmediTobis garegani niSnebis gareSe, es ara
Seqspiruli, aramed antikuri tipis tragediaa. cxadia, garegnuli
statikuroba nawarmoebis dramaturgiuli defeqti ki ar aris,
aramed misi stilisturi Taviseburebaa.
operas `abesalom da eTeri~ SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis epikuri xasiaTi xazgasmulia sagundo
masobrivi scenebis siWarbiTa da moqmedebis dinji ganviTarebiT.
gmirTa tragedia epikur-TxrobiT formaSi iRebs gamoxatulebas.
162
operis musikaluri kompozicia or sxvadasxva princi ps
Seicavs: erTi mxriv _ dasrulebuli musikaluri nawarmoebi,
meore mxriv – uwyveti, gamWoli moqmedeba.
z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebaa xalxuroba.
folkloruli wyaroebisadmi mimarTvisas, kompozitori
iswrafvis maTi Sinagani arsis gaxsnisa da ganviTarebisaken,
xalxur masalas iyenebs, rogorc dramaturgiul elements.
`abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri enis mZlavri dasayrdeni
qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. kompozitori umTavresad emyareba
Zvel, qarTul glexkacur simReras, gansakuTrebiT qarTlkaxur, e. w. gabmul sagundo simRerebs. amasTan, operaSi vxvdebiT
svanuri simRerebidan momdinare intonaciur nakadsac. zogierT
epizodSi kompozitori mimarTavs SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebul
qarTul qalaqur simReras, agreTve _ qarTuli sagaloblis
elementebs.
`abesalomis~ dramaturgia Tavisi fesvebiT qarTul xalxur
eposTan aris dakavSirebuli.
nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis manZilze
viTardeba, romelTaganac TiToeuli operis ZiriTadi da sakvanZo
momentis gamomxatvelia. amis Sesabamisad, operis dramaturgiul
ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli
moqmedeba _ siyvarulis Casaxva, meore _ saqorwino nadimi,
mesame _ ganSoreba, meoTxe _ gmirebis sikvdili. am azrobrivma
ganviTarebam Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova operis Janrobriv da
struqturul TaviseburebebSi.
SesavalSi sami Temaa mocemuli, romlebic dakavSirebulia
operis mxatvrul saxeTa sxvadasxva wresTan.
Sesavlis sawyisi motivi (qorali), romelic aRebulia
operis finalidan, simebianTa dinj mdore moZraobaSia mocemuli.
pirveli aqti, romelic ori suraTisagan Sedgeba, didi
eqspoziciaa. masSi kompozitori iZleva nawarmoebis mTavar
gmirTa eskizur daxasiaTebas.
operis musikas pirvelive taqtebidanve Sehyavs msmeneli
xalxur sasimRero sferoSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis
Semdeg, romelic Soridan moismis, mkveTr kontrastad aRiqmeba
eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria `dedinacvali~, romelSic
eTeris nazi da naRvliani saxea daxatuli.
163
eka gureSiZe
eTeris arias rkalavs monadireTa gundi.
Zalze romantikulia abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris
scena. abesalomis naTeli, rainduli saxe ixsneba mis ariozoSi,
sadac igi siyvarulSi eficeba eTers: me bani-banad geZebdi~.
ariozos intonaciur sawyisebs Cven vpoulobT Zveli Tbilisis
cnobil qalaqur simReraSi `bundovan gulsa~.
Sinaganad daZabuli reCitativebi (cis frigiuli) umal
warmogvidgens murmanis vaJkacur saxes. amave dros, mis
reCitatiul replikebSi igrZnoba faruli Suri da mRelvareba.
xdeba faqturis sruli ganaxleba. icvleba masala, kilo,
koloriti, tempi, Tanxleba. murmanis mkacri pirquSi frazebi,
romlebic akordebis Tanabari moZraobis fonzea mocemuli,
TandaTanobiT sul ufro mRelvare xasiaTs iZens. abesalomis
Sewyvetili ariozo axal ganviTarebas iRebs da mTavari
personaJebis did dialogiur scenaSi gadaizrdeba. axali nakadi
Semoaqvs aq eTeris mokle ariozos: `Sen xar didi didebuli~.
safuZvlad mas udevs svanuri sufruli simReris `buba
qaquCelas~ melodia, romelic kompozitorma 1903 wels Caiwera.
pirveli aqtis musikaSi ar vxvdebiT did da mkveTr
kontrastebs, ZiriTadad Warbobs naTeli lirikuli tonusi.
pirveli moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelSic mTavari adgili
eTmoba ariozul-melodiur stils da, ZiriTadad, Warbobs
lirikuli tonusi, operis meore aqti, umTavresad, sagundoa
da epikuri zeimurobiT aris gamsWvaluli.
mTeli meore aqti oratoriuli sidiadiT gamoirCeva da
uZvelesi erovnuli eposis paTosiT aris gamsWvaluli.
mZlavr saorkestro Sesavals umal SevyavarT meore aqtis
sazeimo atmosferoSi, oTxxmiani gundi adidebs da xotbas
asxams mefe abios.
gundi `abio mefe~ icvleba didi saorkestro Sesavlis
brwyinvale sazeimo tutti-T.
iwyeba grandiozuli msvleloba xalxuri saqorwilo
gundis (`haralalos~) musikaze.
es gundi i. WavWavaZis sityvebze: `qarTvelo, xeli xmals
ikar~ qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi
nimuSia.
164
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
amis Semdeg moqmed pirTa xmebi (abesalomi, eTeri, abio,
dedofali naTela da marixi) erTmaneTs erwymis patara ansamblkvintetSi.
meore moqmedebis centrSi Tavisi ganumeorebeli
TviTmyofobiT gamoirCeva qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis erTerTi brwyinvale qmnileba _ sagundo simRera `Cakrulo~.
improvizaciuli Tavisufleba aq mxatvruli erTianobis mkacr
kanonzomierebasTan aris SeTavsebuli. faqturis mxriv simRera
homofoniur-polifoniuri ti pisaa.
simRera agebulia `tonalobaTa~ jaWvze. ufro sworad,
`Cakrulos~ modulaciur gegmaSi Cven vxedavT miqsolidiuri
kiloebis mTel jaWvs: B-G-A-H-Cis-H- As-B.
sadResaswaulo sazeimo ganwyobileba kulminacias aRwevs,
magram murmanis gamoCenasTan erTad musika kvlav pirquS,
naRvlian kolorits iZens. es igrZnoba ukve patara saorkestro
SesavalSi, romelic win uswrebs murmanis gamoCenas. Tavisi
naRvliani koloritiT da nawilobriv intonaciuradac igi
ukavSirdeba (gvagonebs) abesalomis tragikul frazas: `vis
gindaT qali eTeri~ me-3 moqmedebidan.
cekvebs, romlebic a mTavrebs meore a qts, didi
mravalferovneba Seaqvs sazeimo-sadResaswaulo ganwyobilebaSi.
cincxal, mCqefare `qarTuls~ kontrastulad upirispirdeba
neli `mirzaia~_ qalTa natifi cekva qalaqur stilSi. moqmedebas
ki kvlav `qarTuli~ amTavrebs.
mesame aqti operis dramatuli moqmedebis centria. aq
xdeba saboloo gardatexa dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi _
bednierebidan ubedurebisaken.
am moqmedebaSi gmirebi ganicdian uRrmes sulier dramas,
romelic xalxTan organul erTianobaSi ixsneba. tragikuli
lirika aq tragikul eposSi gadaizrdeba. aq kompozitori
iZleva saxalxo rekviemis nimuSs.
dramatuli daZabuloba miRweulia wminda musikaluri
saSualebebiT: Teatralur-scenuri xerxebis gareSe.
`abesalomis~ mesame aqtSic Sinagani daZabuloba gamoxatvis
garegnul simSvidesTan da sisadavesTan aris SeTavsebuli.
meoTxe aqtSi mocemulia operis tragikuli kvanZis gaxsna.
kompozitori aq uars ambobs wina moqmedebis monumenturobasa
165
eka gureSiZe
da monoliTurobaze. meoTxe aqti mTel operaSi Tavisi
moculobiT, mravalferovania da diferencirebuli musikaluri
SinaarsiTa da musikalur-dramatuli formebiT. melodiuri
momxibvlelobiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT aris aRbeWdili TiTqmis
yvela furceli da gansakuTrebiT ki _ ansamblebi. sazogadod,
mas SeiZleba vuwodoT `ansamblebis aqti~. es ansamblebi z.
faliaSvilis umaRles mxatvrul miRwevebs ganekuTvneba. aseTia
abesalomisa da murmanis grandiozuli dueti, misi momdevno
_ eTerisa da naTelas dueti, agreTve ansambli gundiT `wamwamsa
da wamwams Sua~ _ operis tragikuli gaxsnis win.
moqmedeba iwyeba eTeris ariiT, romelSic kvlav SeigrZnoba
misi nazi lirikuli saxis adre gamokveTili niSnebi. sxva
xasiaTisaa sakuTriv aria. Tavisi intonaciuri wyobiT igi
Zalian axlosaa qalaquri ti pis romansul-sasimRero
lirikasTan.
meoTxe moqmedebis yvelaze mRelvare da STamagonebeli,
warmtaci momentia abesalomisa da murmanis popularuli dueti,
romelsac centraluri adgili uWiravs. saxelwodeba dueti
pirobiTad unda vixmaroT, ramdenadac ori xmis simReras aq
umniSvnelo adgili uWiravs; ufro swori iqneboda, misTvis
vokaluri dialogi gvewodebina. duetis es nawili mTlianad
melodiur reCitativzea agebuli da SeiZleba CaiTvalos
eqspresiuli dialogis klasikur nimuSad. abesalomisa da
murmanis reCitatiuli frazebi, romlebic erTmaneTs cvlis,
mkafiod gamoxatavs, erTi mxriv, sasowarkveTili abesalomisa
da, meore mxriv, gulzviadi murmanis ganwyobilebaTa kontrasts.
Piu mosso-Ti dawyebuli duetis musika sul ufro swrafviTi,
intensiuri xdeba. momakvdav abesaloms satrfos naxva swyuria.
misi es swrafva musikalur gamoxatulebas iRebs or momdevno
saansamblo scenaSi _ duetsa da kvartetSi. ukve duetis
saorkestro Sesavali _ klarnetis saocrad gamomsaxveli
mkvnesare motivi simebianTa fonze, romlebic svanuri Wuniris
imitirebas axdens, gvxiblavs Tavisi iSviaTi gamomsaxvelobiT.
operis erT-erTi yvelaze amaRelvebeli dramatuli epizodia
gmirTa Sexvedris scena. eTeris dabruneba momakvdav
abesalomTan. mokle, Zalze mkafio da gamomsaxveli duetinio:
166
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
`Cemo imedo, wylulis malamo~ aRiqmeba, rogorc Taviseburi
gamosalmeba sicocxlesTan.
duetinios mosdevs didi ansambli (`wamwamsa da wamwams
Sua~), romelsac Semdgom gundi uerTdeba. me-4 aqtis finaluri
scena, ZiriTadad Sesavlis motivebzea agebuli, ris wyalobiTac
erTiandeba operis dasawyisi da dasasruli. igi TiTqmis
ucvlelad warmogvidgens Sesavlis musikas _ sawyis `sagundo~
motivs (qorals), lirikul reCitativsa da laitmotivs.
`abesalom da eTeri~ _ uaRresad mTliani nawarmoebia,
rogorc Tavisi formiT, ise stiliT. operis Rrmad emociuri
Sinaarsi plastikurad gamokveTil musikalur saxeebSia
gadmocemuli.
eTeris ankara, wminda saxe siyvarulisa da erTgulebis
gansaxierebaa. mas axasiaTebs iSviaTi zneobrivi sispetake da
kdemamosileba. eTeris musikalur daxasiaTebaSi mTavaria
abesalomisadmi siyvarulisa da erTgulebis grZnobis gaxsna,
magram amave dros xazgasmulia misi pasiuri TviTganwirva,
morCilebisa da bedTan Serigebis grZnoba.
solo nomrebi mravlad aris warmodgenili operaSi. amave
dros udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba dialogur scenebs _ duetebs,
romlebic sasimRero reCitativebzea agebuli. sagundo da
erTxmiani (calfa) xalxuri simRerebis safuZvelze z.
faliaSvili `abesalomis~ qarTuli melodiuri reCitativis
klasikur nimuSebs qmnis.
operis h armoni uli ena si mdidr iTa da iSvi aTi
TviTmyofadobiT gamoirCeva, rasac safuZvlad udevs xalxurerovnuli klasikuri harmoniis xerxTa organuli sinTezi.
rac Seexeba operis instrumentul nawils, igi mTlianad
eqvemdebareba vokalurs.
aseTia, ZiriTadad, `abesalom da eTeris~ is Tvisebebi,
romlebic safuZvels iZleva es nawarmoebi saopero xelovnebis
klasikur, srulyofil nimuSad CavTvaloT.
167
eka gureSiZe
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
vokalur-teqnikuri saSemsruleblo kvleviTi
analizi
eTeris ariis IV aqtidan
zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~,
scena #16, eTeris aria
es aria moicavs sul 96 taqts, dawerilia sopranosaTvis.
tonaloba si-bemol maJori_B dur
diapazoni ariis samnawiliani forma, repriziT da saorkestro
kodiT. ariaSi aris zomebis cvalebadoba vxvdebiT 3/4, 4/4, 3/2
zomebs. iwyeba 8 taqtiani saorkestro SesavliT da me-9
taqtSi orkestris gaCerebul akordze Semodis soprano
(vokaluri) partia rTuli ritmiT, rTuli punqtirebuli ritmiT:
ocdameTormetedebiT, trioliT, kvintoliT, seqstoliT,
Tavisufali tempiT (andante).
168
xolo Semdegi procesis, anu Sesrulebis dros, prof. mixeil
TumaniSvilis sqemas.
am sqemis meSveobiT Cven unda SevecadoT gavaanalizoT z.
faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeridan~ eTeris erT-erTi
aria.
pirvelive aRebul bgeras `emisias~ didi daniSnuleba aqvs
am nawarmoebis xasiaTis warmarTvaSi. amitom maqsimalurad
unda iyos gamoyenebuli swori sunTqva, raTa intonaciurad
zusti bgera miviRoT. am SemTxvevaSi `emisia~, anu pirveli
169
eka gureSiZe
sasimRero bgera, gvaqvs C2, romliTac momRerali iwyebs simReras
es bgera moiTxovs diafragmul sunTqvas da xangrZliv sunTqvas,
radgan legato daculi iyos. amave dros am bgeraze gvaqvs
marcvali de ris Sedegadac yba unda iyos Tavisufali da
Camoweuli, radgan ar daiWimos an ar miviRoT Ria bgera.
gvaqvs bgeraTa viwro ganlageba.
me-16 taqtidan iwyeba Tavdapirveli tempiT allegro moderatoTi pirveli nawili am ariis.
pirveli nawili, rogorc ZiriTadi xasiaTi am ariis, Zalian
liriuklia, teqstic da musikac erTmaneTTan organuladaa
Serwymuli.
eTeris am ariaSi is pirvelad gadmogvcems Tavis emocias
abesalomTan daSorebis sevdas. ariis ZiriTadi tonaloba B
dur, rac TavisTavad sayuradRebo faqtia, sevdis gadmocema
maJoruli tonalobiT. faliaSvils surs, xazi gaesva am
siyvarulisTvis, romelic sevdis pirobebSic amaRlebulia.
am ariisTvis da, zogadad, am moqmedebisTvis ti puria
orkestris rolis gazrda, Tavad eTeris aria, naz lirikul
tonebSia gadawyvetili da wminda intonaciuri TvalsazrisiT
xasiaTdeba ori ti pis melodikiT, pirvel monakveTSi es aris
melodiuri reCitativi, romelic Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiT
am operis saukeTeso nawils Seadgens. amasTan es lirikuli
reCitativi momdinareobs Sesavlis reCitatividan, risi Tqmis
sababsac gvaZlevs misi improvizaciuli ornamenturi xasiaTi.
saorkestro faqturac gamarTlebulia. eTeris pirvel ariasTan
SedarebiT ar xasiaTdeba erTgvarovani melodikiT. pirveli
reCitatiuli monakveTi mTavrdeba TviT saorkestro partiaSi
TviT reCitativiT. me-40 taqtidan iwyeba aT taqtiani
SemakavSirebeli nawili, romelic mTavrdeba dominantur
akordze.
170
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
am nawilSi gvxvdeba iseTi intonaciuri svlebi, romelsac
viyenebT vokalis gakveTilebze savarjiSoebis saxiT.
qarTuli enis specifikas didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT,
daculi unda iyos xmovnebis Tu Tanxmovnebis artikulacia
da sunTqvis regulaciiT sworad warvmarToT fraza.
ama Tu im nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba sirTuleebi, rasac calkeul
nawilebad vamuSavebT, TiToeuli fraza moiTxovs damuSavebas
teqnikuri, intonaciuri da ritmuli TvalsazrisiT.
pirvel nawilSi vokaluri partia mTavrdeba daRmavali
melodiuri svliT fermatos Semdeg.
am daRmavali svlis dros SenarCunebuli unda iyos bgeris
siZliere da TiToeuli bgeris swori pozicia.
meore nawili zomieri da mReradi tembriT iwyeba.
gamokveTili ritmuli naxaziTa da tempis cvalebadobiT.
meore monakveTi Zalian Camohgavs qalaqur saromanso lirikas.
aqac SenarCunebulia WvretiTi lirikis foni. miuxedavad aseTi
mravalferovani daxasiaTebisa, mainc Sinaganad am ariaSi eTeris
saxe ar Rrmavdeba da ar mdidrdeba axali StrixebiT, miuxedavad,
rom mis bedSi didi gardatexa moxda. Zalian xSirad dadgmebSi
es monakveTi gamotovebulia, rac vfiqrobT, rom arasworia,
radgan es aris erTaderTi momenti, romelic afiqsirebs am
ganSorebiT gamowveul grZnobebs.
171
eka gureSiZe
meore nawilsa da reprizas akavSirebs oTxtaqtiani
saorkestro fraza, reprizaSi gamoyenebulia meore nawilis
Tema (ZiriTadi melodia), romelic warmoadgens gafarToebul
reprizas (+4).
am nawilSi gvaqvs monacvleoba tesituris _ dablidan
maRla an, piriqiT, rac cvlis agreTve sunTqvasac. dabal
tesituraSi simReris dros viyenebT muclis Sua kunTebs,
xolo maRal tesituraSi muclis qveda kunTebs. am nawilSi
melodia TandaTan amaRelvebel xasiaTs iZens da TandaTan
amave amaRlebuli xasiaTiT vuaxlovdebiT finals, sadac
melodia mocemulia maRal tesituraSi da agreTve gvxvdeba
gardamaval bgerebze moZraoba.
rogorc melodia, aseve sametyvelo teqstic am frazaSi
metad amaRelvebelia, rac momRerals exmareba am vokaluri
frazis Sesrulebisas, aseve esaWiroeba kargi da swori sunTqva.
radgan ganlageba maRal tesituraSia, sunTqvis dros CarTulia
muclis qveda kunTebi. aseve mkveTri artikulacia da, rac
mTavaria, kidev niuansirebac. fermatos dros unda SenarCundes
bgeris siZliere da SenarCundes misi JReradobac im
xangrZlivobiT, rasac moiTxovs nawarmoebi. bgeris pozicia
unda iyos maRali, Tavis rezonatorSi, amave dros am frazaSi
moZraoba xdeba gardamaval bgerebze.
kodas warmoadgens ZiriTadad saorkestro varianti, romelic
iwyeba 87-e taqtidan, Cqari, magram sevdiani nawili, 93-e taqtSi
gvaqvs generaluri pauza da bolo sam taqtSi or pianoze
pirvandel tempSi gafarToebuli bolo akordebiT, romelsac
zed erTvis sopranos mokle fraza, anu bolo amoZaxili.
172
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
am frazaSi vxvdebiT yvelaze maRal bgeras, meore oqtavis
B (si bemoli), anu maRal sasimRero `formantas~, romelic
moiTxovs maRal pozicias _ Tavis rezonatorSi, siZlieres,
vibracias, rxevis sixSires, zomier momrgvalebas piris aparatis,
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare intonaciur sizuztes, sunTqvis zust
mowodebas kunTebis muSaobis Sedegad, mis siRrmes da
moculobas.
ukiduresad maRal bgeraze aucilebelia filireba, radgan
am bgeriT mTavrdeba nawarmoebi.
am ariaSi aris musikisa da teqstis Tanxvedra, rac
gamoixateba emociisa da Sinaarsis zust gadmocemaSi.
Sesavali nawili warmoadgens TxrobiT nawils, sadac eTeri
mogviTxrobs Tavis bedze, meore nawilSi ki umReris abesalomis
siyvaruls, ariis Tema romelic reprizaSi gamZafrebulia
musikalurad, teqstobrivi Sinaarsi ki aseTia: eTeri eficeba
Tavis mijnurs, rom mzadaa masTan erTad Tavi gawiros
siyvarulisaTvis.
eTeris Sinagani samyaros, bunebis, misi arsis musikaluri
daxasiaTeba saucxood gadmoicema teCitatiul monakveTebSi.
swored reCitativebSi vlindeba yvelaze reliefurad eTeris
saxe da yvelaze miaxloebulia intonaciuri bunebiT sevdasTan,
godebasTan, CivilTan.E
eTeri _ gansaxierebaa erTgulebisa da siyvarulis wmindad
Senaxvisa. moraluri sisufTave, sibrZne, mis musikalur saxeSi
xazgasmulia pasiuri TviT Sewirva, bedis morCileba,
ganwiruloba. TviT yvelaze dramatul momentSic igi araa
qmediTi, pasiuri rCeba da es saxe yvelaze srulyofilad,
mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT da yvela TvisebiT swored am ariaSi
gamovlinda. is idealuri portretia, mxolod erTgan aReldeba
eTeri (IV moq.-Si, eTerisa da abesalomis duetSi). is eTikuri
sawyisis matarebelia.
173
eka gureSiZe
ariis Sesrulebisas aucilebelia gamoyenebul iqnas
samsaxiobo elementebi, rasac moiTxovs ariis xasiaTi da
Sesruleba.
qarTvel momRerals, romelic kargad flobs qarTul
folklors gauadvildeba nebismieri partiis Sesruleba.
`eTeriani~, qarTuli xalxuri samijnuro-romantikuli eposi,
abesalomisa da eTeris siyvarulis ambavi. gavrcelebulia
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi qarTul, megrul da svanur enebze.
`eTerianis ZiriTadi forma prozaulia, gvxvdeba leqsad da
leqsnarevi prozis saxiTac. cnobilia misi 70-mde varianti.
Tqmuleba gamoaqveyna p. umikaSvilma 1875 wels. wminda xalxuri
teqsti pirvelad daibeWda 1858 wels gazeT `iveriaSi~ (#274).
Cvenamde moRweuli `eTeriani~ X-XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
`eTeriani~ farTo epikuri tiloa. masSi maRali xelovnebiT
aris asaxuli maradiuli siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli qal-vaJis
tr a g i ku l i b edi . x a l x i s e s Teti ku r i i dea l i da
msoflmxedveloba; gadmocemulia batonymuri urTierToba,
socialuri antagonizmi (mefe winaaRmdegia Tavisi vaJis _
abesalomis, glexis qalze daqorwinebisa). demonur ZalTa
Widili adamianebTan; abesalomis yma murmani eSmaks suls
mihyidis, jadosnobiT CaSlis qal-vaJis qorwils. eTers
ganSorebuli abesalomi sneuldeba da kvdeba. eTeri Tavs
iklavs satrfos sarecelTan. murmani cocxlad Caimarxavs
Tavs maT Soris. abesalomisa da eTeris saflavze ia da vardi
erTmaneTisken ixrebian, murmanis saflavze amosuli nar-ekali
ki qal-vaJis simbolur SeerTebasac abrkolebs. `eTerianis~
siuJeturi analogiebi moi poveba Sua saukuneebis msoflio
literaturaSi (`tristan da izolda~, `virsamiani~ da sxva).
mZafrma siuJetma, daxvewilma epikurma saxeebma, mdidarma
poeturma enam ganapiroba `eTerianis~ udidesi popularoba.
mis safuZvelze Seiqmna vaJa-fSavelas poema `eTeri~, z.
faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ da sxva.
174
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
* * *
1919 wels z. faliaSvils gadauxades moRvaweobis 25
wlis iubile. amave wlis 5 Tebervals daidga d. arayiSvilis
`Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, xolo 21 Tebervals _ qarTuli
saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye `abesalom da eTeri~. opera
moicavda xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs suraTs, rolebs asruleben:
abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ zali pski, naTela _ morozova,
marix varskvlavi _ garneli, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili.
dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, naana _ mandenova,
beliar-eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe, Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari
_ kurbatova, moZaxili _ orliuki, diriJorobda z. faliaSvili.
baleti dadga vakarecma. cekvavdnen: bau-zaki da vakareci.
dekoracia ekuTvnoda al. zalcmans. gunds xelmZRvanelobda
korSoni. speqtakli, romelic 7 saaTsa da 30 wuTze daiwyo,
damTavrda 12 saaTze. darbazi xalxiT iyo gaWedili; meore
moqmedebis Semdeg kompozitors didi ovaciebi gaumarTes. presa
mxurvaled gamoexmaura operas. gazeT ..Ãðóçèÿ`- Si d.
arayiSvilisa da z. faliaSvilis nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb
vkiTxulobT: «Аракчиев и Палиев дали чисто грузинскую
народную музыку со всеми своеобразными отливами, характером
и образностью чисто грузинских мелодии, но облекли ее в высшие
совершенные формы европейского исскуства.
Оперы Аракчиева и Палиева – несомненный вклад в мировую
музыку и не уступают многим известным европейским орерам».
imave wlis 25 aprils kvlav daidga `abesalom da eTeri~
Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _
sarajiSvili, naTela _ morozova, marix varskvlavi _
viSemirskaia, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _
gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, nana _ cinki, Tandaruxi _ fxalaZe,
stumari _ kurbatovi, moZaxili _ orliuki, diriJori z.
faliaSvili, dadgma a. wuwunavasi. am speqtakliT Tbilisis
saopero Teatris scenaze damkvidrda qarTuli vokaluri
xelovneba. v. sarajiSvilis, s. inaSvilisa da SulginabaxutaSvilis
kvalze
aRizar dnen
rol ebis
RirseuliESemsruleblebi: abesalomisa: n. qumsiaSvili, z.
anjafariZe, n. andRulaZe; eTerisa: e. soxaZe, e. gostenina;
175
eka gureSiZe
murmanisa: p. amiranasvili, d. gamrekeli, b. kraveiSvili, S.
kiknaZe, T. zeinkliSvili. am operaSi sxvadasxva dros mRerodnen:
n. xaraZe, m. nakaSiZe, a. isecki, b. grigoraSvili, v. xamaSuriZe.
axalgazrda Taobidan: m. TomaZe, p. amiranaSvili, T. TaqTaqiSvili,
n. tuRuSi, v. glunCiZe da sxvebi. am speqtakliT daiwyo
Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba Tbilisis operis scenaze
gamoCenilma mocekvavem v. Wabukianma, cekvebSi sxvadasxva dros
monawileobdnen: v. gvaramaZe, i. suxiSvili, n. ramiSvili, T.
Wabukiani, m. baueri. aRsaniSnavia cekvebi d. javriSvilis dadgmiT.
zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan
gasaocari sinoyivrisa da evropis gasaocarive ostatobisa _
TviT arsebaSi amynobs am or kulturas da odesme miscems
qveynierebas impulss xelovnebis aRorZinebis axli epoqis
SeqmnisaTvis, axli formebisa da maTi axalive azriT
aRvsilobisaTvis~.
aleqsandre wuwunava `abesalom da eTeris~
meased dadgmis Sesaxeb:
`[1923] `abesalom da eTeri~ saxelmwifo operis scenaze
meased idgmeba.
zogierTebisaTvis SeiZleba es tiraJi gasakvirveli iyos,
magram am movlenis sidiades iseTis gamaxvilebulis grZnobiT
vervin ganicdis, rogorc me.
ramdeni mwuxareba iyo nagrZnobi, ramdeni gadaulaxavi
dabrkoleba daiZlia, vidre es udidesi kulturuli ganZi
qarTveli xalxisa gamoCndeboda scenaze da qarTvel msmenels
siamayis Rimils mohgvrida.
1923 wlis 21 Tebervals `abesalom da eTeris~ mease
speqtaklze Tbilisis operis Teatris direqciam specialuri
samkerde niSnebi daariga.
`abesalomis~ mSvenierebam STaagona did qarTvel reJisor
kote marjaniSvils es sityvebi:
`didi dResaswaulia!
dResaswauli namdvili xelovnebisa!
dResaswauli kulturuli gamarjvebisa!
sarkmelia evropisaken.
gasa ocari legendaa, samSob lo qveynis hang ebiT
mosevdianebuli, evropuli ostatobiT SemuSavebuli.
melandeba da mgonia, xorcs isxams Cveni mesianoba
xelovnebaSi _ msoflio xelovnebaSi. mrwams, saqarTvelo, ori
didi damoukidebeli kulturis sazRvarze mdgari, aRmosavleTis
176
1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia, ix.: l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe. g. CxikvaZe.
Tbilisi, 1990.
v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971. gv. 24.
g. toraZe, qarTuli musika saukinis gadasaxedidan, Tbilisi, `mecniereba`,
1998 w
Б. А. Багадуров, Очерки по истории вокальной методологии, Москва, 1937.
b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, Tbilisi, 1979.
J. ToiZe, avtoreferati, Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero momRerali _
msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs., Tbilisi 1997 w.
klaviri, op. `abesalom da eTeri.
177
nino sakandeliZe
magistraturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe
`eTeris aria~ operidan
`abesalom da eTeri~
I aqtidan
`eTerianis~ siuJetur fabulaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs socialuri motivi _ ufliswul abesalomisa da
ubralo glexi qalis eTeris dapirispireba. magram operis
saerTo koncefciaSi misi ZiriTadi Tema _
siyvaruli,
warmosaxulia rogorc diadi, uZleveli Zala, romelic
gadalaxavs ara marto socialuri uTanasworobis zRudes,
aramed _ TviT sikvdilsac ki. siyvarulisa da sikvdilis
amaRlebuli poema kompozitorma musikaluri tragediis martiv,
sada da amave dros monumentur formebSi gadawyvita. msoflio
saopero literaturaSi bevri rodi moi poveba nawarmoebi,
romelic iseTi maRali zneobrivi paTosiT iyos gamsWvaluli,
rogorc z. faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~.
operaSi aqcentirebulia ara marto siyvarulis eTikuri
Zala, aramed siyvarulis ganwirulebis tragikuli idea.
siyvarulis ganwirulebis musikaluri gansaxierebisaTvis
kompozitori gamoyofs damoukidebel Temas, esaa _ bedisweris
Tema. igi warmodgenilia rogorc simbolo im fataluri,
sabediswero Zalisa, romelic xels uSlis adamianis bednierebas.
mTel nawarmoebSi ver SexvdebiT Janrul da peizaJur scenebs.
kompozitors, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani samyaro
da sulieri gancdebi ainteresebs.
Zalze mniSvnelovania operis Janrobrivi saxis dadgena.
`abesalom da eTers~, Cveulebriv, ganixilaven rogorc epikur
nawarmoebs, xandaxan _ rogorc lirikuls. iyo cda, igi
dramatul operad gamoecxadebinaT, magram arcerTi es gansazRvra
ar moicavs operis Canafiqrs mTeli sisruliT da amdenad,
araa sakmarisad zusti da amomwuravi. am operis Tavisebureba
isaa, rom masSi gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri:
178
lirikuli (I aqti), epikuri (II aqti) da gansakuTrebiT
tragikuli (III-IV aqtebi). tragediuloba Tavs iCens rogorc
operis monumentur struqturaSi, ise ZiriTadi ideis
gadawyvetis ganzogadebulobaSi. amave dros operis
tragediuloba Taviseburia. es aris tragedia qmediTobis
garegani niSnebis gareSe, e. i., ara Seqspiruli, aramed antikuri
ti pis tragedia. cxadia, garegnuli statikuroba nawarmoebis
dramaturgiuli defeqti ki ar aris, aramed misi stilisturi
Taviseburebaa.
operas `abesalom da eTeri~ SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis epikuri xasiaTi xazgasmulia sagundomasobrivi scenebis siWarbiTa da moqmedebis dinji ganviTarebiT,
gmirTa tragedia epikur-TxrobiT formaSi iRebs gamoxatulebas.
rogorc Tavisi dramaturgiuli formiT, ise ramdenadme
musikis xasiaTiTac `abesalom da eTeri~ opera-oratorias
uaxlovdeba. garegnuli moqmedebis siZunwe, Txrobis dinji,
epikuri toni, xalxis, gundis udidesi roli, tragediis
ganviTarebaSi _ yovelive es cxadad metyvelebs `abesalom da
eTeris~ oratoriul ganxraze. magram garegnuli dramatuli
moqmedebis uqonloba rodi gamoricxavs dramatizms. epikuri
sidiade da oratoriuloba xels ar uSlis `abesalom da
eTeris~ dinamikurobasa da Sinagan dramatizms. magram es
dramatizmi Taviseburi, gansakuTrebuli ti pisaa. igi daZabul
sulier gancdebSi vlindeba da ara moqmedebaSi _ zedmet
moZraobaSi.
z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebaa xalxuroba am sityvis farTo gagebiT. operis
xalxuri arsi mdgomareobs ara marto musikaluri enis erovnul
warmomavlobaSi, aramed mxatvrul saxeTaA mkvidr qarTul
erovnul bunebaSi.
folkloruli wyaroebisadmi mimarTvisas, kompozitori
iswrafvis maTi Sinagani arsis gaxsnisa da ganviTarebisaken,
xalxur masalas iyenebs, rogorc dramaturgiul elements.
`abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri enis mZlavri dasayrdeni
qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. operis Sinaarsis, misi epikurlegendaruli xasiaTisa da wyobis Sesabamisad, kompozitori,
179
nino
sakandeliZe
umTavresad emyareba Zvel qarTul glexkacur simReras,
gansakuTrebiT qarTl-kaxur, e. w. gabmul sagundo simRerebs.
amasTan, operaSi vxvdebiT svanuri simReridan momdinare
intonaciur nakadsac. zogierT epizodSi kompozitori mimarTavs
SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebul qarTul qalaqur simReras,
agreTve qarTuli sagaloblis elementebs.
`abesalom da eTeris~ xalxuri arsi dakavSirebulia agreTve
gundis _ xalxis udides rolTan nawarmoebSi. swored gundi
gansazRvravs operis xalxur-epikur da monumentur stils.
nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis manZilze
viTardeba, romelTagan TiToeuli operis ZiriTadi da sakvanZo
momentis gamomxatvelia. amis Sesabamisad, operis dramaturgiul
ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli
moqmedeba _ siyvarulis Casaxva, meore _ saqorwino nadimi,
mesame _ ganSoreba, meoTxe _gmirebis sikvdili. am azrobrivma
ganviTarebam Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova operis Janrobriv da
struqturul TaviseburebebSi.
I aqtSi, romelic, ZiriTadad, lirikulia, solo nomrebi da
dialoguri scenebi sWarbobs, II aqti grandiozuli epikuri
tiloa da, Sesabamisad, misi musika TiTqmis mTlad gunduria,
III aqtSi dramatuli simZafre tragizmamde aRwevs. aq xdeba
mkveTri Semobruneba opera tragediis koncefciisaken, rac
saboloo gamoxatulebas finalur _ IV aqtSi iRebs.
amgvarad, operis dramaturgiuli xazi miemarTeba lirikidan
eposisa da dramatizmis gziT tragediisaken.~ 2
gulbaT toraZe aRniSnavs: `abesalom da eTeris~ mniSvneloba
da kuTri wona qarTul musikaSi sruliad gansakuTrebulia.
vfiqrob, rom sveticxovlisa da `vefxistyaosnis~ Semdgomi
epoqis qarTul kulturaSi aRar Seqmnila aseTi rangis
nawarmoebi. wminda musikaluri, zogadmxatvruli, eTikuri da
dramaturgiuli sawyisebis araCveulebrivi mTlianobiT,
harmoniuli SerwymiT `abesalom da eTeri~ msoflio musikis
udides SedevrTa doneze dgas.
1919 wlis 21 Tebervali _ `abesalom da eTeris~ premieris
dRe, samudamod darCa ubrwyinvales TariRad qarTuli musikis
istoriaSi. amis Semdeg `abesalomma~ ixila saqarTvelos da
180
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis saopero Teatrebis scena da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi gza ukvdavebisaken dResac grZeldeba.~3
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom: `1919 wels z. faliaSvils
gadauxades moRvaweobis 25 wlis iubile. amave wlis 21
Tebervals daidga qarTuli saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye
`abesalom da eTeri~. opera moicavda xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs
suraTs. rolebs asrulebdnen: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _
zali pski, naTela _ morozova, marix varskvlavi _ garneli,
eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani
_ inaSvili, nana _ mandenova, beliar- eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe,
Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari _ kurbatova, moZaxili _
orliuki. diriJorobda z. faliaSvili. baleti dadga vakarecma,
cekvavdnen: baur-zaki da vakareci. dekoracia ekuTvnoda al.
zalcmans, gunds xelmZRvanelobda korSoni.~4
mixeil TumaniSvilis dadgmas z. faliaSvilis operisa
`abesalom da eTeri~ diriJorobda jansuR kaxiZe, eTeri _
maia TomaZe, abesalomi _ aleko xomeriki, murmani _ eldar
gewaZe.
rogorc vokalistis, Cemi mizania warvadgino eTeris ariis
vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi:
1.
tonaloba _ si bemol maJori, zoma _ 6/8. iwyeba
mSvidad, auRelveblad (Andante con dolore).
2.
`operis musikas pirvelive taqtebidan Sehyavs msmeneli
xalxur-sasimRero sferoSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis
Semdeg, romelic Soridan moismis, mkveTr kontrastad aRiqmeba
eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria `dedinacvali~, romelSic
eTeris nazi da naRvliani saxea daxatuli.
xalxuri sasimRero wyobis am sada da lakoniuri melodiis
intonireba Tanaxmieri akompanimentis fonze xdeba. Tavisi
melodiuri aRnagobiTa da xasiaTiT igi xalxur nanas
uaxlovdeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom mwyemsi qaliSvilis saxes kompozitori
gvixatavs ara tradiciuli ti pis saopero ariiT, aramed
xalxuri wyobis ubralo strofuli simReriT.~5
aRsaniSnavia erovnuli nanebis gansakuTrebuli tragizmi.
ratom umReroda deda Tavis pirmSos aseT tonSi?! radgan
181
nino
sakandeliZe
misi Svili rom gaizrdeboda, omSi, sabrZolvelad unda wasuliyo
da swored amitom aris qarTuli nanebi aseTi sevdiani.
melodikac maRlidan dabla moiwevs da ara piriqiT, rac
sevdis da tkivilis gamomxatvelia, magaliTad, eTeris aria,
sadac yoveli fraza daRmavali svliT mTavrdeba, rogorc
morCilebis simbolo.
eTeris partiaSi devs sevdis is ganwyoba, romelic zogadad
qarTul literaturasa da poeziaSi permanentulad vlindeba
(SuSaniki, tarieli), aseve sevdis motivebi qarTveli mefeebis
poeziaSi. swored es igulisxmeba lado donaZis SefasebaSi:
`prof. l. donaZis moxdenili TqmiT, `abesalomis~ musikaSi
gamoixata qarTveli xalxis Semoqmedi geniac da misi saukunovani
sevdac. dRes ki Cven mas aRviqvamT, rogorc Cveni eris ukvdavebisa
da maradiulobis simbolosac~. 6
eTeri _ gansaxiereba erTgulebisa da siyvarulis grZnobis
wmindad Senaxvisa. moraluri sisufTave, sibrZne. mis mus.
saxeSi xazgasmulia pasiuri TviTSewirva, bedis morCileba,
ganwiruloba. TviT yvelaze dramatul momentebSic igi araa
qmediTi, pasiuri rCeba da es saxe yvelaze srulyofilad,
mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT da yvela TvisebiT swored am ariaSi
gamovlinda. is idealuri portretia, mxolod erTgan aReldeba
eTeri (IV moqmedebaSi - eTeris da abesalomis duetSi). is
eTikuri sawyisis matarebelia, masSi araa mrisxaneba.
eTeris aria _ es aris lirikul-elegiuri aria, nazi,
sevdiani, wynari mus. faqtura, martivi xalxuri melodia `nanas~
hgavs, Tumca zusti citirebis gareSe, rac 6/8 ritmiTaa
xazgasmuli. ara saopero aria (rogorc akademiuri), aramed
xalxuri kupleturi simRera, romelic mis xalxur
warmomavlobas usvams xazs, Tumc, soc. motivi aq araa. erTiani
182
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
kilouri koloriti (eoliuri g-dan) qarTuli kadansiT VIII da tonikuri pedliT bgera solis, romelic permanentulad
JRers. faqturis erTianoba da koloritis erTianoba
(simebianebi)P monadireTa gundebiT garSemortymuli _ es
nomeri sami nomris gaerTianebas qmnis da kidev ufro
kontrastulad JRers, rac ti puria am operisaTvis
(kontrastebi). melodikas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, axasiaTebs
daRmavali mimarTulebiT svla, rogorc morCilebis simbolo.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom reJ. m. TumaniSvilis dadgmaSi
cnobilma soprano maia TomaZem mniSvnelovani gardatexa
moaxdina da eTeris sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe gviCvena,
eTeri _ mebrZolo sulis da ara pasiuri, bedis morCili. man
ukanasknel scenaSi Tmebi gaiSala glovis niSnad, rac arcerT
momRerals (eTers) ar gaukeTebia.
`maia petres asuli TomaZe (1954-1994), (soprano), saq.
sax. artisti (1987), barselonis f. viniasis sax. saerTaSoriso
konkursis laureati (1987, granpri da oqros medali). 1976
w. daamTavra Tb. konservatoria, amave wlidan iyo Tb. operisa
da baletis Teatris solisti. 1980-83 wlebSi staJireba
gaiara ssrk-is did TeatrSi. 1983 wlidan kvlav Tb. saopero
Teatris solisti iyo. warmatebiT asrulebda sopranos yvela
wamyvan partias qarTul da sazRvargareTul operebSi,
romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia eTeris partia (z.
faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~), igi aRiarebul iqna wlis
saukeTeso rolad. mas hqonda iSviaTi silamazis, rbili tembris
xma. 1992 wlidan samuSaod gadavida fineTSi, q. helsinkSi.
gastro lebs marTav da msoflios mraval qvey anaSi,
TanamSromlobda msoflios wamyvan diriJorebTan. `gedis
simRerad~ iqca TomaZis mier Sesrulebuli eTeris partia
baTumis saopero Teatris scenaze (1994).~7
183
nino
sakandeliZe
maia TomaZe yovelnair mizanscenebze mihyveboda mixeil
TumaniSvils, yvelafers akeTebda, rasac reJisori moiTxovda
misgan, igi dawolilic ki mReroda, misTvis sirTules aranairi
fizikuri mdgomareoba ar warmoadgenda.
`mixeil TumaniSvili iyo CvenSi qmediTi analizis meTodis
mimdevari. msaxiobis aqtivobis efeqtze ki bevrad aris
damokidebuli WeSmaritad aqtioruli sasceno qmedebis
warmoqmna. mixeil TumaniSvilis cxovreba Teatralur samyaroSi
ara marto saintereso, nayofieri da araordinaluri aRmoCnda,
aramed man XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli Teatris
ganviTareba, misi momavali gansazRvra kidec. reJisoris mier
warmoebuli Ziebebi fasdaudebelia, radgan maT qarTuli Teatris
ganaxlebaSi lomis wili miuZRviT.
mas brwyinvaled esmoda da warmatebiT iyenebda
stanislavskis moZRvrebas. me mgoni, am meTodiT, misi avtoris
garda, mxolod g. tovstonogovi, a. efrosi da m. TumaniSvili
muSaobdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTze ukeT aravis esmoda
stanislavskis moZRvrebis arsi, misi saidumloebani.
aqtiorisagan TumaniSvili iTxovda sulis moZraobis asaxvas,
scenaze cocxal urTierTobas partniorTan. misTvis mTavari
iyo msaxiobis aRzrda, mocemul scenur pirobebSi misi
organuli `Cajena~.
man Tavad brwyinvale skola gaiara, radgan g. tovstonogovis
mowafe gaxldaT~. 8
aqve aRsaniSnavia m. TumaniSvilis sqema, romelic migviTiTebs
im etapebs, ra etapebic unda gaiaros msaxiobma speqtaklze
muSaobis procesSi, xolo Cemma pedagogma, prof. Jana ToiZem
es sqema da meTodi gamoiyena vokalSi _ xmis dayenebis
procesSi. 9
184
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
m. TumaniSvilis sqema:
1. magistrantis survili
(ra unda, rom gamoxatos frazaSi,
nawarmoebSi).
2. moqmedeba, Sinagani gaxsna
(vokalur-teqnikuri siZneleebis
daZleva)
3. fizikuri moqmedeba (iaros, icekvos,
dajdes da a. S.)(laR moZraobaSi
sunTqvis gamomuSaveba kompleqsuri
meTodis gamoyenebiT).
4. moixmaros intuicia
(niuansireba, samsaxiobo ostatobis da
sulierebis gamoyenebiT).
5. grZnoba, emocia
(kompleqsuri meTodis gamoyenebiT
zomieri vibraciis gamomuSaveba).
6. maqsimalurad daixarjos (Seikras
nawarmoebi _ romansi, aria, arieta).
stanislavskis da TumaniSvilis skolas aerTianebs e. w.
`warmosaxvis~, `dialogis~, aseve moqmedebis analizis meTodi.
mimaCnia, rom momRerlisTvis erT-erTi umTavresi faqtoria
samsaxiobo ostatobis floba. Tu gsurs, msmenelSi emocia
aRZra, maSin Tavad unda ganicado, raTa msmenelsac gadasdo
Seni ganwyoba da masac ganacdevino SenTan erTad. amas sWirdeba
maRali profesionalizmi, rac axasiaTebda maia TomaZes. amas
ewodeba: `Обратная связь~.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul musikas axasiaTebs Caxvevebi,
rac maiam maRal wertilze aiyvana. eTeris ariaSi `dedinacvali~,
Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba aseTi musikaluri frazebi:
185
nino
sakandeliZe
`aq tyeSi vgdivarze~ Tanxmovani Zlieri unda iyos, emociuri
momentia. `tyeSi vgdivar~, _ kargad unda Tqvas momReralma,
Tanxmovani `r~ ar unda daikargos. aq ukve TvalnaTliv Cans,
rom movlenebi tragikulad viTardeba. Tavidan, dasawyiss Zalian
mSvidad iwyebs: `dedinacvali, TvalSi nacari~ magram _ `aq
tyeSi vgdivar~ ukve gansxvavdeba I nawilisagan, momRerals
msmeneli dawyevlis momentamde mihyavs, unda gamoCndes, rom
movlenebi tragikulad viTardeba, risxvis momentia `aq tyeSi
vgdivar~, ufro meti ferebia saWiro d maia TomaZe saocrad
kontrastulad cvlida am ferebs, iseT niuansirebas akeTebda,
uceb feTqdeboda emociurad (rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, maia
mebrZoli sulis eTers TamaSobda).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqceva sunTqvas. `aq tyeSi
vgdivar~ _ mTeli es fraza erT sunTqvazea gasatani da Tu
sunTqvis elementebi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, sxvagvarad
SeuZlebelia am teqnikurad rTuli adgilebis _ fiariturebis
(Caxvevebis), daZleva. aqve Cndeba e. w. `gardamavali~ bgerebi,
mus. fraza gadadis maRal registrSi da emociurad
datvirTulia. TomaZesTan yvela gardamavali bgera JRerda,
gaTanabrebuli hqonda yvela registri da ar iyo Cavardnili.
momRerals bunebrivad dayenebuli xma da ori oqtava hqonda
_ aseTi xmebi hqondaT meri nakaSiZes da daviT gamrekels.
maia TomaZe bavSvobidan ukravda violinoze.
maS ase, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, gaCnda e. w. `gardamavali~
bgerebi, sakmaod rTuli niuansireba _ e. w. `Caxvevebi~, teqnikurad
rTuli adgilebi _ `aq tyeSi vgdivar~ erT sunTqvazea, sakmaod
rTuli frazaa am ariaSi da moiTxovs sunTqvis swor
ganawilebas _ warmarTvas, rac erT-erTi umTavresi faqtoria
186
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
momRerlisaTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia is, Tu ra tipis sunTqvaa
saWiro aseT SemTxvevaSi. vokalSi viyenebT sametyvelo sunTqvas,
e. w. `diafragmatul sunTqvas~, sadac aqtiurad CarTulia
muclis kunTebi, mTeli diafragma. sametyvelo da sasimRero
sunTqva erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, ris Sesaxebac
vkiTxulobT prof. b. nikolaiSvilis wignSi: `qarTuli sasceno
metyveleba~: `XIX saukunis bevri frangi mkvlevari yuradRebas
gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvaze amaxvilebda. amis Semdeg cnobili
gaxda inglisel mkvlevarTa muclis sunTqvis upiratesobis
Teoria. icavdnen agreTve gulmkerdisa da muclis sunTqvis
ti pebs Soris mdebare sunTqvis saxeobasac. am ti pis sunTqvis
upiratesoba imas emyareba, rom sametyvelo sunTqvis dros
didi mniSvneloba aqvs haeris didi raodenobiT SesunTqvas,
rac Zalas hmatebs xmis `warmoqmnas~. am mizniT rekomendebuli
iyo e. w. `Rrma sunTqvis~ gamosamuSavebeli savarjiSoebi.
sametyvelo sunTqvis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli iyo terminebi:
mxrebiT, mkerdiT, mucliT sunTqva. mxrebiT sunTqva yovelTvis
sakamaTo iyo, vinaidan, rogorc SeniSnavdnen, am ti pis sunTqvis
dros xdeba mxrebis aweva, rasac mosdevs muclis kunTebis
maRla aweva, es ki xels uSlis SuasaZgidis kunTis efeqtur
moqmedebas, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba simRerisa da
metyvelebisaTvis sakmao haeris SesunTqva. gulmkerdiT sunTqva
TavisTavad ar arsebobs, igi ufro sunTqvis ciklis dasawyiss,
SesunTqvis fazas gulisxmobs. muclis sunTqva yuradRebas
amaxvilebs amosunTqvis dros muclis kunTebis aqtiur
moqmedebaze. sadaoa agreTve am ti pis sunTqvis izolirebulad
arseboba.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom mniSvnelovania damokidebuleba
SesunTquli haeris moculobasa da tonis JReradobas Soris.
es ki gulisxmobs imas, rom Cveulebriv metyvelebas ar esaWiroeba
Rrmad sunTqva. tonis sisuste Sepirobebulia ara imiT, TiTqos,
mis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobdes arasakmarisi raodenoba, aramed
imiT, rom xmis warmoqmnis dros SesunTquli haeris raodenoba
sworad ar aris gamoyenebuli (ganawilebuli). haeris wneva
da moculoba gamudmebuli kontroliT unda mimdinareobdes
bgeraTa warmoTqmis dros. es aris swored sametyvelo sunTqvis
meqanizmis daniSnuleba. igivea vokalSi.
187
nino
sakandeliZe
sunTqvis kontroli mTeli rigi pirobebis dacviT
xorcieldeba, sunTqvis kontroli niSnavs imis unars, rom
filtvebi swrafad an nela mTlianad Seivsos haeriT; isunTqo
swrafad an nela mocemuli mdgomareobis kvalobaze; SeaCero
sunTqva da ganaaxlo sunTqvis procesi adre SesunTquli
haeris daukargavad; xmis warmoqmnisaTvis gamoiyeno Cveulebrivi
sunTqva; isunTqo mSvidad da iseTi sixSiriT, rogorc teqsts
an frazas Seefereba; isunTqo imgvarad, rom Rrma sunTqvas
daRliloba ar mohyves; ise gamoizogo sunTqva, rom misi
mar agi ar mogakldes; isunTqo is e bunebrivad da
daubrkoleblad, rom msmenelma ver SeniSnos sunTqva da misi
nakleboba.~10
aseve, sainteresod aris gaSuqebuli sunTqvis mniSvneloba
v. a. bagadurovis wignSi. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, damwyeb
momRerals unda hqondes xma, musikaluri smena, maxsovroba,
ritmis SegrZneba da aseve artistuli niWi, bunebisagan
miniWebuli. xmaze muSaoba moiTxovs did moTminebas da
gamZleobas, anu nebisyofas. Tu es yovelive gaaCnia momRerals,
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba misgan dadges artistimomRerali.
avtori aseve xazs usvams da eyrdnoba ital. prof. sonkis
Teoriul princi pebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani
da umTavresia xmis dayenebis procesSi sunTqvis elementebi
(swori sunTqva). igi aRniSnavs, rom: `simReris xelovneba es
aris sunTqvis skola~. saboloo jamSi, avtori Cerdeba
diafragmatuli ti pis sunTqvaze _ `Косто-абдоминальиый тип
дыхания~.
188
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
nawarmoebis Seswavlis procesSi, sityvis problema win
unda iyos wamoweuli, Tanxmovnebi ar unda `Cavardes~,
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis misaqcevia `r~, `l~, `n~ Tanxmovnebi.
`netavi, vinme gamoCndebodes, gadamarCendes~... , ,netavi, vinme~ _
saSualo registria. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve iZabeba musikaluri
faqtura, gadadis maRal registrSi, Cndeba `gardamavali~ bgerebi
sityvaSi: `gadamarCendes~, mus. frazaSi igrZnoba dramatizmi,
kompozitori Txoulobs fermatos, grZlioba _ pauzas da
kulminacias boloSi, sadac iwyeba `wyevlis~ scena.
`da dedinacvlis~... aqac gvxvdeba e. w. `gardamavali~ bgerebi,
rasac didi yuradReba eqceoda jer kidev Zveli italieli
maestroebis mier. mxolod maSin gardamavali bgerebi odnav
dabal registrSi iTvleboda (amas vkiTxulobT bagadurovis
wignSi vokalur-meTodur sakiTxebze).
Semdgom wlebSi Seicvala sakompozicio skola XIX, XX
saukuneebSi da masTan erTad vokaluri skola, romelic
moiTxovda ufro maRal tesituras _ verdis, puCinis, rosinis
musika. amitom gardamavali bgera gaxda ukve mi bemoli, mi,
fa, fa diez, magram gaaCnia sopranos da tenors. zogi soprano
189
nino
sakandeliZe
ufro maRalia da msubuqi, zogi ufro kompaqturi, aseve tenoric.
bgeris pozicias didi yuradRebiT da didi sifrTxiliT unda
mivudgeT, raTa ar iyos cxviris, yelis da sxva. xorxi unda
iyos gaTavisuflebuli, unda mieqces yuradReba, pirvel rigSi
_ ybas, mis Camowevas, gaTavisuflebas _ rogorc sasceno
metyvelebaSi. aseve gamoyenebul unda iqnes sunTqvis regulacia.
sasurvelia e. w. Sereuli sunTqva, amas gvTavazoben rogorc
italieli pedagogebi, aseve b. nikolaiSvili Tavis miTiTebaSi:
`gul-mkerdis da muclis kunTebis Serwyma~. TumaniSvili
moiTxovda Tavisufal mxrebs, laR korpuss siarulis da
jdomis dros.
dabolos, nawarmoebis damagvirgvinebeli momenti, bolo
akordi mTavrdeba bgera sol-ze, romlisTvisac momzadeba
sWirdeba momRerals, vinaidan es bgera moiTxovs filirebas _
es aris metad rTuli niuansireba, romelic Sesrulebisas
moiTxovs vokalur-teqnikur codnas:
zusti intonacia ara marto intonaciuri, aramed poziciuri.
swori artikulacia _ miaxlovebuli italiur momrgvalebul
bgerebTan. Tu xmovan `i~-zea, am SemTxvevaSi italielebi
gvTavazoben frangul `u~-s, raTa ar iyos ulamazo, anu
`moWerili~, bgera.
1. ybis gaTavisufleba.
2. sunTqvis swori ganawileba.
3. pianodan imave poziciiT mRera. vinaidan yvela ver
asrulebs am niuansirebas, am SemTxvevaSi studenti sargeblobs
mezzo-voche-Ti, e. i., odnav umatebs siZlieres rogorc
teqnikurad sunTqviT, aseve `amaRlebuli sulieri~ SesrulebiT,
samsaxiobo monacemebis da ostatobis codniT
forteze,
fortisimoze (forte-fortissimo) da Semdgom kvlav imave
poziciiT, imave intonaciuri simaRlis SenarCunebiT, sunTqvis
ganawilebis da udidesi musikalobis gamoyenebiT, sulierebiT,
pianosimoze unda daamTavros fraza (piano, pianissimo-ze),
rogorc moiTxovs kompozitori.
190
m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan
am SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba ar visaubro oriod sityviT
maRal sasimRero `formantaze~.
maRali sasimRero `formanta~ aris vokalur-teqnikuri
erT-erTi urTulesi Sesasrulebeli ukiduresad maRali `bgera~
ariis Tu romansis. xSirad recenzentebi am bgeras `kaSkaSas~,
`mooqrovebuls~ da sxv. uwodeben, romelic Seicavs:
1. `bgeris~ maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi;
2. `bgeris~ siZlieres;
3. `bgeris~ vibracias-rxevas-sixSires;
4. `bgeris~ fonetikur, zomier momrgvalebas _ Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare;
5. intonaciur sizustes;
6. sunTqvis zust mowodebas kunTebis muSaobis Sedegad;
7. `bgeris~ siRrmes;
8. moculobas;
9. emociurobas _ sasceno ostatobis flobas, Sesrulebis
maRal kulturas, gemovnebas, raTa ar iyos forsireba, gadaWarbeba.
maRali sasimRero `formanta~ Bel-canto-s erT-erTi mTavari
da urTulesi niuansirebaa, romelsac moiTxovs rogorc
saSualo, aseve dabali registri.
maRali `formanta~ mogvismenia karuzos, jilis, pavarotis
SesrulebiT, saqarTveloSi _ z. sotkilava, z. anjafariZe, n.
andRulaZe, c. tatiSvili, m. TomaZe, a. xomeriki, T. guguSvili
da sxv.
maRali sasimRero `formanta~ miRebulia rogorc
saerTaSoriso bgera, romelic moiTxovs momRerlis maRal
kulturas, gemovnebas, codnas. am bgeriT da sxva komponentebiT
ganisazRvreba momRerlis Sesrulebis da zogadi donec
saerTaSoriso konkursebze.
191
nino
sakandeliZe
maia xaWapuriZe
magistrtaturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis
operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
(`dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi)
1. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba `ganTleba~,
Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 161.
2. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba
`ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 168.
3. g. toraZe, `qarTuli musika saukunis gadasaxedidan~, Tbilisi,
`mecniereba~, 1998 w., gv. 13.
4. v. gvaxaria, `qarTuli musikis mSveneba~ (Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba), Tbilisi, 1971 w., gv. 25.
5. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba
`ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 176.
6. g. toraZe, `qarTuli musika saukunis gadasaxedidan~, Tbilisi
`mecniereba~ 1998 w., gv. 13.
7. g. toraZe, `musikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni~, Tbilisi, 2007 w.,
gv. 113.
8. eTer guguSvili, naTela arvelaZe, Jurnali `Teatri da kino~ (27
marti, 1997 w.), mixeil TumaniSvili.
9. J. ToiZe, `avtoreferati~, Tbilisi, 1997 w. gv. 9, `Tanamedrove
qarTuli saopero reJisura da momRerali-msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi
XX saukunis damlevs~.
10. b. nikolaiSvili, `qarTuli sasceno metyveleba~, gamomcemloba
`ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., `sunTqvis ti pebi~, gv. 62.
192
z. faliaSvili Tavis `avtobiografiul~ cnobebSi werda;
`Cemi Tavi da Tavi mizani da miswrafeba yovel Cems muSaobaSi
yofila da mudamac iqneba, rom qarTuli hangebis
`harmonizatorma~ Tu SemTxzvelma aras gziT ar unda
uRalatos im princi ps, romelic Tavdapirvel ganZs warmoadgens
xalxuri hangebis damuSaveba-SeTxzvaSi. es princi pi gaxlavT
mTlianad da sufTad dacva qarTulis koloritisa, aRmonacen
TviT xalxis gulidan... me am princi pis momxre var da mudamac
viqnebi, radaganac es erTaderTi gza aris, romelsac SeuZlia,
musikaluri xelovneba CvenSi aayvaos da ganviTareba misces~.
aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas rom, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis
pirvelive dRidanve z. faliaSvilis upirveles sazrunavad
qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sekreba, Seswavla da damuSaveba
iqca. mas Cawerili qonda 300-mde qarTuli xalxuri simRera,
romelTaganac zaqariam gamosca 2 krebuli: `qarTuli xalxuri
simRerebi~ (42 simRera, 1910 w.) da `8 qarTuli xalxuri
simRera~. aqedan mravali simRera kompozitorma gamoiyena
Semdgom Tavis operebSi.
1910 wels kompozitori iwyebs muSaobas umaRlesi donis
nawarmoebze _ operaze `abesalom da eTeri~. am siuJetze
operis daweris idea z. faliaSvils miawoda cnobilma pedagogma
da literetorma petre mirianaSvilma (1860-1940 ww.), romelsac
didi wvlili miuZRvis `abesalomis~ saxis SeqmnaSi, igi mxarSi
edga mTeli es wlebi kompozitors operaze muSaobisas.
`abesalom da eTeri~ z. faliaSvilma daasrula 1918 wels,
xolo pirveli warmodgena gaimarTa 1919 wlis 21 Tebervals
avtoris diriJorobiT, rac iyo qarTuli kulturis udidesi
zeimi, qarTuli klasikuri operis dabadebis dRe. opera
193
maia xaWapuriZe
aRfrTovanebiT miiRo qarTulma sazogadoebam. `abesalom da
eTeris~ dadgma faliaSvilis moRvaweobis kulminaciuri momenti iyo.1
kompozitori siyvarulis ganwirulebis musikaluri
gansaxierebisaTvis gamoyofs `bedisweris~ Temas. igi aris
simbolo sabediswero Zalisa, romelic xels uSlis adamianis
bednierebas. metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania operis
Janrobrivi saxis dadgena. operis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: I moqm. _
lirikuli, II moqm. _ epikuri, III-IV moqm. _ tragikuli. am
operas SeiZleba ewodos lirikul-epikuri tragedia. operis
tragediuloba Taviseburia, radgan es aris tragedia qmediTobis
garegani niSnebis gareSe, anu, igi araSeqspirulia. garegnuli
moqmedebis siZunwe, Txrobis dinji epikuri toni, xalxis gundis
udidesi roli tragediis ganviTarebaSi _ yovelive es naTlad
gviCvenebs `abesalom da eTeris~ oratorul ganxras.
oratoruloba vlindeba sulier gancdebSi da ara moqmedebaSi.
`abesalom da eTeri~ simfonizmis makfio gamovlinebaa
saopero musikaSi, amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs mZafri dinamikuri
ganviTarebis unari. es aramarto udides scenaSi, rogoricaa,
me-3 moqmedeba, aramed mcire moculobis scenebSic gvxvdeba.
z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiTebeli
Taviseburoba aris xalxuroba. xalxur masalas iyenebs rogorc
dramaturgiul elements. `abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri
enis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. aseve
kompozitori emyareba Zvel qarTul glexkacur simReras. aris
svanuri simReris, qalaquris da aseve qarTuli sagaloblis
elementebi.
`abesalom da eTeris~ xalxuri arsi dakavSirebulia gundis,
xalxis udides rolTan nawarmoebSi, romelic qmediT Zalad
iqceva operaSi. nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis
manZilze viTardeba, anu, dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi
ZiriTadi etapia:
1. moqm. _ siyvarulis Casaxva.
2. moqm. _ saqorwino nadimi.
3. moqm. _ ganSoreba.
4. moqm. _ gmirebis sikvdili.
194
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
amgvarad, operis daramaturgiuli xazi miemarTeba lirikidan
da daramatizmis gziT _ tragediamde.
1919 wels z. faliaSvils gadauxades moRvaweobis 25
wlis iubile. amave wels, 5 Tebervals, daidga d. arayiSvilis
`Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, xolo 21 Tebervals _ qarTuli
saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye `abesalom eTeri~. opera moicavda
xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs suraTs. rolebs asrulebdnen: abio _
qurxuli, abesalomi _ zali pski, naTela _ morozova, marixvarskvlavi _ garneli, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili,
dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, nana _ mandenova,
beliar-eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe, Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari
_ kurbatova, moZaxili _ orliuki. diriJorobda z. faliaSvili,
baleti dadga vakarecma. cekvavdnen: baur-zaki da bakareci.
dekoracia ekuTvnoda al. zalcmans. gunds xelmZRvanelobda
korSoni. speqtakli, romelic 7-saaTsa da 30-wuTze daiwyo
da damTavrda 12.00 sT.-ze. darbazi xalxiT iyo gaWedili: me2 moqmedebis bolos kompozitors didi ovaciebi gaumarTes.
imave wels, 25 aprils, kvlav daidga `abesalom da eTeri~
Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _
sarajiSvili, naTela – morozova, marix-varskvlavi _
viSemirskaia, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _
gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, naana _ cinki, Tandaruxi _ fxalaZe,
stumari _ kurbatovi, moZaxili _orliuki, diriJpri _ z.
faliaSvili, dadgma a. wuwunavasi. am speqtakliT Tbilisis
saopero scenaze damkvidrda qarTuli vokaluri xelovneba.
`dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi
eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria, nazi, sevdiani, martivi
xalxuri melodiaa, romlis akompanimenti ti pur nanas hgavs
zusti citirebis gareSe, rasac xazs usvams 6/8 zoma. es aria
aris xalxuri kupleturi simRera (da ara rogorc saopero
akademiuri aria), Tumca socialuri motivi aq araa.
eTeri emorCileba Tavis beds, mas ar gaaCnia mrisxaneba,
TviT dramatul momentSic ki igi araa qmediTi, rCeba pasiuri,
romelic mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT gamovlindeba am ariaSi. me-4
195
maia xaWapuriZe
moqmedebaSi eTerisa da abesalomis duetSi igi mxolod
aReldeba. eTeri aris xalxuri eTeris prototi pi.
pirvel moqmedebaSi, romelic oris suraTisagan Sedgeba,
kompozitori iZleva mTavar gmirTa daxasiaTebas. operis musikas
pirvelive taqtebidan Sehyavs msmeneli xalxur sasimRero
sivrceSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis Semdeg, romelic Soridan
moismis aRiqmeba mkveTr kontrastad eTeris lirikul-elegiuri
pirveli aria `dedinacvali~.
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
kompozitori mwyemsi qaliSvilis saxes arasaopero ariiT,
aramed xalxuri wyobis ubralo strofuli simReriT iwyebs,
romlis melodiuroba da xasiaTi uaxlovdeba qarTul nanas.
amitom qarTvel momRerals (nebismier xmas), romelic kargad
flobs qarTul xalxur folklors, gauadvildeba `abesalom
da eTeris~ partiebis Sesruleba.
tonaloba nawarmoebSi aris sol minori. igi ar gadadis
sxva tonalobaSi da mTeli simReris ganmavlobaSi tonaloba
ucvlelia.
k. stanislavskis sqema
zoma: 6/8
tempi: andante con dolore _ zomieri, auCqareblad.
nawarmoebis Seswavlis procesSi viyenebT k. stanislavskis
sqemas, romelsac didi saopero reJisori iyenebda speqtaklebze
muSaobisas. zemoT aRniSnuli sqemiT Cven SegviZlia vaCvenoT
students, Tu rogor unda Seiswavlos esa Tu is nawarmoebi.
fragmentebiT daiwyos Seswavla rogorc vokalizi, sadac
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba e. w. gardamavali bgerebi nawarmoebis
diapazoni, maRali bgerebis calke gamomuSaveba, taqtebi, sadac
uWirs moswavles.
diapazoni
196
marTalia, aria iwyeba p-ze auCqareblad, Tumca
Si nag ani m dgo mar eo ba daZabu lia . gvx vdeba ua mra vi
gardamavali bgera. misi ganviTareba xdeba prawtikulad
gardamaval
bger ebze,
romlis
Sesruleba
SemsruleblisaTvis sakmaod rTulia. me-2 nawilSi ufro
meti forSlagebia, vidre pirvelSi.
pirveli oqtavis solidan dawyebuli me-2 oqtavis
solamde ZiriTadad sruldeba legato. legatoebi,
Crescendo d a decrescendo u m T a v r e s i n i u a n s e b i a
ariisaTvis.
gardamavali bgerebi: d, e, f, fis. sistematurad gvxvdeba,
romelic moiTxovs rTul vokalur-teqnikur Sesrulebas
(faqtobrivad, gvaqvs gamiseburi svlebi).
am partiaSi ar gvevlineba intervalebiT daSorebebi, piriqiT,
gvxvdeba erTmaneTze legatirebuli mdore frazebi.
imis gamo, rom oTxi taqti Seadgens erT sasimRero frazas,
aucilebelia da moiTxovs did sunTqvas da mis swor,
gaazrebulad ganawilebas, raTa bolomde eyos sunTqva da ar
iyos misustebuli.
pirveli frazebi iwyeba pianoTi, melodia iZleva minorul,
sevdian xasiaTs romelic Sua nawilidan ukve mZafrdeba da
moZraobs nel-nela mf-ze, xolo Semdgom ki _ f-ze.
197
maia xaWapuriZe
pirvelive fraza moiTxovs Sesrulebis maneras, rac gasdevs
arias bolomde, vinaidan masSi xalxuri intonacia Warbobs
(Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, gadaWarbeba, anu zedmeti forsireba,
dauSvebelia).
yovel sityvaSi bgerebi, forSlagebis miuxedavad, mkafiod
unda iqnes warmoTqmuli (r, m, n, S...) Tanxmovnebi. sityvidan
sityvaze gadasvla unda iyos gaazrebuli, Sinaarsiani da
mayureblisaTvis gasagebi, misTvis damainteresebeli.
gardamavali bgerebi am monakveTSidac gvxvdeba: re, mi, fa.
rogorc vxedavT, am or frazaSi (aramarto am frazebSi)
aucilebelia sunTqvis kontroli. aria iwyeba `e~ xmovanze
da mas moyveba `i~ xmovani. am bgerebze simReris dawyeba
araswori poziciiT dauSvebelia da arasasurveli. imisaTvis,
rom ar iyos Ria `e~ da `i~ bgerebi, viyenebT frangul `e~-s
`i~-s, raTa iyos momrgvalebuli bgera, magram ar unda daikargos
qarTuloba.
arias viwyebT sunTqvaze dayrdnobiT (diafragmatul-muclis
kunTebi), vinaidan gvaqvs sametyvelo registri. sasceno
metyvelebaSi b. nikolaiSvili iyenebda am sunTqvas da SegviZlia
gadmovitanoT vokalSi. `i~ xmovanze gvaqvs forSlagi.
forSlagebis simRerisas dauSvebelia yelismieri an
cxvirismieri bgerebi, imisaTvis, rom es ar moxdes, gvexmareba
sunTqvis swori ganawileba. frazas viwyebT p-ze, Semdeg ki
vaZlierebT, e. i., gvWirdeba, rom gamoviyenoT Crescendo.
nawarmoebi grZeldeba afsoluturad gardamaval bgerebze.
gvaqvs bevri forSlagi, amitom saWiroa Tavisufali bgerebi,
198
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
Tumca gmiri Sinaganad aris sakmaod daZabuli, aqedan gamomdinare,
aucilebl gamoyenebas moiTxovs msaxiobis ostatobis
elementebis floba, rasac yovelTvis iTxovda m. TumaniSvili.
aseve amas gvTavazobs i taliuri s kola (sim Reris
TvalsazrisiT).
am ariis Sesasruleblad gvWirdeba da aseve Rrma sunTqvis
gamomuSavebisaTvis savarjiSoebi. Tu adamians aqvs sakmao
siZlieris xma, ar aris aucilebeli Cveulebrivi sunTqvis
Secvla im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu Cveulebrivi sunTqvis dros
SesunTquli haeri sakmarisia xmis warmoqmnisaTvis, Tumca
gamonaklisi arsebobs registrebis cvalebadobis dros sasimRero
sunTqvaSi.
am frazaSi gvWirdeba sunTqvis mkacri kontroli, radgan
forSlagebi moiTxovs sunTqvis met marags. pirveli frazisagan
gansxvavebiT es fraza sruldeba xmis meti siZlieriT.
nawarmoebis Seswavlis Semdeg unda iqnes daZleuli
vokalur-teqnikuri siZneleebi. es niSnavs, rom yba unda iyos
Camoweuli, aparati Tavisufali da ar iyos yelismieri da
cxvirismieri bgera, xorxi Tavisufali, rasac aucileblad
melodia meordeba da igivea moTxovnebi, rac dasawyisSi,
kompozitori gvTavazobs or pianos mravalferovnebisTvis. am
ariisaTvis bgeris sifaqize da silamaze umTavresi kriteriumebia,
(XVII-XIX saukuneSi ganviTarda belkantos stili _ `lamazi
199
maia xaWapuriZe
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
simRera), romelic iTvaliswinebs bgeris `emisiis~ aucileblobas.
bgeris emisia hqvia nawarmoebis pirvel aRebul bgeras, romlis
resursSi Sedis sunTqva, metyveleba, diqcia, maRali gemovneba
da orToepia (maxvilis siswore).
m. agadurovi sunTqvis specifikas ase axasiaTebs: igi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs diafragmatuli ti pis sunTqvaze,
romelic Zlier sunTqvasTan erTad Serwymulia bgeris ti pebTan
(maRali, dabali...). igi mivida daskvnamde, rom sunTqvis SeCerebas
simReris dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rac dasturdeba am
fraziT. anu, igi ambobs, rom diafragmatuli da gulmkerdis
kunTebi ise unda hqondes momRerals daxvewili, rogorc
sportsmens. igi ayalibebs Semdgom meTodur wesebs: 1. simReris
dros ar unda iyos sunTqvis miwodeba wyvetili, sistematurad
unda mimdinareobdes sunTqvis ganaxleba. 2. didi raodenobiT
haeris SesunTqva da warmoqmna sxvadasxva bgeris, gansakuTrebiT
gardamaval bgerebze. 3. mimarTuleba misce haerovan bgeras
magar sasasTan (zemoT). 4. msubuqad, rbilad bgeris aReba,
amis misaRwevad saWiroa intensiuri muSaoba vokalizebiT.
am nawilSi gvaqvs mf _ maqsimalurad xmis meti siZlieris
xarjze vimReroT es fraza. musikaluri Sesruleba, gamomdinare
Sinaarsidan, kerZod sityvebidan, daculi unda iyos niuansireba,
mocemuli TviTon avtoris mier, aseve _ tempo-ritmi.
200
unda vTqvaT aucileblad, rom e. w. `gardamaval~ bgerebs
didi yuradReba eqceoda jer kidev Zveli italieli maestroebis
mier, magram maSin gardamavali bgerebi odnav dabla iTvleboda.
Semdgom Seicvala sakompozicio skola XIX-XX saukuneebSi
da masTan erTad _ vokaluri skola, romelic moiTxovda
ufro maRal tesituras _ verdis, puCinis, rosinis musika.
amitom gardamavali bgera gaxda:E, f, fis, ra Tqma unda, gaaCnia
sopranos da tenors.
gardamavali bgeris gadasalaxad da asaRebad saWiroa:
a). gaTanabrebuli registri;
b). ganviTarebuli sunTqva (sunTqvis ganawilebis procesi);
g). vokaluri metyveleba (Tanxmovnebi).
gardamavali bgerebis dasaxvewad, aucilebelia, rom pedagogi
avarjiSebdes students mudmivad, xolo ariis rTul adgilebi
unda damuSavdes mcire fragmentebad, rogorc vokalizi. pedagogma
unda SeZlos Seiswavlos speqtralurad studentis xma.
nawarmoebs nel-nela mivyavarT dasasrulisken. miuxedavad
amisa gvaqvs p. melodia Camodis, piriqiT, dabal bgerebze da
amitom momReralma unda ecados, rom ar iqnes uferuli da
arasaintereso. Cados meti sevda da gamoiyenos samsaxiobo
ostatobis elementebi. am ariaSi, iseve rogorc am frazaSi,
201
maia xaWapuriZe
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
aucilebeli niuansi aris legato, romlis Sesruleba moiTxovs
Rrma sunTqvebs. amisaTvis gamogvadgeba pietro franCesko tozis
rekomendaciebi (cota mcire sunTqva aiRos studentma an
momReralma da gaanawilos, TiTqos, uberavs minaze. am dros
Zlierad muSaobs sasunTqi kunTebi, romelic Zalian exmareba
momRerals).
am ariis advilad daZlevaSi da swori poziciiT
SesrulebisaTvis erT sunTqvaze unda avarjiSos studenti
pedagogma vokalizebiT: qromatiuli gama, arpejio, TviTon ariis
rTuli adgilebi. vokalizebiT muSaoba aZlevs xmas usazRvro
ganviTarebis saSualebas, razec italiaSi wlebis manZilze
muSaoben.
aria pirvandel xasiaTs ibrunebs TandaTan da mTavrdeba
p-ze. oqtavur intervalze naxtomiT.
safinalo frazaSi kompozitori, faqtobrivad, oqtavur
intervals gvaZlevs - ori p, dabali bgerebi h, g, f-dan uceb
meore oqtavis safinalo noti G, romelic aris Zalian didi
grZliobis, am kulminaciur notas kompozitori iTxovs pp-ze,
rac, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, urTulesia. amiT mivdivarT im
daskvnamde, rom dayrdnobili sunTqvis gamoyeneba aucilebelia.
bolosken Cndeba dabali bgerebi g, a, f, amisaTvis unda ecados
momReralma, ar daikargos xmis siZliere da JRerdes ise,
rogorc sxva bgerebi. amisaTvis saWiroa Tavisufali xorxi,
xolo maRali bgera, romelic aris meore oqtavis g, moiTxovs
gul-mkerdis sunTqvas.
202
mixeil TumaniSvilis es sqema kide ufro exmareba students
an damwyeb momRerals imaSi rom, Seiswavlos esa Tu is
nawarmoebi da gamoiyenos simReris dros sqemaSi aRniSnuli
miTiTebani.
`abesalom da eTeris~ wina dadgmebSi eTeris saxe lirikulad,
xolo TumaniSvilis dadgmaSi brZolisunarian gmirad aris
interpretirebuli (swored es saxe Seqmna araCveulebrivi
ostatobiT maia TomaZem).
Cvenamde moRweuli `eTeriani~ saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
`eTeriani~ farTo epikuri tiloa.MmasSi maRali xelovnebiT
aris asaxuli maradiuli siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli qal-vaJis
tr a g i ku l i b edi , x a l x i s es Teti ku r i i dea l i da
msoflmxedveloba. `eTerians~ siuJeturi analogiebi moepoveba
Sua saukuneebis msoflio literaturaSi (`tristan da izolda~,
`visramiani~Lda sxva...). mZafrma siuJetma, daxvewilma epikurma
saxeebma, mdidarma poeturma enam ganapiroba eTerianis ideis
popularoba. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna vaJa fSavelas poema
`eTeri~
203
maia xaWapuriZe
z. faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ da sxva.
erTi cnobili Tanamedrove qarTveli kompozitoris
gancxadebaa, rom Turme `faliaSvilma 50 wliT ukan daswia
qarTveli musikis ganviTareba. motivi? _ `abesalom da eTeri~
araa dawerili gamoCenili Tanamedroveebis _ rihard Strausisa
Tu alban bergis operebis musikaluri eniTa da sakompozitoro
teqnikiTo! ar vici, saWiroa Tu ara aq vrceli komentari?
`abesalom da eTeris~ (iseve, rogorc yvela klasikur genialur
qmnilebas), ukvdaveba uweria saukuneebSi da aba, mibrZaneT, ra
princi puli mniSvneloba eqneba maSin imas, Tu saxeldobr,
rogori musikaluri eniT an teqnikiT iyo igi Tavis droze
dawerili? maradiuli Semoqmedi xom mudam ufro Tanadrouli
da aqtualuria, vidre yvela drois da epoqis mokvdavi
`Tanamedroveni~.
eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~
am studenturi aRfrTovanebiT daweril werilSi moCans
si Tb o, si yv ar uli a xa lga zr da Taob is a, ro mels ac
xelmZRvanelobda gamoCenili pedagogi. ara erTi da ori niWieri
mowafe aRzarda man, romelTagan mravali gaxda Semdgom
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli musikosi da sazogado moRvawe.
Rrmad pativcemul zaqarias!
sayuradReboa studentTa erTi adresi: `sazogado xmebs
milocvisas, romelnic dRes mimarTulni arian Tqvendami, Cvenc,
I saxelmwifo konservatoriis mowafeni, vuerTebT Cvens xmas.
CvenTvis am dRes, garda misi erovnuli mniSvnelobisa, aqvs
gansakuTrebuli specifikuri mniSvneloba. Cven vamayobT, rom
im dawesebulebis saTaveSi, sadac veziarebiT wminda musikalur
xelovnebas, sdgexarT Tqven, pirveli erovnuli kompozitori
saqarTvelosi, romelmac Tavis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi
SeaerTa evropis musikis saukeTeso tradiciebi erovnuli
musikis simdidresTan. Cven bednieri varT aRvniSnoT, rom
`abesalom da eTerSi~ gamosaxuli musikaluri tendenciebi
da evropuli erovnuli xasiaTis tendenciebi, romelnic
Seadgenen Tqvens sulier simdidres, gixelmZRvaneleben Tqven
pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi. amiT Cvens konservatorias eZleva
orgvari mniSvneloba, rogorc msoflio da erovnuli kulturis
centrs. gisurvebT xangrZlivi yofiliyos Tqveni musikaluri
da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba Cveni xalxis, axalgazrda mowafeT
da musikalur kulturis sasixarulod (1923 wlis 2
Tebervali).
204
1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia. ix.: l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe, g. CxikvaZe,
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1990.
2. v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, `Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 24.
3. g. toraZe, qarTuli musika saukinis gadasaxedidan, Tbilisi,
`mecniereba~, 1998 w.
 4. Багадуров Б. А. Очерки по истории вокальной методологии г. Муз.
Изучтельства, Москва, 1937.
b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi,
1979.
Jana ToiZe, sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: Tanamedrove qarTuli
saopero reJisura da momRerali msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX
saukunis damlevs~, Tbilisi, 1999.
205
universitetis
sadoqtoro programa
kulturis menejmenti
kulturis politika
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis
rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. iuri mRebriSvili,
prof. levan xeTaguri
206
207
nino azmaifaraSvili
doqturanturis II kursi
xelmZRvaneli: iuri mRebriSvili
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
mniSvneloba globalizaciis
pr oce seb Si
gaerTianebis idea
dRes teqnologiur miRwevebs, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis gadawyvetas integrirebisaken mihyavs msoflio.
qveynebisa da msoflios xalxTa usafrTxoebis problema
TanamSromlobis aucileblobas ganapirobebs, bunebis stiqiuri
Semotevebi da katastrofebi erTi saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebs
planetis nebismier mkvidrs da maSin, roca apokali pturi
warmodgenebi mZafrdeba, ibadeba gaerTianebis idea erTi
saSiSroebis winaaRmdeg da isev da isev dgeba civilizaciis
gadarCenis problema.
es SeiZleba yvelaze mZafri ganaCenia dRevandeli
msofliosaTvis, romelic dauRalavad asrulebs Tavis funqcias
da cdilobs sicocxlisunarianobis gaxangrZlivebas. radganac
aris periodebi, rodesac misi mkvidri adamianebi dapirispirebis
Sedegad xSirad damdgaran erTmaneTis ganadgurebis winaSe
da roca dedamiwis wonasworoba irRveva, isaxeba gzebic, romelic
SesaZleblobebs iZleva daicvas demokratiuli ideis qveS
gaerTianebuli adamianebi. iqmneba globaluri gaerTianebebi
mTavari sakiTxebis gadaWris mizniT.
Tomas l. fridmanma, rodesac msoflioze globalizaciis
gavlena `gaTanabrebad~ ganixila, ganacxada, rom politikurma
Zalebma rogorc dadebiTad, ise uaryofiTad, msoflio samudamod
Secvales da rom globalizaciis tempebi izrdeba da ufro
met gavlenas axdens
biznes organizaciebze. politikaSi
globalizacia gamoixateba nacionaluri SesustebiT. rac, erTi
mxriv, ganpirobebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis didi
uflebamosilebis delegirebiT gavlenian saerTaSoriso
208
organizaciebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa: gaero, msoflio savaWro
organizacia, evropis sabWo, nato, msoflio banki.
XXI saukuneSi globalizaciis procesTan erTad daiwyo
regionalizaciis procesi, anu, regionma ufro da meti gavlenis
moxdena daiwyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. moxda msoflio
politikis Semadgeneli _ globaluris da regionaluris
damokidebulebis Secvla, romlis magaliTia evropis kavSiri,
sadac regionalizaciis procesis bunebrivma ganviTarebam mogvca
koncefcia _ `evropis regionebi~ evrokavSirSi adgilis
damkvidrebiT.
globalizaciis procesis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtori
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnaa.
winapirobebi:
msoflio sul ufro urTierTdamokidebuli xdeba
globalizaciasTan konteqstSi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis
winaSe wamoWrili problemis gadaWrisas ufro meti moTxovna
ormxriv TanamSromlobas eniWeba. arsebobs aseve mosazreba,
rom saerTaSoriso stabilurobis saqmeSi kulturasa da
ganaTlebas SeuZlia iTamaSos dadebiTi roli.
kulturuli kontaqtebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelsac
adgili hqonda xalxebsa da qveynebs Soris, yovelTvis iyo
`mravalmxrivi~ da organizebul saxes iRebda aseuli wlis
win. romis kaTolikuri eklesia mSvenieri adreuli magaliTia.
religiuri niSnis qveS gaerTianebuli teritoriebis da qveynebis
marTva ufro advili iyo. naTelia, rom gasul saukuneebSi
Seqmnili gaerTianebebi mimarTuli iyo kontrolis damyarebisa
da sakuTari Zalauflebis gasamtkiceblad. dRes Seicvala
realoba da wina planze ara adamianTa damorCilebis da
marTvis, aramed maTi dacvis idea wamovida. amitomac dRes
didia gaeros da globaluri gaerTianebebis roli saerTaSoriso
kulturul urTierTobebSi da is aaSkaravebs momavali
aTwleulebSi humanuri ideis hegemoniis amaRlebas saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebebSi.
209
nino
azmaifaraSvili
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba
XIX saukuneSi iqna Semotanili imanuil kantis mier, romelic
miiCnevda, rom mxolod liberaluri, damokratiuli,
uerTierTdamokidebuli da kanonieri respublikebis gaerTianebas
_ `wynari okeanis federacias~, SeeZlo gadaelaxa saerTaSoriso
sistemis mtruli anarqia. omis gaCenis mudmivi saSiSroebis
winaaRmdeg Zlier da avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs da msoflios
yvelaze didi SesaZleblobis Zalebs SeeZloT wasvla da am
situaciis gamosworeba, raTa uzrunveleyoT saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoeba. didi xnis manZilze es Tvalsazrisebi viTardeboda
Tanamedrove gaazrebebamde, rom urTierTdamokidebuli
demokratiuli qveynebi TiTqmis arasdros gamoiyeneben samxedro
Zalebs erTmaneTis sazianod. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Caebnen
am maraTonSi, rogorc saukeTeso garantebi mSvidobiani
msoflios SeqmnisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnis mTavari faqtori
swored saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaa.
Tanamedrove globalizacia
II msoflio omis Semdeg kacobriobis winaSe Tavidan dadga
usafrTxoebis problema da wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites
SeeqmnaT mega gaerTianebebi, romelic adamianTa, msoflio
kapitalis politikuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis garantiebs
Seqmnida. omis Semdeg globalizacia ganaxlda swrafi tempiT.
mas Tan sdevda gaumjobesebebi teqnologiur dargSi, romelmac
ganapiroba swrafi sazRvao, sarkinigzo da sahaero
gadaadgilebebi. globalizacia daaCqara aseve saerTaSoriso
satelefono xazis gayvanam. 1947 wlidan saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi barierebis gauqmebiT dakavda tarifebisa da vaWrobis
generaluri SeTanxmeba GATT _ es iyo seria kapitalisturi
da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris SeTanxmebis. 1995 wels GATTis 75 wevrma Camoayaliba msoflio savaWro organizacia WTO,
mas mere kidev 21 qveyana SeuerTda WTO-s. aseTi instituciaa
aseve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki
(World Bank) da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (International
Monetary Fund).
210
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
mniSvneloba
globalizaciis
procesebSi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi XX saukuneSi
saerTaSoriso saxelmwifoTSorisi organizaciebis (IGO)
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnili saxelmwifoTa
mudmivi gaerTianebebia, Seqmnili saerTaSoriso problemebis
gadawyvetis mizniT. aseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebia gaero,
evropis sabWo, msoflio savaWro organizacia.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis (INGO) _
nacionaluri gaerTianebebis, asociaciebis, arasamTavrobo
xasiaTis sazogadoebebis mudmivi gaerTianebebia saerTo
miznebisaTvis – jandacvis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa
da teqnikis. saqvelmoqmedo da sxva sferoebSi. organizacia
saerTaSoriso statusis miniWebisaTvis unda pasuxobdes
moTxovnebs:
• organizaciis mizani _ saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
arakomerciuli saqmianoba.
• organizaciis daarseba xorcieldeba saxelmwifos Sida
kanonis Sesabamisad da ara saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze.
• organizaciis rezultatiuri saqmianoba xorcieldeba
minimum or qveyanaSi.
aSS Tavdapirvelad mciredad iRebda monawileobas
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis SeqmnaSi, xolo mogvianebiT ukve
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeris mTavari iniciatori
gaxda. vaSingtoni xels uwyobda or yvelaze mTavar
saerTaSoriso organizaciis I msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919
wels, erTa ligis da ukve II msoflio omis Semdeg, 1945 wels,
gaeros Seqmnis ideas.
saerTaSoriso sistemebis moqmedebis uunarobam 1930-ian
wlebSi globalurma sisxlisRvrebma, gamofitulobam, siRaribem,
romelic Tan mohyva or msoflio oms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
daarwmuna, Seqmniliyo axali ti pis globaluri organizacia.
msoflioSi civi omis periodma isev axali saSiSroebis
winaSe daayena msoflio da ocneba politikisa da kulturis
erTianobis Sesaxeb momavlisTvis gadado. moxda polarizeba
kulturis da politikis, am pariodSi saerTaSoriso
211
nino
azmaifaraSvili
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi da gaero ZiriTadad forumis da azrTa gacvla
gamocvlis xasiaTs atarebda.
90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg
ekonomikuri da finansuri globalizaciis fonze, ramdenad
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, politikurad da kulturulad
danawevrebulma msofliom kvlav daakisra saerTaSoriso
organizaciebs kritikuli funqcia da sakonsultacio forumebs
Suamavlobis da arbitraJis roli mianiWa, gasuli saukunis
bolos da XXI s-is dasawyisSi ara mxolod globalizaciam
da fragmentaciam, aseve transportirebis da komunikaciis
saSualebebis da transnacionalri xasiaTis omebma, politikurma
da ekonomikurma konfliqtebma axali gamowvevebi wamoWres.
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfliqtis amowurvisa da
dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmnis
Sem deg, rasa c axa li s aerTa Sori so ga erTia nebebis
formirebebisaken mihyavda axali problemebi wamoWra. civi
omis Semdgom periodSi aSS-is politika saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mimarT araerTmniSvnelovani rCeboda; 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro centris uprecedento
teroristulma Tavdasxmam Statebis politikur strategiaze
fundamenturi gavlena moaxdina, rac gaxda globalur
terorizmTan brZolis axali wamowyebebis dasawyisi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT.
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi
gaero (UN) sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis da
saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis organizaciaa, Seiqmna 1945 wels.
roca san-franciskos konferenciaze mis wesdebas 50
saxelmwifom moawera xeli.
gaeros Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda hitleruli germaniisa
da misi blokis winaaRmdeg mebrZol saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba
mZlavr koaliciad. manmade, 1942 wels, xeli moewera
`gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracias~. axali organizaciis
Seqmnis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo samma mega saxelmwifom:
ssrk, aSS da didi britaneTi, rac gamowveuli iyo faqtiT, rom
`erTa ligis~ arsebuli organizacia politikuri da
212
organizaciebis
mniSvneloba
globalizaciis
procesebSi
organizaciuli mankierebebis gamo uZluri aRmoCnda, Tavidan
aecilebina II msoflio omi. gaeros wesdebaSi Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi demokratiuli princi pebia
asaxuli.
EU _ evropis kavSiri _ gaerTianebuli Tavisufali
sivrcea, dafuZnda 1993 wels maastrixtis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze. evrokavSiri _ es aris unikaluri, mravalerovani
gaerTianeba, romelic Sedgeba 27 qveynisagan, isini gaerTiandnen,
sakuTari moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebisa da gabednierebis mizniT.
evrokavSiri _ sivrce Sida sazRvrebis gareSe, uzrunvelyofs
oTx Tavisuflebas: adamianTa, saqonlis, momsaxurebis da
kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas.
mas mere, rac 2004 wlis Semdeg evrokavSiri gafarTovda,
miiRo Tavis rigebSi 10 axali wevri, daamtkica evropis
samezoblo politika, rac gankuTvnilia im mezobeli
qveynebisaTvis, romlebic evrokavSiris pirdapir integraciaSi
ar iReben monawileobas. ENP – evropis samezoblo politika
mimarTulia ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebisa da
politikuri partniorobisaken da masSi Sedis 16 qveyana, maT
Soris aris saqarTvelo.
1963 wels Camoyalibebuli EUROPA NOSTRA, rogorc
organizaciebis qolga aerTianebs 200-ze met arasamTavrobo
organizacias, prioritetuli sfero evropis bunebrivi da
arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis dacva.
The COUNCIL OF EUROPE-s (evropis sabWo) devizia:
adamianis uflebebi _ demokratia _ kanonis uzenaesoba. 47
qveyana – erTi evropa. saxelmwifoTaSorisi organizacia
mdebareobs strasburgSi (safrangeTi), daarsebulia 1949 wels,
raTa miRweul iqnes mis wevrTa Soris principebisa da idealebis
SenarCunebis da dacvisaTvis erTianoba, rac maT saerTo
memkvidreobas warmoadgens da maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri
sferos SemsubuqebisaTvisaa Seqmnili. evropis sabWoSi,
kulturul SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, evropis kulturul
memkvidreobis dacvasa da mTeli misi mravalferovnebis
SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebelia kulturuli TanamSromlobis
sabWo (CDCC).
213
nino
azmaifaraSvili
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi globalizaciis periodSi
ikvleven, Tu globalizaciis ulmobeli procesi rogor efeqts
axdens msoflio saerTaSoriso organizaciebze. paul graham
teilori wignSi: `saerTaSoriso organizaciebi globalizaciis
periodSi~ fokusirebas axdens gaeroze da mis ufro farTo
sistemaze da aseve sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebze. am
procesebSi misi farTo speqtris kvlevebi koncentrirebas
axdens sam sakvanZo sakiTxze: mSvidobis da usafrTxoebis
xelis Sewyoba, ekonomikisa da socialuri aqtivobis marTva
da individualuri keTildReobis dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofs
cvalebad urTierTobebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da
saxelmwifoebs Soris. globalizaciam gazarda saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis aucilebloba, radganac maTi aqtivoba saWiroebs
met globalur marTvas.
globalizaciis mzardi procesi
ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis arsebobas.
gaerTianebul erebis organizaciaze dafuZnebuli
specializebuli uwyeba UNESCO daarsda im ideiT, rom mSvidoba
damyarebuli unda iyos kacobriobis inteleqtualur da
moralur solidarobaze. Tavisi daarsebidan organizacia
mSvidobis gamtkicebisaTvis
ibrZoda
saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis gziT ganaTlebis, kulturis da mecnierebis
sferoebSi. UNESCO-Si gaerTianebulia 193 wevri qveyana da
7 asocirebuli wevri, UNESCO xuTi ZiriTadi programiT
axorcielebs Tavis daniSnulebas: ganaTleba, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebi, socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi, kultura
da komunikaciebi da aseve informacia. afinansebs wera-kiTxvis
gavrcelebas, teqnikur proeqtebs, saerTaSoriso mecnierebaTa
proeqtebs, regionaluri da kulturis istoriis proeqtebs.
1972 wels miRebuli xelSekrulebiT dgindeba universaluri
kulturis faseulobebis msoflio memkvidreebi. iunesko aseve
pasuxismgebelia haagis xelSekrulebiT kulturis sakuTrebis
dacvaze samxedro Setakebis SemTxvevaSi.
dRes iunesko funqcionirebs, rogorc ideebis universaluri
laboratoria, eTikuri problemebis mosagvareblad SeTanxmebis gziT.
iuneskos miznebia: 2015 wlisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ukidures siRaribeSi myofi adamianebis cxovrebis donis aweva,
2015 wlisaTvis yvela qveynebSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTebis
214
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
mniSvneloba
globalizaciis
procesebSi
m iR eb a da 2 0 15 w li s aTv i s eko l o gi u r i b al a nsi s
SenarCunebisaTvis brZola.
ICOMOS – Zeglebisa da teritoriebis saerTaSoriso sabWo
arasamTavrobo
organizacia, romelic Tavis saqmianobas
ukavSirebs msoflios istoriuli monumentebis da Zeglebis
konservacias, qalaqebis, arqeologiuri memkvidreobis dacvas.
globaluri interesebi
globalizacia ar aris calmxrivi, homogenuri, misi sazRvrebi
daudgenelia, misi damaxasiaTebeli elementebi da mravalmxrivi
xasiaTi jer saTanadod ar aris gamokvleuli. magram ueWvelia,
rom racionaluri SerCevis dros konteqstis struqturis
Secvlisas, globalizacia Secvlis im gzebs, riTac TamaSis
ZiriTadi wesebi imarTeba politikasa da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi.
saerTaSoriso sistema ukve aRar aris mxolod
saxelmwifoebis sistema, is xdeba ufro mravalmxrivi da
rTuli. es gardaqmna arsebiT Sedegebs avlens koleqtiuri
qmedebis politikaze, sanam saxelmwifoebis roli aris
mniSvnelovani globalizaciis mowesrigebaSi da
sicocxlisunarian ganviTarebaSi, aSkaraa saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis roli am procesebSi.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti sicocxlisunariani
ganviTarebis da globalizaciis mogvarebis aris is, Tu rogor
unda moxdes saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis
da Sesabamisi programebis saSualebiT saukeTeso gzebis
gamonaxva. miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba unda iyos aucileblad Tanamedrove da
sicocxlisunariani globalizaciasTan mimarTebaSi, rasac
sakvanZo mniSvneloba aqvs.
pirveli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi unda gamoxatavdnen
maTi wevrebis mravalferovan survilebs. dainaxaven ra, rom
globalizacia gardauvali Zalaa da misi buneba da zemoqmedeba
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis kontrolis gareSe ar ganixileba.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba unda miiswrafvodes gamoiyenos
korporatiuli meqanizmebi globalizaciis gzaze, romlebic
215
nino
azmaifaraSvili
gamoxatavs saxelmwifoTa, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli qveynebis,
miswrafebebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaTvis
racionaluria is, rom saerTo problemebisTvis uzrunvelyofen
forumebs, romlebic ganixileba da mas Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba
moeZebneba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi awinaureben an
abrkoleben globalizacias.
romeli organizaciebi aRweven imas, rasac misi wevrebi
moiTxoven maTgan? saerTaSoriso organizaciebi unda iyvnen
aqtiurni, globaluri movlenebis moTamaSeebi da sakuTari
wevrebis interesebis gamomxatvelni. saerTaSoroso
organizaciebi ZiriTadi saSualebebia, romlis meSveobiTac
iZebneba kompromisebi. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT fili p
alots, romelic miiCnevs, rom `am cvalebad samyaroSi, raTa
gaerTiandes mTeli kacobriobis interesebi da ara saxelmwifos
damoukidebeli interesebi, umecreba iqneboda saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis rolis araRiareba~. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
agrZelebs sazogadoebrivi marTvis mxardaWeras.
ufro Zlieri gaero ukeTesi momavlisaTvis _ ase citireben
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, anu _ ufro
yovlismomcveli da qmediTunariani. globaluri usafrTxoeba,
stabiluroba, kanonis uzenaesoba, TanamSromloba mSvidobisaTvis
msoflio xalxebis Tanasworuflebianoba _ yvela am faseulobis
uzrunvelyofa aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ZiriTadi
mizani. msoflio moiTxovs globalur xedvas. globalizacia
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli progresia.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gaerTianeba da maTTan
TanamSromloba ara TviTmizani, aramed saSualeba da stimulia
m so fl io s xa l xebi sa Tv is , m aTi us af r Tx oebi sa da
bednierebisaTvis.
gaerTianebebis wevroba saerTaSoriso
garantiebis mopovebaa da sruli mzaoba qveynebis siZlierisaTvis
da yvelaferi es Tavisi arsiT mimarTuli unda iyos adamianTa
keTildReobisaken.
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
mniSvneloba
globalizaciis
procesebSi
 DUNCAN A. FRENCH, The Role of the State and International
Organizations in Reconciling Sustainable Development and Globalization,
University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
“Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Agreements: A
Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law”, 94 American Journal of
International Law, pg. 623-659.
P. Allott, “The Concept of International Law” in Byers (ed.), The Role of Law
pg. 88.
http://www.answers.com/topic/international-organization-1#
http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/orgs/orgs.htm
http://www.un.org/en/
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.coe.int/
 http://www.european-heritage.net/sdx/herein/european_heritage_program/
showcontent.xsp?id=2
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=3328&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cerny.htm
Drury, Paul, The Role of International Organisations, Taylor, Paul Graham,
International Organization In The Age Of Globalization. Philip G. Cerny,
“Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action,” International
Organization, Vol. 49, no. 4 (Autumn, 1995).
216
217
elene babakiSvili
doqturanturis I kursi
xelmZRvaneli: iuri mRebriSvili
sponsoroba da kulturis politika
sasponsoro saqmianobas sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
evropaSi. am ukanasknelisaTvis kulturis politikisa da
kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnilia mZlavri makontrolebeli
da amasTan wamaxalisebeli meqanizmi. kulturis kanonmdeblobaSi
Cadebulia punqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva
sagadasaxado SeRavaTs sasponsoro da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobiT
dakavebuli biznes organizaciebisaTvis. msgavsi komfortuli
garemo da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi dRiTidRe zrdis am
saqmianobiT dakavebuli firmebis raodenobas. amgvarad,
saxelmwifo kulturis mxardaWeris mizniT uars ambobs
pirdapir Semosavalze firmebidan da cdilobs, iribi gziT
daubrunos is kulturul dawesebulebebs, am SemTxvevaSi Tavad
biznes organizaciebic am SesaZleblobas Zalzed pozitiurad
uyureben; mzardma TavSekavebam tradiciul sareklamosainformacio saSualebebze, korporaciuli sponsoroba,
marketinguli instrumentebis danaxarjis mxriv gacilebiT
ufro efeqturi gaxada:
1. damatebiTi SesaZlebloba, sxvadasxva auditoriaze
mizanmimarTulad zemoqmedebis.
2. dasponsorebuli RonisZiebis farTo gaSuqeba masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis mier, sponsors saSualebas
aZlevs, imave danaxarjiT miiRos ufro meti kontaqti
momxmarebelTan. sponsoroba aris mdumare, araverbaluri
mediasivrce, ramdenadac Setyobineba gadaicema
moqmedebasTan asociaciiT, romelic flobs sakuTar
individualobas (auditoriis azriT).
3. sponsorobis gamocdili efeqturoba; sponsorobas
dagegmils da ganxorcielebuls Sesabamisi saxiT
aucilebeli marketinguli kontaqtebis uzrunvelyofa
SeuZlia. sponsoroba agreTve aris sakmaod kargi
218
alternativa, reklamasa da safosto gzavnilebTan
SedarebiT.
4. globaluri marketologebi sponsorobas miiCneven
saerTaSoriso auditoriasTan muSaobis efeqtur
saSualebad.
sponsorobis SemTxvevaSi xdeba imijis gamyareba rogorc
sazogadoebis, aseve Tavad saxelmwifos da wamyvani politikuri
wreebis TvalSi.1
arc Tu ise axlo warsulSi sponsoroba da dafinansebis
arasabiujeto wyaroebi TamaSobda marginalur rols avstriis
kulturul seqtorSi. kulturisa da xelovnebis erovnuli
biujeti (TiTqmis 1 miliardi evro) cotaTi aRemateba
komerciuli seqtoris sasponsoro mxardaWeris moculobas,
romelic daaxloebiT Seadgens 32,45-36,05 milion evros
(TiTqmis 3%-s). avstriaSi ar aris fandreizingis tradicia
da dRevandelobamde misi saWiroebis aucilebloba dRis
wesrigSi arc idga. Tumca, bolodroindelma politikurma
cvlilebebma da saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebam kulturuli
organizaciebi aiZula moeZebnaT arsebobis alternatiuli
wyaroebi. arasabiujeto saxsrebis mozidva gaxda aqtualuri
mmarTvelobiTi amocana. zogierT (magram ara yvela) saxelmwifo
organiza ciaSi gaCnda pr ofesiuli fandreizinguli
qvedanayofebi. avstriis kulturisa da xelovnebis
organizaciebis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebulia maT
sakuTar Semosavalsa da dafinansebis arasabiujeto wyaroebze.
zogierTi maTgani sponsorebTan TanamSromlobis gasaocari
unar-Cvevebisa da SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebas axdens.
saSuamavlo organizaciebi, romelTac avstriaSi ewodebaT
`mediatorebi~, xels uwyoben kulturis sferos TanamSromlobas
biznesTan. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs sponsorobis mniSvnelobis
zrdas kulturuli organizaciebis saqmianobaSi. finansuri
damoukideblobis aucileblobas acnobierebs sul ufro didi
raodenoba organizaciebisa _ TviT iseT konservatorul qveyanaSi,
rogoricaa, avstria.
kidev er Ti m ni S vnel ov a ni f aq tor i , r a c a s ev e
gasaTvaliswinebelia saqarTvelosTvisac aris is, rom kanoni
sponsorobis Sesaxeb adgens pirobebs, romlis mixedviTac
219
elene
babakiSvili
sponsoroba fasdeba rogorc kompaniis mxardaWera da ar
eqvemdebareba dabegvras.
mTlianobaSi avstriis kompaniebis umravlesoba kulturis
sponsorobis potencials sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZleven da
winaswarmetyveleben misi masStabebis zrdas uaxloesi
aTaswleulis.
avstria klasikuri `evropuli modelia~, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia kulturis seriozuli mxardaWera
saxelmwifos mier. avstriis xelisufleba kulturasa da
kulturul memkvidreobas ganixilavs, rogorc ekonomikis da
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan resurss. avstriis saxelmwifo
dafinanseba xorcieldeba sam doneze: federaluri, regionaluri
da munici paluri. federaluri da munici paluri subsidia
kulturuli organizaciebis biujetis 75%-dan 100%-mde
Seadgens, es kidev erTxel usvams xazs saxelmwifos Zlier
Tanadgomas kulturis sferos mimarT. saxelmwifo aseve
miesalmeba kulturis arasabiujeto dafinansebas da xels
uwyobs misi fandreizinguli saqmianobis ganviTarebas.
samomavlod varaudoben, rom arasabiujeto dafinanseba gaxdeba
kidev ufro aqtualuri mcire kulturuli organizaciebisa
da proeqtebisaTvis.2
safrangeTSi, kulturis sferoSi sponsorobas safuZveli
Caeyara 1970-iani wlebis dasasruls amerikuli kompaniebis
zegavleniT, romlebsac hyavdaT Tavisi warmomadgenloba am
qveyanaSi. sponsoroba ganixileboda, rogorc institucionaluri
komunikaciisa da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis instrumenti.
Ta v d a p i r v el a d s a f r a ng e Ti s b i z nes - o r g a ni z a c i e b i
Semoifarglebodnen sakuTari mxatvruli koleqciebis SeqmniT,
magram TandaTanobiT maT daiwyes am saqmianobis gafarToeba,
kulturis tradiciuli sferoebis (gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba
_ gamofenebi da koleqciebi, kulturuli memkvidreobis
restavracia, klasikuri musika da Teatri _ ZiriTadad, cnobili
Teatraluri jgufebisa da simfoniuri orkestrebis mxardaWera)
dasponsorebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT, xolo Semdeg
sponsorobis rolis gaZlierebiT sagareo da Sida komunikaciebSi
_ individualuri da korporatiuli sponsorobiT. Sereuli
220
sponsoroba da kulturis politika
sponsorobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, romelic aerTianebs
socialur-kulturul amocanebs, kompaniebma riskis fasad
da i w y es ku l tu r i s s f er o s Ta n Ta na m S r o m l o b a da
TanamSromlobis axali formebis ganviTareba.
oci wlis win arc saxelmwifo da arc SemoqmedebiTi
organizaciebi ar iyvnen dainteresebuli biznesis mxridan
kulturis mxardaWeriT. saxelmwifos pozicia iyo aseTi, rom
komerciuli seqtori dakavebuli unda iyos Tavisi amocanebis
ganxorcielebiT _ Semosavlis generirebiT da gadasaxadebis
gadaxdiT, romelsac saxelmwifo gankargavs Tavisi
Sexedulebisda mixedviT, maT Soris _ kulturis sferoSic.
meore mxriv, mravali SemoqmedebiTi organizacia konservatorul
poziciaze idga, vinaidan miaCnda, rom biznesis Careva maT
saqmianobaSi gamoiwvevda SemoqmedebiTi iniciativebis SezRudvas.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kulturaze saxelmwifo
biujetis Semcirebam gamoiwvia dafinansebis alternatiuli
wyaroebis Zieba mis dasafinanseblad, msgavs alternativad
TviT saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul iqna biznesis mxardaWera.
amasTan, saxelmwifo cdilobda ekontrolebina biznesidan
kulturis sferoSi mimdinare saSualebebi da ekarnaxa
sponsorobis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi.
2003 wels miRebul iqna axali kanoni, romelic kulturis
mxardamWer kompaniebs sTavazobda unikalur sagadasaxado
upiratesobebs da amave dros kulturul organizaciebs
SemoqmedebiTi damoukideblobis garantiebs aZlevda. am kanonis
ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg safrangeTSi ori wlis manZilze
kulturis mxardaWeris 33 axali korporatiuli fondi gaixsna
(2003 wlamde msgavsi fondi iyo sul 120).
sponsoroba franguli sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT
ganisazRvreba, rogorc wminda komerciuli saqmianoba,
momsaxurebebis gacvla or mxares Soris, rasac gaaCnia
komerciuli efeqti (magaliTad, kompania-sponsoris sareklamo
teqstis ganTavseba Teatralur bukletSi an kulturuli
RonisZiebis farglebSi axali produqtis dawinaurebis kampania).
aseTi saxis interpretaciiT, sponsoroba gaTanabrebulia
kompaniis mxardaWerasTan da amitom, ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras.
221
elene
babakiSvili
safrangeTSi kulturisa da biznesis sferos TanamSromlobis
maxasiaTebelia korporatiuli firmebis arseboba. kompaniebis
mier sponsoroba xorcieldeba uSualod da aseve korporatiuli
fondebis mier, romlebic iqmnebian zustad am mizniT.
faqtobrivad, yovel frangul kompanias, romelic aqtiurad
axorcielebs kulturisa da socialuri sferos mxardaWeras
aqvs sakuTari fondi.
dResdReobiT, frangul kulturas realurad aqvs
mravalarxiani dafinanseba. am ukanasknelis ZiriTadi wyaroebia:
1. kulturisa da komunikaciis saministro.
2. regionaluri da munici paluri xelisufleba.
3. saxelmwifo da arakorporatiuli fondebi.
4. korporatiuli filantropia.
5. sponsoroba.
6. sakuTari Semosavali.
safrangeTSi, arsebobs mZafri konkurencia prestiJuli
SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebisa da RonisZiebebis
mxardasaWerad. es, TavisTavad amaRlebs sponsorobis
sferoSi kompaniebis profesionalizms da ubiZgebs maT
aqtiuri moqmedebisaken. mravali kompania gacilebiT ufro
xangrZlivi Sedegis miRebis mizniT TanamSromlobs Tavis
mudmiv partniorebTan. maTi umravlesoba sasponsoro
SeTanxmebas xels awers minimum 3 wlis vadiT.3
safrangeTSi, kulturisa da biznesis warmatebuli
TanamSromlobis ara erTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. es isev
da isev gamowveulia saxelmwifos mxridan am sakiTxze
xangrZlivi muSaobiT da aseve orive mxaris didi ZalisxmeviT
TanamSromlobis formebis srulyofis sakiTxSi.
aqve aucilebelia SevexoT, sasponsoro procesebis
mimdinareobasa da misi regulirebis sakiTxebs did britaneTSi,
romelSic Tavidanve Cadebulia kulturis mravalarxiani,
Sereuli dafinanseba. kulturis dafinanseba xdeba ori
umTavresi wyarodan, esaa: saxelmwifo da biznesi.
sponsorobasa da qvelmoqmedebas did britaneTSi sakmaod
mdidari warsuli aqvs. qvelmoqmedeba ganmartebul iqna jer
kidev dedofal elisabed pirvelis dros da exeboda ganaTlebas:
222
sponsoroba da kulturis politika
isini, vinc xsnidnen skolebs RaribebisaTvis, ixdidnen gacilebiT
nakleb gadasaxads. arsebiTi gardatexa moxda viqtorianul
epoqaSi, rodesac miRebuli Semosavlis nawili unda
dabruneboda ara saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas. 1940
wlamde, saerTod, ar arsebobda kulturis saxelmwifo
dafinansebis tradicia. 1945 wels, saxelmwifo gaxda kulturis
sferos mTavari mepatrone. Tumca, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
britaneTis saxelmwifo gaRatakda da kulturis patronoba
daevala biznes-seqtors. Seiqmna kulturis mrCevelTa
sakonsuloebi. 1970-ian wlebSi ZiriTadi argumenti
biznesmenebisaTvis JRerda ase: kulturisa da xelovnebis
mxardaWera aucilebelia, vinaidan amiT is gaxdeba mdidari.
1979 wels, xelisuflebaSi margaret tetCeris mosvlam,
kulturis politikaSi moaxdina sagrZnobi cvlilebebi. is
iTvaliswinebda, kulturaze saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas.
aseT viTarebaSi, SemoTavazebul iqna ramdenime gamosavali:
1. mmarTvelobis srulyofa (menejerTa kompetenciis
ganviTareba);
2. organizaciis mier, sakuTari Semosavlis miRebisaken
mimarTuli saqmianobis ganviTareba;
3. kerZo seqtoridan resursebis mozidva.
amgvarad, saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebam kulturuli
organizaciebi aiZula moexdinaT sakuTari organizaciebis
reorganizacia: daexvewaT menejmenti, ewarmoebinaT aqtiuri
marketinguli saqmianoba, ezrunaT saxsrebis moZiebaze, aqtiurad
ganeviTarebinaT sasponsoro da fandreizinguli saqmianoba.
es movlena Cveni qveynisaTvisac kargad nacnobia, rodesac
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, moxda mTeli rigi
saxelmwifoebrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi. kulturis
sfero, romelic manamde sargeblobda saxelmwifos aSkara
mxardaWeriT, cvlilebebisa da saxelmwifos finansuri krizisis
fonze aRmoCnda usaxsro mdgomareobaSi da am krizisidan
gamosvla Tavad kulturis organizaciebis mcdelobisa da
aqtiurobis Sedegad moxerxda. britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT
qarTul saxelmwifos aranairi alternativa ar SeuTavazebia
kulturis organizaciebisaTvis da dRemde saxelmwifos ar
223
elene
babakiSvili
gaaCnia srulyofili kulturis politika, romelic
daaregulirebs kulturisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis
sakiTxebs.
1993 wels kolin tvidma daarsa saSuamavlo saagento
“Arts and Business”, romelmac TavisTavze aiRo kulturas,
saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris Suamavlis roli, samive
mxarisaTvis damajerebeli argumentebis warmodgeniT.
ar gumenti sa xelm wif osaTvis : C ven dag exm areb iT
kulturisaTvis biznesis seqtoridan
Tanxebis moZiebaSi
Tqvengan garkveuli Tanxis sanacvlod. (`Cven viRebT fuls da
vSoulobT fuls~).
argumenti biznesisaTvis: fulis kulturaSi dabandebiT,
Tqven iRebT sargebels da sakuTari saqmianobis ganviTarebis
saSualebas. argumenti SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebisaTvis:
biznesis mxridan mxardaWera ar uSlis, aramed avsebs
saxelmwifo dafinansebas. Sedegad, SemuSavebul iqna erToblivi
grantebis programa, romlis CarCoSic kerZo seqtoris
saSualebebi erTiandeboda saxelmwifo saxsrebTan.
am periodis ZiriTadi, fandreizinguli strategia iyo
urTierTsargebliani TanamSromloba, romelic sruliad
gansxvavdeba gulkeTilobisagan da misi princi puli argumenti
JRerda ase: `kulturis mxardaWera SeiZleba iyos momgebiani.~
1990-ian wlebSi did britaneTSi kvlav daiwyo axali
ekonomikuri krizisi. misi erT-erTi Sedegi iyo kompaniebis
gakotreba da maT nacvlad biznesmenebis axali Taobis mosvla,
romelTaTvisac kultura ar warmoadgenda umaRles
Rirebulebasa da aqsiomas. am periodSi biznesmenebisaTvis
warmodgenil iqna axali argumentebi kulturis mxardasaWerad:
kreatiuloba (kultura ganixileboda, rogorc kreativis
pirvelwyaro);
kulturis mniSvneloba socialur konteqstSi (kulturis
m x a r da W er a , r o g o r c ` ko r p o r a ti u l i s o c i a l u r i
pasuxismgeblobis~ politikis nawili).
kulturis dafinansebis britanuli modeli warmoadgens
amerikuli da evropuli modelebis Sualedur safexurs.
dafinansebis britanuli modelis Semqmnelebi, aqcentirebas
224
sponsoroba da kulturis politika
akeTeben kulturis organizaciisa da biznesis
urTierTqmedebaze. korporatiuli sponsoroba kulturis
dafinansebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi xdeba.
did britaneTSi biznesisa da kulturis TanamSromlobis
sami ti pi Camoyalibda:
1. TanamSromloba msxvili biznesis doneze _ seriozuli
da ZviradRirebuli proeqtebis mxardaWera;
2. TanamSromloba saSualo biznesTan regionis masStabiT
_ esaa partnioroba teritoriuli ganviTarebis mizniT;
3. TanamSromloba mcire biznesis doneze. britaneTisaTvis
esaa kulturuli proeqtebis realizaciis axali forma,
romelmac SemoqmedebiTi industriis wodeba miiRo.4
amerika iTvleba sponsorobisa da fandreizingis samSoblod.
msoflios sxva qveynebma gamoiyenes amerikis gamocdileba da
moaxdines misi teqnologiebis adaptireba Tavis pirobebsa da
SesaZleblobebTan. amerikaSi kultura da biznesi viTardeba
ara cal-calke, aramed maTi arseboba urTierTgamomdinarea,
rogorc wesi, ideologiuri zewolis gareSe. amerikaSi kulturam
da biznesma erTmaneTTan misasvleli gzebi gamonaxes, xolo
saxelmwifom am nayofieri TanamSromlobisaTvis Seqmna Sesabamisi
pirobebi.
amerikuli modeli korporatiul da individualur
filantropias efuZneba, anu, kulturis organizaciebs gadascems
saSualebebs raime saxis sargeblis miRebis molodinis gareSe.
es modeli mxardaWeras ganicdis ganviTarebuli sagadasaxado
sistemis privilegiebiT. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom kultura
unda iyos saxelmwifos zegavlenisagan Tavisufali. amerikaSi
filantropiis umTavresi devizia: kulturis mxardaWeriT,
Tqven exmarebiT sazogadoebas~. marTvisa da kontrolis ZiriTadi
organoa konkretuli kulturuli organizaciis mzrunvelTa
sabWo.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi kidev erTxel adasturebs, Tu
raoden mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mier swori da
mizanmimarTuli sasponsoro politikis gatareba sasponsoro
saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da daxvewisaTvis. es ukanaskneli ki
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturis politikasTan, romelic
225
elene
babakiSvili
saqarTveloSi srulyofili saxiT jer kidev araa
Camoyalibebuli. mas mxolod garkveuli Tezisebis saxe gaaCnia.
sasponsoro politikis SemuSaveba xels Seuwyobs
sasponsoro saqmianobis aqtivobis zrdas _ evropa da amerika
amis saukeTeso magaliTia, sadac sasponsoro politikiT
gansazRvrulia rogorc kompaniebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
SeRavaTebi, aseve sponsorebisa da kulturuli organizaciebis
uflebebi da TanamSromlobis kanonzomierebebi. saxelmwifo
mudmivad cdilobs sponsoroba kidev ufro mimzidveli da
sargebliani gaxados kompaniebisaTvis, amisaTvis igi sxvadasxva
xerxs mimarTavs; iqneba es sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, Tu sponsori
kompaniebis aRiareba da popularizacia sazogadoebis farTi
wreebSi.
dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom sponsorobis momavali
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos mier gatarebul
politikaze, romelsac ZaluZs am sferoSi mravali damatebiTi
i nic i a tiv i s ga nx o rc i el eb a . sa x el mw i f o s m x r ida n
sponsorebisaTvis damatebiTi prioritetebis miniWeba kidev
ufro gaamZafrebs kulturisa da biznesis TanamSromlobas
da xels Seuwyobs xangrZlivi, partnioruli urTierTobebis
gaRvivebas.
1. Бун Л., Куртц Д., “ Современный Маркетинг”, 11 издание, Юнити ,
Москва , 2005; http://www.reclame.ru
2.http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-practics-fundreising.doc Модели и
Практики Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга в Австрии
3. http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-France.doc, Модели и Практики
Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга во Франции
4. http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-British.doc, Модели и Практики
Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга в Великобритании
226
sofio komlaZe
doqturanturis I kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
sagamomcemlo organizaciis
struqturis analizi
Tanamedrove marTvis TeoriaSi organizaciis upirvelesi
amocanaa, uzrunvelyos organizaciuli miznebis miRweva. amisTvis
ki upirvelesia sworad SerCeuli saorganizacio struqtura
_ logikur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa da uflebamosilebapasuxismgeblobis iseTnairad gadanawileba, rac kompaniis
miznebis efeqtian realizebas uzrunvelyofs. struqturis
proeqtireba yvela organizaciaSi individualuria da
gamomdinareobs organizaciis gegmebis, strategiebis, miznebis,
Sida da gare faqtorebis mravalferovnebidan. Teoriuli
ganmartebiT organizaciis struqtura asaxavs logikur
kavSirebs marTvis doneebsa da funqcionalur sferoebs Soris.
misi mTavari amocanaa, yvela qvedanayofi da menejeri naTlad
xedavdes Tavis Tavze dakisrebul movaleobas da moqmedebis
ZiriTad mimarTulebas. organizaciis struqtura aucileblad
unda Seicavdes TviTkontrolisa da motivaciis Tvisebebs. man
unda uzrunvelyos TanamSromelTa da maTi pasuxismgeblobis
xarisxi. amasTanave ar unda iyos xisti. aseTi struqturebi
arastabilurni arian da ver iTvaliswineben garemoSi mimdinare
cvlilebebs. organizaciuli struqturis mTavari amocanaa,
yvela qvedanayofi da yvela menejeri naTlad xedavdes Tavis
Tavze dakisrebul movaleobas, ZiriTad mimarTulebas, Tumca
es `TvalsaCino sicxade~ ar unda gavaTanabroT Sinaarsobriv
simartivesTan.
kulturis an xelovnebis sferos organizaciebi mniSvnelovan
rols ikaveben sazogadoebaSi. isini SesaZloa warmogvidgnen
rogorc saxelmwifo, munici palur an kerZo organizaciebad.
maTi miznebi gamomdinareobs konkretuli xelovnebis
produqtisgan an im momsaxureobisgan, rasac kompania sTavazobs
momxmarebels. kulturis sferoSi arseboben iseTi saerTaSoriso
227
sofio komlaZe
sagamomcemlo
organizaciis
struqturis
analizi
firmebi, romlebic TavianTi masStaburobiT gamoirCevian da
aseve arseboben patara zomis saxelovnebo kompaniebi. miuxedavad
maTi moculobisa, struqturis proeqtireba nebismier SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia, aucilebelia Seiqmnas garkveuli modeli, rac
gaiwereba oficialurad da TviTganviTarebasa da mdgradobas
moemsaxureba.
sagamomcemlo saqmis organizaciuli struqtura im
specifikidan unda gamomdinareobdes da im safexurebs unda
moicavdes, rac damaxasiaTebelia Tavad wignis gamocemis
org aniza ciisTv is. a m mim arTul ebis mqone kompa nia
garkveulwil ad gans xvavdeb a sxva saxelov nebo
organizaciebisgan, pirvel rigSi _ Tavisi mravalferovnebiT.
sagamomcemlo organizaciaSi erTdroulad Tavs iyris Semoqmedis
(wignis avtoris), sawarmo personalis (damkabadoneblis,
teqnikuri TanamSromlis), saredaqcio sabWos (dizaineris,
koreqtoris, stilistis), marketingis ganyofilebis,
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis, distribuciis, finansuri
uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris garkveuli wre. aqedan gamomdinare,
sagamomcemlo organizaciis menejments sakmaod didi yuradReba
sWirdeba struqturis proeqtirebisas.
organizaciuli struqturis Camoyalibeba, pirvel rigSi,
gamomdinareobs Tavad organizaciis Sinaarsisgan. saerTaSoriso
organizaciuli struqturis standarti, rogorc ukve vTqviT,
ar arsebobs. Tumca arseboben warmatebuli organizaciebi,
sadac marTvis Teoriis es mniSvnelovani mxare sakmaod kargad
aqvT mogvarebuli. magaliTad, sagamomcemlo saqmianobis
TvalsazrisiT lideri qveyanaa CineTi, am ukanasknels taivanTan
da hong-kongTan erTad sagamomcemlo industriis struqtura
aqvs Camoyalibebuli, rac SesaZloa, Zalian kargi magaliTi
aRmoCndes qarTveli gamomcemlobisTvis:
228
229
sofio komlaZe
arsebuli struqtura mimoixilavs wignis gavrcelebis
industriis mikro models. es kargi magaliTia qarTuli
sagamomcemlo saxlebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia,
gamomcemlobisTvis daisaxos erTi romelime konkretuli mizani
da miznidan gamomdinare dadgindes struqturuli erTeulebi.
anu, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizaciis mTavari orientiri
maRalmxatvruli produqciis (wignis) gamocemaa, aucilebelia,
struqturaSi gamoiyos saredaqcio ganyofileba (an sabWo),
romlis mravalferovan funqciebSi Seva produqtis irgvliv
muSaoba wminda SemoqmedebiTi kuTxiT, mxatvruli gaformebiT
da a. S. saredaqcio sabWo aucilebelia, dakompleqtebuli
iyos literaturaTmcodneebis, xelovnebaTmcodneebis,
filologebisa da dizainerebis jgufiT. amas garda,
aucilebelia sawarmoo ganyofilebis calke daqvemdebarebul
saStato erTeulad gamokveTa. erTia, roca ideis doneze ayalibeb
produqtis saxes, xolo meore _ roca uSualod, sagnobrivad
qmni mas.
meore varianti sagamomcemlo saqmis orientirebulobis
TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa iyos industria (mogeba, swrafi
realizeba). am SemTxvevaSi organizaciam yuradReba unda
gaamaxvilos, pirvel rigSi, potenciur momxmarebelze,
marketinguli kvlevis meSveobiT moaxdinos bazris gamokvleva
da analizi da Semdeg miawodos mkiTxvels is produqti, rac
mas surs, miawodos maqsimalurad moxerxebuli formiT. am
moqmedebisTvis saWiroa marketingis ganyofilebisa da
sadistribucio arxebis wina planze wamoweva da maTi mimarTva
organizaciis saerTo miznebis efeqtianad miRwevisaken.
anu, aziis qveynebis sagamomcemlo industriis modelis
magaliTze, SesaZlebeli davsaxoT organizaciis mizani da
miznidan gamomdinare davaxarisxoT struqturuli erTeulebi.
ruseTis federaciaSi sagamomcemlo organizaciis
struqturuli proeqtireba xdeba ara miznobrivi, aramed
Semdegnairi dayofiT: universaluri da specializirebuli.
specializirebuli gamomcemloba uSvebs mxolod erTi
dasaxelebis produqts _ wigns (da masac konkretuli
mimarTulebisas _ mxatvruls, saskolo-sauniversitetos,
specializebul literaturas), xolo universaluri
230
sagamomcemlo
organizaciis
struqturis
analizi
sagamomcemlo saxli _ ramdenime saxis nawarms: Jurnals,
plakats, alboms, wigns da a. S. amzadebs. qarTul sagamomcemlo
sivrceSic daaxloebiT aseTi diferencirebaa. aqedan gamomdinare,
organizaciis struqtura am ti pologiuri gansxvavebiTac
SegviZlia CamovayaliboT. universalur gamomcemlobas,
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ramdeni TanamSromeli muSaobs iq,
SedarebiT ufro mravalmxrivad ganStoebuli struqtura
esaWiroeba, yvela mTavari, saWiro da fuqcionaluri
ganyofileba-doneebiT. rusul sagamomcemlo biznesSi aseTnairad
struqturirebuli organizaciebia: `ЭКСМО”, `ТЕРРА”, `АСТ”,
“ИНФРА-М” da a. S. specializebuli gamomcemloba, ZiriTad
SemTxvevaSi, orientirebulia profesionali mkiTxvelisTvis
da g a ns a zR v r av s mx o lo d am mki Txv el is ir g v li v
gansaxorcielebel gegmebs. am ti pis gamomcemlobebia: `Финансы
и статистика”, `Юристъ”, `ЮНИТИ”. aseTi organizaciebis
struqturis funqcionaluri doneebi ufro metad produqtis
irgvliv ikribebian da mimarTulni arian am ukanasknelis
`gamosaxvisken~.
rogorc xedavT, rusuli sagamomcemlo biznesis praqtika,
faqtobrivad, imeorebs aziuri modelis princi pebs da ori
mimarTulebiT warmarTavs organizaciuli struqturis
proeqtirebas: produqtis an momxmareblis mimarT.
organizaciuli struqturis proeqtirebisas gaaCnia
ramdenime mniSvnelovani wesi, romelic aucileblad unda
gaiTvaliswinos umaRlesma menejmentma. pirvel rigSi, unda
moxdes organizaciis msxvili qvedanayofebis horizontaluri
gadanawileba. qvedanayofebi unda Seesabamebodnen erTmaneTis
sapasuxismgeblo doneebs da erToblivad emsaxurebodnen
romelime konkretuli strategiis an saorganizacio miznebis
miRwevas. sagamomcemlo organizaciaSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyofilia
ramdenime iseTi ganyofileba, romlis arseboba organizaciaSi
aucilebeli da upiroboa. esenia: redaqcia, sawarmoo ganyofileba,
mxatvruli gaformebis samsaxuri, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
mxolod da mxolod wignis gamocemas, xolo gavrceleba
marketingis, sadistribucio, finansuri ganyofilebebis
prerogativaa.
231
sofio komlaZe
msxvili qvedanayofebis gadanawilebis Semdeg organizaciis
menejmenti irCevs marTvis ganawilebis erT princi ps: xazobrivs,
xazobriv-masStaburs, xazobriv-funqcionalur, matricul,
divizionalur, mobilur, konglomeraciul an funqcionaluri
struqturis ti ps. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva niSan-TvisebiT
xasiaTdeba da igi maqsimalurad unda iyos organizaciis
SinaarsTan SesabamisobaSi.
garda amisa, gamomcemlobis struqtura unda Seicavdes
TviTkontrolisa da motivaciis Tvisebebs, unda uzrunvelyos
TanamSromelTa uflebebis dacva da maTi pasuxismgeblobis
xarisxi, radganac menejmentisTvis iseve rogorc struqturaa
mniSvnelovani, aseve _ Tavad adamianic.
qarTul sagamomcemlo sivrceSi da zogadad kulturis
sferoSi, struqturirebis kultura, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs,
Tu ar CavTvliT komerciul msxvil korporaciebs. marTalia,
kulturis sfero tradiciuli marTvis Teoriisgan
gansxvavebebiT xasiaTdeba, magram es sulac ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom saxelovnebo sferos marTvisas aucilebeli araa
struqturis gawera. piriqiT, warmoudgenelia organizaciis
m a r T v a i m s i c x a d i s g a r e S e , r o c a g a u r k v ev e l i a
Tanadaqvemdebarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis saxeebi.
bunebrivia, organizaciis wevrma icis Tavisi Tanamdeboba, adgili,
saqmianobis sfero, isic, Tu visi xelmZRvanelobis qveSaa da
vis winaSea pasuxismgebeli, magram am yvelafers unda
dokumenturi dasabuTeba da naTlad Camoyalibeba. es informacia
nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi
da gamoqveyndes organizaciis veb-gverdze iseve, rogorc
gamoqveynebuli aqvT msoflios sxvadasxva warmatebul
organizacias: “Penguin”, “Iop”, “Sanoma”, “Ps” da a. S.
o. ejibaZe, `strategiuli marTva~, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2000.
m. tuRuSi, n. yirimliSvili, ~menejmentis safuZvlebi~, Tbilisi, 2005.
www.hi-edu.ru
www.gumfak.ru
www.emeraldinsight.com
www.penguin.co.uk
232
ana kotrikaZe
doqturanturis I kursi
xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili
kinoindustriis dafinansebis
zogierTi sakiTxi
saqarTveloSi, ukve didi xania midis msjeloba,
kinoindustriis ganviTarebisa Tu misi xelis SemSleli
faqtorebis Sesaxeb. problemebis daZleva SeuZlebeli ar aris,
magram cxadia, garkveuli dro da saxsrebia saWiro.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kino saxelmwifo dafinansebiT
arsebobda, dRes ki es sikeTe aRar gavaqvs, albaT saWiroa
rCeva vkiTxoT im qveynebs, sadac kinos maRal doneze afinanseben,
rogor da ra gzebiT xdeba es.
dRes Zalian xSiria, roca filmis scenaris Sinaarssac ki,
gamoyofili Tanxis raodenobas argeben; scenari da filmi,
bolomde biujetis raodenobazea damokidebuli, rogorc wesi
is mcirea rac pirdapir aisaxeba xarisxze. yovelive amis
fonze, evropul qveynebis kinoindustriasTan paralelis gavleba
da Sedareba jerjerobiT Zalian rTulia da SeiZleba,
warmoudgenladac mogveCvenos. Tumca, evropuli kinoindustriis,
modelis analizis safuZvelze, albaT SesaZlebelia,
kinoindustriis, menejmentis, zogadi qarTuli modelis Seqmna.
am etapze Zalze mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT dafinansebis sakiTxi.
cxadia, me ar var pirveli, vinc qarTuli kinoindustriis
dafinansebis sakiTxs mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs.
britanul kinowarmoebaSi ar aris qronikuli siZneleebi
mwvave krizisebi, amaSi axali araferia, Tumca, mainc unda
aRiniSnos, rom britaneTSi, saxelmwifo politikis roli
industriis gaZlierebisaTvis, mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, rogorc
mdgradi ekonomikuri warmatebis aseve, kulturuli sargeblis
miRebis TvalsazrisiTac.
italiaSi profesionaluri da teqnikuri resursebis udidesi
nawili (80%) romSi iyris Tavs, xolo rac Seexba
kinoproeqtebis dafinansebis sakiTxs, gadawyvetulebas iRebs
233
ana kotrikaZe
adamianTa garkveuli jgufi, romelic amavdroulad
TanamSromloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo televiziebTan. es
ukananasknelni ki mzad arian (amave dros valdebulni), rom
satelevizio reklamebidan Semosuli finansebis garkveuli
nawili kinowarmoebas moaxmaron.Ddidi xnis win daaxloebiT
1998 wels reklamidan Semosuli mogeba warmoadgenda, 500
milion evros, aqedan 10 procenti ki kinoindustriis
ganviTarebas moxmarda.Aarsebobs periodebi, rodesac italieli
kinoprodiuserebi reklamidan Semosuli Tanxidan, yovel wels
daaxloebiT 50 milion evros iReben.
avstriis kinoindustrias metad mRelvare warsuli hqonda,
bolo dros ki, sakmaod didi mniSvneloba SeiZina.Yyovelive
amas veneciisa da kanis festivalze miRebuli jildoebi
adasturebs. `Sinaarsiani da radikaluri~, _ ase axasiaTeben
ti pur, avstriul filmebs. rac Seexeba realizacias, SekveTis
ganacxadidan gaqiravebamde, iqmneba Rirebulebis erTi didi
jaWvi, romelic asobiT milion evros Seadgens da amasTanave
ua mra v s am uSa o a dgi ls uzr unvel yof s av stri aS i;
kinoindustriisaTvis gamoyofil saxsrebs, daaxloebiT 40 milion
evros Seadgens. am xarjebs, avstriis kineematografiis
universiteti gankargavs. damatebiT xarjebs ki, kulturis
federaluri ganyofileba, saxelmwifos biujetidan gamoyofs.
mxolod dedaqalaqisaTvis ki am mizniT 8 milioni evro
gamoiyofa. rogorc Cans sxva RirsebebTan erTad, amavdroulad,
avstriis kinematografiis aseTi didi warmateba, xelisuflebis
mxridanac didi mxardaWeris Sedegia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom avstriis kinobazarze, ucxouri filmebis
raodenoba 90 procentia. Ffilmebis umetesi nawili, mainc
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis warmoebaa, magram bolo xanebSi,
adgilobrivma kino produqciam, saSualod 8-10 procents miaRwia,
xolo premierebze adgilobrivi produqciis, mayurebelTa
ricxvma, mTel avstriaSi, raodenobrivad 100. 000 gadaaWarba.
es situacia, sabazro gaqiravebis struqturas asaxavs.
adgilobrivi kino warmoebebis, meore damaxasiaTebeli niSania,
intensiuri TanamSromloba, reklamis industriasTan da
multimediis sferosTan. kavSiri, xelovnebasa da produqcias
Soris, sakmaod mniSvnelovania. avstriaSi, am kuTxiT sakmaod
234
kinoindustriis
dafinansebis
zogierTi
sakiTxi
sainteresod da nayofierad muSaoben, amas adasturebs,
bolodroindeli, mravlis momcveli warmatebebi. isini TiTqmis
yovel wels, avtoritetul kino prizebs iReben.Ees Tavisuflad
SeiZleba, kino prodiuserebis potencials mivaweroT da calke
miRwevadac CavTvaloT. Tavis droze erT-erT warmatebul
filmad mixaela hanekes, `pianisti qali~ CaiTvala, filmma 25
milioni mayureblis mozidva SeZlo.
italiis magaliTze dayrdnobiT albaT SesaZlebelia, qarTul
televiziebTan TanamSromloba, Tuki reklamidan Sesuli Tanxis,
garkveuli procenti, yovel wels kinos dafinansebas, Tundac
erTi filmis warmoebas moxmardeba. es mniSvnelovani mxardaWera
iqneba qarTuli kino industriisaTvis.,miuxedavad imisa kino
komerciulad momgebiani iqneba Tu ara. sasurvelia rom
televiziebma iTanamSromlon prodiuserebTan da kinocentrTan.
raTqmaunda, sazogadoebriv televizias am SemTxvevaSi,
mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba, telemauwyeblobebis aqtiurobiT
(vgulisxmob materialur daxmarebas), SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
kinos, materialuri da teqnikuri bazis ganviTarebis
nawilobrivi uzrunvelyofa.
kinocentri aris am etapze erTaderTi romelsac, erovnuli
kinoindustriis ganviTarebisaTvis, mciredi saxsrebis moZieba
SeuZlia, arc ise saxarbielo sagadasaxado sistema winsvlas
kidev ufro aferxebs, Tumca nelnela SeiniSnebba gadasaxadebis
Serbilebis tendencia. saxelmwifom, garkveul etapze unda
SeZlos, kinowarmoebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, radganac kinos
SeuZlia Cveni qveynis Rirebulebebis warmoCena saerTaSoriso
doneze.
gasagebia, rom saqarTveloSi, msgavsi politikis gatareba,
uzarmazar sirTuleebTan da drosTan aris dakavSirebuli,
Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, evropuli kinoindustriis modelze
dayrdnobiTa da SeswavliT, amave dros, qarTuli kinoindustriis
samomavlo SesaZleblobebis gaanalizebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, etapobrivad, qarTuli zogadi modelis
gamomuSavebac.
http://advantageaustria.org/
http://www.artmanager.ru/
235
daviT gujabiZe
doqturanturis III kursi
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe
mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri
teleekranze
satelevizio xelovneba
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe
236
qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis ekranul formebs Soris
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia `satelevizio Teatrs~. am unikalur
satelevizio redaqciaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris
teritoriaze pirvelad saqarTvelos televiziaSi Seiqmna,
araerTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi Seiqmna, romlebmac axleburad
warmoaCines rogorc Teatris, ise televiziis mxatvruli
SesaZleblobebi. sayuradReboa, rom kino da gansakuTrebiT
Teatris reJisorebis im nawilma, romlebic warmatebiT
moRvaweobdnen TavianT sferoSi, `satelevizio TeatrSi~
muSaobis SesaZleblobac ar gauSves xelidan. mniSvnelovani
namuSevrebi Seqmnes Salva gawereliam, nugzar bagrationma,
aleqsandre qanTariam, karlo Rlontma, andro enuqiZem... da,
upirveles yovlisa _ mixeil TumaniSvilma, romelsac garda
imisa, rom qarTuli Teatris winaSe sxva uamravi didi
damsaxureba aqvs, `satelevizio Teatris~ praqtikul
Semqmneladac SeiZleba moiazrebodes. es erTgvari paradoqsic
kia, ramdenadac specialistebs Soris, vinc did maestros piradad
icnobda, da TviT mis moswavleebs Soris gavrcelebulia azri,
rom mixeil TumaniSvili televizias _ rogorc SemoqmedebiT
xelovnebas _ seriozulad ar ekideboda. vfiqrobT, faqtebi
sapirispiros laparakoben, xolo arsebuli `legenda~ televiziis
mimarT misi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb mxolod SedarebiTia
TeatrTan SedarebiT.
`Teatris bednierebac da ubedurebac isaa, rom misi xelovneba
rawams ibadeba, maSinve qreba, arasodes meordeba. masze mxolod
mogoneba rCeba~,1 – wers mixeil TumaniSvili. bedis Tu
sxvadasxva movlenis erTmaneTTan damTxvevis gamo ise moxda,
swored am sityvebis avtors miuZRvis udidesi wvlili qarTul
media-sivrceSi Teatraluri xelovnebis axali ekranuli formis
237
daviT gujabiZe
damkvidrebaSi, romlis wyalobiTac Teatraluri xelovnebis
nimuSis dafiqsireba da Senaxva SesaZlebelia.
mixeil TumaniSvilis televiziaSi misvlis mizezi mis
rusTavelis Teatridan wamosvlas ukavSirdeba. aq ar SevudgebiT
am qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze skandaluri
movlenis analizs. CvenTvis mTavari isaa, rom mas Semdeg, rac
mixeil TumaniSvils rusTavelis Teatris datoveba mouxda,
saqarTvelos televiziis maSindelma xelmZRvanelma, batonma
karlo gardafxaZem SesTavaza mas televiziis samxatvro
xelmZRvaneloba, magram ramdenadac batoni mixeili araTu
arasodes ar iswrafvoda Tanamdebobisken, aramed amgvar
saqmianobas SemoqmedisaTvis xelisSemSleladac ki Tvlida,
uari ganacxada am postze da e. w. `ferad gadacemaTa mTavar
redaqciaSi~ daiwyo muSaoba satelevizio dadgmebze. amiT man
kvlav SeZlo, reJisuriT dakavebuliyo, radgan, rogorc TviTon
aRniSnavda: `reJisori is ki araa, vinc speqtakls dgams, aramed
is – visac ar SeuZlia, rom ar dadgas speqtakli~.
rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev qarTuli televiziis arsebobis
pirvelsave dReebSi mixeil TumaniSvilma e. w. `funikulioris~
studiaSi dadga puSkinis `mocarti da salieri~ _ ramaz
CxikvaZis da erosi manjgalaZis monawileobiT. mogvianebiT
misive reJisuriT daidga kidev ramdenime speqtakli, maT Soris
_ daviT kldiaSvilis `soloman morbelaZis~ satelevizio
inscenireba, romelSic, rogorc TviTmxilvelebi werdnen, saocari
saxe Seuqmnia sergo zaqariaZes. im dros satelevizio programebi
mxolod pirdapir eTerSi arsebobda da amdenad, am dadgmis
Canaweri ar arsebobs.
ase rom, televiziaSi `misvlis~ droisaTvis baton mixeils
ukve hqonda mniSvnelovani praqtikuli Sexeba teledadgmebTan.
Tavis statiaSi `#92~ igi wers:
`Cven cxovrebaSi, gvinda es Tu ara, myarad damkvidrda
televizia. cisferi ekrani, rogorc uZlieresi magniti, uamravi
gansxvavebuli adamianis yuradRebas izidavs. studiuri Rilakis
erTi daWeriT, TiTqos, jadoqris xelis erTi aqneviT, milionobiT
adamiani Cerdeba anTebuli ekranis win, tovebs wigns, gazeTs,
Tanamosaubres. mayureblis grandiozuli, masobrivi hi pnozis
efeqti iqmneba. aTasobiT piradi da sazogado saqmiT dakavebuli
238
mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze
adamiani, televiziis pirobiTi saxmobis gagonebaze ikribeba
erTad yvela Tavis pirad televizorTan imisaTvis, rom
uzarmazar auditoriad gaerTiandnen da amave dros, erTi
erTze darCnen raRac intimurTan, siRrmivTan, auCqarebelTan...~2
`feradi gadacemebis mTavar redaqciaSi~ im dros sul
sami adamiani muSaobda: TviT batoni mixeili da im dros misi
studentebi Teatraluri institutidan: giorgi kaxabriSvili
da dali gurgeniZe. am jgufma daiwyo jer mcire, Semdeg ki
ufro didi moculobis satelevizio dadgmebis warmoeba.
redaqciaSi keTdeboda Teatralizebuli sanaxaobebi saaxalwlo
da sxva sazeimo TariRebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca konkretulad
specialurad satelevizio CvenebisTvis Seqmnili speqtaklebic
idgmeboda. am gadacemas erqva `rampa~.
am periodSi daidga daviT kldiaSvilis `ubedureba~, nodar
dumbaZis `ras gvekiTxeba amocana?~, Jan koktos `adamianis
xma~. am nawarmoebebma, romlebsac maSin erTaderTi satelevizio
arxis arsebobis pirobebSi mTelma respublikam uyura, didi
mowoneba daimsaxura aramarto mxatvruli xarisxis, aramed
Janruli TavisTavadobis gamoc.
satelevizio specifikisa da TeatrisTvis saerTo xedviTi
platformis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo
namuSevari gamodga Jan koktos `adamianis xma~. es
monospeqtaklia mcire scenisaTvis, sadac praqtikulad ar
dgas dekoracia; moqmedeba xdeba oTaxSi, moqmedi gmiri
erTaderTi qalia, romelic telefonze saubrobs.
piesis teqsti dialogis is naxevaria, romelic mayurebels
esmis. telefonis aparatis meore mxares mdgari mosaubris
teqsti ar ismis, magram igrZnoba, rom qali (telespeqtaklSi
am rols sofiko Wiaureli TamaSobda) Tavis sayvarel mamakacs
elaparakeba, amasTan igrZnoba isic, rom es satelefono saubari
maT Soris ukanaskneli saubaria, maTi urTierToba dasrulda.
speqtakli sul naxevari saaTi grZeldeboda. `...naxevari
saaTis ganmavlobaSi laparakobda igi (sofiko Wiaurelis gmiri,
d. g.) telefoniT, darwmunebuli var, arcerTi mayureblis
yuradReba maSin teleekrans ar moswyvetia.
raSi iyo ekranze gacocxlebuli qalis Cvenze zemoqmedebis
aseTi Zala? imaSi, rom Cven mxolod mis sityvebs ki ar
239
daviT gujabiZe
vismendiT, amave dros vxedavdiT, ra xdeba im mSvenieri arsebis
sulSi, romelsac axla ukanasknelad esmoda Zvirfasi adamianis xma.~3
konkretulad am piesis satelevizio dadgmisaTvis arCeviT
mixeil TumaniSvilma gamoavlina satelevizio xelovnebis (!)
specifikis gageba da gancda, teqnikisa da teqnologiis
xelovnebis instrumentad qcevis unari. piesa saSualebas
aZlevda reJisors, rom mayureblis yuradReba teleekranis
saSualebiT daekoncentrirebina umTavresze – msaxiobis saxeze.
...am dadgmaSi kidev erTxel gamoCnda m. TumaniSvilis
msaxiobTan muSaobis gasaocari unari. masTan erToblivi
SemoqmedebiT adamianis sulieri cxovrebis rTuli procesis
warmoCenisa ise sadad da damarwmuneblad, rom SeiZleba
mogCveneboda, TiTqos, amnairad dadgmac da amnairad TamaSic
advilia. amaSi iyo saidumlo J. koktos piesis satelevizio
dadgmis warmatebisa da kidev imaSi, rom frangi qalis
ganmasaxierebeli qarTveli msaxiobi qalis gancdebi ufro
Zlieri iyo, vidre es piesaSi ikiTxeba da misi sulis Wrilobac
ufro Rrmaa...~
recenzia mayureblis gancdebs gadmogvcems, romelic masSi
msaxiobis TamaSis televiziis saSualebiT gadmocemis
`teqnologiam~ aRZra. erTi mxriv, sityva `teqnologia~ SeiZleba
uadgilod mogveCvenos, magram, dRevandeli gagebiT, swored es
specifikuri teqnikuri sivrce da xerxebis erToblioba iyo
is saSualeba, riTac mayurebeli aaRelva da Tanagancda aRuZra
msaxiobis TamaSma.
`ramdeni mayurebeli dafiqrda maSin siyvarulze? am
RvTaebriv, saidumlo grZnobaze, romlis bednierebac yvelas
ar xvdeba wilad cxovrebaSi, magram yvelasTvis, uklebliv
yvelasTvis sanatrelia...
vin icis, vin ras ixsenebda am mSvenier arsebasTan
naxevarsaaTiani Sexvedris Semdeg, roca masTan erTad didma
siyvarulma Cvens saxlSiac SemoanaTa?~4
da ki dev er Ti m ni S v nel o v a ni f a q ti , ro m el i c
TeatrmcodneobiT literaturaSi aqamde araa aRwerili (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Cven versad moviZieT, d. g.), genialurad ubralo
reJisoruli xerxi, romelmac sofiko Wiaurels saSualeba
misca, maqsimalurad zustad eTamaSa, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania,
240
mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze
roca msaxiobis saxes satelevizio ekranis sivrce TiTqmis
mTlianad uWiravs da yoveli niuansi, TiTqos, gamadidebeli
linzis qveS Cans. aq xom umciresi gadacdoma, saxis kunTis
odnavi Setokebac ki gaasmagebuli simkveTriT warmoCindeba;
samagierod, aseve izrdeba mxatvruli simarTliT gamowveuli
emocia.
monospeqtaklis Cawera e. w. me-5 studiaSi mimdinareobda
– yvelaze mcire farTobis pavilionSi, romelsac sareJisoro
pultisagan ormag miniani kedeli yofda. sareJisoro pultTan,
Caweris reJisorTan erTad imyofeboda reJisoris asistenti,
romelic telefoniT realurad esaubreboda sofiko Wiaurels.
es asistenti gaxldaT amJamad cnobili reJisori, qalbatoni
nana kvasxvaZe.
teqsti, romliTac nana kvasxvaZe esaubreboda sofiko
W i a u r el s , s p e c i a l u r a d S e i T x z a da d a i w e r a a m
telespeqtaklisaTvis. es is savaraudo teqsti unda yofiliyo,
romelic Jan koktom gamotova Tavis piesaSi da mixeil
TumaniSvilma da misma asistentebma `gamoiTvales~, aRadgines
`qalis~ teqstidan gamomdinare. cxadia, es reJisoruli xerxi
mniSvnelovnad exmareboda ekranze myof msaxiobs, raTa
SeenarCunebina satelefono dialogis ritmi, muxti da intonacia.
mixeil TumaniSvilisaTvis amgvari xerxebis mogoneba da
gamoyeneba profesiis Semadgeneli aucilebeli nawili iyo.
mogvianebiT feradi gadacemebis redaqciaSi daidga molieris
`Zalad eqimi~ da samseriiani telespeqtakli `gzajvaredini~.
am speqtaklze mixeil TumaniSvils ukve gverdiT edga misi
studenti giorgi kaxabriSvili, romelmac maleve dadga agreTve
3-seriiani `me Sen miyvarxar~. CamoTvlilma speqtaklebma imdenad
didi popularoba moixveWa, rom dadga sakiTxad da Seiqmna
jer `satelevizio dadgmebis ganyofileba~, Semdeg ki
`satelevizio Teatris mTavari redaqcia~, romelic satelevizio
Teatralur dadgmebze specializebuli pirveli mTavari redaqcia
iyo sabWoTa kavSiris satelevizio sivrceSi.
male mixeil TumaniSvilma satelevizio ekranze gadmoitana
rusTavelis TeatrSi `aprobirebuli~ speqtakli _ aleqsandre
CxaiZis `xidi~ _ erosi manjgalaZisa da iza gigoSvilis
monawileobiT.
241
daviT gujabiZe
kritikosi iuri kagarlicki scenaze dadgmuli speqtaklebis
satelevizio ekranze atanis praqtikas upiratesobebis logikas
ase xedavs: `... am movlenaSi araferi gasakviri ar aris. yoveli
Teatraluri namuSevari WeSmariti mxatvrisaTvis aramarto
ganxorcielebuli, aramed ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqrebicaa.
im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca namuSevari sayovelTao qebas msaxurebs,
aris erTi adamiani, romelmac icis, Tu ra ar gamovida da es
adamiani _ reJisoria. cxadia, karg speqtakls aqvs imis
perspeqtiva, rom publikis winaSe TamaSisas `momwifdes~ (da
es, albaT, misi umTavresi niSania), magram raRaca yovelTvis
aris iseTi, rac ukvalodaa dakarguli da am danakargis
kompensireba xdeba sxva masalaze, sxva speqtaklis Seqmnisas.
aseTi gakveTili ukvalod ar Caivlis, igi moitans Tavis nayofs
reJisoris SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi, magram ver uSvelis
konkretuli scenuri xelovnebis namuSevars. xolo Tuki
Teatraluri speqtaklis dadgmas imave speqtaklis satelevizio
variantis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba mohyveba, igi reJisors aZlevs
ganumeorebel Sanss, rom daubrundes Zvel da nacnob masalas
dagrovili gamocdilebiT da ukve miRweulze dayrdnobiT
axal gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT aiwios ukve
arsebul Sedegze ufro maRla.~5
i. kagarlickis pozicias srulad iziarebs dramaturgi
Tamaz goderZiSvili: `reJisorma mixeil TumaniSvilma
(`satelevizio TeatrSi~) ... dadga ... a. CxaiZis `xidi~.
rusTavelis TeatrSi reJisorma, TiTqos, amowura saTqmeli,
magram satelevizio versiaSi mixeil TumaniSvilma kvlav miagno
detalebs, romelTa gamokveTis Semdeg telespeqtaklma ufro
meti mamxilebeli Zliereba da feradovneba SeiZina.~6 mixeil
TumaniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT daidga agreTve speqtaklebi
`jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~ da `uCinmaCinis qudi~.
satelevizio TeatrSi dadgmuli es speqtaklebi dResac did
auditorias krefen, roca maT eTeri eTmobaT.
mogvianebiT, mixeil TumaniSvilma kinostudia „qarTuli
filmis~ bazaze Seqmna `kinomsaxiobTa Teatri~, romelic swrafad
iqca erT-erT yvelaze popularul centrad Tbilisis
Teatralur sivrceSi. Teatrma kvlav daikava misi mTeli dro
da mixeil TumaniSvils satelevizio dadgmebisTvis aRar ecala,
242
mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze
magram, rogorc didma Semoqmedma, mcirexniani moRvaweobis
droSic ki moaxerxa da Seqmna aramarto sayuradRebo
speqtaklebi, aramed safuZveli daudo Janrobrivad axleburi
Teatraluri da ekranuli xelovnebis sinTezis SemoqmedebiTi
laboratoriis _ `satelevizio Teatris~ Seqmnas.
1. mixeil TumaniSvili fiqrobs, gv. 24, `axla ki farda~, gv. 21.
2. iqve, mixeil TumaniSvili fiqrobs, gv. 207.
3. iqve, gv. 26.
4. iqve, gv. 30.
5. Кагарлицкий Ю., Обман хорош, когда в него верят (Театральный
спектакль на телеэкране), ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ вчера, сегодня, завтра 89, М.,
1989. gv. 43.
6. Tamaz goderZiSvili, `Cveni satelevizio Teatri~, `Teatraluri
moambe~, #6, 1980, gv. 60-62.
243
xelmZRvaneli _
lali gelaSvili
doqturanturis II kursi
prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili
Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi
kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT
scenografiis istoria da
Teoria
naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili
244
XIX saukuneSi, saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg,
evropuli gavlena Cacma-daxurvis sferoSic SeiWra. es imiT
aixsneba, rom rusul-evropuli tansacmeli ufro sada da
advilad saxmari iyo, Tan qarTuli Cacmuloba Tavisi rTuli
SemadgenlobiT Zviri jdeboda. am periodidan Zalian aWrelda
qarTveli qalis Cacmuloba. mkvidrdeba ucxo saxelebic. am
periodSi gaCndnen moduri tansacmlis mkeravebi, e. w. `modistebi~.
qalis Cacmulobam cvlileba qvemodan, fexsacmlidan daiwyo.
qoSebi, waRebi da Zveleburi fexsacmelebi `baSmakebma~ da
`tuflebma~ Secvala. mandilosnebma Sevros, laikis, atlasis
frangul qusliani inglisur qusliani fexsacmeli da
fabrikuli wesiT damzadebuli feradi windebi Caicves.
XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi evropuli da qarTuli kabis
qveS mavTulebiT damuSavebuli Cixora-krinolini Caicves.
agreTve atarebdnen iseT krinolinian kabebs, rogoriTac
germaniaSi da safrangeTSi imosebodnen.
XIX saukunis bolos Tbilisi gaevropulda. marTalia,
qarTulma Cacmulobam dakarga praqtikuli Rirebulebebi, magram
qalis qarTuli tansacmeli iseT calkeul elementebs Seicavs
(kabis Sexsnili saxeloebi, yurTmajebi, gulispiri, sartyeli,
Cixtis magvari qudi da sxva), rom maTi gamoyeneba sxvagvari
tansacmlis dasamzadebladac SeiZleboda. amasTan erTad axali
ti pis samosSi iyenebdnen qarTul qargulebebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli tansacmeli gamodioda
xmarebidan XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde Suaxnisa da zogierTi
axalgazrda qalebi mainc xmarobdnen qarTul tanisamoss. es
yovelive mianiSnebs axalgazrdebis swrafvas moduri
Cacmulobisaken. amis amsaxveli TvalsaCinoeba da didi ganZi
245
lali
gelaSvili
dautova qarTul kinoxelovnebas vaxtang tabliaSvilma
kinofilmiT `qeTo da kote~.
qeTo da kotes~ personaJebis kostiumebis eskizebi Seqmnilia
farnaoz lapiaSvilis mier. personaJebis CacmulobaSi aris
qarTul-evropuli sinTezi; aseve ferTa siWrele, rac im
periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom personaJebs
acviaT evropuli yaidis kostumebi qarTuli detalebiT.
TiToeuli personaJis CacmulobaSi bevr saintereso detals
da siaxles SevxvdebiT, agreTve bevr kostiumSi aris qarTulis,
evropulis da aziuri samosis sinTezi.
am personaJebis samosSi Cans sazRvari TavSekavebulobasa
da fufunebas Soris. arcerT kostiums ara aqvs zedmeti
detali da arc araferi aklia. kostumebi ti puri qarTuli
Tu evropuli, yvelaferi harmoniulad aris Serwymuli
erTmaneTTan. am kostiumebiT Cans ara marto fufuneba da im
drois miswrafebebi, aramed personaJis xasiaTic. vaxtang
tabliaSvilis kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ mandilosnebis
kostiumebi ZiriTadad Sekerilia krinoliniT. im droisaTvis
krinoliniani kabebi siaxle iyo. viwro weliTa da momjdari
lifiT. kostumebi ZiriTadad Sekerilia abreSumis qsovilisagan,
kabebi aris Rrmad dekoltirebuli da misi guli gaformebulia
Zvirfasi qvebiT. yvela qvedatans amSvenebs qarTuli sartyeli,
romelic aris daqarguli. kabebi ZiriTadad aris Wreli, rac
im droisTvis modurad iTvleboda da aseve aris TeTri.
personaJebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, TeTri sazeimo ferad
iTvleboda da maT aformebdnen haerovani bafTebiT da lentebiT,
aseve filmSi `qeTo da kote~ gamoyenebulia Savi da muqi
Sindisferi xaverdis qaTibi. qaTibi muxlebamdea, saxeloebi
idayvebTan Sexsnili da daqargulia, aseve gaformebulia Zvirfasi
qvebiT. Tavsaburavi aris rogorc qarTuli Cixtikopi, aseve
evropuli Slapebi da sxvadasxva mosarTavi.
XIX saukunis bolos moda qmnis tansacmlis axal ti ps –
kabas iribad aWrili qvedataniT da `viCiniseburi~ saxeloebiT.
es xels uwyobs axali stilis Camoyalibebas, rogorc sportul,
ise saRamos samosSi. es aris moderni, romelic figuras `S~is formas aZlevs. es aris erTiani stili, romelsac harmoniaSi
246
Cacmuloba XIX saukunis
saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT
mohyavs ori sxvadasxva stili. axali stilis ZiebaSi, rogorc
yovelTvis, inglisi pirvelobda, mas SeuerTdnen amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi, belgia, safrangeTi, bolos _ vena da
praRa. axali moda yvelaze logikurad praRaSi viTardeboda.
es moda etapobrivad SemoiWra ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi.
swored iribad aWrili da naoWasxmuli kostiumi acvia qeTos.
kaba aris muqi feris, welSi gadaWrili, mklavebi idayvis
qvemodan dawyebuli bolomde aris Sexsnili. mkerdisa da
beWebis gaswvriv kabas aqvs bewvis ormagi kanti, romelic
gamoyenebulia dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT. kinofilm `qeTo
da koteSi~ gamoyenebulia xaverdis, abreSumis, Salis da bambis
qsovilebi daWimuli an daserili vorsiT. es yvelaferi saTaves
iRebs italiaSi. 1247 wels venecielma mqsovelebma ufleba
miiRes CamoeyalibebinaT sakuTari gildia. es gadawyvetileba
maT miiRes imitom, rom ufro gaefarTovebinaT abreSumis da
sxva SesaniSnavi qsovilebis warmoeba. renesansis epoqaSi
qsovilebisTvis naxatebs qmnida polaiulo. barokos epoqaSi
xaverdi xdeba feradi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, qarTvelebi
qsovilebs yidulobdnen ZiriTadad daRestneli lekebisagan.
kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ mamakacebis samosad
gamoyenebulia ti puri evropuli smokingi. smokingis saxeloebi
da sayelo aris Savi xaverdiT gaformebuli, agreTve mamakacebi
Semosili arian TeTri axaluxebiT, romlis sayelo gaxamebulia.
acviaT mokle Jiletebi feradi abreSumis, rac Seexeba Sarvlebs,
acviaT kubokruli welze momdgari Sarvlebi jibeebiT. aseve
filmSi gamoyenebulia qarTuli nacionaluri Coxa-axaluxi,
romlebic gaformebulia araqarTuli elementebiT, magram
qarguloba da mTlianad kostiumis morTuloba qarTulia.
mamakacebi agreTve Semosili arian yabalaxiT da morTulni
qamar-xanjliT. filmSi aseve aris gamoyenebuli fraki. is
welzea momdgari, ti pur frakTan SedarebiT aq gansxvavebas
qmnis lackanis forma, gulze Wrilis sidide. im periodSi
modaSi iyo grZeli Sarvlebi, win iribad aWrili, rom
fexsacmelze ar miWmuWvniliyo. aseTi Sarvlebi vizualurad
boloSi viwrovdeboda. fraki kinofilmSi aris Savi feris,
frakTan erTad acviaT TeTri `piJes~ Jileti.
247
lali
gelaSvili
kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ erT-erT scenaSi bavSvis
personaJs vxvdebiT, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT
im drois bavSvis Cacmulobaze. bavSvs acvia tyavis qurTuki,
romelsac `qeTirs~ uwodebdnen. aseTi qurTuki centralur
kavkasiaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. mas keravdnen cxvris
tyavisgan, romelsac bewviani mxare Signidan hqonda moqceuli.
igi welSi iyo gadaWrili. qurTukis qveda nawili odnavi
naoWiT iyo mikerebuli zeda nawilTan. saxeloebi hqonda
grZeli, welSi ki Sekruli ori dedal-mamali dugmiT. qurTukis
sigrZe muxlamdea. sayelos irgvliv majaze, wina kalTaze da
boloSi Semovlebuli aqvs bewvamobrunebuli tyavi. gulze
dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT mikerebuli aqvs saqileebi, aseve
axuravs qalaquri ti pis qudi.
kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ asaxulia yaraCoRelTa
araCveulebrivi kadrebi, isini iyvnen xelosanTa fenis
warmomadgenlebi. maT ecvaT axaluxi, ganieri Sarvlebi, Coxa
da qarTuli Ceqma. welze ekeTaT vercxlis ornamentirebuli
qamrebi, romelzedac damagrebuli iyo jaWvebi. qamarSi Cakecili
da dakidebuli hqondaT wiTeli abreSumis haerovani qsovili.
maT ecvaT doSluliani axaluxi. doSluliani axaluxi gverdze
ikvreboda yaiTnis RilebiT. rac meti Rilebi hqonda, miT
ufro lazaTianad iTvleoda. axaluxisaTvis iyenebdnen satinas
da dimikitons. mas sami jibe hqonda _ ori garedan da erTi
Signidan. Coxa ecvaT ori saxis: naoWiani da unaoWo. gulze,
marjvniv da marcxniv, gakeTebuli hqonda sakvesebi. am sakvesebSi
qalis naxevari TiTi Tu Caeteoda. mas ar xmarobdnen, es
gasaformeblad iyo gakeTebuli. Coxa arasdros ikvreboda, is
ise iyo Sekerili, rom misi piri pirs ar unda misdeboda da
Coxis qveS axaluxi unda gamoCeniliyo. ecvaT ganieri Sarvlebi.
Sarvlis totebi Catanebuli iyo CeqmebSi. saSarvle qsovilebs
daRestneli lekebisagan iZendnen. Sarvals samubiani erqva.
misi ube sami nawilisagan ikereboda. sityva `yaraCoReli~
SavCoxians niSnavs, rasac isini TavianTi CacmulobiT
adasturebdnen. maT exuraT maRali qudebi, romelsac `buxris
quds~ uwodebdnen. yvela yaraCoReli atarebda ulvaSs.
248
Cacmuloba XIX saukunis
saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT
kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ kostiumebis mxatvarma farnaoz
lapiaSvilma araCveulebrivad kargad gamoxata Tavisi eskizebiT
imdroindeli Tbilisis yofa-cxovreba, samoseli da maSindeli
maRali fenis miswrafebebi cvlilebebisken, Tundac samoselSi
rom qarTuli nacionaluri kostiumi arc silamaziT, arc
praqtikulobiT da arc ferTa siuxviT tols ar udebs sxva
ti pis samosels da itans modernistul gadawyvetilebebs,
Tundac imisTvis, rom is yofiliyo gamoyenebuli iseT ukvdav
musikalur kinokomediaSi, rogoricaa, vaxtang tabliaSvilis
kinofilmi `qeTo da kote~.
• nino brailaSvili, eTnografiuli Canaxatebi, `xelovneba~, Tbilisi,
1990.
• lali gelaSvili, msoflio modis ilustrirebuli enciklopedia,
gamomcemloba `imperia~, Tbilisi, 2006.
• n. CofikaSvili, qarTuli kostiumi, Tbilisi, 1998.
• l. molodini, g. CaCaSvili, qarTuli kostiumebis katalogi, Tbilisi,
1989.
• c. bezaraSvili, g jalabaZe, qarTuli xalxuri tansacmeli, Tbilisi,
1986.
249
avtorTa Sesaxeb
maia goSaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodnebis doqtori.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli prifesori.
daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis
Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.
sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi amerikuli, antikuri
da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb. amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi
miTosur motivebze~.
tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64
marine (maka) vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne.
1986 w. daamTavra S. rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmw.
institutis TeatrmcodneobiTi fakulteti.
xelmZRvanelobs SoTa rusTavelis Taetrisa da kinos universitetis
sauniversiteto gamomcemlobas `kentavri~. aris amave universitetis
gazeT `durujis” redaqtori, damaarsebeli da redaqtori gazeTisa
`kultura~.
muSaobda: 1986 _ 1992 wlebSi `saqarTvelos Teatris, musikisa da
kinos saxelmwifo muzeum~-Si mecner-TanamSromlad;
1992 _ 2000 wlebSi `saqarTvelos samauwyeblo telekompania~- Si, I
arxze sabavSvo, Teatraluri da gasarTobi gadacemis `Wor_News~-is
redaqtorad;
1998 _ 2000 wlebSi `saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~-Si
menejerad;
2000 _ 2004 webSi `klubi sardafi~-s erT-erTi damfuZnebelia,
kulturuli progremebis xelmZRvanelad: `literaturuli saRamoebi~
da `Sexvedrebi saintereso adamianebTan~ prog.xelmZRvanelad;
2003, 2005, 2007 wlebSi `saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~s mier daarsebuli kulturis saerTaSoriso bazrobis erT-erT
kordinatorad, Teatris da kinos saCvenebeli programis xelmZ-lad.
2005, 2006 wlebSi _ `Tbilisis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze~ erTerT koordinatorad.
sistematurad aqveynebda da aqveynebs statiebs, werilebs, recenziebs
Tanamedrove Teatralur procesebze da problemebze Jurn. `sabWoTa
250
xelovneba~, `Teatraluri moambe~. `Театр~ `Teatri da cxovreba~,
gazeTebSi `kultura”, `duruji”. aris ramdenime wignis redaqtori
da Semdgenel-redaqtori.
1986 w. miRebuli aqvs I premia TemaSi _ «Б. Брехт в творчестве Р.
Стуруа» _ `sabWoTa kavSiris axalgazrda mkvlevarTa saerTaSoriso
konferencia~ (Catarda q. leningradSi ax.peterburgi).
mopovebuli grantebi: 2003-04-05 wleb. `fondi Ria sazogadoeba
saqarTvelo~, `saq. kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saminsistro~,
`saq. erovnuli kinocentri~.
tel: +995 (77) 28 87 68
el. fosta: vasilisa@yahoo.com
zviad doliZe _ kinoistorikosi, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, msoflio kinos istoriis
mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli
daamTavra Tbilisis a. s. puSkinis sax. pedagogiuri institutis
istoriis fakulteti (1980 w.)
kiTxulobs leqciebs msoflio kinos istoriaSi (bakalavriatis
safexurze), amasTanave aris amave disciplinaSi doqturanturis programis
xelmZRvaneli
gamoqveynebuli aqvs 3 wigni (2 saxelmZRvanelo da 1 monografia) da
30 samecniero statia
tel: +995 (55) 30 70 40
el-fosta: dolz@internet.ge
irakli maxaraZe _ kinoreJisori, mkvlevari.
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis amerikismcodneobis
mimarTulebis doqtoranti.
dokumenturi, animaciuri da mxatvruli filmebis avtori, reJisori
(maT Soris ,,uaild uesTis mxedrebi”, ,,lelos Semobruneba”, ,,guruli
firalebi”, ,,vinc movida gaumarjos!”, ,,dimitri SevardnaZeE” da sxva).
daamTavra Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri
instituti, kinosareJisoro fakulteti (guram Jvanias saxelosno).
1990-2006 kompania „qarTuli telefilmi”-s reJisori, musikisa da
kinos Sesaxeb gadacemebis avtori da wamyvani sxvadasxva satelevizio
arxebze: pirveli arxi, ibervizia, imedi („msoflio estradis varskvlavebi”;
251
„rvanaxevari”; „mravalsaxeoba”; „erTxel holivudSi”). aris araerTi
saJurnalo publikaciisa da wignis avtori (guruli mxedrebi amerikaSi,
guruli firalebi da sxva). agreTve sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
festivalis monawile da mravali jildos mflobeli.
tel: +995 (32) 23 27 75 ; mob: + 995 (99) 97 00 11
el.fosta: iraklimakharadze@gmail.com; makharadze@myhome.ge;
veb-gverdi: www.georgians.ge
dinara maRlakeliZe _ doqtori, kino da mediaTmecnieri.
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris,
kinos, mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlosamecniero kvleviTi institutis wamyvani specialisti.
damTavrebuli aqvs ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
da berlinis humboldtis saxelobis universitetebi. aseve saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantura da fraiburgis albert ludvigis
saxelobis universitetisa da berlinis humboldtis universitetis
doqtorantura.
berlinis humboldtis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia
Temaze: erovnuli identuroba dasavleT germanul da qarTul saavtoro
kinoSi /SedarebiTi analizi/.
samecniero moRvaweobas eweva saqarTvelosa da germaniis federaciul
respublikaSi. monawileobs saerTaSoriso kinosimpoziumebsa da
seminarebSi, rogorc Jiuris wevri muSaobda saerTaSoriso
kinofestivalebze GgoEast da Prix-Europa.
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis universitetSi ekava ufrosi mecnierTanamSromelis Tanamdeboba. sxvadasxva dros kiTxulobda leqciebs
msoflio kinos istoriasa da TeoriaSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da Tbilisis samxatvro akademiaSi.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografia (germanul enaze) da samecniero statiebi
kinos istoriasa da TeoriaSi germanul da qarTul enebze.
misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoa saavtoro kino da Tanamedrove
Teoriebi kinematografSi.
amJamad muSaobs samecniero proeqtz: Tanamedrove germanuli kinos
ganviTarebis tendenciebi 1990iani wlebidan (germanul enaze) da
wignis proeqtze: Sesavali kinos TeoriaSi, kinos klasikuri da
Tanamedrove teqstebi (qarTul enaze).
tel: + 995 (32) 22 02 21; mob: + 995 (99) 36 78 73
el.fosta: dmaglakeli@yahoo.de
veb-gverdi: www.dinara maglakelidse.de
252
eTer okujava
_ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.
SoTaA rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris, kinos,
mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlo-samecniero
kvleviTi institutis mTavari mecnier TanamSromeli.
daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, istoriis fakulteti,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis ganxriT. staJireba gaiara kinomcodnis
specialobiT moskovis sax. kinoinstitutSi (ВГИК, e.surkovis jgufSi).
misi samecniero kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: qarTuli kinos
SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi, filmis saxviTi gadawyvetis problemebi,
zogadad gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturebi, qarTuli filmis esTetika,
Janrebi, calkeul xelovanTa SemoqmedebaTa kvleva drois faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT (xelovani da dro), Tematuri Ziebani da filmis,
sazogadod kinoTeoriis sakiTxebi da a.S.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs 50-ze meti statia, aqedan umetesi referirebul
JurnalebSi _ qarTul da ramdenime _ ucxo enebze. avtoria wignebisa:
`imeda kaxiani~, `aqtiori~ (1990), `kultura _ gza gadarCenisa~(1997,
piveli gamocema; 2000, meore gamocema), `daviT kakabaZe kinosa da
TeatrSi~ (2008).
aris: internet-gamocema `qarTuli kino eTer okujavasagan~ _ mTavari
redaqtori.
nato vaCnaZis saxelobis qarTuli kinos akademiis
erT-erTi
damfuZnebeli fizikuri piri da kulturuli iniciativebis fondis
`nato~ damfuZnebeli da prezidenti.
tel.: + 995 (32) 37 06 29; mob. +995 (99) 92 11 92
el fosta: eterokujava@yandex.ru
veb-gverdi: www.ethmo.narod.ru
253
Marine (Maka) Vasadze
THEATRE STUDIES
Maia Goshadze
VARIATION ON THE THEME TO BE OR NOT TO BE
Summery
The article “Variation about to be or not to be” discusses to run off
from the present motives in the Ernest Hophman, Patrick Zueskind,
Anton Chekhov and Giorgi Margvelashvili’s play “Cherries Garden.”
Article’s author’s idea is that the dilemma of to be or not to be,
between life and death (by view Existential) choose between “un dead”
results and “dead’ process is clear in to the chosen, - by hope or ask of
the prized undead. Without praise less and without judge all being on
the present, given, realization. It must be arise all its whole life with
itself ability again to try discovered unsuccessfully in the same row.
It became hated physical tendency prized with “un dead” future,
un received the motive without all giving rules life, always birth new of
the creative physical agent, hopefuls, refused of the activates, afraid
and hatred of the life.
Not wish to arise from the sleeping from the future morning; we
can see Chehkov’s hero, in the play “Cherry garden” made by director
Giorgi Margvelashvili. It may be really wishes to come back in the best
inertial before the birth.
Right towards the present, such as humans’ leader physics
tendency, - to love life or hate creative motive is realized in the different
epochs being madden work.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Art History PhD
Associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian
State University.
Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles on
American, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times.
Currently she works on paper “Variations on mythical motives”
Tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64
254
CONVERSATIONS ABOUT ROBERT STURUA’S
“THEATRICAL LANGUAGE”
(Formation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language)
Robert Sturua (Theatre Director, Art Director of Rustaveli Theatre) and
Levan Khetaguri Professor, Theatre Scholar, Head of World Theatre Direction.
Georgian as well as European professional theater of theater
directors is more than one century old. I mean that theater of directors
was established in the eighties of XIXth century – C. Kean, A. Antoine,
O. Brahm, M. Reinhardt, K. Stanislavski, V. Meyerhold, later B. Brecht
and etc. Only in the XXth century Georgia, a small but culturally vast
country, managed to give birth to three world-rank directors – Kote
Marjanishvili, Sandro Akhmeteli and Robert Sturua (not meaning their
dates of birth of course). I think this is not such a small number. Through
their individual approach all three directors managed to create different
eras in the world of theatre; they said a new word in the formation of
the language of directors.
Every new cultural occurrence, direction, etc. has its own
preconditions. This is also true about Kote Marjanishvili and Sandro
Akhmeteli. However, at this point the subject of my research is Rober
Sturua, and the formation of his theatrical language. Where can we
find the foundation for his unique theatrical approach - in Georgia and
outside it. How did his theatrical and directorial language develop and
can he be affiliated with any specific movement.
For discussing these topics I chose the form of a dialogue or a
conversation, which I think should be interesting for the readers.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Theatre Historian
She graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She is the head of Shota
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Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Publishing
House “Kentavri”. She is the editor of the newspaper “Duruji” of the
above mentioned University as well as the founder and editor of the
newspaper “Kultura”.
From 1980 – 1992 she worked as a scholar at Georgian State Museum
of Theatre, Music and Film;
From 1992 – 2000 she worked as an editor for children’s theatre and
entertainment program “Gossip News” on Georgian State Broadcasting
Company.
From 1998 – 2000 she worked as a manager of Stichting Caucasus
Foundation.
In 2003, 2005, 2007 she worked as one of the coordinators of
“International Culture Fair” organized by Stichting Caucasus Foundation
and as the head of Theatre and Film Showcase Program.
In 2005, 2006 she worked as one of the coordinators of “Tbilisi
International Film Festival”.
She has her articles, letters, reviews on contemporary theatre processes
and problems published in magazines “Soviet Art”, “Teatraluri Moambe”,
“Òåàòð“, Theatre and Life”, newspapers “Kultura”, “Duruji” on a
regular basis.
She is the editor of several books.
In 1986 she was awarded 1 Price at the “International Conference of
Young Soviet Researchers” in St. Petersburg for the paper “B. Brecht
in the work of Robert Sturua”.
Acquired grants: 2003, 2004, 2005 years: “Open Society Institute”,
Georgian State Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sport”,
“Georgian National Film Center”.
Tel.: +995 (77) 28 87 68
E-mail.: vasilisa@yahoo.com
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FILM STUDIES
Zviad Dolidze
JAPANESE EMPEROR OF FILM
Summary
This article is devoted to the 100 years’ anniversary of the greatest
Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, who created his own original
film world, proved himself as a true creator, who had not been engaged
politically. He sincerely wanted that his films’ heroes were the real and
honest persons, who know the life as it is. In his homeland Kurosawa
often was criticized by local specialists of cinema that he worked for
Western audience, but in reality nobody from his colleagues did not
show Japan and the Japanese society so much clearly that Kurosawa.
He had not the selected and solely style, never discussed this with
someone, but from his side he helped to many cinematographers to
“open” the “film doors”, taught them the film alphabet. And those people
were always proud of work with him and declared that they are the
members of Kurosawa’s team.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Film Historian, Art History PhD.
Full Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University. Head of the History of World Film direction. In 1980 he
graduated from A.S. Pushkin Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of
History. He lectures on history of world film on a BA level. At the
same time he is the head of a doctorate program in the same
discipline. He is the author of 3 books (2 textbooks and 1
monograph) and 30 scientific articles.
Contact Info: +995 (55) 30 70 40
E-mail: dolz@internet.ge
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Irakli Makharadze
IMAGE OF AMERICAN INDIAN IN
AMERICAN WESTERN
Summary
Although the Native Americans have appeared in westerns from
the beginning, they were badly treated in films. On the whole Indians
usually appeared as a swarm of colorfully clad figures on horseback,
attacking pioneers in their covered wagons or ambushing unwary riders.
The view of Indians as savage and uncivilized was repeated in early
films and crystallized the image of “Indians” as dangerous and
unacceptable to the normative lives of White men whose lives appeared
in films to be more valuable than those of the indigenous people they
were colonizing. This trend dimmed in the late ’30s and ’40s, but
resumed in the 1950s and took root in the ’60s, permanently changing
the way films depicted Native Americans. Several 1960-70’s films in
fact suggested a parallel between genocide in the days of the old west
and the age of Vietnam.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Film director, researcher.
Doctorate student at the Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences (American
Studies) of Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi.
He is the author of documentary, animated and feature films. He is the
director of films among them “Wild West Knights, “The Turn Around
of Lelo”, “Robbers of Guria”, “Hello and Welcome”, “Dimitri
Shevardnadze” and others.
He graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University’s Faculty of Film Directing (Class of Guram Jvania).
From 1990 to 2006 he was director of “Kartuli Telepilmi”.
He was the author and anchor of music and film programs at various
television channels: First Channel, Ibervizia, Imedi (Stars of World
Stage”; “Eight and a Half”, “Miscellenious”; “Once upon a time in
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Hollywood”). He is the author of several magazine and book publications
(Knights of Guria in the US, Robbers of Guria and etc). He is the
participant of various international festivals and owner of many awards.
Tel: +995 (32) 23 2775 ; + 995 (99) 97 00 11
E-mail: iraklimakharadze@gmail.com; makharadze@myhome.ge;
Web www.georgians.ge
Dinara Maglakelidze
DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS OF CINEMA THEORY
Summary
The article concerns development tr ends of theoretical
considerations of cinematography and attempts to discuss the
development history of cinema theory in the context of spiritual
(humanitarian) sciences.
Discussing all the important orientations, an author and world outlook
separately, the author is showing the viewpoint of each orientation
studying cinematography, is describing an aesthetic branch of cinema
theory which is studying expressive ways characteristic for
cinematography, as a field of art. The author is discussing classical and
modern cinema theories oriented to sociology and psychology.
In accordance with development of theoretical thinking about cinema
there have been analyzed the so called classical theories of cinema,
such as theoretical considerations of Hugo Münsternberg, Bela Balaz,
Rudolf Arnheim, Walter Benjamin about cinematography, the role and
the importance of representatives of the Russian formalistic school in
the theoretical study of cinematography, theoretical considerations of
Sergey Eisenstein and Russian Avant guard cinematographs.
In the article there have been analyzed: theoretical considerations
of Andre Bazin and the history of development of author ’s
cinematography, the realistic theory of cinema of Siegfrid Kracauer,
the theoretical thoughts of Jean Mitry about the transition period between
the theories of classical and modern cinema, the role and the importance
of semiotic research oriented to linguistic models of Christian Metz in
the development of cinema modern theories, Neo Formalistic and Post
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Structuralist perspectives of the theoretical research of cinematography.
In the article there have been analyzed the place and the importance of
the works of David Bordwell and Gilles Deleuze in the development of
theoretical thinking about cinema.
The author is also discussing Apparatus theories oriented to
psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan and Marxist
theories of Louis Althussel, the main research object of which is an
identification of a spectator-subject, spectator-interpreter to the film
and studying the influence of the film on spectators, analyzing
psychoanalitic and feministic cinema theories.
In the article there have been emphasized differences between
classical and modern theoretical researches of cinema. There has been
developed the point of view according to which while classical theory
of cinema, whose main goal was cultural legacy of cinematography, as
a new field of art, and studying of expressive features and visual
aesthetics of a film, modern theoretical researches of cinematography
prefer studying of medial, economic, socio-cultural determinants of a
film.
She published a monograph (in German) and scholarly articles on history
and theory of film in Georgian and German languages.
Main field of her scholarly research is feature film and contemporary
theories in cinematography.
Currently she is working on a scientific project: Tendencies of
contemporary German Film development from 1990s (in German) and
on a book project: Introduction to film theory, classical and contemporary
texts in film (in Georgian)
Tel: + 995 (32) 22 02 21; + 995 (99) 36 78 73
E-mail: dmaglakeli@yahoo.de
ABOUT AUTHOR
PhD, Film and Media Scholar.
Leading specialist of Theatre, Film, Media, Management and Traditional
Arts Research Institute of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian
State University.
She is a graduate of Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi and
Humbolt University of Berlin. She is also an MA graduate of Georgian
Academy of Sciences as well as a PhD graduate of Albert Luedwig
University of Freiburg and Humbolt University of Berlin.
Her PhD thesis at Humbolt University of Berlin was on: National Identity
in West German and Georgian Film/Comparative Analysis/.
She works in Georgia and Germany. She takes part in international
symposiums and seminars. She was a jury member of international
festivals goEast and Prix-Europa.
She worked as a senior specialist at Ivane Javakhishvili State University
of Tbilisi. At various times she lectured on history and theory of world
film in Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi and Tbilisi State
Academy of the Arts.
XX century’s 20th years exactly that period, when clearly appeared,
that cinematography could to make such works, where mainly subject
would be not only to fixed reality, but to show reality to relies by subject.
Robert Flaherty is an important and is distinguished figure in the
USA’s cinema, which made film serials by example of the ethnographical
material, where described human opposite at the nature (here means
natural calamity; rules of the life and other. In 1931 year German director,
who worked in America, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau together Robert
Flaherty made, more right, finished a film “Taboo”, on the base of the
romantically story about the inmate one of the island of the South Seas.
Murnau’s work, such as choose of the theme, as a manner changed
expressional style by the show of the reality pictures. He has skills to
show reality, vital pictures to give rise unholy feeling and other emotional
impulse.
Georgian cinema director M. Kalatozov “Jim Shvante” (marili
svanetis) one of the important film between the films by the 20-30th
years, which sign abandoned by the view of the film language. “Jim
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Eter Okudjava
REMARKABLE ANALOGIES IN GEORGIAN-AMERICAN
CINEMA OF THE 20S AND 30S OF XXTH CENTURY
Summary
261
Shvante” included similar mute film’s terseness meanings, not only by
that, he equally shown Soviet and Euro-American films’ achievement
of the 20th years. “Jim Shvante” is a absolutely original work, it equally
used such as montage theory and practice by world achievement, as
foundation by D. Kakabadze’s own experience – composition of the
cadre, multiform palette of the light, plastic of inside cadre, such as one
of the mainly means of the mouthpiece
In that way, 20-30s Georgian film could make image fiction screen,
and in the direction it became component part of the Euro-American.
UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
Head of the Program: Prof. Iuri Mgebrishvili
Natia Grdzelishvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
STRUCTURE AND VARIETIES OF ADVERTISEMENT
ABOUT AUTHOR
Art History PhD, Film Historian
Chief specialist of Theatre, Film, Media, Management and Traditional
Arts Research Institute of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian
State University.
She graduated from Tbilisi State University, Faculty of History with
major in Art History. She made her internship as a film scholar at Moscow
Film Institute (ÂÃÈÊ, class of E. Surkov).
Main directions of her scholarly research are: Artistic tendencies of
Georgian Film, problems of artistic interpretations in film, general
expressive structures, aesthetic of Georgian film, genres, research of
certain Georgian artists’ work with consideration of time (artist and
time), thematic findings and issues of film and film theories in general.
She has more than 50 articles published: Most of them in reference
magazines in Georgian and some of them in foreign languages. She is
the author of books: “Imeda Kakhiani”, “An Actor” (1990), “Culture –
way of salvation” (1997 first edition; 2000 second edition), “Davit
Kakabadze in Film and Theatre” (2008).
She is the chief editor of an internet edition “Georgian Film from Eter
Okujava”.
She is one of the founders of Nato Vachnadze Georgian Film Academy
and founder and President of Cultural Initiatives Foundation “Nato”.
Tel: + 995 (32) 37 06 29;
Mob. +995 (99) 92 11 92
E-mail: eterokujava@yandex.ru
Web: www.ethmo.narod.ru
262
Summary
In the developed modern world advertisement is necessary, but
only when it serves interest of consumer.
Advertisement should assist formation of social requirements and
development social-economic attitudes and culture within young people.
Advertisement should express public interest, create rules and
fashion. Advertisement should only be used to promote goods for not
only physical but spiritual development of the society.
The advertisement should emphasize good quality of goods but on
the same time should tell us what the weakness is!
Tatia Elbakidze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
THE ROLE OF A MUSEUM IN PRESENT SOCIETY
Summary
The summary of the article is about the role of the museum for today’s
society. The role of the today-in “open” and multicultural society implies
the broad participation of the society in the processes of “globalization”
and “modern Technologies”. Museum should have to answer the question
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how he understands the concept “open” museum and for which class
of the society does it serve, control the implementation of its tasks and
evaluate the implementation of its functions. Heavy burden in socialpolitical and cultural environment of the museum demands the new
forms of planned changes; accordingly, in response of the effective
management they will satisfy the external as well as internal needs.
Implementation of changes for future is as much essential for museum
as implementation of changes to today’s needs.
Tata Inashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
SHOW BUSINESS, ADVERTISING AND PR
Summary
Show business applies to all aspects of the entertainment industry
from the business side (managers, agents, producers, distributors) to
the creative theatre, music. Advertising and PR are of major importance
in Show Business.
PR (public relation) deals with the work of persuading people to
have a good opinion of an organization, company etc. Advertising- tells
people publicly about a product (singer, band) or service in order to
persuade them to buy it.
The term show business has been in common usage in Georgia
since the end of 20 century.
At present the most popular TV project and show programs are:
“MIMGERE RAME,”
”HUMORINA”, “GEOBARI”. Etc.
The most successful projects established by “Geocell “and
“Magticom” Companies are “GEOSTAR” and “VARSKVALEBIS
AKADEMIA”. They are not only popular but also profitable.
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Elene Mechitova
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
FINANCING OF CULTURE IN GEORGIA
Summary
For the time being the cultural market is playing important role is
world economy. However, with all its importance there are problems
present with financing of cultural organizations. In Georgia the big
amount of cultural organizations are financing by the government, but
besides they often need to find alternative ways of financing.
This article generally describes the state of cultural market of the
Republic of Georgia, the main sources of their financing, collaboration
with business sector and current sponsorship activities of Georgian
companies; By the examples of Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater and
Tbilisi State Conservatory we can draw a conclusion about the cultural
condition as a whole. More and more companies nowadays are using
sponsorships as promotional means and it’s up to cultural organizations
that have to think through and develop its marketing plans to become
attractive for investments.
Sopo Tsertsvadze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
THE IMAGE OF A MANAGER
Summary
In the article briefly is examined essence of attitude and is
collaborated its different variations by modern scientist’s. Unofficially,
smooth, current, desired and corporative. The role of attitude in
manager’s professional work and relations between colleagues: with
verbal communication, but also with gesticulation and motion, because
it’s very important to use nonverbal communication and the manager’s
265
image itself during business negotiations. Here is also described
manager’s psychological characteristics, ethical norms and its visual
side. Also how important is to check manager’s dependence with
environment and quick respond to the changed condiotns. As well, the
functions of manager, which is upon goal settings, realize these goals in
organizations, researches, to control the whole work and at least to
manage and lead the organi-zation in the right way.
Leila Janashia
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
ROLE AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF GEORGIAN
NATIONAL CENTER OF MANUSCRIPTS
Summary
National Center of Manuscripts or as it is accepted in the world
practice Institute of Manuscripts is one of the significant segments of
the scientific center cultural sphere. There are not so many countries
in the world which can present a rich collection or depository of
manuscripts. Georgia is one of those few ones which have the most
significant depository of old manuscript books and historical documents.
The aim and function of the National Center of Manuscripts is not only
taking care and restoration of the center unique collections - manuscript
books and historical documents, the point is that the aim of the center
should consist in consumer’s educative activities and publicity. The center
should not be only a depository of unique collections; it should be
considered a constant dialogue leader with the society. Such
organizations existing in the world through their experience have arrived
at a conclusion that it is necessary to involve the organization in active
life rhythm and to communicate actively with consumers and the society.
In the article there is given consideration to the active dialogue of the
Georgian National Center of Manuscripts and the society and there is
presented an overview of the projects implemented as a result of this
dialogue.
266
MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM
Head of the Program: Prof. Malkhaz Gvinjilia
Eka Avtandilashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
MTSKHETA AS A CENTER OF TOURISM
Summary
Material and soul treasures represent a bright monument of the
formation of cultural tourism. Towns with its’ rich historical heritage
and wealthy cultural recourses carries the status of museum towns.
Mtskheta town as a Georgian orthodox abbey is famous with
enormous interesting objects among the priers and pilgrims. The museum
towns are joined under the umbrella of UNESCO and within the
framework of modern projects undertaken by UNESCO old and
historical countenances of many towns have been returning.
According to the marketing researches and statistic analyses it is
obvious that the number of tourists is increased tremendously. For
supporting of its promotion and attracting orthodox tourists it’s necessary to
collaborate with orthodox organizations and invite them to the pilgrim tours.
Eleonora Gogolashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF CULTURAL
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN IMERETI
Summary
Among Georgia’s other regions Imereti has the huge potential of
developing cultural tourism. The most attractive in this region is its rich
historical background, which is obvious considering its various
monuments of material inheritance.
267
The most strategic part of developing tourism in this region is cultural
tourism. Attracting tourists with cultural-ethnographical recourses is
an important factor of developing local tourism.
For further improving of tourism in this region, it is essential for
government to stimulate taxing conditions, including business sectors
and foreseeing marketing planning.
Jano Titirashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
TOURING ASPECTS OF BORJOMI- KHARAGAULI
NATIONAL PARK FUNCTIONAL ZONE
Summary
Lela Elizbarashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
TOURIST FUNCTION OF GEORGIAN
TRADITIONS AND CULTURE
Summary
Art of animations includes the basic thematic in tourism.
Accompanied by the local traditional folk-lore and choreography,
organization of the effective cultural tour arranges “recalling” of
historical-cultural centers having material heritage.
Arrangements’ management have the basic function. Organizers
of Georgian festival mainly uses the historical and cultural thematic in
order to plan annual events and attract spectators and create the image
of cultural country as before own as foreign society.
While organizing of cultural tours, the elements of choreography
and folk-lore is less used, including of which would make the tourist
product more interesting and impressive.
268
The Development of Ecotourism has good perspectives in Georgia.
Following Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park example, which was
created for the aim of wild nature variety and inviolable woods
protection.
At present in the park Acts 9 Eco touring routes. By the foresee of
touring infrastructures and human resources 120 persons will have not
slept all night on the territory of Park. In 2008 August war has destroyed
more than 1100 hectare unique wood of Borjom -Kharagauli National
park.
In 2009 the results of marketing research showed that the work of
National Park is satisfy and the tourists select asylums for active touring
campaign place.
Nino Otarashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
PILGRIMAGE TOURISM RESOURCES IN GEORGIA
Summary
Pilgrimage tourism is profoundly a particular wing (branch) of
cultural tourism which aims at retracing the tracks of saints, apostles
and missionary by implementing the itineraries according to the
predefined services.
Already mentioned multiple resources exist in Georgia. Especially
attracts attention the the way gone by twelve Assyrian fathers and ST.
269
Nino equal to the apostles and enlightener of Georgia. Department of
evangelicalism and Georgian Orthodox church mission offers a wide
range of pilgrimage tours. The aim of cultural tourism is popularization
of pilgrim tours and complying pilgrims with all their requirements.
Tinatin Kristesashvili
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia
TOURIST POTENTIAL OF “THE GREAT SILK ROAD”
Summary
Cultural tourism has an important role on the international tourist
market and appears to be a successful direction of this segment.
According to the Georgia’s cultural tourist potential, it has an opportunity
to offer an interesting and unique tour-product to the world tourist
market.
A new life of: ”The Great Silk Road” is the very real international
tourist product, which one’s realization will promote as a foreign transit
tourist income in Georgia, as well as invests in tourist business on
Georgian market.
R E S E A R C H A N A L I S Y S O F
P E R F O R M A N C E F R O M A
T E C H N I C A L V I E W P O I N T
Lia Barbakadze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Jana Toidze
ARIA OF MAREKHI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM
AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI
(Vocal, technical and performance analysis)
Summary
Proposed vocal and technical analysis presents the performing, as
well as vocal and technical study of Aria of Marekhi from the Opera
“Abesalom and Eteri” by Z. Paliashvili.
The significant portion of the analysis is given to the distinctive
performance style, the process of vocal breathing through the use of
performing speech and phonetics. The study also focuses on the middle
register, specifics of the transition sounds, particularities of pronouncing
vowel and consonant sounds and the role of performing speech.
The proposed work also presents a descriptive analysis of
performing schemes of Stansilavsky and Tumanishvili used by great
directors. The work also offers methods of great Italian teachers from
perspective of vocal and technical performance as well as a short
biography of the composer, about the time the opera was written and a
short synopsis of the opera.
EkaGureshidze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Jana Toidze
ARIA OF ETERI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM AND
ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI
(Vocal, technical and performance analysis)
Summary
Proposed vocal and technical analysis of the opera “Abesalom and
Eteri” by Zachary Paliashvili presents the performing, as well as vocal
and technical study of Aria of Eteri from the Act IV, scene 16.
270
271
The significant portion of the analysis is given to the distinctive
performance style, the process of vocal breathing through the use of
performing speech and phonetics. The study also focuses on the middle
register, specifics of the transition sounds, particularities of pronouncing
vowel and consonant sounds and the role of performing speech.
The proposed work also presents a descriptive analysis of
performing schemes of Stansilavsky and Tumanishvili to be used in the
working process. The study also provides biographical details from the
life of the composer, which is a valuable source of information for
students to learn about the time and settings when the opera was written.
It also helps us maintain and sustain the unique style of Zachary
Paliashvili.
The present work uses following bibliographical sources:
Nino Sakandelidze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Jana Toidze
ARIA OF ETERI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM AND
ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI
(Vocal, technical and performance analysis)
Summary
This vocal-technical performance research analysis is about Eteri’s
Aria from Z. Phaliashvili’s Opera ,,Abesalom and Eteri’’.
Before Maia Tomadze’s performance the ,,Eteri’s’’ heroine was a
calm, and could not fight against her destiny.
However, Tomadze changed ,,Eteri’s’’ personality. Eteri became
strong woman and she could stand up for herself.
This is the main topic that I discuss in my work.
In this work the musical and pure vocal-technical methods are
analyzed. The nuances and emotionally rich musical invoice are
emphasized.
In this work published Russian and Georgian literature is used. Also,
the work includes M. Tumanishvili’s scheme. In this scheme, the specific
272
methods are added. This methods are about ,,Making voice’’ and about
the performance of a musical work.
Furthermore, the work talks about consonants, and how to
pronounce them correctly. Also it talks about the synthesis of scenic
and vocal techniques. This work also emphasizes the importance of
actor’s talent. It also talks about transitional sounds, which are very
important and also about the types of breathing, which is one of the
most important things in the song.
Maiko Khachapuridze
Second Year MA Student
Supervisor: Jana Toidze
(VOCAL, TECHNICAL AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS)
Summary
High level vocal Pedagogy cannot evade two most prominent operas
by Z. Paliashvili- “Abesalom and Eteri” and “Daisi”. It is essential for
a student of vocal to know the major stage of Z. Paliashvili’s life and
work. To empower vocal development it is essential for a soprano
singer to learn and perform Eteri’s part.
Z. Paliashvili was born in 1871 in Kutaisi, Georgia. He had two
brothers - Ivane Paliashvili – a conductor and Levan Paliashvili. Some
of Paliashvili’s operas include “Abesalom and Eteri”, “Daisi”, “Latavra”,
“Solemn Cantata”, as well as romantic songs and they are all included
in a teaching repertoire. Z. Paliashvili died in 1933 and was buried in
the garden of the theater which now bears his name.
273
UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
CULTURAL POLICY
Head of the Program: Prof. Iuri Mgebrishvili and
Prof. Levan Khetaguri
Nino Azmaiparashvili
Second Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
IN THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION
Summary
One factor and conditions of globalization is establishment
international organizations. Global security, stability, rule of law, cooperation for freedom, world people equality – to ensure all of this
value is the aim of international organizations.
After the World War II before the mankind has come to security
problems and leaders of States decided to found mega unions what
would be give security guarantee to human, world capital, politic and
economic. International organizations were engaged in marathon as
best guarantee for peaceful world.
After war the globalization faster renovated as a result of innovations
in technique sphere conditions maritime, railway and air movements.
World becomes to be more dependable on globalization
The globalization in politics is observed as a weakening of national
forces. On the one side stipulate delegate of influential authorities on
the international organizations such as UN, WTO, Council of Europe,
NATO, World Bank, European Union.
In age of globalization International organizations research how
implacable process of globalization are influenced on international
organizations.
274
The international community must seek to utilize the corporate drive
towards globalization in a way that reflects the concerns and interests
of States, particularly developing States. The rationale for international
organizations is that they provide a forum for common issues to be
debated and appropriate solutions.
International organizations must reflect the will and diversity of
their membership. Whether one sees globalization as an inevitable force
or not, the nature and extent of its impact is not beyond the control of
the international community.
One of the most important aspects of reconciling sustainable
development and globalization is the issue as to how best to ensure that
the concept is appropriately incorporated within international and regional
organizations and programs. Organizations should achieve what their
members seek from it.
Whilst the role of States is vital in reconciling globalization and
sustainable development, what is less clear – and something that has
not been as readily discussed is the important role of international
organizations within this process.
Co-operation with international organizations is a stimulus for
people for their security and happiness. Organizations membership would
be directed for countries strengthening and human gladness.
Elene Babakishvili
First Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
SPONSORSHIP AND CULTURAL POLICY
Summary
Sponsorship has a quite long history in Europe. As securing grant
aid from public sources is generally becoming more difficult, cultural
organizations in Europe need to look harder for alternative ways to
supplement their own earned income. This would include the following:
1. Corporate sponsorship
2. Corporate Trusts and Foundations
3. Individual tax-efficient giving
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4. Lotteries and loans
In order to support cultural organizations in finding for other sources
government created a powerful instrument such as cultural policy and
Sponsorship legislation for regulating and encouraging sponsorship
activity and funding of non-profitable sectors. There is an article in the
legislation of culture giving some payment advantages to those business
organizations that support sponsorship and charity activities. Tax
privileges and comfortable collaborative environment day by day
increases the number of companies that are eager to support cultural
and art organizations. This way government refuses to get direct income
from business organizations and tries to return money indirect way to
cultural organizations. Companies also find this possibility very positively
- supporting different events, festivals, theatres and etc. the company
will expect to gain some quantifiable advantage – for example, in
corporate image, publicity, credibility or public approval, entertainment,
employee and/or community relations. Companies now take their “social
responsibilities” seriously, with local development, the environment and
good employer practice as factors.
In this case the object of interest isn’t advantages of sponsorship
but here is given and discussed experience of European countries:
Austria, France, England, USA, in making cultural policy according to
Sponsorship and all those regulations that are made for developing nongovernmental co-financing.
Sofio Komladze
First Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE OF AN EDITORIAL
ORGANIZATION
(organizational chart)
Summary
Organizational structure – presumes such diversification of the
logical interrelations and rights/responsibilities that is to provide effective
realization of the company goals. Main task of the organizational structure
(chart) is to enable all sub divisions and managers to comprehend main
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trends of responsibilities and activities undertaken. Structure of the
organization involved in editorial activity shall be based on such specifics
and spread over such steps that are specified for the editorial organization
itself. Organization having those particular characteristics shall be
different from other art organizations, foremost with its multi colorful
particularity. There are some different divisions associated in the editorial
house, like: creator (author of a book), editorial staff (filler, technical
staff), editorial council (designer, corrector, stylist), marketing, public
relations, distribution and financial services in the editorial organization.
Thus, management of the editorial organization shall pay serious attention
to the process of drafting its own structure. Besides, editorial structure
shall obtain the characteristics of self control and motivation, protect
the staff rights and quality of their responsibilities. In this respect, a
person like its organizational structure is very important for the
management.
Drafting process of the editorial organizational structure happens
not according to its goal but by the following diversification: universal
and specific. Specific editorial house provides only one product – a
book (and it is of one, specific trend – art, school-university, specific
literature), and universal editorial house provides several type of
products (magazine, banner, album, book and etc. The Georgian editorial
area has the almost same differentiation. Based on the above,
organizational structure shall be defined by the typological differences.
The Universal Editorial House (occupied staff number does not matter)
is in need of more spread organizational structure with all main, necessary
and functional divisions and/or levels. Such structured editorial
organizations operating in Russia are as follows: “EKSMO”, “TERRA”,
“AST”, “INFRA-M” and etc. In particular, Specific Editorial Houses
are oriented to the professional readers and defines the goals around
such readers. The editorial houses of this type are: “Finances and
Statistics”, “Lawyer”, “UNITY”. Functional levels of such
organizational structures are garthered more around to the product and
are aimed to “express” the least.
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Ana Kotrikadze
First Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili
ISSUES RELATED TO FINANCING OF FILM INDUSTRY
Summary
Discussions regarding development of film industry or challenges
hindering to that started in Georgia long time ago.
Based on analyses of European film industry, development of
Georgian model for management film industry seems possible.
In Britain role of state in development of industry is considered as
important, for sustainable economic success as well as getting cultural
benefit.
In Italy majority of professional and technical resources (80%) are
accumulated in Rome, as for financing film projects decision is made
by the group of particular people which cooperate with public and private
TV companies. These latter are ready to use money obtained from
advertisement for development of film industry.
In Austria funds allocated for film industry compile about 40 million
Euros; these expenses are managed by Austrian Institute of
Cinematography; while additional expenses are allocated from state
budget by Federal Division of Culture. Eight million Euros are allocated
for this purpose just for Capital City.
Based on example of Italy it is probably possible to cooperate with
Georgian TV companies; if every year part of money obtained from
advertisement is used for financing cinema that will be great support
for Georgian film industry.
At this stage Film Center is the only agency that can find at least
few resources for financing national film industry. State should support
film production at this stage, since cinema can present values of our
country on international level.
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TELEVISION ART
Head of the Program: Prof. Zviad Dolidze
Davit Gujabidze
Third Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Zviad Dolidze
MIKHAIL TUMANISHVILI – AND TV-THEATRE
Summary
Mikhail Tumanishvili - well-known Georgian theatrical director for
several years worked as the head of Theatrical Performances
Department at the Georgian TV in 1971-75. During this period number
of innovations of the theatre program genre for TV were done: The
plays and adapted stories of Davit Kldiashvili („Darispan’s Trouble“
and „Catastropa“), Jean Cocteau („The Human Voice“), Nodar
Dumbadze („The Sum“) etc. were done. Mr. Mikhail Tumanishvili staged
number of theatrical performances for TV („Crossroads“ – by Victor
Rozov, „Cap of Invisibility“ by Giorgi Eristavi, „The Bridge“ by Alexandre
Chkhaidze, „The Doctor in Spite of Himself“ by Molière, „Have at
First Died, Have then Got Married“ by Raphiel Eristavi...) were very
interesting by their mode of genre, combining two kinds of arts – theatre
and television. These VT-theatrical performances became very popular
especially for their manner of staging. Creation of the „Television
Thatre“ in Georgia is linked with Mikhail Tumanishvili`s person.
The article describes one technological tool, which was used by
Mikheil Tumanishvili when he was filming Jean Cocteau’s “voice of a
human”. This film later became TV theatre. Since the performance
only consists of one character’s (woman) telephone conversation, in
order to ease the actress’s (Sopiko Chiaureli) task, the text of “virtual
man” – the second character of the dialogue was created which was
actually the assistant from the backstage and which spectators couldn’t
hear. Using this tool enabled the performance to become very impressive.
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HISTORY AND THEORY OF SCENOGRAPHY
Head of the Program: Prof. Ketevan Kintsurashvili
Lali Gelashvili
Second Year PhD Student
Supervisor: Professor Ketevan Kintsurashvili
XIX CENTURY GEORGIAN FASHION STYLE
ACCORDING TO THE DRAFT SAMPLES FROM
MUSICAL “KETO AND KOTE”
Summary
In the draft samples of Georgian musical comedy “Keto and Kote”
is brightly shown the tendency towards modernism. What attracts the
attention is the synthesis of Georgian national costume with Asian and
Russian styles that demonstrate Georgian way of dressing in the very
period. The film is being watched with joy and excitement not only by
Georgian people.
Motion picture “Keto and Kote” has been created by the most
talented directors, brilliant actors and young gifted people with special
appearances, who at the same time sang and dance remarkably. The
costumes and decoration of the movie are so attractive, that they still
deserve great impression upon the audience. Joy and happiness pour
from the screen. It is an everlasting triumph, which was delivered to
Georgian Nation by the create-team, that’s why the motion-picture “Keto
and Kote” was awarded with the title “The film of the century”.
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