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saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010 ART SCIENCE
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010 ART SCIENCE STUDIES #2 (43), 2010 gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi _ 2010 1 UDC(u ak) 7( 051. 2) s-364 Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani sa r e d a q c io sa b W o lela oCiauri nino sanadiraZe marina xaratiSvili literaturuli redaqtori mariam iaSvili g a r e k a n is d iz a i n i levan dadiani d akab ad oneb a ekaterine oqropiriZe koreqtura manana goSaZe gamomcemlobis xel mZRvaneli maka vasaZe 2 #2 (43), 2010 krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani reziume. krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs. naSromebi mogvawodeT da cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT: 0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, II korpusi. tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408 mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (77) 288 750 E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge Web: www.tafu.edu.ge Art Science Studies #2 (43), 2010 Editorial Group LELA OCHIAURI NINO SANADIRADZE MARINA KHARATISHVILI Literary Editor MARIAM IASHVILI Cover Design LEVAN DADIANI Book Binding EKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE Proofreading MANANA GOSHADZE Head of Publishing House MAKA VASADZE Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages. Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers. Works should be supplied under the following contact: 0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40 Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University Second Block Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408 Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750 E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge Web: www.tafu.edu.ge 3 Sinaarsi T e a t r m c o d n e o b a maia goSaZe variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze ................................................................11 marine (maka) vasaZe saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ (robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis) .............21 k i n o m c o d n e o b a zviad doliZe kinos iaponeli imperatori ............................................................................31 irakli maxaraZe amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi ........................................35 dinara maRlakeliZe kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi ....................................................44 eTer okujava XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTul-amerikul kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi ...........................................................................................59 u n i v e r s i t e t i s p r o g r a m a s a m a g i s t r o k u l t u r i s m e n e j m e n t i naTia grZeliSvili sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura ............................................................67 TaTia elbaqiZe muzeumebis roli dRevandel sazogadoebaSi ..............................................73 TaTa inaSvili Soubiznesi, reklama da PR ................................................................................78 elene meCiTova kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi .........................................................83 sofo cercvaZe menejeris imiji ........................................................................................................89 leila janaSia saqarTvelos xelnawerTaAerovnuli centris menejmentis zogierTi sakiTxi .............................................................................................94 4 k u l t u r u l i t u r i z m i s m e n e j m e n t i eka avTandilaSivli mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri .........................................100 eleonora gogolaSvili imereTSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebis analizi .........................................................110 lela elizbaraSvili qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia .............115 jano TiTiraSvili borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis funqcionaluri zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi .................................................................123 nino oTaraSvili momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi .......................131 TinaTin qristesaSvili didi abreSumis gzis turistuli potenciali ......................................138 v o k a l u r - t e q n i k u r s a S e m s r u l e b l o k v l e v i T i a n a l i z i zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ marixis kanconeta, eTeris ariebi (vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi) lia barbaqaZe z. faliaSvili, `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ .......................................................................................146 eka gureSiZe zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan ........................................163 nino sakandeliZe `eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan .......................179 maia xaWapuriZe eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ (`dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi) .............................194 5 u n i v e r s i t e t i s s a d o q t o r o p r o g r a m a k u l t u r i s p o l i t i k a k u l t u r i s m e n e j m e n t i nino azmaifaraSvili saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis procesebSi ..............................................................................204 elene babakiSvili sponsoroba da kulturis politika .........................................................219 sofio komlaZe sagamomcemlo organizaciis ............................................................................228 struqturis analizi ana kotrikaZe kinoindustriis dafinansebis zogierTi sakiTxi ....................................234 s a t e l e v i z i o x e l o v n e b a daviT gujabiZe mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze .........................................238 s c e n o g r a f i i s i s t o r i a d a T e o r i a lali gelaSvili Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT .............................................................................246 avtorTa Sesaxeb ..................................................................................................251 6 CONTENTS T H E A T R E S T U D I E S MAIA GOSHADZE Variation on the Theme To Be Or Not To Be............ .......................................254 MARINE (MAKA) VASADZE Conversations about Robert Sturua’s “Theatrical Language” (Formation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language)....................................... 255 F I L M S T U D I E S ZVIAD DOLIDZE Japanese Emperor of Film .....................................................................................257 IRAKLI MAKHARADZE Image of American Indian in American Western ................................................258 DINARA MAGLAKELIDZE Developmental Trends of Cinema Theory ............................................................259 ETER OKUDJAVA Remarkable analogies in Georgian-American cinema of the 20s and 30s of XXth century ..........................................................................................261 U N I V E R S I T Y ’ M A P R O G R A M C U L T U R A L M A N A G E M E N T NATIAGRDZELISHVILI Structure and Varieties of Advertisement .............................................................263 TATIAELBAKIDZE The Role of a Museum in Present Society........................................................ 263 TATA INASHVILI Show Business, Advertising and PR .....................................................................264 ELENEMECHITOVA Financing of Culture in Georgia ..............................................................................265 SOPO TSERTSVADZE The Image of a Manager .........................................................................................265 LEILA JANASHIA Role and Public Activity of Georgian National Center of Manuscripts .............266 7 M A N A G E M E N T O F C U L T U R A L T O U R I S M EKA AVTANDILASHVILI Mtskheta as a Center of Tourism ..................................................................... 267 ELEONORA GOGOLASHVILI Analysis of strategic directions of cultural tourism development in Imereti .......................................................................................267 LELA ELIZBARASHVILI Tourist Function of Georgian Traditions and Culture ............................................................................................268 JANO TITIRASHVILI Touring Aspects of Borjomi- Kharagauli National Park Functional Zone ....................................................................................................269 NINO OTARASHVILI Pilgrimage tourism resources in Georgia ...............................................................269 TINATIN KRISTESASHVILI Tourist potential of “The Great Silk Road” ...........................................................270 R E S E A R C H A N A L I S Y S O F P E R F O R M A N C E F R O M A T E C H N I C A L V I E W P O I N T OPERA “ABESALOM AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI (Canzoneta of Marekhi, Arias of Eteri) (Vocal-technical-performance research analysis ) LIA BARBAKADZE .Z. Paliashvili, “Canzoneta of Marekhi” from the opera “Abesalom and Eteri”...............................................................................................271 EKAGURESHIDZE Z. Paliashvili, “Aria of Eteri” Act IV .................................................. 271 NINO SAKANDELIDZE “Aria of Eteri” from the opera “Abesalom and Eteri” Act I................................272 MAIKO KHACHAPURIDZE Aria of Eteri from the opera “Abesalome and Eteri” by Z. Paliashvili (Performance Research Analysis of “Step mother”) ............................................273 8 U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M C U L T U R A L M A N A G E M E N T C U L T U R A L P O L I C Y NINO AZMAIPARASHVILI Significance of International Organizations in the Processes of Globalization .........................................................................................................274 ELENE BABAKISHVILI Sponsorship and Cultural Policy ......................................................................275 SOFIO KOMLADZE Analysis of Structure of an Editorial Organization ......................................... 276 ANA KOTRIKADZE Issues Related to Financing of Film Industry ...................................................278 T E L E V I S I O N A R T DAVIT GUJABIDZE Mikhail Tumanishvili – and TV-theatre ................................................................279 H I S T O R Y A N D T H E O R Y O F S C E N O G R A P H Y LALI GELASHVILI XIX century Georgian Fashion Style According to the draft samples from musical “Keto and Kote” ........................280 9 Teatrmcodneoba maia goSaZe variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze Со мной сегодня вечность вся1 yvelaferi, rasac aryofnidan yofnaSi gadavyavarT, Semoqmedebaa, _ ambobda platoni. cxovrebisadmi `yofniseul~ _ SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebas genialurobis gamomxatvelad miiCnevda nikoloz berdiaevi da am mxriv, kirkegoris msgavsad, pirovnul mniSvnelovnebas istoriisTvis xSirad sruliad SeumCnevel adamianTa Sinagan monapovrad aRiqvamda. yofna yovelive arsebulis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT, garedan ganusazRvrel-ganupirobebeli TviTobiT aRqmagancdis gamomxatvelia da, imavdroulad _ mxolod awmyoseuli SesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis gamomxatveli (parmenides Tqmisa ar iyos, iyo an iqneba axla xom aryofnas niSnavs). TviTonac, upirvelesad, awmyoSi `yofnisas~ vlindeba, latenturi arsebobis inertulobidan Tavs aRwevs da realizdeba. TviTobis amouwuravi arqeti pis erT-erT maxasiaTeblad iungi swored SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis gamomxatveli procesis saxiT mis arsebobas miiCnevs: `brahmani RvTiuri arsia, TviTobaa, garkveuli fsiqologiuri mdgomareobac da procesic. RvTiuri arsis TviTobasTan identurobis idea, dinamikuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis, libidos ideaa~.2 TviToba ara erTxel da samudamod damsaxurebul jildos, miRweul monapovars, Sedegsa da mdgomareobas warmoadgens, aramed swored awmyoSi `yofnisas~ _ aq da amJamad arsebobis procesSi CarTulobisas realizebad adamianis Sinagan arss. aq da amJamad arsebulTan, moZravTan, cvalebadTan, Sesabamisad _ cocxalTan, cocxal awmyoseul realobasTan mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebis, Tvalis axelis, `mkvdreTiT~ aRdgomis misteria msoflio literaturaSi, albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi saxierebiT warmoCindeba miTo-poeturi da religiuri simbolikiT gajerebul ernest hofmanis moTxroba-zRapar `oqros qoTanSi~. 10 11 maia goSaZe rodesac hofmanis moTxrobis gmiri, axalgazrda anselmi amaRlebis dResaswaulze xis Ziras ganmartoebuli zecas Tavis ubedur varskvlavze dabadebas, uCinobasa da usaxsrobas uCivis, sakuTari umniSvnelobis gancdiT Sepyrobil sociumis pirmSomde moulodnelad yovelgvari ierarqiisa da gapirobebulobis miRma arsebuli sicocxlis maTrobela surneli aRwevs. mudam arsebulis miRmismier drosa da sivrcisken mimarTuli mzeris `Rrublian~ melanqolias, TiTqos, idumali sixarulis uxilavi mnaTobi aqarwylebs. awmyoSi armyofis maradiul SimSils Sinagani sisavsis mzardi gancda enacvleba da misTvis aqamde, TiTqos, ucnobi sinamdvilis idumali CurCuli moesmis. rodesac mosaRamovebisas mze aramwveli sxivebis amboriT gaTenebamde eTxoveba samyaros, nawvimariT danamuli xeebi ki sios uxilavi partnioruli TanxlebiT acekvdnen, gaSlili yvavilis (iungis mier mraval kulturaSi TviTobis arqeti pis gamomxatvel erT-erT simbolod miCneulis) gulidan, TiTqos, sareclidan wamomdgar umSvenieres qal-gvelTa samebis rokva bunebis mejlisis gvirgvinad iqca. mocekvave solistTa zurmuxtisferi, gazafxulisa da ganaxlebis, aRdgomisa da samebis emblematuri feris triada, xis tanis irgvliv brunvisas, TiTqos, spiralurad moZravi sulieri energiis plastikur gansxeulebad iqca, miwaSi fesvgadgmuli da zecisken totebaSverili xe ki varskvlavebiT moWedil casaviT zurmuxtebiT mokaSkaSe, zurmuxtebis mfrqvevel sicocxlis sakralur xed transformirda. bunebis mejlisi _ arsebiTad adamianis sakuTar TviTobasTan ziarebis Sinagani realobis warmomCeni peizaJi, swored awmyoSi arsebulSi, miwier-sxeulebrivSi, yofiTsa da yoveldRiurSi _ upirvelesad ki, empiriul (saxarebiseul metaforas Tu davesesxebiT) Zvel kacSi fesvgadgmul-ganfenili Zvirfasi substanciis madideblad gvevlineba. yvavilis gulidan, arsebiTad misive arsebis uxilavi siRrmidan amosuli triadidan umSvenieresis mzeris silurjeSi _ Sinagani zecis silurjeSi CaZiruli anselmi, morigi kalendaruli dResaswaulis nacvlad egzistencialuri 12 variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze amaRlebis, Sinagani feriscvalebis, ZvelSi kvdomisa da axlisTvis dabadebis sakralurobas eziareba. swored arsebulTan mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebis _ aryofnidan yofnaSi, sikvdilidan sicocxleSi, marad ukvdav awmyoSi `gasvlis~ hofmaniseuli misteria cxovrebisadmi SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebis, cnobierebis zrdisa da gafarToebis, sulieri energiis STamberavi ganaxlebis, sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli suliskveTebis namdvil triumfad gvevlineba. prestiJul Cinsa da uZravi idiliis myudro naWuWze meocnebe biurokrat anselms poeti anselmi amarcxebs _ bednier Tu ubedur varskvlavze dabadebis pirmSo-tusaRs Sinagani zecis mkvidri _ ama Tu im saxis gapirobebulobis uZraobaze ki marad `cocxal~ awmyoSi moZravi sicocxlis Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi stiqia imarjvebs. aq da amJamad arsebulTan, erTian SemoqmedebiT realobasTan, uSret Sinagan wyarosTan Tanaziareba, upirvelesad, swored aq da amJamad arsebul sakuTar TavTan, garedan ganusazRvrelganupirobebel Sinagan adamianTan iseTive Semxvedri da Tanmxvedri mimarTebebis gamomxatvelia, rogorc taZrisa da sakuTari Tavisken savali gzis identurobis idea _ nebismieri orTodoqsiaze aRmatebuli WeSmaritebis gamomxatveli. nekrofilia fromiseulad swored awmyosadmi mimarTebas, adamianis wamyvani fsiqikuri tendenciis, sicocxlis moyvareobis an moZuleobis umTavres gamomxatvelad miiCnevda fsiqologi erix fromi. fromis mier biofiliad Seracxuli sicocxlis moyvareoba, sicocxlis yovelTvis mxolod awmyoSi moZrav stiqiaSi CarTulobisken swrafvaSi vlindeba, awmyos muRamis gancdaSi vlindeba (pasternakiseuli melodiurobiT mJRer sityvebSic, rom gamosWvivis `ukvdavebaa Tavad sicocxle – `жизнь и бессмертье одно`). 3 nekrofiliad (mkvdaris, rogorc inertulis, ucvlelis, araSemoqmedebiTis moyvareobis gamomxatvelis) fromis mier Seracxuli sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule fsiqikuri tendencia 13 maia goSaZe ki swored Sedegze da ara procesze, flobaze da ara Ziebaze, erTxel da samudamod, aTvisebul-Sesisxlxorcebulis naWuWSi gaxvevaze da ara cnobierebis zrdasa da gafarToebaze mimarTebaSi vlindeba, awmyoseuli realobisgan mudmiv gaucxoebadistancirebaSi vlindeba. procesis SedegSi, moZravis uZravSi, warmavlis waruvalSi, mokvdavis ukvdavSi STanTqmis, sicocxlis samudamo sakuTrebaSi miRebis, samudamod mopovebul, uZrav Sedegad qcevis, erTxel da samudamod damsaxurebuli netarebis obieqtad qcevis mania sikvdilis instinqtis mSobadsa da masazrdoebel STagonebis wyarod gvevlineba patrik ziuskindis romanSi `parfiumeri~. nebismier viTarebaSi, nebismier drosa da sivrceSi yofnisgan ganurCevlad yovelTvis mainc armyofi, Tvalxilulobis miuxedavad, arsebulis mudam daunaxavi ziuskindis romanis gmiri, parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei, avtorisve TqmiT, `yvelafers esenciis msgavsad kvaldakval aRiqvamda, rogorc warsulis sulis matarebelsa da awmyoTi xelSeuxebels~.4 awmyosgan mudam gaucxoebuli, awmyos mudam miuRebeli, awmyoSi mudam armyofi ziuskindiseuli parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei yovelTvis swored aq da amJamad sicocxlis moZravi stiqiis uarmyofeli sikvdilis instinqtis _ nekrofiliis (fromiseuli gagebiT) gansaxierebad gvevlineba. yovelive cocxalis, Sesabamisad moZravis, cvalebadis, mzardisa da ganviTarebadis da, imavdroulad, warmavalswrafmavlis moZule parfiumeriis genia ukvdavi surnelebis SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniiT iyo Sepyrobili. edemiseuli da, imvdroulad, waruvali sunamos Seqmnas ki swored warmavlis, Sesabamisad, cocxlis mokvdinebis Sedegad aRwevs. netarebis momgvrel surnelebaTa adre Tu gvian qrobadobis gardauvalobasTan brZolis ziuskindiseuli parfiumeris Jini, arsebiTad swored mudmivi Zalisxmevis gamovlenis momTxovni, warmaval-swrafmavali cxovrebis Tavad procesis erTxel da samudamod mopovebul uZrav SedegSi gaxevebis, sanukvar momavlad aRqmul edemiseul idiliis netar inertulobaSi dabrunebis ukvdav ocnebas warmoaCens. 14 variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze TviTmoqmedi idiliis wiaRSi uSfoTvelad miZinebis, usasrulo `hefi-endad~ qceuli cxovrebis `ukvdav~ sakuTrebaSi miRebis survili ziuskindiseul romanSi, siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT edemSi dabrunebis iluziis STamberavi sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniis saxiT vlindeba. saamur surnelebaTa dapyrobis swrafvaSi, pirvel warmatebas parfiumeri yvavilebis Tavisuflebisken mswraf aromatebze borkilebis dadebiT aRwevs. zRva yvavilebis Wknobis, mokvdinebis, svel `gvamebad~ qcevis sanaxaobiT monusxuli parfiumeri kuprSi aduRebuli surnelovani sulis mesakuTred iqceoda. aromatizirebuli qonisgan damzadebuli, edemiseuli surnelebis mfrqveveli sunamos SeynosvisTanave adamians maradiuli axalgazrdobisa da netarebis mopovebis gancda eufleboda. cxovreba maSinve siberisa da sikvdilis gardauvalobisgan, yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gamovlenis saWiroebisgan, - zogadad nebismieri saxis procesSi myofobisgan Tavisufal uZrav Sedegad iqceoda, - TviTmoqmed idiliis uZrav peizaJad iqceoda. gafiqrebisTanave, yvela survilis aRmsrulebel edemSi virtualurad dabrunebuli, erTxel da samudamod mopovebul netarebaSi (cxeli wyliT gavsebul abazanaSi CamjdariviT) xevdeboda. swored mokvdavi aromatis mimTvisebeli ukvdavi surogati, WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis sulis amomxdeli aduRebuli kupris naxarSi afrqvevda edemiseul surnelebas, ukvdavebasTan ziarebis momnusxvel iluzias aziarebda mis Semynosavebs. swored aduRebuli kupris samflobelos Semoqmedi iqca kuprSive `gamomcxvari~ edemis avtorad _ marad moZravi warmavlobis uZravi maradisobiT Canacvlebisken swrafvis sayovelTao maniis masazrdoeblad. waruvali bednierebis iluziis STamberavi produqcia swored warmavlis damTrgunavi, WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis sulis amomxdeli cnobierebis pirmSo-nayofad gvevlineba. sagulisxmoa, rom RvTaebrivi surnelebis marad SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnas parfiumeri mis mier moklul qaliSvilTa sxeulebidan mopovebuli esenciis safuZvelze SeZlebs. qalebis seriuli mkvleli maniakis siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis deteqtiuri istoria awmyoSi mudam 15 maia goSaZe aryofnis _ sicocxlis yoveldRiuri, yovelwuTieri `mkvlelobis~ ambavs warmoadgens, nicSes cnobili naSromis saTaursa da paTossac Tu davesesxebiT erTob adamianur ambavs mogviTxrobs, cocxlis surogatiT, warmavlis waruvaliT, awmyos momavliT, moZravis uZraviT, procesis SedegiT, gareganis SinaganiT, TviTobis TviTmoqmedi wesrigiT Camnacvlebeli usinaTlobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens. oRond ara axla! awmyos winaSe mudam uZlurad xelebis mosavsave, oRond ara aq da ara amJamad suliskveTebis gamomxatveli sulis Zaxilad gaismis Seqspiriseuli makbetis cnobili sityvebi: `xvale xvals misdevs~5 (dedanSi: tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow6) iseve, rogorc Cexoviseuli sami dis cnobili `laitmotivuri~ SeZaxili: `moskovSi, moskovSi, moskovSi!~7 – TiTqos, awmyodan aq da amJamad arsebobidan gaqrobis msurvelis, uZluri sulis Zaxili. `ukvdavi~ momavliT damajildovebeli, yovlismomcveli wesrigis gareSe, `umizezod~ da `uSedegod~ cxovrebis ver miRebis motivi (Cexoviseul gmirTa samyaroSi mudam Sexmatkbilebuli mravalxmianobiT gaJRerebuli), marad axlis mSobadi SemoqmedebiTi stiqiis, nebis, aqtivobis uarmyofeli, sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule fsiqikuri tendenciis gamomxatvelad iqceva. uflis nebis yovlisSemZleobis moaruli frazebiTa da Tvinieri morCilebiT amRiarebel Cexoviseul gmirTaTvis iRbali Tu uiRbloba, SenaZeni Tu danakargi cxovrebaSi yovelive uflis nebis gamomxatvelia, sakuTari Sinagani, pirovnuli arsisa da SesaZleblobebis garda, pirovnuli zrdisa da ganviTarebisken, cnobierebisa da Tvalsawieris gafarToebisken, Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisken swrafvis garda, swored Semoqmedis xatisamebr adamianis Seqmnilobis ideis garda. oRond ara me, ara martom, ara aq da ara amJamad _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTia Cexoviseul gmirTa umravlesobis cxovrebiseuli kredos gamomxatveli paTosi. yovlismomcveli 16 variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze wesrigisa Tu qaosis, maradisobisa Tu warmavlobis winaSe individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebisa da zedmetobis idea, maTi ucvleli Zilispirulis maradiul laitmotivad rCeba. awmyos, rogorc sanukvari momavlis dadgomamde, rogorRac gasayvan, mosaklav droSi (mosacdel oTaxSi myofiviT) `yuryutis~ xanad aRqma, maT mudmivad Tanamdev ganwyobad rCeba. mxolod sicocxlesTan gamosalmebis saSiSroebis winaSe misTvis, marTlac, sabediswerod dasrulebuli duelis win wamierad mainc SeZlebs tuzembaxi (piesidan `sami da~) arsebulTan mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebas, mudam Waobad aRqmuli im patara qalaqis mSvenierebis gancdas, sadac mdinarecaa, tyec, ulamazes xeTa nairsaxeobebic xaroben, misi mkvidrni ki mxolod koRoebs aRiqvamen. sagulisxmoa, rom kacobriobis naTel momavalze meocnebe `sami dis~ gmirebi ara mxolod arafers iRoneben maTi axloblis, tuzenbaxisTvis, uazrod Tavsmoxveuli duelis CasaSlelad, aramed mis daRupvasac ki zezeulad mZinareni, TiTqos, sakuTar Tavze ZaldatanebiT amCneven. awmyoseuli realobisgan sakuTari Tavisa da erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebuli Cexovis gmiri zamTarSi zafxuls mistiris, zafxulSi _ zamTars, ucxoeTSi _ samSoblos, samSobloSi _ ucxoeTs, umuSevari mosamsaxures Senatris, samsaxurSi moaruli _ saxlSi mjdoms, daojaxebuli _ martoxelas, martoxela ki _ daojaxebuls. imedsa Tu uimedobaSi gamqcevi, warsulisa Tu momavlisken, saiqiosa Tu ucxo planetebisken momzirali, aswleulebisa Tu aTaswleulebis Semdgom cxovrebas rom Senatris, nebismieri siSoresa da xangrZlivobas gulgaxsnil-xelgaSlili rom egebeba mudam karCaketili, Zunwi da Seuvali swored arsebulis mimarT rCeba, iqneba es yofiTi Tu Sinagani `realoba~, Sinagani xma Tu mowodeba. erTaderTi rac mis gulsa da suls ar ekareba, risi aRqma-gancda da gaazreba ar surs, yofniseuli mimarTebis momTxovni realobaa. swored momavliT gaTenebamde ZilquSidan gamosvlis armsurvelad, TiTqos, marTlac, dabadebamdel netar 17 maia goSaZe inertulobaSi dabrunebis msurvelad gvevlineba Cexovis gmiri kinomsaxiobTa Teatriseul `alublis baRSi~. giorgi margvelaSvilis mier dadgmul speqtaklSi TeTri alublis edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa, mudam awmyos acdenilsa da am acdenilobaSi, TiTqos, urTierTamreklav oreulTa wyvilebad qceul gmirTa infantiluri samyaros protagonistad ranevskaia (nineli WankvetaZe) gvevlineba; mis Tavisebur, arsobriv da ara erTi medlis ori mxaris warmomCen anti podad, mudam garedan gapirobebulobaze apelirebadi umweobis uarmyoflad ki _ lopaxini. mTeli speqtaklis manZilze mudam Seusmeneli lopaxini (gia roiniSvilis SesrulebiT) ara mxolod ranevskaias mier uaryofil Tayvanismcemlad, ara mxolod mis Tavisebur alternativad, arsebobis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis warmomCenad, aramed alublis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa mier Seusmeneli maTive Sinagani xmis, Seucnobadi da amdenad dakarguli `sinamdvilisa~ da SesaZleblobebis personificirebad gmirad iqceva. speqtaklSi lopaxini siyvaruls uxsnis pirdapiri gagebiT smenadaxSul ranevskaias, dawolis win xmaurisagan damcav sacobebs yurebSi rom Caidgams, daZinebis amao mcdelobis Semdeg warmomdgari ki zardaxSidan amoRebuli raRac qaRaldebis Tvalierebas iwyebs. sanam ranevskaia, rogorc Cans, mamulis dagiravebasTan dakavSirebul sabuTebSi garkvevas amaod (Zilismomgvrelobis efeqts Tu ar CavTvliT) cdilobs, oTaxSi lopaxiani Semodis anTebuli sanTliT xelSi. ukve miZinebul saxlSi ratomRac SemorCenili Tu dabrunebuli stumari penuarSi gadacmuli ranevskaias danaxvisTanave moibodiSebs, gasvlasac daapirebs, magram _ sapasuxo reaqciiT, ufro swored ki, ureaqciobiT sakuTar SeusmenlobaSi darwmunebuli Seyovndeba, sanTels karadis Tavze Semodgams da, TiTqos, salocavi xatis win Tavis grZnobas aRsarebasaviT gamoTqvams, Tumca, imavdroulad, yovelgvari abezari molodinisgan Tavisufali TviTkmarobiT. avanscenaze mayureblis pirispir qaRaldebSi TavCaqindruli ranevskaias zurgs ukan, moSorebiT, naxevrad Cabnelebul scenis siRrmeSi, 18 variaciebi yofna-aryofnis motivebze ganaTebuli `aRmsareblis~ saxe, TiTqos, raRac uxilavi siRrmidan `amoyvinTuli~ sazrisiT gaelvebuli uCinardeba. mTeli speqtaklis manZilze ama Tu im saxiT lopaxinis mudmivi uaryofa _ iqneba es misi msoflaRqma, ranevskaiasadmi utyvi (Tumc sruliad aSkara) grZnoba Tu friad metyveli mowodeba-gafrTxileba, umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi mamulis dakargvis gardauvalobis Sesaxeb, swored raRac arsismieri realobisadmi edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa `zurgSeqcevis~ motivis gamomxatvelad iqceva. sagulisxmoa, rom sakmaod xangrZlivi dros manZilze ranevskaiasTvis lopaxinis mier mirTmeuli yvavilebi (sicocxlis warmaval-swrafmavali stiqiisa da masTan Tanaziari TviTobis arqetipis maradiuli gamomxatvelni) `daunaxaobisa~ da gaTelvis obieqtad iqcevian. rodesac xangrZlivi ganSorebis Semdeg kvlav Tavis mamulSi dabrunebuli ranevskaia rogorc iqna dainaxavs lopaxinis mier misken gawvdil yvavilebis Taiguls, TiTqos, scenaze mdgari msaxiobisa da mis winaSe myofi mayureblis rolSi erTdroulad aRmoCenili, gamorTmevisTanave haerSi moisvris. lopaxinis mier akrefili yvavilebis xelmeored gamorTmevisTanave ranevskaia imave Jests imeorebs, odnav onavruli keklucobiT Serbilebuli, magram, TiTqos, raRac iracionaluri yovlismflangvelobis brma sijiutiT. ziuskindis romanSi swored momavlis ukvdavsayofad `sulamoxdili~ yvavilebis msgavsad, kinomsaxiobTa Teatris scenaze mimofantuli zed gadavlisa da gaTelvis, TiTqos, uxilav obieqtad qceuli yvavilebi, sicocxlis yovelTvis swored awmyoSi moZravi, warmaval-swrafmavali stiqiis usasrulod ganmeorebadi uaryofis niSan-xatad gvevlinebian. miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi, Zilis moyvaruli parfiumeris msgavsad, ranevskaia nineli WankvetaZis SesrulebiT, sicocxlis marad moZrav stiqias daxSuli sivrcis uZraobaSi, arsebiTad misive ucvleli cnobierebis Taviseburad proecirebad uZraobaSi gaurbis, xan garemomcvelebisgan Tavs (ufrosebisgan damaluli bavSviviT) wignebis karadas afarebs, xan ki Zvelmanebis damtev skivrSi Cawveba da am saxiT tovebs, ufro swored ki, am saxiT gaaqvT dakarguli mamulidan. 19 maia goSaZe aryofnis netar inertulobaSi _ samyarosTan pirveladi, edemiseuli, harmoniis inertulobaSi gaxevebisken mswraf alublis baRis mkvidrTa scenuri istoria ganxorcielebadis ganuxorcieleblobis, gansacdelis ganucdelobis, aRsaqmelis aRuqmelobis, Sesmenadis Seusmelobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens. ama Tu im saxiT moazrebuli gapirobebulobis winaSe individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebis SegrZneba, swored arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Ziebisgan gaqcevis, sakuTar `fexze~ wamodgomis nacvlad uzenaes sazrisze amaRlebuli nostalgiis kvarcxlbekze gaSeSebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. yofna-aryofnis dilema, sikvdil-sicocxles Soris (cxadia, egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT) arCevani swored `ukvdav~ Sedegsa da `mokvdav~ process Soris arCevanSi vlindeba _ maradisobiT dajildoebis imediTa Tu moTxovniT, yovelive amJamad arsebulis, mocemulis, realizebadis gaufasurebasa da yovelgvari gasaCivrebis gareSe, swored awmyoSi, arsebulSi, mocemulSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT cxovrebas Soris arCevanSi vlindeba. 1. Пастернак Борис, Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, gv. 567. 2. Карл Густав Юнг, Психологические типы, М., 1995, gv. 225. 3. Пастернак Борис, Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, gv. 225. 4. Зюскинд Патрик, Парфюмер, М., 1967, gv. 43. 5. uiliam Seqspiri, tragediebi, Tb., t. 3, 1987, gv. 227. 6. William Shakespeare, Tragedies, L., 2001. gv. 167. 7. Чехов Антон, Рассказы, повести, пьесы. М., 1967, gv. 654. 8. Гофман Эрнест, Повести, рассказы, М., 1967. 9. Бердяев Николай, Философия свободного духа, М., 1994. 10. Антология мировой философий, М., 1969. 11. Фромм Эрих, Душа человека, М., 1984. 20 marine (maka) vasaZe saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ (robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis) robert sturua _ reJisori, rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli; levan xeTaguri _ profesori, Teatrmcodne, msoflio Teatris mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli. qarTuli saTeatro profesiuli reJisura, anu sareJisoro Teatri, iseve rogorc evropuli, erT saukuneze cotaTi mets iTvlis. vgulisxmob imas, rom sareJisoro Teatrs (zogadad) safuZveli Caeyara me-19-e saukunis 80-iani wlebSi _ C. kini, an. antuani, o. brami, m. reinhardti, k. stanislavski, vs. meierholdi, b. brexti (mogvianebiT)... da a.S.. CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvans. saqarTvelom ki, teritoriulad patara (mcire), magram uzarmazari kulturis qveyanam, mxolod XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Sva msoflio masStabis (mniSvnelobis) sami reJisori _ kote marjaniSvili, sandro axmeteli da robert sturua (ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmob dabadebis TariRebs). vfiqrob, es arc ise cotaa. yovel axal kulturul movlenas, mimdinareobas da a.S. Tavisi warmoSobis winapirobebi gaaCnia. samive reJisorma gansxvavebuli _ sakuTari individualuri xelweriT _ epoqebi Seqmnes msoflio Teatralur samyaroSi, axali sityva Tqves saTeatro, sareJisoro enis formirebis sakiTxebSi. es exeba, kote marjaniSvils da sandro axmetelsac, magram amjerad, Cemi kvlevis obieqti robert sturuaa, misi saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxi. sad SeiZleba veZieoT misi xelweris safuZvlebi, konkretulad qarTul da zogadad msoflio Tetris masStabiT? ... rogor ganviTarda da Camoyalibda, misi saTeatro, sareJisoro ena? ... da SeiZleba Tu ara, vuwodoT mas, erTi, romelime konkretuli mimdinareobis reJisori? ... statiis _ dialogisa Tu saubris forma _ romelic avirCie, vfiqrob sainteresoa. 21 maka vasaZe saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ m. v. _ batono levan, rogorc adre viyaviT SeTanxmebulebi, saubari daviwyoT robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ Sesaxeb. kvlevis sagania robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxi da dialogis forma, romelic SemomTavazeT, vfiqrob sainterseso da mravlis momcemi iqneba CemTvis. vinaidan naTqvamia, saubarisas, kamaTis dros ibadeba WeSmariteba... msurs gamovikvlio, Tu rogor Camoyalibda iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da misi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebani. zogadidan gamomdinare konkretulisken wavide. SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare, Seviswavlo misi sareJisoro ena, romelic _ teqnikuri saSualebaa _ koncefciis, gamosaxatavad. es ori kopmponenti erTimeoredan gamomdinareobs. teqnika _ enaa, ena ki saSualebaa gamoxato Seni koncefcia, msoflmxedveloba... ra xerxebs iyenebs batoni robert sturua amisTvis?... erTi periodi imasac ki vfiqrobdi _ robert sturuam Seqmna Tavisi modeli Teatrisa da mas vuwode `ekleqturi Teatris modeli~, magram termin ekleqturobas adre xelovnebis nebismieri dargis mimarT xmarobdnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `cudi~ iyo. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvano nawyveti statiidan `Teatri absurdi~ (Jur. `H2SO4~ 1924 w. #1, gv 46)1: [...] `epigonoba. diletantoba. or skam Sua jdoma. yoveli dadgma marjaniSvilis aris eklektiuri naxerxi aqedan: Teatraluri SantaJi~ (stili daculia) amas werdnen kote marjaniSvilze 1924 wels _ qarTuli da ara marto qarTuli _ Teatris reformatorze (gavixsenoT k. marjaniSvilis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, kerZod misi roli `Tavisufali Teatris~ SeqmnaSi a. TairovTan erTad). aRvniSnav imasac, rom am Jurnalis Semqmnelebi da avtorebi misi megobrebi da bevr rameSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. me ki, am SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom batonma robertma _ xelovnebis sxvadasxva 22 dargis, sxvadasxva mimarTuleba gaaerTiana _ erT, mwyobr sistemaSi... amasTanave moaxerxa, es yvelaferi, Seerwya qarTul tradiciul fenomenTan, rasac qarTuli kultura ewodeba... l.x. _ vfiqrob es termini ar gamodgeba robert sturuas saTeatro enis, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis, koncefciis ZiebisaTvis. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sturuam Tavisi samyaro Seqmna, sakuTari Teatraluri xelwera Seqmna..., magram msoflio saTeatro reJisuris konteqstSi mas saTeatro modeli ar gamougonebia. vTqvaT, rac gaakeTes magaliTad: reinhardtma, brextma, marjaniSvilma, meierholdma da a.S. vfiqrob, es sruliadac ar akninebs reJisors, piriqiT, man saukeTesod gamoiyena sxvadasxva mignebebi, romelic gaarTiana da SemogvTavaza iseTi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis nakrebi, romelsac dRes Cven SeiZleba sturuas Teatri vuwodoT. Cven ar gvaqvs misi Teoriuli mwyobri, qaRaldze gadmotanili mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Teoriuli konceptualuri naazrevi, gadmotanili qaRaldze... m.v. _ saTeatro modelis gamogoneba _ vfiqrob es sakamaTo sakiTxia. diax, mas SeiZleba axali gamogoneba ara aqvs (borblisa ar iyos), magram, rogorc Tqven aRniSneT, man Seqmna `Tavisi Teatraluri samyaro~. samyaros Seqmna ki, TavisTavad, ukve models gulisxmobs. xolo `Teoriulad mwyobri, konceptualuri naazrevis gadmotana qaRaldze~ _ iqneb ar scalia amisTvis?... is xom sul sadadgmo, SemoqmedebiT procesSia?! anu, ufro metad, praqtikosi reJisoria. da, iqneb, vinmem Caiweros zustad misi muSaobis procesi? miTumetes, rom giorgi tovstonogovidan moyolebuli qarTul TeatrSi, amis magaliTebi gvaqvs. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, batoni akaki dvaliSvili studentobis dros da Semdegac _ iwerda, akonspeqtebda Tavisi maswavleblis giorgi tovstonogovis muSaobis process. (akaki dvaliSvili aris mixeil TumaniSvilis Taobis reJisori. isini erTad mividnen rusTavlis TeatrSi da erTad daiwyes SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. m.v.). cnobili faqtia, rom XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, iwyeba e.w. Semotrialeba fsiqologiuri Teatrisaken. (Tumca, me vfiqrob, es, jer kidev, sakamaTo sakiTxia da amis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT visaubrebT). Semdeg, am Canawerebze, sakuTar 23 maka vasaZe maxsovrobasa da SemoqmedebiT gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiTi, misi megobari da Tanamoazre batoni mixeil TumaniSvili, robert sturuas e.w. `ostati~ (maswavlebeli), qmnis mwyobr, Teoriul naSroms _ qaRaldze gadmotanil sistemas _ saTeatro swavlebisa. mixeil TumaniSvilis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore naxevarSi ki, sxvadasxva Teatris istorikosebi Tu Teoretikosebi, akeTeben Canawerebs misi repeticiebisa. es, uaxlesi istoriuli praqtika, vTvli, rom dResac SeiZleba ganmeordes. Tuki, praqtikos reJisors _ robert sturuas _ ar scalia _ saTeatro koncefciis, enis, saSualebebis _ naSromad CamoyalibebisTvis, mis magivrad sxvam SeiZleba gaakeTos. momaval Taobebs dautovos sturuaseuli Teatris Secnobis saSualeba, im video-audio CanawerebTan erTad, rac arsebobs. (SoTa rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo unuversitetis gamomcemloba `kentavri~, rusTavelis Teatris muzeumTan erTad, muSaobs robert sturuas repeticiebis Canawerebze. m. v.). SeiZleba, dadges dro da Tavadac gadmosces qaRaldze `Tavisi mosazrebebi, Seqmnas mwyobri Teoriuli sistema~... l. x. _ arsebobs sxvadasxva dros gamoqvenebuli interviuebi, mosazrebebi, werilebi. batoni roberti Tavadac wers literaturul nawarmoebebs, magram, mis mier dawerili, mwyobri sistema _ konceptualuri Teatrisa _ xelT ar gvaqvs. amitom, Cven, unda gamovikvlioT da Cven, unda SevqmnaT, mis naazrevze dayrdnobiT, sturuaseuli Teatris fenomeni. maxsovs, wlebis win, sturuam gamoTqva aseTi mosazreba, rom qarTuli dramaturgia ar arsebobs. mas Tavs daesxnen ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi. saqme imaSi gaxlavT, rom robert sturua amaSi marTali gaxldaT (arcerTi Cvengani klasikosebs ar vgulisxmobT). vinaidan, roca isini ekamaTebian mas, im `niRbiT~, rom icaven qarTul Teatrs _ ufro metad azianeben, vidre _ piriqiT. zusti daTariReba, da movlenis zusti Sefaseba, arasodes saziano ar aris kulturisTvis. es aris adgilis zusti gansazRvra. kulturaSi Sejibri imis Taobaze _ me, ori wliT adre mqonda, Tu gvian _ aseTi konceptualuri Sejibri ar arsebobs... da, vinc amaze agebs Tavisi qveynis kulturis istorias yovelTvis wagebuli rCeba... 24 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ m. v. _ vfiqrob, qarTuli Tanamedrove dramaturgia marTlac Zalian sustia da am SefasebaSi namdvilad ar Semcdara batoni robert sturua. ara aqvs mniSvneloba _ ramdeni wers da ramdens wers, mTavaria xarisxi da Sedegi. sainteresoa, rogor akeTebs piesis arCevans? rodis xvdeba, rom es is piesaa, an im literaturuli nawarmoebis inscenirebaa, romlis ganxorcielebac surs scenaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom upiratesobas mainc e.w. `klasikur piesebs aniWebs~. amave dros dadgmuli aqvs Tanamedrove piesebic, maT Soris qarTuli. radgan qarTul dramaturgiaze Camovarda saubari, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT, rom mas qarTveli klasikosebic _ ilia WavWavaZe, daviT kldiaSvili da polikarpe kakabaZe sainteresod, axleburad, Taviseburad (sturuaseulad) aqvs danaxuli, moazrebuli da dadgmuli. `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (T. CxeiZesTan erTad), `yvaryvare~, `kacia_adamiani?!~, `darispanis gasaWiri~... am CamonaTvalidan ilia, ra Tqma unda ar iyo dramaturgi, magram saocrad azrovnebda da werda e. w. `saxeebiT~ (gavixsenoT `kacia adamiani~, `glaxis naambobi~... es nawarmoebebi araerTxel daudgamT qarTul scenaze da gadauRiaT filmebi). aqve minda moviyvano nawyveti robert sturuas da Cemi saubridan, romelic 2006 wlis noemberSi Sedga (gTavazobT nawyvetebs m.v.). kiTxvaze, Tu ra princi piT xelmZRvanelobs, scenaze gansaxorcielebeli piesis arCevisas _ mi pasuxa: r. s _ SemoqmoqmedebiTi, reJisoruli gzis dasawyisSi, vcdilobdi damedga mxolod iseTi piesebi, romlebic Cems cxovrebiseul `kredos~, Cems msoflmxedvelobas esadageboda, magram aris momentebi, rodesac Sen asruleb SekveTas. axalgazrdobaSi xSirad miwevda ganawilebiT Sexvedrili piesebis dadgma. droTa ganmavlobaSi mivxvdi, rom amgvarad dadgmuli speqtaklebi arc ise cudi gamodioda, piriqiTac ki xdeboda xolme. anu ar aris aucilebeli piesa zustad emTxveodes Sens msoflmxedvelobas. nebismieri nawarmoebidan SegiZlia gaakeTo is, rac Sen gsurs. mokled vityvi, nebismier nawarmoebSi (Tu is sruli `katastrofa~ ar aris) SegiZlia i povo raRac marcvali da Semdeg masze aago mTeli Seni koncefcia, struqtura da a.S. Tu kargia dramaturgiuli 25 maka vasaZe nawarmoebi, maSin is, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, zustad moergeba Tanamedroveobas. SegiZlia i povo iq saTqmeli, romelic gainteresebs Sen da Sens xalxs am konkretul droSi, am konkretul momentSi. Teatri ki, yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba konkretuli drois, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli da gamomxatveli tribuna, amitomac ver moikida TeatrSi fexi e.w. socrealizmma, Tumca mxatvrobaSi, mwerlobaSi mSvenivrad damkvidrda da mTeli mimdinareobac ki Seiqmna socrealizmisa. dRes, rodesac virCev piesas (an nebismier nawarmoebs) dasadgmelad, intuiciasac veyrdnobi. magaliTad, momewona xuTi piesa da miWirs arCevanis gakeTeba, imitom rom xuTive Zalian sainteresoa. mxatvruli done maRalia, Tanabari, Seesabameba Cemi da Cemi xalxis tkivils, problemebs. viReb raime yuTs an jams, sxvadasxva qaRaldis naglejze vwer saTaurebs, vyri am yuTsa, Tu jamSi, kargad amovurev da amoviReb erT-erTs. mokled, `latareas~ vTamaSob. Teatri, xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvevebiT, yvelaze ufro cocxali xelobaa, xelovnebaa. Tu is ar asaxavs Tanamedroveobas, maSin igi mkvdaria. rac ar unda kargi piesa airCio dasadgmelad da CaTvalo, rogorc reJisorma, rom dadgma warmatebulia, Tu is, mayurebelma ar moiwona, speqtaklma mayurebeli ver miizida, maSin e. i. raRac aklia. es Seni (reJisoris) bralia. yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswino mayureblis moTxovna. vinaidan Teatri da mayurebeli cal-calke ar arsebobs, erTiania, erTianad cocxlobs, erTnairad sunTqavs. maT, erT ritmSi unda ucemdeT pulsi, maTi majiscema, unda emTxveodes. speqtakli im konkretul momentSi cocxlobs, rodesac scenaze TamaSdeba da mas, mayurebeli adevnebs Tvals. reJisorisTvis sainteresoa magidasTan piesaze muSaobis procesi, scenaze gadatanis procesi, msaxiobebTan muSaobis procesi, mxatvarTan, kompozitorTan, gamnaTebelTan da a.S. Semdeg. speqtakli, roca Sedgeba da mayurebeli mas naxavs, me is ukve imdenad aRar mainteresebs... is icocxlebs, Tu sworad davdgi, anu mayureblisaTvis gasagebad. parterSi sxva dasxva inteleqtis, fenis warmomadgenlebi sxedan, Sen, rogorc reJisorma muSaobis dros unda ifiqro yvelaze, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi 26 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ da gasagebi gaxdes Seni Canafiqri. yvelam unda gaigos, risi Tqma gsurda. zogs, ubralod, nanaxiT siamovnebis gancda mianiWo, zogic ufro Rrmad Caswvdeba Sens namuSevars da detalebiT daiwyebs tkbobas da a.S. aris piesebi, romelebic uSualod ar exeba Tanamedroveobas, sakmaod rTuli, filosofiuri siRrmeebiT, mayureblisTvis aRsaqmelad mZime, samagierod, aseT piesebSi, aris deteqtiuri momentebi. TiTqmis yvela piesaSi aris dedeqtivis marcvali. magaliTad, aviRoT saberZneTi. epidavrosSi davdgi `oidi pos mefe~, TiTqos araferi aqvs saerTo TanamedroveobasTan. samagierod, masSi devs deteqtivis marcvlebi. anu, mkvleli, borotmoqmedi, ise, rom Tavad ar icis. eZebs mamis mkvlels (Tavad mokla mama) da cxovrobs dedasTan (oidi posma, ra Tqma unda, ar icis, rom iokasta misi dedaa). me im dadgmaSi wina planze, swored es deteqtiurobis momenti gamovitane da ara is, rom adamiani ver gaeqceva Tavis bedisweras (mogexsenebaT berZnul dramaturgiaSi, e. w. tragediebSi bedisweris Tema umTavresia, es exeba evri pidesac, sofoklesac da esqilesac. m. v.). ufro metsac getyviT, `hamletic~ deteqtivia, vinaidan Cven, danamdvilebiT ar viciT, marTla mokla klavdiusma Tavisi Zma Tu ara. `eleqtrac~ deteqtivia, SurisZiebis deteqtivi. anu, reJisorma nebismieri piesis dadgmis dros unda moZebnos raime, riTac miizidavs mayurebels. vimeoreb, parterSi, sxvadasxva fenis, sxvadasxva inteleqtis mayurebeli zis da Sen, reJisorma unda SeZlo yvelasTan miitano Seni saTqmeli. Teatri yvelaze demokratiuli Janria da unda hyavdes mayurebeli. bevrs hgonia, rom me dramaturgias, dramaturgs udierad vepyrobi. es ar aris marTali. me yovelTvis vcdilob dramaturgis stili gamovavlino. yovelTvis, nawarmoebs veyrdnobi, Tumca, dRes, XXI saukuneSi, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis reJisorebi, Zalian `Tavisuflad~ udgebian klasikosi, Tu araklasikosi dramaturgebis piesebs. (aRsaniSnavia, rom reJisorebi, aseve `Tavisuflad~ epyrobodnen piesebs jer kidev XIX saukinis bolodan, vgulisxmob, zemoT CamoTvlil, `sareJisoro Teatris~ mamamTavrebs, maT Soris k. marjaniSvils. mag. gr. robaqiZe, marTalia aRrfTovanebuli iyo k. marjaniSvilis da a. axmetelis `lamaras~ dadgmiT, magram amave dros, ukmayofilo 27 maka vasaZe _ marjaniSviliseuli `monataJiT~ piesisa, romlis mixedviTac a. axmetelma ganaxorciela scenaze es piesa. m. v.). magaliTad, litvelma reJisorma _ o. korSunovasma `romeo da julieta~ dadga, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba samzareuloSi _ sacxobSi (qarTvelma mayurebelma es speqtakli ixila 2009 wels Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalze _ `Tbilisi Internationale~ _ marjaniSvilis TeatrSi. m. v.). anu, isini weren Zveli piesis, axal variants. me amgvarad ar viqcevi. Tu vdgam klasikosis nawarmoebs, vakeTebT axal Targmans da erTi sityvis meoreTi Senacvlebis dros mimyavs xolme teqstualuri mxare Cemi Canafiqrisaken. roca, Tanamedrove dramaturgis piesaze vmuSaob (magaliTad laSa buRaZe, irakli samsonaZe), maSin maT vuTanxmdebi, an saerTod, maT vTxov, gadamikeTon, esa Tu is, epizodi, scena Tu teqstualuri masala... (zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs, moqmedebas. gavixsenoT, Tundac, bolo wlebSi dadgmuli, samuel beketis `godos molodini~, maqs friSis 2009_2010 wlis rusTavelis Teatris sezonis premiera `bidermani da cecxlis wamkidebelni~. es `xerxic~, rogorc zeviT aRvniSne `ar axalia, Zvelia~ m. v.) l. x _ davubrundeT Cveni saubris dasawyiss, rogorc ukve vTqvi _ zusti daTariReba, da movlenis zusti Sefaseba, arasodes saziano ar aris kulturisTvis, es aris misi adgilis zusti gansazRvra. magaliTad moviyvanoT poloneTi. polonuri Teatri centralur evropaSi yvelaze gvian Seiqmna. nacionaluri Teatri XVII saukunis meore naxevaris miwuruls, magram man moicva XX saukunis Teatraluri Ziebebi, mTlianad da ager ukve XXI saukuneSic gadmovida; gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa rkinis fardiT rusuli Teatraluri Ziebebi, absoluturad miuwvdomeli gaxda msofliosaTvis. dRes msoflio Teatrze saubrisas _ kantoris, grotovskis, svinarskis da sxv., am saxelebis gareSe ver vimsjelebT. eseni faqtiurad konceptualurad cvlian XX saukunis Teatrs. grotovski magaliTad dRes erT-erTia, im ramdenimesTan erTad vinc mTlianad axali saTeatro modeli Seqmna. meore magaliTs getyvi Zalian mniSvnelovans: es aris litva. litvaSi profesiuli Teatri XIX saukunis bolos, XX saukunis dasawyisSi iqmneba, ufro gvian vidre saqarTveloSi. dRes 28 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ litvis sareJisoro da samsaxiobo skola atrialebs da qmnis aminds evropul sivrceSi. eseni arian dRemde moRvawe: nekroSusi, vaitkusi, bolo periodSi tuminasi da sxva. dRes evropaSi yvelaze meti moTxovna maTzea. m. v. _ geTanxmebiT, rom XX da XXI saukunis Teatraluri Ziebebi, poloneTesa da litvaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. XIX saukunis bolo _ XX saukune, vTvli (da ara marto me vTvli ase), aris axali Teatraluri Ziebebis, aRmoCenebis saukune ara marto poloneTsa da litvaSi, aramed zogadad evropaSi, amerikasa da aziaSic (italia, britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, iaponia, aSS da a.S.). es exeba, rogorc dramaturgias, aseve reJisuras, Teatralur mxatvrobas, musikas, saSemsruleblo teqnikas (msaxiobs vgulisxmob) da a.S. am ZiebebSi da aRmoCenebSi, axali Teatraluri stilistikis SeqmnaSi, sabWoeTis rkinis fardis miuxedavad (raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos) qarTuli Teatric CarTulia... (gagrZeleba ix. Semdeg nomerSi, #3 (44)) 1 `Teatri absurdi~ Jur.. ‘H2SO4~ 1924 w. #1, gv 46 a. vasaZe `mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, wigni pirveli, S rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~, 2010.; Э. Гугушвили, Котэ Марджанишвили; [Ред. Н. Т. Финогенова]. - М. : 1979; v. kiknaZe, `saubrebi qarTul Teatrze~, 1979; v. kiknaZe `qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi~, Tb., 1982; n. gurabaniZe, reJisori robert sturua, Tb.: 1997; `dialogi `yvaryvareze~, Jur. `Teatraluri moambe~, 1974, #4; n. gurabaniZe, `yvaryvare~, Jur. ‘sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1974, , #7; d. mumlaZe, `reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi portreti~, Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1981, #12; gaz. `kavkasioni~, parizi, 1964, #9 gaz. `kultura~ 2006, #12 (29); gaz. `kultura~ 2008, #2 (40); `Teatri absurdi~ Jur. `H2SO4~ 1924’ #1, gv 46. http.// dic. academic. ru 29 kinomcodneoba zviad doliZe kinos iaponeli imperatori mimdinare wels Sesrulda gamoCenili kinoreJisoris, akira kurosavas, dabadebidan asi wlisTavi. am didebulma xelovanma, romelic maradisobaSi 12 wlis win gadavida, madlier STamomavlobas dautova Tavisi genialuri filmebi, romlebSic gamosWvivis sikeTisa da humanurobis dResaswauli, realobis Zieba da iluziisadmi Seuguebloba, progresi sasowarkveTidan imedisaken, amitomac moi poves maT msoflio donis mniSvneloba. kurosava ufro socialurad moazrovne, meamboxe Semoqmedi iyo, vidre politikurad angaJirebuli reJisori. igi yovelTvis cdilobda Sors mdgariyo mis qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri movlenebisagan da ufro metad ainteresebda mavani socialuri problema, misi yvela mxare, misi yvela niuansi. swored amis gamo iqca igi mTeli kinematografiuli samyarosaTvis gamorCeul figurad. akira kurosava daibada 1910 wlis 23 marts tokioSi, erT Cveulebriv, mravalSvilian iaponur ojaxSi. is bavSvobidanve iyo gatacebuli mxatvruli literaturiTa da kinematografiT. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT Seayvara erT-erTma ufrosma Zmam _ heigom, romelic `benSis~ (`mTxrobelis~) Tanamdebobaze muSaobda kinoTeatrebSi da xSirad dahyavda akira sxvadasxva kinoseansze. 1936 wels kurosavam muSaoba daiwyo erT-erT kinokompaniaSi reJisoris asistentad da ramdenime wlis manZilze didi gamocdileba daagrova, ris Sedegadac 1942 wels mas andes damoukideblad gadaeRo sadebiuto namuSevari `sanSiro sugata~. iqidan moyolebuli, akira kurosavam Seqmna 30 kinosuraTi (plus erTi filmi man erToblivad gaakeTa or sxva iaponel kinoreJisorTan erTad). maTi umetesoba aRiarebulia kinos gamokveTil nimuSad, xolo 1950 wels gadaRebulma filmma `raSomon~ saerTaSoriso asparezze gaiyvana manamde, erTgvarad, karCaketil mdgomareobaSi myofi iaponuri kino, Tavisi STamagonebeli ZaliTa da niSandoblivi emociuri aspeqtebiT msoflios gaacno ara marto misi avtori, aramed 30 31 zviad doliZe mTeli iaponuri kinematografis mimarT aRZra da gaaRviva cxovelmyofeli interesi. kurosavas kinogmirebs, iseve rogorc Tavad mas, hqondaT daJinebuli moTxovnileba, scodnodaT cxovreba iseTi, rogoric aris. iaponiaSi mas akritikebdnen imisaTvis, rom igi dasavluri publikisaTvis muSaobda, sinamdvileSi misi kolegebidan aravis masaviT ar uRvawia ise, rom Tavisi samSoblo da misi sazogadoeba zedmiwevniT gasagebad eCvenebina dasavleTisaTvis. is amayad acxadebda, rom arasodes vakeTeb films gamorCeulad ucxouri auditoriisaTvis. Tu nawarmoebs ar SeuZlia hqondes mniSvneloba iaponeli mayureblisaTvis, me, rogorc iaponeli xelovani, misiT ubralod ar vinteresdebio.1 kurosavas arasodes Camouyalibebia sakuTari stili, arasodes aravisTan ganuxilavs igi da mxolod kritikosebi msjelobdnen da gamohqondaT sxvadasxva daskvna amis Taobaze. man bevri kinematografisti `fexze daayena~, bevri ram aswavla, Taviseburad `SeuZRva~ kinosamyaroSi. mis TanamSromlebs is arasodes gaufetiSebiaT, oRond yovelTvis sjerodaT misi da amayobdnen, rom iTvlebodnen kurosavas gundis wevrebad. msaxiobebsac sulac ar uWirdaT, piriqiT, siamovnebdaT masTan muSaoba. bevri umadloda mas samsaxiobo karieris SeqmnaSi gaweuli RvawlisaTvis. umetesi maTgani piradad umegobrdeboda. masze ambobdnen, rom imden repeticiebs atarebda, sanam msaxiobebs xmebi ar CauwydebodaT, an cxenebidan panta-puntiT ar cviodnen.2 es asec iyo, magram sworedac rom es iyo namdvili, muxlCauxreli muSaoba. Tavad msaxiobebi, vinc masTan wlebis manZilze TanamSromlobdnen, amtkicebdnen, rom igi ar icvleboda. erTxel kurosavas hkiTxes, filmis keTebis procesSi romel etaps aniWebda upiratesobas, man upasuxa, albaT, montaJi ufro mniSvnelovania, magram, Tu ar gaqvs kargi scenari, veranairi montaJi ver dagexmarebao.3 Cveulebisamebr, mas hqonda ramdenime proeqti ideaSi, magram, roca romelimes airCevda, ramdenime wels amuSavebda, sanam uSualod scenaris dasawerad ar dajdeboda. daweras, ZiriTadad, andomebda daaxloebiT naxevar weliwads. TanascenaristebTan erTad gaerideboda tokios, moaSurebda romelime sakurorto qalaqis myudro sastumros, xandaxan ki pirdapir Tavisi saxlis baRSi iwyebda weras. 32 kinos iaponeli imperatori iaponelis pirobaze simaRliT sakmaod maRali (1.86 sm.) kurosava gadasaReb moedanzedac erTi TaviT maRla idga yvelaze. man daarRvia erovnuli kinos aTwleulobiT Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi, masSi gabatonebuli filosofia. axalgazrda kolegebs mouwodebda, rom waekiTxaT msoflio donis mxatvruli literatura, enaxaT aRiarebuli kinosuraTebi, SeeswavlaT saukeTeso reJisorebis kinoTeoriebi da Tu surdaT gamosuliyvnen kargi kinoreJisorebi, jer aucileblad kinodramaturgiaSi unda ecadaT bedi. mas miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo kinowarmoebisadmi mecnieruli midgoma, riTac mniSvnelovanwilad Seewyoboda xeli kinos, rogorc xelovnebis dargis Semdgom ganviTarebas.4 akira kurosava sxvadasxva gamokiTxvis Sedegad SehyavdaT da axlac SehyavT msoflios saukeTeso kinoreJisorTa aTeulebsa Tu xuTeulebSi, Tanac misi filmebis imdeni `rimeiqia~ gadaRebuli, rom am mxriv is aSkara rekordsmenia. mravali Tikuni Searqves mas, magram maTgan yvelaze metad moswonda `imperatori~, xolo SekiTxvaze, ras niSnavda misTvis kino, is pasuxobda: `es Zalze martivia: amiReT me, gamomakeliT filmebi da Sedegi nuli iqneba~.5 kurosavam 88 weli icocxla da sicocxlis bolomde kvlav kinoze fiqrobda: mas hqonda axali Canafiqri, romlis kinematografiuli xorcSesxmis gegmebsac awyobda, magram aRar dascalda. mcire xnis win, zustad 23 marts, kinoTeatrma `rusTavelma~ da saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis msoflio kinos istoriis mimarTulebam moawyves erToblivi RonisZieba _ akira kurosavas dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saRamo, romelzec naCvenebi iqna misi erTi Zveli, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi kinosuraTi `saocari kviradRe~. amiT Cveni mokrZalebuli pativiscema gamovxateT am genialuri Semoqmedis mimarT, Tayvani veciT mis samaradJamo xsovnas. 1. Joseph Anderson and Donald Richie. The Japanese Film: Art and Industry. New York: Grove Press, 1960, gv. 378. 33 zviad doliZe 2. Donald Richie. The Films of Akira Kurosawa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, gv. 222. 3. iqve, gv. 124. 4. Akira Kurosawa. Something Like an Autobiography. New York: Random House, gv. 193. 5. Fred Marshall. Emperor of Film – No, Not Yet! In collection: `Akira Kurosawa: Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008, gv. 187. irakli maxaraZe amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi ` S en u nd a ga xs ov de s , r om i nd i e l e b i adami anebi ar ari an. is ini ga reuli cxovelebi arian~. indielebTan mebrZoli amerikuli mxatvruli filmi (1955) gaCenis pirveli dReebidanve amerikuli vesTerni1 amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas _ indielebs, aCvenebda rogorc sisxlismsmel da sastik velurebs, romlebic TeTri adamianebis skalpebze nadirobdnen, kolonistebi ki Tavs icavdnen, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mainc cdilobdnen am ,,velurebTan~ daaxloebasa da maTSi civilizaciis Setanas (sabWoTa kavSiris yofil sivrceSi Cveni codna ,,veluri~ dasavleTis,2 indielebisa da indielTa omebis Sesaxeb mxolod germanul-ruminuliugoslaviuri warmoebis mdare da ususuri vesTernebiT, goiko mitiCiT, CingaCgukiTa da vinetuTi Semoifargleboda). kinomde ufro adre aseTi imijis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa bulvarulma romanma (mas aseve dime novels eZaxdnen. sityvidan dime [ing.] _ aTcentiani, zustad amdeni Rirda es nawarmoebebi), romelmac myarad Caunerga mkiTxvels is azri, rom ,,veluri~ da s av l eTi _ es da us r u l eb el i da am a R el v eb el i TavgadasavlebiT savse samyaroa, sadac mefoben TeTrkaniani raindebi, romlebic nebismier wams mzad arian daexmaron umweo da gasaWirSi Cavardnil adamians. 1865 wlidan 1890 wlamde ,,velurma~ dasavleTma bevrad meti legenda da Tqmuleba warmoSva, vidre amerikis mTelma istoriam. amerikuli kinematografi ki Tavisi Casaxvis pirveli dReebidanve mixvda, Tu ra oqros sabados waawyda. 1903 wels ekranebze gamovida pirveli vesTerni matareblis didi gaZarcva, aqedan moyolebuli vesTernis Janrma Seqmna miTosi, sadac amerikis namdvili da gamogonili warsuli da dRevandeloba 34 35 irakli maxaraZe erTmaneTSi iyo gadaxlarTuli. erT interviuSi cnobili amerikeli reJisori jim jarmuSi (igi 90-iani wlebis vesTernis Janris erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSis _ mkvdaris, avtoria) ambobda: ,,30-40-ian wlebSic ki auditoriisaTvis zneobrivi magaliTis Catarebis mizniT holivudur vesTernebSi istoriis miTologizacia xdeboda. saqme iqamde midioda, rom mkvidri amerikeli mosaxleoba miTologiur gmirad iqca. mgoni es jon fordis filmSi maZiebelni moqmedeben komanCis tomis indielebi, maT ki navahos indielebi TamaSoben, romlebic Sesabamisad navahos enaze saubroben. es igivea, rom Tqva: ,,diax, diax, vici es frangebi unda iyvnen, magram me mxolod germanelebis moZebna SevZeli, amas mainc veravin gaigebs~.3 1890 wlisaTvis, roca literaturasa da TeatrSi vesTernis Janris fesvebi gaCnda, civilizaciisa da velur dasavleTs Soris arsebuli gamyofi zoli, anu frontiri (frontier [ing.] _ sazRvari), rogorc mas uwodebdnen, aRar arsebobda, is oficialurad daixura. ase rom, Tavidanve vesTernis Janri melanqoliuri tonalobisa iyo, radgan warsul dReebsa da imis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda, rac aRar arsebobda. 1865 wels frontiris xazi gasdevda mdinare misisi pis momijnave Statebis dasavleT sazRvrebs da Semofarglavda kanzass da nebraskas samxreT dayolebaze. Tavisi samsaukunovani arsebobis manZilze frontirma, am moZravma ,,sazRvarma~,4 daiwyo ra msvleloba aRmosavleTis koloniebidan _ mTeli amerika gadasera. realurad frontiri iyo dasavleTisaken gadaadgilebadi sazRvari qveynis aTvisebul, civilizebul nawilsa da kontinentis aborigenTa teritorias Soris. dasavleTSi, am auTvisebel da yamir miwebze, oqros maZiebelTa, mesaqonleTa da axlamosaxleTa mosvlas mohyva indielebTan konfliqtis zrda. amerikel indielTa TiTqmis yvela tomi sxvadasxva dros ebrZoda TeTrkanianebs da amerikul regularul armias, gansakuTrebiT seriozuli winaaRmdegoba frontiris winsvlas gauwies CrdiloeT dablobis tomma sium da samxreTdasavleTis tomma apaCim. mTavrobis politika jer kidev jeims monros prezidentobis xanidan imaSi mdgomareobda, rom rac SeiZleba Sors hyolodaT indielebi TeTrkanianTa frontiris zolidan. 1893 wels 36 amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi istorikosma frederiq jeqson Ternerma Tavis TezisSi frontiris mniSvnelobaze amerikul istoriaSi indielTa roli Semdegnairad Seafasa ,,...isini unda Camogvcvlodnen gzidan~.5 XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi yvelaze TvalsaCino figura, romlis saxelTanac dakavSirebulia indielTa problema, endriu jeqsoni iyo. jer kidev 1812 wlis amerika-inglisis omis Sua periodSi jeqsoni, romelic maSin tenesis milicias xelmZRvanelobda, gaigzavna samxreT alabamaSi, sadac daundoblad CaaxSo krikis tomis indielebis ajanyeba, ris Sedegadac SeerTebul Statebs maT sakuTari teritoriis ori mesamedi dauTmes. Semdeg jeqsonma seminolis tomis indielebi gandevna espaneTis kuTvnil floridaSi. jeqsonma msgavsi politika prezidentobis yofnis drosac gaagrZela. 1830 wels kongresma miiRo ,,indielebis gasaxlebis aqti~ da daafinansa aRmosavleTis tomebis gadayvana misisi pis iqiT. 1834 wels indielebisTvis gamoiyo specialuri teritoria axlandeli oklahomas adgilas. jeqsonis prezidentobis dros indielTa tomebma xeli moaweres (upriania iTqvas, ZaldatanebiT moawerines) 94 xelSekrulebas da federalur mTavrobas milionobiT heqtari miwa dauTmes, ris gamo aTeulobiT tomi gasaxlebul iqna Tavisi winaprebis miwebidan. qevin qosTneri, avtori cnobili vesTernis cekvebi mglebTan (1990) erT interviuSi ambobda: ,,filmi (cekvebi mglebTan) asaxavs amerikis istoriis im monakveTs, romelic yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili da romelsac aravin uwodebs genocids, indielebs anadgurebdnen, spobdnen maT kulturas, raTa daepyroT maTi miwa, dRes ki amboben: es miwa CvenTvis aucilebeli ar iyoo.6 yvelaze amazrzeni faqti msgavsi istoriidan exeba Cerokis tomis indielebs, romlebmac 1791 wlis xelSekrulebiT Crdilo karolinasa da jorjiaSi sakuTari miwebis SenarCunebis garantia miiRes, magram maTi bedi gadawyda, roca 1829 wels iq oqro aRmoaCines. Cerokis toms umaRlesi sasamarTlos mxridan mxardaWeramac ver uSvela. qveynis saTaveSi jeqsonis administraciis misvlisTanave Cerokis indielebi aiZules 1838 wels, daetovebinaT sakuTari miwebi da Sesdgomodnen grZel gzas oklahomisaken. avadmyofobisa da mZime pirobebis gamo 15 37 irakli maxaraZe aTasi indielidan 4 aTasi daiRupa, ris gamoc am gzas ,,cremlis kvali~ ewoda.7 amerikis mTavrobaSi iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom indielTa gawyvetis politika yvelaze swori nabiji iyo da rac ufro Cqara moxdeboda es, miT ukeTesi iqneboda amerikisaTvis. maSin aseTi araoficialuri lozungebic ki arsebobda: ,,CrdiloeTi amerika mTlianad gaiwmindos indielebisagan!~ da ,,kargi indieli es mkvdari indielia~,8 magram amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas mxolod saomari moqmedebebiT ver gaanadgurebdnen, radgan maSin, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, jer kidev darCenili iyo 280 aTasze meti indieli (cnobisaTvis: XV saukunis miwuruls indielTa raodenoba 10 milionze mets Seadgenda), amitom TeTrebma daiwyes indielTa mTavari sakvebis _ bizonebis, ganadgureba. cnobil Soumens, megzurs, amerikis armiis polkovnik bafalo bils, roca is amerikul rkinigzas emsaxureboda, mokluli hyavda 4200 bizonze meti, amitomac Searqves es saxeli (Buffalo inglisurad niSnavs bizons).9 cxovelebis aseTma umowyalo ganadgurebam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo _ Tu 1840 wels preriebSi 50 milionamde bizoni iyo, 1870 wlisTvis amerikis samxreTiT arc erTi aRar darCa. cnobilia faqtebic, roca saxelmwifo faqtorebi indielebze yiddnen Savi WiriT Seyril sabnebs. erTxel ki indielTa tomSi gagzavnes yvaviliT daavadebuli adamiani, rasac imunitetis armqone mTeli mosaxleobis amowyveta mohyva. aranaklebi indieli gadaiyola isev da isev TeTrkanianTa mier Setanilma ,,cecxlovanma wyalma~ _ spirtianma sasmelma. raimeTi mainc rom gaemarTlebinaT is sisastike, rasac sinamdvileSi Cadiodnen veluri dasavleTis amTviseblebi aborigenebis mimarT, wignebisa da filmebis avtorebs indielebi gamohyavdaT gamousworebel avazakebad da barbarosebad, TeTrebi ki _ gmirebad, radgan isini, TiTqosda, eqstremalur situaciaSi Cacvenilebi icavdnen TavianT ojaxsa da qonebas da amitom, rasakvirvelia, uxdebodaT Tavdamsxmelebis, anu indielebis, ganadgureba. bafalo bil qoudis mier 1883 wels Seqmnil Wild West (,,veluri~ dasavleTis) SouSi aCvenebdnen, Tu rogor awiokebdnen axalmosaxleebsa da fermerebs indielebi, keTilSobili gmirebi 38 amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi da amerikuli armia ki maT icavda.10 sazogadoebis TvalSi aseTi saxis ,,reklama~ Zalian cud reputacias uqmnida indielebs. sainteresoa, rom mas Semdeg, rac XIX saukunis bolos indielebi ,,moarjules~ da cocxlad gadarCenilebi rezervaciebSi Seyares, bevri maTganis sulismosaTqmel da fulis gasakeTebel saSualebad swored ,,veluri~ dasavleTis Sou iqca. bevri cnobili indielTa beladi da meomari, maT Soris mjdomare xari, Savi cxen-iremi da jeronimo, am warmodgenebSi monawileobda. xSirad isini Tavisi popularobiT Crdilavdnen amerikis yovlisSemZle adamianebs. magaliTad, 1905 wels jeronimo, rogorc sapatio stumari, miiwvies prezident Teodor ruzvelTis inauguraciisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze. rogorc Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven, prezidenti aRaravis axsovda. yvelas surda, jeronimos gasaubreboda da xeliT Sexeboda. am legendarulma meomarma im dRes uamravi avtografi daariga _ TiTo 25 centad. inauguraciis Semdeg jeronimo Sexvda prezidents da sTxova rezervaciidan sakuTar saxlSi, arizonaSi, daebrunebina, magram prezidentma igi uariT gaistumra.11 indielTa problema bevr amerikel kinematografists awuxebda, jer kidev munji kinodan moyolebuli iyo mcdeloba, eCvenebinaT realuri istoriebi. munji vesTernebis varskvlavma uiliam s. harTma erTxel ganacxada kidevac: ,,dasavleTis Sesaxeb naTqvami sinamdvile CemTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Cemi samuSao~.12 Tumca vesTernis Semqmnelebi da TviT harTic ki xSirad sinamdviles legendas da Selamazebul faqtebs amjobinebda. ,,es dasavleTia, ser. roca legenda faqtad iqceva, dabeWdeT legenda~, _ gazeTis redaqtoris es sityvebi jon fordis vesTernidan kaci, romelmac mokla liberTi velensi, zustad asaxavda damokidebulebas zogadad amerikis dasavleTis istoriisadmi. indielTa negatiuri saxiT warmoCena lamis 60-ian wlebamde grZeldeboda. miuxedavad sxvadasxva cvlilebisa, TiTqosda, veraferi Searyevda im klasikur, myar fundaments, im dakanonebul da xelSeuxebel wesebs, riTac sunTqavda da sazrdoobda vesTerni, sanam ar dadga 60-iani wlebi. es periodi amerikuli kinematografisTvis iqca erTgvar dadebiT evoluciur naxtomad, romelic Seexo ara marto holivudis esTetikur 39 irakli maxaraZe mxares, man aseve Secvala misi sawarmoo sistema. holivuduri sistemis krizisi daiwyo daaxloebiT 40-iani wlebis bolos, xolo sabolood is 60-ian wlebSi daiSala. meore msoflio omamde holivudi iyo is adgili, sadac Cqefda cxovreba, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi araviTari Sexebis wertili da saerTo ar hqonia gare samyarosTan. holivudSi iqmneboda miTologia. 60-ianebSi ki es izolirebuli samyaro ganadgurda. holivudi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da es maSinve aisaxa mis produqciaze. kinematografistebma axleburad gaiazres vesTernis Janris dogmad qceuli WeSmaritebani da indielebis problemasTan dakavSirebuli kardinalurad gansxvavebuli filmebi SesTavazes auditorias: Seienebis Semodgoma (1964), ombre (1967), uTxariT maT, rom bili boi aq aris (1969), lurji jariskaci, patara didi adamiani, adamiani cxeni, (1970), ulzanas Tavdasxma (1972) da sxva. 60-ian wlebSi amerikul sazogadoebaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma (robert kenedisa da martin luTer qingis mkvlelobebi, SavkanianTa gamosvlebi sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad, studenturi amboxi, seqsualuri revolucia da areulobebi amerikis qalaqebSi) da vietnamis omma sakuTari koreqtivebi Seitana: axalgazrdobas daekarga rwmena amerikis heroikuli warsulisadmi, razec ase myarad iyo dafuZnebuli vesTerni. kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom roca vesTernma 60ian wlebSi Seabija, man dakarga adrindeli mimzidveloba, gaxda ufro nihilisturi, pirquSi da is xSir SemTxvevaSi ,,sisxlSi banaobda~. pirvel rigSi, es aisaxa brwyinvale reJisorebis: serjio leones (dolaris trilogia) da sem feqinfas (veluri banda, peT gereTi da bili qidi) vesTernebSi. 60-ian wlebSi mayurebeli, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba, sxva moTxovnebs uyenebda filmis mwarmoeblebs. ,,veluri~ dasavleTis miTebi Tavisi heroikuli figurebiT, altruistebiT, romlebic ebrZodnen borotebas, dabolos, raRa Tqma unda, amarcxebdnen, mxolod nostalgiis moyvarulT Tu akmayofilebda da darbazSi sicils iwvevda xolme. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-ian wlebSi vesTerni gascda kinoekranebis farglebs. samxedroebi, romlebic vietnamSi ibrZodnen, gazrdilni iyvnen vesTernebze. im dros erT-erTi 40 amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi yvelaze popularuli serialidan, romelic „praim TaimSi~ gadioda, rva iyo vesTerni. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom jon ueini, yvela drois yvelaze cnobili kino qauboi, amerikel jariskacebisTvis vietnamSi erTgvar Tilismad iqca. TviT ueinma 1968 wels dadga propagandistuli mxatvruli filmi vietnamis omis Temaze mwvane beretebi, sadac amerikelTa bazas dodJ siTi hqvia (erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili qalaqi ,,velur~ dasavleTSi). ekrans miRma, namdvil vietnamSi, jariskacebi saSiS adgilebs indielTa teritoriebs uwodebdnen, vietnamel megzurebs _ qiT qarsonebs. 13 amerikelebma Taviseburad gadaakeTes cnobili slogani ,,kargi indieli _ es mkvdari indielia~, oRondac sityva indieli CrdiloeT vietnameliT Secvales. amerikelTa warmodgenaSi amerikis dasavleTis frontirma indoCineTSi gadainacvla da amerikelebi isev gadaiqcnen pionerebad, kavaleristebad, qauboebad, msrolelebad da Serifebad. maTi misia es iyo civilizaciis, progresis Setana da daCagrulTa dacva (msgavsi istoria axlac meordeba). maiql heris wignSi aris erTi epizodi, sadac vietnamSi Casul reportiors kapitani epatiJeba dagegmil sabrZolo operaciaze: ,,wavideT qauboebisa da indielebis saTamaSod~. 14 xSirad vesTernis Janris saukeTeso nimuSebi zustad asaxavdnen im epoqas, romelSic es filmebi keTdeboda, vidre istoriis im periods (umeteswilad, XIX saukunis meore naxevars), romelSic moqmedeba viTardeboda. 60-ian wlebSi Seqmnili bevri vesTerni vietnamis omis alegoriad aris warmodgenili. sem feqinfa aRniSnavda: ,,vesTerni _ es universaluri formaa, romelic saSualebas gaZlevs, gamoTqva sakuTari mosazreba dRevandelobis Sesaxeb~.15 am cvlilebebma, ra Tqma unda, imoqmeda vesTernebSi indielTa imijis Secvlaze da yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqva. kinematografistebi da amerikuli sazogadoeba inaniebdnen codvebs da bodiSs uxdidnen maT im usamarTlobisa da sisastikisaTvis, rasac amerikis mTavroba wlebis manZilze Cadioda amerikis mkvidri mosaxleobis mimarT. jon fordi ambobda: ,,...Cven indielebs Zalian cudad vepyrobodiT; es Cveni sircxvilia. Cven maT vatyuebdiT da vZarcvavdiT, vklavdiT, 41 irakli maxaraZe vanadgurebdiT... magram, Tu isini moklavdnen erT TeTr adamians, RmerTo, Cven vagzavnidiT jarebs!~ 16 dro da mayurebelTa gemovneba Seicvala da dResdReobiT vesTerni iseTive popularobiT aRar sargeblobs, Tumca amerikeli kinematografistebi isev ganagrZoben sakuTari uaxlesi istoriis gaxsenebas _ ,,veluri~ dasavleTis Temaze filmebis gadaRebas, gansakuTrebiT es exeba televizias, sadac am Janris bevri suraTi idgmeba. es filmebi bevrad ufro politkoreqtulia da zedmiwevniT zustad asaxavs istoriul sinamdviles. werils prezident jon kenedis mravlismetyveli sityvebiT davasruleb: ,,roca Cven viviwyebT Cveni istoriis did moamageebs, roca Cven ugulebelvyofT amerikeli indielebis heroikul warsuls, amiT Cven sakuTar memkvidreobas vauZlurebT...~ 17 1 termini vesTerni warmoqmnilia inglisuri sityvidan west _ dasavleTi. ,,velur~ dasavleTSi igulisxmeboda aSS-is dasavleTi da centraluri Statebi. 3 http://gridassov.livejournal.com/19278.html?thread=64590 4 amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, amerikis Seswavlis saqarTvelos asociacia (gamomcemloba klio, tomi V), gv. 257. 5 Paul Simpson,The Rough Guide to the Westerns (Rough Guides Ltd, 2006), gv. 3. 6 The Making of Dances With Wolves, Directed by Jack Leustig (Laura Davis Productions, 1990). 7 Paul Simpson, The Rough Guide to the Westerns (Rough Guides Ltd, 2006), gv. 5. 8 Ibid, gv. 208. 9 Bill O’Neal, Best of the West (Publications International, Ltd, 2006), gv. 122. 10 am SouSi ,,rusi kazakebis~ saxeliT guruli mojiriTeebi gamodiodnen. 11 Jon E. Lewis, The Mammoth Book of the West the Making of the American West (Running Press, 2001), gv . 448. 12 Bill O’Neal, Best of the West (Publications International, Ltd, 2006), gv. 3. 13 qiT qarsoni _ ,,veluri~ dasavleTis cnobili megzuri da mebrZoli 14 ix.: Jim Kitses and Gregg Rickman, edited by, The Western Reader (Limelight Editions, 1998). 15 Stephen Prince, edited by, Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch (Cambridge University Press, 1999), gv. 25. 2 42 amerikeli indielis saxe amerikul vesTernSi 16 David Matuszak, The Cowboy’s Trail Guide to Westerns (Pacific Sunset Publishing, 2003), gv. 35. 17 http://www.nativevoices.org/articles/Kennedy.html Bob Boze Bell, Bad Men Outlaws & Gunfighters of the West (Boze Publications, Inc., 1999). Peter Bogdanovich, John Ford (Univeresity of California, 1978). William K. Everson, The Hollywood Western (Carol Pub. Group, 1992). Marshall Fine, Bloody Sam The Life and Films of Sam Peckinpah (Donald I Fine, 1991). Herb Hagen, The Encyclopedia of Westerns (Checkmark Books, 2003). Kevin J. Hayes, edited by, Sam Peckinpah Interviews (University Press of Mississippi/Jackson, 2008). Allan Hunter, edited by, The Wordsworth Book of Movie Classics (Wordsworth Reference, 1992). Robert E. Kapsis and Kathie Coblentz, edited by, Clint Eastwood Interviews (University Press of Mississippi/Jackson, 1999). Stephen Prince, Savage Cinema Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies (University of Texas Press, 1998). Ted Sennet, Great Hollywood Westerns (Harry N Abrams, 1990). Paul Seydor, Peckinpah The Western Films A Reconsideration (University of Illinois Press, 1997). Donald E. Staples, edited by, The American Cinema (Voice of America Forum Series, 1973). David Thomson, A Biographical Dictionary of Film, (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). 43 Ddinara maRlakeliZe kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi kinematografis Sesaxeb Teoriuli mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba, faqtobrivad, mis dabadebasTan erTad iwyeba da kinos istoriis ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeba. kinos Teoria, kinos istoriasa da kritikasTan erTad xelovnebisa da kulturis mecnierebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba da damoukidebel mecnierul disci plinas kinos mecnierebas qmnis. kinos Teoria, romelic sxvadasxva Teoriuli teqstis uzarmazar korpuss moicavs, kinematografs sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT, rogorc xelovnebis dargs, vizualur mediumsa da ekonomikur produqts, anu, masobriv samomxmareblo industrias Seiswavlis. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seqmnili Teoriuli teqstebi kinematografs ZiriTadad formisa da funqciuri daniSnulebis aspeqtiT ikvlevdnen. kinos Teoriis esTetikuri ganStoeba kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis dargis, damaxasiaTebel gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs Seiswavlis, sociologiaze orientirebuli kinos Teoria kinematografis, rogorc audiovizualuri komunikaciis formis sazogadoebriv da kulturul daniSnulebas ikvlevs, xolo fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis kinos Teoriis kvlevis sferos filmis esTetikuri daniSnulebis, misi aRqmis fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebisa da filmis mayurebelze emociuri zegavlenis kvleva Seadgens. kinematografis arsebobis jer kidev adreul wlebSi e. w. bazrobebisa da balaganis kinos periodSi (1895-1907), roca kinematografi, rogorc axali teqnikuri saocreba, masobriv mediumad da gasarTob sanaxaobad iwyebda Camoyalibebas, yoveldRiur presasa da saxelovnobo JurnalebSi ukve ibeWdeboda publikaciebi, romlebic cdilobdnen, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvaze: ra aris kino? 1907 wlidan kinematografSi struqturuli cvlilebebi iwyeba, saukuneTa gasayaris axali teqnikuri saocreba, bazrobebisa da balagnis gasarTobi mediumi kino, masobriv mediumad iwyebs Camoyalibebas. iwyeba stacionaruli 44 kinodarbazebis mSenebloba, rac Seqmnili kinopruduqciis xarisxzec moqmedebs da socialur ekonomikur bazas qmnis profesiuli presis ganviTarebisaTvis. naratiuli kinematografis warmoSobis pararelurad, XX saukunis 1910-ian wlebSi, warmatebiT ikidebs fexs profesiuli kinokritika. damoukidebel samecniero disci plinad Camoyalibebas iwyebs kinos Teoria. iwyeba kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis axali dargis da kulturis mniSvnelovani fenomenis, mecnieruli kvleva. 1909-1929 wlebSi kinematografis Sesaxeb bevri sxvadasxva Teoriuli teqsti iqmneba, romlebic sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, formisa Tu teqnikuri da esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven da Seiswavlian kinematografs. XX saukunis 1920 wlebSi evropa kinos Sesaxeb Teoriuli mosazrebebis centri xdeba, frangi (epStaini, deluki, dulaki, musinaki), germaneli (gadi, rixteri, arhnaimi, irosi, balaSi, krakaueri), rusi sabWoTa (kuleSovi, vertovi, pudovkini, aizenStaini), italieli (barbaro, Ciarini), britaneli (rota, jirsoni, spotisvudi) kinematografistebisa da moazrovneebis refleqsiebi axali mediumis Sesaxeb kinos klasikur Teoriad yalibdeba. 1915 wels Seqmnil teqstSi The Art of the Moving Picture Tavisi drois cnobili literatori da kinematografis Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli Teoriuli Txzulebis avtori vaSel lindsi tradiciul vizualur da naratiul xelovnebebze dayrdnobiT filmis sam ZiriTad ti ps gamoyofs e. w. moqmedebis, intimur da brwyinvale filmebs. xelovnebis sxva tradiciul dargebTan kinematografis Sedarebisas films lindsi mxatvrobas moZraobaSi, arqiteqturas moZraobaSi da qandakebas moZraobaSi uwodebs.1 herbert tanenbaumis 1916 wels gamoqveynebuli teqsti Film und Theater kinogamosaxulebis esTetikuri kanonebis kvlevas eZRvneba. tanenbaumis interesis sferos kinematografsa da TeatrSi realobis asaxvis gansxvavebis kvleva Seadgens. misi Teoriuli mosazrebebi Teatrisa da kinoxelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebulobis dadgenasa da kinematografis esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis kvlevaSi gamoixateba.2 aristoteles poetikaze dayrdnobiT, tanenbaumi 45 dinara maRlakeliZe aviTarebs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac aristoteles dramis Teoria kinoxelovnebazec Tavisuflad SeiZleba gavrceldes. tanenbaumi aristoteles dramis cnebas kinematografze avrcelebs da xazs usvams kinogamosaxulebaSi drois, adgilisa da moqmedebis erTianobis mniSvnelobas. gansakuTrebul rols kinematografSi igi msaxiobTa TamaSs aniWebs da Tavis TanamedroveTagan gansxvavebiT Tvlis, rom kinoSi msaxiobis TamaSis manera pantomimisa Tu Teatris msaxiobis TamaSis manerisagan mkveTrad unda gansxvavdebodes. kinematografis umTavres princi ps tanenbaumi moqmedebaSi xedavs da adreul klasikur kinos TeoriaSi e. w. samsaxiobo Teoriul mimarTulebas aviTarebs.3 mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani kinos Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli Teoriuli teqstis avtori neokantianuri filosofiuri skolis warmomadgeneli, fsiqologiis profesori hugo miunsterbergia, romlis naSromi The Photoplay: A Psychological Study 19 16 w el s i q na gamoqveynebuli. hugo miunsterbergi kinematografs ara obieqturi realobis reproduqciad aRiqvams, aramed adamianuri ocnebebisa da warmosaxvis gamoxatvis mniSvnelovan formad miiCnevs. miunsterbergis mixedviT, kinematografs unari Seswevs gare samyaros formebis (sivrce, dro, kauzaloba) gadalaxvisa da Sinagan samyaros formebSi (mogoneba, warmodgena, grZnobebi) morgebisa. mis Teoriul mosazrebebs gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas aniWebs fsiqologiuri princi pebis kinematografis fenomenze gavrceleba da mayurebelsa da films Soris interaqtiuri urTierTobis koncefciis ganviTareba. miunsterbergi filmis aRqmis Taviseburebebis kvlevisas im daskvnamde mivida, rom filmis saboloo aRqma mayureblis mier gamosaxulebis TiToeuli kadris interpretirebis Sedegia da aqedan gamomdinare aqtiur Sinagan sulier process warmoadgens. miunsterbergma pirvelma ganaviTara kinos fsiqologiuri Teoria, romlis mixedviT filmis aRqma aqtiur sulier procesad unda iqnes gagebuli. mayurebeli da filmis avtori misi Teoriis mixedviT erTmaneTis partniorebs warmoadgenen.4 kinos esTetikuri Teoriis klasikosi, ungruli warmoSobis ebraeli moazrovne bela balaSi 1924 wels venaSi Tavis 46 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi pirvel kinoTeoriul naSroms Der sichbare Mensch aqveynebs, mogvianebiT, 1926 wels, berlinSi misi Semdgomi monografia Der Geist des Films ibeWdeba, romelSic avtori kinos esTetikur Teorias ukve formalisturi TvalsazrisiT aviTarebs. balaSis TvalTaxedviT kinematografs yvela sxva xelovnebaze ukeT Seswevs realobis axleburi aRqmis unari. amasTanave am axali xelovnebis unikaluroba imaSia, rom igi saerTaSorisoa _ yvelasaTvis gasagebi mimikisa da gamometyvelebis ena. arcerT sxva xelovnebas, balaSis mixedviT, ar SeuZlia ise cxadi gaxados adamianuri grZnobebi, rogorc es msxvil xeds ZaluZs kinematografSi. swored filmis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis msxvili xedisa da montaJis sistematurma kvlevam miiyvana balaSi Tvalsazrisamde, romlis mixedviTac kinematografi is mediumia, romelic obieqturi realobisagan gansxvavebul, axal vizualur kulturas qmnis. bela balaSi filmis Semoqmedad reJisorTan erTad msaxiobsac asaxelebda, am TvalsazrisiT, igi kinos Teoriis e. w. samsaxiobo Teoriis mxardamWeria. balaSis Teoriuli naazrevi enaTesaveba rusul da aRmosavleT evropul formalistur mimarTulebas xelovnebasa da kinos TeoriaSi. misi Teoriuli mosazrebebi aseve siaxloves pudovkinisa da aizenStainis montaJuri kinos TeoriasTanac amJRavnebs. xmovani kinematografis damkvidrebis Semdeg balaSi giunter grolTan erTad kinematografis e. w. ganviTarebuli Teoriis erT-erTi pirveli avtorTagani xdeba. 1948 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi Filmkultura igi wina aTwleulebSi SemuSavebuli Teoriuli mosazrebebis reziumirebas xmovani kinematografis konteqstSi axdens.5 geStalt fsiqologi rudolf arnhaimi Tavis 1932 wels gamocemul naSromSi Film als Kunst ayalibebs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT kinematografi realobisgan gansxvavebulad unda iqnes aRqmuli. arnhaimis Teoriuli mosazrebani filmis Seqmnis da mayureblis mier misi aRqmis fsiqologiuri niuansebis kvlevas exeba. misi TvalsazrisiT, kinematografisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani, montaJis meSveobiT drosa da sivrceSi fragmenturad arsebobis unari, gamosaxulebisa da xmis ekranuli CarCoTi SemozRuduloba films sxva xelovnebaTagan 47 dinara maRlakeliZe gansxvavebul, gansakuTrebul eqspresiul potencials sZens. arnhaimi realobasTan mimarTebaSi kinematografis upiratesobas mis eqspresiul bunebaSi xedavs da Tvlis, rom am Taviseburebebis gamo kinomatografs unari Seswevs filmis realoba mayurebelTaTvis arsebul realobaze ufro mniSvnelovani gaxados.6 rudolf arnhaimis Teoriul kvlevebTan gansakuTrebul siaxloves XX saukunis 1920 wlebSi kinos formalisturi Teoriis praRis, peterburgisa da moskovis skolebis warmomadgenlebi amJRavneben. formalisturi Teoriis mixedviT, nawarmoebis poeturi struqtura formalurad ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli mayureblis mier mis fsiqologiur aRqmasTan. swored formalisturi Teoriis konteqstidan warmoiSva konstruqtivizmze orientirebuli sergei aizenStainisa da vsevolod pudovkinis kinos montaJuri Teoriebi. jer kidev 1920 wlebSi rusuli sabWoTa kinoavangardis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli Ziga vertovi qmnis koncefcias, romelic kinoTvalis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. sabWoTa avangardistebis TvalsazrisiT, mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis dinamika upirvelesad montaJiTaa ganpirobebuli. sergei aizenStainis montaJis Teoriis mixedviT, films, rogorc realobis damoukidebel konstruqcias, mayureblis cnobierebisa da qvecnobieris konstruireba da Secvla SeuZlia. rusi sabWoTa avangardistebi montaJs, rogorc specifikur kinematografiul xerxs, axali adamianisa da axali samyaros SeqmnaSi warmarTvel rols aniWebdnen. kinematografis istoriaSi swored vertovis kinoTvalisa da aizenStainis atraqcionisa da dialeqtikur inteleqtualuri montaJis koncefciebi uyrian Teoriul safuZvels filmis mayurebelze zegavlenisa da mediumis daxmarebiT mayurebelTa politizirebis praqtikas. filmis, rogorc mediumis, gavlenas adamianur cnobierebaze 1930-ian wlebSi ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli moazrovne valter beniaminic ikvlevda. beniamini Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi refleqsirebas adamianuri aRqmis mediuri saSualebebiT ganpirobebulobaze axdens da Teoriul mosazrebas aviTarebs sxvadasxva istoriul politikur konstelaciaSi mediis zegavlenis Sesaxeb.7 misi TvalsazrisiT, kinematografs 48 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli vizualuri gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis, msxvili xedisa da montaJis meSveobiT yvela sxva tradiciul mediumze ukeT Seswevs unari mayurebelze zegavlenis moxdenisa da misi mani pulirebisa. XX s aukunis 1940-ia n wlebS i beniaminis msoflmxedvelobasTan axlos mdgomi frankfurtis filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi: Teodor adorno da maqs horkhaimeri kulturuli industriis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kritikul Teoriul azrovnebas uyrian safuZvels.8 amerikuli emigraciis wlebSi holivudis kinoproduqciis Sedegad miRebul STabeWdilebas adorno da horkhaimeri kinos, rogorc mani pulaciuri mediumis Sesaxeb Teoriul mosazrebaSi ayalibeben. xmovani filmis ganviTarebasTan erTad kinos TeoriaSi ufro da ufro mzard Rirebulebas iZens kinoxelovnebis e. w. realisturi Teoria. Tavad realisturi mimarTuleba, rogorc kinematografis erT-erTi esTetikuri forma, jer kidev 1920 wlebSi msoflio kinos sxvadasxva reJisoris mier Seqmnil filmebSi povebda kinematografiul xorcSesxmas. 1930 wlebSi safrangeTSi warmoSobili realisme poetique 9 erT-erTi wamyvani kinomimarTuleba xdeba evropaSi, xolo 1940-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi italiaSi Camoyalibebuli am mimarTulebis axali ganStoeba neorializmi XX saukunis meore naxevris msoflio kinematografis Semdgom ganviTarebaze umniSvnelovanes zegavlenas axdens. Sesabamisad, meore msoflio omis Semdgom kinos TeoriaSi zigfrid krakaueris socio-ideologiuri kritikuli Teoria yvelaze ufro popularuli xdeba. krakaueri swored kinematografSi xedavs im mediums, romelsac yvela sxva xelovnebaze ukeT Seswevs fizikuri realobis gadarCenis unari. sergei aizenStainisa da vsevolod pudovkinis kinos formalisturi, montaJuri Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic kinematografiuli produqciis mniSvnelobas montaJiT gansazRvravs, krakaueri kinematografis mTavar predikatad ara kinematografiul formas, aramed mis mier realobis reproduqciis, realobis zusti asaxvis unars miiCnevs. krakueris mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kinos mizani ara sinamdvilis Secvla unda iyos, aramed misi zedmiwevniT 49 dinara maRlakeliZe gadmocema, misi reproducireba, kinematografi mayurebels realobis ukeT aRqmaSi unda daexmaros.10 realizmi, rogorc kinoTeoriuli paradigma 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, krakaueris garda, andre bazinis Teoriul mosazrebebSic povebs ganviTarebas. italiuri neorializmis gavleniT bazini ayalibebs Teoriul koncefcias, romlis mixedviT kinematografi ganixileba rogorc droSi obieqturoba. bazinis Tvalsazrisis mixedviTac, kinos yvela sxva xelovnebaze metad Seswevs realobis mayureblis bunebriv aRqmasTan daaxloebis unari. andre bazini 1951 wels aarsebs kinoJurnals Carhiers du Cinema, romelSic sistematurad ibeWdeba Tavad bazinisa da misi Tanamoazre axalgazrda kinoenTuziastebis da SemdgomSi XX saukunis meore naxevris franguli da evropuli kinos cnobili reJisorebis: fransua triufos, Jan-luk godaris, klod Sabrolis, erik romerisa da sxvaTa statiebi. Jurnali gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs axali franguli kinomimdinareobis Nouvelle Vague CamoyalibebaSi. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania Carhiers du Cinema-s roli kinos saavtoro Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi. 1950-ian wlebSi fransua triufos mier inicirebuli pilitique des auterurs kinos saavtoro Teoriis Camoyalibebis safuZveli xdeba. Tavad saavtoro kinos koncefcia aleqsandre astrusis jer kidev 1948 wels gamoqveynebul eseSi gamoikveTa, romelSic avtori axal kinoavangardze msjelobs. 11 Aastrusi kinematografs, rogorc specifikur enas, mxatvruli azris gadmocemis vizualur formas ganixilavs. misi azriT, kinematografi xelovans sakuTari azrebisa da gancdebis, sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis vizualuri xerxebiT gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs. astrusis TvalTaxedviT, kinoreJisori iseve unda iyenebdes kameras, rogorc romanisa da eseis avtorebi moixmaren kalams. astrusis msoflmxedvelobiT STagonebuli fransua triufo 1954 wels aqveynebs statias, romelSic igi brZolas ucxadebs imdroindel frangul kinematografs, mas konformizmSi sdebs brals da scenaristebis kinos uwodebs. 50 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi franguli kinos am tendenciis sanacvlod triufo reJisoris individualuri xelwerasa da msoflmxedvelobaze dafuZnebuli saavtoro kinematografis damkvidrebas moiTxovs.12 kinos saavtoro Teoria ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli fransua triufosa da misi Tanamoazreebis mier 1950-ian wlebSi aqtiurad praqticirebul saavtoro kinos politikasTan. andre bazenis irgvliv Semokrebili axalgazrda frangi kinomatografistebis saavtoro kinopolitika popularobis zenits XX saukunis 1960 da 1970-ian wlebSi aRwevs.13 am periodSi Seqmnili monografiebi kinos istoriaSi swored kinos saavtoro Teoriis perspeqtividan iqmneba. didia saavtoro kinos Teoriis zegavlena kinokritikasa da XX saukunis 1960iani wlebSi Camoyalibebul kinomimdinareobebze: Der Neue Deutsche Film14 da New Hollywood.15 XX saukunis meore naxevris kinos Teoriis ganviTarebaSi erTgvar saetapo naSroms warmoadgens Jan mitris16 1963-1965 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli ortomeuli Esthetique et psychologie du cinema.17 masSi erTadaa fokusirebuli kinos klasikur TeoriaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli mosazreba, kinematografis, rogorc garkveuli enobrivi fenomenis, kinos fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri ganzomilebebisa da misi g am o ms a xv elo b iTi S esa Zl ebl o beb is Ses ax eb. m i tr i kinematografze, rogorc vizualur enaze da mayurebelze misi zegavlenis problemebze, axdens koncentrirebas. misi mecnieruli gamokvlevebi kinematografis Sesaxeb arsebuli e. w. klasikuri Teoriebis epoqis dasasrulze mianiSneben da, imavdroulad, kinematografis Tanamedrove Teoriebs uyrian safuZvels. Tu kinos e. w. klasikur TeoriebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis legitimaciis problemebs eTmoboda, XX saukunis 1960 wlebidan kinos Teoriis refleqsirebisa da gaazrebis sagani filmis, rogorc mediumis, arsebis, misi Sinaarsisa da formis, mayurebelze misi zemoqmedebis dialeqtikis kvleva xdeba. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qristian metci18 lingvistur modelebze orientirebul kinos semoitikur Teorias ayalibebs, imavdroulad, igi kinematografis semiotikuri kvlevis 51 dinara maRlakeliZe programis sulisCamdgmelic xdeba19 da ian maria petersTan da umberto ekosTan erTad kinos klasikuri Teoriebisagan distancirebul semiotikur, analitikur-empiriul kvleviT tradicias amkvidrebs. semoitikuri perspeqtividan kinematografi enis analogiurad niSanTa organizebul fenomenad gaiazreba, kinematografis sociologiuri da fsiqologiuri dimensiebi da kinogamosaxulebis SesaZleblobaTa detaluri kvleva erTiandeba, xolo semiotikuri kvlevis gansakuTrebuli obieqti filmis mayurebelze zegavlenis Seswavla xdeba. semiotikuri kinos Teoria, romlis mixedviTac kinematografi enis msgavsad niSanTa garkveul kods warmoadgens, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs filmur da kinematografiul kodebs. semiotika filmis struqturas teqstisa da sistemis TvalsazrisiT Seiswavlis da kvlevis obieqtad erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel kinematografiul procesebs aqcevs. filmis mTliani qsovilis kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kino montaJis formebis ti pologiebs eTmoba, romelsac metci filmis sintagmebis saxeliT moixseniebs. metcis analizi filmSi gamosaxulebis sintagmuri da paradigmuli kavSiris dadgenasa da filmis mTlian qsofilSi TiToeuli gamosaxulebis gramatikis interpretacias emyareba. umberto ekos 20 struqturalistur lingvistikaze orientirebuli vizualuri kodebis Teoriac kinematografs rogorc enas ganixilavs da filmis mTlian sxeulSi calkeuli gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobas ikvlevs. filmis gageba ekos Teoriis mixedviT erTian fenomens e. w. semiozs warmoadgens, romelSic filmi obieqti da misi intepratatori (mayurebeli) urTierTzegavlenas axdenen. ekos mixedviT, xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizi Tavis TavSi ara marto nawarmoebis struqturis, aramed mTliani kulturis analizsac moicavs. pier paolo pazolini21 kinematografs realobis amsaxvel enad aRiqvams da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianur qmedebaTa imitacia kinematografis mastruqturebel princips warmoadgens. qristian metcTan mecnierul diskursSi 1960-1970-ian wlebSi safrangeTSi saerTo kulturis problemebze orientirebuli heterogenuli semiotikuri skola viTardeba, 52 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi romelTa kvlevebis ZiriTadi sfero kinosemiotikis pragmatuli da kognitivisturi frTa xdeba, xolo Tavad Teoriis fuZemdebeli qriastian metci Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobis gviandel periodSi misi maswavleblis ronald barTis 22 moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT fsiqoanalizze orientirebul kinos Teoriul naSromebs qmnis. XX saukunis 1970-ian wlebSi kinos TeoriaSi zigmund froidis, Jak lakanis fsiqoanalitikur da lius alTuseris marqsistul Teoriebze orientirebuli e. w. aparatus Teoriebi iqmneba. aparatus Teoriis kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts mayurebelsubieqtis, mayurebel-interpretatoris filmTan identifikaciis sakiTxi, ekranze naxulTan mayureblis mimarTebisa da Tavad filmis mayurebelze zemoqmedebis procesis Seswavla warmoadgens. aparatus Teoria istoriuli, sazogadoebrivi da zogadi kulturis aspeqtiT awarmoebs mayureblisa da kinofilmis urTierTdamokidebulebis kvlevas, masSi ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gamoiyofa: neoformalistur-kognitiuri da poststruqturalistur-fsiqoanalitikuri. semiotikur T eo r i a s Ta n a x l o s m dg o m i ne o f o r m a l i s tu r i d a poststruqturalisturi koncefciebi xSirad Tanamedrove kinos TeoriaSi aparatus Teoriis saerTo saxelwodebiT moixsenieba. semiotikuri kvlevis princi pebTan monaTesave Teoriebis warmoSoba XX saukunis 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iwyeba, Tanamedrove kinos Teoria zogadad sam aseT mniSvnelovan Teoriul moZRvrebas icnobs: e. w. enunciaciis Teoria, romelic filmis, reJisorisa da mayureblis pragmatul urTierTobas ikvlevs, 1980 wlebSi qristian metcis Teoriuli kvlevebic am mimarTulebiT iwyeben ganviTarebas. franCesko ka setis mi er inici rebuli kinos transcendentaluri pragmatika, romelic kinokomunikaciis problemebis kvlevazea orientirebuli da kinos fsiqosemiotika, romelic mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis procesis elementebs Seiswavlis. swored am koncefcias eyrdnoba devid borduelis kinos kognitiuri fsiqologiac. 23D devid bordueli rusuli formalisturi Teoriis zegavleniT neoformalistur Sexedulebebs aviTarebs da 53 dinara maRlakeliZe filmis stilisturi normebisa da konvenciebis esTetikas, mayurebelze filmis zemoqmedebisa da mayureblis mier filmis c no b i er i a R qm i s p r ob l em eb s i kv l evs . b o rdu eli s neoformalisturi, kognitivisturi gamokvlevebis ZiriTad Temas mayureblis mier filmis gacnobierebul aRqmasa da kinokulturas Soris urTierTkavSiris dadgenis Seswavla warmoadgens. borduelisa da tompsonis gamokvlevebi calkeuli filmis mayureblis Cveuli aRqmis gaucxoebiT gamowveuli kognitiuri procesis warmoCinebasa da misi saSualebiT kinematografis funqciisa da motivaciis istoriis gagebas isaxaven miznad. semiotikuri da formalisturi Teoriebis impulsebiTaa inspirirebuli cnobili frangi kinos Teoretikos jil deliozis24 1980-ian wlebSi kinos filosofiaSi Seqmnili umniSvnelovanesi Sromebic. deliozis Teoriuli teqstebi25 kinematografis semiotikur gagebas efuZneba. misi TvalsazrisiT, filmis reJisori, imavdroulad, filosofosicaa, romelic ara cnebebis, aramed gamosaxulebisa da xmis saSualebiT operirebs. deliozis TvalTaxedviT, kinematografi moZravi gamosaxulebis universaluri mediumia.Dsamyaros swored kinematografis meSveobiT SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis danaxva, romelic mxolod gamosaxuleba, xati ki araa, aramed Tavadaa samyaro. deliozisaTvis kinematografi is konkretuli adgilia, sadac samyaros dakvirveba da Secnoba xdeba. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moZraobis mniSvnelobas uTmobs kinematografSi da Tvlis, rom moZraoba Tavis TavSi moicavs rogorc inerantul, aseve trancendentur momentebs. deliozi gamosaxulebis moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi or umniSvnelovanes fazas ganasxvavebs kinos istoriaSi. moZraobiTi gamosaxuleba ufro Zvelia, samyaros erTian warmodgenas emyareba da inerantuli xasiaTi aqvs, misTvis uwyveti montaJia damaxasiaTebeli. droiTi gamosaxuleba ki transcendenturia da wyvetili montaJiT xasiaTdeba. jil deliozis Sromebi kinos TeoriaSi gamosaxulebasa da xmaSi gacxadebuli kinematografiuli azrovnebis istoriis dafiqsirebis mcdelobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. 54 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebul kinematografis Tanamedrove Teoriebs, romlebic devid borduelisa da noel karolis formulirebiT XX saukunis 1970-iani wlebidan TeoriaTa erTian e. w. agregats qmnian, erTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli aerTianebT, kerZod, masobrivi mediumis filmis sazogadoebaze zegavlenis kvleva, mayurebelTa mier filmis aRqmis meqanizmis mecnieruli interpretacia da gaazreba imisa, Tu ra aqcevs kinematografs postkapitalisturi sazogadoebis e. w. idologiur agentad. Tu kinos klasikur TeoriebSi kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis axali dargis, kulturul legitimaciisa da filmis gamomsaxvelobiTi Taviseburebis, misi esTetikisa da stiluri Taviseburebebis kvlevas eTmoboda gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, kinematografis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriuli kvlevebi filmis medialur, ekonomikur, socio-kulturul determinantebze axdenen gansakuTrebul aqcentirebas. Tanamedroveoba globalizebuli procesebiT Secvlili samyaro kinos mecnierebazec did zegavlenas axdens. Tanamedrove kinos TeoriaSi erTmaneTis paralelurad Tanaarsebobs sxvadasxva Teoriuli Sexeduleba, romlebic kinematografs sxvadasxva aspeqtiTa da TvalTaxedviT Seiswavlian. XXI saukunis kinos mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva kinematografis intermedialuri, interteqstualuri struqturebis kvlevasa da vizualur mediaTa sxva formebTan mis damokidebulebaze refleqsirebas, aseve kinos genderul,26 fsiqoloanalitikur27 da interkulturalobis 28 Teoriul kvlevebs. 1. Vachel Lindsay, The Art oft he Moving Picture, New Jork, 1971. 2. Helmut H. Diderich, Der Filmtheoretiker Herbert Tannenbaum, Frankfurt a. M., 1987. 3. SeniSvna: kinematografis, rogorc xelovnebis formis Sesaxeb Seqmnil Tavdapirvel TeoriebSi ZiriTadad oTxi mimarTuleba gamoiyofa, kinoxelovnebis, samsaxiobo xelovnebis, kamerisa da ganviTarebis (anu xmovani kinos) Teoriebi; 55 dinara maRlakeliZe 4. ixileT: James Monaco, Film Verstehen, gam.: „Rowohl“ Reinbek bei Bamberg, 2002, gv. 417- 427; Geschichte des deutschen Films, gam.: „Metzler“, Stuttgart, 2004, gv.. 497-500 . 5. Texte zur Theorie des Films, Bela Balazs, Reclam, Stuttgart, 2003, gv. 201234 . 6. Rudolf Arnheim, Texte zur Theorie des Films, Stuttgart, 2003, gv. 176-201. 7. ix.: Walter Beniamin, Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, 1974. 8. ix.: Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialektik der Aufklärung, Frankfurt am Main, 1947. 9. SeniSvna: qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc poeturi realizmi 10. ix.: Siegfried Krakauer: Theorie des Films. Die Errettung der äußeren Wirklichkeit, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am M.ain, 1964. 11. ix.: Alexandre Astrus, Naissance d, une nouvelle Avantgarde: La CameraStylo, 1948, Paris. 12. ix.: Francois Truffaut, Une certaine tendance du cinema francaise, Paris, 1954. 13. SeniSvna: saavtoro Teoriis, rogorc mecnieruli cnebis, damkvidreba niu-iorkel kinos kritikoss endriu sariss miewereba, romelic 1964 wels pirveli laparakobs Auteur Theory Sesaxeb. 14. SeniSvna: axali germanuli kinos saxeliT cnobili kinomimdinareoba dasavleT germaniaSi. mimdinareobas safuZvlad daedo oberhauzenis saxelwodebiT cnobili manifesti, romliTac axalgazrda reJisorebma omi gamoucxades mamaTa Taobis kinos da igi mkvdrad gamoacxades. 15. SeniSvna: axali holivudis kino, mimdinareobas sxvanairad postklasikuri holivudis kinosac uwodeben. 16. SeniSvna: Jan mitri 1907-1988, frangi kinoreJisori da mecnieri, mniSvnelovani monografiebis avtori kinos Teoriasa da istoriaSi. 17. SeniSvna: qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc kinematografis esTetika da fsiqologia. 18. qristian metci: frangi kinos Teoretikosi, 1931-1993. 19. SeniSvna: semiotikuri kvlevis ZiriTadi princi pi metcis Semdgomi gamonaTqvamiT gamoixateba: gageba imisa, Tu rogor unda iqnes filmi gagebuli. 20. umberto eko: italieli mwerali, filosofosi, mediaTmecnieri, semiotikis mkvlevari. 21. pier paolo pazolini: 1922-1975 ww., italieli kinoreJisori, poeti da publicisti. 22. ronald barTi: 1915-1980 ww., frangi filosofosi da mwerali. ronald barTi struqturalizmis, dekonstruqtivizmisa da 56 kinos Teoriis ganviTarebis tendenciebi fsiqoanalizis meTodebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi fenomenebis: teqstis, fotografiis, kinematografis, reklamis kvlevisaTvis gamoiyenebda. struqturalisturi Teoriis radikalizaciis gamo barTi poststruqturalisturi Teoriis damfuZnebladac iTvleba. 23. devid bordueli: amerikeli kinomecnieri, viskonsis universitetisa da kiolnis kinos skolis profesori, kinos neoformalisturi Teoriis umniSvnelovanesi avtori. igi Tavis mniSvnelovan Teoriul Sromebs kinematografis kognitiur fsiqologiaSi, romelic borduelis TvalsazrisiT, kinos formalisturi Teoriis elementia, xSirad Tavis meuRlesTan, kristin tompsonTan erTad qmnis 24. Jil deliozi: 1925-1995 ww., cnobili frangi filosofosi, Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelovanesi moazrovne. misi kvlevebi kulturis sxvadasxva sferos: fsiqoanalizs, anTropologias, xelovnebas, musikas, kinematografs moicavs. didia misiHzegavlena Tanamedrove humanitaruli mecnierebis iseT Teoriebze, rogorebicaa: Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, mediaTa da esTetikuri Teoriebi. deliozs mWidro mecnieruli TanamSromloba da megobroba akavSirebda cnobil frang moazrovneebTan: miSel fukosa da feliqs gvatarTan. 25. ix.: Cinema I, 1983 w; Cinema II, 1985 w. 26. SeniSvna: 1970-iani wlebidan arsebuli feministuri kinos Teoria, romelic patriarqalur sazogadoebriv normebsa da mamakacur aracnobierze dafuZnebul tradiciul kinematografs uaryofda 1990iani wlebidan Teoriuli gaazrebis gansakuTrebul obieqtad aqcevs qali mayureblis mier filmis aRqmis Taviseburebis kvlevasa da kinos istoriis qaluri mzeris perspeqtividan konstruirebis problemas, kulturis fenomenis mamakacuri da qaluri diferenciaciiT kvlevas. Gender Studies, Popular Kulture da Cultural Studies Teoriebis gamoyenebas feministur kinos TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba. 27. SeniSvna: kinematografi fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis diskursSi aRiqmeba mediumad, romelsac e. w. sizmriseuli bunebis gamo specifikuri urTierToba akavSirebs sazogadoebriv da individualur aracnobierTan. fsiqoanalitikuri koncefciebis Camoyalibeba kinos TeoriaSi XX saukunis 1970-iani wlebidan iwyeba da zigmund froidisa da Jak lakanis aracbobieris fsiqologias efuZneba kinos fsiqoanalitikur TeoriaSi. 28. S eniS vna: int erk u l t ural oba, mu l t iku l t u raloba, transkulturaloba erTi da imave cnebis sxvadasxva dasaxelebaa. inerkulturuli komunikaciis Teoria sxvadasxva kulturis erTian sivrceSi Tanaarsebobis problemebs ikvlevs postmodernul, globalizebul sazogadoebebSi. kulturaTa sul ufro mzardi 57 dinara maRlakeliZe globalizaciisa da cifruli teqnologiebis epoqaSi Tanamedrove kinos mecnierebaSi interkulturalobis problemisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebis mniSvneloba sul ufro metad izrdeba. Franz Josef Albersmeier (Hrsg.) Texte zur Theorie des Films, Stuttgart, 2003. Andre Bazin, Was ist Kino? bausteines zur Theorie des Films, Köln, 1975. Walter Benjamin, Das Kunstwerk im zeitalter seiner technischer Reproduzierbarkeit,Frankfurt, 1963. David Bordwell, Post-Theory,Recontructing Film Studies,University of Wisconsin Press, 1996. Umberto Eco, Semiotik, Entwurf einer Theorie der Zeichen, München: Fink, 1991. Jürgen Felixs (Hrsg.) Moderne Film Theorie, Mainz, 2002. Christian Metz, Sprache und Film,Frankfurt am Main, 1973. Christian Metz, Semiologie des Films,München, 1972. Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, In: Screen, 1975. Gilles Deleuze, Kino I, Frankfurt, 1989. Gilles Deleuze, Kino II, Frankfurt, 1991. Andrew Tudor, Theories of Film, London, 1974. Nils Borstnal, Eckhard Pabst, Hans Jürgen Wulff, Einführung in die Filmund Fernsehwissenschaft, Konstanz, 2008. Hugo Münstenberg, das Lichtspiel, Eine psychologische Studie, Wien, 1991. Peter Wuss, Kuntswerk des Films und Massencharakter des Mediums,Konspekte zur Theorie des Spielfilms, Berlin, 1990. 58 eTer okujava XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTulamerikul kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi swored is xanaa, roca naTlad gamoCnda, rom kinematografs ZaluZs ara mxolod realobis dafiqsireba, aramed subieqturad aRqmuli realobis Cveneba. am tendenciam miiyvana kinematografistebi `subieqtur kamerasTan~, romelic asaxavda sagnis an movlenisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas (mag., fridrih murnau `ukanaskneli adamiani~ (Der letzte Mann, igive: The Last Laugh, 1924). esaa pirveli postulati, romelic gvainteresebs TemasTan mimarTebaSi da aqve meorec: zemoTqmulis fonze CvenTvis saintereso xdeba ori mkveTri individi xelovani, amerikul kinoSi sruliad gamorCeuli figura robert flaerti da qarTveli mixeil kalatoziSvili, romlebmac sxvadasxva eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze, qronologiurad erTsa da imave dros, magram gansxvavebul geografiul sivrceSi Seqmnes filmebi, sadac SemoqmedebiTad aisaxeboda adamiani bunebasTan pirispir, aq igulisxmeba stiqia, cxovrebis wesi da sxv. (mag.: uxmo _ `nanuki CrdiloeTidan~ (Nanook of the North,1922 da ukve xmovani filmi _ britaneTSi gadaRebuli filmi `adamiani aranidan~ (Man of Aran, 1934 da kalatoziSvilis `jim SvanTe~, 1931). amgvarad, Cem mier xsenebul avtorTa miRwevebi iqneba Cemi kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, xolo Sdegebi _ misi konceptualuri arsis pasuxi. aRiarebuli faqtia, rom qarTuli kinos istoriaSi 20-30iani wlebis saukeTeso filmTa Sorisaa mixeil kalatoziSvilis dokumenturi `jim SvanTe~, romelsac im filmTa Soris movixseniebT, romlebmac kinoenis TvalsazrisiT Tavisi kvali datoves kinos istoriaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, mis gansakuTrebiT xelSesaxeb miRwevas gamovyof, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `jim SvanTem~ erTgvarad moicva munji kinos gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebi ara mxolod imis gamo, rom Tanabrad gamoiyena 20-iani wlebis rusuli da amave periodis evropuli kinos, 59 eTer okujava kerZod, germanuli kinematografiuli skolis, monapovrebi, aramed imiTac, rom `jim SvanTem~ eTnografiuli Tematika iseve aqtualuri gaxada qarTul kinoprocesSi, rogorc _ robert flaertim amerikul kinoSi. flaertim 1931 wels da amerikaSi momuSave germanelma reJisorma fridrix vilhelm murnaum erTad gadaiRes, ufro zustad ki murnaum daasrula flaertis mier dawyebuli mxatvruli filmi `tabu~, wynari okeanis erT-erTi kunZulis mcxovrebTa romantikuli ambis Sesaxeb. murnau-flaertis namuSevari, rogorc Temis arCevaniT, iseve misi gansaxierebis maneriT eqspresionistul stilizacias unacvlebs realuri suraTebis Cvenebas. zebunebrivi Zalebis SegrZnebasa da sxva emociuri impulsebis gamowvevas is axerxebs realuri, cxovrebiseuli suraTebis CvenebiT. mas swored am TvalsazrisiT ikvlevda andre bazeni _ cnobili frangi kinomkvlevari, romelic gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamokveTda ara montaJur interesebs, aramed filmis naratiul sawyiss. rac bunebrivia `jim SvanTeSic~ ikiTxeba, magram masSi SedarebiT mZlavrobs rakursi, montaJuri gadasvlebi, eqspresia, ram masalisadmi SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaze metyvelebs. da mainc, bazenis mier xazgasmuli fraza imis Sesaxeb, rom filmSi `tabu~ xomaldi, romelic ekranis marcxena kididan Semocurdeba, bediswerasTanaa gaigivebuli (Tumca flaerti-murnau iotisodenadac ar Tmoben filmis mkacr realistur kanonebs)~1 _ CvenTvis sainteresoa, radgan kalatoziSvilTan aseve bediswerasTan gaigivebuli STabeWdilebiTaa Seqmnili saxlis saxuraviT gadaxurvis epizodi, sadac, murnau-flaertis gemis msgavsad, realurad arsebuli sinamdvilidan konkretuli azrobriv-emociuri gancdis gamoxatulebaa svani glexis mier dasrulebuli saxlis saxuravi, romelic TandaTanobiT, mayureblis Tvalwin ixureba (TiTqmis imave tempo-ritmSi, rogorc xomaldis moZraoba `tabuSi~), da ikveTeba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saxli aSenda, magram svani kacis gasaWirs ver ixsnis aSenebuli saxli, isev problemad rCeba mTieli xalxis dramatizmiT aRsavse sinamdvile. gadaxurvis dasrulebis Semdeg, ekranis sruli sibnele sabediswero gancdiT aRsavse pauzaa (asevea flaerti-murnaus filmSi). 60 qarTul-amerikul XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi cxadia, rom `jim SvanTes~ avtors, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, konkretuli kompoziciis ganzogadebulad gaazreba aqvs miznad. am mizniskenaa mimarTuli `jim SvanTes~ mxatvari daviT kakabaZec. swored misi monawileoba ganapirobebs kalatoziSvilis filmis mometebul SemoqmedebiT sawyiss. sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnuli epizodis magaliTze, `jim SvanTes~ da `tabus~ saxviT esTetikas exmianeba mosazreba, romelsac igive bazeni gamoTqvams imis Sesaxeb, rom kuleSovis, eizenSteinis da abel hansis Semoqmedeba TviT movlenas ki ar gviCvenebs, aramed iribad migviTiTebs imaze, rom maT filmebSi calkeuli epizodebis Sinaarsi sruliad damoukidebelia epizodis saboloo Sinaarsobrivi JRerisagan. aq mas mohyavs magaliTebad rusuli munji kinos cnobili msaxiobis mozJuxinis saxis axlo xedi da mkvdari bavSvis gamosaxuleba, romelic mayurebels kadrSi asaxuli faqtis Sesatyvis STabeWdilebas uqmnis; an, ayvavebuli vaSlis xeebis da gogonebis Sepirispirebuli Cveneba a. dovJenkosTan, rac imedis ganwyobas badebs mayurebelSi da sxv. es ganwyoba montaJuri Sepirispirebis Sedegia, magram kalatoziSvilsa da flaerti–murnausTan erTi planiT da montaJis gareSe gvexsneba qveteqsti, razec zemoT mogaxseneT. amgvarad, 20-iani wlebis e. w. munji periodis msoflios kinos sxvadasxva gziT xelewifeba mxatvruli ekranuli xatis Seqmna da aq dawinaurda, erTi mxriv, rusuli kino (montaJis Teoriis da praqtikis safuZvliani SedegebiT) da, meore mxriv, germanuli skola, romelmac kadris plastika (dekoracia da ganaTeba) gamoiyena mTavar gamomxatvel saSualebad. rodesac andre bazeni wers, rom 1928 wels munjma kinom Tavisi srulyofis zenits miaRwiao, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs `munji~ kinematografis saxviTi sistemis sisrule imdenad tevadi, rom masSi bazeni xmovani kinos gamomxatvelobiT koncefciebs amCnevs (dabadebuli qveteqstebis gamo). am mosazrebis faqtobriv nimuSebad is asaxelebs 20-iani da 30-40-iani wlebis kinomoRvaweebis: erih fon Storohaimisa da Jan renuaris SemoqmedebiT kavSirebs orson uelsTan, karl Teodor draierisas rober bresonTan. andre bazens aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs, rogorc TviTon ambobs, ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego tendencia. 61 eTer okujava tendencia, romelsac warmoadgenen reJisorebi, romlebsac sjeraT saxviTobisa da tendencia, warmodgenili im reJisorebis mier, romlebsac sjeraT realobisa. bazenis mier gamoTqmuli es mosazreba sxva araferia, Tu ara lumierisa da meliesis pirvel kinonimuSebSi gamomJRavnebuli kinematografiuli koncefcia, romelic dResac arsebobs da, cxadia, axal mxatvrul formebSia warmodgenili e. w. ferweruli stilis da mxatvruldokumenturi kinematografis saxiT. rac Seexeba `jim SvanTes~, bazenis mixedviT, Cemi azriT, buniuelisa da murnaus esTetikur princi pebTan siaxloves ufro avlens, Tumca `jim SvanTe~ sinTeziT, kerZod, emociur-racionaluri sawyisebis erTianobiT gamoirCeva da ara zemoTqmulidan erT-erTiT. amerikel kinomkvlevarTa azriT, mxedvelobaSi maqvs 20ian wlebamde arsebuli Sromebi kinoTeoriis mimarTulebiT, romlebic iqamde, vidre evropuli kinoTeoria daikavebda warmmarTvel adgils, sainteresoa hiugo miunsterbergis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs interaqtiuri urTierTobis cneba filmsa da msaxiobs Soris. igi ambobs, rom kinosuraTSi Cveni moZraobis aRqma damokidebulia ara imdenad xedvaze, ramdenadac gamosaxulebis interpretaciis aqtiur gonebriv procesebze. 30 wlis Semdeg es aqtiuri procesi cnobili gaxda, rogorc fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelic miunsterbergma, rogorc mogaxseneT, bevrad adre SeniSna, kerZod, aRwera 1916 wels. Tavis wignSi igi ramdenime Tavs uZRvnis ,,yuradRebas~, ,,mexsierebasa da warmodgenas~, ,,emociebs~, igi ayalibebs filmis fsiqologiis Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, filmi aqtiuri procesia – es aris gonebrivi moqmedeba, sadac msaxiobi da, me aqve davumatebdi, mayurebelic, aris filmis avtoris partniori (am mimarTebiTac, mkveTria analogiebi `jim SvanTesTan~, mxedvelobaSi maqvs amerikeli fsiqologis gansja, romelic kinos erT-erTi pirveli kinoTeoretikosia amasTanave). sxvaTa Soris, miunsterbergis Sromas sakmaod rTuli bedi aRmoaCnda im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tavis droze bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda da es sruliad gasagebia, misi Sroma erT-erTi pirveli iyo Teoriis mimarTulebiT da miT ufro imitom, rom miunsterberigi da linsdei, adamianebi, romlebic cdilobdnen kinos TeoriaSi 62 qarTul-amerikul XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis kinoSi SeniSnuli analogiebi muSaobas, erTi iyo fsiqologi da meore _ poeti; miunsterbergma daadgina, rom filmis TeoriaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ara mxolod Seucnobeli esTetika, aramed zusti socialuri da fsiqologiuri efeqtebic. man am or aspeqts uwoda kinosuraTis ,,Sinagani~ da ,,garegani~ ganviTareba. miunsterbergis yvelaze didi miRwevaa filmis saxviT fenomenSi fsiqologiuri princi pebis gamoyeneba. amerikeli mkvlevrebi weren, rom am mxriv froidis fsiqologia aucilebel iaraRs warmoadgenda filmis TeoriaSi. miunsterbergis midgoma aris prefroiduli, rac naTels hfens Tu, ratom iyo igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ignorirebuli, magram amave dros igi iyo geStaltis fsiqologiis winamorbedi, ramac mis midgomas saocari Tanamedroveoba SesZina. froidiseuli filmis fsiqologiis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelovania gamocdilebis gaucnobierebeli buneba da, maSasadame, koncentrireba xdeba garemos mimarT pasiur midgomaze. amis sapirispirod, rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, miunsterbergma gamosaxulebis interpretaciis aqtiur gonebriv procesebi wamoswia win. kalatoziSvilis filmTan dakavSirebiT amerikeli mkvlevris naazrevis moxmoba CemTvis `jim SvanTes~ mniSvnelobas mravalwilad afarToebs. igi zedrouli da zesivrcobrivia _ gagebebis mxriv. es dromac daamtkica, roca jorJ sadulma da rusma mkvlevarma freilixma gamoTqves masze sakuTari Sexedulebebi: pirvelma Tqva, rom esaa `sabWoTa kinos margaliti~ (bunebrivia, imxanad qarTul kinos sabWours Tu uwodebdnen mxolod) da meore ki Tavis wignSi `ekranis oqros kveTa~ moqmed pirTa xasiaTebis kvlevisas mimarTavs mixeil kalatoziSvilis films. `mifrinaven weroebis~ magaliTze msjelobisas, mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs, rom am dros jer kidev ar iyo g. Cuxrais `balada jariskacze~, s. bondarCukis `adamianis bedi~, a. tarkovskis `ivanes bavSvoba~ da arc f. felinis `8 1/ 2~.2 is gansakuTrebiT mizandasaxulad akeTebs am eqskurss momaval kinoprocesSi, raTa kidev ufro xelSesaxebad warmovidginoT `weroebis~ mxatvruli faseuloba, 50-ian wlebSi ase rom gamoikveTa rusul kinoSi da gamoTqvas fraza, romelsac 63 eTer okujava gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs `jim SvanTesTan~ mimarTebiT: `50-iani wlebis kinom Tavisi sagvareulo gaixsenao~ da es wiaRsvla `jim SvanTes~ xanis kalatoziSviliseuli miRwevebs daukavSira. amgvarad, 20-iani wlebis qarTuli kino, `jim SvanTes~ sruliad originaluri poetikiT evro-amerikuli sivrcis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba iseTi araordinaruli moRvawis xelovnebis gamo, rogoricaa m. kalatoziSvili. universitetis samagistro programa 1. andre bazeni, `ra aris kino~, m., 1972, gv. 84. 2. SeniSvna: igulisxmeba m. kalatoziSvilis (m. kalatozovi) filmi `gaugzavneli werili~, 1960. 64 65 naTia grZeliSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura `reklama izidavs Sens yuradRebas, sul esaa~ _ kelvin klaini. kulturis menejmenti naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. iuri mRebriSvili 66 dResdReobiT saqonlis gasaReba SeuZlebelia reklamis gareSe. reklama namdvilad uwyobs xels gayidvebis gazrdas, axdens momxmareblis informirebas gamoyenebis da fasis Sesaxeb. misi daniSnuleba swored isaa, rom gaacnos sazogadoebas axali produqti da Seayvaros. mTavaria, sworad iqnas SerCeuli samizne auditoria, Seiswavlo maTi survilebi, moifiqro ubralo magram individualobis matarebeli moxerxebuli da xelmisawvdomi winadadebebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia da SeiZleba iTqvas _ mosaxerxebelic, radgan momxmarebels uWirs asi aTasobiT dasaxelebis saqonlidan imis arCeva, rac zustad mas sWirdeba. garda amisa, Cven adamianebi reklamirebul produqts ganvixilavT, rogorc saukeTesos da metad sandos, vidre ara reklamirebuls. es ukanaskneli ki namdvilad kargi saSualebaa informaciis miwodebasa da darwmunebaSi. sakiTxavia, maincdamainc ratom aniWeben erT konkretul saqonels upiratesobas maSin, rodesac imave tipis sxva saqoneli SesaZloa, ufro iafi Rirdes? pasuxi martivia _ erTis reklama kargia, meoresi ki _ cudi; imitom rom informacia erT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda saWiro adgilsa da saWiro dros, sxva ki ara; erTis reklama gasagebi da maRali xarisxisaa meoresi _ gaugebari da mosawyeni. momxmarebeli SeiZleba winaswar ar fiqrobdes raime saqonlis SeZenaze, magram raRacam uSualod maRaziaSi ubiZgos am konkretuli nivTis SeZenisaken. es ki SeiZleba miRweul iqnas efeqturi reklamiT. reklamas sakmaod didi istoria aqvs. reklamis primitiul formebs jer kidev uZveles periodSi vxvdebiT. warwerebma qvebze, kedlebze, papirusebze egvi ptidan, romidan Tu saberZneTidan Semogvinaxes Setyobinebebi, romlebSic mocemulia 67 naTia grZeliSvili informacia gasayid saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebaze, uaxloes droSi mosalodnel movlenebze, gaqceuli monebis povnisTvis dawesebul jildoebze. qalaq pompeis 1500-ze meti warweraa dRemde Semonaxuli, romelTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove reklamis struqtura hqondaT. jer kidev xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines nivTmtkicebebi, romlebic informacias iZleodnen sxvadasxva RonisZiebisa da SeTavazebis Sesaxeb. romaelebi qmnidnen kedlis naxatebs, raTa gladiatorTa brZolebze euwyebinaT. xolo finikielebi uzarmazar qvebze xatavdnen suraTebs sakuTari nawarmis stimulirebisTvis. radganac uZveles droSi wera-kiTxvis done dabali iyo, sareklamo Setyobinebebi egreT wodebuli macneebis saSualebiT vrceldeboda, romelic xalxmraval quCebSi idga da xalxs acnobda sxvadasxva informacias (unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi Setyobinebebis mTavari mizani informaciis gavrceleba iyo da ara darwmuneba). miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, Tanamedrove reklama absoluturad gansxvavdeba Tavisi winamorbedisgan. saerTod, ra aris reklama da ra funqcia akisria mas? reklama (reklam) laTinuri sityvaa da yvirils, moTxovnas niSnavs. es aris informacia, gavrcelebuli nebismieri meTodiT, nebismieri formiT da xerxiT, mimarTuli sazogadoebis farTo masebisTvis reklamirebis obieqtis mimarT maTi yuradRebis mi pyrobis an interesis gaRvivebis mizniT. alternatiuli gansazRvrebiT, reklama fasiani, calmxrivi komunikaciaa, romelSic gansazRvrulia sponsori da informacia ki _ marTvadi. reklamis variantebia: publikacia, `piari~, produqtis Casma, sponsoroba, gayidvebis waxaliseba. amgvari informaciis gasavrceleblad mravali saSualeba gamoiyeneba: vitrinebi, uwyebebi, sasaqonlo da safirmo niSnebi. televizia, radio, filmebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi, interneti da bilbordebi. dRes reklama ganixileba, rogorc marketingis umniSvnelovanesi komponenti. reklama bazris konkurenciis instrumentia. zogi miiCnevs, rom reklama araformalurad aris tyuili, radgan masSi araa savaldebulo sruli simarTlis Tqma, anu, rogorc wesi, ambob mxolod dadebiT mxares da arafers ambob uaryofiTze, romelic, SesaZloa, mTlianad xazsac ki 68 sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura usvams im dadebiTs. ese igi, reklamaSi SegiZlia isaubro karg Sedegze da konkretuli magaliTebic moiyvano, Tundac es ar iyos ti puri SemTxveva da iyos Zalze iSviaTi Sedegi am produqtiT sargeblobisa. reklama aris produqtis gayidvis xelSewyoba. am mimarTulebiT _ mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. Tumca, sadac konkurenciaa, iq konkurentebi erTmaneTs amowmeben da aseTi araswori reklamis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos ZaliTac ki aakrZalvineben mas. magram, rasakvirvelia, arsebobs sareklamo informaciis regulirebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis cneba. amitom SeiZleba reklama naxevrad simarTlis mTqmelia, magram aSkara tyuili iSviaTia. SegiZlia Tqva simarTle oRond _ calmxrivad, anu, Tqva mxolod dadebiTi mxare da uaryofiT mxares nu ityvi. qveynebSi socialuri reklama xorcieldeba gegmazomierad, igi xels uwyobs axalgazrduli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis formirebas, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis ganviTarebas. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom reklama xazs usvams raRac saqonlis maRal xarisxs, aqcents akeTebs mis unikalurobasa da niSnebze, i pyrobs momxmareblis yuradRebas da sTavazobs winaswar, saqonlis SeZenamde, Tundac warmodgena gvqondes masze. xSirad reklamasa da PR-s erTnairad moixsenieben. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris aris is, rom PR esaWiroeba yvela kompaniasa da organizacias, reklama ki _ ara. reklamisagan gansxvavebiT, PR xangrZlivi moqmedebis strategiebs SeimuSavebs, reklamas ki, sadac ar unda ganTavsdes, mokle sasicocxlo periodi aqvs. martivad rom warmovidginoT, reklama _ es aris instrumenti, romelic moqmedebs informaciis fasiani saSualebebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT. misi mizania organizaciis, produqciis an ideis popularizeba da maTi realizaciis xelSewyoba. aSS-is marketingis asociaciis ganmartebiT, reklama konkretuli, zustad dadgenili damkveTis mier saqonlis, ideis an momsaxurebis dafinansebuli, arapirovnuli warmodgenaa. xolo, kotleris Teoriis Tanaxmad, reklama _ es aris 1. fasiani; 2. arapiradi komunikacia, romelsac axorcielebs; 3. identificirebuli sponsori da romelic iyenebs; 4. masobriv 69 naTia grZeliSvili sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa daiyolios an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos auditoriaze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi reklama ganixileba, rogorc ,,gayidvebis stimulatori~, bolo wlebSi Semosuli gansazRvreba ki _ ,,politikuri reklama~, ganapirobebs imas, rom es movlena ganvixiloT ufro farTo, Rrma diskursSi da mivceT mas Semdegi ganmarteba: reklama – es gaxlavT informireba vinmesi raimes Sesaxeb. reklamas SeiZleba sxvadasxva funqcia gaaCndes, maT Soris gamovyofT or ZiriTads: • momxmareblis informireba (produqtis parametrebis, fasis, gamoyenebis wesebisa da gayidvis adgilebis Sesaxeb); • momxmareblis motyueba (magaliTad, aviRoT „TVmarketis~ reklamebi ama Tu im saxis produqciaze). arsebobs kidev erTi funqcia, miaCvios momxmarebeli konkretul saqonels da monopoluri mdgomareoba daikavos bazarze. es yvelaferi, albaT, kargia, magram sinamdvileSi reklama, albaT, ufro miraJia, momxmareblis gacureba, mis Semecnebaze zemoqmedeba da zombireba. amis miuxedavad, man, marTlac, didi adgili daikava TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi, is gansakuTrebiT 18-44 wlis asakis adamianebSia popularuli, rac reklamis SemqmnelTaTvis bazarze mimzidveli asakobrivi jgufia. mas SexvdebiT yvelgan: saxlSi _ televizoris yurebisas (televizia xom saojaxo meurneobis 90%-is yuradRebas i pyrobs), Tanac satelevizio reklama Tanamedrove reklamis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. misi gamoyenebiT mayurebels SesaZlebelia aCvenon saqoneli naturaluri saxiT, mouTxron misi sargeblobisa da gamoyenebis wesebis Sesaxeb; manqanaSi radios mosmenisas, quCaSi bilbordebisa da laiTboqsebis danaxvisas, erT-erTi eqspertis SefasebiT, adamiani dReSi saSualod 1600 sareklamo Setyobinebas iRebs, xolo meoris mtkicebiT, es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 5000-s aRwevs. reklama aqtualuri gaxda dRes. amitomac reklamis biznesi sul ufro da ufro imyarebs poziciebs msoflio bazarze. miuxedavad imisa, rom reklamas, ZiriTadad, komerciuli firmebi iyeneben, mas aqtiurad mimarTaven arakomerciuli organizaciebi, 70 sareklamo saxeobebi da struqtura profesiuli da socialuri saagentoebi, romlebic reklamas uweven TavianT saqmianobas. reklama SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc upirobo saSualeba, risTvisac organizacia ixdis fuls, raTa urTierToba daamyaros mTlian bazarTan, sazogadoebasTan. aRsaniSnavia erTi faqti – karg reklamas ukveTavs ara is, visac bevri fuli aqvs, aramed fuli Sesdis mas, vinc swor da karg reklamirebas uwevs Tavis produqts. dResdReobiT gazeTebis da Jurnalebis tiraJebis zrdasTan erTad, reklama xdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb informaciis ucvlel xerxi. amJamad is biznesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalaa. dRes man xelovnebisa da mecnierebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia. mTels msoflioSi sareklamo kampanias, rogorc wesi, sareklamo saagentoebi awarmoeben. 1841 wels filadelfiaSi volni palmerma gaxsna pirveli sareklamo saagento. misi ZiriTadi saqmianoba gazeTis mflobelTan reklamis ganTavsebis msurvelis dakavSireba iyo, raSic gasamrjelod is reklamis safasuris 25% iRebda. aseTi biznesi warmatebis Sedegad man 1845 wels bostonSi da 1849 wels niu-iorkSi Tavisi saagentos filialebi gaxsna. xolo pirveli sareklamo saagento, sadac ara marto damkveTis da gazeTis mflobelis dakavSireba xdeboda, aramed sareklamo teqstebi da dekoraciebic muSavdeboda, anu, sruli momsaxurebiT 1891 wels niu-iorkSi jorj batenis mier iqna daarsebuli. XX saukunis bolosTvis ki es kompania erT-erTi giganti gaxda sareklamo biznesSi. sareklamo saqmianobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sareklamo saxeobebs. arsebobs reklamis sxvadasxva saxeoba, romlebic didi gamocdilebis mqone specialistebis mier ukve Camoyalibebulia: • kargi da cudi. • saimijo da gayidvebis. • miznobrivi. • faruli da pirdapiri. • gaazrebuli da gauazrebeli. • maradiuli. 71 naTia grZeliSvili • reklama, romelic brendis sicocxlisunarianobazea damokidebuli. • warmavali. reklamis gamoyenebis formebi da meTodebi mravalsaxovania da xandaxan metad originaluric, magaliTad, aseTi ucnauric: londonSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs restorani, romlis patroni absoluturad melotia. restornis yvela sxva TanamSromelic absoluturad melotia. restornis abraze ki weria: `CvenTan verasodes aRmoaCenT Tmas wvnianSi.~ sasaciloa, magram, vfiqrob, originalur da ucnaurTan erTad es kargi reklamaa – kargi reklamac xom xelovnebis qmnilebaa. dRevandel ganviTarebuli da civilizebuli kacobriobisTvis reklama aucileblad saWiroa, oRond mxolod momxmareblis interesebs unda emsaxurebodes. igi, marTlac, unda uwyobdes xels axalgazrduli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis formirebas, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis ganviTarebas. reklamam unda gamoxatos sazogadoebis interesebi, daxvewos maTSi wesebi da gemovneba. man propaganda unda gauwios mxolod iseT saqonels, romelic sargeblobas moutans adamianis rogorc fizikur, aseve sulier ganviTarebas. is xazs namdvilad unda usvamdes saqonlis maRal xarisxs, magram amasTanave misi uaryofiTi mxareebic ar unda iyos aSkarad dafaruli da, rac mTavaria, ar unda gvatyuebdnen! armstrongi, kotleri, marketingis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2006. m. seTuri, reklama marketingis sistemaSi, Tb., 1997. n. kacitaZe, reklama, Tb., 2006. 72 TaTia elbaqiZe magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili muzeumebis roli dRevandel sazogadoebaSi muzeumebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. muzeumi, klasikuri ganmartebiT (berZnuli μουуеίο[ν]) muzaTa taZari da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis samsaxurSi myofi mudmivi instituciaa, romelic Riaa farTo sazogadoebisTvis. muzeumi Seiswavlis, iZens, inaxavs, ikvlevs da gamofens adamianTa Semoqmedebisa da maTi garemos aRmwer faqtebsa da materialuri kulturis nimuSebis mniSvnelovan masalas.Aadreuli muzeumebi Seiqmna, rogorc samefo an sagvareulo koleqciebi, sadac maT mflobelobaSi myofi xelovnebis nimuSebi da saucxoo Sedevrebi Sedioda. aseT gamofenebs Tavdapirvelad sakvirvelebaTa oTaxebs an saintereso saganTa kabinets uwodebdnen. mogvianebiT instituciad Camoyalibebuli muzeumebi, rogorc struqturuli erTeulebi, galereiebisa da sagamofeno centrebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgenen finansur mogebaze orientirebul struqturebs da aramomgebian arakomerciul organizaciebs, romelTa misiac metnaklebad erTnairia: qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis sferoSi struqturuli da institucionaluri cvlilebebi da erTiani samuzeumo politika, daculi koleqciebis Seswavladacva, sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomoba. garda koleqciebis dacva-aRricxvisa da movla-Senaxvis saqmianobebisa, muzeumebi emsaxurebian samecniero kvlevebs, saganmanaTleblo, sagamofenosazogadoebriv saqmianobebsa da turizmis sferoSi ganxorcielebul aqtivobebs. XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT ki meore msoflio omis Semdeg, momxdarma politikurma Zvrebma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze moaxdina zegavlena. gaCnda ideebi muzeumebis reformirebasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom wina periodTan SedarebiT garkveuli gaumjobeseba SeiniSneboda, es jer mainc ar iyo oqros xana 73 TaTia elbaqiZe muzeumebisaTvis. saxsrebis nakleboba, ugulebelyofa da axali tendenciebi imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom mTavrobebi ar aRiarebdnen maTze pasuxismgeblobas da bevri muzeumi daSlisa da gauqmebis zRvarTan idga. finansuri dabrkolebebisa da cudi administrirebis gamo muzeumebs finansuri da socialuri problemebi gauCndaT, saWiro iyo siaxleebis mofiqreba samuzeumo saqmianobis ganviTareba da maTTvis sxvadasxva funqciis Semateba. Tanamedrove yofaSi muzeumebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavdebian formatiT: didi dawesebulebebidan mcire, erToTaxian muzeumebamde, romlebic gansxvavdebian koleqciaTa SinaarsiT _ arsebobs xelovnebis, istoriis, arqeologiis, mecnierebis, samxedro, eTnografiuli muzeumebi da sxvadasxva ucnaur koleqciaTa muzeumebic ki (magaliTad: Rilebis muzeumi, saaTebis muzeumebi, qviriTis muzeumi, bambukis muzeumi da sxva). muzeumebi gansxvavdebian momxmarebelTa kategoriebiTa da samizne jgufebiTac. ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi gaizarda maTi raodenoba da muzeumebs axali roli daekisraT, radganac gaizarda da Seicvala sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi. dRes es mzardi saerTaSoriso industriaa, romelic axal-axal funqciebs iZens kulturuli RonisZiebebis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. muzeumebis axali roli SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc tradiciuli samuzeumo saqmianobis SenarCuneba, romelsac emateba saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba, sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia codnis gaziarebaze da yvela adamianis cxovrebaSi xarisxis garkveuli elementis Setanaze. arian adamianebi, romlebic mistirian Zvel dros, rodesac muzeumebi wynari, mSvidi adgilis simbolo iyo da ZiriTadad damTvalierebelsac sazogadoebis zrdasruli nawili warmoadgenda. Tu situacias globalur konteqstSi ganvixilavT, rasac ICOM-i da UNESCO unda akeTebdes, unda vaRiaroT, rom aucilebelia muzeumebis integrireba Tanamedrove cocxal kulturaSi, muzeums aRar unda SevcqerodeT, rogorc sakurTxevels, igi unda gaxdes moqmedebebisa da diskusiebis centri, sadac awmyo da warsuli mWidrod aris gadajaWvuli er Tm aneTze. mu zeum eb ma unda dai mkvi dr on m ka fi od Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi funqcia da amiT gaaumjobeson 74 muzeumebis roli dRevandel sazogadoebaSi urTierToba momxmarebelTan. muzeumi ganixileboda, rogorc adgili, sadac daculia warsulis saganZurebi da gamofenilia pativiscema didi kulturuli mniSvnelobis mqone nivTebis unikalurobis mimarT. aseTi elitaruli midgoma pasiur xasiaTs iwvevda, Sedegad muzeumi rCeboda konservatiul da statikur dawesebulebad, romelic ar monawileobda, ar iziarebda sazogadoebis moTxovnebs da momxmarebelsac pasiur ganwyobas uqmnida. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi muzeumebis roli Seicvala – isini cdiloben Secvalon TavianTi xedva da damokidebuleba, aqtiuri dialogi gamarTon sazogadoebasa da koleqciebs Soris. muzeumebi iseve, rogorc bevri sxva saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo institucia, warmoadgenen zogadi, socialuri, politikuri da ideologiuri konteqstis nawils, maT muSaobasa da saqmianobaze bevri garefaqtori axdens zemoqmedebas, aseTebia: demografiuli, ekonomikuri da bazris cvlilebebi. dRevandel dRes amis ZiriTad dasabuTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT muzeumebis saganmanaTleblo rolis gaaqtiureba. mTel msoflioSi muzeumebSi ganaTlebis misawodeblad axali SesaZleblobebisa da struqturebis aRmocenebasTan erTad saganmanaTleblo rols arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. dadga dro, rodesac unda Secvalon TavianTi princi pebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs maT ganviTarebas. kulturuli memkvidreobis movla-Senaxva saxelmwifoebs sakmaod Zviri ujdeba, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi finansuri saSualebebis moZebna. zogierTi arasamTavrobo organizacia, kerZo fondebi da sponsorebi, ukve karga xania monawileoben konservacia-restavraciis kampaniebSi, isini moiTxoven sazogadoebisaTvis maTi investiciebis sargeblobis demonstrirebas. saxelmwifomac unda gamonaxos damatebiTi Tanxa kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva-patronobisaTvis, unda uzrunvelyos turistuli resursebis mozidva. muzeumebi veRar gaamarTleben sakuTar arsebobas mxolod sakuTari koleqciebis dacviT da gamofeniT, maT unda gvaCvenon, ras sTavazoben sazogadoebas da am winadadebebSi codnaganaTlebac unda Sediodes. Zalze priorotetul sakiTxs 75 TaTia elbaqiZe warmoadgens saganmanaTleblo ganyofilebis daarseba. samuzeumo ganaTleba dakavSirebulia muzeumis sakomunikacio xasiaTTan. isini xdebian ara marto sacavebi, aramed informaciis mimwodeblebic _ es aris mcdeloba, Seicvalos cneba muzeumisa, romelic swavlulTa mier gamoyenebisaTvis gankuTvnil koleqciebis sacavs gulisxmobs, komunikaciis saSualebis cnebiT. samuzeumo ganaTleba imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom damTvalierebels gavacnoT, Tu ras uSvebian muzeumebi TavianT eqsponatebs, aramed es aris individualuri da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs rigi sasargeblo resursisa, romelSic Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT rogorc sazogadoebas, ise muzeumis damTvalierebels. saganmanaTleblo personali da muzeumis mcvelebi (kuratorebi) erToblivad muSaoben muzeumis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis dasamkvidreblad. aqtiuri muzeumisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs cvlilebebs ganaTlebis sferoSi, radgan isini amdidreben stumrebis STabeWdilebebs koleqciebze, zrdian momsvlelTa raodenobas, izidaven ufro mravalferovan damTvalierebels, muzeumebs xelovnebis, Tavisufali drois gatarebis, turizmis, komerciuli saqmianobis centrSi aqcevs da wamyvan rols sTavazobs sazogadoebas kulturuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebis micemaSi. dRes muzeumebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali donis gamoxatulebaa, maT emuqrebaT safrTxe, romelic dakavSirebulia axal rolTan mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSi myof sazogadoebaSi _ es aris mxolod bazarze orientirebuli politikis danergva, Sedegad muzeumebis realuri miznis _ kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da warmoCenis ukana planze gadasvla. muzeumebis dRevandeli miznis miRwevis ZiriTadi saSualebaa koleqciebis rolisa da sazogadoebis rolis dabalanseba. ukanasknel wlebSi muzeumebis winaSe wamoiWra biznesTan konkurenciis problema, ZiriTadad _ xarisxis, misawvdomobasa da fasis TvalsazrisiT. samuzeumo produqts konkurencias uwevs sxvadasxva kulturis produqti, Soubiznesis sxvadasxva saxeoba da RonisZieba: savaWro da gasarTobi saSualebebi, vorkSopebi, moZravi eqspoziciebi, performansi gamofenasTan erTad da sxv. muzeumebi iZulebuli 76 muzeumebis roli dRevandel sazogadoebaSi gaxdnen Secvliliyvnen, damTvaliereblebisaTvis SeeTavazebinaT mimzidveli momsaxureba da daekmayofilebinaT sazogadoebis moTxovnebi, siaxleebTan erTad aqtiuri xdeba komercializaciis cneba, rac dRevandel msoflioSi mniSvnelovan niSas warmoadgens. aqtualuri gaxda samuzeumo marketingi, rac miznad isaxavs momsaxurebisa da produqtis mudmivi ga umj obes ebi s m iRwevas , r aTa Ses aZl ebeli g axdes damTvalierebelTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, ufro farTo masStabiT ki _ damTvalierebelTa raodenobisa da Sedegad Semosavlebis gazrda. sxvadasxva komerciuli aqtivoba bevrad ufro…mniSvnelovans xdis muzeumisa da momxmareblis TanamSromlobas. samuzeumo saqmis menejmenti. bari lordi da geil deqsTer lordi. moskovi, 2002 (rusul enaze). samuzeumo dokumentaciis asociacia. Falk.j.visitors: who doesn’t and why, museum news, Mar-apr 1998.USA:American Association of Museums. (MDA) http:www.mda.org.uk levan WilaSvili. msoflios didi samuzeumo centrebi, Tbilisi, 1985 www.icom.com 77 TaTa inaSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili Soubiznesi, reklama da PR `Soubiznesi~ (Show business _ inglisuri Sesityvebaa) _ es aris komerciuli saqmianoba, romelic uSualod aris dakavSirebuli xelovnebis samyarosTan, amasTanave Soubiznesi warmoadgens damoukidebel sistemas momsaxurebis sferos farglebSi. Soubiznesi qmnis da avrcelebs sanaxaobebs politikur, inteleqtualur da mxatvrul produqts, amgvarad, Soubiznesi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc masobriv sanaxaobaTa industria. mis sferoSi Sedis: kino, televizia, estrada, Teatri, sporti, kompiuteruli TamaSebis industria. mniSvnelovania Soubiznesis oTxi aspeqti: 1.) komerciuli moqmedebis xasiaTi, 2.) garTobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, 3.) warmodgenebis sanaxaobrioba, 4.) orientacia mayurebelTa farTo wreze. es aspeqtebi mWidroT aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Soubiznesis komerciuli xasiaTi mdgomareobs maqsimaluri mogebis miRebaSi, risTvisac igi zrdis Tavis momsaxurebis sferoebs da iTvisebs axal bazrebs. dResdReobiT praqtikulad yvela sajaro RonisZieba warmoadgens, Tavis mxriv, Sous rogorc masobrivi xasiaTiT, aseve biznes interesebiT. TiTqmis yvela aseTi Sous ukan dgas pirovnuli an korporaciuli interesi da mogeba. Sou sazogadoebriv azrze axdens zegavlenas da propagandas uwevs ama Tu im saxiT politikas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SoubiznesSi momsaxurebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. imisaTvis, rom warmodgena gadaiqces Soud, igi unda daidgas gemovnebiani kostiumebiT, dekoraciebiT, specefeqtebiT, raTa mayurebelma ixilos maRali xarisxis warmodgena. rac Seexeba gemovnebas, igi unda akmayofilebdes mayurebelTa umetesobas. ucxoeli specialistebi `Sou bizness~ gansazRvraven, rogorc gasarTob industrias (Entertainment industry). 78 Tanamedrove msoflioSi sazogadoebriv azrs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba SoubiznesSi. PR-is (Public Ralation sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) teqnologiebis da reklamirebis roli kolosaluria. reklama (Reklame - niSnavs gancxadebas, plakats) klasikuri gansazRvrebiT aris im saxis saqmianoba, romelic informacias awvdis xalxs produqtis an momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze maTi realizaciis mizniT. reklamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos yvela is RonisZieba, romelic xels Seuwyobs produqtisa da momsaxurebis gayidvas. maT Soris unda gamovyoT Sales promotion _ gayidvebis mxardaWera, rac gulisxmobs ufaso saCuqrebs maTTvis, vinc iyidis ama Tu im produqts an momsaxurebas. Public Relation _ sazogadoebasTan urTierToba, gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas ama Tu im obieqtis mimarT. Direct marketing-i warmoadgens reklamirebis iseT formas, rodesac momxmarebeli gamyidvelTan pirdapir kontaqts amyarebs, magaliTad, telefoniT an fostiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba PR-s SoubiznesSi, romlis ganuyofeli nawilia reklama. PR SeiZleba iyos politikuri, marketinguli da media-PR. PR-is gareSe warmoudgenelia warmateba SoubiznesSi. informacia xalxs unda miewodos sruli da utyuari da es yvelaferi unda iyos gasagebad da martivad miwodebuli, ar SeiZleba informaciis gazviadeba. xalxTan urTierToba ar unda iyos mosabezrebeli maTTvis, xalxis azris gasagebad ar unda daizogos dro. PR-i SoubiznesSi iyenebs masmediis yvela saSualebas, rogoricaa: radio, televizia presa, interneti, Savi PR-i, radganac SoubiznesSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba nebismier informacias. PR-i miiswrafis auditoriisaTvis mTavari mniSvnelobis matarebeli Setyobinebebis gadasacemad, rogorc verbalurad, aseve vizualurad imisaTvis, rom Soubazarze gamoCndes esa Tu is ucnobi xelovani. PR-i aris harmoniulobis miRwevis xelovneba da mecniereba urTierTgagebis meSveobiT. arsebobs PR-is ramdenime meTodi pop varskvlavebis SoubiznesSi CarTvisa: presa, interviu, reportaJi, preskonferencia, aseve turneebis organizeba albomis mxardasaWerad da yvela mniSvnelovani 79 TaTa inaSvili kli pis Cveneba specialur arxze. PR-is jgufi qmnis brends, romelsac elian da yiduloben. Soubiznesis mTavar figurad iTvleba prodiuseri, menejeri, promouTeri. produseri, rogor wesi, eZebs axal ideebsa da saSualebebs maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis. produqtis Seqmnamde is aris pasuxismgebeli SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. produseris mier xdeba produqtis biujetis formireba, SemoqmedebiTi personalis SerCeva-ayvana, samuSao grafikis Sedgena. Temidan gamomdinare irCeva strategia da jgufebi, romlebSic moiazreba PR direqtorebi, promouTerebi da pres ataSeebi. maTi amocanaa garkveuli imijis Seqmna, proeqtis kincefciis da ideis SemuSaveba, stilis SerCeva, romliTac msaxiobma unda iurTierTos masmediasTan, urTierTobebis damyareba sponsorebTan, albomis distributorebTan da telearxebTan. xmis Camwer studiebTan da presasTan, romelsac didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia xalxze da sazogadoebriv azrze. Tu prodiusers kargi sainformacio wyaro aqvs da kvalificiuri PR-i 50% warmatebisa TiTqmis miRweulia. amgvarad, Soubiznesis erTerTi mTavari amocanaa ganumeorebeli imijis formireba _ Image (pirovnebis Sejamebuli portreti, romelic iqmneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis SexedulebebSi da formirdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi, gamomdinare pirovnebis saqmianobidan). reklamasa da PR-s xandaxan miiCneven erTi da imave cnebis or sxvadasxva terminad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, orive warmoadgens Soubiznesis mxardaWeris, ganviTarebis saSualebas, Tumca unda aRiniSnos maT Soris gansxvavebebic, magaliTad, ganvixiloT Rirebulebisa da kontrolis sakiTxi. reklama moicavs ara marto mesijis (beWdviTi, radio Tu satelevizio) Seqmnis Rirebulebas, aramed agreTve misi mediaSi gamoSvebis safasursac, maSin roca PR-i moicavs rogorc kompaniis mflobelisa Tu produqtis Sesaxeb pozitiuri informaciis gavrcelebis da ganviTarebis safasurs, aseve im mesijebis Rirebulebas, romlis miwodebac xdeba sazogadoebisa da bazrisTvis. rac Seexeba kontrols, reklamirebisas xdeba mesijis miwodebis meTodis da drois kontroli maSin, roca 80 Soubiznesi, reklama da R PR-is SemTxvevaSi media akontrolebs mesijs da miwodebis meTodsa da dros. saqarTveloSi `Sou biznesma~ XX saukunis bolos Caanacvla termini `qarTuli estrada~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aerTianebda sxvadasxva Janris xelovnebas. saestrado xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo lakonuroba, improvizacia, sadResaswaulo xasiaTi da originaloba. sadResaswaulo xasiaTi iqmneboda dekoraciebisa da ganaTebebis cvliT, aseve scenebis formacvalebiT. saqarTveloSi Soubiznesi aRmocenda: 1). sakoncerto estradis; 2). Teatraluri estradis (kameruli speqtaklebi); 3). saxalxo zeimebis (festivalebi, karnavalebi, sportuli da sakoncerto nomrebi) bazaze. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Zalian aqtualuria satelevizio politikuri Souebi da aseve sakoncerto, rogoricaa: saiubileo da Tematuri koncertebi. izrdeba satelevizio proeqtebis popularoba _ sportuli Sou, moazrovneTa Sou, modebis Cveneba dabolos, religiuri Sou, romelic dakavSirebulia religiur dResaswaulebTan, aseve aRsaniSnavia samxedro Sou, romelic samxedro aRlumebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. amJamad saqarTveloSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs satelevizio gadacemebi da musikaluri proeqtebi, rogoricaa: `mimRere rame~, `jeostari~, `varskvlavebis akademia~, realiTiSou `jeobari~, `iumorina~ da sxv. maTi reklama xorcieldeboda televiziis, radios, Jurnal-gazeTebis, broSurebis, bilbordebis, internetis da sms-is meSveobiT, agreTve proeqtebs reklamas uwevdnen Soubiznesis cnobili saxeebi, rogorc Jiuris saxiT, agreTve TviT iRebdnen monawileobas zogierT gadacemaSi Tu musikalur konkursSi. musikaluri proeqt `jeostaris~ PRjgufi Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mogzaurobda SesarCevi turebisTvis, sadac uSualod xalxTan urTierTobiT reklamas uwevdnen kompania `jeosels~ da musikalur proeqt `jeostars~. `varskvlavebis akademiis~ reklama da popularizacia xorcieldeboda rogorc televiziis, radios, Jurnal-gazeTebis da sms-is meSveobiT, agreTve ucxoeli Treinerebis monawileobiT proeqtSi. 81 TaTa inaSvili Soubiznesi did finansebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Temidan da proeqtidan gamomdinare xdeba dafinanseba sponsorebis meSveobiT. didi mniSvneloba da gavlena aqvs Semosavalze imas, Tu ramdenad did warmatebas da popularobas miaRwevs esa Tu is proeqti, musikaluri festivali, Tu raime satelevizio Sou. swored warmatebuli Semosavlebis Sedegad momgebiani da popularuli gaxda zemoT CamoTvlili musikaluri proeqtebi da satelevizio gadacemebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kompania `jeoselis~ da `magTikomis~ musikaluri proeqtebi: `jeostari~ da `varskvlavebis akademia~, romlebic XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda da yovelwliur tradiciad damkvidrda. am SemTxvevaSi orive kompaniis monawileoba am musikalur konkursebSi dakavSirebulia komerciul interesTan, saxeldobr, did mogebasTan, rac aisaxa sareklamo qselebis zrdaSic: smsreklamebi, radio, satelevizio, Jurnal-gazeTebi, broSurebi da a. S. amgvarad, saqarTveloSi Soubiznesi aRmavlobis gziT midis. reklamisa da PR-is meSveobiT, produserebi, promouTerebi da menejerebi, agentebi Tu distributorebi qmnian axal produqts ganumeorebeli imijiT, raTa gaitanon bazarze da miiRon mogeba. Почепцов Г. Г., Паблик Рилейшенз для профессионалов, М.,: “РефлБук”, “Ваклер”, 2000, gv. 624. http://www.library.cjes.ru/search/?srch=1 http://referat.ru/pub/search/m?s=PR , http://pr-club.com/PR_Lib 82 elene meCiTova magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT saxelmwifo dafinanseba or kategoriad iyofa: sabiujeto da saproeqto. kulturuli organizaciebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs, finansur daxmarebas calkeuli proeqtebis safuZvelze iRebs. ukanasknel wlebSi kulturis saministro saxelmwifo biujetis 10%-s iRebs, xolo 2009 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT Tanxis moculoba 9-10%-iT gaizarda. biujetis realuri ganawilebis, adekvaturi gamoyenebis da realizaciis kontrolis sferoSi winsvla aucilebelia. kulturuli obieqtebis umetesoba, saxsrebis gaflangvis da kulturuli procesebis arasworad marTvis gamo, aradamakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSia. kulturul organizaciebs saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili finansebi ar hyofnis da amitom alternatiuli dafinansebis aucilebloba saxezea. finansebis wyaroebi, pirvel rigSi, arasabiujeto saxsrebia, romelTa mopoveba sabiujeto organizaciebs SeuZlia. amaSi igulisxmeba warmodgenebze gayiduli bileTebi, muzeumebis, sagamofeno salonebis, biblioTekebis da a. S. fasiani momsaxureba. Semosavlis es wyaro xelovnebis sferos sabiujeto dafinansebis 1%-ze naklebs Seadgens. Semosavlis meore alternatiuli wyaro sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizacia da fondebia. isini grantebis sistemis daxmarebiT proeqtebis dafinansebas axdenen. amgvar fondebs Soris aRsaniSnavia sorosis da evraziis fondebi, romelTa saqmianobis mizania axlo da Soreuli sazRvargareTis qveynebs Soris mxatvrebis, musikosebis da xelovnebaTmcodneebis gacvla. grantebis daxmarebiT kulturis moRvaweebi ucxour seminarebs, konferenciebs, festivalebs da a. S. eswrebian. dafinansebis kidev erTi wyaro mecenatobaa, rac raime sargeblis miRebas ar iTvaliswinebs. mecenatobis kultura 83 elene meCiTova saqarTveloSi jer kidev XIX saukunidan arsebobs, rodesac Tbilisi kavkasiis kulturuli centri gaxldaT. TbilisSi mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeboda kulturac. tiflisis finansuri elita qvelmoqmedebaze saxsrebs ar iSurebda. magaliTad, Zmeb zubalaSvilebis saxsrebiT `saxalxo Teatri~ aSenda (`zubalovebis Teatri~, mogvianebiT marjaniSvilis saxelobis Teatri). daviT sarajiSvili saqarTveloSi kulturul da saswavlo dawesebulebebs exmareboda. isai pitoevi Teatraluri xelovnebis mfarveli gaxldaT. navTobis magnati aleqsandr mantaSevi xels uwyobda ganaTlebis amaRlebas, aSenebda skolebs. al. meliq-azariancis da miqael aramiancis SekveTiT pirveli qarTuli `sinematografi apolo~ aSenda. dResdReobiT yvelaze cnobili qarTveli mecenati biznesmeni biZina ivaniSvilia, vinc sruliad uangarod exmareba kulturis yvela sferos. daxmareba gamoixateba Teatrebis da sakoncerto darbazebis restavraciaSi (biZina ivaniSvilis daxmarebiT garemontda k. marjaniSvilis, griboedovis da SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrebi, konservatoria da a. S.). garda amisa, biZina ivaniSvili damatebiT anazRaurebas aZlevs kulturis moRvaweebs, sxvadasxva proeqts afinansebs da a. S. alternatiuli dafinansebis kidev erTi wyaro sponsorobaa. sponsoroba socialuri investiciis erT-erTi formaa, rac sponsorisTvis sargeblis miRebas iTvaliswinebs. sponsoroba filantropiisgan Sors aris da finansuri mogeba aucileblad esaWiroeba. kulturis da xelovnebis sponsoroba warmatebuli biznesis mniSvnelovani komponentia. saqarTveloSi sponsorobis kultura jer kidev ganviTarebis stadiazea. kulturis sfero damoukideblad mxolod amerikaSi viTardeba da iqac giganturi nacionaluri fondi arsebobs, romlidanac kulturuli organizaciebi finansdeba. garda amisa, amerikaSi mecenatobis da sponsorobis kultura Zalian ganviTarebulia da saxelmwifo amgvar organizaciebs an adamianebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs uwesebs. germaniaSi da safrangeTSi kulturas ZiriTadad saxelmwifo afinansebs da es modeli CvenTvis ufro axlobelia, Tumca Cven evropuli gamocdileba da Tavisufali bazari gvaklia. 84 kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT TiTqmis yvela msxvil kulturul organizacias sponsori gaaCnia _ iqneba es generaluri Tu miznobrivi. sponsoris moZieba sakmaod rTuli procesia. am saqmiT ZiriTadad kulturuli organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi arian dakavebulni da pirad kavSirebs aqtiurad iyeneben. kulturis komerciul mogebaze orientirebul sferoSi, anu kulturis industriaSi, sponsoris moZieba SedarebiT advilia. industria farTo samomxmareblo masebzea gaTvlili da es faqtori sponsorebs izidavs. magaliTad, `koka-kola~ Tbilisis jaz-festivalis mudmivi sponsori iyo. mravalwliani TanamSromlobis Sedegad `koka-kola~ da jaz-festivali ganuyofeli cnebebi iyo. aqtiuri sponsorebis siaSi Sedis ori wamyvani mobiluri operatori `magTi~ da `jeoseli~. isini ZiriTadad saavtoro proeqtebze arian orientirebuli, romlebsac Tavad am kompaniis menejerebi igoneben da organizebas uweven. iseTi proeqtebis dafinansebam, rogoric aris `jeostari~ da `varskvlavebis akademia~, reklamis garda kompaniebs mogebac moutana. proeqtis avtorebma SesaniSnavi Sedegi miiRes da amave dros masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi kargi reklama gakeTda. kidev erTi mobiluri operatori `bilaini~, radgan mas sakuTari proeqtebi ar gaaCnia, xSirad calkeul RonisZiebebs afinansebs. aseTi RonisZiebebi samizne auditoriazea gaTvlili. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom rac ufro soliduria kompania da rac ufro did yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar imijs, miT ufro metad afinansebs adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisTvis saWiro kulturul sferoebs. kompaniisTvis sponsoroba igivea, rac garekani JurnalisTvis. amgvarad, kulturis arakomerciul sferoebs ZiriTadad msxvili samrewvelo kompaniebi da bankebi afinansebs, rac kompaniebis mimarT momxmareblebis loialobas amaRlebs. TiTqos, yvelaferi kargadaa, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes is sirTuleebi, rasac finansebis maZiebeli awydeba. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc bevr sxva qveyanaSi, sponsoris moZiebisTvis mniSvnelovania piradi kavSirebi. Zalian xSirad finansdeba ara RonisZieba, aramed konkretuli pirovneba. agreTve xSiria potenciuri sponsoris gauTviTcnobierebloba. zogierTi kompania 85 elene meCiTova sponsorobas saxsrebis flangvad Tvlis, rasac mniSvnelovani mogeba ar moaqvs. aseTi damokidebuleba ZiriTadad informaciis naklebobiT aris ganpirobebuli. sponsoris Ziebisas mniSvnelovania sasponsoro paketi, sadac gadmocemulia informacia finansebis maZiebelze, proeqtze da kompaniis sargebelze, romelsac miiRebs kompania dafinansebis nacvlad. komerciul seqtorTan TanamSromlobis amgvari paketi Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatris veb-saitzec aris gamoqveynebuli. agreTve Zalian mniSvnelovania veb-saitis qona, rac, samwuxarod, bevri organizaciis naklia. dResdReobiT Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatri sabiujeto saxsrebiT funqcionirebs. Teatri TanamSromlobas kerZo seqtorsac sTavazobs. Teatris veb-saitze gamoqveynebulia sasponsoro paketi, sadac administracia saopero da sabaleto dadgmebis dafinansebis sanacvlod organizacias ramdenime sargebels sTavazobs: 1. `kompaniis saRamos~ gamarTva (prezentacia Teatris `wiTel darbazSi~ da speqtakli mxolod mosawvevebiT 1000 personaze), 2. sezonis bolomde Teatris banerebze da gamocemul bukletebSi kompaniis _ sponsoris logotipis ganTavseba, 3. benuaris loJis (8 adgili) daqiraveba sezonis bolomde Teatris mier gamarTul yvela premieraze da RonisZiebaze daswrebis uflebiT. saopero Teatrs mocemul momentSi asponsorebs `saxalxo banki~, `jeoseli~ da `telekomi~. sainformacio sponsorebia: radio `ucnobi~, `Georgia Today”, `muza~, katalogi `4 sezoni~, xolo partniorebi arian: `infoTbilisi~ da `jorjian taimsi~. premierebze, sabaleto da saopero dadgmebze darbazi ZiriTadad savsea. mayureblebis daaxloebiT 40% mowveulia an darigebuli bileTebiT modis. bileTebis saSualo fasi 13 laria. agreTve funqcionirebs abonementebis sistema. Teatrs ar gaaCnia produqti, rac mas damatebiT mogebas moutans. operisa da baletis Teatri kapitalur remonts saWiroebs, romlis Semdegac bevri ram, albaT, ukeTesobisken Seicvleba. saopero Teatrisgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria SesaniSnav mdgomareobaSia. 2002 wels Seqmnili sameTvalyureo sabWos meSveobiT saremonto samuSaoebi da restavracia Catarda. am sabWoSi Sediodnen mamuka xazaraZe, 86 kulturis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi akaki wereTeli, gogi TofaZe, qarTu jgufi, badri patarkaciSvili da sxvebi, romelTa daxmarebiT mTliani Senobis rekonstruqcia da remonti Catarda (garemontda saswavlo auditoriebi, kameruli darbazi, sagundo klasi, orkestris sarepeticio auditoria, sakonferencio darbazi, folkloris da fonotekis kabinetebi). folkloris da fonotekis kabinetebi aRWurvilia uaxlesi audio aparaturiT. mcire sakoncerto darbazi pirveladi saxiT aRdga da a. S. 2003 wels `britiS petroleumma~ saopero studiis mSeneblobisTvis Tanxebi gamoyo. konservatoria agreTve sargeblobs iseTi organizaciebis mxardaWeriT, rogoric aris: iunesko, saelCoebi, holandieli megobrebis fondi da a. S. mxardaWera gamoixateba instrumentebis SesyidvaSi, restavraciaSi, saopero dadgmebSi. saerTaSoriso festivalebis Catarebisas konservatoria aviakompaniebis da sastumroebis mxardaWeras iyenebs. aviakompaniebi da sastumroebi Sesabamisad frenebs da stumrebis cxovrebas uzrunvelyofs. sanacvlod konservatoriis administracia sponsorebis logos afiSebze, bileTebze da konservatoriis veb-saitze aTavsebs konservatoriis mxardamWerebis ganyofilebaSi. samwuxarod, konservatoriis RonisZiebebze daswreba arc Tu ise kargia, Tu RonisZieba eqskluziuri ar aris an cnobili Semsruleblebi monawileobas ar iReben. koncertebs ZiriTadad studentebi da pedagogebi eswrebian, romelTaTvisac garkveuli SeRavaTebi arsebobs. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konservatoria bileTebis gayidvidan mniSvnelovan Semosavals ar iRebs da aris sabiujeto finansebze, romlis prioriteti ganaTlebaa da ara Semosavali. TbilisSi ukve ramdenime welia xalxuri Semoqmedebis festivali `art-geni~ tardeba. festivalis programaSi Sedis rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedeba, aseve Tanamedrove musika. am proeqts potenciuri sponsorebis daintereseba masStaburobiT, farTo auditoriaze da sxvadasxva miznobriv jgufze gasvliT, agreTve masmediaSi gasuli reklamis daxmarebiT SeuZlia. ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro meti kompania zrunavs sakuTar imijze da sponsorobas eweva. kulturis sferos 87 elene meCiTova daxmareba lideri kompaniebisTvis saqmianobis erT-erTi prioritetia. rac ufro msxvilia kompania, miT ufro meti socialuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. magaliTad, TBC bankma socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi sakuTari strategia SeimuSava. strategia socialur da kulturul sferoSi xangrZliv vadiani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs, romelTa mizania perspeqtivaSi xsenebuli sferoebis ganviTareba. 2003 wels bankma yovelwliuri literaturuli premia `saba~ daawesa. es premia sakmaod popularuli da prestiJuli gaxda. bankis centralur ofisSi ganlagebulia sagamofeno darbazi, romelic sxvadasxva kulturul organizacias prezentaciisTvis, gamofenisTvis da mciremasStabiani koncertebisTvis xSirad ufasod eTmoba. 2008 wels bankis saqvelmoqmedo proeqtebis biujeti 1 milioni lari gaxldaT. biujetis 41% kulturas, xelovnebas da sports moxmarda. imedi gvaqvs, kulturis sfero nel-nela `maTxovris~ rolidan gamova da warmatebuli biznesis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdeba. amisTvis saWiroa, kulturulma organizaciebma marketinguli strategia SeimuSaos, romlis daxmarebiT potenciur sponsorebs daainteresebs da saWiro dafinansebas moi povebs. · Хейфец Кристина, `PR спонсорство как инструмент~, http://www.4p.ru · ФОМИЧЕВА Наталья, http://salespro.ru/2278 · www.opera.ge · www.marjanishvili.net · http://www.rustavelitheatre.ge/ · www.tbcbank.ge http://www.tbcbank.ge/ge/about/bank_overview/pr/sr/ · https://www.republic.ge/ https://www.republic.ge/ index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=96&info_id=176 - socialuri pasuxismgebloba. · http://www.mct.gov.az/?/ru Финансирование культуры. 88 sofo cercvaZe magistraturis II kusri xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili menejeris imiji imiji inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs xats. imijis SeqmniT adamiani ufro advilad wyvets Tavis sakuTar amocanebs. koncentrirebul formaSi imiji, nebismier adamians an organizacias aZlevs arss ganurCevlad misi profesiisa da statusisa. rac ufro zustad avirCevT da avagebT sakuTar imijs profesiidan gamomdinare, miT ufro efeqturi iqneba komunikacia. imiji aris Setyobinebis yvelaze efeqturi miwodeba. aqedan warmoiqmneba imijis Seqmnis idea, rogorc sajaro adamianis `me~. Tqveni saxe _ Tqveni portretia, romelsac uCvenebT gare samyaros. iersaxidan aucileblad amorCeuli unda iyos is, romelic pozitiurad iqneba Sefasebuli garSemomyofTa mier. Tanamedrove mecniereba gamoyofs imijis ramdenime SesaZlo variants: 1.sarkisebri. es imiji damaxasiaTebelia sakuTar Tavze warmodgenisaTvis. imijis es varianti dadebiTia, radgan fsiqologiurad yovelTvis pirvel adgilzea pozitivi. amitom misi minusia azrTa minimaluri aRricxva gare mxridan. amave dros am imijs SeuZlia gansazRvros liderebis da organizaciis imiji. 2.mimdinare. imijis es varianti damaxasiaTebelia garedan Sexedulebis formirebisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocana xdeba aramarto sasurveli, aramed zusti, adekvaturi ti pis imijis miReba. 3.sasurveli. am ti pis imiji areklavs imas, riskenac Cven miviswrafviT. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Seqmnili struqturebisaTvis. sasurveli imiji yovelTvis erTaderTia. 4.korporaciuli. es aris organizaciis mTliani imiji da ara calkeuli qvedanayofebis an misi muSaobis Sedegebi. es gansazRvravs organizaciis reputacias, mis warmatebebs da 89 sofo cercvaZe stabilurobis xarisxs. es sfero gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa maTTvis, vinc muSaobs menejeris an PR-is sferoSi. imijs nebismier saqmianobaSi did mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan is aris firmis niSani da masze damokidebuli adamianis reputacia. gansakuTrebiT es exeba situacias, sadac reputacia da profesionalizmi warmatebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba. menejerisTvis imijs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu davakvirdebiT menejeris saqmianobas, vnaxavT, rom igi monawileobas iRebs miznis gansazRvraSi, adgens moqmedebis gegmas da misi miRwevis gzebs isaxavs, monawileobs resursebis mozidvaSi, rac aucilebelia am miznis realizaciisTvis dabolos, akontrolebs mTel samuSaos. aqedan gamomdinare menejers unda hqondes kargad SemuSavebuli imiji, radgan xalxi reagirebs masze dadebiTad. gamomdinare iqidan, rom nebismier organizaciaSi mniSvnelovania menejmenti, romelic im saSualebaTa erTianobaa, ro mlis meSveobiTac orga niz aci a cdilo bs Tavi si TanamSromlebisa da sxva resursebis efeqturad gamoyenebas miznis misaRwevad. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor imijs Seuqmnis menejeri organizacias. arsebobs menejeris profesiis sami ZiriTadi dasabuTeba: funqcionaluri (`klasikuri~), rodesac menejeris saqmianoba funqciebis da movaleobebis gaerTianebiT ganisazRvreba. funqciuri midgomisas menejeris saqmianoba im sibrtyeSi ganixileba, romlis ganzomilebebi menejeris sxvadasxva funqciaa. istoriulad menejeris profesiis pirveli aRwera swored aseT xasiaTs atarebda da is anri faiols ekuTvnoda. 1916 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi man marTvis 5 funqcia gamoyo: dagegmareba, organizeba, koordinireba, xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli. mas Semdeg am mimarTulebiT bevri naSromi gamoqveynda, romlebic erTmaneTisgan, ZiriTadad, funqciebis raodenobiT da krebulis SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdeba. zogjer koordinirebis an xelmZRvanelobis funqciis magivrad `kadrebis SerCevis~ funqcia ganixileba. qceviTi, rodesac menejeris saqmianoba warmodgenilia, rogorc gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba da unari. menejeris funqciebi realuri qcevis meSveobiT sruldeba, 90 menejeris imiji anu `qceviT sibrtyeSi~, romlis ganzomilebebs qcevis e. w. rolebi warmoadgens. rolebi nebismieri menejeris saqmianobas axasiaTebs. amave dros menejerTa Soris gansxvaveba am rolebis Sesrulebis prioritetebis Sesabamisi ganawilebiT aRiwereba. aseTi midgomis avtoria anri mincbergi, romelmac menejeris saqmianoba sam jgufad dayofili 10 gansxvavebuli rolis Sesrulebis aucileblobis saxiT warmoadgina: interpersonaluri _ am rolSi Sedis menejeris mier garemosTan, TanamSromlebTan da xelqveiTebTan sainformacio arxebis Seqmnis unari. i nf or ma c iu li _ am r ol i s Sesr u lebi T m enej er i gadawyvetilebebis miRebis process saWiro informaciiT uzrunvelyofs dabolos, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis jgufebi _ aq mniSvnelovania is, rom menejers am rolis Sesruleba drois nebismier momentSi unda SeeZlos. dominanturi, rodesac organizaciis efeqturobis da menejeris pirovnuli Tvisebebis analizis safuZvelze, xelmZRvanelobis sxvadasxva ti pi (marTvis stili) gamoiyofa. marTvis stilze orientirebuli midgoma dakavSirebulia i. adizesis saxelTan. an organizaciis efeqtianobisTvis saWiro Tvisebebis (liderobis stili, menejeris Sromis maxasiaTeblebi, saqmianobis xasiaTis dominantebi (`warmatebis vitaminebi~) analizis safuZvelze menejeris Semdegi oTxi ti pi gamoiyofa: Sedegis miRwevaze, marTvis procesebis organizebaze, organizaciis ganviTarebaze da korporaciuli kulturis Seqmnaze orientirebuli menejeri _ lideri. aRsaniSnavia, rom menejeris profesiis aRwerisas nebismieri midgoma eyrdnoba menejeris unars. roca adamians unda gaxdes menejeri, igi, pirvel rigSi, unda gaerkves pirovnul TaviseburebebSi, Seadginos sakuTari Tavis fsiqologiuri portreti, gansazRvros calkeuli Tvisebebis kompleqsi, hqondes adaptaciis unari, gaaCndes inovaciuri xedva, romelic sabolood xels Seuwyobs mis, rogorc xelmZRvanelis, saqmianobas. menejers moeTxoveba gaaCndes imis unari, rom efeqturad marTos sakuTari Tavi da dro. iqidan gamomdinare, rom dResdReobiT konkurencia maRalia da rTuldeba bazarze gamosvla, menejeri unda iyos mravalmxrivi, SemoqmedebiTi, gamWriaxi, mosazrebuli da unda SeeZlo moqnilad moaxdinos reagireba nebismier SesaZlo 91 sofo cercvaZe cvlilebis mimarT. man unda Seiswavlos axali meTodebi da xerxebi, gansakuTrebiT praqtikuli midgomebi. menejerma mosaubre, mowinaaRmdege an kolega unda Seicnos ara mxolod laparakiTa da sityvebiT, aramed JestebiTa da moZraobiT, saqmiani molaparakebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba usityvo komunikacias da imijs. Zalian xSirad bevr sferoSi swored imijis saSualebiT viRebT ZiriTad informacias obieqtis Sesaxeb. profesionalebi imijis Seqmnisas Tvlian, rom garegnobaÛ, xmam da sworad warmarTulma dialogma SesaZloa, didi roli iTamaSos menejeris karieraSi. originaluri Cacmis stili es ara marto cnobili TargiT an modeliT Sekerili tanisamosia, aramed es yovelive daexmareba menejers sakuTari ideis realizebaSi. klasikur stils irCeven isini, visac unda, rom gaamtkicos Tavisi avtoriteti da pretenzia aqvs prestiJul poziciaze. menejeri Semoqmedi unda iyos xalxis TvalSi, moZraobdes graciozulad da yovelTvis unda iyos Tavis TavSi dajerebuli. menejerma aucilebelia daicvas aseve eTikis normebi. man kargi samuSao klimati unda Seqmnas organizaciaSi. TanamSromeli mxolod maSin iqneba gulaxdili da cvlilebebisaTvis ganwyobili, rodesac menejeri mis mimarT pativiscemas gamoxatavs. menejeris amocanaa SekiTxvebis dasmiT, TanamSromlebis azris mimarT interesis gamoxatviT maT arsebuli situaciis detalurad gacnobaSi daexmaros, radgan maTTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania informacia. menejeris imiji SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc zemoqmedeba TanamSromlebze. imdenad, ramdenadac adamiani cxovrobs ara marto realur samyaroSi, aramed simbolurSic, amitom imiji ganixileba rogorc am simboluri samyaros erTeuli. SesaZlebelia urTierTzegavlenis sxvadasxva saxe: masobrivi Segneba imijSi iwvevs im simboluri erTeulis Tvisebas, romelic SeiZleba menejers ar hqondes. Sesabamisad, menejeri iwyebs ama Tu im saqcielis SeZenas, romelic masobrivma Segnebam miawera. amrigad, xdeba simboluri samyaros gadasva realur samyaroSi. 92 menejeris imiji mecnierTa kvlevebis Tanaxmad, sakmarisi ar aris, efeqturad marTo organizacia, aramed Seni xelqveiTebi darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen, rom Sen organizacias efeqturad marTav. es isea, rogorc erTi modelis ori Semadgeneli nawili: misi realuri da simboluri mxare. elizbar xabetaSvili, ekonomikisa da menejmentis konsultantTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 2007. deil kornegi, rogor SeviZinoT megobrebi, rogor movixmaroT adamianebi, Tbilisi, 1992. T. xomeriki, menejmenti, Tbilisi, 2000. Jurnali `biznesi~, nikoloz markozaSvili, menejeris profesia, #8, 2007. www. venec.ulstu.ru/lib/go.php?id=97 - имидж менеджера и пути его совершенствования. · www. venec.ulstu.ru- имидж менеджера. · www.creativeconomy.ru- Журнал Российское предпринимательство, „имидж менеджера”. 93 leila janaSia magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili saqarTvelos xelnawerTaAerovnuli centris menejmentis zogierTi sakiTxi xelnawerTa erovnuli centri kulturis sferos erT-erT mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgens. msoflioSi arc Tu ise bevria qveyana, romelsac SeuZlia warmoadginos xelnawerTa mdidari koleqcia an sacavi. saqarTvelo im erT-erTi mcireTagania, romelsac Zveli xelnaweri wignebisa da istoriuli sabuTebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sacavi gaaCnia. xelnawerTa sacavi Tavdapirvelad simon janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSi calke ganyofilebad daarsda, mogvianebiT igi gamoeyo muzeums da Camoyalibda calke struqturul erTeulad, rogorc xelnawerTa samecniero instituti. xelnawerTa instituti Seiqmna 1958 wlis 30 ivniss. 1962 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelnawerTa instituts mieniWa akademikos korneli kekeliZis saxeli. 2006 wels Seicvala institutis iuridiuli statusi da dafuZnda sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ korneli kekeliZis xelnawerTa instituti. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2007 wlis 23 maisis dadgenilebiT, xelnawerTa instituts ewoda: `xelnawerTa erovnuli centri~. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris sacavebSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva wignTsacavsa Tu kerZo koleqciaSi daculi qarTuli kulturisa da istoriis umniSvnelovanesi saganZuri, ilustrirebuli unikaluri xelnawerebi, Zveli nabeWdi da raritetuli gamocemebi, memorialuri nivTebi da sxva. aq daculi unikaluri koleqcia mraval dargsa da sferos moicavs: qarTvel mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa piradi arqivebi (i. WavWavaZis, v. fSavelas, n. baraTaSvilis, eqv. TayaiSvilis da sxvaTa), grigol wereTlis sruliad unikaluri papirusTa koleqcia. centrs mdidari samecniero biblioTeka gaaCnia. ZvelnabeWdi wignebis Zvirfasi 94 koleqcia, maT Soris _ pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wigni. qarTulitaliuri leqsikoni (1629) vaxtang VI-is stambaSi dabeWdili sa xa reba (1709 ) da viTni ( 1711) S oTa r usTav el is `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli gamocema (1712). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aTonis iveronis monastris, sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastrisa da ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos qarTvel xelnawerTa fotoebi. centris da sazogadoebis urTierToba gansakuTrebiT bolo wlebSi aqtiuria. es aris centris menejmentis damsaxureba, romelic agebulia vertikalur da horizontalur marTvis meTodebze. centri aris formaluri organizacia, romelsac gaaCnia miznebi, struqtura, amocanebi, teqnologiebi, adamianuri resursi. es aris urTierTdamokidebuli elementebi. centri, romelic did organizacias warmoadgens, aqvs ramdenime mizani, funqcia. centrs gaaCnia socialuri pasuxismgebloba. misi mizani da funqcia aramarto centrSi arsebuli unikaluri koleqciebis xelnaweri wignebisa da istoriuli sabuTebis movla da restavraciaa, aramed centris mizans aucilebelia warmoadgendes momxmareblis saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba da sajarooba. centri ar unda warmoadgendes unikaluri koleqciaTa mxolod sacavs, aramed unda ganixilebodes rogorc mudmivi dialogis warmmarTveli sazogadoebasTan. etapobrivad sazogadoebas unda warudginos da warmodgena Seuqmnas masSi dacul unikalur-koleqciebze.Ees iqneba gamofenebiT Tu sxvadasxva RonisZiebiT warmodgenili. msoflioSi arsebuli am ti pis organizaciebi TavianTi gamocdilebiT mividnen daskvnamde, rom saWiroa organizaciis aqtiur sasicocxlo ritmSi Cabma da aqtiuri komunikacia momxmarebelTan da sazogadoebasTan. maTTvis (britaneTis biblioTekis xelnawerTa ganyofileba, luis vilsonis xelnawerTa biblioTeka-muzeumi (aSS), indoeTis xelnawerTa biblioTeka, edinburgis universitetis xelnawerTa centri da sxvebi, romelTa Sorisacaa saqarTvelos erovnuli xelnawerTa centri) prioritetuli gaxda sakiTxi, Secvalon TavianTi mmarTvelobiTi formebi, 95 leila janaSia mxolod koleqciaTa dacviTa da movla-SenaxviT ver gaamarTleben Tavian saqmianobas da ver moi poveben investiciebs. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris mizani gaxda aramarto daculi koleqciebis movla-Senaxva da samecniero muSaoba, aramed sajarooba da sazogadoebis informireba da ganaTleba sxvadasxva RonisZiebisa da gamofenis saxiT. erovnul centrSi aris mudmiv moqmedi gamofena: `qarTuli xelnaweri wigni~, sadac eqsponirebulia qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis saukeTeso nimuSebi. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri Tavis mizans da amocanebs sazogadoebasTan uSualo dialogis gziT axorcielebs sxvadasxva gamofenis Tu RonisZiebis saxiT, romelTa Sorisac mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT mowyobil gamofenebSi miRebuli monawileoba: _ 2006 wlis oqtomberSi amerikis dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi, frieris galereaSi gaixsna uZveles xelnawerTa gamofena saxelwodebiT: `dasawyisi: biblia 1000 wlamde~. eqspoziciaSi warmodgenili qarTuli xelnawerebis fotoebi vrceli komentarebiTurT Sesulia gamofenis maRal poligrafiul doneze gamocemul katalogSi. 2006 wlis 30 maiss, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi gaixsna gamofena saxelwodebiT: `didi avtografebi~. damTvalierebelma pirvelad ixila daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi brwyinvalis da sxva cnobil qarTvel mefeTa da sazogado moRvaweTa xelnawerebi maTive xelrTvebiT. eqspoziciaSi pirvelad iyo warmodgenili saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dokumenti _ georgievskis traqtati. dokuments erekle mefis originaluri, xelrTvis garda, specialuri sabeWdavebi amSvenebs. aseve warmodgenili iyo nikoloz baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelasa da galaktion tabiZis cnobili nawarmoebebis originalebi. 2007 wlis maisSi moewyo gamofena saxelwodebiT: ,,Tamars vaqebdeT mefesa~. pirvelad saqarTveloSi xelnawerTa erovnulma centrma gamarTa mefisadmi miZRvnili unikaluri gamofena, damTvalierebels mefe-wmindanis, Tamaris erTaderTi avtografis xilvis saSualeba hqonda, unikaluri sigeli, romelzec ori striqoni mefe-wmindanis xeliT aris Sesrulebuli, gamofenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani eqsponati iyo. eqspoziciaSi 96 saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris menejmentis zogierTi sakiTxi warmodgenili iyo saqarTvelos cnobili monarqisadmi miZRvnili unikaluri xelnaweri da oqromWedlobis nimuSebi. gamofenaze aseve pirvelad iyo warmodgenili mdidrulad morTuli `vefxistyaosnis~ 14 ilustracia. saqarTvelos aRorZinebis xanis am simdidrem xelnawerTa erovnul centris sagamofeno darbazSi moiyara Tavi. xelnawerTa erovnul centrs momavlis gegmaSi saintereso sa er TaS ori so pr oeqtebi aq vs da wyebu li, ro ml is ganxorcielebac mniSvnelovania, aramarto centris samecniero mniSvnelobisaTvis, aramed sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisTvisac. 2007 wlis seqtemberSi xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da adreul xelnawerTa eleqtronuli biblioTeka EMEL-is erToblivi proeqtis prezentacia gaimarTa. am proeqtis mizania, damzaddes yvela im xelnawerebis cifruli asli, romelic odesRac wm. ekaterines monasterSi inaxeboda da axla msoflios sxvadasxva biblioTekasa Tu samecniero dargebSi, maT Soris, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSia daculi. xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da EMEL-s Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, yvela saavtoro uflebas rogorc originalebze, ise maT cifrul aslebze flobs xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. proeqtis ganxorcieleba saSualebas miscems dainteresebul pirebs, isargeblon sinuri xelnawerebis eleqtronuli aslebiT. qarTuli proeqtis farglebSi dagegmilia grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebis Targmanebis Seswavla da mraval tomad gamocema. TanamSromlobas iwyebs saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri da msoflioSi udidesi aleqsandriis biblioTeka. egvi ptis mxare dainteresda saqarTveloSi daculi arabuli xelnawerebis koleqciis SeswavliT da momdevno etapze aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi gamofenis mowyobiT. xelnawerTa erovnuli centrisa da sazogadoebis dialogi wina wlebTan SedarebiT aqtiuri da srulyofili gaxda. 2004 wlidan dawyebuli sazogadoebas 40 gamofena, RonisZieba da proeqti SesTavaza, romlis irgvliv sazogadoeba did interess gamoxatavs. am RonisZiebebis Catarebis Sedegad centrma SeZlo, sazogadoebisTvis Seeqmna warmodgena saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris rolis da 97 leila janaSia sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis arsis Sesaxeb (miuxedavad imisa, rom xelnawerTa samecniero instituti 1958 wlidan calke struqturul erTeulad Camoyalibda, Semdeg `xelnawerTa erovnuli centri~ ewoda. am centris arsebobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis mcire nawilma icoda). centris mier koleqciebSi daculi xelnawerebis Tematurad da etapobrivad gamofenebiT saSualeba misca sazogadoebas, gascnoboda mraval koleqciebs. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris interess mowmobs gamofenebze damTvaliereblis simravle. gamofenaze misul damTvalierebels gansakuTrebuli gancda eufleba, radgan maT Tvalwin iSleba unikaluri eqsponatebi. erovnuli centri aqtiurad TanamSromlobs masmediasTan, rasac mowmobs periodikasa da telesivrceSi centris irgvliv momravlebuli sagazeTo statiebi Tu siuJetebi. xelnawerTa erovnul centrze sazogadoebis TandaTanobiT – etapobrivad daintereseba, aqtiuri menejmentis damsaxurebaa. centrs gaaCnia efeqturi menejmentis maxasiaTeblebi. centrs aqvs unari piradi mwarmoebluroba gaaCndes da Semdeg realizacias uwevdes. centris menejmentma SeZlo is, rom ramdenime wlis win Tu am centris arsebobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis mcire nawilma icoda da maTi umravlesoba uSualod centrTan dakavSirebuli mecnierebi da studentebi iyvnen, dRes sazogadoebis umetesobas warmodgena aqvs centris arsebobaze da mis socialur pasuxismgeblobaze. centrSi daigegma da etapobrivad ganxorcieldeba saerTaSoriso proeqtebi. am proeqtebis ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs centris ganviTarebas da sazogadoebas saSualebas miscems eziaros sxvadasxva qveynis kulturas. kulturuli turizmis menejmenti naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. malxaz Rvinjilia ix.: saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris yovelwliuri gamocema `mravalTavi~, t.VII, 1980; t. XIII, 1983. www.manuscript.ge 98 99 eka avTandilaSivli magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri turizmi ekonomikis erTaderTi seqtoria, romelic sasicocxlodaa dainteresebuli kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis, rogorc turistuli nakadebis mozidvis, umniSvnelovanesi wyaros dacvasa da ganviTarebaSi.1 XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan kulturuli turizmi xasiaTdeba swrafi ganviTarebiT, rac gamowveulia, erTi mxriv, saerTaSoriso konferenciebisa da kongresebis xSiri organizebiT, meore mxriv ki, turizmSi mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegad gakeTebuli rekomendaciebis danergviT, samogzauro Tematikis daxvewiT da misi daaxloebiT momxmarebelTa moTxovnebTan.2 saqarTveloSi turizmis saxeebis ganviTarebis mxriv kulturul turizms erT-erTi mTavari adgili ukavia. Tavisi istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobiTa da adgilmdebareobiT mcxeTa saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis q va ku Tx edia , ro g o rc i sto r iu l i a b r eS u m is g zi s umniSvnelovanesi sakvanZo komponenti, qveynisa da mTlianad kavkasiis regionis civilizaciis gzajvaredini – mcxeTa saerTaSoriso turizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rezervuaria.3 mcxeTa – adgili, saidanac iwyeba qristianobis istoria saqarTveloSi da romelsac ukavSirdeba qarTveli eris saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba. mcxeTaSia dafluli qristianul siwmnideTa Soris udidesi – eklesiis erTianobis simbolod wodebuli uflis kvarTi. saqarTvelos qristianobaze moqceva swored mcxeTasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aq moRvaweobda wminda mociqulTa swori nino ganmanaTlebeli, aq moxda yvela is mniSvnelovani movlena, ramac xeli Seuwyo SemdgomSi qarTveli eris gaqristianebas. qarTuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis uZvelesi kera da qarTuli marTlmadidebluri 100 eklesiis dedaqalaqi warmoadgens sruliad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri mrevlis mizidulobis epicentrs. aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens momlocvelTa (sapiligrimo) turebis formireba (rac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mdidar istoriul memkvidreobas unda daefuZnos).4 saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi amJamad mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionis administraciuli centria. es ulamazesi, istoriuli ZeglebiT gajerebuli patara dasaxleba (10 aTasamde mcxovrebi) Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi, rogorc qalaqi-muzeumi (mcxeTa iuneskos memkvidreobis nusxaSi 1994 wels moxvda). mcxeTis memkvidreobis Setana iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi, qristianuli kulturis xuroTmoZRvruli Sedevrebis (jvari, sveticxoveli, samTavro) arqiteqturul RirebulebasTan erTad garemosTan harmoniuli Serwymis istoriulad damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli.5 cxadia, rom mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri, saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani atraqciaa. mcxeTas gaaCnia uaRresad xelsayreli mdebareoba, igi mxolod 20 kilometriTaa saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan daSorebuli.6 mcxeTaSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobidan turistTa mowonebas imsaxurebs iseTi Zeglebi, rogorebicaa: sveticxoveli mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZari _ sveticxoveli – qarTuli kulturis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli gamoirCeva ara mxolod Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebiT, didebulobiT da harmoniulobiT, aramed im gansakuTrebuli roliTac, romelic man qarTveli eris istoriaSi Seasrula. matianis cnobiT, mcxeTeli ebraeli eliozi daeswro qristes jvarcmas ierusalimSi da romael jariskacTagan SeZenili qristes kvarTiT dabrunda mcxeTaSi, qalaqis karibWesTan mas miegeba qristiani da sidonia, romelmac macxovris kvarTi gulSi Caikra da gardaicvala. vinaidan ver SeZles kvarTis misi xelebidan aReba, igi kvarTTan erTad dakrZales samefo baRSi ax. w. 30 wels. mis saflavze mefe mirianma aago xis 101 eka avTandilaSivli eklesia, taZris mSeneblobis dros moxda saswauli, sidonias saflavze amosuli libanis naZvi xuroebma ver moWres manam, sanam wminda ninom locvaSi ar gaatara mTeli Rame, mas Semdeg sveti sinaTlis saxiT Camovida da daemyara Tavis baziss. svets mironi sdioda da davrdomilebs kurnavda. amitom mas, rogorc sicocxlis momniWebels, `sveti cxoveli~ uwodes.7 XI s.-is dasawyisSi (1010-1029 ww.) igi jvargumbaTovan nagebobad gadakeTda qarTlis patriarqis melqisedek I-is TaosnobiT da xuroTmoZRvar arsukiZis xeliT. taZris swored es varianti umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTaa moRweuli Cvenamde. taZris mSeneblobis periodi (XI saukunis dasawyisi) daemTxva saqarTvelos istoriis metad rTul da saintereso epoqas. am dros feodalizmi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze adioda. warmatebiT dasrulda brZola qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis. politikurma da ekonomikurma warmatebebma ganapirobes erovnuli, sulieri kulturis, mwerlobis, filosofiis, xelovnebis ferweris, oqromWedlobis, xuroTmoZRvrebis farTod ganviTareba.8 sveticxoveli, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgenda saqarTvelos religiur centrs, radgan igi iyo sapatriarqo taZari, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurTa _ kaTolikos-patriarqTa rezidencia. swored sveticxovelSi xdeboda saqarTvelos mefeTa da eklesiis meTaurTa kurTxeva, jvriswera, qarTvel ufliswulTa monaTvla. aq xdeboda qarTvel mefeTa, dedofalTa, batoniSvilTa da kaTolikos-patriarqTa dakrZalva (taZarSi dRemde SemorCenilia ramdenime maTganis saflavi). gareSe mterTa Semosevebisas aq afarebda Tavs mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis mosaxleoba.9 jvris monasteri mcxeTis jvari qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis mwvervalia. miuxedavad imisa, rom es taZari mcire zomisaa, igi Tavisi grandiozulobiT da mTlianobiT gamoirCeva. igi iseT adgilzea aRmarTuli, rom SeuZlebelia, kacis Tvals SeumCneveli darCes. aqedan xelisguliviT moCans wminda qalaqi mcxeTa. grZnob, ufro uaxlovdebi RmerTs da am madliani adgilidan naTqvam vedrebas ufali ukeT Seismens. jvris 102 mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri monastris mosalocad mravali adamiani midis, magram maTgan cotam Tu icis misi unikaluroba da warsuli.10 taZris saxelwodebas istoriuli safuZveli aqvs: qristianobis miRebis pirveli dRidanve mcxeTis jvris taZris adgilas wminda ninos miTiTebiTa da mirian mefis brZanebiT didi xis jvari yofila aRmarTuli. memetianeTa gadmocemiT, qarTlis erismTavarma guaramma VI saukunis II naxevarSi xis jvris CrdiloeTiT aaSena patara eklesia, romelsac mcire taZars an mcire jvars uwodeben. eklesia, rogorc Signidan, aseve garedan morTuli yofila, xolo saukunis bolos taZris mSeneblobas ganagrZobs erismTavari stefanozi.11 turistebisaTvis sainteresoa taZris Seqmnis istoria. matianes ar Semounaxavs taZris xuroTmoZRvris saxeli, arc misi agebis TariRia miTiTebuli sadme, magram reliefis warweraSi moxseniebul pirTa mixedviT, agreTve sxva werilobiTi wyaroebiT dgindeba, rom erismTavar stefanozs taZari 585-604 wlebSi augia. taZris samxreTiT mTis kalTis SuaSi, im adgilas, sadac, mematianeTa cnobiT, erTxans Tavs afarebda wminda nino, aris adreqristianuli xanis patara, naxevrad dangreuli darbazuli samlocvelo. is mTlianad dafarulia xeebiT da Soridan ar Cans. jvris monasterSi kvlav grZeldeba samonastro cxovreba.12 samTavros dedaTa monasteri. mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT aRmarTulia lamazi, gumbaTovani nageboba – saepiskoposo taZari, samTavro. mematianeTa gadmocemiT, qalaqis CrdiloeT mxares mTavris samyofeli yofila, saidanac warmodgeba taZris saxelwodeba – samTavro. aq ucxovria sarwmunoebis saqadageblad Camosul wminda ninos, aq aris dasaflavebuli erT-erTi asureli mama abibos nekreseli. taZris erT kuTxeSi pirveli qristiani mefis mirianisa da nana dedoflis saflavebia.13 piligrim turistTaTvis metad mniSvnelovania is, rom aq ganisvenebs Cveni drois udidesi beri qristianuli cxovrebis WeSmariti maswavlebeli arqimandriti gabrieli (urgebaZe). didi taZris gverdiT mcire gumbaTovani taZaria. gadmocemiT viciT, rom mcxeTaSi mosuli wminda nino sami wlis 103 eka avTandilaSivli ganmavlobaSi `ilocvida farulad adgilsa erTsa Seburvilsa brZamliTa mayualisaiTa... da adgili igi iyo zRudes garegan~. am adgilze mirian mefes augia eklesia, rasac adasturebs `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili misi werilis Sinaarsi: `aRvaSene eklesia mayulovansa mas Sinai ninossa.~ zemoT moyvanili cnobebi IV saukuneSi swored wminda ninos eklesiis aSenebis TariRs da adgilsamyofels gulisxmobs.14 kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnulma saagentom, samTavros samonastro kompleqsis reabilitaciis farglebSi, samTavroSi daasrula IV saukunis wminda ninos eklesiis aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi.15 taZris gviani Suasaukuneebis freskebs pirvelad Cautarda restavracia. imeruli da kaxuri kramitiT Seicvala 60-ian wlebSi gakeTebuli saxuravi. gumbaTisTvis damzadda axali jvari. amas garda, monastris xarjiTa da keTilismyofelTa xelSewyobiT, taZarSi daigo axali iataki da Seicvala wmida trapezis qva.16 kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento uaxloes momavalSi gegmavs, restavracia Cautaros samTavroSi arsebul koSks (agebulia gvian saukuneebSi) da aseve meore umniSvnelovanes istoriul naSTs, e. w. mefe mirianis buxars.17 mcxeTis turizmis sainformacio centris monacemebiT, 2009 wels turizmis sainformacio centris momsaxurebiT isargebla 3778 ucxoelma vizitorma. maTi mxridan iyo Semdegi moTxovnebi: • saqarTvelos ruka moiTxova – 1937 ucxoelma vizitorma, • mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionis turistuli ruka – 1356, • Tbilisis ruka – 1098, • sxva regionebis ruka – 1139, • sainformacio bukletebi saqarTveloze – 187, • sainformacio bukletebi mcxeTaze – 1310, • sainformacio bukletebi sveticxovelze – 2367, • mcxeTis kulturis ZeglebiT (armazi, bagineTi) dainteresda – 207 vizitori, • mcxeTis muzeumiT – 304, • RamisTeva mcxeTaSi moiTxova – 246, • safosto baraTebi – 91, 104 mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri • kvebis obieqti mcxeTaSi – 567, • gidis momsaxureba – 151, • internet kafe mcxeTaSi – 18, • jvarze fexiT asvla – 501, • jvarze taqsiT asvla – 548, • transportis (avtobusi, samarSruto taqsi) ganrigi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT – 419, • matareblis ganrigi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT – 138, • Tbilisis megzuri – 1014, • marketi – 254, • amindis prognozi – 14, • karvis gasaSleli adgili – 104, • banki – 12, • `parkingi~ – 2. ikiTxes informacia: • zamTris saTxilamuro kurortebis (gudauri, bakuriani) Sesaxeb – 186, • informacia turizmis sainformacio centrisa da sxva sainformacio centrebis Sesaxeb – 83, • informacia saqarTvelos muzeumebis Sesaxeb – 229, • informacia mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sesaxeb – 12, • gudauris sastumroebis Sesaxeb – 114, • RamisTeva axalcixeSi – 1, • goris, ufliscixis Sesaxeb – 130, • yazbegis Sesaxeb – 1494, • borjomis Sesaxeb – 19, • daviT garejis Sesaxeb – 10, • siRnaRis Sesaxeb – 15, • Satilis Sesaxeb – 71, • ananuris Sesaxeb – 8, • SiomRvimis Sesaxeb – 27, • bakurianis Sesaxeb – 12, • kaxeTis Sesaxeb – 70, • baTumis Sesaxeb – 130, 105 eka avTandilaSivli • quTaisis Sesaxeb – 2, • varZiis Sesaxeb – 18. mcxeTis turizmis sainformacio centrSi Semosuli vizitorebi, 2009 weli 106 mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri miuxedavad saqarTveloSi ZeglTa simravlisa da movlapatronobis mcdelobisa, Zalian bevri Zegli jer kidev ver aris saTanadod movlili, raTa SeCerdes maTi ganadgureba da isini wardgnen srulmniSvnelovani saxiT damTvalierebelTa winaSe. imisaTvis, rom kulturuli turizmi ganviTardes mcxeTaSi, iseve rogorc mTels saqarTveloSi, saWiroa farTo moculobis SemecnebiTi turebis org anizeba (rac kulturuli turizmisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia). saxelmwifo xelSewyoba kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT unda moxdes miznobrivi reklamisa da sainformacio saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT. am mizniT unda gafarTovdes saqarTvelos, rogorc turizmis qveynis, gacnobierebis sfero ZiriTad potenciur bazrebze, rac xelmiuwvdomelia kerZo seqtorisaTvis, Semdegi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT: monawileoba saerTaSoriso turistul bazrobebze da gamofenebze, ucxoeli Jurnalistebis saqarTveloSi mowveva, ucxoeTis presaSi da internetis qselSi saqarTvelos turizmze informaciis gavrceleba, Tematuri konferenciebis organizeba da sxva. saWiroa agreTve adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis turizmTan dakavSirebuli dargebis Seswavla turistuli moRvaweobidan mogebis miRebis mizniT, aseve momsaxurebis sferos ganviTareba. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis mier gaanalizebuli iqna saqarTveloSi tradiciulad arsebuli SemecnebiTi turistuli marSrutebi, romlebsac uaxloes warsulSi sTavazobdnen ucxoel, maT Soris _ sabWoTa turistebs, am marSrutebis Sedgenis princi pebi da turistTa mogzaurobebis motivaciebi, agreTve sadReisod saerTaSoriso turistul bazarze moTxovnileba, ris Sedegadac ganisazRvra im umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebis nusxa, romlebic programis pirvel etap ze unda Sevi dnen tu ristul marSr utebSi . es umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi Seadgenen kulturuli turizmis safuZvels da saxelmwifom unda izrunos maT garSemo Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmna-mowyobaze.18 amJamad, mcxeTaSi mimdinareobs sareabilitacio samuSaoebi. male muzeum-qalaqSi yvela saxlis saxuravi wiTeli kramitiT 107 eka avTandilaSivli gadaixureba, icvleba sveticxovlis mimdebare saxlebis fasadebi da Robeebi. ZeglTa dacvis saagentoSi miiCneven, rom samuSaoebi, romlebic amJamad mcxeTaSi tardeba, qalaqis mxatvrularqiteqturul saxes gaaumjobesebs. es ki xels Seuwyobs kulturuli turizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebas mcxeTaSi. saWiroa mcxeTaSi kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis informaciul-saeqspozicio da mxatvrul-esTetikuri potencialis maqsimaluri warmoCena, rac turistuli nakadebis mozidvisa da turizmis ganviTarebis mZlavri resursia. kulturuli turizmis turistuli produqtis – kulturuli turis, konkurentunarianoba pirdapir proporciuladaa damokidebuli saCvenebeli obieqtis Rirsebebze da mis imfrastruqturaze, rac umravles SemTxvevaSi Zeglebis, rogorc mTavari saCvenebeli obieqtis, garSemo arsebobs. amdenad, saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba unda daigegmos istoriuli Zeglebis istoriul-xuroTmoZRvrul Rirsebebisa da maT garSemo arsebuli imfrastruqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. mcxeTa, rogorc kulturuli turizmis centri 11. v. mamukelaSvili, g. TaTaraSvili. `mcxeTa da misi Semogareni~, Tbilisi, 1986 w. 12. iqve; 13. Jurnali `karibWe~, #20, 2009 w. 14. iqve; 15. www.ka.wikipedia.org 16. iqve; 17. iqve; 18. n. kvaracxelia. `kulturuli turizmi~, Tbilisi, 2009 w. 1. g. SaiSmelaSvili. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~ (iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti). 2. n. kvaracxelia. `kulturuli turizmi~, Tbilisi, 2009 w. 3. g. SaiSmelaSvili, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~ (iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti). 4. m. bulia, m. janjalia. `mcxeTa~, 2000 w 5. g. SaiSmelaSvili. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, urbanistikis kaTedra, `mcxeTis memkvidreobisa da turizmis generaluri gegma~ (iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centris saerTaSoriso proeqti). 6. m. bulia, m. janjalia. `mcxeTa~, 2000 w. 7. Jurnali `karibWe~. #20, 2009 w. 8. qarTuli enciklopedia. `saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w. 9. Jurnali `karibWe~, #20, 2009 w. 10. iqve; 108 109 eleonora gogolaSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia imereTSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebis analizi turizmi msoflio ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi dargia. masze modis globaluri, mTliani erovnuli produqtis 6%. unikaluria turizmis zrdis tempi. am TvalsazrisiT igi sagrZnoblad aWarbebs ekonomikis zrdis temps. turizmis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa unikaluri istoriul-kulturuli faseulobebis arseboba. qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani istoria Tavis materialur gamoxatulebas poulobs mravalricxovan istoriul ZeglebSi, romlebic Cveni samSoblos yvela raionSia Semonaxuli. qarTvelma erma saukuneebis manZilze Seqmna didi erovnuli ganZi _ materialuri kulturis unikaluri Zeglebi. maTi arasruli raodenoba 35000 aWarbebs. maTgan 5000-s saxelmwifo icavs. isini agebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. siZvelis miuxedavad, bevrma maTganma kargad SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvandeli saxe. maTgan oTxi (bagratis taZari, X-XI saukune), gelaTis samonastro kompleqsi (XII saukune), uSgulis arqiteqturuli ansambli, saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (rogorc qalaqi-muzeumi) Sesulia iuneskos msoflio mniSvnelobis ZeglTa dacvis siaSi. Cvens mizans warmoadgens zemo imereTis regionSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba da qveynis ekonomikis samsaxurSi misi Cayeneba, rac, dameTanxmebiT, metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis. am problemis dasaZlevad saxelmwifom mravali etapi unda ganvlos. ganvixiloT es etapebi da ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra rols iTamaSebs Cveni qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi zemo imereTis regionSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba. 110 regioni mdidaria unikaluri ZeglebiTa da qristianuli taZrebiT, rac xels uwyobs religiuri turizmis ganviTarebas. turizmis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa unikaluri istoriuli-kulturuli faseulobebis arseboba. aRsaniSnavia WiaTuris raionSi wminda giorgis eklesia (XI-XII saukuneebis), kacxis sveti (XI saukunis monasteri), savanis wminda giorgis XI saukunis eklesia, jruWis X-XI saukuneebis eklesia, Cixas XII saukunis eklesia saCxeris raionSi, macxovris eklesia (XI saukune) da maxaTauris eklesia (Sua saukuneebis) aseve saCxeris raionSi, mRvimevi _ XVIII saukunis eklesia da XVIII saukunis navarZevis Tiris monasteri, navarZevis cixe-simagre (XVII-XVIII saukuneebis) da sveris VII saukunis cixesimagre WiaTuris raionSi. saqaCxiis Sua saukuneebis eklesia, xevis XIX saukunis eklesia, ubisis wminda giorgis eklesia (XVIIXVIII saukuneebis), vaxanis XII-XIV saukuneebis cixesimagre xaragaulis raionSi. imisaTvis, rom kulturuli turizmi imereTSi gaxdes sabazro interesebis Sesabamisi, momavalSi saWiroa: arsebuli infrastruqturisa da turizmis standartebis gaumjobeseba; axali turizmis mimarTulebebis danergva, agraruli turizmisa da urbanuli turizmis gaumjobeseba. axali marketinguli iniciativebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, raTa dakavSirebul iqnes erTmaneTTan imereTis turizmis axali da gaumjobesebuli momsaxurebebi erovnul, regionalur da saerTaSoriso tur. operatorebTan da bazrebTan. imisaTvis, rom turizmi warmatebuli iyos imereTSi, saWiroa SemuSavebul iqnes gegma: a). imereTi, rogorc agraruli turizmis adgili; b). quTaisi, rogorc urbanuli turizmis adgili; imisaTvis, raTa ganviTardes axali bazari imereTis kulturuli turizmisaTvis, saWiro iqneba axali produqciisa da momsaxurebebis ganviTareba ise, rom tur. operatorebs (erovnuli da saerTaSoriso) mieceT SesaZlebloba, ufro iolad gaitanon imereTis turizmi samizne bazrebze, romlebic SeiZleba iyos didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, holandia, ruseTi, TurqeTi an sxva potenciuri samizne qveynebi. 111 eleonora gogolaSvili imereTis axal agrarul turizmSi SeiZleba Sediodes: saojaxo dasveneba, roca turistebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT darCnen qarTul ojaxebSi ramdenime dRe an erTi kvira da meti da gaecnon qarTuli ojaxebis cxovrebis stilsa da kulturas; turistebs SeuZliaT gaeqcnen mZime da stresiT savse cxovrebas da gaataron dro bunebasTan axlos imereTis lamazi bunebis janmrTel arealSi. aqtiuri dasveneba: jiriToba, velosi pediT seirnoba, mTamsvleloba, Tevzaoba, sxvadasxva gasarTobi saqmianoba, dakavSirebuli wyalTan da a. S. kulturasa da memkvidreobasTan gacnoba, dasveneba, romelic sTavazobs turistebs kulturul aspeqtebs, dakavSirebuls dasvenebis gasarTob saqmianobebTan dakavSirebul regionis bunebasTan. turistTa dabinaveba imereTis regionSi momavalSi SeiZleba moicavdes: qarTuli ojaxebis saxlebs saojaxo dasvenebisaTvis; kargi xarisxis sazafxulo agarakebs, romlis daqiravebac iqneba SesaZlebeli; turistebisaTvis aSenebul qarTul dasasvenebel sofels, romelic sTavazobs damsveneblebs mdinaris axlos da lamaz bunebaSi dasvenebas. aseTi kompleqsi SesaZlebelia iyos patara da moicavdes erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebul 8-10 qarTuli stilis sazafxulo saxlebs. sastumroebs, romlebic sTavazobs damsveneblebs Ramis gaTevasa da sauzmes an SesaZlebelia _ sadilsac da vaxSamsac. kargi xaris xis sana toriumebs regi onis damsveneblebisaTvis. regionis turizmi SesaZlebelia, gaxdes sasurveli ufro didi bazrisaTvis dabinavebis sxvadasxva saxisa da saqmianobis SeTavazebiT, moqnili servisebis danergviT, romlebic sTavazobs turistebs interesebisa da saqmianobebis nairsaxeobas, raTa moxdes TiToeuli turistis interesebTan Tanxvedra.Ddabinavebis sxvadasxva saxe da saqmianoba daainteresebs turistebs, ufro didxans darCnen regionSi vidre erTi an ori dRe. 112 ganviTarebis imereTSi kulturuli turizmis strategiuli mimarTulebis analizi agraruli turizmis ganviTarebis areali, SesaZlebelia, moicavdes mTian da dablob adgilebs baRdaTisa da sairmis gzis axlos, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis mimdebare teritoriebs, gelaTisa da saTaflis adgilebsa da a. S. dasasvenebeli soflebi, kotejebi da imereTis saxlebi aseT adgilebSi iqneba Zalian mimzidveli saerTaSoriso stumrebisaTvis. rogor mivaRwioT warmatebul menejments turizmSi, zemo imereTis regionSi, ra cvlilebebi unda gatardes? ra daxmarebaa saWiro, raTa miRweul iqnes sasurveli cvlilebebi da ekonomikuri sargebeli? saxelmwifo seqtori: gzebis gaumjobeseba turizmisaTvis daniSnulebis adgilamde miRwevisaTvis; qalaqis centris turistuli sainformacio ofisis Camoyalibeba da TanamSromlebiT uzrunvelyofa; megobruli turistuli niSnebis gavrceleba quTaissa da zemo imereTSi; turizmis samizne bazris gegmis SemuSaveba mcire, saSualo da xangrZlivi periodisaTvis. turizmis industriis treningis saSualebebisa da samuSao gegmis SemuSaveba; turizmis investiciis proeqtebis xelis Sewyoba quTaisisa da imereTisaTvis; efeqturi regionaluri turizmis marketinguli gegmis SemuSaveba. kerZo seqtori: axali saerTaSoriso standartebis 3-4 varskvlaviani sastumroebi quTaisSi; axali dabinavebis kompleqsebis dafinanseba da SemuSaveba, romelSic Sedis qarTuli dasasvenebeli saxlebi, kotejebi; sazogado seqtorTan muSaoba, turizmis saqmianobebis reklamireba Sesabamis arealebSi. biznesisa da misi saSualebebis ganviTareba: axali restornebi, barebi, maRaziebi quTaisSi. arsebuli tur. operatorebis mier dabinavebisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis xarisxisa da standartis gaumjobesebis programebis ganxorcieleba. 113 eleonora gogolaSvili ra saxis daxmarebaa saWiro saganmanaTleblo reforma _ turizmis industriis seqtori. axali samuSao gegmebi mzareulis swavlebis kursebisaTvis, sakvebi da sas meli moms axurebeb isaTvis, gidis momsaxurebebisaTvis, sastumroebis menejerebisaTvis, zeda mxedvel obis is eve, r ogorc turizmis a da stumarTmoyvareobis marTvis kursebisaTvis. kursebis ganxorcieleba ,,treningi eqskursiamZRolebisaTvis’’ kursebi arsebuli tur. operatorebisaTvis standartis ganviTarebisa da stumrebis mzrunvelobis programebis Sesaxeb. dabinavebis standartebi sastumroebisaTvis ,,saukeTeso praqtikuli’’ standartis SemuSaveba saerTaSoriso (msoflio turizmis organizacia) standartebTan kavSirSi; mcire da saSualo warmoebis ganviTareba turizmis biznesisaTvis. biznesis dagegmvis procesi. mcire biznesisaTvis produqciisa da momsaxureobis ganviTareba. momxmareblis momsaxurebis standartebi, finansebi, adamianuri resursebis ganviTareba, marketingi. turizmis investirebis reklamirebis daxmarebis iniciativa; turizmis marketingis mxardaWeris programebi, sazogado da kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisaTvis turizmis marketingis treningis CaTvliT. strategiuli sabazro gegmis damuSaveba. marketingis reklamirebisa da komunikaciebis strategiebis SemuSaveba. sareklamo masalebis SemuSaveba imereTis axali turizmis produqtebisa da momsaxurebebis Sesabamisad. urTierTobis ganviTareba erovnul da saerTaSoriso samogzauro da savaWro operatorebs Soris. turizmis kvlevis, monitoringisa da Sefasebis saTanado teqnika imereTisaTvis. warmatebuli regionaluri turizmis organizaciebis turebis Seswavla dasavleT evropaSi, mag.: irlandia, inglisi, Sotlandia, germania an sxva stabiluri warmatebuli adgilmdebareobebi. T. sirbilaZe, ,,turistis gzamkvlevi’’, zenaari, 2008 w. b. CekuriSvili, ,,turizmis Semosavliani biznesi’’, gazeTi „24 saaTi~, 2008. k. WarxalaSvili, ,,turizmis sainformacio centri imereTSi’’, gazeTi ,,imereTis moambe~, 2005. k. WarxalaSvili, didi dasawyisis dasawyisi, gazeTi `axali quTaisi~, 2002. 114 lela elizbaraSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia dedamiwaze ar moiZebneba adgili, romelic sanaxaobrivad saintereso da cnobismoyvareobis aRmZvreli ar iyos. Zveli civilizacia Tu Tanamedroveobis nimuSebi, flora Tu fauna, r el i g i a Tu a da T- w es eb i , b u neb r i v i w y a r o eb i Tu stumarmaspinZloba, musika, qoreografia, Teatri da kidev uamravi ram aris is, rac nebismieri adamianisaTvis warmoadgens interesis sferos, ris gamoc adamians miswrafeba aqvs gadalaxos zRvebi da okeaneebi da imogzauros Soreul qveynebSi. msoflios Tanamedrove sazogadoebas gaaCnia sakmaod ganviTarebuli socio-kulturuli baza. mogzaurobebSi kulturuli motivaciebi kvlavindeburad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. turizmSi kvalvac aqtualuria kulturaTa dialogis procesi, sadac maspinZelTa da stumarTa kulturis urTierTzemoqmedeba igulisxmeba. rogorc maspinZeli qveynis kulturaa mniSvnelovani turistisaTvis qveynis aRsaqmelad, ise mogzaurTa kulturasac aqvs zegavlena damxdurebzec. kulturaTa dialogi turizmisa da mogzaurobis Tanmdevi procesia da turizmiT dainteresebuli mecnierebisaTvis mniSvnelovania turizmis zegavlenis Seswavla mimRebi regionis socio-kulturaze. ucxoels Tan miaqvs STabeWdilebebi, rogorc erisTvis umniSvnelovanes kulturul Rirebulebebze, rac ganivTebulia xelovnebis, xuroTmoZRvrebis, religiis sakralur nimuSebSi, ise momsaxurebis kulturaze da misgan gamomdinare eris sayofacxovrebo kulturazec.1 animaciebis xelovneba mniSvnelovan Tematikas Seicavs kulturul tur izmSi. igi kulturuli turis `gakeTilSobilebas~ uwyobs xels. efeqturi kulturuli turi niSnavs materialuri memkvidreobis mqone istoriul-kulturuli arealebis `gacocxlebas~ adgilobrivi tradiciuli 115 lela elizbaraSvili folklorisa da qoreografiis TanxlebiT. aq Event-s, anu RonisZiebebis menejments, ganmsazRvreli funqcia akisria. TiToeuli calke aRebuli SemTxvevisaTvis unda iqnes SerCeuli individualuri programebi, raTa turistebma maqsimalurad maRali siamovneba miiRon. festivali mimzidvelia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvs, radgan is aviTarebs maTSi siamayis grZnobas. am yvelaferTan erTad festivalebs gaaCniaT turistuli da komerciuli miznebi. es aspeqtebia ivenTebi, rogorc imijis Seqmnis erT-erTi gza, ekonomikuri zegavlenis moxdena da sxv. festivalis organizatorebi ZiriTadad iyeneben istoriul da kulturul Tematikas, raTa dagegmon wliuri ivenTebi da moizidon mayureblebi da Seqmnan kulturuli qveynis imiji rogorc sakuTari, ise ucxo qveynis sazogadoebis winaSe. festivalebi saSualebas aZlevs adgilobriv mosaxleobas, ganaviTaros da gauziaros sakuTari kulturuli Rirebulebebi da gamocdileba sxva qveynis warmomadgenlebs. festivalebis meSveobiT turistebs eZlevaT saSualeba, gaecnon adgilobrivi qveynisa Tu mosaxleobis kulturul Rirebulebebs da imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es yvelaferi maT ganviTarebaze. msxvili da saerTaSoriso kulturuli turebis SemTxvevebisTvis rekomendebulia iseTi RonisZiebebis menejmentis kompaniis arCeva, romelsac klientebis saxiT, sakuTar portpfolioSi hyavs cnobili brendebi. mas Semdeg, rac darwmundebiT, rom Tqven mier arCeul kompanias SeuZlia mogawodoT Tqveni survilis Sesabamisi momsaxureba, SegiZliaT daisvenoT da iyoT darwmunebuli, rom isini Seasruleben yvela mZime samuSaos maRal profesul doneze, rac saSualebas mogcemT Tqven da Tqvens stumrebs, isiamovnoT RonisZiebiT. 1998 wels saqarTveloSi “qemel Trofis~ eqspediciis momsaxurebis Semdeg “jorjian ivenTia” dakavebuli RonisZiebebis industriiT. saqarTvelo TviTmyofadi da gamorCeuli qveyanaa. swored am gamorCeulobis gamoa, rom uamravi ucxoeli dauyovnebliv moeSureba saqarTvelos dasaTvaliereblad da raoden saamayoa, rom ukve Zalian bevr turists fexiT aqvs Semovlili saqarTvelos bari Tu maRalmTiani regionebi. 116 qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia saqarTveloSi saukuneTa manZilze Semonaxulia daxvewili zrdilobis wesebi, ufros-umcrosobis wminda adaTi, stumarTmoyvareobis da stumris daxvedris Cveuleba, mokrZaleba qalisadmi da dedis kulti, ojaxuri siwmindisa da patiosnebis dacva, qorwinebis rituali, winaparTa xsovna da micvalebulTa `gapatiosneba~ da sxv. saqarTvelos TiTqmis arcerT kuTxeSi tradiciebs ar Ralatoben da xalxuri cxovrebis wess memkvidreobiT saqmianobad aqceven. Cveuleba socialuri movlenaa da xalxis sulieri kulturis nawils warmoadgens. misi warmoSoba-Camoyalibeba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli sazogadoebriv yofasTan da ganuwyvetliv icvleba. amasTan erTad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze formirebuli da tradiciulad damkvidrebuli wes-Cveuleba konservatulia da masSi nela iWreba cxovrebiseuli, axali, progresuli movlenebi da Sesabamisi elementebi.2 turistebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos kultura da tradiciebi, romlebic erTdroulad moicavs aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturas, anu, igi warmoadgens evropisa da aziis erTgvar Serwymas. gansakuTrebul interesebs ucxoelebSi iwvevs maRalmTiani regionebis wes-Cveulebebi, romlebic TiTqmis ucvleli saxiTaa Semonaxuli, radgan maTze `gavlena~ ar mouxdenia Tanamedrove civilizacias. amdenad, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dResac misdevs uZveles wes-Cveulebebs, Semonaxuli aqvT uZvelesi xelobebi da dResaswaulebi, stumarmaspinZlobisa da sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqmis Zveli da arsebuli wesebi. folklors mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs kulturul turizmSi. eris TviTmyofadoba, Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli, xSir SemTxvevaSi zepirsityvierad folkloruli nimuSebi aZlierebs ucxoel turistebSi qveynis Secnobis gancdas. am mxriv sainteresoa qarTul kulturul turebSi animaciebis Tvisobrioba, gamoxatuli folkloris meSveobiT. qarTvelma xalxma udidesi samusiko kultura Seqmna. qarTuli xalxuri sagundo simRera _ es aris uaRresad TviTmyofadi movlena; qa rTulma xalxurma musikam mravalsaukunovani gza ganvlo, Seqmna mravalxmianobis, Janrebis 117 lela elizbaraSvili da sxva originaluri formebi. yoveli musikaluri kultura garkveul yofiT tradiciebSi vlindeba. qarTul sinamdvileSi musika iyo Sromis, dasvenebis, Wiris Tu lxinis Tanmxlebi. Tumca zogierTma simReram saxe icvala. didi adgili uWiravs qarTul sufrul simRerebs Tanamedrove yofaSi. salxino sufraze, sruldeboda ama Tu im kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalxmiani simRerebi. arsebobda dakanonebuli Tanmimdevroba simRerebs da sadRegrZeloebs Soris. cxadia, rom turizmi uSualod da ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli garTobis industriasTan. aWara am mxriv RonisZiebaTa uzarmazar speqtrs moicavs. movlenebi, romlebic turistuli sezonis dros viTardeba, praqtikulad yvela asakisa da gemovnebis momxmarebelzea gaTvlili. araCveulebrivad lamazia aWara am dros. is festivalebisa da Ria cis qveS gamarTuli warmodgenebis erT did scenad gadaiqceva xolme. cekva-simRerebi yovelwliurad sruldeba iseT tradiciul saxalxo dResaswaulebze, rogorebicaa: ,,SuamToba~, romelic imarTeba agvistos pirvel SabaT-kviras mTiani aWaris alpur zonaSi, ,,kolxoba~, romelic aseve agvistoSi tardeba zRvispira sof. sarfSi, ,,tbeloba~, romelic seqtembris bolos imarTeba sofel xixaZirSi da eZRvneba Sua saukuneebis did filosofossa da astrologs _ tbel abuserisZes. `SuamToba~ uZvelesi qarTuli dResaswaulia da igi, Cveulebriv, mTis samuSaoTa sezonis Sua periods emTxveva. es tradicia ukve mravali welia grZeldeba da is didi saxalxo dResaswaulia. am dRes imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba, Sejibrebani sportis tradiciul-erovnul saxeobebSi: isindsa da qarTul WidaobaSi, agreTve ewyoba adgilobrivi rewvis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva. ordRiani dResaswauli sazeimo warmodgeniT mTavrdeba. xulos raionis sof. xixaZirSi laSa-giorgis mefobis periodSi, daaxloebiT 1190-1240 wlebSi, cxovrobda da moRvaweobda xixaTa erisTavis Ze, gamoCenili moazrovne, mecnieri, astronomi, tbel abuserisZe, romelmac Seqmna istoriulfilosofiuri Sromebi, vrceli qronologiur-astronomiuli traqtatebi. swored misi ZalisxmeviT aSenda xixanis cixe. tbelisadmi didi pativiscemisa da dafasebis niSnad aqaurma 118 qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia mcxovreblebma Sromisa da dasvenebis dResaswauls misi saxeli uwodes. zeimi ZiriTadad imarTeba sof. xixaZirSi, tbel abuserisZis mSobliur sofelSi. tbeloba agreTve aRiniSneba sxalTaSi, furtioSi, TxilvanaSi. `kolxobis~ dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli azri da Sinaarsi gaaCnda. rogorc viciT, argonavtebma, kolxeTis mefis mSvenieri asulis daxmarebiT mostaces uZlevel aiets oqros sawmisi, Tan waiyvanes medeac, mokles kolxeTis taxtis memkvidre afsirte da gaiqcnen. swored es miTi udevs safuZvlad did Teatralizebul sanaxaobas saxelwodebiT ,,kolxoba”, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi `qvaomxazobis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. baTumSi yovelwliurad imarTeba folkloris festivali, romelic Ria cis qveS dadgmul stilizebul scenaze imarTeba da sanaxaobrivi grandiozulobiT atyvevebs turistebs. yvela zafxuls baTumi maspinZlobs simfoniuri musikis festivals. ramdenime dRiT patara qalaqi RvTaebrivi musikis hangebiT ivseba. am dros turistebis mozRvaveba SeimCneva rogorc dedaqalaqidan da regionebidan, aseve mezobeli TurqeTidanac. turizmis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflebis erovnuli koloritis SenarCunebas, am saqmeSi didi roli eTnografias ekuTvnis. aucilebelia eTnografiuli Zeglebis (xalxuri arqiteqturuli nimuSebi, iaraR-WurWeli, kostiumi da sxv.) Semonaxva, xalxuri gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis adgilkerebis ganaxleba. aucilebelia eTnografiuli nakrZalebis Seqmna (nakrZalad SeiZleba gamocxaddes mTeli sofeli an qalaqi, nagebobaTa kompleqsi, romelsac sanaxaobiTi, istoriuleTnografiuli saxe SenarCunebuli aqvs). saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebas kidev ufro uwyobs xels turistebis interesi tradiciuli religiuri da warmarTuli dResaswaulebis mimarT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi. tradiciulad, agraruli dResaswaulebi: berikaoba da yeenoba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gansxvavebulad iyo warmodgenili. es tradicia dResacaa SenarCunebuli, magram pirvandeli mniSvnelobiT aRar tardeba da aqcenti sanaxaobriv mxarezea gadatanili. 119 lela elizbaraSvili qarTuli sufra Cveni xalxis didi tradiciaa, romelmac Cveni eris kulturis, xelovnebis, xalxuri Semoqmedebis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli da aramc Tu Semogvinaxa, aramed Tavad iyo Semoqmedi im SesaniSnavi sufruli simRerebisa, xalxuri cekvebisa, zepirsityvierebisa, romelTa badali iSviaTad moi poveba msoflio kulturis istoriaSi. qarTuli sufra odiTgan moswrebuli sityva-pasuxis, zrdilobis, rainduli TavdaWerisa da Cveni miwis madlisa da baraqis sazeimo demonstireba iyo. qarTuli sufra Cveni kulturis erT-erTi elementia, romelic waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs saqarTveloSi Camosul uamrav turistze. maT moswonT ara mxolod Cveni kerZebis mravalferovneba, siuxve da sagemovno Tvisebebi, aramed Tavad sufra, purobis wesi, sadRegrZeloebi, yovelive is, rac SesaniSnavad avlens daxvewili etiketiTa da rainduli SemarTebiT gamorCeul erovnul xasiaTs. turistebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ritualebi, romlebic qarTul sufras axlavs Tan. maTTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi moulodnelobas warmoadgens dakanonebuli wesi, rom qarTul sufraze Rvinis sma sufris wevris neba-survilze araa damokidebuli. sma mimdinareobs droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli garkveuli sistemiT da es sistemaa swored qarTuli sufris Semkvreli da metad originaluri saxis mimcemi. folklors mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs kulturul turizmSi. eris TviTmyofadoba, Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli xSir SemTxvevaSi zepirsityvierad fokloruli nimuSebi aZlierebs ucxoel turistebSi qveynis Secnobis gancdas. am mxriv sainteresoa qarTul kulturul turebSi animaciebis Tvisobrioba, gamoxatuli folkloris meSveobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom mdidari tradiciebiTa da qoreografiul-folkloruli elementebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva qarTuli yofa, kulturuli turebis Catarebisas es komponentebi Zalian iSviaTadaa gamoyenebuli. amitomac kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis mizniT mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba: 1. kulturuli turebis Catarebis procesSi qarTuli TviTmyofadobisa da aborigenuli identurobis popularizaciis 120 qarTuli tradiciebisa da kulturis turistuli funqcia mizniT kargi iqneba kuTxeebis mixedviT qoreografiuli da folkloruli nimuSebis CarTva turSi; 2. kargad dagegmili ivenTis saSualebiT qarTuli folklorisa da qoreografiis miznobrivi SerwymiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba turistebze maqsimaluri STabeWdilebis moxdena; 3. saintereso iqneba qoreografiisa da folkloris elementebis gamoyeneba qarTul tradiciul sufraze, sadac turistebs qarTuli gastronomiisa da Rvinis dagemovnebasTan erTad saSualeba miecemaT eziaron tradiciul qarTul kulturas; 4. dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli saero da religiuri dResaswaulebis promouSenis sawarmoeblad saWiroa ucxoeTis wamyvan tur. operatorul kompaniebTan TanamSromloba arsebuli produqtis SesaTavazeblad. 5. sa xel mwi fos m xri dan sa Wir oa, sa ga das axa do stimulireba gaukeTdes im adgilobriv tur. operatorul kompaniebs, romlebic qarTuli tradiciebis, folklorisa da qoreografiis meSveobiT SeZleben saerTaSoriso turistebis mozidvas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiul provinciaSi. qveyanaSi Sida turizmis ganviTareba Cveni samSoblos yvela kuTxes SeakavSirebs, sazogadoebas ki SeamWidrovebs saerTo erovnuli interesebis garSemo. 1. n. kvaracxelia, kulturuli turizmi (Teoria da praqtika), Tbilisi, 2009. 2. l. fruiZe, `qarTuli eTnografia da tradiciebi~, Tbilisi, 1977. a. arabuli, e. TaTaraiZe, `SendobiT momixsenieT~, Tbilisi, 2007. i. gagulaSvili, `qoreografiuli folkloris ZiriTadi motivebis istoriuli Zirebi~, quTaisi, 2002. g. gociriZe, `kvebis xalxuri kultura da sufris tradiciebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2007. T. ivelaSvili, `saqorwilo wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 1999. 121 n. kvaracxelia, kulturuli turizmi (Teoria da praqtika), Tbilisi, 2009. m. mowerelia, `stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi~, Tbilisi, 1987. m. metreveli, a. arabuli, `kaxeTi~, Tbilisi, 2007. m. metreveli, `turizmis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2007. g. sturua, `Cveni sufra qarTuli~, Tbilisi, 2006. l. fruiZe, `qarTuli eTnografia da tradiciebi~, Tbilisi, 1977. T. qurdovaniZe, `qarTuli folklori~, Tbilisi, 2001. m. SilakaZe, `qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri tradiciebi da Tanamedroveoba~, Tbilisi, 1988. Georgia - `Welcome to the world of history amazing traditions unbelievable natural sights~. Tbilisi, 1998/1999. www.tourism.gov.ge www.tbilisi.gov.ge www.georgianwinehouse.com http://georgianwines.blogspot.com http://www.advantour.com/georgia/traditions.htm http://www.voyagegeorgie.com/Home_fichiers/ Tradition_of_Georgia_toast_hospitality.htm http://www.Event.ge 122 jano TiTiraSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvijilia borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis funqcionaluri zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi ekologiuri turizmi turizmis saxeobebs Soris erTerTi swrafad ganviTarebadi mimarTulebaa. yovelwliurad msoflioSi mogzaurobs daaxlovebiT 700 milioni adamiani, aqedan 12-13% upiratesobas swored rom am mimarTulebas aniWebs, ris gamoc gaerom 2002 weli ekoturizmis wlad gamoacxada. saqarTveloSi ekoturizmis ganviTarebas kargi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia, romlis magaliTadac gamodgeba borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. igi mdebareobs saqarTvelos centralur nawilSi. aWara-imereTis qedis aRmosavleT monakveTis CrdiloeT da samxreT ferdobebze. erovnuli parkis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi daboloeba geografiulad im adgils emTxveva, sadac aWaraimereTis qedi CrdiloeTiT lixis qedSi gadadis. es qedebi dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan gamoyofen. borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki veluri bunebis mravalferovnebis, kerZod, xeluxlebeli tyeebis, dacvis mizniT Seiqmna. igi moicavs xeluxlebeli tyis, sub-alpuri da alpuri mdeloebis 85 000 heqtars, rac saqarTvelos farTobis TiTqmis 1%-s Seadgens. igi 1995 wels bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis WWF-is da germaniis mTavrobis daxmarebiT Seiqmna, xolo oficialurad ki 2001 wels gaixsna. es parki erT-erTi udidesia evropaSi, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad daarsebuli parkebidan pirveli erovnuli parkia kavkasiis regionSi. 2007 wlis 1 Tebervals parki gawevrianda evropis daculi teritoriebis PAN – parkebis qselSi, rac daculi teritoriis umaRles doneze dacvisa da mdgradi turizmis ganviTarebis garantias warmoadgens. 123 jano TiTiraSvili b o r j o m - x a r a g a u l i s er o v nu l i p a r kS i a q ti u r i dasvenebisaTvis moqmedebs 9 salaSqro da sacxenosno ekoturistuli marSruti, romelTa bilikebis qseli saSualebas aZlevs molaSqreebs da bunebis moyvarulebs, datkbnen misi mSvenieri floriTa da fauniT, naxon mravali ulamazesad ayvavebuli mcenareebi da isiamovnon gasacvifrebeli xedebiT. marSrutebis xangrZlivoba meryeobs 1 dRidan 1 kviramde, 800 metridan 2642 metr simaRlemde. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, parkSi moqmedebs sxvadasxva sirTulis 9 markirebuli biliki: 3. nikoloz romanovis biliki _ likanis dasaxlebidan iwyeba da mTavrdeba sof. marelisSi, xaragaulis raioni (43 km.) an, piriqiT. laSqroba sasiamovno xdeba ti piur xeluxlebel tyeebsa da sub-alpur mdeloebze. lomis mTaze ki vizitorebi gansakuTrebiT panoramebiT datkbebian. bilikis umaRlesi wertili zRvis donidan 2198 metria. biliks ivnisSi ayvavebuli deka amSvenebs, aqvea wm. giorgis samlocvelo. bilikis gavlas sWirdeba sami dRe da misi moqmedebis dro aprilidan oqtombris bolomdea. 4. wm. andria pirvelwodebulis biliki – iwyeba da grZeldeba awyuris reinjerTa saguSagodan, amaraTis turistTa, samecxvarios reinjerTa da saxvlaris turistTa TavSesafrebis gavliT, mareliis reinjerTa saguSagomde (an, piriqiT). bilikis mTliani sigrZe 54 km.-ia da miuyveba wm. andria pirvelwodebulis istoriul gzas. igi mTlianad kveTs parks samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken da Sesaferisia rogorc laSqrobisaTvis, aseve sacxenosno turisaTvis. mTlianad bilikis dasalaSqrad saWiroa 4 dRe, am drois ganmavlobaSi SevxvdebiT parkis umaRles mwvervals mTa samecxvarios, romlis simaRle 2642 m.-ia, aseve rkinis jvars, romelic legendis mixedviT wm. andria pirvelwodebuls swored am adgilze aRumarTavs. 5. panoramebis biliki – 34 km.-ia, iwyeba awyuris reinjerTa saguSagodan da amaraTis turistTa TavSesafris gavliT mTavrdeba. biliki gadis ulamazes adgilebSi da, SesaZlebelia, mwyemsebis cxovrebis stilis gacnoba. 6. xeluxlebeli tyis biliki – kveTs parkis aRmosavleT nawilidan samxreT CrdiloeTisaken da zanavis Sesasvlels akavSirebs nunisis SesasvlelTan. bilikis sigrZe 13 km.-ia da 124 parkis funqcionaluri borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi gaTvaliswinebulia molaSqreebze. misi dalaSqvrisas gvxvdeba wm. elias eklesiis nangrevebi. bilikis moqmedebis vada maisidan noembramdea. 7. zekaris uReltexilis biliki – wriulia misi sigrZe 31 km.-ia, iwyeba abasTumnis reinjerTa saguSagodan. mis mniSvnelovan RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgens zekaris uReltexili. biliki moqmedebs maisidan noembramde. 8. nakvalevis biliki – 13 km.-ia, iwyeba #1 bilikis nawilis gavliT da #6 bilikze gasasvliT erTmaneTs akavSirebs likansa da qvabisxevs. biliki vizitorebs xeluxlebeli tyeebisa, ulamazesi xedebis, wm. mariamis me-9 saukunis eklesias da xemoTis cixis nangrevebis xilvas sTavazobs. xolo, visac surs mokle da advili laSqroba, SesaZlebelia qvabisxevidan turis dawyeba da qvabisxevSi laSqroba. biliki moqmedebs aprilidan noembramde. 9. erovnuli parkis sainformacio biliki – 3 km. wriulia iwyeba da mTavrdeba erovnuli parkis borjomis vizitorTa centrTan. bilikis daTvalierebisas gvxvdeba wm. ninos eklesiis nangrevebi da 9 sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo stendi. biliki moqmedebs aprilidan maisamde. 10. meRrukis xeoba – 5.5 km. sigrZis biliki iwyeba saxvlaris turistTa TavSesafridan da miuyveba mdinare meRrukis viwro xeobas, romlis ferdobebi dafarulia kolxuri ti pis tyeebiT. bilikis dalaSqvras saWiroebs 3 saaTi – erTi mimarTulebiT. misi gavla rekomendirebulia zafxulis cxel dReebSi. 11. mwyemsebis biliki – 14 km. iwyeba likanidan an awyuris reinjerTa saguSagodan da Savi seris meSveobiT #1 da #2 biliks erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. biliki saWiroebs or RamisTevas lomis mTisa da amaraTis turistul TavSesafrebSi. 125 jano TiTiraSvili bilikebis gaswvriv ganlagebulia ZiriTadi turistuli infrastruqtura, romelic moicavs 2 administraciul Senobas, romlebic amave dros funqcionirebs rogorc vizitorTa centrebi, sastumros 5 nomers, 4 turistul TavSesafars turistuli marSrutebis gaswvriv (lomis mTa, amaraTi, saxvlari da abasTumani), aseve sakarve da sapiknike adgilebs, romlebic mowyobilia parkis SesasvlelebSi da TavSesafrebTan (qvabisxevi, zanavi, nunisi, awyuri, abasTumani, marelisi). borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki Seqmnilia unikaluri bunebis dacva-konservaciis mizniT. imisaTvis, rom turizmis ganviTarebam sargebeli moutanos erovnul parks da ar moxdes mavne zemoqmedeba biomravalferovnebis konservaciaze, mniSvnelovania parkis gamtarunarianobis dadgena. turistebis is raodenoba, romelic parks stumrobs, dReisaTvis ar axdens uaryofiT zegavlenas parkze, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom turistebis 126 parkis funqcionaluri borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac Sesabamisad met zegavlenas iqoniebs, rogorc biomravalferovnebaze aseve infrastruqturazec. arsebuli turistuli infrastruqturisa da adamianuri resursis gaTvaliswinebiT dRe-RameSi SesaZlebelia 120 RamisTeva parkis teritoriaze. arsebobs oTxi turistuli TavSesafari, TiToeulSi aris 12 adgili _ sul 48 adgili; garda amisa RamisTeva SesaZlebelia mcvelTa TavSesafrebSic _ daaxloebiT 12 adgili, vizitorTa centrebis sastumroebSi _ 10 adgili, aseve daaxloebiT 50 sakarve adgili. rac Seexeba erTdRian turistebs, arsebuli bilikebis qselis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia dReSi daaxloebiT 150 turistis miReba. parkis marSrutebis qseli met-naklebadaa datvirTuli, amisaTvis turistebis raodenoba optimalurad unda gadanawildes TiToeul marSrutze, aqedan gamomdinare unda xorcieldebodes parkis TiToeul marSrutze turistebis raodenobis monitoringi SemuSavebuli standartebis Sesabamisad. erTdRiani turistebis raodenoba turze ar unda aRematebodes 30, xolo RamisTevis turistebis raodenoba TiToeul turze _ 12. rac Seexeba sacxeno turs turze cxenebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 10 cxens. ar SeiZleba mwuxarebiT ar aRvniSnoT 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros ruseTis samxedroebis TviTmfrinavebis mier gaCenili xanZari, romelmac borjom-xaragaulis tye-parkis da atenis tyeebis 1100 heqtarze meti gaanadgura. es teritoria saqarTvelos tyeebis mxolod 0,04%, magram is regionis ekosistemisa Tvis, mcenareTa da cxov elTa jiSebis mravalferivnebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia.Bborjomis raionis municifalitetis winaswari monacemebiT regionisaTvis xanZriT miyenebuli zarali 30 milionamde aRwevda xolo ekologiuri da biomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT imdenad didia, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba zarali Seufasebladac CaiTvalos, ris gamoc saqarTvelos prezidentma gaeros generalur asambleaze am vandalur faqts ekocidi uwoda. 127 jano TiTiraSvili 2009 wels erovnul parkSi Catarebulma marketingulma kvlevebma Semdegi Sedegebi aCvena: v iz i tor eb is b or j o m- x a ra g a ul i s er o vnu l p a r kS i laSqrobis motivacia parkis funqcionaluri borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli zonirebis turistuli aspeqtebi sad isurvebdnen vizitorebi Ramis gaTevas? rogor afaseben vizitorebi momsaxurebis xarisxs? ramdenad xSirad mogzauroben vizitorebi? romeli bilikebi gamoiyenes vizitorebma? ra momsaxurebebi gamoiyenes vizitorebma ? 128 129 jano TiTiraSvili borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis 2010 wlis aprilmaisis fasebi vizitorTvis ase gamoiyureba: 1. turistuli TavSesafari 1 dRe 1 adamiani – 10 lari 2. sastumroebi – RamisTeva 15 lari; sauzme – 5 lari; vaxSami – 10 lari. 3. gidis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 35 lari 4. cxenis daqiraveba – 1 dRe 40 lari; aRWurviloba: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. saZile tomara – 1 dRe 5 lari; zurgCanTa – 1 dRe 5 lari karvis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 7 lari; sakarave adgilis aReba _ 1 dRe 5 lari; samTo velosi pedis daqiraveba _ 1 dRe 70 lari. n. beruCaSvili, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. 2004. m. metreveli, turizmisa da stumarmaspinZlobis safuZvlebi, 2008. borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis salaSqro ruka. s. cagareiSvili, ekoturizmi imereTSi, Jurnali `novacia~, #4, 2009. k. Tolordava, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, Jurnali `cxeli Sokoladi~, #4. 2008. n. robaqiZe, `zarali, romelic fuliT ar izomeba~, Jurnali `liberali~, #1, 2009. www.Garemo.Itdc.ge www.borjomi-kharagauli-np.ge 130 nino oTaraSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvinjilia momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi religiuri turizmi kulturuli turizmis Tanamedrove industriis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. msoflio turistuli organizaciis statistikuri departamentis monacemebiT msoflioSi yvelaze maRali moTxovniT xasiaTdebian Semdegi turistuli obieqtebi: salocavebi, meCeTebi, sakulto muzeumebi da sulieri centrebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturuli turizmi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze maRalganviTarebadi dargia, romlisgan miRebuli Semosavali sakmaod soliduria. religiur turs aqvs sami forma: momlocveloba, saeklesio turebi religiuri TematikiT da specializirebuli turebi, romlebSic erTiandebian momlocvelebi da eqskursantebi. momlocvelobis saerTo safuZvels rwmena warmoadgens. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom locva an esa Tu is rituali dakavSirebuli unda iyos RvTaebasTan, raime kavSiris mqone ama Tu im adgilTan, bunebriv an xelqmnil obieqtTan.1. momlocvelobis mTavari miznebia: religiuri ritualis Catareba an masSi monawileobis miReba; wminda adgilis, taZris, wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscema; sulieri srulyofa; locva-kurTxevis sulieri Tu fizikuri gajansaRebis rCevis miReba; politikuri an sxva miznebis miRweva liderobis uflebis m os ap ov eb la d an reli gi ur erTo ba Si Tu seqtaS i gasawevrianeblad; aRqmis an epitimiis Sesruleba codvebisagan gansawmendad.2 qristianobaSi wminda miwis molocva IV saukunidan iwyeba, kerZod ki _ 325 wels, rac dakavSirebulia imperator 131 nino oTaraSvili konstantine didis dedis _ elenes saxelTan. man moiloca wminda miwa, aRmarTa taZari da jvari, riTac safuZveli Cauyara jvarTamaRlebis dResaswauls.3 saqarTvelo kavkasionis mTis samxreTiT, Savi da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. misi saxelmwifoebrioba TiTqmis 3500 wels iTvlis, xolo qristianobis gavrcelebis istoria _ 2000 wels. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi organizebulia momlocvelTa samsaxuri, romelic dakavebulia religiuri turizmis ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT.4 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos aqvs wminda ninos momlocvelobiTi gza (turi), momlocvelebi gadian im gzas, romelic wminda ninom gaiara qarTlis gasaqristianeblad.5 wminda ninos religiuri turi. qristianobis mqadagebeli da gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi (IV saukunis 30-iani wlebi), wa rm oS ob iT kap adokieli berZeni; gadmocemiT, ninos mama imperator maqsimi anes mxedarTmTavari yofila. Semdeg mas samsaxurisaTvis Tavi daunebebia da ierusalimSi wasula, sadac SeurTavs i er u sa l im i s p atr ia r qi s iubenalis da susana. bolos berad aRkvecila, deda ki g l a x a k Ta s a m z r u nv el o s msaxuri gamxdara. ierusalimidan nino imperator ko ns ta nt i n e I - i s k a r z e moxvedrila, sadac dedofal elenesa da sef e qal ebs qristianobas uqadagebda. Semdeg nino saqarTveloSi wamosula. mcxeTaSi, Tavis sadgomSi, salocavad aRumarTavs vazis totisagan gakeTebuli jvari. ninos qadagebiTa da samkurnalo xelovnebiT mosaxleobis yuradReba da siyvaruli daumsaxurebia. mas metsaxelad `tyvesac~ eZaxdnen, rogorc ucxoel uTvistomo adamians. ninos wyalobiT mcxeTaSi misvlidan meeqvse wels ninom gaaqristiana qarTlis dedofali nana, xolo Semdeg 132 momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi mefe miriani da samefo ojaxis sxva wevrebi. amis Semdeg ninos rCeviT mefem mociqulebi gaagzavna imperator konstantinesTan samRvdeloebis Camosayvanad, raTa xalxi moenaTlaT da ekurTxebinaT axlad agebuli eklesia. ninos samisionero moRvaweoba gaugrZelebia qarTlis samefos sxva kuTxeebSic. erisTavis, samRvdeloebisa da jaris TanxlebiT nino mTianeTSi asula da wilknelebi, WarTelelebi, fxovelebi da erwo-TianeTelebic gauqristianebia. ukan dabrunebisas is avad gamxdara da sofel bodinSi (axlandeli bodbe) gardaicvala. ninos, rogorc wmindanis, xsenebis dResaswaulad eklesiam daawesa 14 ianvari (Zveli stili). uZveles berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi (IV-V ss.) nino ixsenieba, rogorc `tyve qali~, somxurSi _ `nunu~, arabulkopturSi _ `Teognosta~. yovelwliurad, pirvel ivniss, javaxeTSi faravnis tbasTan, sofel fokaSi, wminda ninos saqarTveloSi Semosvlis aRsaniSnavad wirva tardeba, wirvis Semdeg ki morwmuneebi fexiT iwyeben msvlelobas da gadian wminda ninos mier ganvlil gzas. am msvlelobas wminda ninos gzasac ki uwodeben. gza bolos 13 ivliss sruldeba mcxeTaSi, Tormeti mociqulis xsenebis dRes. gzis monawileebi xatebiTa da bairaRebiT daivlian javaxeTs da Semdeg qarTlis soflebs, maTTan erTad dadis samRvdeloebac. inaTlebian adamianebi, ikurTxeba saxlebi, soflebi.6 marTlmadidebeli eklesia wminda mociqulis andria p i r v e l w o deb u l i s s a q a r T v el o S i S em o s v l i s dR es aRniSnavs.wminda andria pirvelwodebuli qristes Tormeti mowafidan (Sio mRvimeli, ioseb alaverdeli, anton martyofeli, Tedeoz stefanwmindeli, piros breTeli, ise wilkneli, stefane qiziyeli, isidore samTavneli, miqael ulumboeli, zenon iyalToeli da daviT garejeli) erT-erTi mowafeTagani iyo da pirvel saukuneSi qristianobis saqadageblad saqarTveloSi Semovida. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavidan mociquli qadagebda iudeas samariaSi, aseve RazaSi. Razadan gadavida palestinis qalaq lidaSi, sadac SemdgomSi mowamebrivad aResrula wminda giorgi. Semdgom gadavida antioqiaSi da iqedan edesaSi (q. TurqeTi). 36 wels wminda andria mociquli gadavida bizantiis berZnul 133 nino oTaraSvili qalaqSi, romelic Semdgom gaxda konstantinopoli. aq man daadgina episkoposad staqo samocdaaTTagani. Semdeg iqadaga kapadokiaSi, galatiaSi, aseve iyo ber Znul pontoSi (dRevandel CrdiloeT TurqeTi), xolo Semdeg gaemarTa saqarTveloSi da Semdeg somxeTSi. amiT Tavisi qadageba daasrula da dabrunda ierusalimSi.7 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos misiisa da evangelizaciis ganyofilebam, romelic piligrimuli marSrutebis Seswavlaze muSaobs, 2000 wlis 14 maisidan (Tamaroba) 26 noembramde saeklesio pirebTan da morwmune mrevlTan erTad ganvlo wminda andria pirvelwodebulis gza. svla goniodan daiwyo da miiRo Semdegi piligrimuli marSrutis saxe: gonio-xelvaCauri-qeda-Suaxevi-xulo-sxalTa-goderZis uReltexili-zarzma-adigeni-abasTumani-axalcixe-andriawminda zekari-baRdadi-Terjola-zestafoni-xaragauli-saCxere-WiaTuraoni-ambrolauri-cageri-lentexi-sasaSiu-juxaSi-zesxo-canauSguli-ifari-mulaxi beCo-eceri-xaiSi-jvari-walenjixazugdidi-Cxorowyu-martvili abaSa-senaki-xobi-foTi-ozurgeTilanCxuTi-Coxatauri-vani-samtredia-quTaisi. saeklesio pirebi asrulebdnen naTlobas, wesis agebas, jvriswerisa da sxva ritualebs.8 saqarTveloSi turizmi miCneulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad. aqedan gamomdinare bolo periodSi aRiniSneboda gansakuTrebuli interesi religiuri turizmisa da momlocvelobisadmi. Tumca dResdReobiT turizmi aRar viTardeba, rasac xels uSli qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi Sida turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi xelSemSleli faqtori iyo 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi. es yvelaferi statistikur monacemebSi naTladaa asaxuli.9 saqarTvelo yvelaze saSiSi turistuli qveynebis siaSi me-11 adgils ikavebs, _ amis Sesaxeb franguli gidgamocema 134 momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi Petit Fute werda. azerbaijanuli saagento `apa-ekonomiqsis~ informaciiT, franguli gamocemebis mier turistebisaTvis saSiSi qveynebis siaSi saqarTvelo ruseTTan arastabiluri urTierTobis gamo moxvda. 10 yvelaze saSiSi turistuli qveynebis siaSi avRaneTi, erayi, somali, bolivia, gondurasi, kolumbia, livia, malaizia, samxreT korea da fiji. faqtia, rom msgavsi ti pis gancxadebebi ramdenime wliT ukan wevs da sakmaod cud rols TamaSobs adamianebze, romelTac saqarTveloSi Camosvla surT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos turizmisa departamentis statistikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi momlocvelTa ricxvi TandaTan mcirdeba. 2006 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi molocvis mizniT Sida turebiT imogzaura 1450 piligrimma. poloneTidan qveyanas ewvia 30 piligrimi. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma moiloces tao-klarjeTi (54 kaci), ierusalimi (307 kaci), egvi pte (22 kaci) da italia (23 kaci). 2007 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi molocvis mizniT imogzaura 3000 Sida piligrimma. ruseTidan Camovida momlocvelTa 15 kaciani jgufi. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma moiloces tao-klarjeTi (350 kaci), ierusalimi (639 kaci) da egvi pte (45 kaci). 2008 wlis maisis Tvemde monacemebiT: Sida turebSi monawileoba miiRo 350 momlocvelma, qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma moiloces tao-klarjeTi (170 kaci), ierusalimi (448 kaci) da egvi pte (26 kaci). piligrimTa jgufebi Semovida ukrainidan da ruseTidan (daaxloebiT 34 kaci). statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT 2009 wels wminda adgilebis molocvis mizniT ucxoel momlocvelTa jgufi ar Semosula. qveynidan gasulma piligrimebma (daaxloebiT 100 kaci) moiloces ierusalimi, aseve italia (26 kaci).11 mniSvnelovania isic, rom zemoT mocemuli statistikuri monacemebi naTlad ver asaxavs religiuri turizmis ganviTarebis suraTs, radgan Cven veyrdnobiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier mowodebul monacemebs da xelT ar gvaqvs amave saqmianobiT dakavebuli turistuli kompaniebis statistikuri monacemebi. 135 nino oTaraSvili saqarTveloSi turizmi sabWoTa wyobis mere axla iwyebs ganviTarebas da momavalSi didi potenciali aqvs Cvens qveyanas turizmis sferoSi. ubralod, am sferos didi Sroma da codna sWirdeba. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia aRdges, ganviTardes religiuri dResaswaulebi, xalxuri rewva, religiur Temebze suvenirebis warmoeba. es Zalian mniSvnelovania religiuri turizmis popularizaciisaTvis, radgan nebismieri momlocveli cdilobs, mosaloci siwmindis teritoriebze SeiZinos nivTebi, romlebic misTvis siwmindesTan aris dakavSirebuli.12 saqarTvelo gamorCeulia msoflio mniSvnelobis qristianuli siwmindeebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli religiuri da sapiligrimo turebis safuZvelia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mdidari istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreoba. ucxoel piligrimTa yuradRebas i pyrobs is faqti, rom aq ganisvenebs msoflio mniSvnelobis siwminde ieso qristes ukerveli kvarTi, romelic mcxeTelma ebraelebma macxovris jvarcmis Semdeg CamoabrZanes (mcxeTa). saqarTveloSia agreTve wminda mariamis kvarTi (zugdidi), wminda ninos (siRnaRi) da simon kananelis (axali aToni) saflavebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTveloSi Camosul turistebs, kerZod ki _ piligrimebs, SeuZliaT naxon da moilocon 12 aTasze meti istoriuli Zegli.13 piligrimuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa religiur dResaswaulebze piligrimuli da religiuri marSrutebis damkvidreba. turistuli saagentoebi turistebs ver moizidaven, Tu saqarTvelo mimzidveli qveyana ar gaxda ucxoeli turistebisaTvis. turistuli saagentoebi unda gaaqtiurdnen Tavisi saqmianobis doneze da mravalferovani, erTmaneTisagan gamorCeuli produqti unda SesTavazon klientebs. saqarTveloSi amisaTvis gvaqvs yvelanairi resursi _ bunebrivi da istoriuli. momlocvelobiTi turizmis resursebi saqarTveloSi 3. iqve; 4. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~, # 6, 2008. 5. www.ka.wikipedia.org 6. iqve; 7. m. Rvinjilia, piligrimuli turizmis resursebi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis regionSi, J. „mecniereba da teqnologiebi~, 1-3, 2002. 8. iqve; 9. www.conference.ge 10. iqve; 11. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~, # 6, 2008. 12. iqve; 13. iqve. 1. m. metreveli, religiuri turizmi saqarTveloSi, winaistoria da ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi, Jurn. „saqarTvelos ekonomika~, #6, 2008. 2. m. birJakovi, turizmis Teoria, Tb., 2004. 136 137 TinaTin qristesaSvili magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. malxaz Rvinjilia didi abreSumis gzis turistuli potenciali `didi abreSumis gza~ Tanamedrove msoflios masStabiT yvelaze aqtualuri proeqtia, romelic masobrivi ganxilvis sagania da masze msoflio organizaciebi muSaoben. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi es erTxans miviwyebuli marSruti kvlav udides mniSvnelobas iZens, raTa misi mdidari istoriul-kulturuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmnas urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis axleburi, optimaluri forma aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, gaimarTos kulturaTa dialogi, romelic ufro daakavSirebs kulturebsa da civilizaciebs da uTuod harmo niuls gax dis sxvadasxva qveynis kulturaTa urTierTgamdidrebis, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis process. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT abreSumis gzaze arsebuli qveynebis istorias, rogoricaa: iaponia, korea, CineTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, pakistani, TurqmeneTi, azerbaijani, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, egvi pte, aSkarad aRmovaCenT kulturaTa urTierTgavlenis uamrav magaliTs, axali mimarTulebebis gaCenas filosofiaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, romlebic kulturaTa mijnaze Seiqmna. mocemuli situaciis mixedviT `abreSumis gzis~ garSemo gaerTianebuli qveynebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi istoriuli, religiuri, sakanonmdeblo Tu politikuri mowyobis maCveneblebiT. XX saukunis bolodan intensiurad mimdinareobs muSaoba `abreSumis gzis~ monawile qveynebisa da, zogadad, msoflios masStabiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis sakiTxebSi. `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawile qveynebi gaerTianebulni arian `mto~-Si, rac iTvaliswinebs `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis ganxilvas msoflio masStabiT iseT mniSvnelovan faqtorebs Soris, rogoricaa: saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi da TanamSromloba; ekonomikuri, infrastruqturuli, 138 politikuri da kulturuli sakiTxebis ganxilva da erToblivi misaRebi formebis SemuSaveba. mniSvnelovania `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebis mizani, romelic iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso dialogs msoflios qveynebs Soris. Tanamedrove `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis saqarTvelo CarTulia msoflios mraval sxva qveyanasTan erTad sxvadasxva RonisZiebaSi. msoflios masStabiT imarTeba sxvadaxva saxis Sexvedrebi, konferenciebi, sxdomebi da ganixileba ~abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. sxdomebisa da Sexvedrebis garda tardeba sxvadasxva rut. marSruti da samanqano Sejibrebi, romelic abreSumis gzas gaivlis. `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis ganviTarebis sakiTxSi aqtiurad aris CarTuli iunesko da `mto~-s organizacia. msoflios Tanamedrove `abreSumis gza~ es aris: `abreSumis rkinigza~; `10 + 3~ _ es gaxlavT aRmosavleT aziis SedarebiT mcire aTi qveyana, romelic karga xania SekavSirebulia, plus sami ekonomikuri giganti: CineTi, iaponia da samxreT korea, romlebic maT axlaxan SeuerTdnen. `trasekas~ proeqtad wodebuli navTobsadeni, romelic saqarTveloze gaivlis. `abreSumis gzis~ Tanamedrove proeqti umniSvnelovanesi proeqtia, romelsac msofliosTvis udidesi warmatebis motana SeuZlia erTa Soris urTierTobis damyarebaSi. `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqts SeiZleba mSvidobis proeqtic ewodos. `abreSumis gzis~, rogorc tur. produtis gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia mravalricxovani moTxovnebis dakmayofilebasTan, romelTac msoflios turistuli organizacia moiTxovs im qveynebisgan, romlebic am istoriuli gzis gaswvriv mdebareoben, raTa warmatebulad iqnes misi, rogorc tur. SeTavazebis gamoyeneba. `abreSumis gzis~ regionis potenciur mgzavrTa umravlesoba aris 55 wlis da metis da maT umravlesobas aqvs saerTaSoriso 139 TinaTin qristesaSvili turizmis didi gamocdileba. `abreSumis gzis~ monawileebs moswonT gareT Catarebul RonisZiebebSi monawileobis miReba. garda dadebiTi mxareebisa aris uaryofiTi mxareebic, romelTa koreqtireba tur. kompaniebis ZalisxmeviT unda moxdes. `abreSumis gzis~, rogorc STambeWdavi adgilis, Sesaxeb informacia SezRudulia. barieria mosazreba, rom ~abreSumis gzis~ gavlas didi dro sWirdeba da a. S. am marSrutis monawileebs surT gaicnon ~abreSumis gzaze~ arsebuli qveynebis istoria da kultura. `abreSumis gzas~ udidesi potenciali aqvs, rogorc tur. produqts. aTiaTasobiT turistis daintereseba da mozidvaa SesaZlebeli `abreSumis gzaze~ samogzaurod sworad dagegmili da Seqmnili tur. SeTavazebis safuZvelze. `abreSumis gza~, rogorc turistuli produqti, farTo istoriuli da kulturuli rakursis momcvelia, romelic exeba aramarto erTi an ori, aramed aTeulobiT qveynis warsuls. `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis, rogorc turistuli produqtis, gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia: upirveles yovlisa, usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebaregulireba. komunikaciebis mowesrigeba yvela im qveynebs Soris, romlebzec am gzam unda gaiaros. gamarTuli infrastruqtura, romelSic Sedis gzebi, transporti, momsaxurebis obieqtebi. `abreSumis gza~, rogorc Tanamedrove turistuli produqti, moiTxovs im ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, romelsac ayeneben saerTaSoriso tur. operatorebi `abreSumis gzis~ qveynebis mimarT. saqarTvelos odiTganve mWidro kavSiri hqonda `abreSumis gzasTan~, igi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania, romelzec uZveles dros es gza gadioda. `aberSumis gzis~ Tanamedrove proeqtis ganxorcieleba, upirveles yovlisa, gazrdis saqarTvelos geopolitikur da strategiul mniSvnelobas msoflios masStabiT, rac Cveni qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti iqneba. am proeqtSi monawileoba Cveni qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iqneba aseve sxva danarCen monawile da aramarto monawile qveynebTan mWidro savaWro, 140 didi abreSumis gzis turistuli potenciali ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri da turistuli kavSiris gasaRrmaveblad. saqarTvelos didi potenciali aqvs, rogorc turistul qveyanas. `didi abreSumis~ gzis proeqtSi Cveni qveynis CarTva turistuli kuTxiT udidesi warmateba iqneba qveynis, rogorc turistuli obieqtis, ganviTarebisaTvis. winamdebare proeqtis ganxorcieleba da masSi saqarTvelos CarTuloba maqsimalurad Seuwyobs xels Cveni qveynis, rogorc tranzituli qveynis, Camoyalibebas. `abreSumis gzis~ uZvelesi marSruti saqarTveloSi mdinare mtkvris gavliT, Semdeg ki rion-yvirilas marSrutiT foTisaken miemarTeboda, saidanac Sav zRvaze gadioda da iqedan ukavSirdeboda bizantiasa da roms. Tanamedrove `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtis marSrutisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos mxridan mzaoba proeqtis safuZvliani da maRali doniT ganxorcilebaSi. `abreSumis gzis~ e. w. `trasekas~ proeqtSi monawileobisTvis saqarTvelo intensiurad muSaobs sxvadasxva qveyanasTan TanamSromlobisa da infrastruqturis mowyobis sakiTxebze. `abreSumis gza~, rogorc turistuli produqti, unda ganvixiloT kulturuli turizmis kuTxiT. kulturuli turizmi msoflio turistul bazarze dRiTidRe ufro did adgils ikavebs da am segmentis umniSvnelovanesi nawili xdeba. saqarTvelos kulturuli turizmis mxriv msoflio turistuli bazris momxmareblebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi da udidesi tur. prodqtis SeTavazebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. `abreSumis gzis~, rogorc turistuli marSrutis gamoyeneba, saqarTvelos SesaZleblobas miscems moaxdinos sakuTari kulturuli memkvidreobis komercializacia. kulturuli turizmi regionaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis sawindaria. `abreSumis gzis~ proeqti saSualebas iZleva ganviTardes ara mxolod kulturuli, aramed turizmis sxva saxeobebic. `abreSumis gzis~, rogorc turistuli produqtis, gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mravalmxrivad. umTavresi tur. produqti, romelic am TematikiT SesaZlebelia SevTavazoT momxmarebels _ es aris: 141 TinaTin qristesaSvili qarTuli abreSumis gacnoba; saqarTveloSi gamavali ~abreSumis gzis~ monakveTze Sedgenili marSruti; mogzauroba abreSumis gzaze; velo-turi; jip-turi; saqaravno turi; safexmavlo turi; turebis istoriul-kulturuli rakursiT Sevseba. `abreSumis gzis~ turistuli produqtis CamoyalibebiT SesaZlebelia msoflios masStabiT arsebuli potenciuri turistebis mozidva da daintereseba. aRniSnuli turistuli produqtis Seqmnas da Camoyalibebas SesaZlebelia mohyves iseTi dadebiT maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba; mezobel qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba; qveynis ekonomikis zrda; turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba; istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebis dacva da SenarCuneba; ekonomikur aRmavlobasTan erTad qveynis umniSvnelovanesi problemis dasaqmebis mogvareba. `abreSumis gzis~ turistuli mxriv gamoyeneba qveynis mravalmxrivi warmatebis momtani da upirvelesad misi ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani proeqtia. am tur. produqtis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelom mWidro politikuri da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba unda iqonios mezobel qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebTan, romlebic `abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawileoben. partnior qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da stabiluri urTierTobis SemuSavebasTan erTad qveynis umTavresi amocanaa Sida politikuri stabilurobis SenarCuneba, ekonomikis dargebis ganviTareba, sakomunikacio, infrastruqturis da usafrTxoebis pirobebis gamyareba. saqarTvelo udidesi turistuli potencialis matarebeli qveyanaa, romelsac mniSvnelovnad xelsayreli geopolitikuri 142 didi abreSumis gzis turistuli potenciali mdebareoba aqvs, swored es faqtorebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli `didi abreSumis gzis~ proeqtSi monawileobisas, raTa kidev ufro mkafio gaxdes saukunis proeqtSi monawileobis aucilebloba. l. koWlamazaSvili, T. yandaSvili, „turizmi da transportis industria~, Tb., 2008. Биржаков В. С., Никифоров Н. С., Индустрия туризма: Перевозки, М., 2007. Гереев С. А., Международное транспортное право, М., 1987. Гуляев В. Г., Туристские перевозки, М., 1998. Ильна Е. Н., Менеджмент транспортных услуг, М., 1997. Косолопов А. Е., Туристское страноведение, М., 1999. Петров С. В., Планирование и организация транспортных путешествий, М., 1986. Шаповал Е. Ф., История туризма, М., 1999. www.exotur.ge www.adventur.ge www.wikipedia.com 143 zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ (marixis kanconeta, eTeris ariebi) (vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi) lia barbaqaZe magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe vokalur-teqnikursaSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Jana ToiZe 144 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ zaqaria faliaSvili qarTuli musikis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc gamoCenili novatori, qarTuli klasikuri operis fuZemdebeli. igi centraluri figuraa pirveli Taobis kompozitorTa Soris. man udidesi roli Seasrula erovnuli sakompozitoro skolis ganviTarebaSi. kompozitoris memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mis operebs, romlebic asaxavs istoriuli warsulis heroikas, xalxis cxovrebis suraTebs, qarTuli erovnuli eposis diad saxeebs. man gaamdidra qarTuli musika WeSmariti simfonizmis elementebiT.1 saopero musikis sferoSi z. faliaSvilma farTo SemoqmedebiTi diapazoni gamoavlina, Seqmna operis sami arsebiTad gansxvavebuli ti pi: monumenturi opera-tragedia `abesalom da eTeri~, lirikul-dramatuli opera `daisi~ da gmirulpatriotulo opera `latavra~. misi operebi damkvidrda qarTuli saopero Teatris ZiriTad fondSi. kompozitoris saukeTeso qmnilebebis `abesalom da eTeris~ da `daisis~ popularoba didi xania gascda saqarTvelos farglebs. `abesalom da eTeris~ avtors jer kidev mis sicocxleSi qarTveli `glinka~ uwodes. Tavis nawarmoebebSi z. faliaSvili uSualod iyenebs xalxuri simRerisa da cekvebis Temebs, magram es meTodi ar aris misTvis ZiriTadi. man ganazogada xalxuri musikis sxvadasxva stilisturi Tavisebureba (qarTl-kaxuri dialeqtis wamyvani rolis SenarCunebiT) da amiT Tavis 145 lia barbaqaZe z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ SemoqmedebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki, `abesalom da eTerSi~ Seqmna erTiani, zogadqarTuli ena, romelic safuZvlad daedo qarTul musikalur klasikas. `qarTuli erovnuli simRera-galobac... Tavisi ricxviTa da mravalxmianobiT imdenad mdidaria, rom SesaZloa, axali xana Seqmnas musikis xelovnebaSio~, _ ambobda kompozitori. operas Seqmnis safuZvlad daedo xalxuri legenda abesalom da eTerze, romelic xalxSi `eTerianis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. operis libretos rac Seexeba, igi xalxuri Tqmulebis mTliani saxiT warmodgenis saintereso cdaa. pirvelad Jurnal `faskunjSi~ daibeWda 1908 wels. p. mirianaSvilma xalxuri teqstis garda gamoiyena vaJas poemis calkeuli strofi, `vefxistyaosnisa~ da i. WavWavaZis leqsis fragmentebi. operis meore moqmedebis da teqstis nawili a. wuwunavas ekuTvnis, xolo marixis kanconetis teqsti _ TviTon p. mirianaSvils. sainteresoa operis Janrobrivi saxis dadgena. operaSi gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: lirikuli (pirveli aqti), epikuri (meore aqti) da gansakuTrebiT tragikuli (mesame da meoTxe aqtebi). operas SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli moqmedeba _ siyvarulis Casaxva, meore moqmedeba _ saqorwino nadimi, mesame moqmedeba _ ganSoreba, meoTxe moqmedeba _ gmirebis sikvdili. marixis kanconeta III aqtidan marixi meorexarisxovani rolia, Tumca Zalze maxvili daxasiaTeba gaaCnia, ar aqvs kavSiri operis dramatul ganwyobasTan, erTaderTi mxiaruli da xalisiani gmiria, mTlianobiT gamorCeuli musikaluri saxe, abesalomis dis _ marixis, lirikul-saxumaro kanconeta kupleturi varirebaa. moqnili, moZravi melodika, instrumentuli bunebis Tema, graciozuli, sada. sacekvao sawyisi misi struqturuli elementia. xasiaTiT da ritmo-intonaciuri wyobiT hgavs gurul sacekvao simReras. erTaderTi personaJia, romlis vokaluri partia sacekvao sawyisiT xasiaTdeba. misi partiis melodikasac 146 terciis farglebSi moZraoba axasiaTebs. yvelaze swrafi tempi swored mis gamosvlas aqvs, is ar aris komikuri personaJi, ubralod, lxinis mxiarulebas gadmoscems, rac kontrastis formaa faliaSvilisTvis. marixi operaSi meore aqtSi Semodis. yoveli misi gamoCena mxiaruli ganwyobaa, saqorwino nadimis mxiaruleba. marixis kanconeta mosdevs murmanis gamoCenis scenas, Tanac _ ukve borotebis aqtis Cadenis momentis Semdeg, rodesac meored gamoCenisas igi Tavis borot Canafiqrs axorcielebs da apkurebs eTers sawamlavs, raTa ganukurnebeli seni Sehyaros eTers da daaSoros ufliswuls. orkestri savsea qromatiuli intonaciebiT, modifikaciebiT, gadidebuli samxmovanebebiT. marixis kanconetis lirikul-saxumaro motivi gvxiblavs Tavisi graciozulobiT da sisadaviT. kompozitori iZleva simReris ti pobriv akompaniments, romelic Conguris imitaciaa. kanconetis harmoniuli ena naTeli feradovnebiT gamoirCeva, rasac xels uwyobs erTgvari koloris Semqmneli tonaluri dapirispirebebi (a moll, C-dur, a-moll, A-mix). miuxedavad marixis, rogorc personaJis, gmiris da musikalurad mxiaruli ganwyobisa, am sazeimo da sadResaswaulo atmosferoSi ar igrZnoba sruli mxiaruleba; drodadro pirquSi RrubeliviT gaivlis bedisweris motivis naRvliani intonacia da molodini tragediis. lirika yvela gmiris Tanmxlebi Tvisebaa, murmanis garda. marixis kanconeta qmnis udides kontrasts da avis momaswavebel molodins ubedurebisa. mZafri kontrastuloba damaxasiaTebelia kompozitorisTvis. nawarmoebis diapazoni zoma 4/4 ucvlelia. teqsti ekuTvnis p. mirianaSvils. marixis kanconetis Sesrulebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sasimRero sunTqvas, sunTqvis kontrols, radgan saxezea Cqari tempi Allegro da sakmaod grZeli frazebi. aseve yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia teqstze, metyvelebaze. gvxvdeba bevri xmovani `a~ pirvel frazaSi. miuxedavad Cqari tempisa, yvela sametyvelo bgera _ xmovani Tu Tanxmovani unda mkafiod JRerdes da ar 147 lia barbaqaZe z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ ikargebodes simRerisas. am SemTxvevaSi metyveleba daexmareba momRerals gmiris xasiaTis SeqmnaSi da vokalis TvalsazrisiT ostaturad SesrulebaSi. sasurvelia “a”-s poziciaSi “e”-s gamomRereba. pirvelive fraza iwyeba gardamavali bgerebiT. TiTqmis mTeli kanconetis melodia gardamaval bgerebzea dawerili. Sesabamisad, sakmaod rTulia es nawarmoebi. rac Seexeba am frazas, aucilebelia muclis kunTebis (diafragmis) sunTqvis gamoyeneba, rac axloa sasceno metyvelebis sunTqvasTan. sametyvelo sunTqvis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli iyo terminebi: mxrebiT, mkerdiT, mucliT sunTqva. mxrebiT sunTqva yovelTvis sakamaTo iyo. am ti pis sunTqvis dros xdeba mxrebis aweva, rasac mosdevs muclis Sua kunTebis maRla aweva, es ki xels uSlis Sua saZgidis kunTis efeqtur moqmedebas, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba simRerisa da metyvelebisTvis sakmarisi haeris SesunTqva. Cveulebrivi sunTqva, TavisTavad, gamoiricxeba am SemTxvevaSi, _ es ufro SesunTqvis fazas gulisxmobs. absoluturad igivea sasimRero, vokalis sunTqvis TeoriaSi. rogorc vxedavT, maRali bgera (G) emTxveva xmovans `a~. gvaqvs saSiSroeba bgeris `Riaobis~, radgan uecrad xdeba gardamavali bgeridan maRal bgeraze gadasvla. amitom gvWirdeba Tavisufali sasa, saartikulacio aparatis viwro maRali pozicia da momrgvalebuli bgera. melodia meordeba bolo taqtis garda, Sesabamisad igivea sunTqvisa da bgeris sfecifika, vinaidan marixis kanconeta kupleturi formaa, gvxvdeba xSirad melodiis gameoreba, Warbobs sekvenciebi (erTi da imave melodiis sxvadasxva simaRleze gameoreba). am nawarmoebs axasiaTebs gardamavali bgerebis simravle. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kanconeta lirikulsaxumaro formaa. momReralma unda ecados, msaxiobis ostatobis xarjze gadalaxos es rTuli da uamravi gardamavali bgera, wina planze wamowios nawarmoebis xasiaTi, anu teqnikuri mxare, Serwymuli iyos sulierebasTan, Sinagan ganwyobasTan. es yovelive teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze moqnilad unda Sesruldes. gaCnda trioli xmovanze “i”. sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebelia erTdroulad gardamavali bgerebi, Cqari tempi da trioli, amitom dauSvebelia yelismieri an cxvirismieri bgera. aucilebelia muclis kunTebis sunTqvis CarTva, misi gamoyeneba mTeli kanconetis mRerisas. aris bevri “e” xmovani, 148 momReralma Sesrulebisas unda ecados, ar iyos daZabuli. rodesac zedmetadQWimavs kunTebs, es xels uSlis iogebs aqtiuri muSaobis procesSi da rezonatorebis swor warmarTvaSi. es nawarmoebi ki Zalian laRad da Tavisufladaa Sesasrulebeli, xolo rodesac sustad muSaoben kunTebi, xma xdeba uZluri, susti (unda davexmaroT sunTqviT). imisaTvis, rom xma JRerdes Tanabrad, rac aucilebeli niuansia am nawarmoebis simRerisas, saWiroa maqsimalurad aviTvisoT samive registri: mkerdis, saSualo da maRali, anu Tavis. es unda 149 lia barbaqaZe xdebodes akustikuri (mJReri) efeqtiT da ara marto fiziologiuri meqanizmiT _ yeliT. gardamavali bgerebis siWarbis da ritmuli triolis gamo yvela am niuansis Sesrulebisas momRerali ar unda daiZabos. italieli profesoris _ iolanda manionis azriT: gardamavali bgeris sxvadasxva JReradoba rom miviRoT da TiToeuli fraza Tanabrad JRerdes, saWiroa swori vibrato da swori Sinagani intonacia, gaTanabreba. moswavlem Tu momReralma unda amuSaos is kunTebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia ama Tu im registrze. am frazaSi maRali bgera gvaqvs (Fis) da “a” xmovanze es bgera ucbad unda aviRoT, Tanac ise, rom ar moxdes bgeris wamoyvireba. italieli profesoris _ emanuel garsias TqmiT, aq SegviZlia gamoviyenoT bgeris “ataka” (Seteva) “coup de glotte” (anu, bgeris uceb aReba). Zlieri bgeris sufTad aReba, xSirad gvxvdeba da amitom aris “ataka” bgeris gamoyenebis saSualeba. nawarmoebSi gaCnda maRali bgerebi, frazebi, sadac momRerals sWirdeba sunTqvis sxva ti pi. XVII-XVIII ss.-Si italieli pedagogebis mier iyo mkerdis sunTqvis SemoTavazebebi, Semdeg diafragmuli da sunTqvis Sereuli ti pi (anu mkerdis da diafragmis). Sereuli sunTqvis ti pis momxreni arian maestro jiraldoni da everardi. am frazebis Sesrulebis procesSi ufro sasurvelia swored Sereuli sunTqvis ti pis gamoyeneba, radgan gaCnda maRali da 150 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ didi grZliobis notebi. yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia teqstze, xasiaTis SeqmnaSi da stilisturad msubuqad SesrulebaSi daexmareba momRerals teqstis, swori warmoTqma, misi wina planze wamoweva. frazaSi maRali bgerebisaken crescendo da mTeli notis (G) win Rrma sunTqva gvesaWiroeba, rac sunTqvis kontroliT unda mimdinareobdes, vinaidan xmovan “a”-ze sakmaod didi frazaa samReri, sunTqvis ganawilebiT, crescendo da legatos saSualebiT forteTi maRal bgeraze gadasvla gaadvildeba. maRali bgeris formirebisas momRerals SegrZneba unda hqondes, bgeras ki ar miswvda, aramed bgera aiRo. (A). am frazaSi umaRlesi bgeraa, aq SesaZlebelia bgeris “ataka” (Seteva) coup de glotte-s gamoyeneba. maRal bgeras vokalis terminologiis mkvlevarebi maRal sasimRero “formantas” uwodeben, romelic moiTxovs “bgeris maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi”. melodia ubrundeba gardamaval bgerebis registrs. am nawarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari niuansirebaa emociuroba _ sasceno ostatobis floba, Sesrulebis manera, gemovneba, raTa ar iyos forsireba, gadaWarbeba. rodesac momRerali msaxioburad, ostaturad asrulebs, is ar fiqrobs bgeraze _ maRalia Tu dabali da sirTuleebs advilad gadalaxavs. 151 lia barbaqaZe XIX saukunis bevri frangi mkvlevari yuradRebas gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvaze amaxvilebda. am Sexedulebas icavda, kerZod, frangi fizikosi mandli (1855 w.). amis Semdeg cnobili gaxda inglisel mkvlevarTa muclis (diafragmis) sunTqvis upiratesobis Teoria. sametyvelo sunTqvaSi misaRebia muclis sunTqva, asevea vokalSic dabali da gardamavali bgerebis formirebisas, xolo maRali bgerebis formirebisaTvis ukve emateba gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvac. vinaidan jer gvaqvs gardamavali bgerebi, am nawilis Sesrulebisas sasurvelia momReralma gamoiyenos e. w. sasceno metyvelebis sunTqva, rasac metyvelebis pedagogi babulia nikolaiSvili eyrdnoboda. didi sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, raTa ar iyos cxviris, yelismieri simRera da sxva. rom gaTavisufldes xorxi, maRali bgerebis formirebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, pirvel rigSi ybis modunebas. rogorc sasceno metyvelebaSi, aseve unda gamoviyenoT sunTqvis regulacia. amasve gvTavazobs b. nikolaiSvili Tavis miTiTebebSi. TiToeuli bgeris CamRereba unda moxdes, ar SeiZleba mifuCeCeba. maRali bgerebisaken rodesac midis nawarmoebi, momRerals warmosaxvis saSualebiT winaswar unda esmodes es bgera, romelic unda aiRos Semdeg, anu, winaswar unda moemzados. am SemTxvevaSi maRali bgera (G-A) didi grZliobis notebia, saWiroa Rrma sunTqva, misi kontroli, rom sunTqva gveyos frazis bolomde. maRali bgerebi gvaqvs “a” xmovanze, saWiroa viwro maRali pozicia sametyvelo aparatis da momrgvalebuli bgera, rom ar moxdes bgeris Riaoba. “a” xmovans mosdevs “i” xmovani, sasurvelia “a”-s poziciaSi misi gamomRereba. 152 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ es frazebi kanconetis dasawyisis gameorebaa. marTalia, meordeba, magram momRerali emociuri TvalsazrisiT ar unda modundes da aramed piriqiT, unda gvaCvenos ganviTareba. gvaqvs piano (p). gvesaWiroeba ufro Zlieri sunTqvebi radgan p xarjavs met sunTqvis marags. bgera G-ze gvaqvs maxvili (>). maxvili Edan G-ze, terciiT gadasvla gardamavali bgeridan maRal bgeraze. mTlianad CarTulia muclis kunTebi, romelic emzadeba Semdeg ukve maRali bgerisTvis. moemzados momRerali, rom ar moxdes wamoyvireba. vokalisTvis mTavari elementebia: 1. Zlieri sunTqva, muclis kunTebze (diafragmaze) dayrdnobili. 2. rezonatorebis muSaoba, saxmo aparati. 3. Tavisufali xorxi. (ybis gaTavisufleba). 4. Tavisufali bgeris emisia (pirveli sasimRero bgera, romelic moiTxovs swor pozicias aRebul “bgeraSi”). 5. vibrato-s xasiaTi. (haeris rxevis sixSire). vibratos warmoqmna unda xdebodes zedmeti daZabvis gareSe da is iqneba bunebrivi da ara xelovnuri. amas gvTavazobs manioni. gardamavali bgerebi da mecoforte melodiaSi. daRmavali svla da gamiseburi svliT maxvili D-ze. gamiseburi svlis dros bgeris pozicia ar unda Seicvalos da imave poziciaSi CamRerdes es taqtebi. sasurvelia patara crescendo (bgeris gaZliereba zomierad). nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba bevri xmovani `a~, 153 lia barbaqaZe momRerali mudmivad mobilizebuli unda iyos, radgan vokalurteqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ar iZleva patara dasvenebis saSualebasac ki tempis gamo. es nawarmoebi Tavis stilidan gamomdinare, iTxovs sasceno metyvelebis da vokaluri teqnikis sinTezs, romelsac emateba samsaxiobo ostatoba, gmiris saxumaro-sacekvao ganwyoba. yvelafer amas moiTxovda udidesi reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili. melodiis sekvenciuri formis gamo kompozitori gvTavazobs ferebs Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT. frazaSi mocemulia didi grZliobis notebi. isunTqo mSvidad, ostaturad ise, rom msmenelma ar SeniSnos an amas daRliloba ar mohyves, sakmaod rTulia. amitom Seswavlisas calke unda damuSavdes rTuli adgilebi vokalizebis saxiT, rom moswavles gauadvildes Semdeg, mTlianobaSi amis daZleva. bgera E gvaqvs mTeli da ori naxevriani noti “a” xmovanze. am bgeraze sasurvelia patara crescendo da Semdeg gaZliereba, bgera rezonatorebis gavliT unda mimdinareobdes. rezonansi aris bgeris gaZlierebisa da gafarToebis saSualeba. movixmaroT aseve xorxSi warmoqmnili vibracia, romelic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niuansia vokalis specifikaSi. xmis warmarTva (mkerdis registri) bageebTan, saSualo registrze gadasvlisas (gardamavali bgerebi) Txoulobs Tavisufal sasas da unda iyos, TiTqos, mTqnareba da bgeris niRabSi, anu rezonatorSi, warmoqmna. adamianis metyvelebis da sasimRero meqanizmebTan dakavSirebulia Semdegi rezonatorebi: filtvebi, sasule, xorxis Rru, mbgeravi iogebis qvemoT mdebare wiaRi, mbgeravi iogebis 154 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ zemoT mdebare wiaRi, xaxis wiaRi, pirisa da cxviris Rru, agreTve cxviris damatebiTi wiaRebi. sarezonanso Rruebis regulireba sxvadasxvagvaria bgeris warmoqmnis dasawyisSi, Sualedsa da dasasrulSi. kompozitori, rogorc vxedavT, maRali bgerebisTvis gvasvenebs, dabali bgerebi da pauzebi mogvca, magram sirTule mainc aris, es taqtebi xmadabla unda Sesruldes. gvaqvs h-si maxviliT. saSiSroebaa ar gamovides imaze meti es maxvili, vidre p iTvaliswinebs, xolo SedarebiT maRali bgera G forteze da aq ukve Rrma sunTqva (Sereuli sunTqva) da rezonatorebis bgera, vibraciis sixSiris xarjze misi aReba gvesaWiroeba. moemzados momRerali am bgeris asaRebad, warmosaxvis saSualebiT esmodes winaswar es bgera. Semdeg pauzebi da isev ucabedi bgera maxviliT F. SegviZlia aq gamoviyenoT bgeris ataka (Seteva) “coup de glotte” da crescendo. aseTi bgerebis daZlevisaTvis sasurvelia, pedagogma moswavle amuSaos vokalizebis saxiT, terciiT, kvartiT, kvintiT transportis saSualebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTod kargi xmis warmoqmnisaTvis, mxrebiT sunTqvis garda, yvelanairi ti pis sunTqvis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. sametyvelo Tu sasimRero sunTqvis saTanado gamomuSaveba unda xdebodes sunTqvis kontrolze dayrdnobiT. es nawili forteze grZeldeba - G da crescendo. gvaqvs C- 155 lia barbaqaZe dan H-ze gadasvla erT xmovanze. SevecadoT zustad iyos intonaciurad aRebuli meore bgera da ara gadmocurebiT. vinaidan faliaSvilis xelwera xalxurobidan momdinareobs, Tavi unda SevikavoT yovelgvari zedmeti gaformebisagan da gadaWarbebisagan. maRal G bgeraze gvaqvs “i” xmovani da masve mohyveba F “i” xmovanze. teqnikurad imave intonaciuri simaRlis SenarCunebiT aviRoT F rogorc G. miuxedavad “i” bgeris artikulaciuri mdgomareobisa, SedarebiT dabalia bageebis daSoreba, mainc arsebobs gamosavali da unda gamoviyenoT franguli “u”, raTa ar iyos ulamazo, moWerili es bgera, amas gvTavazoben italielebi. kanconeta dasasruls uaxlovdeba. kompozitori cdilobs dagvasvenos, ase vTqvaT, mogvces saSualeba, movemzadoT maRali bgerebis asaRebad. gvaqvs piano erTi da igive notebi da C, piano-s da legato-s saSualebiT gamovimReroT es adgili, radgan erTi da imave bgerebis formirebisas saSiSroebaa danawevrebis (daCexvis), rac miuRebelia, amitom gvWirdeba gaTanabreba, diafragmis sunTqvis da legatos gamoyeneba, SeiZleba patara crescendo H-sken, romelzec gvaqvs maxvili. kompozitori gvTavazobs mraval xerxs nawarmoebis Sesasruleblad melodiebis msgavsebis gamo, rom ar iyos erTferovani. amitom vecadoT Sesruldes ostaturad, musikalurad mravali niuansis gamoyenebiT. dabali bgerebis miuxedavad, momReralma icis, rom win elodeba dasasruli (romelic kulminaciur bgerebze mTavrdeba), emociurad mainc momarTulia, TumcaRa p-s mReris. mTeli am kanconetis sirTule mdgomareobs gardamavali bgerebis siWarbeSi. pedagogi unda Seecados am nawarmoebze muSaobisas students Tu moswavles gaumyaros es registri, bgerebi, sunTqva Seaswavlos sxvadasxva xerxiTa da savarjiSo vokaliziT. 156 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ sami saukunis manZilze italiaSi grZeldeboda Sinagani brZola: 1). pirvel planze iyo wamoweuli bgerasa da sityvasTan kavSiri, rom unda iyos maTi sinTezi da dramatizmi, gamomsaxvelobaa mTavari. 2). ambobdnen, rom teqnika unda iyos pirvel adgilze. am nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas teqnikas iseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc sulierebas, Sesrulebis maneras, samsaxiobo ostatobas, Tumca jer teqnika unda iyos gamarTuli, rom gaadvildes misi Sesruleba da samsaxiobo elementebis damateba. es frazebi damamTavrebeli frazebis Semzadebaa, piano-dan crescendo-s gavliT emzadeba dasasrulis formirebisaTvis. melodia stilisturad daiZaba. aq ukve aqtiurad muSaobs saxmo aparati. dauSvebelia yelis da cxvirismieri bgera, radgan gvelis maRali bgerebi da maTi aReba gaWirdeba. gavixsenoT yvela sirTulis gadalaxvis saSualebebi gardamavali bgerebis. momRerali unda azrovnebdes simReris dros, ar mReris marto yeli, mReris mTeli organizmi, romelsac azrovnebiT vexmarebiT. swori poziciaa bgeris aRebis, Tavisufali sasa, magram saQiro kunTebi aqtiuria, momarTulia sunTqvis meqanizmi. bolo taqtSi trioli “i” xmovanze davtovoT “u”s poziciaSi da imave adgilas gavagrZeloT es taqti. D-dan F-ze gadasvlisas mivmarToT crescendo-s. 157 lia barbaqaZe dasasruli gvaqvs kulminaciur bgerebze, didi grZliobis notebi, rac sakmaod rTulia. moxsna bgeris da isev aReba, romelic gviWiravs sakmaod didxans. am frazebis asaRebad bgeris ataka coup de glotte SesaZlebelia, magram patara crescendoc sasurvelia, radgan didxans grZeldeba, anu, gavaZlieroT aRebuli bgera. xmovani “a” mTeli am frazis dros. forteze mTavrdeba nawarmoebi, Tumca unda iyos zomieri forte. maRali sasimRero “formanta” swored aq gvWirdeba, romelic moiTxovs bgeris maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi, bgeris siZlieres da zomier vibracias, sunTqvis zust miwodebas. aq gvWirdeba Sereuli (gulmkerdis da muclis) sunTqva, rogorc vxedavT, ama Tu im ariis Sesrulebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sunTqvis zust miwodebas, raTa bgera aRmoCndes swor poziciaSi. nawarmoebis Seswavlisas pedagogma unda ecados gauadvilos moswavles misi daZleva. rTuli adgilebi an maRali notebi vokalizebis saxiT calke amuSaos sunTqvaze dayrdnobiT. jer nawarmoebi moasmeninos, Semdeg Seaswavlos melodia vokaliziviT, dayos nawilebad da daumatos teqsti. amis Semdeg ukve SeiZleba msaxiobis ostatobis elementebis damateba da mere yvelaferi amis erT konteqstSi moqceva. nawarmoebis xasiaTis monaxva, ar daikargos operis, nawarmoebis Tu romansis manera, stili. pedagogi valdebulia, xelovans gauRviZos individualoba, ganuviTaros fantazia. kamilo everardi, gamoCenili italieli maestro (momRerali), Tvlis, rom vokalis swori swavlebis saidumloeba pedagogis yurzea damokidebuli. studentTan pedagogma unda daazustos individualurad sunTqvis ti pi (rogori mouxdeba). meti yuradReba dauTmos im registrs, sadac uWirs mas. mag.:Lgardamavali bgerebi, maRali bgerebi da sxv. aucileblad misces amocanebi msaxiobis ostatobis TvalsazrisiT varjiSebis dros, gamoumuSavos sunTqvis kontroli, raTa didi frazebis dros ar moakldes maragi. vokalis pedagogikaSi arsebobs swavlebis ori meTodi, romelsac iyenebs pedagogi: empiriuli meTodi da Teoriuli meTodi. empiriulia meTodi, rodesac pedagogi teqnikurad uCvenebs 158 z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ moswavles (mReris mocemul nawarmoebs, rac saxarbielo araa mTlad studentisTvis). Teoriulia meTodi, rodesac pedagogi Teoriulad xsnis, cdilobs TviTon miaxvedros moswavle, unarCunebs mas praqtikulad individualobas, rac miRebulia vokalis pedagogikaSi). empiriuli meTodis gamoyeneba sazianoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom xSiri Cvenebisas studenti cdilobs mibaZos pedagogs da aRiqmeba pedagogis gavlena mis mier Sesrulebul nawarmoebSi rogorc xmis tembris TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis maneraSi, studenti pedagogs hgavs, ikargeba misi individualuroba. Tu studenti iseT Secdomas uSvebs, rom Teoriuli axsniT ver xvdeba, maSin dasaSvebia empiriuli meTodiT pedagogma aCvenos, ra Secdomas uSvebs da ganasxvavebinos mas. nawarmoebis Seswavlis gasaadvileblad dagvexmareba didi reJisoris _ stanislavskis sqema. 1. viwro wre (sityvebi, nawarmoebi daiyos nawilebad, ritmis (diriJorobiT) solfejireba. nawarmoebis stilis niuansireba). 2. wre farTovdeba. musikaluri faqtura (ra sirTuleebia vokalur-teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT), gardamavali bgerebi, didi intervalebi. 3. nawarmoebis Sekvra. (SevaerToT yvelaferi erTad, emocia, niuansireba, Sesrulebis manera, diapazonis gafarToeba, sirTuleebis gadalaxva). vinaidan, marixis gmiri da am kanconetis xasiaTi saxumarosacekvao formiT gamoirCeva, gavarTuloT da SevTavazoT students profesor mixeil TumaniSvilis sqema, romelic eqvsi punqtisagan Sedgeba, romlis erT-erT niuanss moZraoba, fizikuri 159 lia barbaqaZe z. faliaSvili , `marixis kanconeta~ operidan: `abesalom da eTeri~ moqmedeba warmoadgens, anu, m. TumaniSvilma qmediTi analizi Semoitana, Tumca igive iyo stanislavskisTan, magram TumaniSvilma ufro speqtraluri daxasiaTeba mogvca. imRero nawarmoebi da mas ver grZnobde _ es naklia SemsruleblisTvis. 1. moswavlis, studentis survili (ra unda, rom gamoxatos frazaSi, nawarmoebSi, anu, individualoba wamovwioT wina planze). gamoCenili italieli musikosi emilio vagi “abesalom da eTeris” Sesaxeb swerda “lomisis redaqcias”: “me vurCevdi evropis maestroebs kargad Seiswavlon “abesalom da eTeri” da maSin mixvdebian, ra mSvenebas warmoadgens aRmosavluri musika, xolo wminda qarTuli musika metad damoukidebeli da Taviseburi nakadia aRmosavlur musikaSi”. 2. moqmedeba, Sinagani gaxsna (vokalurteqnikuri siZneleebis daZleva). 3. fizikuri moqmedeba. iaros, icekvos, dajdes da a. S. (laR moZraobaSi sunTqvis gamomuSaveba kompleqsuri meTodis gamoyenebiT). 4. moixmaros intuicia (niuansireba, samsaxiobo ostatobis da sulierebis gamoyenebiT). 5. grZnoba, emocia (zomieri vibraciis gamomuSaveba). 6. maqsimalurad daixarjos (Seikras nawarmoebi, moaxerxos yvela niuansis koordinacia). rogorc vxedavT, m. TumaniSvili uflebas aZlevs xelovans mis individualurad CamoyalibebaSi, aZlevs mas Tavisuflebas yovelgvari kompleqsis gareSe, raTa is gaxados bunebrivi, rac aucilebelia momRerlisTvis. 160 1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia, ix. l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe, g. CxikvaZe qarTuli musikis istoria, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 157-173. b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv. 62-63, gv. 75-76-77. Стулова. Вопросы физиологии пения и Вокольный методики. Москва 1975 г. gv. 93-97-41. Чаиковский П. Н., Музыкально-критические статьти, М. Музгиз. 1953. v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 44-45-46-47. ix. Jana ToiZe, sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: `Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero reJisura da momRerali msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs~, Tbilisi, 1999 (kompleqsuri meTodi da stanislavskiTumaniSvilis sqemebi). 161 eka gureSiZe magistraturis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan z. faliaSvilis qmnileba, opera `abesalom da eTeri~ qarTuli erovnuli kulturis erT-erTi mwvervalia. operas safuZvlad udevs legenda abesalom da eTerze, romelic `eTerianis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. masSi Taviseburadaa Sexamebuli socialuri, eTikuri da filosofiuri motivebi. didi mxatvruli ZaliTaa gadmocemuli adamianis saukeTeso sulieri Tvisebebi: siyvaruli, erTguleba, Tavdadeba. operis libreto pirvelad daibeWda 1908 wels Jurnal `faskunjSi~. libretoSi p. mirianaSvilma, xalxuri teqstis garda, gamoiyena vaJas poemis calkeuli strofi xalxuri `vefxistyaosnisa~ da i. WavWavaZis leqsis fragmentebi. operis meore moqmedebis teqstis nawili a. wuwunavas ekuTvnis, xolo marixis kanconetis teqsti – TviTon p. mirianaSvils. `eTerianis~ siuJetur fabulaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs socialuri motivi. am operis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: lirikuli (I aqti), epikuri (II aqti) da gansakuTrebiT tragikuli (III-IV aqtebi). tragikuli operas Janri Tavs iCens rogorc operas monumentur struqturaSi, ise ZiriTadi ideis gadawyvetis ganzogadebaSi. amave dros, operis tragediuloba Taviseburia. es aris tragedia qmediTobis garegani niSnebis gareSe, es ara Seqspiruli, aramed antikuri tipis tragediaa. cxadia, garegnuli statikuroba nawarmoebis dramaturgiuli defeqti ki ar aris, aramed misi stilisturi Taviseburebaa. operas `abesalom da eTeri~ SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis epikuri xasiaTi xazgasmulia sagundo masobrivi scenebis siWarbiTa da moqmedebis dinji ganviTarebiT. gmirTa tragedia epikur-TxrobiT formaSi iRebs gamoxatulebas. 162 operis musikaluri kompozicia or sxvadasxva princi ps Seicavs: erTi mxriv _ dasrulebuli musikaluri nawarmoebi, meore mxriv – uwyveti, gamWoli moqmedeba. z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa xalxuroba. folkloruli wyaroebisadmi mimarTvisas, kompozitori iswrafvis maTi Sinagani arsis gaxsnisa da ganviTarebisaken, xalxur masalas iyenebs, rogorc dramaturgiul elements. `abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri enis mZlavri dasayrdeni qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. kompozitori umTavresad emyareba Zvel, qarTul glexkacur simReras, gansakuTrebiT qarTlkaxur, e. w. gabmul sagundo simRerebs. amasTan, operaSi vxvdebiT svanuri simRerebidan momdinare intonaciur nakadsac. zogierT epizodSi kompozitori mimarTavs SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebul qarTul qalaqur simReras, agreTve _ qarTuli sagaloblis elementebs. `abesalomis~ dramaturgia Tavisi fesvebiT qarTul xalxur eposTan aris dakavSirebuli. nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis manZilze viTardeba, romelTaganac TiToeuli operis ZiriTadi da sakvanZo momentis gamomxatvelia. amis Sesabamisad, operis dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli moqmedeba _ siyvarulis Casaxva, meore _ saqorwino nadimi, mesame _ ganSoreba, meoTxe _ gmirebis sikvdili. am azrobrivma ganviTarebam Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova operis Janrobriv da struqturul TaviseburebebSi. SesavalSi sami Temaa mocemuli, romlebic dakavSirebulia operis mxatvrul saxeTa sxvadasxva wresTan. Sesavlis sawyisi motivi (qorali), romelic aRebulia operis finalidan, simebianTa dinj mdore moZraobaSia mocemuli. pirveli aqti, romelic ori suraTisagan Sedgeba, didi eqspoziciaa. masSi kompozitori iZleva nawarmoebis mTavar gmirTa eskizur daxasiaTebas. operis musikas pirvelive taqtebidanve Sehyavs msmeneli xalxur sasimRero sferoSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis Semdeg, romelic Soridan moismis, mkveTr kontrastad aRiqmeba eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria `dedinacvali~, romelSic eTeris nazi da naRvliani saxea daxatuli. 163 eka gureSiZe eTeris arias rkalavs monadireTa gundi. Zalze romantikulia abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris scena. abesalomis naTeli, rainduli saxe ixsneba mis ariozoSi, sadac igi siyvarulSi eficeba eTers: me bani-banad geZebdi~. ariozos intonaciur sawyisebs Cven vpoulobT Zveli Tbilisis cnobil qalaqur simReraSi `bundovan gulsa~. Sinaganad daZabuli reCitativebi (cis frigiuli) umal warmogvidgens murmanis vaJkacur saxes. amave dros, mis reCitatiul replikebSi igrZnoba faruli Suri da mRelvareba. xdeba faqturis sruli ganaxleba. icvleba masala, kilo, koloriti, tempi, Tanxleba. murmanis mkacri pirquSi frazebi, romlebic akordebis Tanabari moZraobis fonzea mocemuli, TandaTanobiT sul ufro mRelvare xasiaTs iZens. abesalomis Sewyvetili ariozo axal ganviTarebas iRebs da mTavari personaJebis did dialogiur scenaSi gadaizrdeba. axali nakadi Semoaqvs aq eTeris mokle ariozos: `Sen xar didi didebuli~. safuZvlad mas udevs svanuri sufruli simReris `buba qaquCelas~ melodia, romelic kompozitorma 1903 wels Caiwera. pirveli aqtis musikaSi ar vxvdebiT did da mkveTr kontrastebs, ZiriTadad Warbobs naTeli lirikuli tonusi. pirveli moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelSic mTavari adgili eTmoba ariozul-melodiur stils da, ZiriTadad, Warbobs lirikuli tonusi, operis meore aqti, umTavresad, sagundoa da epikuri zeimurobiT aris gamsWvaluli. mTeli meore aqti oratoriuli sidiadiT gamoirCeva da uZvelesi erovnuli eposis paTosiT aris gamsWvaluli. mZlavr saorkestro Sesavals umal SevyavarT meore aqtis sazeimo atmosferoSi, oTxxmiani gundi adidebs da xotbas asxams mefe abios. gundi `abio mefe~ icvleba didi saorkestro Sesavlis brwyinvale sazeimo tutti-T. iwyeba grandiozuli msvleloba xalxuri saqorwilo gundis (`haralalos~) musikaze. es gundi i. WavWavaZis sityvebze: `qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar~ qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi nimuSia. 164 zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan amis Semdeg moqmed pirTa xmebi (abesalomi, eTeri, abio, dedofali naTela da marixi) erTmaneTs erwymis patara ansamblkvintetSi. meore moqmedebis centrSi Tavisi ganumeorebeli TviTmyofobiT gamoirCeva qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis erTerTi brwyinvale qmnileba _ sagundo simRera `Cakrulo~. improvizaciuli Tavisufleba aq mxatvruli erTianobis mkacr kanonzomierebasTan aris SeTavsebuli. faqturis mxriv simRera homofoniur-polifoniuri ti pisaa. simRera agebulia `tonalobaTa~ jaWvze. ufro sworad, `Cakrulos~ modulaciur gegmaSi Cven vxedavT miqsolidiuri kiloebis mTel jaWvs: B-G-A-H-Cis-H- As-B. sadResaswaulo sazeimo ganwyobileba kulminacias aRwevs, magram murmanis gamoCenasTan erTad musika kvlav pirquS, naRvlian kolorits iZens. es igrZnoba ukve patara saorkestro SesavalSi, romelic win uswrebs murmanis gamoCenas. Tavisi naRvliani koloritiT da nawilobriv intonaciuradac igi ukavSirdeba (gvagonebs) abesalomis tragikul frazas: `vis gindaT qali eTeri~ me-3 moqmedebidan. cekvebs, romlebic a mTavrebs meore a qts, didi mravalferovneba Seaqvs sazeimo-sadResaswaulo ganwyobilebaSi. cincxal, mCqefare `qarTuls~ kontrastulad upirispirdeba neli `mirzaia~_ qalTa natifi cekva qalaqur stilSi. moqmedebas ki kvlav `qarTuli~ amTavrebs. mesame aqti operis dramatuli moqmedebis centria. aq xdeba saboloo gardatexa dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi _ bednierebidan ubedurebisaken. am moqmedebaSi gmirebi ganicdian uRrmes sulier dramas, romelic xalxTan organul erTianobaSi ixsneba. tragikuli lirika aq tragikul eposSi gadaizrdeba. aq kompozitori iZleva saxalxo rekviemis nimuSs. dramatuli daZabuloba miRweulia wminda musikaluri saSualebebiT: Teatralur-scenuri xerxebis gareSe. `abesalomis~ mesame aqtSic Sinagani daZabuloba gamoxatvis garegnul simSvidesTan da sisadavesTan aris SeTavsebuli. meoTxe aqtSi mocemulia operis tragikuli kvanZis gaxsna. kompozitori aq uars ambobs wina moqmedebis monumenturobasa 165 eka gureSiZe da monoliTurobaze. meoTxe aqti mTel operaSi Tavisi moculobiT, mravalferovania da diferencirebuli musikaluri SinaarsiTa da musikalur-dramatuli formebiT. melodiuri momxibvlelobiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT aris aRbeWdili TiTqmis yvela furceli da gansakuTrebiT ki _ ansamblebi. sazogadod, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT `ansamblebis aqti~. es ansamblebi z. faliaSvilis umaRles mxatvrul miRwevebs ganekuTvneba. aseTia abesalomisa da murmanis grandiozuli dueti, misi momdevno _ eTerisa da naTelas dueti, agreTve ansambli gundiT `wamwamsa da wamwams Sua~ _ operis tragikuli gaxsnis win. moqmedeba iwyeba eTeris ariiT, romelSic kvlav SeigrZnoba misi nazi lirikuli saxis adre gamokveTili niSnebi. sxva xasiaTisaa sakuTriv aria. Tavisi intonaciuri wyobiT igi Zalian axlosaa qalaquri ti pis romansul-sasimRero lirikasTan. meoTxe moqmedebis yvelaze mRelvare da STamagonebeli, warmtaci momentia abesalomisa da murmanis popularuli dueti, romelsac centraluri adgili uWiravs. saxelwodeba dueti pirobiTad unda vixmaroT, ramdenadac ori xmis simReras aq umniSvnelo adgili uWiravs; ufro swori iqneboda, misTvis vokaluri dialogi gvewodebina. duetis es nawili mTlianad melodiur reCitativzea agebuli da SeiZleba CaiTvalos eqspresiuli dialogis klasikur nimuSad. abesalomisa da murmanis reCitatiuli frazebi, romlebic erTmaneTs cvlis, mkafiod gamoxatavs, erTi mxriv, sasowarkveTili abesalomisa da, meore mxriv, gulzviadi murmanis ganwyobilebaTa kontrasts. Piu mosso-Ti dawyebuli duetis musika sul ufro swrafviTi, intensiuri xdeba. momakvdav abesaloms satrfos naxva swyuria. misi es swrafva musikalur gamoxatulebas iRebs or momdevno saansamblo scenaSi _ duetsa da kvartetSi. ukve duetis saorkestro Sesavali _ klarnetis saocrad gamomsaxveli mkvnesare motivi simebianTa fonze, romlebic svanuri Wuniris imitirebas axdens, gvxiblavs Tavisi iSviaTi gamomsaxvelobiT. operis erT-erTi yvelaze amaRelvebeli dramatuli epizodia gmirTa Sexvedris scena. eTeris dabruneba momakvdav abesalomTan. mokle, Zalze mkafio da gamomsaxveli duetinio: 166 zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan `Cemo imedo, wylulis malamo~ aRiqmeba, rogorc Taviseburi gamosalmeba sicocxlesTan. duetinios mosdevs didi ansambli (`wamwamsa da wamwams Sua~), romelsac Semdgom gundi uerTdeba. me-4 aqtis finaluri scena, ZiriTadad Sesavlis motivebzea agebuli, ris wyalobiTac erTiandeba operis dasawyisi da dasasruli. igi TiTqmis ucvlelad warmogvidgens Sesavlis musikas _ sawyis `sagundo~ motivs (qorals), lirikul reCitativsa da laitmotivs. `abesalom da eTeri~ _ uaRresad mTliani nawarmoebia, rogorc Tavisi formiT, ise stiliT. operis Rrmad emociuri Sinaarsi plastikurad gamokveTil musikalur saxeebSia gadmocemuli. eTeris ankara, wminda saxe siyvarulisa da erTgulebis gansaxierebaa. mas axasiaTebs iSviaTi zneobrivi sispetake da kdemamosileba. eTeris musikalur daxasiaTebaSi mTavaria abesalomisadmi siyvarulisa da erTgulebis grZnobis gaxsna, magram amave dros xazgasmulia misi pasiuri TviTganwirva, morCilebisa da bedTan Serigebis grZnoba. solo nomrebi mravlad aris warmodgenili operaSi. amave dros udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba dialogur scenebs _ duetebs, romlebic sasimRero reCitativebzea agebuli. sagundo da erTxmiani (calfa) xalxuri simRerebis safuZvelze z. faliaSvili `abesalomis~ qarTuli melodiuri reCitativis klasikur nimuSebs qmnis. operis h armoni uli ena si mdidr iTa da iSvi aTi TviTmyofadobiT gamoirCeva, rasac safuZvlad udevs xalxurerovnuli klasikuri harmoniis xerxTa organuli sinTezi. rac Seexeba operis instrumentul nawils, igi mTlianad eqvemdebareba vokalurs. aseTia, ZiriTadad, `abesalom da eTeris~ is Tvisebebi, romlebic safuZvels iZleva es nawarmoebi saopero xelovnebis klasikur, srulyofil nimuSad CavTvaloT. 167 eka gureSiZe zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan vokalur-teqnikuri saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi eTeris ariis IV aqtidan zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~, scena #16, eTeris aria es aria moicavs sul 96 taqts, dawerilia sopranosaTvis. tonaloba si-bemol maJori_B dur diapazoni ariis samnawiliani forma, repriziT da saorkestro kodiT. ariaSi aris zomebis cvalebadoba vxvdebiT 3/4, 4/4, 3/2 zomebs. iwyeba 8 taqtiani saorkestro SesavliT da me-9 taqtSi orkestris gaCerebul akordze Semodis soprano (vokaluri) partia rTuli ritmiT, rTuli punqtirebuli ritmiT: ocdameTormetedebiT, trioliT, kvintoliT, seqstoliT, Tavisufali tempiT (andante). 168 xolo Semdegi procesis, anu Sesrulebis dros, prof. mixeil TumaniSvilis sqemas. am sqemis meSveobiT Cven unda SevecadoT gavaanalizoT z. faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeridan~ eTeris erT-erTi aria. pirvelive aRebul bgeras `emisias~ didi daniSnuleba aqvs am nawarmoebis xasiaTis warmarTvaSi. amitom maqsimalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli swori sunTqva, raTa intonaciurad zusti bgera miviRoT. am SemTxvevaSi `emisia~, anu pirveli 169 eka gureSiZe sasimRero bgera, gvaqvs C2, romliTac momRerali iwyebs simReras es bgera moiTxovs diafragmul sunTqvas da xangrZliv sunTqvas, radgan legato daculi iyos. amave dros am bgeraze gvaqvs marcvali de ris Sedegadac yba unda iyos Tavisufali da Camoweuli, radgan ar daiWimos an ar miviRoT Ria bgera. gvaqvs bgeraTa viwro ganlageba. me-16 taqtidan iwyeba Tavdapirveli tempiT allegro moderatoTi pirveli nawili am ariis. pirveli nawili, rogorc ZiriTadi xasiaTi am ariis, Zalian liriuklia, teqstic da musikac erTmaneTTan organuladaa Serwymuli. eTeris am ariaSi is pirvelad gadmogvcems Tavis emocias abesalomTan daSorebis sevdas. ariis ZiriTadi tonaloba B dur, rac TavisTavad sayuradRebo faqtia, sevdis gadmocema maJoruli tonalobiT. faliaSvils surs, xazi gaesva am siyvarulisTvis, romelic sevdis pirobebSic amaRlebulia. am ariisTvis da, zogadad, am moqmedebisTvis ti puria orkestris rolis gazrda, Tavad eTeris aria, naz lirikul tonebSia gadawyvetili da wminda intonaciuri TvalsazrisiT xasiaTdeba ori ti pis melodikiT, pirvel monakveTSi es aris melodiuri reCitativi, romelic Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiT am operis saukeTeso nawils Seadgens. amasTan es lirikuli reCitativi momdinareobs Sesavlis reCitatividan, risi Tqmis sababsac gvaZlevs misi improvizaciuli ornamenturi xasiaTi. saorkestro faqturac gamarTlebulia. eTeris pirvel ariasTan SedarebiT ar xasiaTdeba erTgvarovani melodikiT. pirveli reCitatiuli monakveTi mTavrdeba TviT saorkestro partiaSi TviT reCitativiT. me-40 taqtidan iwyeba aT taqtiani SemakavSirebeli nawili, romelic mTavrdeba dominantur akordze. 170 zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan am nawilSi gvxvdeba iseTi intonaciuri svlebi, romelsac viyenebT vokalis gakveTilebze savarjiSoebis saxiT. qarTuli enis specifikas didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, daculi unda iyos xmovnebis Tu Tanxmovnebis artikulacia da sunTqvis regulaciiT sworad warvmarToT fraza. ama Tu im nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba sirTuleebi, rasac calkeul nawilebad vamuSavebT, TiToeuli fraza moiTxovs damuSavebas teqnikuri, intonaciuri da ritmuli TvalsazrisiT. pirvel nawilSi vokaluri partia mTavrdeba daRmavali melodiuri svliT fermatos Semdeg. am daRmavali svlis dros SenarCunebuli unda iyos bgeris siZliere da TiToeuli bgeris swori pozicia. meore nawili zomieri da mReradi tembriT iwyeba. gamokveTili ritmuli naxaziTa da tempis cvalebadobiT. meore monakveTi Zalian Camohgavs qalaqur saromanso lirikas. aqac SenarCunebulia WvretiTi lirikis foni. miuxedavad aseTi mravalferovani daxasiaTebisa, mainc Sinaganad am ariaSi eTeris saxe ar Rrmavdeba da ar mdidrdeba axali StrixebiT, miuxedavad, rom mis bedSi didi gardatexa moxda. Zalian xSirad dadgmebSi es monakveTi gamotovebulia, rac vfiqrobT, rom arasworia, radgan es aris erTaderTi momenti, romelic afiqsirebs am ganSorebiT gamowveul grZnobebs. 171 eka gureSiZe meore nawilsa da reprizas akavSirebs oTxtaqtiani saorkestro fraza, reprizaSi gamoyenebulia meore nawilis Tema (ZiriTadi melodia), romelic warmoadgens gafarToebul reprizas (+4). am nawilSi gvaqvs monacvleoba tesituris _ dablidan maRla an, piriqiT, rac cvlis agreTve sunTqvasac. dabal tesituraSi simReris dros viyenebT muclis Sua kunTebs, xolo maRal tesituraSi muclis qveda kunTebs. am nawilSi melodia TandaTan amaRelvebel xasiaTs iZens da TandaTan amave amaRlebuli xasiaTiT vuaxlovdebiT finals, sadac melodia mocemulia maRal tesituraSi da agreTve gvxvdeba gardamaval bgerebze moZraoba. rogorc melodia, aseve sametyvelo teqstic am frazaSi metad amaRelvebelia, rac momRerals exmareba am vokaluri frazis Sesrulebisas, aseve esaWiroeba kargi da swori sunTqva. radgan ganlageba maRal tesituraSia, sunTqvis dros CarTulia muclis qveda kunTebi. aseve mkveTri artikulacia da, rac mTavaria, kidev niuansirebac. fermatos dros unda SenarCundes bgeris siZliere da SenarCundes misi JReradobac im xangrZlivobiT, rasac moiTxovs nawarmoebi. bgeris pozicia unda iyos maRali, Tavis rezonatorSi, amave dros am frazaSi moZraoba xdeba gardamaval bgerebze. kodas warmoadgens ZiriTadad saorkestro varianti, romelic iwyeba 87-e taqtidan, Cqari, magram sevdiani nawili, 93-e taqtSi gvaqvs generaluri pauza da bolo sam taqtSi or pianoze pirvandel tempSi gafarToebuli bolo akordebiT, romelsac zed erTvis sopranos mokle fraza, anu bolo amoZaxili. 172 zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan am frazaSi vxvdebiT yvelaze maRal bgeras, meore oqtavis B (si bemoli), anu maRal sasimRero `formantas~, romelic moiTxovs maRal pozicias _ Tavis rezonatorSi, siZlieres, vibracias, rxevis sixSires, zomier momrgvalebas piris aparatis, Sinaarsidan gamomdinare intonaciur sizuztes, sunTqvis zust mowodebas kunTebis muSaobis Sedegad, mis siRrmes da moculobas. ukiduresad maRal bgeraze aucilebelia filireba, radgan am bgeriT mTavrdeba nawarmoebi. am ariaSi aris musikisa da teqstis Tanxvedra, rac gamoixateba emociisa da Sinaarsis zust gadmocemaSi. Sesavali nawili warmoadgens TxrobiT nawils, sadac eTeri mogviTxrobs Tavis bedze, meore nawilSi ki umReris abesalomis siyvaruls, ariis Tema romelic reprizaSi gamZafrebulia musikalurad, teqstobrivi Sinaarsi ki aseTia: eTeri eficeba Tavis mijnurs, rom mzadaa masTan erTad Tavi gawiros siyvarulisaTvis. eTeris Sinagani samyaros, bunebis, misi arsis musikaluri daxasiaTeba saucxood gadmoicema teCitatiul monakveTebSi. swored reCitativebSi vlindeba yvelaze reliefurad eTeris saxe da yvelaze miaxloebulia intonaciuri bunebiT sevdasTan, godebasTan, CivilTan.E eTeri _ gansaxierebaa erTgulebisa da siyvarulis wmindad Senaxvisa. moraluri sisufTave, sibrZne, mis musikalur saxeSi xazgasmulia pasiuri TviT Sewirva, bedis morCileba, ganwiruloba. TviT yvelaze dramatul momentSic igi araa qmediTi, pasiuri rCeba da es saxe yvelaze srulyofilad, mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT da yvela TvisebiT swored am ariaSi gamovlinda. is idealuri portretia, mxolod erTgan aReldeba eTeri (IV moq.-Si, eTerisa da abesalomis duetSi). is eTikuri sawyisis matarebelia. 173 eka gureSiZe ariis Sesrulebisas aucilebelia gamoyenebul iqnas samsaxiobo elementebi, rasac moiTxovs ariis xasiaTi da Sesruleba. qarTvel momRerals, romelic kargad flobs qarTul folklors gauadvildeba nebismieri partiis Sesruleba. `eTeriani~, qarTuli xalxuri samijnuro-romantikuli eposi, abesalomisa da eTeris siyvarulis ambavi. gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi qarTul, megrul da svanur enebze. `eTerianis ZiriTadi forma prozaulia, gvxvdeba leqsad da leqsnarevi prozis saxiTac. cnobilia misi 70-mde varianti. Tqmuleba gamoaqveyna p. umikaSvilma 1875 wels. wminda xalxuri teqsti pirvelad daibeWda 1858 wels gazeT `iveriaSi~ (#274). Cvenamde moRweuli `eTeriani~ X-XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. `eTeriani~ farTo epikuri tiloa. masSi maRali xelovnebiT aris asaxuli maradiuli siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli qal-vaJis tr a g i ku l i b edi . x a l x i s e s Teti ku r i i dea l i da msoflmxedveloba; gadmocemulia batonymuri urTierToba, socialuri antagonizmi (mefe winaaRmdegia Tavisi vaJis _ abesalomis, glexis qalze daqorwinebisa). demonur ZalTa Widili adamianebTan; abesalomis yma murmani eSmaks suls mihyidis, jadosnobiT CaSlis qal-vaJis qorwils. eTers ganSorebuli abesalomi sneuldeba da kvdeba. eTeri Tavs iklavs satrfos sarecelTan. murmani cocxlad Caimarxavs Tavs maT Soris. abesalomisa da eTeris saflavze ia da vardi erTmaneTisken ixrebian, murmanis saflavze amosuli nar-ekali ki qal-vaJis simbolur SeerTebasac abrkolebs. `eTerianis~ siuJeturi analogiebi moi poveba Sua saukuneebis msoflio literaturaSi (`tristan da izolda~, `virsamiani~ da sxva). mZafrma siuJetma, daxvewilma epikurma saxeebma, mdidarma poeturma enam ganapiroba `eTerianis~ udidesi popularoba. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna vaJa-fSavelas poema `eTeri~, z. faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ da sxva. 174 zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan * * * 1919 wels z. faliaSvils gadauxades moRvaweobis 25 wlis iubile. amave wlis 5 Tebervals daidga d. arayiSvilis `Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, xolo 21 Tebervals _ qarTuli saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye `abesalom da eTeri~. opera moicavda xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs suraTs, rolebs asruleben: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ zali pski, naTela _ morozova, marix varskvlavi _ garneli, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili. dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, naana _ mandenova, beliar-eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe, Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari _ kurbatova, moZaxili _ orliuki, diriJorobda z. faliaSvili. baleti dadga vakarecma. cekvavdnen: bau-zaki da vakareci. dekoracia ekuTvnoda al. zalcmans. gunds xelmZRvanelobda korSoni. speqtakli, romelic 7 saaTsa da 30 wuTze daiwyo, damTavrda 12 saaTze. darbazi xalxiT iyo gaWedili; meore moqmedebis Semdeg kompozitors didi ovaciebi gaumarTes. presa mxurvaled gamoexmaura operas. gazeT ..Ãðóçèÿ`- Si d. arayiSvilisa da z. faliaSvilis nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: «Аракчиев и Палиев дали чисто грузинскую народную музыку со всеми своеобразными отливами, характером и образностью чисто грузинских мелодии, но облекли ее в высшие совершенные формы европейского исскуства. Оперы Аракчиева и Палиева – несомненный вклад в мировую музыку и не уступают многим известным европейским орерам». imave wlis 25 aprils kvlav daidga `abesalom da eTeri~ Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ sarajiSvili, naTela _ morozova, marix varskvlavi _ viSemirskaia, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, nana _ cinki, Tandaruxi _ fxalaZe, stumari _ kurbatovi, moZaxili _ orliuki, diriJori z. faliaSvili, dadgma a. wuwunavasi. am speqtakliT Tbilisis saopero Teatris scenaze damkvidrda qarTuli vokaluri xelovneba. v. sarajiSvilis, s. inaSvilisa da SulginabaxutaSvilis kvalze aRizar dnen rol ebis RirseuliESemsruleblebi: abesalomisa: n. qumsiaSvili, z. anjafariZe, n. andRulaZe; eTerisa: e. soxaZe, e. gostenina; 175 eka gureSiZe murmanisa: p. amiranasvili, d. gamrekeli, b. kraveiSvili, S. kiknaZe, T. zeinkliSvili. am operaSi sxvadasxva dros mRerodnen: n. xaraZe, m. nakaSiZe, a. isecki, b. grigoraSvili, v. xamaSuriZe. axalgazrda Taobidan: m. TomaZe, p. amiranaSvili, T. TaqTaqiSvili, n. tuRuSi, v. glunCiZe da sxvebi. am speqtakliT daiwyo Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba Tbilisis operis scenaze gamoCenilma mocekvavem v. Wabukianma, cekvebSi sxvadasxva dros monawileobdnen: v. gvaramaZe, i. suxiSvili, n. ramiSvili, T. Wabukiani, m. baueri. aRsaniSnavia cekvebi d. javriSvilis dadgmiT. zaqaria faliaSvili, `eTeris aria~ IV aqtidan gasaocari sinoyivrisa da evropis gasaocarive ostatobisa _ TviT arsebaSi amynobs am or kulturas da odesme miscems qveynierebas impulss xelovnebis aRorZinebis axli epoqis SeqmnisaTvis, axli formebisa da maTi axalive azriT aRvsilobisaTvis~. aleqsandre wuwunava `abesalom da eTeris~ meased dadgmis Sesaxeb: `[1923] `abesalom da eTeri~ saxelmwifo operis scenaze meased idgmeba. zogierTebisaTvis SeiZleba es tiraJi gasakvirveli iyos, magram am movlenis sidiades iseTis gamaxvilebulis grZnobiT vervin ganicdis, rogorc me. ramdeni mwuxareba iyo nagrZnobi, ramdeni gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba daiZlia, vidre es udidesi kulturuli ganZi qarTveli xalxisa gamoCndeboda scenaze da qarTvel msmenels siamayis Rimils mohgvrida. 1923 wlis 21 Tebervals `abesalom da eTeris~ mease speqtaklze Tbilisis operis Teatris direqciam specialuri samkerde niSnebi daariga. `abesalomis~ mSvenierebam STaagona did qarTvel reJisor kote marjaniSvils es sityvebi: `didi dResaswaulia! dResaswauli namdvili xelovnebisa! dResaswauli kulturuli gamarjvebisa! sarkmelia evropisaken. gasa ocari legendaa, samSob lo qveynis hang ebiT mosevdianebuli, evropuli ostatobiT SemuSavebuli. melandeba da mgonia, xorcs isxams Cveni mesianoba xelovnebaSi _ msoflio xelovnebaSi. mrwams, saqarTvelo, ori didi damoukidebeli kulturis sazRvarze mdgari, aRmosavleTis 176 1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia, ix.: l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe. g. CxikvaZe. Tbilisi, 1990. v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971. gv. 24. g. toraZe, qarTuli musika saukinis gadasaxedidan, Tbilisi, `mecniereba`, 1998 w Б. А. Багадуров, Очерки по истории вокальной методологии, Москва, 1937. b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, Tbilisi, 1979. J. ToiZe, avtoreferati, Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero momRerali _ msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs., Tbilisi 1997 w. klaviri, op. `abesalom da eTeri. 177 nino sakandeliZe magistraturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe `eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan `eTerianis~ siuJetur fabulaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs socialuri motivi _ ufliswul abesalomisa da ubralo glexi qalis eTeris dapirispireba. magram operis saerTo koncefciaSi misi ZiriTadi Tema _ siyvaruli, warmosaxulia rogorc diadi, uZleveli Zala, romelic gadalaxavs ara marto socialuri uTanasworobis zRudes, aramed _ TviT sikvdilsac ki. siyvarulisa da sikvdilis amaRlebuli poema kompozitorma musikaluri tragediis martiv, sada da amave dros monumentur formebSi gadawyvita. msoflio saopero literaturaSi bevri rodi moi poveba nawarmoebi, romelic iseTi maRali zneobrivi paTosiT iyos gamsWvaluli, rogorc z. faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~. operaSi aqcentirebulia ara marto siyvarulis eTikuri Zala, aramed siyvarulis ganwirulebis tragikuli idea. siyvarulis ganwirulebis musikaluri gansaxierebisaTvis kompozitori gamoyofs damoukidebel Temas, esaa _ bedisweris Tema. igi warmodgenilia rogorc simbolo im fataluri, sabediswero Zalisa, romelic xels uSlis adamianis bednierebas. mTel nawarmoebSi ver SexvdebiT Janrul da peizaJur scenebs. kompozitors, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani samyaro da sulieri gancdebi ainteresebs. Zalze mniSvnelovania operis Janrobrivi saxis dadgena. `abesalom da eTers~, Cveulebriv, ganixilaven rogorc epikur nawarmoebs, xandaxan _ rogorc lirikuls. iyo cda, igi dramatul operad gamoecxadebinaT, magram arcerTi es gansazRvra ar moicavs operis Canafiqrs mTeli sisruliT da amdenad, araa sakmarisad zusti da amomwuravi. am operis Tavisebureba isaa, rom masSi gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: 178 lirikuli (I aqti), epikuri (II aqti) da gansakuTrebiT tragikuli (III-IV aqtebi). tragediuloba Tavs iCens rogorc operis monumentur struqturaSi, ise ZiriTadi ideis gadawyvetis ganzogadebulobaSi. amave dros operis tragediuloba Taviseburia. es aris tragedia qmediTobis garegani niSnebis gareSe, e. i., ara Seqspiruli, aramed antikuri ti pis tragedia. cxadia, garegnuli statikuroba nawarmoebis dramaturgiuli defeqti ki ar aris, aramed misi stilisturi Taviseburebaa. operas `abesalom da eTeri~ SeiZleba vuwodoT lirikulepikuri tragedia. operis epikuri xasiaTi xazgasmulia sagundomasobrivi scenebis siWarbiTa da moqmedebis dinji ganviTarebiT, gmirTa tragedia epikur-TxrobiT formaSi iRebs gamoxatulebas. rogorc Tavisi dramaturgiuli formiT, ise ramdenadme musikis xasiaTiTac `abesalom da eTeri~ opera-oratorias uaxlovdeba. garegnuli moqmedebis siZunwe, Txrobis dinji, epikuri toni, xalxis, gundis udidesi roli, tragediis ganviTarebaSi _ yovelive es cxadad metyvelebs `abesalom da eTeris~ oratoriul ganxraze. magram garegnuli dramatuli moqmedebis uqonloba rodi gamoricxavs dramatizms. epikuri sidiade da oratoriuloba xels ar uSlis `abesalom da eTeris~ dinamikurobasa da Sinagan dramatizms. magram es dramatizmi Taviseburi, gansakuTrebuli ti pisaa. igi daZabul sulier gancdebSi vlindeba da ara moqmedebaSi _ zedmet moZraobaSi. z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa xalxuroba am sityvis farTo gagebiT. operis xalxuri arsi mdgomareobs ara marto musikaluri enis erovnul warmomavlobaSi, aramed mxatvrul saxeTaA mkvidr qarTul erovnul bunebaSi. folkloruli wyaroebisadmi mimarTvisas, kompozitori iswrafvis maTi Sinagani arsis gaxsnisa da ganviTarebisaken, xalxur masalas iyenebs, rogorc dramaturgiul elements. `abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri enis mZlavri dasayrdeni qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. operis Sinaarsis, misi epikurlegendaruli xasiaTisa da wyobis Sesabamisad, kompozitori, 179 nino sakandeliZe umTavresad emyareba Zvel qarTul glexkacur simReras, gansakuTrebiT qarTl-kaxur, e. w. gabmul sagundo simRerebs. amasTan, operaSi vxvdebiT svanuri simReridan momdinare intonaciur nakadsac. zogierT epizodSi kompozitori mimarTavs SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebul qarTul qalaqur simReras, agreTve qarTuli sagaloblis elementebs. `abesalom da eTeris~ xalxuri arsi dakavSirebulia agreTve gundis _ xalxis udides rolTan nawarmoebSi. swored gundi gansazRvravs operis xalxur-epikur da monumentur stils. nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis manZilze viTardeba, romelTagan TiToeuli operis ZiriTadi da sakvanZo momentis gamomxatvelia. amis Sesabamisad, operis dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli moqmedeba _ siyvarulis Casaxva, meore _ saqorwino nadimi, mesame _ ganSoreba, meoTxe _gmirebis sikvdili. am azrobrivma ganviTarebam Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova operis Janrobriv da struqturul TaviseburebebSi. I aqtSi, romelic, ZiriTadad, lirikulia, solo nomrebi da dialoguri scenebi sWarbobs, II aqti grandiozuli epikuri tiloa da, Sesabamisad, misi musika TiTqmis mTlad gunduria, III aqtSi dramatuli simZafre tragizmamde aRwevs. aq xdeba mkveTri Semobruneba opera tragediis koncefciisaken, rac saboloo gamoxatulebas finalur _ IV aqtSi iRebs. amgvarad, operis dramaturgiuli xazi miemarTeba lirikidan eposisa da dramatizmis gziT tragediisaken.~ 2 gulbaT toraZe aRniSnavs: `abesalom da eTeris~ mniSvneloba da kuTri wona qarTul musikaSi sruliad gansakuTrebulia. vfiqrob, rom sveticxovlisa da `vefxistyaosnis~ Semdgomi epoqis qarTul kulturaSi aRar Seqmnila aseTi rangis nawarmoebi. wminda musikaluri, zogadmxatvruli, eTikuri da dramaturgiuli sawyisebis araCveulebrivi mTlianobiT, harmoniuli SerwymiT `abesalom da eTeri~ msoflio musikis udides SedevrTa doneze dgas. 1919 wlis 21 Tebervali _ `abesalom da eTeris~ premieris dRe, samudamod darCa ubrwyinvales TariRad qarTuli musikis istoriaSi. amis Semdeg `abesalomma~ ixila saqarTvelos da 180 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis saopero Teatrebis scena da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi gza ukvdavebisaken dResac grZeldeba.~3 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom: `1919 wels z. faliaSvils gadauxades moRvaweobis 25 wlis iubile. amave wlis 21 Tebervals daidga qarTuli saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye `abesalom da eTeri~. opera moicavda xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs suraTs. rolebs asrulebdnen: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ zali pski, naTela _ morozova, marix varskvlavi _ garneli, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, nana _ mandenova, beliar- eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe, Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari _ kurbatova, moZaxili _ orliuki. diriJorobda z. faliaSvili. baleti dadga vakarecma, cekvavdnen: baur-zaki da vakareci. dekoracia ekuTvnoda al. zalcmans, gunds xelmZRvanelobda korSoni.~4 mixeil TumaniSvilis dadgmas z. faliaSvilis operisa `abesalom da eTeri~ diriJorobda jansuR kaxiZe, eTeri _ maia TomaZe, abesalomi _ aleko xomeriki, murmani _ eldar gewaZe. rogorc vokalistis, Cemi mizania warvadgino eTeris ariis vokalur-teqnikur-saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi: 1. tonaloba _ si bemol maJori, zoma _ 6/8. iwyeba mSvidad, auRelveblad (Andante con dolore). 2. `operis musikas pirvelive taqtebidan Sehyavs msmeneli xalxur-sasimRero sferoSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis Semdeg, romelic Soridan moismis, mkveTr kontrastad aRiqmeba eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria `dedinacvali~, romelSic eTeris nazi da naRvliani saxea daxatuli. xalxuri sasimRero wyobis am sada da lakoniuri melodiis intonireba Tanaxmieri akompanimentis fonze xdeba. Tavisi melodiuri aRnagobiTa da xasiaTiT igi xalxur nanas uaxlovdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom mwyemsi qaliSvilis saxes kompozitori gvixatavs ara tradiciuli ti pis saopero ariiT, aramed xalxuri wyobis ubralo strofuli simReriT.~5 aRsaniSnavia erovnuli nanebis gansakuTrebuli tragizmi. ratom umReroda deda Tavis pirmSos aseT tonSi?! radgan 181 nino sakandeliZe misi Svili rom gaizrdeboda, omSi, sabrZolvelad unda wasuliyo da swored amitom aris qarTuli nanebi aseTi sevdiani. melodikac maRlidan dabla moiwevs da ara piriqiT, rac sevdis da tkivilis gamomxatvelia, magaliTad, eTeris aria, sadac yoveli fraza daRmavali svliT mTavrdeba, rogorc morCilebis simbolo. eTeris partiaSi devs sevdis is ganwyoba, romelic zogadad qarTul literaturasa da poeziaSi permanentulad vlindeba (SuSaniki, tarieli), aseve sevdis motivebi qarTveli mefeebis poeziaSi. swored es igulisxmeba lado donaZis SefasebaSi: `prof. l. donaZis moxdenili TqmiT, `abesalomis~ musikaSi gamoixata qarTveli xalxis Semoqmedi geniac da misi saukunovani sevdac. dRes ki Cven mas aRviqvamT, rogorc Cveni eris ukvdavebisa da maradiulobis simbolosac~. 6 eTeri _ gansaxiereba erTgulebisa da siyvarulis grZnobis wmindad Senaxvisa. moraluri sisufTave, sibrZne. mis mus. saxeSi xazgasmulia pasiuri TviTSewirva, bedis morCileba, ganwiruloba. TviT yvelaze dramatul momentebSic igi araa qmediTi, pasiuri rCeba da es saxe yvelaze srulyofilad, mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT da yvela TvisebiT swored am ariaSi gamovlinda. is idealuri portretia, mxolod erTgan aReldeba eTeri (IV moqmedebaSi - eTeris da abesalomis duetSi). is eTikuri sawyisis matarebelia, masSi araa mrisxaneba. eTeris aria _ es aris lirikul-elegiuri aria, nazi, sevdiani, wynari mus. faqtura, martivi xalxuri melodia `nanas~ hgavs, Tumca zusti citirebis gareSe, rac 6/8 ritmiTaa xazgasmuli. ara saopero aria (rogorc akademiuri), aramed xalxuri kupleturi simRera, romelic mis xalxur warmomavlobas usvams xazs, Tumc, soc. motivi aq araa. erTiani 182 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan kilouri koloriti (eoliuri g-dan) qarTuli kadansiT VIII da tonikuri pedliT bgera solis, romelic permanentulad JRers. faqturis erTianoba da koloritis erTianoba (simebianebi)P monadireTa gundebiT garSemortymuli _ es nomeri sami nomris gaerTianebas qmnis da kidev ufro kontrastulad JRers, rac ti puria am operisaTvis (kontrastebi). melodikas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, axasiaTebs daRmavali mimarTulebiT svla, rogorc morCilebis simbolo. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom reJ. m. TumaniSvilis dadgmaSi cnobilma soprano maia TomaZem mniSvnelovani gardatexa moaxdina da eTeris sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe gviCvena, eTeri _ mebrZolo sulis da ara pasiuri, bedis morCili. man ukanasknel scenaSi Tmebi gaiSala glovis niSnad, rac arcerT momRerals (eTers) ar gaukeTebia. `maia petres asuli TomaZe (1954-1994), (soprano), saq. sax. artisti (1987), barselonis f. viniasis sax. saerTaSoriso konkursis laureati (1987, granpri da oqros medali). 1976 w. daamTavra Tb. konservatoria, amave wlidan iyo Tb. operisa da baletis Teatris solisti. 1980-83 wlebSi staJireba gaiara ssrk-is did TeatrSi. 1983 wlidan kvlav Tb. saopero Teatris solisti iyo. warmatebiT asrulebda sopranos yvela wamyvan partias qarTul da sazRvargareTul operebSi, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia eTeris partia (z. faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~), igi aRiarebul iqna wlis saukeTeso rolad. mas hqonda iSviaTi silamazis, rbili tembris xma. 1992 wlidan samuSaod gadavida fineTSi, q. helsinkSi. gastro lebs marTav da msoflios mraval qvey anaSi, TanamSromlobda msoflios wamyvan diriJorebTan. `gedis simRerad~ iqca TomaZis mier Sesrulebuli eTeris partia baTumis saopero Teatris scenaze (1994).~7 183 nino sakandeliZe maia TomaZe yovelnair mizanscenebze mihyveboda mixeil TumaniSvils, yvelafers akeTebda, rasac reJisori moiTxovda misgan, igi dawolilic ki mReroda, misTvis sirTules aranairi fizikuri mdgomareoba ar warmoadgenda. `mixeil TumaniSvili iyo CvenSi qmediTi analizis meTodis mimdevari. msaxiobis aqtivobis efeqtze ki bevrad aris damokidebuli WeSmaritad aqtioruli sasceno qmedebis warmoqmna. mixeil TumaniSvilis cxovreba Teatralur samyaroSi ara marto saintereso, nayofieri da araordinaluri aRmoCnda, aramed man XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli Teatris ganviTareba, misi momavali gansazRvra kidec. reJisoris mier warmoebuli Ziebebi fasdaudebelia, radgan maT qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebaSi lomis wili miuZRviT. mas brwyinvaled esmoda da warmatebiT iyenebda stanislavskis moZRvrebas. me mgoni, am meTodiT, misi avtoris garda, mxolod g. tovstonogovi, a. efrosi da m. TumaniSvili muSaobdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTze ukeT aravis esmoda stanislavskis moZRvrebis arsi, misi saidumloebani. aqtiorisagan TumaniSvili iTxovda sulis moZraobis asaxvas, scenaze cocxal urTierTobas partniorTan. misTvis mTavari iyo msaxiobis aRzrda, mocemul scenur pirobebSi misi organuli `Cajena~. man Tavad brwyinvale skola gaiara, radgan g. tovstonogovis mowafe gaxldaT~. 8 aqve aRsaniSnavia m. TumaniSvilis sqema, romelic migviTiTebs im etapebs, ra etapebic unda gaiaros msaxiobma speqtaklze muSaobis procesSi, xolo Cemma pedagogma, prof. Jana ToiZem es sqema da meTodi gamoiyena vokalSi _ xmis dayenebis procesSi. 9 184 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan m. TumaniSvilis sqema: 1. magistrantis survili (ra unda, rom gamoxatos frazaSi, nawarmoebSi). 2. moqmedeba, Sinagani gaxsna (vokalur-teqnikuri siZneleebis daZleva) 3. fizikuri moqmedeba (iaros, icekvos, dajdes da a. S.)(laR moZraobaSi sunTqvis gamomuSaveba kompleqsuri meTodis gamoyenebiT). 4. moixmaros intuicia (niuansireba, samsaxiobo ostatobis da sulierebis gamoyenebiT). 5. grZnoba, emocia (kompleqsuri meTodis gamoyenebiT zomieri vibraciis gamomuSaveba). 6. maqsimalurad daixarjos (Seikras nawarmoebi _ romansi, aria, arieta). stanislavskis da TumaniSvilis skolas aerTianebs e. w. `warmosaxvis~, `dialogis~, aseve moqmedebis analizis meTodi. mimaCnia, rom momRerlisTvis erT-erTi umTavresi faqtoria samsaxiobo ostatobis floba. Tu gsurs, msmenelSi emocia aRZra, maSin Tavad unda ganicado, raTa msmenelsac gadasdo Seni ganwyoba da masac ganacdevino SenTan erTad. amas sWirdeba maRali profesionalizmi, rac axasiaTebda maia TomaZes. amas ewodeba: `Обратная связь~. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul musikas axasiaTebs Caxvevebi, rac maiam maRal wertilze aiyvana. eTeris ariaSi `dedinacvali~, Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba aseTi musikaluri frazebi: 185 nino sakandeliZe `aq tyeSi vgdivarze~ Tanxmovani Zlieri unda iyos, emociuri momentia. `tyeSi vgdivar~, _ kargad unda Tqvas momReralma, Tanxmovani `r~ ar unda daikargos. aq ukve TvalnaTliv Cans, rom movlenebi tragikulad viTardeba. Tavidan, dasawyiss Zalian mSvidad iwyebs: `dedinacvali, TvalSi nacari~ magram _ `aq tyeSi vgdivar~ ukve gansxvavdeba I nawilisagan, momRerals msmeneli dawyevlis momentamde mihyavs, unda gamoCndes, rom movlenebi tragikulad viTardeba, risxvis momentia `aq tyeSi vgdivar~, ufro meti ferebia saWiro d maia TomaZe saocrad kontrastulad cvlida am ferebs, iseT niuansirebas akeTebda, uceb feTqdeboda emociurad (rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, maia mebrZoli sulis eTers TamaSobda). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqceva sunTqvas. `aq tyeSi vgdivar~ _ mTeli es fraza erT sunTqvazea gasatani da Tu sunTqvis elementebi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia am teqnikurad rTuli adgilebis _ fiariturebis (Caxvevebis), daZleva. aqve Cndeba e. w. `gardamavali~ bgerebi, mus. fraza gadadis maRal registrSi da emociurad datvirTulia. TomaZesTan yvela gardamavali bgera JRerda, gaTanabrebuli hqonda yvela registri da ar iyo Cavardnili. momRerals bunebrivad dayenebuli xma da ori oqtava hqonda _ aseTi xmebi hqondaT meri nakaSiZes da daviT gamrekels. maia TomaZe bavSvobidan ukravda violinoze. maS ase, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, gaCnda e. w. `gardamavali~ bgerebi, sakmaod rTuli niuansireba _ e. w. `Caxvevebi~, teqnikurad rTuli adgilebi _ `aq tyeSi vgdivar~ erT sunTqvazea, sakmaod rTuli frazaa am ariaSi da moiTxovs sunTqvis swor ganawilebas _ warmarTvas, rac erT-erTi umTavresi faqtoria 186 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan momRerlisaTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia is, Tu ra tipis sunTqvaa saWiro aseT SemTxvevaSi. vokalSi viyenebT sametyvelo sunTqvas, e. w. `diafragmatul sunTqvas~, sadac aqtiurad CarTulia muclis kunTebi, mTeli diafragma. sametyvelo da sasimRero sunTqva erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, ris Sesaxebac vkiTxulobT prof. b. nikolaiSvilis wignSi: `qarTuli sasceno metyveleba~: `XIX saukunis bevri frangi mkvlevari yuradRebas gulmkerdis (zeda) sunTqvaze amaxvilebda. amis Semdeg cnobili gaxda inglisel mkvlevarTa muclis sunTqvis upiratesobis Teoria. icavdnen agreTve gulmkerdisa da muclis sunTqvis ti pebs Soris mdebare sunTqvis saxeobasac. am ti pis sunTqvis upiratesoba imas emyareba, rom sametyvelo sunTqvis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs haeris didi raodenobiT SesunTqvas, rac Zalas hmatebs xmis `warmoqmnas~. am mizniT rekomendebuli iyo e. w. `Rrma sunTqvis~ gamosamuSavebeli savarjiSoebi. sametyvelo sunTqvis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli iyo terminebi: mxrebiT, mkerdiT, mucliT sunTqva. mxrebiT sunTqva yovelTvis sakamaTo iyo, vinaidan, rogorc SeniSnavdnen, am ti pis sunTqvis dros xdeba mxrebis aweva, rasac mosdevs muclis kunTebis maRla aweva, es ki xels uSlis SuasaZgidis kunTis efeqtur moqmedebas, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba simRerisa da metyvelebisaTvis sakmao haeris SesunTqva. gulmkerdiT sunTqva TavisTavad ar arsebobs, igi ufro sunTqvis ciklis dasawyiss, SesunTqvis fazas gulisxmobs. muclis sunTqva yuradRebas amaxvilebs amosunTqvis dros muclis kunTebis aqtiur moqmedebaze. sadaoa agreTve am ti pis sunTqvis izolirebulad arseboba. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom mniSvnelovania damokidebuleba SesunTquli haeris moculobasa da tonis JReradobas Soris. es ki gulisxmobs imas, rom Cveulebriv metyvelebas ar esaWiroeba Rrmad sunTqva. tonis sisuste Sepirobebulia ara imiT, TiTqos, mis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobdes arasakmarisi raodenoba, aramed imiT, rom xmis warmoqmnis dros SesunTquli haeris raodenoba sworad ar aris gamoyenebuli (ganawilebuli). haeris wneva da moculoba gamudmebuli kontroliT unda mimdinareobdes bgeraTa warmoTqmis dros. es aris swored sametyvelo sunTqvis meqanizmis daniSnuleba. igivea vokalSi. 187 nino sakandeliZe sunTqvis kontroli mTeli rigi pirobebis dacviT xorcieldeba, sunTqvis kontroli niSnavs imis unars, rom filtvebi swrafad an nela mTlianad Seivsos haeriT; isunTqo swrafad an nela mocemuli mdgomareobis kvalobaze; SeaCero sunTqva da ganaaxlo sunTqvis procesi adre SesunTquli haeris daukargavad; xmis warmoqmnisaTvis gamoiyeno Cveulebrivi sunTqva; isunTqo mSvidad da iseTi sixSiriT, rogorc teqsts an frazas Seefereba; isunTqo imgvarad, rom Rrma sunTqvas daRliloba ar mohyves; ise gamoizogo sunTqva, rom misi mar agi ar mogakldes; isunTqo is e bunebrivad da daubrkoleblad, rom msmenelma ver SeniSnos sunTqva da misi nakleboba.~10 aseve, sainteresod aris gaSuqebuli sunTqvis mniSvneloba v. a. bagadurovis wignSi. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, damwyeb momRerals unda hqondes xma, musikaluri smena, maxsovroba, ritmis SegrZneba da aseve artistuli niWi, bunebisagan miniWebuli. xmaze muSaoba moiTxovs did moTminebas da gamZleobas, anu nebisyofas. Tu es yovelive gaaCnia momRerals, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba misgan dadges artistimomRerali. avtori aseve xazs usvams da eyrdnoba ital. prof. sonkis Teoriul princi pebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani da umTavresia xmis dayenebis procesSi sunTqvis elementebi (swori sunTqva). igi aRniSnavs, rom: `simReris xelovneba es aris sunTqvis skola~. saboloo jamSi, avtori Cerdeba diafragmatuli ti pis sunTqvaze _ `Косто-абдоминальиый тип дыхания~. 188 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan nawarmoebis Seswavlis procesSi, sityvis problema win unda iyos wamoweuli, Tanxmovnebi ar unda `Cavardes~, gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis misaqcevia `r~, `l~, `n~ Tanxmovnebi. `netavi, vinme gamoCndebodes, gadamarCendes~... , ,netavi, vinme~ _ saSualo registria. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve iZabeba musikaluri faqtura, gadadis maRal registrSi, Cndeba `gardamavali~ bgerebi sityvaSi: `gadamarCendes~, mus. frazaSi igrZnoba dramatizmi, kompozitori Txoulobs fermatos, grZlioba _ pauzas da kulminacias boloSi, sadac iwyeba `wyevlis~ scena. `da dedinacvlis~... aqac gvxvdeba e. w. `gardamavali~ bgerebi, rasac didi yuradReba eqceoda jer kidev Zveli italieli maestroebis mier. mxolod maSin gardamavali bgerebi odnav dabal registrSi iTvleboda (amas vkiTxulobT bagadurovis wignSi vokalur-meTodur sakiTxebze). Semdgom wlebSi Seicvala sakompozicio skola XIX, XX saukuneebSi da masTan erTad vokaluri skola, romelic moiTxovda ufro maRal tesituras _ verdis, puCinis, rosinis musika. amitom gardamavali bgera gaxda ukve mi bemoli, mi, fa, fa diez, magram gaaCnia sopranos da tenors. zogi soprano 189 nino sakandeliZe ufro maRalia da msubuqi, zogi ufro kompaqturi, aseve tenoric. bgeris pozicias didi yuradRebiT da didi sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, raTa ar iyos cxviris, yelis da sxva. xorxi unda iyos gaTavisuflebuli, unda mieqces yuradReba, pirvel rigSi _ ybas, mis Camowevas, gaTavisuflebas _ rogorc sasceno metyvelebaSi. aseve gamoyenebul unda iqnes sunTqvis regulacia. sasurvelia e. w. Sereuli sunTqva, amas gvTavazoben rogorc italieli pedagogebi, aseve b. nikolaiSvili Tavis miTiTebaSi: `gul-mkerdis da muclis kunTebis Serwyma~. TumaniSvili moiTxovda Tavisufal mxrebs, laR korpuss siarulis da jdomis dros. dabolos, nawarmoebis damagvirgvinebeli momenti, bolo akordi mTavrdeba bgera sol-ze, romlisTvisac momzadeba sWirdeba momRerals, vinaidan es bgera moiTxovs filirebas _ es aris metad rTuli niuansireba, romelic Sesrulebisas moiTxovs vokalur-teqnikur codnas: zusti intonacia ara marto intonaciuri, aramed poziciuri. swori artikulacia _ miaxlovebuli italiur momrgvalebul bgerebTan. Tu xmovan `i~-zea, am SemTxvevaSi italielebi gvTavazoben frangul `u~-s, raTa ar iyos ulamazo, anu `moWerili~, bgera. 1. ybis gaTavisufleba. 2. sunTqvis swori ganawileba. 3. pianodan imave poziciiT mRera. vinaidan yvela ver asrulebs am niuansirebas, am SemTxvevaSi studenti sargeblobs mezzo-voche-Ti, e. i., odnav umatebs siZlieres rogorc teqnikurad sunTqviT, aseve `amaRlebuli sulieri~ SesrulebiT, samsaxiobo monacemebis da ostatobis codniT forteze, fortisimoze (forte-fortissimo) da Semdgom kvlav imave poziciiT, imave intonaciuri simaRlis SenarCunebiT, sunTqvis ganawilebis da udidesi musikalobis gamoyenebiT, sulierebiT, pianosimoze unda daamTavros fraza (piano, pianissimo-ze), rogorc moiTxovs kompozitori. 190 m`eTeris aria~ operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ I aqtidan am SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba ar visaubro oriod sityviT maRal sasimRero `formantaze~. maRali sasimRero `formanta~ aris vokalur-teqnikuri erT-erTi urTulesi Sesasrulebeli ukiduresad maRali `bgera~ ariis Tu romansis. xSirad recenzentebi am bgeras `kaSkaSas~, `mooqrovebuls~ da sxv. uwodeben, romelic Seicavs: 1. `bgeris~ maRal pozicias Tavis rezonatorSi; 2. `bgeris~ siZlieres; 3. `bgeris~ vibracias-rxevas-sixSires; 4. `bgeris~ fonetikur, zomier momrgvalebas _ Sinaarsidan gamomdinare; 5. intonaciur sizustes; 6. sunTqvis zust mowodebas kunTebis muSaobis Sedegad; 7. `bgeris~ siRrmes; 8. moculobas; 9. emociurobas _ sasceno ostatobis flobas, Sesrulebis maRal kulturas, gemovnebas, raTa ar iyos forsireba, gadaWarbeba. maRali sasimRero `formanta~ Bel-canto-s erT-erTi mTavari da urTulesi niuansirebaa, romelsac moiTxovs rogorc saSualo, aseve dabali registri. maRali `formanta~ mogvismenia karuzos, jilis, pavarotis SesrulebiT, saqarTveloSi _ z. sotkilava, z. anjafariZe, n. andRulaZe, c. tatiSvili, m. TomaZe, a. xomeriki, T. guguSvili da sxv. maRali sasimRero `formanta~ miRebulia rogorc saerTaSoriso bgera, romelic moiTxovs momRerlis maRal kulturas, gemovnebas, codnas. am bgeriT da sxva komponentebiT ganisazRvreba momRerlis Sesrulebis da zogadi donec saerTaSoriso konkursebze. 191 nino sakandeliZe maia xaWapuriZe magistrtaturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. Jana ToiZe eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ (`dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi) 1. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba `ganTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 161. 2. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 168. 3. g. toraZe, `qarTuli musika saukunis gadasaxedidan~, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 1998 w., gv. 13. 4. v. gvaxaria, `qarTuli musikis mSveneba~ (Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba), Tbilisi, 1971 w., gv. 25. 5. l. donaZe, `qarTuli musikis istoria~, wigni I, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv. 176. 6. g. toraZe, `qarTuli musika saukunis gadasaxedidan~, Tbilisi `mecniereba~ 1998 w., gv. 13. 7. g. toraZe, `musikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni~, Tbilisi, 2007 w., gv. 113. 8. eTer guguSvili, naTela arvelaZe, Jurnali `Teatri da kino~ (27 marti, 1997 w.), mixeil TumaniSvili. 9. J. ToiZe, `avtoreferati~, Tbilisi, 1997 w. gv. 9, `Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero reJisura da momRerali-msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs~. 10. b. nikolaiSvili, `qarTuli sasceno metyveleba~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., `sunTqvis ti pebi~, gv. 62. 192 z. faliaSvili Tavis `avtobiografiul~ cnobebSi werda; `Cemi Tavi da Tavi mizani da miswrafeba yovel Cems muSaobaSi yofila da mudamac iqneba, rom qarTuli hangebis `harmonizatorma~ Tu SemTxzvelma aras gziT ar unda uRalatos im princi ps, romelic Tavdapirvel ganZs warmoadgens xalxuri hangebis damuSaveba-SeTxzvaSi. es princi pi gaxlavT mTlianad da sufTad dacva qarTulis koloritisa, aRmonacen TviT xalxis gulidan... me am princi pis momxre var da mudamac viqnebi, radaganac es erTaderTi gza aris, romelsac SeuZlia, musikaluri xelovneba CvenSi aayvaos da ganviTareba misces~. aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas rom, SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirvelive dRidanve z. faliaSvilis upirveles sazrunavad qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sekreba, Seswavla da damuSaveba iqca. mas Cawerili qonda 300-mde qarTuli xalxuri simRera, romelTaganac zaqariam gamosca 2 krebuli: `qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi~ (42 simRera, 1910 w.) da `8 qarTuli xalxuri simRera~. aqedan mravali simRera kompozitorma gamoiyena Semdgom Tavis operebSi. 1910 wels kompozitori iwyebs muSaobas umaRlesi donis nawarmoebze _ operaze `abesalom da eTeri~. am siuJetze operis daweris idea z. faliaSvils miawoda cnobilma pedagogma da literetorma petre mirianaSvilma (1860-1940 ww.), romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis `abesalomis~ saxis SeqmnaSi, igi mxarSi edga mTeli es wlebi kompozitors operaze muSaobisas. `abesalom da eTeri~ z. faliaSvilma daasrula 1918 wels, xolo pirveli warmodgena gaimarTa 1919 wlis 21 Tebervals avtoris diriJorobiT, rac iyo qarTuli kulturis udidesi zeimi, qarTuli klasikuri operis dabadebis dRe. opera 193 maia xaWapuriZe aRfrTovanebiT miiRo qarTulma sazogadoebam. `abesalom da eTeris~ dadgma faliaSvilis moRvaweobis kulminaciuri momenti iyo.1 kompozitori siyvarulis ganwirulebis musikaluri gansaxierebisaTvis gamoyofs `bedisweris~ Temas. igi aris simbolo sabediswero Zalisa, romelic xels uSlis adamianis bednierebas. metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania operis Janrobrivi saxis dadgena. operis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamoyenebulia TiTqmis yvela saopero Janri: I moqm. _ lirikuli, II moqm. _ epikuri, III-IV moqm. _ tragikuli. am operas SeiZleba ewodos lirikul-epikuri tragedia. operis tragediuloba Taviseburia, radgan es aris tragedia qmediTobis garegani niSnebis gareSe, anu, igi araSeqspirulia. garegnuli moqmedebis siZunwe, Txrobis dinji epikuri toni, xalxis gundis udidesi roli tragediis ganviTarebaSi _ yovelive es naTlad gviCvenebs `abesalom da eTeris~ oratorul ganxras. oratoruloba vlindeba sulier gancdebSi da ara moqmedebaSi. `abesalom da eTeri~ simfonizmis makfio gamovlinebaa saopero musikaSi, amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs mZafri dinamikuri ganviTarebis unari. es aramarto udides scenaSi, rogoricaa, me-3 moqmedeba, aramed mcire moculobis scenebSic gvxvdeba. z. faliaSvilis operis ZiriTadi damaxasiTebeli Taviseburoba aris xalxuroba. xalxur masalas iyenebs rogorc dramaturgiul elements. `abesalom da eTeris~ musikaluri enis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni qarTuli xalxuri simReraa. aseve kompozitori emyareba Zvel qarTul glexkacur simReras. aris svanuri simReris, qalaquris da aseve qarTuli sagaloblis elementebi. `abesalom da eTeris~ xalxuri arsi dakavSirebulia gundis, xalxis udides rolTan nawarmoebSi, romelic qmediT Zalad iqceva operaSi. nawarmoebis siuJeturi xazi oTxi moqmedebis manZilze viTardeba, anu, dramaturgiul ganviTarebaSi oTxi ZiriTadi etapia: 1. moqm. _ siyvarulis Casaxva. 2. moqm. _ saqorwino nadimi. 3. moqm. _ ganSoreba. 4. moqm. _ gmirebis sikvdili. 194 eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ amgvarad, operis daramaturgiuli xazi miemarTeba lirikidan da daramatizmis gziT _ tragediamde. 1919 wels z. faliaSvils gadauxades moRvaweobis 25 wlis iubile. amave wels, 5 Tebervals, daidga d. arayiSvilis `Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, xolo 21 Tebervals _ qarTuli saopero Semoqmedebis siamaye `abesalom eTeri~. opera moicavda xuT moqmedebasa da eqvs suraTs. rolebs asrulebdnen: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ zali pski, naTela _ morozova, marixvarskvlavi _ garneli, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, nana _ mandenova, beliar-eSmaki _ lorTqifaniZe, Tandaruxi _ WumburiZe, stumari _ kurbatova, moZaxili _ orliuki. diriJorobda z. faliaSvili, baleti dadga vakarecma. cekvavdnen: baur-zaki da bakareci. dekoracia ekuTvnoda al. zalcmans. gunds xelmZRvanelobda korSoni. speqtakli, romelic 7-saaTsa da 30-wuTze daiwyo da damTavrda 12.00 sT.-ze. darbazi xalxiT iyo gaWedili: me2 moqmedebis bolos kompozitors didi ovaciebi gaumarTes. imave wels, 25 aprils, kvlav daidga `abesalom da eTeri~ Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: abio _ qurxuli, abesalomi _ sarajiSvili, naTela – morozova, marix-varskvlavi _ viSemirskaia, eTeri _ Sulgina-baxutaSvili, dedinacvali _ gurji, murmani _ inaSvili, naana _ cinki, Tandaruxi _ fxalaZe, stumari _ kurbatovi, moZaxili _orliuki, diriJpri _ z. faliaSvili, dadgma a. wuwunavasi. am speqtakliT Tbilisis saopero scenaze damkvidrda qarTuli vokaluri xelovneba. `dedinacvlis~ saSemsruleblo kvleviTi analizi eTeris lirikul-elegiuri aria, nazi, sevdiani, martivi xalxuri melodiaa, romlis akompanimenti ti pur nanas hgavs zusti citirebis gareSe, rasac xazs usvams 6/8 zoma. es aria aris xalxuri kupleturi simRera (da ara rogorc saopero akademiuri aria), Tumca socialuri motivi aq araa. eTeri emorCileba Tavis beds, mas ar gaaCnia mrisxaneba, TviT dramatul momentSic ki igi araa qmediTi, rCeba pasiuri, romelic mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT gamovlindeba am ariaSi. me-4 195 maia xaWapuriZe moqmedebaSi eTerisa da abesalomis duetSi igi mxolod aReldeba. eTeri aris xalxuri eTeris prototi pi. pirvel moqmedebaSi, romelic oris suraTisagan Sedgeba, kompozitori iZleva mTavar gmirTa daxasiaTebas. operis musikas pirvelive taqtebidan Sehyavs msmeneli xalxur sasimRero sivrceSi. monadireTa vaJkacuri gundis Semdeg, romelic Soridan moismis aRiqmeba mkveTr kontrastad eTeris lirikul-elegiuri pirveli aria `dedinacvali~. eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ kompozitori mwyemsi qaliSvilis saxes arasaopero ariiT, aramed xalxuri wyobis ubralo strofuli simReriT iwyebs, romlis melodiuroba da xasiaTi uaxlovdeba qarTul nanas. amitom qarTvel momRerals (nebismier xmas), romelic kargad flobs qarTul xalxur folklors, gauadvildeba `abesalom da eTeris~ partiebis Sesruleba. tonaloba nawarmoebSi aris sol minori. igi ar gadadis sxva tonalobaSi da mTeli simReris ganmavlobaSi tonaloba ucvlelia. k. stanislavskis sqema zoma: 6/8 tempi: andante con dolore _ zomieri, auCqareblad. nawarmoebis Seswavlis procesSi viyenebT k. stanislavskis sqemas, romelsac didi saopero reJisori iyenebda speqtaklebze muSaobisas. zemoT aRniSnuli sqemiT Cven SegviZlia vaCvenoT students, Tu rogor unda Seiswavlos esa Tu is nawarmoebi. fragmentebiT daiwyos Seswavla rogorc vokalizi, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba e. w. gardamavali bgerebi nawarmoebis diapazoni, maRali bgerebis calke gamomuSaveba, taqtebi, sadac uWirs moswavles. diapazoni 196 marTalia, aria iwyeba p-ze auCqareblad, Tumca Si nag ani m dgo mar eo ba daZabu lia . gvx vdeba ua mra vi gardamavali bgera. misi ganviTareba xdeba prawtikulad gardamaval bger ebze, romlis Sesruleba SemsruleblisaTvis sakmaod rTulia. me-2 nawilSi ufro meti forSlagebia, vidre pirvelSi. pirveli oqtavis solidan dawyebuli me-2 oqtavis solamde ZiriTadad sruldeba legato. legatoebi, Crescendo d a decrescendo u m T a v r e s i n i u a n s e b i a ariisaTvis. gardamavali bgerebi: d, e, f, fis. sistematurad gvxvdeba, romelic moiTxovs rTul vokalur-teqnikur Sesrulebas (faqtobrivad, gvaqvs gamiseburi svlebi). am partiaSi ar gvevlineba intervalebiT daSorebebi, piriqiT, gvxvdeba erTmaneTze legatirebuli mdore frazebi. imis gamo, rom oTxi taqti Seadgens erT sasimRero frazas, aucilebelia da moiTxovs did sunTqvas da mis swor, gaazrebulad ganawilebas, raTa bolomde eyos sunTqva da ar iyos misustebuli. pirveli frazebi iwyeba pianoTi, melodia iZleva minorul, sevdian xasiaTs romelic Sua nawilidan ukve mZafrdeba da moZraobs nel-nela mf-ze, xolo Semdgom ki _ f-ze. 197 maia xaWapuriZe pirvelive fraza moiTxovs Sesrulebis maneras, rac gasdevs arias bolomde, vinaidan masSi xalxuri intonacia Warbobs (Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT, gadaWarbeba, anu zedmeti forsireba, dauSvebelia). yovel sityvaSi bgerebi, forSlagebis miuxedavad, mkafiod unda iqnes warmoTqmuli (r, m, n, S...) Tanxmovnebi. sityvidan sityvaze gadasvla unda iyos gaazrebuli, Sinaarsiani da mayureblisaTvis gasagebi, misTvis damainteresebeli. gardamavali bgerebi am monakveTSidac gvxvdeba: re, mi, fa. rogorc vxedavT, am or frazaSi (aramarto am frazebSi) aucilebelia sunTqvis kontroli. aria iwyeba `e~ xmovanze da mas moyveba `i~ xmovani. am bgerebze simReris dawyeba araswori poziciiT dauSvebelia da arasasurveli. imisaTvis, rom ar iyos Ria `e~ da `i~ bgerebi, viyenebT frangul `e~-s `i~-s, raTa iyos momrgvalebuli bgera, magram ar unda daikargos qarTuloba. arias viwyebT sunTqvaze dayrdnobiT (diafragmatul-muclis kunTebi), vinaidan gvaqvs sametyvelo registri. sasceno metyvelebaSi b. nikolaiSvili iyenebda am sunTqvas da SegviZlia gadmovitanoT vokalSi. `i~ xmovanze gvaqvs forSlagi. forSlagebis simRerisas dauSvebelia yelismieri an cxvirismieri bgerebi, imisaTvis, rom es ar moxdes, gvexmareba sunTqvis swori ganawileba. frazas viwyebT p-ze, Semdeg ki vaZlierebT, e. i., gvWirdeba, rom gamoviyenoT Crescendo. nawarmoebi grZeldeba afsoluturad gardamaval bgerebze. gvaqvs bevri forSlagi, amitom saWiroa Tavisufali bgerebi, 198 eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ Tumca gmiri Sinaganad aris sakmaod daZabuli, aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebl gamoyenebas moiTxovs msaxiobis ostatobis elementebis floba, rasac yovelTvis iTxovda m. TumaniSvili. aseve amas gvTavazobs i taliuri s kola (sim Reris TvalsazrisiT). am ariis Sesasruleblad gvWirdeba da aseve Rrma sunTqvis gamomuSavebisaTvis savarjiSoebi. Tu adamians aqvs sakmao siZlieris xma, ar aris aucilebeli Cveulebrivi sunTqvis Secvla im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveulebrivi sunTqvis dros SesunTquli haeri sakmarisia xmis warmoqmnisaTvis, Tumca gamonaklisi arsebobs registrebis cvalebadobis dros sasimRero sunTqvaSi. am frazaSi gvWirdeba sunTqvis mkacri kontroli, radgan forSlagebi moiTxovs sunTqvis met marags. pirveli frazisagan gansxvavebiT es fraza sruldeba xmis meti siZlieriT. nawarmoebis Seswavlis Semdeg unda iqnes daZleuli vokalur-teqnikuri siZneleebi. es niSnavs, rom yba unda iyos Camoweuli, aparati Tavisufali da ar iyos yelismieri da cxvirismieri bgera, xorxi Tavisufali, rasac aucileblad melodia meordeba da igivea moTxovnebi, rac dasawyisSi, kompozitori gvTavazobs or pianos mravalferovnebisTvis. am ariisaTvis bgeris sifaqize da silamaze umTavresi kriteriumebia, (XVII-XIX saukuneSi ganviTarda belkantos stili _ `lamazi 199 maia xaWapuriZe eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ simRera), romelic iTvaliswinebs bgeris `emisiis~ aucileblobas. bgeris emisia hqvia nawarmoebis pirvel aRebul bgeras, romlis resursSi Sedis sunTqva, metyveleba, diqcia, maRali gemovneba da orToepia (maxvilis siswore). m. agadurovi sunTqvis specifikas ase axasiaTebs: igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs diafragmatuli ti pis sunTqvaze, romelic Zlier sunTqvasTan erTad Serwymulia bgeris ti pebTan (maRali, dabali...). igi mivida daskvnamde, rom sunTqvis SeCerebas simReris dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rac dasturdeba am fraziT. anu, igi ambobs, rom diafragmatuli da gulmkerdis kunTebi ise unda hqondes momRerals daxvewili, rogorc sportsmens. igi ayalibebs Semdgom meTodur wesebs: 1. simReris dros ar unda iyos sunTqvis miwodeba wyvetili, sistematurad unda mimdinareobdes sunTqvis ganaxleba. 2. didi raodenobiT haeris SesunTqva da warmoqmna sxvadasxva bgeris, gansakuTrebiT gardamaval bgerebze. 3. mimarTuleba misce haerovan bgeras magar sasasTan (zemoT). 4. msubuqad, rbilad bgeris aReba, amis misaRwevad saWiroa intensiuri muSaoba vokalizebiT. am nawilSi gvaqvs mf _ maqsimalurad xmis meti siZlieris xarjze vimReroT es fraza. musikaluri Sesruleba, gamomdinare Sinaarsidan, kerZod sityvebidan, daculi unda iyos niuansireba, mocemuli TviTon avtoris mier, aseve _ tempo-ritmi. 200 unda vTqvaT aucileblad, rom e. w. `gardamaval~ bgerebs didi yuradReba eqceoda jer kidev Zveli italieli maestroebis mier, magram maSin gardamavali bgerebi odnav dabla iTvleboda. Semdgom Seicvala sakompozicio skola XIX-XX saukuneebSi da masTan erTad _ vokaluri skola, romelic moiTxovda ufro maRal tesituras _ verdis, puCinis, rosinis musika. amitom gardamavali bgera gaxda:E, f, fis, ra Tqma unda, gaaCnia sopranos da tenors. gardamavali bgeris gadasalaxad da asaRebad saWiroa: a). gaTanabrebuli registri; b). ganviTarebuli sunTqva (sunTqvis ganawilebis procesi); g). vokaluri metyveleba (Tanxmovnebi). gardamavali bgerebis dasaxvewad, aucilebelia, rom pedagogi avarjiSebdes students mudmivad, xolo ariis rTul adgilebi unda damuSavdes mcire fragmentebad, rogorc vokalizi. pedagogma unda SeZlos Seiswavlos speqtralurad studentis xma. nawarmoebs nel-nela mivyavarT dasasrulisken. miuxedavad amisa gvaqvs p. melodia Camodis, piriqiT, dabal bgerebze da amitom momReralma unda ecados, rom ar iqnes uferuli da arasaintereso. Cados meti sevda da gamoiyenos samsaxiobo ostatobis elementebi. am ariaSi, iseve rogorc am frazaSi, 201 maia xaWapuriZe eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ aucilebeli niuansi aris legato, romlis Sesruleba moiTxovs Rrma sunTqvebs. amisaTvis gamogvadgeba pietro franCesko tozis rekomendaciebi (cota mcire sunTqva aiRos studentma an momReralma da gaanawilos, TiTqos, uberavs minaze. am dros Zlierad muSaobs sasunTqi kunTebi, romelic Zalian exmareba momRerals). am ariis advilad daZlevaSi da swori poziciiT SesrulebisaTvis erT sunTqvaze unda avarjiSos studenti pedagogma vokalizebiT: qromatiuli gama, arpejio, TviTon ariis rTuli adgilebi. vokalizebiT muSaoba aZlevs xmas usazRvro ganviTarebis saSualebas, razec italiaSi wlebis manZilze muSaoben. aria pirvandel xasiaTs ibrunebs TandaTan da mTavrdeba p-ze. oqtavur intervalze naxtomiT. safinalo frazaSi kompozitori, faqtobrivad, oqtavur intervals gvaZlevs - ori p, dabali bgerebi h, g, f-dan uceb meore oqtavis safinalo noti G, romelic aris Zalian didi grZliobis, am kulminaciur notas kompozitori iTxovs pp-ze, rac, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, urTulesia. amiT mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom dayrdnobili sunTqvis gamoyeneba aucilebelia. bolosken Cndeba dabali bgerebi g, a, f, amisaTvis unda ecados momReralma, ar daikargos xmis siZliere da JRerdes ise, rogorc sxva bgerebi. amisaTvis saWiroa Tavisufali xorxi, xolo maRali bgera, romelic aris meore oqtavis g, moiTxovs gul-mkerdis sunTqvas. 202 mixeil TumaniSvilis es sqema kide ufro exmareba students an damwyeb momRerals imaSi rom, Seiswavlos esa Tu is nawarmoebi da gamoiyenos simReris dros sqemaSi aRniSnuli miTiTebani. `abesalom da eTeris~ wina dadgmebSi eTeris saxe lirikulad, xolo TumaniSvilis dadgmaSi brZolisunarian gmirad aris interpretirebuli (swored es saxe Seqmna araCveulebrivi ostatobiT maia TomaZem). Cvenamde moRweuli `eTeriani~ saukuneebiT TariRdeba. `eTeriani~ farTo epikuri tiloa.MmasSi maRali xelovnebiT aris asaxuli maradiuli siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli qal-vaJis tr a g i ku l i b edi , x a l x i s es Teti ku r i i dea l i da msoflmxedveloba. `eTerians~ siuJeturi analogiebi moepoveba Sua saukuneebis msoflio literaturaSi (`tristan da izolda~, `visramiani~Lda sxva...). mZafrma siuJetma, daxvewilma epikurma saxeebma, mdidarma poeturma enam ganapiroba eTerianis ideis popularoba. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna vaJa fSavelas poema `eTeri~ 203 maia xaWapuriZe z. faliaSvilis opera `abesalom da eTeri~ da sxva. erTi cnobili Tanamedrove qarTveli kompozitoris gancxadebaa, rom Turme `faliaSvilma 50 wliT ukan daswia qarTveli musikis ganviTareba. motivi? _ `abesalom da eTeri~ araa dawerili gamoCenili Tanamedroveebis _ rihard Strausisa Tu alban bergis operebis musikaluri eniTa da sakompozitoro teqnikiTo! ar vici, saWiroa Tu ara aq vrceli komentari? `abesalom da eTeris~ (iseve, rogorc yvela klasikur genialur qmnilebas), ukvdaveba uweria saukuneebSi da aba, mibrZaneT, ra princi puli mniSvneloba eqneba maSin imas, Tu saxeldobr, rogori musikaluri eniT an teqnikiT iyo igi Tavis droze dawerili? maradiuli Semoqmedi xom mudam ufro Tanadrouli da aqtualuria, vidre yvela drois da epoqis mokvdavi `Tanamedroveni~. eTeris aria zaqaria faliaSvilis operidan `abesalom da eTeri~ am studenturi aRfrTovanebiT daweril werilSi moCans si Tb o, si yv ar uli a xa lga zr da Taob is a, ro mels ac xelmZRvanelobda gamoCenili pedagogi. ara erTi da ori niWieri mowafe aRzarda man, romelTagan mravali gaxda Semdgom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli musikosi da sazogado moRvawe. Rrmad pativcemul zaqarias! sayuradReboa studentTa erTi adresi: `sazogado xmebs milocvisas, romelnic dRes mimarTulni arian Tqvendami, Cvenc, I saxelmwifo konservatoriis mowafeni, vuerTebT Cvens xmas. CvenTvis am dRes, garda misi erovnuli mniSvnelobisa, aqvs gansakuTrebuli specifikuri mniSvneloba. Cven vamayobT, rom im dawesebulebis saTaveSi, sadac veziarebiT wminda musikalur xelovnebas, sdgexarT Tqven, pirveli erovnuli kompozitori saqarTvelosi, romelmac Tavis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi SeaerTa evropis musikis saukeTeso tradiciebi erovnuli musikis simdidresTan. Cven bednieri varT aRvniSnoT, rom `abesalom da eTerSi~ gamosaxuli musikaluri tendenciebi da evropuli erovnuli xasiaTis tendenciebi, romelnic Seadgenen Tqvens sulier simdidres, gixelmZRvaneleben Tqven pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi. amiT Cvens konservatorias eZleva orgvari mniSvneloba, rogorc msoflio da erovnuli kulturis centrs. gisurvebT xangrZlivi yofiliyos Tqveni musikaluri da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba Cveni xalxis, axalgazrda mowafeT da musikalur kulturis sasixarulod (1923 wlis 2 Tebervali). 204 1. zaqaria faliaSvili, biografia. ix.: l. donaZe, o. CijavaZe, g. CxikvaZe, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1990. 2. v. gvaxaria, qarTuli musikis mSveneba, `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 24. 3. g. toraZe, qarTuli musika saukinis gadasaxedidan, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 1998 w. 4. Багадуров Б. А. Очерки по истории вокальной методологии г. Муз. Изучтельства, Москва, 1937. b. nikolaiSvili, qarTuli sasceno metyveleba, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1979. Jana ToiZe, sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: Tanamedrove qarTuli saopero reJisura da momRerali msaxiobis aRzrdis problemebi XX saukunis damlevs~, Tbilisi, 1999. 205 universitetis sadoqtoro programa kulturis menejmenti kulturis politika naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. iuri mRebriSvili, prof. levan xeTaguri 206 207 nino azmaifaraSvili doqturanturis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: iuri mRebriSvili saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis pr oce seb Si gaerTianebis idea dRes teqnologiur miRwevebs, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas integrirebisaken mihyavs msoflio. qveynebisa da msoflios xalxTa usafrTxoebis problema TanamSromlobis aucileblobas ganapirobebs, bunebis stiqiuri Semotevebi da katastrofebi erTi saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebs planetis nebismier mkvidrs da maSin, roca apokali pturi warmodgenebi mZafrdeba, ibadeba gaerTianebis idea erTi saSiSroebis winaaRmdeg da isev da isev dgeba civilizaciis gadarCenis problema. es SeiZleba yvelaze mZafri ganaCenia dRevandeli msofliosaTvis, romelic dauRalavad asrulebs Tavis funqcias da cdilobs sicocxlisunarianobis gaxangrZlivebas. radganac aris periodebi, rodesac misi mkvidri adamianebi dapirispirebis Sedegad xSirad damdgaran erTmaneTis ganadgurebis winaSe da roca dedamiwis wonasworoba irRveva, isaxeba gzebic, romelic SesaZleblobebs iZleva daicvas demokratiuli ideis qveS gaerTianebuli adamianebi. iqmneba globaluri gaerTianebebi mTavari sakiTxebis gadaWris mizniT. Tomas l. fridmanma, rodesac msoflioze globalizaciis gavlena `gaTanabrebad~ ganixila, ganacxada, rom politikurma Zalebma rogorc dadebiTad, ise uaryofiTad, msoflio samudamod Secvales da rom globalizaciis tempebi izrdeba da ufro met gavlenas axdens biznes organizaciebze. politikaSi globalizacia gamoixateba nacionaluri SesustebiT. rac, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis didi uflebamosilebis delegirebiT gavlenian saerTaSoriso 208 organizaciebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa: gaero, msoflio savaWro organizacia, evropis sabWo, nato, msoflio banki. XXI saukuneSi globalizaciis procesTan erTad daiwyo regionalizaciis procesi, anu, regionma ufro da meti gavlenis moxdena daiwyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. moxda msoflio politikis Semadgeneli _ globaluris da regionaluris damokidebulebis Secvla, romlis magaliTia evropis kavSiri, sadac regionalizaciis procesis bunebrivma ganviTarebam mogvca koncefcia _ `evropis regionebi~ evrokavSirSi adgilis damkvidrebiT. globalizaciis procesis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtori saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnaa. winapirobebi: msoflio sul ufro urTierTdamokidebuli xdeba globalizaciasTan konteqstSi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe wamoWrili problemis gadaWrisas ufro meti moTxovna ormxriv TanamSromlobas eniWeba. arsebobs aseve mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso stabilurobis saqmeSi kulturasa da ganaTlebas SeuZlia iTamaSos dadebiTi roli. kulturuli kontaqtebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelsac adgili hqonda xalxebsa da qveynebs Soris, yovelTvis iyo `mravalmxrivi~ da organizebul saxes iRebda aseuli wlis win. romis kaTolikuri eklesia mSvenieri adreuli magaliTia. religiuri niSnis qveS gaerTianebuli teritoriebis da qveynebis marTva ufro advili iyo. naTelia, rom gasul saukuneebSi Seqmnili gaerTianebebi mimarTuli iyo kontrolis damyarebisa da sakuTari Zalauflebis gasamtkiceblad. dRes Seicvala realoba da wina planze ara adamianTa damorCilebis da marTvis, aramed maTi dacvis idea wamovida. amitomac dRes didia gaeros da globaluri gaerTianebebis roli saerTaSoriso kulturul urTierTobebSi da is aaSkaravebs momavali aTwleulebSi humanuri ideis hegemoniis amaRlebas saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebSi. 209 nino azmaifaraSvili saerTaSoriso organizaciebis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi iqna Semotanili imanuil kantis mier, romelic miiCnevda, rom mxolod liberaluri, damokratiuli, uerTierTdamokidebuli da kanonieri respublikebis gaerTianebas _ `wynari okeanis federacias~, SeeZlo gadaelaxa saerTaSoriso sistemis mtruli anarqia. omis gaCenis mudmivi saSiSroebis winaaRmdeg Zlier da avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs da msoflios yvelaze didi SesaZleblobis Zalebs SeeZloT wasvla da am situaciis gamosworeba, raTa uzrunveleyoT saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba. didi xnis manZilze es Tvalsazrisebi viTardeboda Tanamedrove gaazrebebamde, rom urTierTdamokidebuli demokratiuli qveynebi TiTqmis arasdros gamoiyeneben samxedro Zalebs erTmaneTis sazianod. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Caebnen am maraTonSi, rogorc saukeTeso garantebi mSvidobiani msoflios SeqmnisaTvis. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnis mTavari faqtori swored saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaa. Tanamedrove globalizacia II msoflio omis Semdeg kacobriobis winaSe Tavidan dadga usafrTxoebis problema da wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites SeeqmnaT mega gaerTianebebi, romelic adamianTa, msoflio kapitalis politikuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis garantiebs Seqmnida. omis Semdeg globalizacia ganaxlda swrafi tempiT. mas Tan sdevda gaumjobesebebi teqnologiur dargSi, romelmac ganapiroba swrafi sazRvao, sarkinigzo da sahaero gadaadgilebebi. globalizacia daaCqara aseve saerTaSoriso satelefono xazis gayvanam. 1947 wlidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi barierebis gauqmebiT dakavda tarifebisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeTanxmeba GATT _ es iyo seria kapitalisturi da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris SeTanxmebis. 1995 wels GATTis 75 wevrma Camoayaliba msoflio savaWro organizacia WTO, mas mere kidev 21 qveyana SeuerTda WTO-s. aseTi instituciaa aseve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (World Bank) da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (International Monetary Fund). 210 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis procesebSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi XX saukuneSi saerTaSoriso saxelmwifoTSorisi organizaciebis (IGO) saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnili saxelmwifoTa mudmivi gaerTianebebia, Seqmnili saerTaSoriso problemebis gadawyvetis mizniT. aseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebia gaero, evropis sabWo, msoflio savaWro organizacia. saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis (INGO) _ nacionaluri gaerTianebebis, asociaciebis, arasamTavrobo xasiaTis sazogadoebebis mudmivi gaerTianebebia saerTo miznebisaTvis – jandacvis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis. saqvelmoqmedo da sxva sferoebSi. organizacia saerTaSoriso statusis miniWebisaTvis unda pasuxobdes moTxovnebs: • organizaciis mizani _ saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis arakomerciuli saqmianoba. • organizaciis daarseba xorcieldeba saxelmwifos Sida kanonis Sesabamisad da ara saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. • organizaciis rezultatiuri saqmianoba xorcieldeba minimum or qveyanaSi. aSS Tavdapirvelad mciredad iRebda monawileobas saerTaSoriso organizaciebis SeqmnaSi, xolo mogvianebiT ukve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeris mTavari iniciatori gaxda. vaSingtoni xels uwyobda or yvelaze mTavar saerTaSoriso organizaciis I msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919 wels, erTa ligis da ukve II msoflio omis Semdeg, 1945 wels, gaeros Seqmnis ideas. saerTaSoriso sistemebis moqmedebis uunarobam 1930-ian wlebSi globalurma sisxlisRvrebma, gamofitulobam, siRaribem, romelic Tan mohyva or msoflio oms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba daarwmuna, Seqmniliyo axali ti pis globaluri organizacia. msoflioSi civi omis periodma isev axali saSiSroebis winaSe daayena msoflio da ocneba politikisa da kulturis erTianobis Sesaxeb momavlisTvis gadado. moxda polarizeba kulturis da politikis, am pariodSi saerTaSoriso 211 nino azmaifaraSvili saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da gaero ZiriTadad forumis da azrTa gacvla gamocvlis xasiaTs atarebda. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg ekonomikuri da finansuri globalizaciis fonze, ramdenad paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, politikurad da kulturulad danawevrebulma msofliom kvlav daakisra saerTaSoriso organizaciebs kritikuli funqcia da sakonsultacio forumebs Suamavlobis da arbitraJis roli mianiWa, gasuli saukunis bolos da XXI s-is dasawyisSi ara mxolod globalizaciam da fragmentaciam, aseve transportirebis da komunikaciis saSualebebis da transnacionalri xasiaTis omebma, politikurma da ekonomikurma konfliqtebma axali gamowvevebi wamoWres. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfliqtis amowurvisa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmnis Sem deg, rasa c axa li s aerTa Sori so ga erTia nebebis formirebebisaken mihyavda axali problemebi wamoWra. civi omis Semdgom periodSi aSS-is politika saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mimarT araerTmniSvnelovani rCeboda; 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro centris uprecedento teroristulma Tavdasxmam Statebis politikur strategiaze fundamenturi gavlena moaxdina, rac gaxda globalur terorizmTan brZolis axali wamowyebebis dasawyisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi gaero (UN) sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis da saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis organizaciaa, Seiqmna 1945 wels. roca san-franciskos konferenciaze mis wesdebas 50 saxelmwifom moawera xeli. gaeros Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda hitleruli germaniisa da misi blokis winaaRmdeg mebrZol saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba mZlavr koaliciad. manmade, 1942 wels, xeli moewera `gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracias~. axali organizaciis Seqmnis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo samma mega saxelmwifom: ssrk, aSS da didi britaneTi, rac gamowveuli iyo faqtiT, rom `erTa ligis~ arsebuli organizacia politikuri da 212 organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis procesebSi organizaciuli mankierebebis gamo uZluri aRmoCnda, Tavidan aecilebina II msoflio omi. gaeros wesdebaSi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi demokratiuli princi pebia asaxuli. EU _ evropis kavSiri _ gaerTianebuli Tavisufali sivrcea, dafuZnda 1993 wels maastrixtis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. evrokavSiri _ es aris unikaluri, mravalerovani gaerTianeba, romelic Sedgeba 27 qveynisagan, isini gaerTiandnen, sakuTari moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebisa da gabednierebis mizniT. evrokavSiri _ sivrce Sida sazRvrebis gareSe, uzrunvelyofs oTx Tavisuflebas: adamianTa, saqonlis, momsaxurebis da kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas. mas mere, rac 2004 wlis Semdeg evrokavSiri gafarTovda, miiRo Tavis rigebSi 10 axali wevri, daamtkica evropis samezoblo politika, rac gankuTvnilia im mezobeli qveynebisaTvis, romlebic evrokavSiris pirdapir integraciaSi ar iReben monawileobas. ENP – evropis samezoblo politika mimarTulia ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebisa da politikuri partniorobisaken da masSi Sedis 16 qveyana, maT Soris aris saqarTvelo. 1963 wels Camoyalibebuli EUROPA NOSTRA, rogorc organizaciebis qolga aerTianebs 200-ze met arasamTavrobo organizacias, prioritetuli sfero evropis bunebrivi da arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis dacva. The COUNCIL OF EUROPE-s (evropis sabWo) devizia: adamianis uflebebi _ demokratia _ kanonis uzenaesoba. 47 qveyana – erTi evropa. saxelmwifoTaSorisi organizacia mdebareobs strasburgSi (safrangeTi), daarsebulia 1949 wels, raTa miRweul iqnes mis wevrTa Soris principebisa da idealebis SenarCunebis da dacvisaTvis erTianoba, rac maT saerTo memkvidreobas warmoadgens da maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri sferos SemsubuqebisaTvisaa Seqmnili. evropis sabWoSi, kulturul SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, evropis kulturul memkvidreobis dacvasa da mTeli misi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebelia kulturuli TanamSromlobis sabWo (CDCC). 213 nino azmaifaraSvili saerTaSoriso organizaciebi globalizaciis periodSi ikvleven, Tu globalizaciis ulmobeli procesi rogor efeqts axdens msoflio saerTaSoriso organizaciebze. paul graham teilori wignSi: `saerTaSoriso organizaciebi globalizaciis periodSi~ fokusirebas axdens gaeroze da mis ufro farTo sistemaze da aseve sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebze. am procesebSi misi farTo speqtris kvlevebi koncentrirebas axdens sam sakvanZo sakiTxze: mSvidobis da usafrTxoebis xelis Sewyoba, ekonomikisa da socialuri aqtivobis marTva da individualuri keTildReobis dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofs cvalebad urTierTobebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris. globalizaciam gazarda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis aucilebloba, radganac maTi aqtivoba saWiroebs met globalur marTvas. globalizaciis mzardi procesi ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis arsebobas. gaerTianebul erebis organizaciaze dafuZnebuli specializebuli uwyeba UNESCO daarsda im ideiT, rom mSvidoba damyarebuli unda iyos kacobriobis inteleqtualur da moralur solidarobaze. Tavisi daarsebidan organizacia mSvidobis gamtkicebisaTvis ibrZoda saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gziT ganaTlebis, kulturis da mecnierebis sferoebSi. UNESCO-Si gaerTianebulia 193 wevri qveyana da 7 asocirebuli wevri, UNESCO xuTi ZiriTadi programiT axorcielebs Tavis daniSnulebas: ganaTleba, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi, kultura da komunikaciebi da aseve informacia. afinansebs wera-kiTxvis gavrcelebas, teqnikur proeqtebs, saerTaSoriso mecnierebaTa proeqtebs, regionaluri da kulturis istoriis proeqtebs. 1972 wels miRebuli xelSekrulebiT dgindeba universaluri kulturis faseulobebis msoflio memkvidreebi. iunesko aseve pasuxismgebelia haagis xelSekrulebiT kulturis sakuTrebis dacvaze samxedro Setakebis SemTxvevaSi. dRes iunesko funqcionirebs, rogorc ideebis universaluri laboratoria, eTikuri problemebis mosagvareblad SeTanxmebis gziT. iuneskos miznebia: 2015 wlisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi ukidures siRaribeSi myofi adamianebis cxovrebis donis aweva, 2015 wlisaTvis yvela qveynebSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTebis 214 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis procesebSi m iR eb a da 2 0 15 w li s aTv i s eko l o gi u r i b al a nsi s SenarCunebisaTvis brZola. ICOMOS – Zeglebisa da teritoriebis saerTaSoriso sabWo arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic Tavis saqmianobas ukavSirebs msoflios istoriuli monumentebis da Zeglebis konservacias, qalaqebis, arqeologiuri memkvidreobis dacvas. globaluri interesebi globalizacia ar aris calmxrivi, homogenuri, misi sazRvrebi daudgenelia, misi damaxasiaTebeli elementebi da mravalmxrivi xasiaTi jer saTanadod ar aris gamokvleuli. magram ueWvelia, rom racionaluri SerCevis dros konteqstis struqturis Secvlisas, globalizacia Secvlis im gzebs, riTac TamaSis ZiriTadi wesebi imarTeba politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. saerTaSoriso sistema ukve aRar aris mxolod saxelmwifoebis sistema, is xdeba ufro mravalmxrivi da rTuli. es gardaqmna arsebiT Sedegebs avlens koleqtiuri qmedebis politikaze, sanam saxelmwifoebis roli aris mniSvnelovani globalizaciis mowesrigebaSi da sicocxlisunarian ganviTarebaSi, aSkaraa saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli am procesebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti sicocxlisunariani ganviTarebis da globalizaciis mogvarebis aris is, Tu rogor unda moxdes saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis da Sesabamisi programebis saSualebiT saukeTeso gzebis gamonaxva. miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba unda iyos aucileblad Tanamedrove da sicocxlisunariani globalizaciasTan mimarTebaSi, rasac sakvanZo mniSvneloba aqvs. pirveli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi unda gamoxatavdnen maTi wevrebis mravalferovan survilebs. dainaxaven ra, rom globalizacia gardauvali Zalaa da misi buneba da zemoqmedeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis kontrolis gareSe ar ganixileba. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba unda miiswrafvodes gamoiyenos korporatiuli meqanizmebi globalizaciis gzaze, romlebic 215 nino azmaifaraSvili gamoxatavs saxelmwifoTa, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli qveynebis, miswrafebebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaTvis racionaluria is, rom saerTo problemebisTvis uzrunvelyofen forumebs, romlebic ganixileba da mas Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba moeZebneba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi awinaureben an abrkoleben globalizacias. romeli organizaciebi aRweven imas, rasac misi wevrebi moiTxoven maTgan? saerTaSoriso organizaciebi unda iyvnen aqtiurni, globaluri movlenebis moTamaSeebi da sakuTari wevrebis interesebis gamomxatvelni. saerTaSoroso organizaciebi ZiriTadi saSualebebia, romlis meSveobiTac iZebneba kompromisebi. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT fili p alots, romelic miiCnevs, rom `am cvalebad samyaroSi, raTa gaerTiandes mTeli kacobriobis interesebi da ara saxelmwifos damoukidebeli interesebi, umecreba iqneboda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rolis araRiareba~. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba agrZelebs sazogadoebrivi marTvis mxardaWeras. ufro Zlieri gaero ukeTesi momavlisaTvis _ ase citireben gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, anu _ ufro yovlismomcveli da qmediTunariani. globaluri usafrTxoeba, stabiluroba, kanonis uzenaesoba, TanamSromloba mSvidobisaTvis msoflio xalxebis Tanasworuflebianoba _ yvela am faseulobis uzrunvelyofa aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ZiriTadi mizani. msoflio moiTxovs globalur xedvas. globalizacia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli progresia. saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gaerTianeba da maTTan TanamSromloba ara TviTmizani, aramed saSualeba da stimulia m so fl io s xa l xebi sa Tv is , m aTi us af r Tx oebi sa da bednierebisaTvis. gaerTianebebis wevroba saerTaSoriso garantiebis mopovebaa da sruli mzaoba qveynebis siZlierisaTvis da yvelaferi es Tavisi arsiT mimarTuli unda iyos adamianTa keTildReobisaken. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba globalizaciis procesebSi DUNCAN A. FRENCH, The Role of the State and International Organizations in Reconciling Sustainable Development and Globalization, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. “Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Agreements: A Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law”, 94 American Journal of International Law, pg. 623-659. P. Allott, “The Concept of International Law” in Byers (ed.), The Role of Law pg. 88. http://www.answers.com/topic/international-organization-1# http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/orgs/orgs.htm http://www.un.org/en/ http://europa.eu/index_en.htm http://www.coe.int/ http://www.european-heritage.net/sdx/herein/european_heritage_program/ showcontent.xsp?id=2 http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=3328&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cerny.htm Drury, Paul, The Role of International Organisations, Taylor, Paul Graham, International Organization In The Age Of Globalization. Philip G. Cerny, “Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action,” International Organization, Vol. 49, no. 4 (Autumn, 1995). 216 217 elene babakiSvili doqturanturis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: iuri mRebriSvili sponsoroba da kulturis politika sasponsoro saqmianobas sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs evropaSi. am ukanasknelisaTvis kulturis politikisa da kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnilia mZlavri makontrolebeli da amasTan wamaxalisebeli meqanizmi. kulturis kanonmdeblobaSi Cadebulia punqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva sagadasaxado SeRavaTs sasponsoro da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobiT dakavebuli biznes organizaciebisaTvis. msgavsi komfortuli garemo da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi dRiTidRe zrdis am saqmianobiT dakavebuli firmebis raodenobas. amgvarad, saxelmwifo kulturis mxardaWeris mizniT uars ambobs pirdapir Semosavalze firmebidan da cdilobs, iribi gziT daubrunos is kulturul dawesebulebebs, am SemTxvevaSi Tavad biznes organizaciebic am SesaZleblobas Zalzed pozitiurad uyureben; mzardma TavSekavebam tradiciul sareklamosainformacio saSualebebze, korporaciuli sponsoroba, marketinguli instrumentebis danaxarjis mxriv gacilebiT ufro efeqturi gaxada: 1. damatebiTi SesaZlebloba, sxvadasxva auditoriaze mizanmimarTulad zemoqmedebis. 2. dasponsorebuli RonisZiebis farTo gaSuqeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier, sponsors saSualebas aZlevs, imave danaxarjiT miiRos ufro meti kontaqti momxmarebelTan. sponsoroba aris mdumare, araverbaluri mediasivrce, ramdenadac Setyobineba gadaicema moqmedebasTan asociaciiT, romelic flobs sakuTar individualobas (auditoriis azriT). 3. sponsorobis gamocdili efeqturoba; sponsorobas dagegmils da ganxorcielebuls Sesabamisi saxiT aucilebeli marketinguli kontaqtebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia. sponsoroba agreTve aris sakmaod kargi 218 alternativa, reklamasa da safosto gzavnilebTan SedarebiT. 4. globaluri marketologebi sponsorobas miiCneven saerTaSoriso auditoriasTan muSaobis efeqtur saSualebad. sponsorobis SemTxvevaSi xdeba imijis gamyareba rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve Tavad saxelmwifos da wamyvani politikuri wreebis TvalSi.1 arc Tu ise axlo warsulSi sponsoroba da dafinansebis arasabiujeto wyaroebi TamaSobda marginalur rols avstriis kulturul seqtorSi. kulturisa da xelovnebis erovnuli biujeti (TiTqmis 1 miliardi evro) cotaTi aRemateba komerciuli seqtoris sasponsoro mxardaWeris moculobas, romelic daaxloebiT Seadgens 32,45-36,05 milion evros (TiTqmis 3%-s). avstriaSi ar aris fandreizingis tradicia da dRevandelobamde misi saWiroebis aucilebloba dRis wesrigSi arc idga. Tumca, bolodroindelma politikurma cvlilebebma da saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebam kulturuli organizaciebi aiZula moeZebnaT arsebobis alternatiuli wyaroebi. arasabiujeto saxsrebis mozidva gaxda aqtualuri mmarTvelobiTi amocana. zogierT (magram ara yvela) saxelmwifo organiza ciaSi gaCnda pr ofesiuli fandreizinguli qvedanayofebi. avstriis kulturisa da xelovnebis organizaciebis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebulia maT sakuTar Semosavalsa da dafinansebis arasabiujeto wyaroebze. zogierTi maTgani sponsorebTan TanamSromlobis gasaocari unar-Cvevebisa da SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebas axdens. saSuamavlo organizaciebi, romelTac avstriaSi ewodebaT `mediatorebi~, xels uwyoben kulturis sferos TanamSromlobas biznesTan. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs sponsorobis mniSvnelobis zrdas kulturuli organizaciebis saqmianobaSi. finansuri damoukideblobis aucileblobas acnobierebs sul ufro didi raodenoba organizaciebisa _ TviT iseT konservatorul qveyanaSi, rogoricaa, avstria. kidev er Ti m ni S vnel ov a ni f aq tor i , r a c a s ev e gasaTvaliswinebelia saqarTvelosTvisac aris is, rom kanoni sponsorobis Sesaxeb adgens pirobebs, romlis mixedviTac 219 elene babakiSvili sponsoroba fasdeba rogorc kompaniis mxardaWera da ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras. mTlianobaSi avstriis kompaniebis umravlesoba kulturis sponsorobis potencials sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZleven da winaswarmetyveleben misi masStabebis zrdas uaxloesi aTaswleulis. avstria klasikuri `evropuli modelia~, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia kulturis seriozuli mxardaWera saxelmwifos mier. avstriis xelisufleba kulturasa da kulturul memkvidreobas ganixilavs, rogorc ekonomikis da ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan resurss. avstriis saxelmwifo dafinanseba xorcieldeba sam doneze: federaluri, regionaluri da munici paluri. federaluri da munici paluri subsidia kulturuli organizaciebis biujetis 75%-dan 100%-mde Seadgens, es kidev erTxel usvams xazs saxelmwifos Zlier Tanadgomas kulturis sferos mimarT. saxelmwifo aseve miesalmeba kulturis arasabiujeto dafinansebas da xels uwyobs misi fandreizinguli saqmianobis ganviTarebas. samomavlod varaudoben, rom arasabiujeto dafinanseba gaxdeba kidev ufro aqtualuri mcire kulturuli organizaciebisa da proeqtebisaTvis.2 safrangeTSi, kulturis sferoSi sponsorobas safuZveli Caeyara 1970-iani wlebis dasasruls amerikuli kompaniebis zegavleniT, romlebsac hyavdaT Tavisi warmomadgenloba am qveyanaSi. sponsoroba ganixileboda, rogorc institucionaluri komunikaciisa da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis instrumenti. Ta v d a p i r v el a d s a f r a ng e Ti s b i z nes - o r g a ni z a c i e b i Semoifarglebodnen sakuTari mxatvruli koleqciebis SeqmniT, magram TandaTanobiT maT daiwyes am saqmianobis gafarToeba, kulturis tradiciuli sferoebis (gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba _ gamofenebi da koleqciebi, kulturuli memkvidreobis restavracia, klasikuri musika da Teatri _ ZiriTadad, cnobili Teatraluri jgufebisa da simfoniuri orkestrebis mxardaWera) dasponsorebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT, xolo Semdeg sponsorobis rolis gaZlierebiT sagareo da Sida komunikaciebSi _ individualuri da korporatiuli sponsorobiT. Sereuli 220 sponsoroba da kulturis politika sponsorobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, romelic aerTianebs socialur-kulturul amocanebs, kompaniebma riskis fasad da i w y es ku l tu r i s s f er o s Ta n Ta na m S r o m l o b a da TanamSromlobis axali formebis ganviTareba. oci wlis win arc saxelmwifo da arc SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebi ar iyvnen dainteresebuli biznesis mxridan kulturis mxardaWeriT. saxelmwifos pozicia iyo aseTi, rom komerciuli seqtori dakavebuli unda iyos Tavisi amocanebis ganxorcielebiT _ Semosavlis generirebiT da gadasaxadebis gadaxdiT, romelsac saxelmwifo gankargavs Tavisi Sexedulebisda mixedviT, maT Soris _ kulturis sferoSic. meore mxriv, mravali SemoqmedebiTi organizacia konservatorul poziciaze idga, vinaidan miaCnda, rom biznesis Careva maT saqmianobaSi gamoiwvevda SemoqmedebiTi iniciativebis SezRudvas. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kulturaze saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebam gamoiwvia dafinansebis alternatiuli wyaroebis Zieba mis dasafinanseblad, msgavs alternativad TviT saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul iqna biznesis mxardaWera. amasTan, saxelmwifo cdilobda ekontrolebina biznesidan kulturis sferoSi mimdinare saSualebebi da ekarnaxa sponsorobis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. 2003 wels miRebul iqna axali kanoni, romelic kulturis mxardamWer kompaniebs sTavazobda unikalur sagadasaxado upiratesobebs da amave dros kulturul organizaciebs SemoqmedebiTi damoukideblobis garantiebs aZlevda. am kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg safrangeTSi ori wlis manZilze kulturis mxardaWeris 33 axali korporatiuli fondi gaixsna (2003 wlamde msgavsi fondi iyo sul 120). sponsoroba franguli sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba, rogorc wminda komerciuli saqmianoba, momsaxurebebis gacvla or mxares Soris, rasac gaaCnia komerciuli efeqti (magaliTad, kompania-sponsoris sareklamo teqstis ganTavseba Teatralur bukletSi an kulturuli RonisZiebis farglebSi axali produqtis dawinaurebis kampania). aseTi saxis interpretaciiT, sponsoroba gaTanabrebulia kompaniis mxardaWerasTan da amitom, ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras. 221 elene babakiSvili safrangeTSi kulturisa da biznesis sferos TanamSromlobis maxasiaTebelia korporatiuli firmebis arseboba. kompaniebis mier sponsoroba xorcieldeba uSualod da aseve korporatiuli fondebis mier, romlebic iqmnebian zustad am mizniT. faqtobrivad, yovel frangul kompanias, romelic aqtiurad axorcielebs kulturisa da socialuri sferos mxardaWeras aqvs sakuTari fondi. dResdReobiT, frangul kulturas realurad aqvs mravalarxiani dafinanseba. am ukanasknelis ZiriTadi wyaroebia: 1. kulturisa da komunikaciis saministro. 2. regionaluri da munici paluri xelisufleba. 3. saxelmwifo da arakorporatiuli fondebi. 4. korporatiuli filantropia. 5. sponsoroba. 6. sakuTari Semosavali. safrangeTSi, arsebobs mZafri konkurencia prestiJuli SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebisa da RonisZiebebis mxardasaWerad. es, TavisTavad amaRlebs sponsorobis sferoSi kompaniebis profesionalizms da ubiZgebs maT aqtiuri moqmedebisaken. mravali kompania gacilebiT ufro xangrZlivi Sedegis miRebis mizniT TanamSromlobs Tavis mudmiv partniorebTan. maTi umravlesoba sasponsoro SeTanxmebas xels awers minimum 3 wlis vadiT.3 safrangeTSi, kulturisa da biznesis warmatebuli TanamSromlobis ara erTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. es isev da isev gamowveulia saxelmwifos mxridan am sakiTxze xangrZlivi muSaobiT da aseve orive mxaris didi ZalisxmeviT TanamSromlobis formebis srulyofis sakiTxSi. aqve aucilebelia SevexoT, sasponsoro procesebis mimdinareobasa da misi regulirebis sakiTxebs did britaneTSi, romelSic Tavidanve Cadebulia kulturis mravalarxiani, Sereuli dafinanseba. kulturis dafinanseba xdeba ori umTavresi wyarodan, esaa: saxelmwifo da biznesi. sponsorobasa da qvelmoqmedebas did britaneTSi sakmaod mdidari warsuli aqvs. qvelmoqmedeba ganmartebul iqna jer kidev dedofal elisabed pirvelis dros da exeboda ganaTlebas: 222 sponsoroba da kulturis politika isini, vinc xsnidnen skolebs RaribebisaTvis, ixdidnen gacilebiT nakleb gadasaxads. arsebiTi gardatexa moxda viqtorianul epoqaSi, rodesac miRebuli Semosavlis nawili unda dabruneboda ara saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas. 1940 wlamde, saerTod, ar arsebobda kulturis saxelmwifo dafinansebis tradicia. 1945 wels, saxelmwifo gaxda kulturis sferos mTavari mepatrone. Tumca, meore msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis saxelmwifo gaRatakda da kulturis patronoba daevala biznes-seqtors. Seiqmna kulturis mrCevelTa sakonsuloebi. 1970-ian wlebSi ZiriTadi argumenti biznesmenebisaTvis JRerda ase: kulturisa da xelovnebis mxardaWera aucilebelia, vinaidan amiT is gaxdeba mdidari. 1979 wels, xelisuflebaSi margaret tetCeris mosvlam, kulturis politikaSi moaxdina sagrZnobi cvlilebebi. is iTvaliswinebda, kulturaze saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas. aseT viTarebaSi, SemoTavazebul iqna ramdenime gamosavali: 1. mmarTvelobis srulyofa (menejerTa kompetenciis ganviTareba); 2. organizaciis mier, sakuTari Semosavlis miRebisaken mimarTuli saqmianobis ganviTareba; 3. kerZo seqtoridan resursebis mozidva. amgvarad, saxelmwifo biujetis Semcirebam kulturuli organizaciebi aiZula moexdinaT sakuTari organizaciebis reorganizacia: daexvewaT menejmenti, ewarmoebinaT aqtiuri marketinguli saqmianoba, ezrunaT saxsrebis moZiebaze, aqtiurad ganeviTarebinaT sasponsoro da fandreizinguli saqmianoba. es movlena Cveni qveynisaTvisac kargad nacnobia, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, moxda mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi. kulturis sfero, romelic manamde sargeblobda saxelmwifos aSkara mxardaWeriT, cvlilebebisa da saxelmwifos finansuri krizisis fonze aRmoCnda usaxsro mdgomareobaSi da am krizisidan gamosvla Tavad kulturis organizaciebis mcdelobisa da aqtiurobis Sedegad moxerxda. britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT qarTul saxelmwifos aranairi alternativa ar SeuTavazebia kulturis organizaciebisaTvis da dRemde saxelmwifos ar 223 elene babakiSvili gaaCnia srulyofili kulturis politika, romelic daaregulirebs kulturisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs. 1993 wels kolin tvidma daarsa saSuamavlo saagento “Arts and Business”, romelmac TavisTavze aiRo kulturas, saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris Suamavlis roli, samive mxarisaTvis damajerebeli argumentebis warmodgeniT. ar gumenti sa xelm wif osaTvis : C ven dag exm areb iT kulturisaTvis biznesis seqtoridan Tanxebis moZiebaSi Tqvengan garkveuli Tanxis sanacvlod. (`Cven viRebT fuls da vSoulobT fuls~). argumenti biznesisaTvis: fulis kulturaSi dabandebiT, Tqven iRebT sargebels da sakuTari saqmianobis ganviTarebis saSualebas. argumenti SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebisaTvis: biznesis mxridan mxardaWera ar uSlis, aramed avsebs saxelmwifo dafinansebas. Sedegad, SemuSavebul iqna erToblivi grantebis programa, romlis CarCoSic kerZo seqtoris saSualebebi erTiandeboda saxelmwifo saxsrebTan. am periodis ZiriTadi, fandreizinguli strategia iyo urTierTsargebliani TanamSromloba, romelic sruliad gansxvavdeba gulkeTilobisagan da misi princi puli argumenti JRerda ase: `kulturis mxardaWera SeiZleba iyos momgebiani.~ 1990-ian wlebSi did britaneTSi kvlav daiwyo axali ekonomikuri krizisi. misi erT-erTi Sedegi iyo kompaniebis gakotreba da maT nacvlad biznesmenebis axali Taobis mosvla, romelTaTvisac kultura ar warmoadgenda umaRles Rirebulebasa da aqsiomas. am periodSi biznesmenebisaTvis warmodgenil iqna axali argumentebi kulturis mxardasaWerad: kreatiuloba (kultura ganixileboda, rogorc kreativis pirvelwyaro); kulturis mniSvneloba socialur konteqstSi (kulturis m x a r da W er a , r o g o r c ` ko r p o r a ti u l i s o c i a l u r i pasuxismgeblobis~ politikis nawili). kulturis dafinansebis britanuli modeli warmoadgens amerikuli da evropuli modelebis Sualedur safexurs. dafinansebis britanuli modelis Semqmnelebi, aqcentirebas 224 sponsoroba da kulturis politika akeTeben kulturis organizaciisa da biznesis urTierTqmedebaze. korporatiuli sponsoroba kulturis dafinansebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi xdeba. did britaneTSi biznesisa da kulturis TanamSromlobis sami ti pi Camoyalibda: 1. TanamSromloba msxvili biznesis doneze _ seriozuli da ZviradRirebuli proeqtebis mxardaWera; 2. TanamSromloba saSualo biznesTan regionis masStabiT _ esaa partnioroba teritoriuli ganviTarebis mizniT; 3. TanamSromloba mcire biznesis doneze. britaneTisaTvis esaa kulturuli proeqtebis realizaciis axali forma, romelmac SemoqmedebiTi industriis wodeba miiRo.4 amerika iTvleba sponsorobisa da fandreizingis samSoblod. msoflios sxva qveynebma gamoiyenes amerikis gamocdileba da moaxdines misi teqnologiebis adaptireba Tavis pirobebsa da SesaZleblobebTan. amerikaSi kultura da biznesi viTardeba ara cal-calke, aramed maTi arseboba urTierTgamomdinarea, rogorc wesi, ideologiuri zewolis gareSe. amerikaSi kulturam da biznesma erTmaneTTan misasvleli gzebi gamonaxes, xolo saxelmwifom am nayofieri TanamSromlobisaTvis Seqmna Sesabamisi pirobebi. amerikuli modeli korporatiul da individualur filantropias efuZneba, anu, kulturis organizaciebs gadascems saSualebebs raime saxis sargeblis miRebis molodinis gareSe. es modeli mxardaWeras ganicdis ganviTarebuli sagadasaxado sistemis privilegiebiT. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom kultura unda iyos saxelmwifos zegavlenisagan Tavisufali. amerikaSi filantropiis umTavresi devizia: kulturis mxardaWeriT, Tqven exmarebiT sazogadoebas~. marTvisa da kontrolis ZiriTadi organoa konkretuli kulturuli organizaciis mzrunvelTa sabWo. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi kidev erTxel adasturebs, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mier swori da mizanmimarTuli sasponsoro politikis gatareba sasponsoro saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da daxvewisaTvis. es ukanaskneli ki mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturis politikasTan, romelic 225 elene babakiSvili saqarTveloSi srulyofili saxiT jer kidev araa Camoyalibebuli. mas mxolod garkveuli Tezisebis saxe gaaCnia. sasponsoro politikis SemuSaveba xels Seuwyobs sasponsoro saqmianobis aqtivobis zrdas _ evropa da amerika amis saukeTeso magaliTia, sadac sasponsoro politikiT gansazRvrulia rogorc kompaniebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebi, aseve sponsorebisa da kulturuli organizaciebis uflebebi da TanamSromlobis kanonzomierebebi. saxelmwifo mudmivad cdilobs sponsoroba kidev ufro mimzidveli da sargebliani gaxados kompaniebisaTvis, amisaTvis igi sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavs; iqneba es sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, Tu sponsori kompaniebis aRiareba da popularizacia sazogadoebis farTi wreebSi. dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom sponsorobis momavali mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos mier gatarebul politikaze, romelsac ZaluZs am sferoSi mravali damatebiTi i nic i a tiv i s ga nx o rc i el eb a . sa x el mw i f o s m x r ida n sponsorebisaTvis damatebiTi prioritetebis miniWeba kidev ufro gaamZafrebs kulturisa da biznesis TanamSromlobas da xels Seuwyobs xangrZlivi, partnioruli urTierTobebis gaRvivebas. 1. Бун Л., Куртц Д., “ Современный Маркетинг”, 11 издание, Юнити , Москва , 2005; http://www.reclame.ru 2.http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-practics-fundreising.doc Модели и Практики Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга в Австрии 3. http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-France.doc, Модели и Практики Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга во Франции 4. http://model 21.org.ua/files/models-British.doc, Модели и Практики Спонсорство и Фондрейзинга в Великобритании 226 sofio komlaZe doqturanturis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili sagamomcemlo organizaciis struqturis analizi Tanamedrove marTvis TeoriaSi organizaciis upirvelesi amocanaa, uzrunvelyos organizaciuli miznebis miRweva. amisTvis ki upirvelesia sworad SerCeuli saorganizacio struqtura _ logikur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa da uflebamosilebapasuxismgeblobis iseTnairad gadanawileba, rac kompaniis miznebis efeqtian realizebas uzrunvelyofs. struqturis proeqtireba yvela organizaciaSi individualuria da gamomdinareobs organizaciis gegmebis, strategiebis, miznebis, Sida da gare faqtorebis mravalferovnebidan. Teoriuli ganmartebiT organizaciis struqtura asaxavs logikur kavSirebs marTvis doneebsa da funqcionalur sferoebs Soris. misi mTavari amocanaa, yvela qvedanayofi da menejeri naTlad xedavdes Tavis Tavze dakisrebul movaleobas da moqmedebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas. organizaciis struqtura aucileblad unda Seicavdes TviTkontrolisa da motivaciis Tvisebebs. man unda uzrunvelyos TanamSromelTa da maTi pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi. amasTanave ar unda iyos xisti. aseTi struqturebi arastabilurni arian da ver iTvaliswineben garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. organizaciuli struqturis mTavari amocanaa, yvela qvedanayofi da yvela menejeri naTlad xedavdes Tavis Tavze dakisrebul movaleobas, ZiriTad mimarTulebas, Tumca es `TvalsaCino sicxade~ ar unda gavaTanabroT Sinaarsobriv simartivesTan. kulturis an xelovnebis sferos organizaciebi mniSvnelovan rols ikaveben sazogadoebaSi. isini SesaZloa warmogvidgnen rogorc saxelmwifo, munici palur an kerZo organizaciebad. maTi miznebi gamomdinareobs konkretuli xelovnebis produqtisgan an im momsaxureobisgan, rasac kompania sTavazobs momxmarebels. kulturis sferoSi arseboben iseTi saerTaSoriso 227 sofio komlaZe sagamomcemlo organizaciis struqturis analizi firmebi, romlebic TavianTi masStaburobiT gamoirCevian da aseve arseboben patara zomis saxelovnebo kompaniebi. miuxedavad maTi moculobisa, struqturis proeqtireba nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, aucilebelia Seiqmnas garkveuli modeli, rac gaiwereba oficialurad da TviTganviTarebasa da mdgradobas moemsaxureba. sagamomcemlo saqmis organizaciuli struqtura im specifikidan unda gamomdinareobdes da im safexurebs unda moicavdes, rac damaxasiaTebelia Tavad wignis gamocemis org aniza ciisTv is. a m mim arTul ebis mqone kompa nia garkveulwil ad gans xvavdeb a sxva saxelov nebo organizaciebisgan, pirvel rigSi _ Tavisi mravalferovnebiT. sagamomcemlo organizaciaSi erTdroulad Tavs iyris Semoqmedis (wignis avtoris), sawarmo personalis (damkabadoneblis, teqnikuri TanamSromlis), saredaqcio sabWos (dizaineris, koreqtoris, stilistis), marketingis ganyofilebis, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis, distribuciis, finansuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris garkveuli wre. aqedan gamomdinare, sagamomcemlo organizaciis menejments sakmaod didi yuradReba sWirdeba struqturis proeqtirebisas. organizaciuli struqturis Camoyalibeba, pirvel rigSi, gamomdinareobs Tavad organizaciis Sinaarsisgan. saerTaSoriso organizaciuli struqturis standarti, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ar arsebobs. Tumca arseboben warmatebuli organizaciebi, sadac marTvis Teoriis es mniSvnelovani mxare sakmaod kargad aqvT mogvarebuli. magaliTad, sagamomcemlo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT lideri qveyanaa CineTi, am ukanasknels taivanTan da hong-kongTan erTad sagamomcemlo industriis struqtura aqvs Camoyalibebuli, rac SesaZloa, Zalian kargi magaliTi aRmoCndes qarTveli gamomcemlobisTvis: 228 229 sofio komlaZe arsebuli struqtura mimoixilavs wignis gavrcelebis industriis mikro models. es kargi magaliTia qarTuli sagamomcemlo saxlebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, gamomcemlobisTvis daisaxos erTi romelime konkretuli mizani da miznidan gamomdinare dadgindes struqturuli erTeulebi. anu, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizaciis mTavari orientiri maRalmxatvruli produqciis (wignis) gamocemaa, aucilebelia, struqturaSi gamoiyos saredaqcio ganyofileba (an sabWo), romlis mravalferovan funqciebSi Seva produqtis irgvliv muSaoba wminda SemoqmedebiTi kuTxiT, mxatvruli gaformebiT da a. S. saredaqcio sabWo aucilebelia, dakompleqtebuli iyos literaturaTmcodneebis, xelovnebaTmcodneebis, filologebisa da dizainerebis jgufiT. amas garda, aucilebelia sawarmoo ganyofilebis calke daqvemdebarebul saStato erTeulad gamokveTa. erTia, roca ideis doneze ayalibeb produqtis saxes, xolo meore _ roca uSualod, sagnobrivad qmni mas. meore varianti sagamomcemlo saqmis orientirebulobis TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa iyos industria (mogeba, swrafi realizeba). am SemTxvevaSi organizaciam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos, pirvel rigSi, potenciur momxmarebelze, marketinguli kvlevis meSveobiT moaxdinos bazris gamokvleva da analizi da Semdeg miawodos mkiTxvels is produqti, rac mas surs, miawodos maqsimalurad moxerxebuli formiT. am moqmedebisTvis saWiroa marketingis ganyofilebisa da sadistribucio arxebis wina planze wamoweva da maTi mimarTva organizaciis saerTo miznebis efeqtianad miRwevisaken. anu, aziis qveynebis sagamomcemlo industriis modelis magaliTze, SesaZlebeli davsaxoT organizaciis mizani da miznidan gamomdinare davaxarisxoT struqturuli erTeulebi. ruseTis federaciaSi sagamomcemlo organizaciis struqturuli proeqtireba xdeba ara miznobrivi, aramed Semdegnairi dayofiT: universaluri da specializirebuli. specializirebuli gamomcemloba uSvebs mxolod erTi dasaxelebis produqts _ wigns (da masac konkretuli mimarTulebisas _ mxatvruls, saskolo-sauniversitetos, specializebul literaturas), xolo universaluri 230 sagamomcemlo organizaciis struqturis analizi sagamomcemlo saxli _ ramdenime saxis nawarms: Jurnals, plakats, alboms, wigns da a. S. amzadebs. qarTul sagamomcemlo sivrceSic daaxloebiT aseTi diferencirebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, organizaciis struqtura am ti pologiuri gansxvavebiTac SegviZlia CamovayaliboT. universalur gamomcemlobas, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ramdeni TanamSromeli muSaobs iq, SedarebiT ufro mravalmxrivad ganStoebuli struqtura esaWiroeba, yvela mTavari, saWiro da fuqcionaluri ganyofileba-doneebiT. rusul sagamomcemlo biznesSi aseTnairad struqturirebuli organizaciebia: `ЭКСМО”, `ТЕРРА”, `АСТ”, “ИНФРА-М” da a. S. specializebuli gamomcemloba, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, orientirebulia profesionali mkiTxvelisTvis da g a ns a zR v r av s mx o lo d am mki Txv el is ir g v li v gansaxorcielebel gegmebs. am ti pis gamomcemlobebia: `Финансы и статистика”, `Юристъ”, `ЮНИТИ”. aseTi organizaciebis struqturis funqcionaluri doneebi ufro metad produqtis irgvliv ikribebian da mimarTulni arian am ukanasknelis `gamosaxvisken~. rogorc xedavT, rusuli sagamomcemlo biznesis praqtika, faqtobrivad, imeorebs aziuri modelis princi pebs da ori mimarTulebiT warmarTavs organizaciuli struqturis proeqtirebas: produqtis an momxmareblis mimarT. organizaciuli struqturis proeqtirebisas gaaCnia ramdenime mniSvnelovani wesi, romelic aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos umaRlesma menejmentma. pirvel rigSi, unda moxdes organizaciis msxvili qvedanayofebis horizontaluri gadanawileba. qvedanayofebi unda Seesabamebodnen erTmaneTis sapasuxismgeblo doneebs da erToblivad emsaxurebodnen romelime konkretuli strategiis an saorganizacio miznebis miRwevas. sagamomcemlo organizaciaSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyofilia ramdenime iseTi ganyofileba, romlis arseboba organizaciaSi aucilebeli da upiroboa. esenia: redaqcia, sawarmoo ganyofileba, mxatvruli gaformebis samsaxuri, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mxolod da mxolod wignis gamocemas, xolo gavrceleba marketingis, sadistribucio, finansuri ganyofilebebis prerogativaa. 231 sofio komlaZe msxvili qvedanayofebis gadanawilebis Semdeg organizaciis menejmenti irCevs marTvis ganawilebis erT princi ps: xazobrivs, xazobriv-masStaburs, xazobriv-funqcionalur, matricul, divizionalur, mobilur, konglomeraciul an funqcionaluri struqturis ti ps. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba da igi maqsimalurad unda iyos organizaciis SinaarsTan SesabamisobaSi. garda amisa, gamomcemlobis struqtura unda Seicavdes TviTkontrolisa da motivaciis Tvisebebs, unda uzrunvelyos TanamSromelTa uflebebis dacva da maTi pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi, radganac menejmentisTvis iseve rogorc struqturaa mniSvnelovani, aseve _ Tavad adamianic. qarTul sagamomcemlo sivrceSi da zogadad kulturis sferoSi, struqturirebis kultura, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT komerciul msxvil korporaciebs. marTalia, kulturis sfero tradiciuli marTvis Teoriisgan gansxvavebebiT xasiaTdeba, magram es sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelovnebo sferos marTvisas aucilebeli araa struqturis gawera. piriqiT, warmoudgenelia organizaciis m a r T v a i m s i c x a d i s g a r e S e , r o c a g a u r k v ev e l i a Tanadaqvemdebarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis saxeebi. bunebrivia, organizaciis wevrma icis Tavisi Tanamdeboba, adgili, saqmianobis sfero, isic, Tu visi xelmZRvanelobis qveSaa da vis winaSea pasuxismgebeli, magram am yvelafers unda dokumenturi dasabuTeba da naTlad Camoyalibeba. es informacia nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da gamoqveyndes organizaciis veb-gverdze iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli aqvT msoflios sxvadasxva warmatebul organizacias: “Penguin”, “Iop”, “Sanoma”, “Ps” da a. S. o. ejibaZe, `strategiuli marTva~, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2000. m. tuRuSi, n. yirimliSvili, ~menejmentis safuZvlebi~, Tbilisi, 2005. www.hi-edu.ru www.gumfak.ru www.emeraldinsight.com www.penguin.co.uk 232 ana kotrikaZe doqturanturis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili kinoindustriis dafinansebis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, ukve didi xania midis msjeloba, kinoindustriis ganviTarebisa Tu misi xelis SemSleli faqtorebis Sesaxeb. problemebis daZleva SeuZlebeli ar aris, magram cxadia, garkveuli dro da saxsrebia saWiro. wlebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kino saxelmwifo dafinansebiT arsebobda, dRes ki es sikeTe aRar gavaqvs, albaT saWiroa rCeva vkiTxoT im qveynebs, sadac kinos maRal doneze afinanseben, rogor da ra gzebiT xdeba es. dRes Zalian xSiria, roca filmis scenaris Sinaarssac ki, gamoyofili Tanxis raodenobas argeben; scenari da filmi, bolomde biujetis raodenobazea damokidebuli, rogorc wesi is mcirea rac pirdapir aisaxeba xarisxze. yovelive amis fonze, evropul qveynebis kinoindustriasTan paralelis gavleba da Sedareba jerjerobiT Zalian rTulia da SeiZleba, warmoudgenladac mogveCvenos. Tumca, evropuli kinoindustriis, modelis analizis safuZvelze, albaT SesaZlebelia, kinoindustriis, menejmentis, zogadi qarTuli modelis Seqmna. am etapze Zalze mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT dafinansebis sakiTxi. cxadia, me ar var pirveli, vinc qarTuli kinoindustriis dafinansebis sakiTxs mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs. britanul kinowarmoebaSi ar aris qronikuli siZneleebi mwvave krizisebi, amaSi axali araferia, Tumca, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom britaneTSi, saxelmwifo politikis roli industriis gaZlierebisaTvis, mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, rogorc mdgradi ekonomikuri warmatebis aseve, kulturuli sargeblis miRebis TvalsazrisiTac. italiaSi profesionaluri da teqnikuri resursebis udidesi nawili (80%) romSi iyris Tavs, xolo rac Seexba kinoproeqtebis dafinansebis sakiTxs, gadawyvetulebas iRebs 233 ana kotrikaZe adamianTa garkveuli jgufi, romelic amavdroulad TanamSromloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo televiziebTan. es ukananasknelni ki mzad arian (amave dros valdebulni), rom satelevizio reklamebidan Semosuli finansebis garkveuli nawili kinowarmoebas moaxmaron.Ddidi xnis win daaxloebiT 1998 wels reklamidan Semosuli mogeba warmoadgenda, 500 milion evros, aqedan 10 procenti ki kinoindustriis ganviTarebas moxmarda.Aarsebobs periodebi, rodesac italieli kinoprodiuserebi reklamidan Semosuli Tanxidan, yovel wels daaxloebiT 50 milion evros iReben. avstriis kinoindustrias metad mRelvare warsuli hqonda, bolo dros ki, sakmaod didi mniSvneloba SeiZina.Yyovelive amas veneciisa da kanis festivalze miRebuli jildoebi adasturebs. `Sinaarsiani da radikaluri~, _ ase axasiaTeben ti pur, avstriul filmebs. rac Seexeba realizacias, SekveTis ganacxadidan gaqiravebamde, iqmneba Rirebulebis erTi didi jaWvi, romelic asobiT milion evros Seadgens da amasTanave ua mra v s am uSa o a dgi ls uzr unvel yof s av stri aS i; kinoindustriisaTvis gamoyofil saxsrebs, daaxloebiT 40 milion evros Seadgens. am xarjebs, avstriis kineematografiis universiteti gankargavs. damatebiT xarjebs ki, kulturis federaluri ganyofileba, saxelmwifos biujetidan gamoyofs. mxolod dedaqalaqisaTvis ki am mizniT 8 milioni evro gamoiyofa. rogorc Cans sxva RirsebebTan erTad, amavdroulad, avstriis kinematografiis aseTi didi warmateba, xelisuflebis mxridanac didi mxardaWeris Sedegia. unda aRiniSnos, rom avstriis kinobazarze, ucxouri filmebis raodenoba 90 procentia. Ffilmebis umetesi nawili, mainc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis warmoebaa, magram bolo xanebSi, adgilobrivma kino produqciam, saSualod 8-10 procents miaRwia, xolo premierebze adgilobrivi produqciis, mayurebelTa ricxvma, mTel avstriaSi, raodenobrivad 100. 000 gadaaWarba. es situacia, sabazro gaqiravebis struqturas asaxavs. adgilobrivi kino warmoebebis, meore damaxasiaTebeli niSania, intensiuri TanamSromloba, reklamis industriasTan da multimediis sferosTan. kavSiri, xelovnebasa da produqcias Soris, sakmaod mniSvnelovania. avstriaSi, am kuTxiT sakmaod 234 kinoindustriis dafinansebis zogierTi sakiTxi sainteresod da nayofierad muSaoben, amas adasturebs, bolodroindeli, mravlis momcveli warmatebebi. isini TiTqmis yovel wels, avtoritetul kino prizebs iReben.Ees Tavisuflad SeiZleba, kino prodiuserebis potencials mivaweroT da calke miRwevadac CavTvaloT. Tavis droze erT-erT warmatebul filmad mixaela hanekes, `pianisti qali~ CaiTvala, filmma 25 milioni mayureblis mozidva SeZlo. italiis magaliTze dayrdnobiT albaT SesaZlebelia, qarTul televiziebTan TanamSromloba, Tuki reklamidan Sesuli Tanxis, garkveuli procenti, yovel wels kinos dafinansebas, Tundac erTi filmis warmoebas moxmardeba. es mniSvnelovani mxardaWera iqneba qarTuli kino industriisaTvis.,miuxedavad imisa kino komerciulad momgebiani iqneba Tu ara. sasurvelia rom televiziebma iTanamSromlon prodiuserebTan da kinocentrTan. raTqmaunda, sazogadoebriv televizias am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba, telemauwyeblobebis aqtiurobiT (vgulisxmob materialur daxmarebas), SesaZlebeli gaxdeba kinos, materialuri da teqnikuri bazis ganviTarebis nawilobrivi uzrunvelyofa. kinocentri aris am etapze erTaderTi romelsac, erovnuli kinoindustriis ganviTarebisaTvis, mciredi saxsrebis moZieba SeuZlia, arc ise saxarbielo sagadasaxado sistema winsvlas kidev ufro aferxebs, Tumca nelnela SeiniSnebba gadasaxadebis Serbilebis tendencia. saxelmwifom, garkveul etapze unda SeZlos, kinowarmoebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, radganac kinos SeuZlia Cveni qveynis Rirebulebebis warmoCena saerTaSoriso doneze. gasagebia, rom saqarTveloSi, msgavsi politikis gatareba, uzarmazar sirTuleebTan da drosTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, evropuli kinoindustriis modelze dayrdnobiTa da SeswavliT, amave dros, qarTuli kinoindustriis samomavlo SesaZleblobebis gaanalizebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, etapobrivad, qarTuli zogadi modelis gamomuSavebac. http://advantageaustria.org/ http://www.artmanager.ru/ 235 daviT gujabiZe doqturanturis III kursi xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze satelevizio xelovneba naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe 236 qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis ekranul formebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia `satelevizio Teatrs~. am unikalur satelevizio redaqciaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze pirvelad saqarTvelos televiziaSi Seiqmna, araerTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi Seiqmna, romlebmac axleburad warmoaCines rogorc Teatris, ise televiziis mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi. sayuradReboa, rom kino da gansakuTrebiT Teatris reJisorebis im nawilma, romlebic warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen TavianT sferoSi, `satelevizio TeatrSi~ muSaobis SesaZleblobac ar gauSves xelidan. mniSvnelovani namuSevrebi Seqmnes Salva gawereliam, nugzar bagrationma, aleqsandre qanTariam, karlo Rlontma, andro enuqiZem... da, upirveles yovlisa _ mixeil TumaniSvilma, romelsac garda imisa, rom qarTuli Teatris winaSe sxva uamravi didi damsaxureba aqvs, `satelevizio Teatris~ praqtikul Semqmneladac SeiZleba moiazrebodes. es erTgvari paradoqsic kia, ramdenadac specialistebs Soris, vinc did maestros piradad icnobda, da TviT mis moswavleebs Soris gavrcelebulia azri, rom mixeil TumaniSvili televizias _ rogorc SemoqmedebiT xelovnebas _ seriozulad ar ekideboda. vfiqrobT, faqtebi sapirispiros laparakoben, xolo arsebuli `legenda~ televiziis mimarT misi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb mxolod SedarebiTia TeatrTan SedarebiT. `Teatris bednierebac da ubedurebac isaa, rom misi xelovneba rawams ibadeba, maSinve qreba, arasodes meordeba. masze mxolod mogoneba rCeba~,1 – wers mixeil TumaniSvili. bedis Tu sxvadasxva movlenis erTmaneTTan damTxvevis gamo ise moxda, swored am sityvebis avtors miuZRvis udidesi wvlili qarTul media-sivrceSi Teatraluri xelovnebis axali ekranuli formis 237 daviT gujabiZe damkvidrebaSi, romlis wyalobiTac Teatraluri xelovnebis nimuSis dafiqsireba da Senaxva SesaZlebelia. mixeil TumaniSvilis televiziaSi misvlis mizezi mis rusTavelis Teatridan wamosvlas ukavSirdeba. aq ar SevudgebiT am qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze skandaluri movlenis analizs. CvenTvis mTavari isaa, rom mas Semdeg, rac mixeil TumaniSvils rusTavelis Teatris datoveba mouxda, saqarTvelos televiziis maSindelma xelmZRvanelma, batonma karlo gardafxaZem SesTavaza mas televiziis samxatvro xelmZRvaneloba, magram ramdenadac batoni mixeili araTu arasodes ar iswrafvoda Tanamdebobisken, aramed amgvar saqmianobas SemoqmedisaTvis xelisSemSleladac ki Tvlida, uari ganacxada am postze da e. w. `ferad gadacemaTa mTavar redaqciaSi~ daiwyo muSaoba satelevizio dadgmebze. amiT man kvlav SeZlo, reJisuriT dakavebuliyo, radgan, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavda: `reJisori is ki araa, vinc speqtakls dgams, aramed is – visac ar SeuZlia, rom ar dadgas speqtakli~. rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev qarTuli televiziis arsebobis pirvelsave dReebSi mixeil TumaniSvilma e. w. `funikulioris~ studiaSi dadga puSkinis `mocarti da salieri~ _ ramaz CxikvaZis da erosi manjgalaZis monawileobiT. mogvianebiT misive reJisuriT daidga kidev ramdenime speqtakli, maT Soris _ daviT kldiaSvilis `soloman morbelaZis~ satelevizio inscenireba, romelSic, rogorc TviTmxilvelebi werdnen, saocari saxe Seuqmnia sergo zaqariaZes. im dros satelevizio programebi mxolod pirdapir eTerSi arsebobda da amdenad, am dadgmis Canaweri ar arsebobs. ase rom, televiziaSi `misvlis~ droisaTvis baton mixeils ukve hqonda mniSvnelovani praqtikuli Sexeba teledadgmebTan. Tavis statiaSi `#92~ igi wers: `Cven cxovrebaSi, gvinda es Tu ara, myarad damkvidrda televizia. cisferi ekrani, rogorc uZlieresi magniti, uamravi gansxvavebuli adamianis yuradRebas izidavs. studiuri Rilakis erTi daWeriT, TiTqos, jadoqris xelis erTi aqneviT, milionobiT adamiani Cerdeba anTebuli ekranis win, tovebs wigns, gazeTs, Tanamosaubres. mayureblis grandiozuli, masobrivi hi pnozis efeqti iqmneba. aTasobiT piradi da sazogado saqmiT dakavebuli 238 mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze adamiani, televiziis pirobiTi saxmobis gagonebaze ikribeba erTad yvela Tavis pirad televizorTan imisaTvis, rom uzarmazar auditoriad gaerTiandnen da amave dros, erTi erTze darCnen raRac intimurTan, siRrmivTan, auCqarebelTan...~2 `feradi gadacemebis mTavar redaqciaSi~ im dros sul sami adamiani muSaobda: TviT batoni mixeili da im dros misi studentebi Teatraluri institutidan: giorgi kaxabriSvili da dali gurgeniZe. am jgufma daiwyo jer mcire, Semdeg ki ufro didi moculobis satelevizio dadgmebis warmoeba. redaqciaSi keTdeboda Teatralizebuli sanaxaobebi saaxalwlo da sxva sazeimo TariRebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca konkretulad specialurad satelevizio CvenebisTvis Seqmnili speqtaklebic idgmeboda. am gadacemas erqva `rampa~. am periodSi daidga daviT kldiaSvilis `ubedureba~, nodar dumbaZis `ras gvekiTxeba amocana?~, Jan koktos `adamianis xma~. am nawarmoebebma, romlebsac maSin erTaderTi satelevizio arxis arsebobis pirobebSi mTelma respublikam uyura, didi mowoneba daimsaxura aramarto mxatvruli xarisxis, aramed Janruli TavisTavadobis gamoc. satelevizio specifikisa da TeatrisTvis saerTo xedviTi platformis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo namuSevari gamodga Jan koktos `adamianis xma~. es monospeqtaklia mcire scenisaTvis, sadac praqtikulad ar dgas dekoracia; moqmedeba xdeba oTaxSi, moqmedi gmiri erTaderTi qalia, romelic telefonze saubrobs. piesis teqsti dialogis is naxevaria, romelic mayurebels esmis. telefonis aparatis meore mxares mdgari mosaubris teqsti ar ismis, magram igrZnoba, rom qali (telespeqtaklSi am rols sofiko Wiaureli TamaSobda) Tavis sayvarel mamakacs elaparakeba, amasTan igrZnoba isic, rom es satelefono saubari maT Soris ukanaskneli saubaria, maTi urTierToba dasrulda. speqtakli sul naxevari saaTi grZeldeboda. `...naxevari saaTis ganmavlobaSi laparakobda igi (sofiko Wiaurelis gmiri, d. g.) telefoniT, darwmunebuli var, arcerTi mayureblis yuradReba maSin teleekrans ar moswyvetia. raSi iyo ekranze gacocxlebuli qalis Cvenze zemoqmedebis aseTi Zala? imaSi, rom Cven mxolod mis sityvebs ki ar 239 daviT gujabiZe vismendiT, amave dros vxedavdiT, ra xdeba im mSvenieri arsebis sulSi, romelsac axla ukanasknelad esmoda Zvirfasi adamianis xma.~3 konkretulad am piesis satelevizio dadgmisaTvis arCeviT mixeil TumaniSvilma gamoavlina satelevizio xelovnebis (!) specifikis gageba da gancda, teqnikisa da teqnologiis xelovnebis instrumentad qcevis unari. piesa saSualebas aZlevda reJisors, rom mayureblis yuradReba teleekranis saSualebiT daekoncentrirebina umTavresze – msaxiobis saxeze. ...am dadgmaSi kidev erTxel gamoCnda m. TumaniSvilis msaxiobTan muSaobis gasaocari unari. masTan erToblivi SemoqmedebiT adamianis sulieri cxovrebis rTuli procesis warmoCenisa ise sadad da damarwmuneblad, rom SeiZleba mogCveneboda, TiTqos, amnairad dadgmac da amnairad TamaSic advilia. amaSi iyo saidumlo J. koktos piesis satelevizio dadgmis warmatebisa da kidev imaSi, rom frangi qalis ganmasaxierebeli qarTveli msaxiobi qalis gancdebi ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre es piesaSi ikiTxeba da misi sulis Wrilobac ufro Rrmaa...~ recenzia mayureblis gancdebs gadmogvcems, romelic masSi msaxiobis TamaSis televiziis saSualebiT gadmocemis `teqnologiam~ aRZra. erTi mxriv, sityva `teqnologia~ SeiZleba uadgilod mogveCvenos, magram, dRevandeli gagebiT, swored es specifikuri teqnikuri sivrce da xerxebis erToblioba iyo is saSualeba, riTac mayurebeli aaRelva da Tanagancda aRuZra msaxiobis TamaSma. `ramdeni mayurebeli dafiqrda maSin siyvarulze? am RvTaebriv, saidumlo grZnobaze, romlis bednierebac yvelas ar xvdeba wilad cxovrebaSi, magram yvelasTvis, uklebliv yvelasTvis sanatrelia... vin icis, vin ras ixsenebda am mSvenier arsebasTan naxevarsaaTiani Sexvedris Semdeg, roca masTan erTad didma siyvarulma Cvens saxlSiac SemoanaTa?~4 da ki dev er Ti m ni S v nel o v a ni f a q ti , ro m el i c TeatrmcodneobiT literaturaSi aqamde araa aRwerili (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven versad moviZieT, d. g.), genialurad ubralo reJisoruli xerxi, romelmac sofiko Wiaurels saSualeba misca, maqsimalurad zustad eTamaSa, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, 240 mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze roca msaxiobis saxes satelevizio ekranis sivrce TiTqmis mTlianad uWiravs da yoveli niuansi, TiTqos, gamadidebeli linzis qveS Cans. aq xom umciresi gadacdoma, saxis kunTis odnavi Setokebac ki gaasmagebuli simkveTriT warmoCindeba; samagierod, aseve izrdeba mxatvruli simarTliT gamowveuli emocia. monospeqtaklis Cawera e. w. me-5 studiaSi mimdinareobda – yvelaze mcire farTobis pavilionSi, romelsac sareJisoro pultisagan ormag miniani kedeli yofda. sareJisoro pultTan, Caweris reJisorTan erTad imyofeboda reJisoris asistenti, romelic telefoniT realurad esaubreboda sofiko Wiaurels. es asistenti gaxldaT amJamad cnobili reJisori, qalbatoni nana kvasxvaZe. teqsti, romliTac nana kvasxvaZe esaubreboda sofiko W i a u r el s , s p e c i a l u r a d S e i T x z a da d a i w e r a a m telespeqtaklisaTvis. es is savaraudo teqsti unda yofiliyo, romelic Jan koktom gamotova Tavis piesaSi da mixeil TumaniSvilma da misma asistentebma `gamoiTvales~, aRadgines `qalis~ teqstidan gamomdinare. cxadia, es reJisoruli xerxi mniSvnelovnad exmareboda ekranze myof msaxiobs, raTa SeenarCunebina satelefono dialogis ritmi, muxti da intonacia. mixeil TumaniSvilisaTvis amgvari xerxebis mogoneba da gamoyeneba profesiis Semadgeneli aucilebeli nawili iyo. mogvianebiT feradi gadacemebis redaqciaSi daidga molieris `Zalad eqimi~ da samseriiani telespeqtakli `gzajvaredini~. am speqtaklze mixeil TumaniSvils ukve gverdiT edga misi studenti giorgi kaxabriSvili, romelmac maleve dadga agreTve 3-seriiani `me Sen miyvarxar~. CamoTvlilma speqtaklebma imdenad didi popularoba moixveWa, rom dadga sakiTxad da Seiqmna jer `satelevizio dadgmebis ganyofileba~, Semdeg ki `satelevizio Teatris mTavari redaqcia~, romelic satelevizio Teatralur dadgmebze specializebuli pirveli mTavari redaqcia iyo sabWoTa kavSiris satelevizio sivrceSi. male mixeil TumaniSvilma satelevizio ekranze gadmoitana rusTavelis TeatrSi `aprobirebuli~ speqtakli _ aleqsandre CxaiZis `xidi~ _ erosi manjgalaZisa da iza gigoSvilis monawileobiT. 241 daviT gujabiZe kritikosi iuri kagarlicki scenaze dadgmuli speqtaklebis satelevizio ekranze atanis praqtikas upiratesobebis logikas ase xedavs: `... am movlenaSi araferi gasakviri ar aris. yoveli Teatraluri namuSevari WeSmariti mxatvrisaTvis aramarto ganxorcielebuli, aramed ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqrebicaa. im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca namuSevari sayovelTao qebas msaxurebs, aris erTi adamiani, romelmac icis, Tu ra ar gamovida da es adamiani _ reJisoria. cxadia, karg speqtakls aqvs imis perspeqtiva, rom publikis winaSe TamaSisas `momwifdes~ (da es, albaT, misi umTavresi niSania), magram raRaca yovelTvis aris iseTi, rac ukvalodaa dakarguli da am danakargis kompensireba xdeba sxva masalaze, sxva speqtaklis Seqmnisas. aseTi gakveTili ukvalod ar Caivlis, igi moitans Tavis nayofs reJisoris SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi, magram ver uSvelis konkretuli scenuri xelovnebis namuSevars. xolo Tuki Teatraluri speqtaklis dadgmas imave speqtaklis satelevizio variantis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba mohyveba, igi reJisors aZlevs ganumeorebel Sanss, rom daubrundes Zvel da nacnob masalas dagrovili gamocdilebiT da ukve miRweulze dayrdnobiT axal gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT aiwios ukve arsebul Sedegze ufro maRla.~5 i. kagarlickis pozicias srulad iziarebs dramaturgi Tamaz goderZiSvili: `reJisorma mixeil TumaniSvilma (`satelevizio TeatrSi~) ... dadga ... a. CxaiZis `xidi~. rusTavelis TeatrSi reJisorma, TiTqos, amowura saTqmeli, magram satelevizio versiaSi mixeil TumaniSvilma kvlav miagno detalebs, romelTa gamokveTis Semdeg telespeqtaklma ufro meti mamxilebeli Zliereba da feradovneba SeiZina.~6 mixeil TumaniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT daidga agreTve speqtaklebi `jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~ da `uCinmaCinis qudi~. satelevizio TeatrSi dadgmuli es speqtaklebi dResac did auditorias krefen, roca maT eTeri eTmobaT. mogvianebiT, mixeil TumaniSvilma kinostudia „qarTuli filmis~ bazaze Seqmna `kinomsaxiobTa Teatri~, romelic swrafad iqca erT-erT yvelaze popularul centrad Tbilisis Teatralur sivrceSi. Teatrma kvlav daikava misi mTeli dro da mixeil TumaniSvils satelevizio dadgmebisTvis aRar ecala, 242 mixeil TumaniSvili da Teatri teleekranze magram, rogorc didma Semoqmedma, mcirexniani moRvaweobis droSic ki moaxerxa da Seqmna aramarto sayuradRebo speqtaklebi, aramed safuZveli daudo Janrobrivad axleburi Teatraluri da ekranuli xelovnebis sinTezis SemoqmedebiTi laboratoriis _ `satelevizio Teatris~ Seqmnas. 1. mixeil TumaniSvili fiqrobs, gv. 24, `axla ki farda~, gv. 21. 2. iqve, mixeil TumaniSvili fiqrobs, gv. 207. 3. iqve, gv. 26. 4. iqve, gv. 30. 5. Кагарлицкий Ю., Обман хорош, когда в него верят (Театральный спектакль на телеэкране), ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ вчера, сегодня, завтра 89, М., 1989. gv. 43. 6. Tamaz goderZiSvili, `Cveni satelevizio Teatri~, `Teatraluri moambe~, #6, 1980, gv. 60-62. 243 xelmZRvaneli _ lali gelaSvili doqturanturis II kursi prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT scenografiis istoria da Teoria naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili 244 XIX saukuneSi, saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, evropuli gavlena Cacma-daxurvis sferoSic SeiWra. es imiT aixsneba, rom rusul-evropuli tansacmeli ufro sada da advilad saxmari iyo, Tan qarTuli Cacmuloba Tavisi rTuli SemadgenlobiT Zviri jdeboda. am periodidan Zalian aWrelda qarTveli qalis Cacmuloba. mkvidrdeba ucxo saxelebic. am periodSi gaCndnen moduri tansacmlis mkeravebi, e. w. `modistebi~. qalis Cacmulobam cvlileba qvemodan, fexsacmlidan daiwyo. qoSebi, waRebi da Zveleburi fexsacmelebi `baSmakebma~ da `tuflebma~ Secvala. mandilosnebma Sevros, laikis, atlasis frangul qusliani inglisur qusliani fexsacmeli da fabrikuli wesiT damzadebuli feradi windebi Caicves. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi evropuli da qarTuli kabis qveS mavTulebiT damuSavebuli Cixora-krinolini Caicves. agreTve atarebdnen iseT krinolinian kabebs, rogoriTac germaniaSi da safrangeTSi imosebodnen. XIX saukunis bolos Tbilisi gaevropulda. marTalia, qarTulma Cacmulobam dakarga praqtikuli Rirebulebebi, magram qalis qarTuli tansacmeli iseT calkeul elementebs Seicavs (kabis Sexsnili saxeloebi, yurTmajebi, gulispiri, sartyeli, Cixtis magvari qudi da sxva), rom maTi gamoyeneba sxvagvari tansacmlis dasamzadebladac SeiZleboda. amasTan erTad axali ti pis samosSi iyenebdnen qarTul qargulebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli tansacmeli gamodioda xmarebidan XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde Suaxnisa da zogierTi axalgazrda qalebi mainc xmarobdnen qarTul tanisamoss. es yovelive mianiSnebs axalgazrdebis swrafvas moduri Cacmulobisaken. amis amsaxveli TvalsaCinoeba da didi ganZi 245 lali gelaSvili dautova qarTul kinoxelovnebas vaxtang tabliaSvilma kinofilmiT `qeTo da kote~. qeTo da kotes~ personaJebis kostiumebis eskizebi Seqmnilia farnaoz lapiaSvilis mier. personaJebis CacmulobaSi aris qarTul-evropuli sinTezi; aseve ferTa siWrele, rac im periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom personaJebs acviaT evropuli yaidis kostumebi qarTuli detalebiT. TiToeuli personaJis CacmulobaSi bevr saintereso detals da siaxles SevxvdebiT, agreTve bevr kostiumSi aris qarTulis, evropulis da aziuri samosis sinTezi. am personaJebis samosSi Cans sazRvari TavSekavebulobasa da fufunebas Soris. arcerT kostiums ara aqvs zedmeti detali da arc araferi aklia. kostumebi ti puri qarTuli Tu evropuli, yvelaferi harmoniulad aris Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. am kostiumebiT Cans ara marto fufuneba da im drois miswrafebebi, aramed personaJis xasiaTic. vaxtang tabliaSvilis kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ mandilosnebis kostiumebi ZiriTadad Sekerilia krinoliniT. im droisaTvis krinoliniani kabebi siaxle iyo. viwro weliTa da momjdari lifiT. kostumebi ZiriTadad Sekerilia abreSumis qsovilisagan, kabebi aris Rrmad dekoltirebuli da misi guli gaformebulia Zvirfasi qvebiT. yvela qvedatans amSvenebs qarTuli sartyeli, romelic aris daqarguli. kabebi ZiriTadad aris Wreli, rac im droisTvis modurad iTvleboda da aseve aris TeTri. personaJebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, TeTri sazeimo ferad iTvleboda da maT aformebdnen haerovani bafTebiT da lentebiT, aseve filmSi `qeTo da kote~ gamoyenebulia Savi da muqi Sindisferi xaverdis qaTibi. qaTibi muxlebamdea, saxeloebi idayvebTan Sexsnili da daqargulia, aseve gaformebulia Zvirfasi qvebiT. Tavsaburavi aris rogorc qarTuli Cixtikopi, aseve evropuli Slapebi da sxvadasxva mosarTavi. XIX saukunis bolos moda qmnis tansacmlis axal ti ps – kabas iribad aWrili qvedataniT da `viCiniseburi~ saxeloebiT. es xels uwyobs axali stilis Camoyalibebas, rogorc sportul, ise saRamos samosSi. es aris moderni, romelic figuras `S~is formas aZlevs. es aris erTiani stili, romelsac harmoniaSi 246 Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT mohyavs ori sxvadasxva stili. axali stilis ZiebaSi, rogorc yovelTvis, inglisi pirvelobda, mas SeuerTdnen amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, belgia, safrangeTi, bolos _ vena da praRa. axali moda yvelaze logikurad praRaSi viTardeboda. es moda etapobrivad SemoiWra ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. swored iribad aWrili da naoWasxmuli kostiumi acvia qeTos. kaba aris muqi feris, welSi gadaWrili, mklavebi idayvis qvemodan dawyebuli bolomde aris Sexsnili. mkerdisa da beWebis gaswvriv kabas aqvs bewvis ormagi kanti, romelic gamoyenebulia dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT. kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ gamoyenebulia xaverdis, abreSumis, Salis da bambis qsovilebi daWimuli an daserili vorsiT. es yvelaferi saTaves iRebs italiaSi. 1247 wels venecielma mqsovelebma ufleba miiRes CamoeyalibebinaT sakuTari gildia. es gadawyvetileba maT miiRes imitom, rom ufro gaefarTovebinaT abreSumis da sxva SesaniSnavi qsovilebis warmoeba. renesansis epoqaSi qsovilebisTvis naxatebs qmnida polaiulo. barokos epoqaSi xaverdi xdeba feradi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, qarTvelebi qsovilebs yidulobdnen ZiriTadad daRestneli lekebisagan. kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ mamakacebis samosad gamoyenebulia ti puri evropuli smokingi. smokingis saxeloebi da sayelo aris Savi xaverdiT gaformebuli, agreTve mamakacebi Semosili arian TeTri axaluxebiT, romlis sayelo gaxamebulia. acviaT mokle Jiletebi feradi abreSumis, rac Seexeba Sarvlebs, acviaT kubokruli welze momdgari Sarvlebi jibeebiT. aseve filmSi gamoyenebulia qarTuli nacionaluri Coxa-axaluxi, romlebic gaformebulia araqarTuli elementebiT, magram qarguloba da mTlianad kostiumis morTuloba qarTulia. mamakacebi agreTve Semosili arian yabalaxiT da morTulni qamar-xanjliT. filmSi aseve aris gamoyenebuli fraki. is welzea momdgari, ti pur frakTan SedarebiT aq gansxvavebas qmnis lackanis forma, gulze Wrilis sidide. im periodSi modaSi iyo grZeli Sarvlebi, win iribad aWrili, rom fexsacmelze ar miWmuWvniliyo. aseTi Sarvlebi vizualurad boloSi viwrovdeboda. fraki kinofilmSi aris Savi feris, frakTan erTad acviaT TeTri `piJes~ Jileti. 247 lali gelaSvili kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ erT-erT scenaSi bavSvis personaJs vxvdebiT, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT im drois bavSvis Cacmulobaze. bavSvs acvia tyavis qurTuki, romelsac `qeTirs~ uwodebdnen. aseTi qurTuki centralur kavkasiaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. mas keravdnen cxvris tyavisgan, romelsac bewviani mxare Signidan hqonda moqceuli. igi welSi iyo gadaWrili. qurTukis qveda nawili odnavi naoWiT iyo mikerebuli zeda nawilTan. saxeloebi hqonda grZeli, welSi ki Sekruli ori dedal-mamali dugmiT. qurTukis sigrZe muxlamdea. sayelos irgvliv majaze, wina kalTaze da boloSi Semovlebuli aqvs bewvamobrunebuli tyavi. gulze dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT mikerebuli aqvs saqileebi, aseve axuravs qalaquri ti pis qudi. kinofilm `qeTo da koteSi~ asaxulia yaraCoRelTa araCveulebrivi kadrebi, isini iyvnen xelosanTa fenis warmomadgenlebi. maT ecvaT axaluxi, ganieri Sarvlebi, Coxa da qarTuli Ceqma. welze ekeTaT vercxlis ornamentirebuli qamrebi, romelzedac damagrebuli iyo jaWvebi. qamarSi Cakecili da dakidebuli hqondaT wiTeli abreSumis haerovani qsovili. maT ecvaT doSluliani axaluxi. doSluliani axaluxi gverdze ikvreboda yaiTnis RilebiT. rac meti Rilebi hqonda, miT ufro lazaTianad iTvleoda. axaluxisaTvis iyenebdnen satinas da dimikitons. mas sami jibe hqonda _ ori garedan da erTi Signidan. Coxa ecvaT ori saxis: naoWiani da unaoWo. gulze, marjvniv da marcxniv, gakeTebuli hqonda sakvesebi. am sakvesebSi qalis naxevari TiTi Tu Caeteoda. mas ar xmarobdnen, es gasaformeblad iyo gakeTebuli. Coxa arasdros ikvreboda, is ise iyo Sekerili, rom misi piri pirs ar unda misdeboda da Coxis qveS axaluxi unda gamoCeniliyo. ecvaT ganieri Sarvlebi. Sarvlis totebi Catanebuli iyo CeqmebSi. saSarvle qsovilebs daRestneli lekebisagan iZendnen. Sarvals samubiani erqva. misi ube sami nawilisagan ikereboda. sityva `yaraCoReli~ SavCoxians niSnavs, rasac isini TavianTi CacmulobiT adasturebdnen. maT exuraT maRali qudebi, romelsac `buxris quds~ uwodebdnen. yvela yaraCoReli atarebda ulvaSs. 248 Cacmuloba XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ mixedviT kinofilm `qeTo da kotes~ kostiumebis mxatvarma farnaoz lapiaSvilma araCveulebrivad kargad gamoxata Tavisi eskizebiT imdroindeli Tbilisis yofa-cxovreba, samoseli da maSindeli maRali fenis miswrafebebi cvlilebebisken, Tundac samoselSi rom qarTuli nacionaluri kostiumi arc silamaziT, arc praqtikulobiT da arc ferTa siuxviT tols ar udebs sxva ti pis samosels da itans modernistul gadawyvetilebebs, Tundac imisTvis, rom is yofiliyo gamoyenebuli iseT ukvdav musikalur kinokomediaSi, rogoricaa, vaxtang tabliaSvilis kinofilmi `qeTo da kote~. • nino brailaSvili, eTnografiuli Canaxatebi, `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1990. • lali gelaSvili, msoflio modis ilustrirebuli enciklopedia, gamomcemloba `imperia~, Tbilisi, 2006. • n. CofikaSvili, qarTuli kostiumi, Tbilisi, 1998. • l. molodini, g. CaCaSvili, qarTuli kostiumebis katalogi, Tbilisi, 1989. • c. bezaraSvili, g jalabaZe, qarTuli xalxuri tansacmeli, Tbilisi, 1986. 249 avtorTa Sesaxeb maia goSaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodnebis doqtori. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli prifesori. daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti. sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi amerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb. amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi miTosur motivebze~. tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64 marine (maka) vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne. 1986 w. daamTavra S. rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmw. institutis TeatrmcodneobiTi fakulteti. xelmZRvanelobs SoTa rusTavelis Taetrisa da kinos universitetis sauniversiteto gamomcemlobas `kentavri~. aris amave universitetis gazeT `durujis” redaqtori, damaarsebeli da redaqtori gazeTisa `kultura~. muSaobda: 1986 _ 1992 wlebSi `saqarTvelos Teatris, musikisa da kinos saxelmwifo muzeum~-Si mecner-TanamSromlad; 1992 _ 2000 wlebSi `saqarTvelos samauwyeblo telekompania~- Si, I arxze sabavSvo, Teatraluri da gasarTobi gadacemis `Wor_News~-is redaqtorad; 1998 _ 2000 wlebSi `saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~-Si menejerad; 2000 _ 2004 webSi `klubi sardafi~-s erT-erTi damfuZnebelia, kulturuli progremebis xelmZRvanelad: `literaturuli saRamoebi~ da `Sexvedrebi saintereso adamianebTan~ prog.xelmZRvanelad; 2003, 2005, 2007 wlebSi `saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~s mier daarsebuli kulturis saerTaSoriso bazrobis erT-erT kordinatorad, Teatris da kinos saCvenebeli programis xelmZ-lad. 2005, 2006 wlebSi _ `Tbilisis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze~ erTerT koordinatorad. sistematurad aqveynebda da aqveynebs statiebs, werilebs, recenziebs Tanamedrove Teatralur procesebze da problemebze Jurn. `sabWoTa 250 xelovneba~, `Teatraluri moambe~. `Театр~ `Teatri da cxovreba~, gazeTebSi `kultura”, `duruji”. aris ramdenime wignis redaqtori da Semdgenel-redaqtori. 1986 w. miRebuli aqvs I premia TemaSi _ «Б. Брехт в творчестве Р. Стуруа» _ `sabWoTa kavSiris axalgazrda mkvlevarTa saerTaSoriso konferencia~ (Catarda q. leningradSi ax.peterburgi). mopovebuli grantebi: 2003-04-05 wleb. `fondi Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo~, `saq. kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saminsistro~, `saq. erovnuli kinocentri~. tel: +995 (77) 28 87 68 el. fosta: vasilisa@yahoo.com zviad doliZe _ kinoistorikosi, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, msoflio kinos istoriis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli daamTavra Tbilisis a. s. puSkinis sax. pedagogiuri institutis istoriis fakulteti (1980 w.) kiTxulobs leqciebs msoflio kinos istoriaSi (bakalavriatis safexurze), amasTanave aris amave disciplinaSi doqturanturis programis xelmZRvaneli gamoqveynebuli aqvs 3 wigni (2 saxelmZRvanelo da 1 monografia) da 30 samecniero statia tel: +995 (55) 30 70 40 el-fosta: dolz@internet.ge irakli maxaraZe _ kinoreJisori, mkvlevari. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis amerikismcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti. dokumenturi, animaciuri da mxatvruli filmebis avtori, reJisori (maT Soris ,,uaild uesTis mxedrebi”, ,,lelos Semobruneba”, ,,guruli firalebi”, ,,vinc movida gaumarjos!”, ,,dimitri SevardnaZeE” da sxva). daamTavra Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti, kinosareJisoro fakulteti (guram Jvanias saxelosno). 1990-2006 kompania „qarTuli telefilmi”-s reJisori, musikisa da kinos Sesaxeb gadacemebis avtori da wamyvani sxvadasxva satelevizio arxebze: pirveli arxi, ibervizia, imedi („msoflio estradis varskvlavebi”; 251 „rvanaxevari”; „mravalsaxeoba”; „erTxel holivudSi”). aris araerTi saJurnalo publikaciisa da wignis avtori (guruli mxedrebi amerikaSi, guruli firalebi da sxva). agreTve sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso festivalis monawile da mravali jildos mflobeli. tel: +995 (32) 23 27 75 ; mob: + 995 (99) 97 00 11 el.fosta: iraklimakharadze@gmail.com; makharadze@myhome.ge; veb-gverdi: www.georgians.ge dinara maRlakeliZe _ doqtori, kino da mediaTmecnieri. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris, kinos, mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlosamecniero kvleviTi institutis wamyvani specialisti. damTavrebuli aqvs ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo da berlinis humboldtis saxelobis universitetebi. aseve saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantura da fraiburgis albert ludvigis saxelobis universitetisa da berlinis humboldtis universitetis doqtorantura. berlinis humboldtis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: erovnuli identuroba dasavleT germanul da qarTul saavtoro kinoSi /SedarebiTi analizi/. samecniero moRvaweobas eweva saqarTvelosa da germaniis federaciul respublikaSi. monawileobs saerTaSoriso kinosimpoziumebsa da seminarebSi, rogorc Jiuris wevri muSaobda saerTaSoriso kinofestivalebze GgoEast da Prix-Europa. Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis universitetSi ekava ufrosi mecnierTanamSromelis Tanamdeboba. sxvadasxva dros kiTxulobda leqciebs msoflio kinos istoriasa da TeoriaSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da Tbilisis samxatvro akademiaSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografia (germanul enaze) da samecniero statiebi kinos istoriasa da TeoriaSi germanul da qarTul enebze. misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi sferoa saavtoro kino da Tanamedrove Teoriebi kinematografSi. amJamad muSaobs samecniero proeqtz: Tanamedrove germanuli kinos ganviTarebis tendenciebi 1990iani wlebidan (germanul enaze) da wignis proeqtze: Sesavali kinos TeoriaSi, kinos klasikuri da Tanamedrove teqstebi (qarTul enaze). tel: + 995 (32) 22 02 21; mob: + 995 (99) 36 78 73 el.fosta: dmaglakeli@yahoo.de veb-gverdi: www.dinara maglakelidse.de 252 eTer okujava _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne. SoTaA rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris, kinos, mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlo-samecniero kvleviTi institutis mTavari mecnier TanamSromeli. daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, istoriis fakulteti, xelovnebaTmcodneobis ganxriT. staJireba gaiara kinomcodnis specialobiT moskovis sax. kinoinstitutSi (ВГИК, e.surkovis jgufSi). misi samecniero kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: qarTuli kinos SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi, filmis saxviTi gadawyvetis problemebi, zogadad gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturebi, qarTuli filmis esTetika, Janrebi, calkeul xelovanTa SemoqmedebaTa kvleva drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT (xelovani da dro), Tematuri Ziebani da filmis, sazogadod kinoTeoriis sakiTxebi da a.S. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 50-ze meti statia, aqedan umetesi referirebul JurnalebSi _ qarTul da ramdenime _ ucxo enebze. avtoria wignebisa: `imeda kaxiani~, `aqtiori~ (1990), `kultura _ gza gadarCenisa~(1997, piveli gamocema; 2000, meore gamocema), `daviT kakabaZe kinosa da TeatrSi~ (2008). aris: internet-gamocema `qarTuli kino eTer okujavasagan~ _ mTavari redaqtori. nato vaCnaZis saxelobis qarTuli kinos akademiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli fizikuri piri da kulturuli iniciativebis fondis `nato~ damfuZnebeli da prezidenti. tel.: + 995 (32) 37 06 29; mob. +995 (99) 92 11 92 el fosta: eterokujava@yandex.ru veb-gverdi: www.ethmo.narod.ru 253 Marine (Maka) Vasadze THEATRE STUDIES Maia Goshadze VARIATION ON THE THEME TO BE OR NOT TO BE Summery The article “Variation about to be or not to be” discusses to run off from the present motives in the Ernest Hophman, Patrick Zueskind, Anton Chekhov and Giorgi Margvelashvili’s play “Cherries Garden.” Article’s author’s idea is that the dilemma of to be or not to be, between life and death (by view Existential) choose between “un dead” results and “dead’ process is clear in to the chosen, - by hope or ask of the prized undead. Without praise less and without judge all being on the present, given, realization. It must be arise all its whole life with itself ability again to try discovered unsuccessfully in the same row. It became hated physical tendency prized with “un dead” future, un received the motive without all giving rules life, always birth new of the creative physical agent, hopefuls, refused of the activates, afraid and hatred of the life. Not wish to arise from the sleeping from the future morning; we can see Chehkov’s hero, in the play “Cherry garden” made by director Giorgi Margvelashvili. It may be really wishes to come back in the best inertial before the birth. Right towards the present, such as humans’ leader physics tendency, - to love life or hate creative motive is realized in the different epochs being madden work. ABOUT AUTHOR Art History PhD Associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles on American, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times. Currently she works on paper “Variations on mythical motives” Tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64 254 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT ROBERT STURUA’S “THEATRICAL LANGUAGE” (Formation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language) Robert Sturua (Theatre Director, Art Director of Rustaveli Theatre) and Levan Khetaguri Professor, Theatre Scholar, Head of World Theatre Direction. Georgian as well as European professional theater of theater directors is more than one century old. I mean that theater of directors was established in the eighties of XIXth century – C. Kean, A. Antoine, O. Brahm, M. Reinhardt, K. Stanislavski, V. Meyerhold, later B. Brecht and etc. Only in the XXth century Georgia, a small but culturally vast country, managed to give birth to three world-rank directors – Kote Marjanishvili, Sandro Akhmeteli and Robert Sturua (not meaning their dates of birth of course). I think this is not such a small number. Through their individual approach all three directors managed to create different eras in the world of theatre; they said a new word in the formation of the language of directors. Every new cultural occurrence, direction, etc. has its own preconditions. This is also true about Kote Marjanishvili and Sandro Akhmeteli. However, at this point the subject of my research is Rober Sturua, and the formation of his theatrical language. Where can we find the foundation for his unique theatrical approach - in Georgia and outside it. How did his theatrical and directorial language develop and can he be affiliated with any specific movement. For discussing these topics I chose the form of a dialogue or a conversation, which I think should be interesting for the readers. ABOUT AUTHOR Theatre Historian She graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She is the head of Shota 255 Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Publishing House “Kentavri”. She is the editor of the newspaper “Duruji” of the above mentioned University as well as the founder and editor of the newspaper “Kultura”. From 1980 – 1992 she worked as a scholar at Georgian State Museum of Theatre, Music and Film; From 1992 – 2000 she worked as an editor for children’s theatre and entertainment program “Gossip News” on Georgian State Broadcasting Company. From 1998 – 2000 she worked as a manager of Stichting Caucasus Foundation. In 2003, 2005, 2007 she worked as one of the coordinators of “International Culture Fair” organized by Stichting Caucasus Foundation and as the head of Theatre and Film Showcase Program. In 2005, 2006 she worked as one of the coordinators of “Tbilisi International Film Festival”. She has her articles, letters, reviews on contemporary theatre processes and problems published in magazines “Soviet Art”, “Teatraluri Moambe”, “Òåàòð“, Theatre and Life”, newspapers “Kultura”, “Duruji” on a regular basis. She is the editor of several books. In 1986 she was awarded 1 Price at the “International Conference of Young Soviet Researchers” in St. Petersburg for the paper “B. Brecht in the work of Robert Sturua”. Acquired grants: 2003, 2004, 2005 years: “Open Society Institute”, Georgian State Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sport”, “Georgian National Film Center”. Tel.: +995 (77) 28 87 68 E-mail.: vasilisa@yahoo.com 256 FILM STUDIES Zviad Dolidze JAPANESE EMPEROR OF FILM Summary This article is devoted to the 100 years’ anniversary of the greatest Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, who created his own original film world, proved himself as a true creator, who had not been engaged politically. He sincerely wanted that his films’ heroes were the real and honest persons, who know the life as it is. In his homeland Kurosawa often was criticized by local specialists of cinema that he worked for Western audience, but in reality nobody from his colleagues did not show Japan and the Japanese society so much clearly that Kurosawa. He had not the selected and solely style, never discussed this with someone, but from his side he helped to many cinematographers to “open” the “film doors”, taught them the film alphabet. And those people were always proud of work with him and declared that they are the members of Kurosawa’s team. ABOUT AUTHOR Film Historian, Art History PhD. Full Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. Head of the History of World Film direction. In 1980 he graduated from A.S. Pushkin Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of History. He lectures on history of world film on a BA level. At the same time he is the head of a doctorate program in the same discipline. He is the author of 3 books (2 textbooks and 1 monograph) and 30 scientific articles. Contact Info: +995 (55) 30 70 40 E-mail: dolz@internet.ge 257 Irakli Makharadze IMAGE OF AMERICAN INDIAN IN AMERICAN WESTERN Summary Although the Native Americans have appeared in westerns from the beginning, they were badly treated in films. On the whole Indians usually appeared as a swarm of colorfully clad figures on horseback, attacking pioneers in their covered wagons or ambushing unwary riders. The view of Indians as savage and uncivilized was repeated in early films and crystallized the image of “Indians” as dangerous and unacceptable to the normative lives of White men whose lives appeared in films to be more valuable than those of the indigenous people they were colonizing. This trend dimmed in the late ’30s and ’40s, but resumed in the 1950s and took root in the ’60s, permanently changing the way films depicted Native Americans. Several 1960-70’s films in fact suggested a parallel between genocide in the days of the old west and the age of Vietnam. ABOUT AUTHOR Film director, researcher. Doctorate student at the Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences (American Studies) of Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi. He is the author of documentary, animated and feature films. He is the director of films among them “Wild West Knights, “The Turn Around of Lelo”, “Robbers of Guria”, “Hello and Welcome”, “Dimitri Shevardnadze” and others. He graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Faculty of Film Directing (Class of Guram Jvania). From 1990 to 2006 he was director of “Kartuli Telepilmi”. He was the author and anchor of music and film programs at various television channels: First Channel, Ibervizia, Imedi (Stars of World Stage”; “Eight and a Half”, “Miscellenious”; “Once upon a time in 258 Hollywood”). He is the author of several magazine and book publications (Knights of Guria in the US, Robbers of Guria and etc). He is the participant of various international festivals and owner of many awards. Tel: +995 (32) 23 2775 ; + 995 (99) 97 00 11 E-mail: iraklimakharadze@gmail.com; makharadze@myhome.ge; Web www.georgians.ge Dinara Maglakelidze DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS OF CINEMA THEORY Summary The article concerns development tr ends of theoretical considerations of cinematography and attempts to discuss the development history of cinema theory in the context of spiritual (humanitarian) sciences. Discussing all the important orientations, an author and world outlook separately, the author is showing the viewpoint of each orientation studying cinematography, is describing an aesthetic branch of cinema theory which is studying expressive ways characteristic for cinematography, as a field of art. The author is discussing classical and modern cinema theories oriented to sociology and psychology. In accordance with development of theoretical thinking about cinema there have been analyzed the so called classical theories of cinema, such as theoretical considerations of Hugo Münsternberg, Bela Balaz, Rudolf Arnheim, Walter Benjamin about cinematography, the role and the importance of representatives of the Russian formalistic school in the theoretical study of cinematography, theoretical considerations of Sergey Eisenstein and Russian Avant guard cinematographs. In the article there have been analyzed: theoretical considerations of Andre Bazin and the history of development of author ’s cinematography, the realistic theory of cinema of Siegfrid Kracauer, the theoretical thoughts of Jean Mitry about the transition period between the theories of classical and modern cinema, the role and the importance of semiotic research oriented to linguistic models of Christian Metz in the development of cinema modern theories, Neo Formalistic and Post 259 Structuralist perspectives of the theoretical research of cinematography. In the article there have been analyzed the place and the importance of the works of David Bordwell and Gilles Deleuze in the development of theoretical thinking about cinema. The author is also discussing Apparatus theories oriented to psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan and Marxist theories of Louis Althussel, the main research object of which is an identification of a spectator-subject, spectator-interpreter to the film and studying the influence of the film on spectators, analyzing psychoanalitic and feministic cinema theories. In the article there have been emphasized differences between classical and modern theoretical researches of cinema. There has been developed the point of view according to which while classical theory of cinema, whose main goal was cultural legacy of cinematography, as a new field of art, and studying of expressive features and visual aesthetics of a film, modern theoretical researches of cinematography prefer studying of medial, economic, socio-cultural determinants of a film. She published a monograph (in German) and scholarly articles on history and theory of film in Georgian and German languages. Main field of her scholarly research is feature film and contemporary theories in cinematography. Currently she is working on a scientific project: Tendencies of contemporary German Film development from 1990s (in German) and on a book project: Introduction to film theory, classical and contemporary texts in film (in Georgian) Tel: + 995 (32) 22 02 21; + 995 (99) 36 78 73 E-mail: dmaglakeli@yahoo.de ABOUT AUTHOR PhD, Film and Media Scholar. Leading specialist of Theatre, Film, Media, Management and Traditional Arts Research Institute of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. She is a graduate of Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi and Humbolt University of Berlin. She is also an MA graduate of Georgian Academy of Sciences as well as a PhD graduate of Albert Luedwig University of Freiburg and Humbolt University of Berlin. Her PhD thesis at Humbolt University of Berlin was on: National Identity in West German and Georgian Film/Comparative Analysis/. She works in Georgia and Germany. She takes part in international symposiums and seminars. She was a jury member of international festivals goEast and Prix-Europa. She worked as a senior specialist at Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi. At various times she lectured on history and theory of world film in Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi and Tbilisi State Academy of the Arts. XX century’s 20th years exactly that period, when clearly appeared, that cinematography could to make such works, where mainly subject would be not only to fixed reality, but to show reality to relies by subject. Robert Flaherty is an important and is distinguished figure in the USA’s cinema, which made film serials by example of the ethnographical material, where described human opposite at the nature (here means natural calamity; rules of the life and other. In 1931 year German director, who worked in America, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau together Robert Flaherty made, more right, finished a film “Taboo”, on the base of the romantically story about the inmate one of the island of the South Seas. Murnau’s work, such as choose of the theme, as a manner changed expressional style by the show of the reality pictures. He has skills to show reality, vital pictures to give rise unholy feeling and other emotional impulse. Georgian cinema director M. Kalatozov “Jim Shvante” (marili svanetis) one of the important film between the films by the 20-30th years, which sign abandoned by the view of the film language. “Jim 260 Eter Okudjava REMARKABLE ANALOGIES IN GEORGIAN-AMERICAN CINEMA OF THE 20S AND 30S OF XXTH CENTURY Summary 261 Shvante” included similar mute film’s terseness meanings, not only by that, he equally shown Soviet and Euro-American films’ achievement of the 20th years. “Jim Shvante” is a absolutely original work, it equally used such as montage theory and practice by world achievement, as foundation by D. Kakabadze’s own experience – composition of the cadre, multiform palette of the light, plastic of inside cadre, such as one of the mainly means of the mouthpiece In that way, 20-30s Georgian film could make image fiction screen, and in the direction it became component part of the Euro-American. UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM CULTURAL MANAGEMENT Head of the Program: Prof. Iuri Mgebrishvili Natia Grdzelishvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili STRUCTURE AND VARIETIES OF ADVERTISEMENT ABOUT AUTHOR Art History PhD, Film Historian Chief specialist of Theatre, Film, Media, Management and Traditional Arts Research Institute of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. She graduated from Tbilisi State University, Faculty of History with major in Art History. She made her internship as a film scholar at Moscow Film Institute (ÂÃÈÊ, class of E. Surkov). Main directions of her scholarly research are: Artistic tendencies of Georgian Film, problems of artistic interpretations in film, general expressive structures, aesthetic of Georgian film, genres, research of certain Georgian artists’ work with consideration of time (artist and time), thematic findings and issues of film and film theories in general. She has more than 50 articles published: Most of them in reference magazines in Georgian and some of them in foreign languages. She is the author of books: “Imeda Kakhiani”, “An Actor” (1990), “Culture – way of salvation” (1997 first edition; 2000 second edition), “Davit Kakabadze in Film and Theatre” (2008). She is the chief editor of an internet edition “Georgian Film from Eter Okujava”. She is one of the founders of Nato Vachnadze Georgian Film Academy and founder and President of Cultural Initiatives Foundation “Nato”. Tel: + 995 (32) 37 06 29; Mob. +995 (99) 92 11 92 E-mail: eterokujava@yandex.ru Web: www.ethmo.narod.ru 262 Summary In the developed modern world advertisement is necessary, but only when it serves interest of consumer. Advertisement should assist formation of social requirements and development social-economic attitudes and culture within young people. Advertisement should express public interest, create rules and fashion. Advertisement should only be used to promote goods for not only physical but spiritual development of the society. The advertisement should emphasize good quality of goods but on the same time should tell us what the weakness is! Tatia Elbakidze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili THE ROLE OF A MUSEUM IN PRESENT SOCIETY Summary The summary of the article is about the role of the museum for today’s society. The role of the today-in “open” and multicultural society implies the broad participation of the society in the processes of “globalization” and “modern Technologies”. Museum should have to answer the question 263 how he understands the concept “open” museum and for which class of the society does it serve, control the implementation of its tasks and evaluate the implementation of its functions. Heavy burden in socialpolitical and cultural environment of the museum demands the new forms of planned changes; accordingly, in response of the effective management they will satisfy the external as well as internal needs. Implementation of changes for future is as much essential for museum as implementation of changes to today’s needs. Tata Inashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili SHOW BUSINESS, ADVERTISING AND PR Summary Show business applies to all aspects of the entertainment industry from the business side (managers, agents, producers, distributors) to the creative theatre, music. Advertising and PR are of major importance in Show Business. PR (public relation) deals with the work of persuading people to have a good opinion of an organization, company etc. Advertising- tells people publicly about a product (singer, band) or service in order to persuade them to buy it. The term show business has been in common usage in Georgia since the end of 20 century. At present the most popular TV project and show programs are: “MIMGERE RAME,” ”HUMORINA”, “GEOBARI”. Etc. The most successful projects established by “Geocell “and “Magticom” Companies are “GEOSTAR” and “VARSKVALEBIS AKADEMIA”. They are not only popular but also profitable. 264 Elene Mechitova Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili FINANCING OF CULTURE IN GEORGIA Summary For the time being the cultural market is playing important role is world economy. However, with all its importance there are problems present with financing of cultural organizations. In Georgia the big amount of cultural organizations are financing by the government, but besides they often need to find alternative ways of financing. This article generally describes the state of cultural market of the Republic of Georgia, the main sources of their financing, collaboration with business sector and current sponsorship activities of Georgian companies; By the examples of Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater and Tbilisi State Conservatory we can draw a conclusion about the cultural condition as a whole. More and more companies nowadays are using sponsorships as promotional means and it’s up to cultural organizations that have to think through and develop its marketing plans to become attractive for investments. Sopo Tsertsvadze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili THE IMAGE OF A MANAGER Summary In the article briefly is examined essence of attitude and is collaborated its different variations by modern scientist’s. Unofficially, smooth, current, desired and corporative. The role of attitude in manager’s professional work and relations between colleagues: with verbal communication, but also with gesticulation and motion, because it’s very important to use nonverbal communication and the manager’s 265 image itself during business negotiations. Here is also described manager’s psychological characteristics, ethical norms and its visual side. Also how important is to check manager’s dependence with environment and quick respond to the changed condiotns. As well, the functions of manager, which is upon goal settings, realize these goals in organizations, researches, to control the whole work and at least to manage and lead the organi-zation in the right way. Leila Janashia Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili ROLE AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF GEORGIAN NATIONAL CENTER OF MANUSCRIPTS Summary National Center of Manuscripts or as it is accepted in the world practice Institute of Manuscripts is one of the significant segments of the scientific center cultural sphere. There are not so many countries in the world which can present a rich collection or depository of manuscripts. Georgia is one of those few ones which have the most significant depository of old manuscript books and historical documents. The aim and function of the National Center of Manuscripts is not only taking care and restoration of the center unique collections - manuscript books and historical documents, the point is that the aim of the center should consist in consumer’s educative activities and publicity. The center should not be only a depository of unique collections; it should be considered a constant dialogue leader with the society. Such organizations existing in the world through their experience have arrived at a conclusion that it is necessary to involve the organization in active life rhythm and to communicate actively with consumers and the society. In the article there is given consideration to the active dialogue of the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts and the society and there is presented an overview of the projects implemented as a result of this dialogue. 266 MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM Head of the Program: Prof. Malkhaz Gvinjilia Eka Avtandilashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia MTSKHETA AS A CENTER OF TOURISM Summary Material and soul treasures represent a bright monument of the formation of cultural tourism. Towns with its’ rich historical heritage and wealthy cultural recourses carries the status of museum towns. Mtskheta town as a Georgian orthodox abbey is famous with enormous interesting objects among the priers and pilgrims. The museum towns are joined under the umbrella of UNESCO and within the framework of modern projects undertaken by UNESCO old and historical countenances of many towns have been returning. According to the marketing researches and statistic analyses it is obvious that the number of tourists is increased tremendously. For supporting of its promotion and attracting orthodox tourists it’s necessary to collaborate with orthodox organizations and invite them to the pilgrim tours. Eleonora Gogolashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF CULTURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN IMERETI Summary Among Georgia’s other regions Imereti has the huge potential of developing cultural tourism. The most attractive in this region is its rich historical background, which is obvious considering its various monuments of material inheritance. 267 The most strategic part of developing tourism in this region is cultural tourism. Attracting tourists with cultural-ethnographical recourses is an important factor of developing local tourism. For further improving of tourism in this region, it is essential for government to stimulate taxing conditions, including business sectors and foreseeing marketing planning. Jano Titirashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia TOURING ASPECTS OF BORJOMI- KHARAGAULI NATIONAL PARK FUNCTIONAL ZONE Summary Lela Elizbarashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia TOURIST FUNCTION OF GEORGIAN TRADITIONS AND CULTURE Summary Art of animations includes the basic thematic in tourism. Accompanied by the local traditional folk-lore and choreography, organization of the effective cultural tour arranges “recalling” of historical-cultural centers having material heritage. Arrangements’ management have the basic function. Organizers of Georgian festival mainly uses the historical and cultural thematic in order to plan annual events and attract spectators and create the image of cultural country as before own as foreign society. While organizing of cultural tours, the elements of choreography and folk-lore is less used, including of which would make the tourist product more interesting and impressive. 268 The Development of Ecotourism has good perspectives in Georgia. Following Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park example, which was created for the aim of wild nature variety and inviolable woods protection. At present in the park Acts 9 Eco touring routes. By the foresee of touring infrastructures and human resources 120 persons will have not slept all night on the territory of Park. In 2008 August war has destroyed more than 1100 hectare unique wood of Borjom -Kharagauli National park. In 2009 the results of marketing research showed that the work of National Park is satisfy and the tourists select asylums for active touring campaign place. Nino Otarashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia PILGRIMAGE TOURISM RESOURCES IN GEORGIA Summary Pilgrimage tourism is profoundly a particular wing (branch) of cultural tourism which aims at retracing the tracks of saints, apostles and missionary by implementing the itineraries according to the predefined services. Already mentioned multiple resources exist in Georgia. Especially attracts attention the the way gone by twelve Assyrian fathers and ST. 269 Nino equal to the apostles and enlightener of Georgia. Department of evangelicalism and Georgian Orthodox church mission offers a wide range of pilgrimage tours. The aim of cultural tourism is popularization of pilgrim tours and complying pilgrims with all their requirements. Tinatin Kristesashvili Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Malkhaz Gvinjilia TOURIST POTENTIAL OF “THE GREAT SILK ROAD” Summary Cultural tourism has an important role on the international tourist market and appears to be a successful direction of this segment. According to the Georgia’s cultural tourist potential, it has an opportunity to offer an interesting and unique tour-product to the world tourist market. A new life of: ”The Great Silk Road” is the very real international tourist product, which one’s realization will promote as a foreign transit tourist income in Georgia, as well as invests in tourist business on Georgian market. R E S E A R C H A N A L I S Y S O F P E R F O R M A N C E F R O M A T E C H N I C A L V I E W P O I N T Lia Barbakadze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Jana Toidze ARIA OF MAREKHI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI (Vocal, technical and performance analysis) Summary Proposed vocal and technical analysis presents the performing, as well as vocal and technical study of Aria of Marekhi from the Opera “Abesalom and Eteri” by Z. Paliashvili. The significant portion of the analysis is given to the distinctive performance style, the process of vocal breathing through the use of performing speech and phonetics. The study also focuses on the middle register, specifics of the transition sounds, particularities of pronouncing vowel and consonant sounds and the role of performing speech. The proposed work also presents a descriptive analysis of performing schemes of Stansilavsky and Tumanishvili used by great directors. The work also offers methods of great Italian teachers from perspective of vocal and technical performance as well as a short biography of the composer, about the time the opera was written and a short synopsis of the opera. EkaGureshidze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Jana Toidze ARIA OF ETERI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI (Vocal, technical and performance analysis) Summary Proposed vocal and technical analysis of the opera “Abesalom and Eteri” by Zachary Paliashvili presents the performing, as well as vocal and technical study of Aria of Eteri from the Act IV, scene 16. 270 271 The significant portion of the analysis is given to the distinctive performance style, the process of vocal breathing through the use of performing speech and phonetics. The study also focuses on the middle register, specifics of the transition sounds, particularities of pronouncing vowel and consonant sounds and the role of performing speech. The proposed work also presents a descriptive analysis of performing schemes of Stansilavsky and Tumanishvili to be used in the working process. The study also provides biographical details from the life of the composer, which is a valuable source of information for students to learn about the time and settings when the opera was written. It also helps us maintain and sustain the unique style of Zachary Paliashvili. The present work uses following bibliographical sources: Nino Sakandelidze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Jana Toidze ARIA OF ETERI FROM THE OPERA “ABESALOM AND ETERI” BY Z. PALIASHVILI (Vocal, technical and performance analysis) Summary This vocal-technical performance research analysis is about Eteri’s Aria from Z. Phaliashvili’s Opera ,,Abesalom and Eteri’’. Before Maia Tomadze’s performance the ,,Eteri’s’’ heroine was a calm, and could not fight against her destiny. However, Tomadze changed ,,Eteri’s’’ personality. Eteri became strong woman and she could stand up for herself. This is the main topic that I discuss in my work. In this work the musical and pure vocal-technical methods are analyzed. The nuances and emotionally rich musical invoice are emphasized. In this work published Russian and Georgian literature is used. Also, the work includes M. Tumanishvili’s scheme. In this scheme, the specific 272 methods are added. This methods are about ,,Making voice’’ and about the performance of a musical work. Furthermore, the work talks about consonants, and how to pronounce them correctly. Also it talks about the synthesis of scenic and vocal techniques. This work also emphasizes the importance of actor’s talent. It also talks about transitional sounds, which are very important and also about the types of breathing, which is one of the most important things in the song. Maiko Khachapuridze Second Year MA Student Supervisor: Jana Toidze (VOCAL, TECHNICAL AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS) Summary High level vocal Pedagogy cannot evade two most prominent operas by Z. Paliashvili- “Abesalom and Eteri” and “Daisi”. It is essential for a student of vocal to know the major stage of Z. Paliashvili’s life and work. To empower vocal development it is essential for a soprano singer to learn and perform Eteri’s part. Z. Paliashvili was born in 1871 in Kutaisi, Georgia. He had two brothers - Ivane Paliashvili – a conductor and Levan Paliashvili. Some of Paliashvili’s operas include “Abesalom and Eteri”, “Daisi”, “Latavra”, “Solemn Cantata”, as well as romantic songs and they are all included in a teaching repertoire. Z. Paliashvili died in 1933 and was buried in the garden of the theater which now bears his name. 273 UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM CULTURAL MANAGEMENT CULTURAL POLICY Head of the Program: Prof. Iuri Mgebrishvili and Prof. Levan Khetaguri Nino Azmaiparashvili Second Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION Summary One factor and conditions of globalization is establishment international organizations. Global security, stability, rule of law, cooperation for freedom, world people equality – to ensure all of this value is the aim of international organizations. After the World War II before the mankind has come to security problems and leaders of States decided to found mega unions what would be give security guarantee to human, world capital, politic and economic. International organizations were engaged in marathon as best guarantee for peaceful world. After war the globalization faster renovated as a result of innovations in technique sphere conditions maritime, railway and air movements. World becomes to be more dependable on globalization The globalization in politics is observed as a weakening of national forces. On the one side stipulate delegate of influential authorities on the international organizations such as UN, WTO, Council of Europe, NATO, World Bank, European Union. In age of globalization International organizations research how implacable process of globalization are influenced on international organizations. 274 The international community must seek to utilize the corporate drive towards globalization in a way that reflects the concerns and interests of States, particularly developing States. The rationale for international organizations is that they provide a forum for common issues to be debated and appropriate solutions. International organizations must reflect the will and diversity of their membership. Whether one sees globalization as an inevitable force or not, the nature and extent of its impact is not beyond the control of the international community. One of the most important aspects of reconciling sustainable development and globalization is the issue as to how best to ensure that the concept is appropriately incorporated within international and regional organizations and programs. Organizations should achieve what their members seek from it. Whilst the role of States is vital in reconciling globalization and sustainable development, what is less clear – and something that has not been as readily discussed is the important role of international organizations within this process. Co-operation with international organizations is a stimulus for people for their security and happiness. Organizations membership would be directed for countries strengthening and human gladness. Elene Babakishvili First Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili SPONSORSHIP AND CULTURAL POLICY Summary Sponsorship has a quite long history in Europe. As securing grant aid from public sources is generally becoming more difficult, cultural organizations in Europe need to look harder for alternative ways to supplement their own earned income. This would include the following: 1. Corporate sponsorship 2. Corporate Trusts and Foundations 3. Individual tax-efficient giving 275 4. Lotteries and loans In order to support cultural organizations in finding for other sources government created a powerful instrument such as cultural policy and Sponsorship legislation for regulating and encouraging sponsorship activity and funding of non-profitable sectors. There is an article in the legislation of culture giving some payment advantages to those business organizations that support sponsorship and charity activities. Tax privileges and comfortable collaborative environment day by day increases the number of companies that are eager to support cultural and art organizations. This way government refuses to get direct income from business organizations and tries to return money indirect way to cultural organizations. Companies also find this possibility very positively - supporting different events, festivals, theatres and etc. the company will expect to gain some quantifiable advantage – for example, in corporate image, publicity, credibility or public approval, entertainment, employee and/or community relations. Companies now take their “social responsibilities” seriously, with local development, the environment and good employer practice as factors. In this case the object of interest isn’t advantages of sponsorship but here is given and discussed experience of European countries: Austria, France, England, USA, in making cultural policy according to Sponsorship and all those regulations that are made for developing nongovernmental co-financing. Sofio Komladze First Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE OF AN EDITORIAL ORGANIZATION (organizational chart) Summary Organizational structure – presumes such diversification of the logical interrelations and rights/responsibilities that is to provide effective realization of the company goals. Main task of the organizational structure (chart) is to enable all sub divisions and managers to comprehend main 276 trends of responsibilities and activities undertaken. Structure of the organization involved in editorial activity shall be based on such specifics and spread over such steps that are specified for the editorial organization itself. Organization having those particular characteristics shall be different from other art organizations, foremost with its multi colorful particularity. There are some different divisions associated in the editorial house, like: creator (author of a book), editorial staff (filler, technical staff), editorial council (designer, corrector, stylist), marketing, public relations, distribution and financial services in the editorial organization. Thus, management of the editorial organization shall pay serious attention to the process of drafting its own structure. Besides, editorial structure shall obtain the characteristics of self control and motivation, protect the staff rights and quality of their responsibilities. In this respect, a person like its organizational structure is very important for the management. Drafting process of the editorial organizational structure happens not according to its goal but by the following diversification: universal and specific. Specific editorial house provides only one product – a book (and it is of one, specific trend – art, school-university, specific literature), and universal editorial house provides several type of products (magazine, banner, album, book and etc. The Georgian editorial area has the almost same differentiation. Based on the above, organizational structure shall be defined by the typological differences. The Universal Editorial House (occupied staff number does not matter) is in need of more spread organizational structure with all main, necessary and functional divisions and/or levels. Such structured editorial organizations operating in Russia are as follows: “EKSMO”, “TERRA”, “AST”, “INFRA-M” and etc. In particular, Specific Editorial Houses are oriented to the professional readers and defines the goals around such readers. The editorial houses of this type are: “Finances and Statistics”, “Lawyer”, “UNITY”. Functional levels of such organizational structures are garthered more around to the product and are aimed to “express” the least. 277 Ana Kotrikadze First Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Iuri Mgebrishvili ISSUES RELATED TO FINANCING OF FILM INDUSTRY Summary Discussions regarding development of film industry or challenges hindering to that started in Georgia long time ago. Based on analyses of European film industry, development of Georgian model for management film industry seems possible. In Britain role of state in development of industry is considered as important, for sustainable economic success as well as getting cultural benefit. In Italy majority of professional and technical resources (80%) are accumulated in Rome, as for financing film projects decision is made by the group of particular people which cooperate with public and private TV companies. These latter are ready to use money obtained from advertisement for development of film industry. In Austria funds allocated for film industry compile about 40 million Euros; these expenses are managed by Austrian Institute of Cinematography; while additional expenses are allocated from state budget by Federal Division of Culture. Eight million Euros are allocated for this purpose just for Capital City. Based on example of Italy it is probably possible to cooperate with Georgian TV companies; if every year part of money obtained from advertisement is used for financing cinema that will be great support for Georgian film industry. At this stage Film Center is the only agency that can find at least few resources for financing national film industry. State should support film production at this stage, since cinema can present values of our country on international level. 278 TELEVISION ART Head of the Program: Prof. Zviad Dolidze Davit Gujabidze Third Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Zviad Dolidze MIKHAIL TUMANISHVILI – AND TV-THEATRE Summary Mikhail Tumanishvili - well-known Georgian theatrical director for several years worked as the head of Theatrical Performances Department at the Georgian TV in 1971-75. During this period number of innovations of the theatre program genre for TV were done: The plays and adapted stories of Davit Kldiashvili („Darispan’s Trouble“ and „Catastropa“), Jean Cocteau („The Human Voice“), Nodar Dumbadze („The Sum“) etc. were done. Mr. Mikhail Tumanishvili staged number of theatrical performances for TV („Crossroads“ – by Victor Rozov, „Cap of Invisibility“ by Giorgi Eristavi, „The Bridge“ by Alexandre Chkhaidze, „The Doctor in Spite of Himself“ by Molière, „Have at First Died, Have then Got Married“ by Raphiel Eristavi...) were very interesting by their mode of genre, combining two kinds of arts – theatre and television. These VT-theatrical performances became very popular especially for their manner of staging. Creation of the „Television Thatre“ in Georgia is linked with Mikhail Tumanishvili`s person. The article describes one technological tool, which was used by Mikheil Tumanishvili when he was filming Jean Cocteau’s “voice of a human”. This film later became TV theatre. Since the performance only consists of one character’s (woman) telephone conversation, in order to ease the actress’s (Sopiko Chiaureli) task, the text of “virtual man” – the second character of the dialogue was created which was actually the assistant from the backstage and which spectators couldn’t hear. Using this tool enabled the performance to become very impressive. 279 HISTORY AND THEORY OF SCENOGRAPHY Head of the Program: Prof. Ketevan Kintsurashvili Lali Gelashvili Second Year PhD Student Supervisor: Professor Ketevan Kintsurashvili XIX CENTURY GEORGIAN FASHION STYLE ACCORDING TO THE DRAFT SAMPLES FROM MUSICAL “KETO AND KOTE” Summary In the draft samples of Georgian musical comedy “Keto and Kote” is brightly shown the tendency towards modernism. What attracts the attention is the synthesis of Georgian national costume with Asian and Russian styles that demonstrate Georgian way of dressing in the very period. The film is being watched with joy and excitement not only by Georgian people. Motion picture “Keto and Kote” has been created by the most talented directors, brilliant actors and young gifted people with special appearances, who at the same time sang and dance remarkably. The costumes and decoration of the movie are so attractive, that they still deserve great impression upon the audience. Joy and happiness pour from the screen. It is an everlasting triumph, which was delivered to Georgian Nation by the create-team, that’s why the motion-picture “Keto and Kote” was awarded with the title “The film of the century”. 280 281 282 283 284
