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19 (1855) (1893) Ф 19 (wash drawings) Ф N 19 (1982) Ф //
ࠡ࠶࠴ࠟࡒߩጯㄝ ֣֣࠻ࡑࠬࡕࡦߣߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩޢ㘑᥊֣֣ Ỉ ⷐ ੳ ߪ ߓ ߦ ߆ߟߡ⺰ߓߚࠃ߁ߦޔ19♿ࠕࡔࠞߩ࿖᳃⊛ੱࡋࡦࡢ࠭ࡢࠬࡠࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠߩ‛⺆ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ(ޢ1855)ߪޔవࠕࡔࠞࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߩવ⺑ߣ⊕ੱࠕࡔࠞߩᱧผߣࠍߟߥ߉ ࠊߖߚ‛⺆ߦߥߞߡߚޕᱧผ߿વ⛔ߦਲߒࠕࡔࠞߦ↢߹ࠇߚኅ߇ߒࠊߐ߰ߦࠞࡔࠕޔค ࠍࠈ߁ߣᎿᄦߒߚຠߛߞߚޕೀⴕ⋥ᓟ߆ࠄࡌࠬ࠻ߦߥࠅޔ ࠖࡈޟ߿ޠࡦ࡚ࠪࡦޟ ࠢࡠࡕ࠰ࠣࡈ ࡧࠔࠍޠᒁ߈߅ߎߒߚߛߌߢߥߊߩ࠭ࡧࠗࠕ࠼ࡦࠕࠕࠞޔᄙ⦡⍹ ↹߿࠴ࠚࠦߩᦛኅ࠼ࡧ ࠜ࡞ࠩࠢߩ⸰☨ਛߩຠޡᣂ⇇ࠃࠅ(ޢ1893)ߥߤࠄ߆ⴚ⟤ޔ㖸ᭉ߹ߢޔᄢⴐᢥൻ߆ࠄᧄᩰ⊛⧓ⴚ߹ 1 ߢޔᄙߊߩᢥൻߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡߚ㨫 ᧄⓂߢߪޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߇ޢਈ߃ߚᓇ㗀ߩ߁ߜޔ19♿ᓟඨߩࠕࡔࠞ↹სࠍઍߔࠆ㘑᥊↹ኅ 2 ࠻ࡑࠬࡕࡦߩ৻ㅪߩනᓀ↹(wash drawings)ࠍ⚫ߒߡ⺰ߓߚ㨫 ߘߩᦨᄢߩℂ↱ߪߩࠄࠇߎޔ නᓀ↹ߩሽߪ⍮ࠄࠇߡߚ߽ߩߩޕࠆߢࠄ߆ߚߞ߆ߥ߇ߣߎߚࠇࠄߓ⺰ߊߒߢ߹ࠇߎޔ వⴕ⎇ⓥࠍ⚫ߒߡ߅ߎ߁ޔߕ߹ޕ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ⊛ⴚ⟤ߩޢᓇ㗀ࠍ⺰ߓߚੑ✬ߩ⎇ⓥ߇ሽߔࠆޕ ߭ߣߟߪ࠽ޔNࠦࠛࡦߩߡߒߘޔࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޟ19♿ࠕࡔࠞߩ↹ኅߚߜޠ 3 (1982)ߢࠆ㨫 ߎࠇߪߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠆࠃߦޢᓇ㗀ߛߌߢߥߊ߇ࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޔၫ╩ᤨߦෳᾖߒߚ ࡚ࠫࠫࠠࡖ࠻ࡦߥߤߩ⟤ⴚຠ߆ࠄ⺑߈ߪߓࠢ࠶࠺ࡈޔࡦࡕޔ࠻࠶ࡦࠤࡦ࡚ࠫޔ 1 Ỉⷐੳޟㆊߣߩߛ֣ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠆߌ߅ߦޢታߣⓨᗐ֣ޠ ޡ࿖㓙ᢥൻ⎇ⓥ⑼⺰㓸ޢ16 (2008): 43–58. wash drawing ߣߪන⦡᷆ᓀߩ᳓ᓀ↹ߩߎߣߢࠆ߫ߒ߫ߒޕა(india ink)߇ࠊࠇࠆߩߢޟა⛗߽ߣߎࠆࠇߐ⸶ߣޠ ᄙ߇ᧄޔⓂߢߪޟනᓀ↹ࠅ߹ޔ߁ߣޠᐢߊࠊࠇߡߥ↪⺆ࠍߚޕა⛗ߣ߁⸒⪲ߪ᧲ࠕࠫࠕߩ᳓ა ↹ࠍㅪᗐߐߖߡߒ߹߇ߜߛ߆ࠄߢࠆ(࡙ࠗࠩࠣޔ߅ߥޕgrisaille)ߣ߁㘃ૃߒߚ↹ᴺ߇ࠆޕหߓߊࡕࡁࠢࡠ ࡓߩ⛗↹ߢࠆ߇ߩࠣߡߗ߹ࠍౕ⛗⊕ޔỚ᷆ࠍࠅߛߔὐ߇නᓀ↹ߣ⇣ߥࠆޕ 3 Rena N. Coen, “Longfellow, Hiawatha and Some 19th Century American Painters,” in Papers Presented at the Longfellow Commemorative Conference, coordinated by the National Park Service (Washington: The National Park Service, 1982), pp. 69–91. ߥ߅ߩࠄࠇߎޔߪࡦࠛࠦޔනᓀ↹߇ޟ㍑ᓂ (ޠsteel engraving) ߩߚߛߞߚߣߒߡࠆ߇ޔᱜߒߊߪ ࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩߚߢࠆޕ 2 ࡒࡦ࠻ࡦߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߇ࠄ࠭ࡦࠠࠗࠬࡑ࠻ߡߒߘޔࠍޢਥ㗴ߦߒߡឬߚຠࠍ⺰ߓߚ⎇ ⓥߢࠆߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߪࡦࡕߢ߆ߥߩߘޕ߽ߣߞ߽ࠍޢ↪ߒߚ↹ኅߣߒߡᦨᄢߩ⚕߇ߐ߆ ࠬࡇ࠶࠻ ࠇޔᴤ⛗ ߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޡᖡ 㔤 (ޢ1869)ߣห⿒ߊߒޘ⨹ޡᄥ㓁߇ᴉࠎߢ(ޢ1875)߇ߒߊ⺰ߓࠄࠇߡ ࠆ߇ޔනᓀ↹ߩࠪ࠭ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ৻ޟㅪߩࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩࠗࠬ࠻࡚ࠪࡦࠍޠડ࿑ߒߚߣ⸒ߔ ࠆߩߺߢౕߩߘޔ⊛ߥ⺰⠨߇߹ߞߚߊߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߽߁৻✬ߪࠕࠪࡦࠪޔD࠾࠶ࠞ࠰ࡦߦࠃࠆࠗࡂޡߩࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠࠬࡢ࠭ࡢࡦࡋޟ 4 ࠕࡢࠨߩޔ㉼⸃⊛ⴚ⟤ߩޢ1855–1900⎇߁ߣޠⓥ(1984)ߢࠆ㨫 ߎࠇߪࠗࠕ࠼ࡦࠕࠕࠞޔ ࠢࡠࡕ࠰ࠣࡈ ࡧ࠭ߩᄙ⦡⍹ ↹߆ࠄ⺑߈ߪߓޔࡦࡕޔ࠻࠶࠲ࠬࠕࡆ࠻ࡃ࡞ࠕޔᓂೞኅࠛ࠼ࡕ࠾ࠕ࡞ࠗࠬޔ ࠗࠬ࠻࠲ߩFOC࠳ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߇ߤߥࡦ࠻ࡦࡒࠢ࠶࠺ࡈޔࠍޢਥ㗴 ߦߒߡߒߚຠࠍ⺰ߓߡࠆߩࠄࠇߎޕฬ೨߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔߊߥߢߌߛ↹⛗ߪࡦ࠰ࠞ࠶࠾ޔ ᄢⴐ⟤ⴚ߿ᓂೞ߽⒟ߦࠇߡࠆ߽ߣߞ߽ޟߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔߪࡦࡕߜ߁ߩߘޕᄙ↹ߥޠኅߣߒ ߡ5ࡍࠫߦࠊߚߞߡ⺰ߓࠄࠇޔㅀߩࠦࠛࡦ߇⚫ߒߚߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޡᖡ㔤⿒ߊߒޘ⨹ޡ߿ޢ ᄥ㓁߇ᴉࠎߢޔߊߥߢߌߛޢᴤ⛗ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢ(ޢ1868)߽ട߃ߡ⠨ኤߐࠇߡࠆߐޕ ࠄߦᧄޔⓂߢ⺰ߓࠆනᓀ↹ߩㅪߦ⸒ߒߚ߁߃ߩࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟߦߊߣޔᱫࠍޠ࿑ ߣߒ ߡߍߡ⚫ߒߡߚߩߎޔߪࠇߎޕනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭ߩ৻ㇱ߇⺰ᢥߩߥ߆ߢⶄߐࠇߚᦨೋߩߢࠈ ߁ޔߒߛߚޕᱷࠅߩනᓀ↹ߦߟߡߪ⺰ߓࠄࠇߡߥ߆ߞߚޕ 5 Jࠣࠗࠬ࠙ࠖ࠾✬↹ߩࡦࠟࠪࡒޡኅߚߜߩࡦࡕ߽ޢනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭ߦ⸒ߒߡࠆ㨫 ߎ ࠇߪ1987ᐕߦ㐿߆ࠇߚዷⷩળߩࠞ࠲ࡠࠣߢࠆ߇࡞ࠝࡍࠬߢ߆ߥߩߎޔḓࠍឬߚࡕࡦߩຠޔ ߚߣ߃߫ㅀߩߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޡᖡ㔤⿒ߊߒޘ⨹ޡ߿ޢᄥ㓁߇ᴉࠎߢޢ ޔ ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆ ࠢ߇ޢขࠅߍࠄࠇߡߚޔߦࠄߐޕනᓀ↹ߩߥ߆߆ࠄ⊕ޟ㗻ߩ᧪߇ޠ࿑ ߣߣ߽ߦ⚫ߐࠇߡ ࠆ⺰ޕ⠨ߘߩ߽ߩߪ⍴߽ߩߩޔ࿑ ߇߆߆ߍࠄࠇߡߡ⾆㊀ߛޕ ߥ߅⎇ࡦࡕޔⓥߩߥ߆ߢߪࠆࠃߦ࠭ࡦࠠ࡞ࠖ࠙ࡦࡑࠨޔᮡḰ⊛વ⸥ޢࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޡ 6 (ೋ 1966;Ⴧᡷ⸓ 1998)߇ߩߎޔනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭ߩ⚻✲ࠍ◲ẖߦ⚫ߒߡࠆ㨫 ห᭽ߦ࠾࡚ࠫޔ Lࠠࡦࠫߩᣂߒࡕࡦવߩࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޡㇱ(ޢ2006)߽ߡߒߣ࠲࠻ࠬࠗޔ 7 ߩᵴേࠍ␜ߔߎߩࠪ࠭ߦ⸒ߒޟࠄ߆߆ߥߩߘޔᥧ㤥ḓࠍޠ࿑ ߦឝߍߡࠆ㨫 ▤ߦߞߚ߆߉ 4 Cynthia D. Nickerson, “Artistic Interpretations of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha, 1855–1900,” The American Art Journal 16 (Summer, 1984): 49–77. ߥ߅ޔߪࡦ࠰ࠞ࠶࠾ޔ ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢߩޢᐕࠍ 1867 ᐕߣߒߡࠆ߇ޔᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᱜߒߊߪ 1868 ᐕߢࠆޔߪࡦ࠰ࠞ࠶࠾ߚ߹ޕ2 ᐕ೨ߦ⊒ߐࠇߡߚࠦ ࠛࡦߩ⎇ⓥࠍෳᾖߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚࠃ߁ߛ⸒ޕ߇ߥޕ 5 J. Gray Sweeney, ed., Artists of Michigan from the Nineteenth Century (Muskegon, Michigan: Muskegon Museum of Art, 1987). 6 Thurman Wilkins, Thomas Moran, revised enlarged ed., (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), p. 72. 7 Joni L. Kinsey, Thomas Moran’s West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 53. ࠅߢߪޔනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭ߩਛ߆ࠄ࿑ ࠍឝタߒߚߩߪޔ⸥ߩࠬ࠙ࠖ࠾ߣ࠾࠶ࠞ࠰ࡦߎߡߒߘޔ ߩࠠࡦࠫߛߌߢࠆ߽ߤࠇߌޕ㛳ߊߴ߈ߎߣߦߩߎߪࠫࡦࠠޔනᓀ↹ޟᥧ㤥ḓޔࠍޠߩຠߢ ࠆߩߘޔ߽߆ߒޕߚߡߒ⚫ߢ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲߁ߣޠࠬࡒࠦࡁࠆߜ⪭ࠄ߆ޟᄢ߈ߥ㍲⺋߇⺕ߦ߽ᜰ៰ߐ ࠇߡߥ⎇ࡦࡕޔߪࠇߎޕⓥ⠪ߚߜ߇ߩࡦࡕޔຠߣߘࠇ߇ਥ㗴ߣߔࠆᢥቇຠߣࠍᾖࠄߒ วࠊߖߡߥ߆ࠄߢࠈ߁ࠍࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޕᗲ⺒ߒߚ19♿ߩ⺒⠪ߢࠇ߫ޔ ޟᥧ㤥ḓࠬࠗߩޠ ࠻࡚ࠪࡦߣࠍߣࠇߘߩޠࠬࡒࠦࡁࠆߜ⪭ࠄ߆ޟᷙหߔࠆߎߣߪߥ߆ߞߚߪߕߢࠆޕ ߘߎߢᧄⓂߢߪߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩࡦࡕޔޢනᓀ↹ㅪߩ߁ߜޔሽ߇⏕ߢ߈ߚ17ᨎࠍߣࠅ ߍࠍࠄࠇߘޔේߣᾖࠄߒࠊߖߥ߇ࠄ․ߩߘޔᓽߣᗧ⟵ࠍ⺰ߓߚߩࠄࠇߎ߇ࡦࡕޔߐߩߘޕ 8 නᓀ↹ߩ೨ߦ⸥ߒߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⥄╩ࡔࡕߥߤ߽↪ߔࠆ㨫 એਅߦ⺰ߓࠆࠃ߁ߦࠗࡂޡߪࡦࡕޔ ࠕࡢࠨߩޔߩޢ⍮ᕺߣ౨㒾ߣᄸ〔ߦḩߜߚคߣߒߡߩ‛⺆ࠃࠅ߽⥰ࠆߎ߇⺆‛ߩࠄࠇߘޔบߣ ߥߞߚ⥄ὼ⇇ߩ᥊⦡ߦ⥝ࠍ߭߆ࠇߡߚߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޕㆊ߿ߘߩᢥൻߦࠕࡔࠞߩḮࠍߛ ߒߚߩߢߪߥߊ↢߇ࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޔᵴߒߚ⥄ὼߩ᥊ⷰߦࠕࡔࠞߩḮߣ․ᓽࠍߛߒߚߩߢࠆޕ ࠻ࡑࠬࡕࡦߣߘߩࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨㅪ 9 ࡕࡦߩવ⸥ࠍ⚫ߒߡ߅ߎ߁㨫 ࠻ࡑࠬࡕࡦߪ1837ᐕߢ‛❱✎ޔ⍮ࠄࠇࠆࠗࠡࠬߩࡦ ࠞࠪࡖߦ↢߹ࠇࠆޕῳߪᚻ❱ᯏߩ⡯ੱߛߞߚޕኅᣖߦߪߦߜߩޔᶏ߿⦁ࠍឬߚ↹ኅߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆ ࠃ߁ߦߥࠆఱࠛ࠼ࡢ࠼ߣޔหߓߊኅ⇓ࠍ㗴᧚ߦߒߚ ↹ߢᚑഞߔࠆᒉࡇ࠲߇ߚ↥ޕᬺ㕟ߩ ߅ࠅࠍฃߌߡᄬᬺߒߚῳߪޔኅᣖࠍᒁ߈ߟࠇࠕࡔࠞ߳ᷰࠅߩࠕࠖࡈ࡞࠺ࠖࡈޔ㇠ᄖࠤࡦࠫࡦ࠻ࡦߦ ߎߋߜ ዬࠍ᭴߃ࠆ߇ࡦࡕޕ7ᱦߩߎߣߢߞߚߪࡦࡕޕਛቇᩞࠍ⚳߃ࠆߣᧁޔญᧁ ⴚࠍቇ߮ߪߓ ࠙࠶࠼ࠛࡦࠣࠗࡧࠖࡦࠣ ࠆޔߦ߁ࠃߚߓ⺰ߡߟ߆ޕ19♿ਛᦼߩࠕࡔࠞߪ ᧁ ญ ᧁ ↹ ߇㓉⋓ᦼࠍㄫ߃࠲࠻ࠬࠗޔ 10 ߩᵴべ߇㗼⪺ߦߥࠆߣߎࠈߛߞߚ㨫 11 ߌࠇߤ߽ࡕࡦߪᧁ ↹ߦ߈ߚࠄߥ㨫 ߹߽ߥߊఱߣหߓࠃ ࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡘ࠻ 8 ߎࠇࠄߩ৻ᰴ⾗ᢱߩ㑛ⷩߪࡦࠕ࠾࠰ࡒࠬࠆߦࡦ࠻ࡦࠪࡢޔቇ ⴚ ද ળ ࠕࡔࠞ⟤ⴚࠕࠞࠗࡧߦᚲ⬿ߐࠇߡࠆ ⾗ᢱߩ߁ߜࡑࡎࠢࠝޔᎺ࠲࡞ࠨߩࠡ࡞ࠢࠬඳ‛㙚ߩࠕࠞࠗࡧ⾗ᢱࠍᓇߒߚࡑࠗࠢࡠࡈࠖ࡞ࡓࡘ࠾߮ࠃ߅ޔ ࡛ࠢᎺࠗࠬ࠻ࡂࡦࡊ࠻ࡦߩࠗࠬ࠻ࡂࡦࡊ࠻ࡦ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩࠕࠞࠗࡧ⾗ᢱࠍᓇߒߚࡑࠗࠢࡠࡈࠖ࡞ࡓࠍ ↪ߒߚޕThomas Moran Papers 1870–1947, Reel 2772, Smithsonian Archives of American Art; and Thomas Moran Papers 1870–1940, Reel N-TM1, Smithsonian Archives of American Art. ᧄⓂߢߪએᓟޔ೨⠪ࠍᒁ↪ߔࠆ႐วࠬࠢ࡞ࠡޔඳ‛ 㙚ߩࠞ࠲ࡠࠣ⇟ภࠍ␜ߔࠆ⾗ߩߘޔ߅ߥޕᢱߦߟߡਇߥὐߪࠬࠢ࡞ࠡޔඳ‛㙚ߩቇ⧓ຬࠠࡖࡠ࡞ࠢࠗ ࡦ߆ࠄᢎ␜ࠍ߃ߚޕ 9 ࡕࡦߩવ⸥ߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ೨ឝ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠭ߩࠍߤߥޢࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޡෳᾖߒߚޕ 10 Ỉⷐੳޟᝌ⛗ߩߥ߆ߩࠛࡧࠔࡦࠫࠚࡦߚߜޠ ޡ࿖㓙ᢥൻ⎇ⓥ⑼⺰㓸ޢ15 (2007): 1–18. 11 ߚߛߒᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ߇ࡦࡕޔᒰᤨߩᄙߊߩ↹ኅߚߜߣห᭽᥅ޔᐕ߹ߢࠗࠬ࠻࠲ߩ߽⛯ߌߡ ߚߎߣߦߪᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ࠗࠬ࠻࠲ߣߒߡߩࡕࡦߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ ߚߣ߃߫ޔ T. Victoria Hansen, “Thomas ߁ߦᧄᩰ⊛↹ᬺࠍᔒߒߩࠕ࠾ࠔࡧ࡞ࠪࡦࡍޔࠍࠬࠤ࠶࠴ߒߡᱠߚޕ 1860ᐕޔ22ᱦߩࡕࡦߪޔᄢḓߩ߭ߣߟࠬࡍࠝ࡞ḓߩධጯࠍᣏߔࠆ߆ߕࠊޔߪߎߘޕ5ᐕ೨ޔ ࠣࠗ࠻ࠪ࠙ࠜ࠲ ࡠࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ ޔࡒࠟ࠴࠶ࠡޟߢ߆ߥߩޢᄢ ᵗ ḓ ߣޠࠎߛḓߛߞ ߚ࠴࠶ࠤࠬߩߎޔߦ߆ߒߚޕᣏⴕ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ⋥ߔ␜ࠍߣߎߚߞߢߩ߽ߚࠇߐ⊒⺃ߦޢធߩ⸽ ⸒ߪᱷߐࠇߡߥޕ߆ࠄᓟߩᆄࡔࠕ࠾ࡕ߳ㅍࠄࠇߚᦠ◲ࠍߺߡ߽ߦࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߪߦߎߘޔ 12 ኻߔࠆ⸒ߪߺࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㨫 ߌࠇߤ߽ߩߎޔᣏⴕ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠍޢᗧ⼂ߒߚ߽ߩߢߞߚߎ ߣߪࠄ߆ߢࠆߪࡦࡕޔࠄߥߗߥޕᣏⴕ߆ࠄᏫࠆߣߩߘޔ㘑᥊ࠍߞߡࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩࠗࠬ࠻ 13 ࡚ࠪࡦࠍ࠺࠶ࠨࡦߒߡࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆ㨫 ࡕࡦߪࠬࡍࠝ࡞ḓධጯ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩޢਥⷐ ߥ⥰บߩ߭ߣߟߢࠆߎߣࠍࠃߊ⍮ߞߡߚߩߢࠆޕ ࡕࡦߪߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߽ࡦ࠰࠳ࡦࠕޔߊߥߢߌߛޢᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߩߩߎޔᓟᵈߦ⚫ߐ ࠇߡߚ࡚ࠫࡦ࠙ࠚ࡞࠭ࡈࠜࠬ࠲ࠄߦࠃࠆ࡞ࠝࡍࠬޡḓၞߩ⾰ႎ๔ᦠ(ޢ1851–52)ࠍ⺒ࠎߢ ߚߩߛࠈ߁ߩߘޕႎ๔ᦠߦߪ↹ޔኅߚߜߩ㝬ࠍ㥏⥰ߔࠆޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⸒ㄉ߇ߞߚޕ ߇ߜߚ⑳ޟ⍮ࠆ ߆߉ࠅޔᚒ߇࿖ߩ↹ኅߚߜߪߩߎࠅߣ߭ࠇߛޔࠍ⸰ࠇߡߥߩߤޕߦ߽ߺࠄࠇߧ㝯ജ⊛ߥߎߩ 㘑᥊ࠍឬߡ⇇ߦ␜ߒߚ⠪߇ߥߩߢࠆ↹ޕኅߩ㋦╩ߦ߰ߐࠊߒ߽ߩߣߒߡࠇߎޔએߩ߽ߩ 14 ࠍᗐߔࠆߎߣߪ߶ߣࠎߤߢ߈ߥ㨫㨭 ߎߩႎ๔ᦠࠍ⺒ࠎߢߚߣߔࠇ߫ߩߎ߇ࡦࡕޔߩ᥊⦡ߦ ᄢ߈ߥ࠴ࡖࡦࠬࠍߒߚߎߣߪᗐߦ㔍ߊߥߊߘߞߐߪࡦࡕߟߓߓޕ⠉ᐕ࠶ࠤࠬߩ߈ߣߩߎޔ 15 ࠴ߦ߽ߣߠߊੑὐߩᴤ⛗ࠍࡍࡦࠪ࡞ࡧࠔ࠾ࠕ⟤ⴚࠕࠞ࠺ࡒߩዷⷩળߦዷߒߚ㨫 ߩߤޟߦ߽ߺ ࠄࠇߧ㝯ജ⊛ߥߎߩ㘑᥊ࠍឬߡޠߦ߅߁ߣߔࠆ⧯߈↹ኅߩᗧ᰼ࠍᗵߓߣࠆߴ߈ߢࠈ߁ޕ 1862ᐕߪࡦࡕޔఱߣߣ߽ߦࠗࠡࠬ߳ᷰࠅ⑳ޔᶻߔࠆࠗࠡࠬߩ㘑᥊↹ኅJMW࠲࠽ߩ ታຠߦ⸅ࠇࠍࠄࠇߘޔᮨ౮ߒߥ߇ࠄ⎇㐭ࠍⓍޕ1866ᐕߦߪ߰ߚߚ࡛߮ࡠ࠶ࡄ߳߈߿ࠕ࠲ࠗޔ ࡈࡦࠬࠍߋߞߚ߫ߒ߫ߒߦ߈ߣߩߎޕឬߚ᳓ㄝߩ㘑᥊ߪᓐߩᓧᗧߥਥ㗴ߩ߭ߣߟߦߥࠆޕߢ ߪࠞࡔࠕޔߤߥࡦ࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗࠄ߬ߞ߽ޔㇱߩ⾰⊛᥊ⷰࠍឬߚ↹ኅߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆࡕࡦ ߛ߇࡞ࠝࡍࠬޔḓ߿ࡧࠚ࠾ࠬߥߤޔ᳓ㄝߩ㘑᥊߽ᅢࠎߢឬߡߚߎߣߪ߽ߞߣ⸥ᙘߐࠇߡࠕޕ ࡔࠞߦᏫ࿖ᓟߪࡦࡕޔᓟㅀߔࠆߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬ(ޢ1868)ߦขࠅߊߦࠄߐޕ⠉1869ᐕߦߪࠗޡ Moran and Nineteenth-Century Printmaking,” in The Prints of Thomas Moran, ed. Anne Morand and Nancy Friese (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Thomas Gilcrease Museum Association, 1986), pp. 13–20; and Joni L. Kinsey, “Moran and the Art of Publishing,” in Thomas Moran, ed. Nancy K. Anderson (Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1997), pp. 300–21 ࠍෳᾖޕ 12 Thomas Moran to Mary Nimmo, 9 August 1860, in Home Thoughts from Afar: Letters of Thomas Moran to Mary Nimmo Moran, ed. Amy O. Bassford and Fritiof Fryxell (East Hampton, New York: East Hampton Free Library, 1967), pp. 23–24. 13 ╙ 9 ৻ߩޠࠩࠚࡈ࡞ࡄߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ႐㕙ࠍឬߚߎߩ࠺࠶ࠨࡦߪޔ⸥ߩᦠ◲㓸ޡ㆙ߊߦࠅߡᛴߊㇹ ᗜߦ߆ߥߩޢ࿑ ߣߒߡឝタߐࠇߡࠆޕBassford and Fryxell, p. 21. 14 Quoted in Nancy K. Anderson, ed., Thomas Moran (Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1997), p. 27. 15 Wilkins, p. 33. ߎߩੑὐߪޔᚲਇߢࠆޕ ࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߩᖡ㔤ࠍޢߒߡࠆޕ ࡕࡦ߇⾰⺞ᩏ㓌ߦടࠊߞߡࠗࠛࡠࠬ࠻ࡦࠍߪߓߡ⋡ߦߒߚߩߪ1871ᐕߛߞߚޕ᳓ᓀ⛗ౕ ࠍߞߡᄙᢙߩࠬࠤ࠶࠴ࠍឬ߈᧲ޔㇱߦᚯࠆ߿ߘࠇࠄࠍቢᚑߐߖߚ߇ߟߣ߭ߩߘޕᴤ⛗࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗޡ ࠠࡖ࠭ࡓ ࡦᄢጽ⼱(ޢ1872)ߛߞߚޕੑᐕᓟߦߪࠣࡦ࠼ࠠࡖ࠾ࠝࡦࠍᣏߒޔᴤ⛗࠼ࡠࠦޡᎹߩḴ (ޢ1873–74) ࠍߔࠆߩߎޕੑߪߘࠇߙࠇ৻ਁ࠼࡞ߢㅪ㇌ᐭߦ⾈ߍࠄࠇࠆߣ߁ᩕߦᶎߒߚޔߦࠄߐޕ 1874ᐕߦߪޔ 㔐߇ᄢ߈ߥචሼ᨞ߩᒻߦߥߞߡጊ㗂ઃㄭߦᱷߞߚࠦࡠ࠼ߩጊࠍ⥄ಽߩ⋡ߢ⏕ߒޔ ⠉1875 ᐕޔᴤ⛗ޡචሼ᨞ߩጊࠍޢቢᚑߐߖࠆ┙⁛ࠞࡔࠕޔߪࠇߎޕ100ᐕࠍ⸥ᔨߔࠆࡈࠖ࠺࡞ࡈࠖࠕਁ࿖ 16 ඳⷩળ(1876)ߦຠߐࠇޔᅢ⹏ࠍඳߒߚ㨫 ߎࠇࠄߩਃ߇ࡕࡦߩઍߣߞߡߛࠈ߁ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߥߩ߁ࠃ߃߆߈⟎ߦઁޔ߁ߣࡦࠝ࠾ࡖࠠ࠼ࡦࠣ߿ࡦ࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗޔਥ㗴ࠍᓧߡ ߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ1875ᐕߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߮ߚߚ߰ߪࡦࡕޔߦޢᏫߞߡ߈ߚޔߜࠊߥߔޕ ࡂޡ ࡐ࠻ࡈࠜࠝ ࠗࠕࡢࠨߩ↹ߩޢ㓸 ࠍ⸘↹ߔࠆߩߢࠆޔߪࠇߎޕ25ᨎߩࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣ߆ࠄߥࠆ ↹ 㓸 ࠍડ࿑ߒ 17 ߚ߽ߩߛߞߚ㨫 ࡕࡦ߇ਅ⛗ࠍឬ߈ࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࠛޔߪᒉࡇ࠲ߦଐ㗬ޔ߽߆ߒޕೀⴕࠍ ␠ ߦᆔߨࠆߩߢߪߥߊ ࠄ߆ߕߺޔరߣߒߡ ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߦߚߩߘޕᔅⷐߥ⾗ᧄߪ⾼੍⚂⠪߆ࠄ 㓸ߚߪࠇߎޕ19♿ߦߪߒ߫ߒ߫ⴕࠊࠇߡߚᚻᴺߛߞߚޕ ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄߦ┵ࠍ⊒ߒߚࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣࡧࠔࠗࡧࠔ࡞ߣ߫ࠇࠆࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩౣᵹⴕ߇ࠕߤ߁ࠂߜޔ 18 ࡔࠞߢ߽ᆎ߹ࠈ߁ߣߒߡߚ㨫 ߅ߘࠄߊᤨߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔߪࡦࡕޔઍߩầᵹߛߌߢߥߊ࠴࠶ࠛޔ ࠢࡠࡕ࠰ࠣࡈ ࡦࠣ߇ᄙ⦡⍹ ↹ߥߤࠃࠅ߽㜞ଔߦขᒁߐࠇߡߚߎߣ߽⠨ᘦߒߚߩߛࠈ߁ࠛߩࡦࡕޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩࠬ࠾ࠚࡧޡ᳓㐷(ޢ1888)ߪޔ⚕ߦ᠁ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩ߇৻ᨎ45࠼࡞৻ߪߩ߽ߚࠇࠄ᠁ߦ⚕⊹⟠ޔ ᨎ75࠼࡞ߢᄁࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߦࠇߘޕኻߒߡޔᄙ⦡⍹ ↹ߪߩ(ޢࡦ࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗޡ1876)ߦ㓸ࠄ 19 ࠇߚຠߢ߽৻ޔᨎߚࠅࠊߕ߆1.5࠼࡞ߛߞߚ㨫 ࡕࡦߪࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩਅ⛗ߦߥࠆනᓀ↹ߩߦബࠎߛߪࠄࠇߘޕනߥࠆਅ⛗ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕޔએਅ ߦ⺰ߕࠆࠃ߁ߦޔන⁛ߩຠߣߺߥߒ߁ࠆജߛߞߚޕ⠉1876ᐕ12ߩᣂ⡞⸥ߦߪޔ ࠻ࠬࠗޟ 16 ߥ߅ࡠࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠߪޔᆄࡈࠔ࠾ߩᱫ(1861)ࠍᔓࠇࠄࠇߥᕁࠍ߁ߚߞߚޟ㔐ߩචሼ᨞ޠ 㧔ၫ╩ 1879㧕ߩߥ ߆ߢޔ ޟᢳ㕙ߦ㔐ߩචሼ᨞ޟߚߛߚࠍޠ㆙ㇱߩጊ⸒ߦޠߒߡࠆߐߞߓࠍ⛗ߩࡦࡕ߇ੱߪࠇߎޕ ߦਁ࿖ඳⷩળߢߡߚ߆ࠄ߆߽ߒࠇߥߩߎ߇ࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޕᴤ⛗ࠍߡߚߣ߁⸥㍳ߪߥ߇ޔዋߥߊߣ߽ หඳⷩળࠍቇߒߡߚߎߣߪߘߩᣣߦ⸥タ߇ࠆޕQuoted in Samuel Longfellow, ed., Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1887; Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1891), 3: 261. 17 Thomas Moran, “Old Book of Lists,” n. d., Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Okalahoma (4026.4048).ߎߩᢥᦠߪࡕޔ ࡦ⥄り߇ 1863 ᐕ 8 ߆ࠄ 1868 ᐕ 11 ߹ߢߩೋᦼຠ 42 ὐߦ⇟ภࠍઃߌߩઁߩߘޔຠࠍട߃ߥ߇ࠄߩࠄࠇߘޔ ࠝࡄࠬ ⷐࠍ⸥㍳ߒߚޟࠆࠁࠊޔຠࠬ࠻ޕࠆߢߣߎߩޠޟߩߎޔຠࠬ࠻ޔߪޠNancy Anderson, ed. Thomas Moran (Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1997), pp. 352–56 ߦ⠡ೞߐࠇߡࠆ߇ޔਇᕁ⼏ߥߎߣߦߩߎޔㇱಽߪ⠡ೞߐ ࠇߡߥޕ 18 ࠕࡔࠞߩࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣࡧࠔࠗࡧࠔ࡞ߦߟߡߪޔ߫߃ߣߚޔFrancine Tyler, ed., American Etchings of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Dover Publications, 1984) ߥߤࠍෳᾖ 19 Hansen, p. 20; and Anderson, p. 324 20 ࡚ࠪࡦߩࠪ࠭ࠍ߶ߣࠎߤቢᚑߒߚ⸥߁ߣޠ߇ࠆ㨫 ߒ߆ߒࠍࠬࡀࠫࡆߪࠇߘޔᗧ⼂ߒߚะ ߈ߩ⺑ߛߞߚࠃ߁ߛߪ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߪߦߐߞߓޕ㔍ᷦߒߡߚޕหᐕ5ߩ⑳ାߦߪޔ ࡢࠕࠗࡂޡޟ 21 ࠨߩࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࠛߩޢߪṛߒߡࠆࠆߡߒ⸥ߣޠ㨫 ߘߒߡᦨ⚳⊛ߦߎߩ⸘↹ߪ㗐ᝂߒߡߒ߹ߞ ߚߩߘޕℂ↱ߪਇߛ߇ࠬࠢ࡞ࠡޔඳ‛㙚ߦ⬿ߐࠇߡࠆ⾗ᢱࠍ⺞ߴߡߺࠆߣޔ1878ᐕ߹ߢ3ᐕ 22 㑆߽නᓀ↹ߩ߇⛯ߌࠄࠇߡߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ߽ߩߩ㨮 23 ߒߥ㨫 ߘࠇࠄߦ߽ߣߠߊࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߪ৻ᨎ߽ሽ 24 㗐ᝂߩᄢ߈ߥේ࿃ߪࠍࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࠛޔᜂᒰߒߚᒉࡇ࠲ߩߦߞߚߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ㨫 1884ᐕ࠼ࡦࠗࠕ࠼ࡠߪࡦࡕޔᎺߦ⒖ࠅޔᶏጯ߿ㄘߪࠆޔᣂߒㇺᏒߩ㘑᥊߽ឬߊࠃ ߁ߦߥߞߚⷰ߇ࡦ࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗޕశߣߒߡੱ᳇ࠍ㓸ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣⷰߩߘޔశቴ⺃⥌ߩᐢ๔ߦ߽ ৻ᓎ⾈ߞߡߚޕ㜞㦂ߦߥߞߡ߽ஜᐽߢޔ70ઍߦ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄࠍᣏⴕߔࠆ߶ߤߛߞߚߩ↹⛗ޕ߽ޔ89 ᱦߢᕷࠍᒁ߈ߣࠆ⋥೨߹ߢ⛯ߌࠄࠇߡߚޕ ᐕߦߐࠇߚනᓀ↹ ࠡ࡞ࠢࠬඳ‛㙚ߦ⬿ߐࠇߡࠆනᓀ↹ࠍޔଢቱ⊛ߦߘߩࠞ ࠲ࡠࠣ⇟ภߩ㗅ߦ⚫ߒࠃ߁ޔߕ߹ޕ ޟߩਥߣޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔ㗴ߐ ࠇߚ1875ᐕߩຠߢࠆ(࿑1)㨫 25 ጤጊߣߘߩ⛘ო߇ㄭ᥊߆ࠄᓟ᥊߳ ߣ⛯ߡࠆޕ㔵ߩߚߛࠈ߁ޔ㆙ߊߩጤጊߪ߆ߔࠎߢࠆࠇߘޕ ߣኻᾖ⊛ߦ೨᥊Ꮐߩጤ⡼ߪޔ㤥ߣޘឬ߆ࠇޔਇ᳇ߢߔࠄࠆߘޕ ࠇࠄߩ㑆ߩỚ᷆ߩᏅ߇ශ⽎⊛ߛޕਛ㑆ㇱߩጤጊߪߩߘޔỚ߽᷆ਛ㑆 ⊛ߢࠆ߇ߩߘޔߚߩߘޔ⡼ߪ✺ኒߦឬ߆ࠇޔ㛳ߊߴ߈⾰ᗵࠍ ࿑ ߩਥࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔ ౣߒߡࠆޕ㆙᥊ߩ㔵ߦ߅߅ࠊࠇߚጤጊߩߦߪ‛ੱߩࠅߣ߭ޔ 20 “Fine Arts,” The Independent, 21 December 1876, p. 5. Quoted in Kinsey, Thomas Moran’s West, p. 52. 22 ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ ޟ1876 ᐕએ㒠ߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔਥ㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⥝߇ߒ߷ࠎߛߪߩࠫࡦࠠ߁ߣޠਇᱜ⏕ߢࠆޕ Kinsey, “Moran and the Art of Publishing,” p. 305. 23 ࠗࠬ࠻ࡂࡦࡊ࠻ࡦ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩࠕࠞࠗࡧ⾗ᢱߩਛߦߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࠛߩࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޟຠ ࠞ࠲ࡠࠣ⾗ߩ╩⥄ࡦࡕޔ߁ߣޠᢱߪޔ1858 ᐕ߆ࠄ 88 ᐕ߹ߢߩࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣຠࠍࠬ࠻ࠕ࠶ࡊߒߚ⋡㍳ߛ߇ޔ ߘߩߥ߆ߦߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡޢຠߪߥޕThomas Moran, “Catalogue of Etched Work of Thomas Moran,” n. d., Thomas Moran Papers 1870–1940, Reel N-TM1, Smithsonian Archives of American Art. 24 ߚߛߒࡦ࠻ࡊࡦࡂ࠻ࠬࠗޔ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩࠕࠞࠗࡧ⾗ᢱߦࠄࠇߚࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࠛߩࡦࡕ࠲ࡇޡຠࠞ࠲ ࡠࠣޔߣࠆߺࠍޢ ߩࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޔࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟਅ⛗ߦࠃࠆ߁ߣޠຠ߇৻ᨎߛߌ⸥ ㍳ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߎߩຠߩ⚦ߪਇޕFrederick Keppel, Catalogue of the Etched Work of Peter Moran (New York: Frederick Keppel and Company, 1888), p. 12. 25 Thomas Moran, “The Master of Life, Hiawatha,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 43.5 x 32.1 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (00226.902). 21 ߩࠪ࡞ࠛ࠶࠻߇߅߷ࠈߍߦߺ߃ࠆ ޕᚻࠍߍߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޔ߇ߧ߃ߪߣࠅ߈ߞߪޕ㗡ߦߪ㘼ࠅ߇ߟ ߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ߽ᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ㆙᥊ߩጤጊߣᲧߴࠆߣߩ‛ੱߩߎޔᆫߪ߆ߥࠅᄢ߈ޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߣᾖࠄߒࠊߖߡ⠨߃ࠇ߫ޔߪࠇߎޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ৻╙ޢޟᐔߩࡄࠗࡊߩޠ౨㗡ߢޔ ޟஉᄢߥࠆ⠪߇ޠ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡޔⓨ߆ࠄ⿒ጤጊ߳㒠ࠅ⻉ޔㇱᣖߩ㚂㐳ࠍ㓸ޔᐔࠍ⺑ߊㇱಽߢ ࠬࡇ࠶࠻ ࠈ߁ޟߪ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡߩߎޕߩਥ ޟࠅߢޠ⡛ 㔤 ⿷ߩߘޕߚߞ߽ߢޠਅ߆ࠄ᳓ࠍḷࠇߛߐ ߖࠆ߿ޔᜰߢ⨲ේࠍߥߙߞߡޔᴡᎹࠍߞߚޕഃ⸥ߩߦ߽ૃߡࠆ߇ޔᄤഃㅧߣߪ㆑ߦߢߔޔ ⻉ㇱᣖ߇ߡޔ᛫ࠍ⛯ߌߡࠆޟߪ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡޕฝᚻࠍિ߫ߒߡޠ ޔ ޟఱᒉߩᅤߊߣ߽ߦ↢߈ޠ 26 ࠃߣ⺑ߊ㨫 ࡕࡦ߇ឬߚߩߪߤ߁ࠂߜ߇࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡߩߎޔᄤ߆ࠄ㒠ࠅ┙ߞߚㇱಽߛ߹ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ ߛᎹ߽߃ߕޔ㚂㐳ߚߜߩᆫ߽߃ߥߥ߃⛘ߩ⺩ޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕࠄߒߊ⨹ޔᶭߣߒߚశ᥊ߦߥ ߞߡࠆ߇࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡޕᄢ߈ߊឬ߆ࠇߡࠆߎߣߦ߽⚊ᓧ߇ࠁߊੱߪࠇߎޕ㑆ߩᆫߢߪߥ߆ࠄ ߛߚ߹ޕጤጊࠍਅ߆ࠄߍࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔᮮ߆ࠄୄ⍑ߒߡࠆߣߎࠈ߽⥝߱߆ޕਅ߆ࠄߍࠇ ߫ੱޔ㑆ߣหߓⷞ✢ߦߥࠆ߇ޔᮮ߆ࠄ᳓ᐔߦࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡߦ✢ⷞߩ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡޔㄭⷞ✢ߦ ߥࠆࠆࠍ⛗ߩߎޕ⠪ߪޕࠆߢߩࠆߔ⌮⌫ࠍࠅߚޔߡߞߥߣ⋡ߩ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡ߫ࠊޔ ࡕࡦ⥄りߩࡔࡕߩߚߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᒁ↪ᦨߩߘޔߣࠆߺࠍޠೋߩ㗄⋡ߣ ߒߡߩ࠻ࠬࠗߩߎޔଐߔࠆㇱಽ߇ᒁ߆ࠇߡߚޔߜࠊߥߔޕ ޟᓐޔߩਥޔ⍹ಾ႐ߩ㧛⿒߈⛘ოߩ ߳㒠ࠅޔ㧛߹ߞߔߋ┙ߜ⻉ޔㇱᣖߦ߮߆ߌߚ߁ߣޠᒁ↪ߢࠆ৻╙ߩࡕࡔߩߎޕ㗄⋡߇╙ߩߎޔ 27 ৻ߩࠗࠬ࠻ߦߥߞߚߩߢࠆ㨫 ߭ߣߟਇน⸃ߥߎߣߪޟ߇࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ߩ࠻ࠬࠗޔߩਥޕߛߣߎࠆߡߞߥߣޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔේࠍ ⺒߫ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦޔ ޟߩਥޔߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕߥߪߢࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔߡߞߢ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡߪޠ ࡊࡠࡈࠚ࠶࠻ ࠺ࡧࠔ ߎߩࠡ࠶࠴ࡑ࠾࠻߇ߟ߆ࠊߔޟ㗍 ⸒⠪ ޠ ޔ ޟᢇ ᷣ⠪ ߇ࡦࡕߪࠇߎޕࠆߡߞߥߦߣߎ߁ߣޠ ⺋⸃ߒߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߥߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕㅀߩ⥄╩ࡔࡕࠍ⺒߫ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦࠕࠗࡂޡߪࡦࡕޔ ࡢࠨߩోޢࠍᾫ⍮ߒߡߚࠍߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߣ࠻࠾ࡑ࠴࠶ࠡ߇ࡦࡕޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕᷙหߒߚ ߣߪ⠨߃ߦߊޔߣࠆߔ߆ߒ߽ޕ㐳ߩഎ㗡ࠍ߆ߑࠆࠗࠬ࠻ߣߒߡߡ߃ޔഃㅧߣห৻ⷞߔࠆߎߣ ߦࠃߞߡ⧷㓶ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨࠍᄢ⸃㉼ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ 28 ᰴߩࠗࠬ࠻࡚ࠪࡦߪߣޠࠬࡒࠦࡁࠆߜ⪭ࠄ߆ޟ㗴ߐࠇߚຠߢࠆ(࿑2)㨫 ߎࠇߪ߈ࠊߡ 26 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” The Poetical Works of Longellow, ed. Horace E. Scudder (1893; Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975), pp, 115, 116. ߥ߅ᧄޔⓂߢߪએਅޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ⸒ߦ࠻ࠬࠢ࠹ߩޢߔࠆ ႐วޕ߁ࠍ ࠫ࠶ࡉࡦࠤࠆࠁࠊߩߎޔ 27 Thomas Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha,” n. d., Thomas Moran Biographical Art Collection, East Hampton Library. ߎߩ⾗ᢱ߽ߎࠇ߹ߢࠊࠇߚߎߣߪߥޕ 28 Thomas Moran, “Nokomis Falling from the Moon,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 43.1 x 31.4 cm, Collection, Gilcrease ᐛᗐ⊛ߥ⛗ߛޕㄭ᥊ߦߪᄢ⨲ේߩ⨲⧎߇ឬ߆ࠇߡߡ✛ߩࠄࠇߘޔ ߩࡧࠔ࡚ࠛࠪࡦ߇Ớ᷆ࠁߚ߆ߦౣߐࠇߡࠆ⧎⨲ޔ߽߆ߒޕ ߪ߆ߥࠅㄭ᥊ߦࠆߚޔᲧセ⊛ᄢ߈ޕ㘑᥊↹ኅࡕࡦߣߒߡ ߪ⃟ߒ⨲⧎ߩ࠭ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊߛ↹ޔߚ߹ޕ㕙ߩਅ┵߆ࠄਃಽߩ৻ ߚࠅߦᐔ✢߇⏕ߢ߈ࠆ߇ߩߘޔᐔ✢ߩߦߪޔỚ㔕߇߁ߨ ߞߡߡޔ߳ㅴߦߒߚ߇ߞߡⓨ߇ࠆᦺޕߌ߆ᄕߌߢ ࠈ߁ߩߘޕⓨߩਛᄩ߆ࠄޔᅚᕈ߇ਅ㒠ߒߡࠆޕ⣉ࠍ㐽ߓޔਔᚻࠍ ߍޔਅࠍߺߥ߇ࠄޔ㐳㜬ࠍߚߥ߮߆ߖߡࠆߩߘޕᆫߦߪޔᅚ ᕈߩᨵߥേ߈߇ࠇߡࠆ߹ߟޔ߽߆ߒޕవࠍ㗂ὐߣߒߚㅒਃⷺ ࿑ ߆ࠄ⪭ߜࠆࡁࠦࡒࠬ ᒻߩࠪ࡞ࠛ࠶࠻ߦߥߞߡߡߦߐ߹ޔⓨࠍ⓭߈߿߱ߞߡࠆ߆ߩࠃ ߁ߛߔ߁ޕඨㅘߦឬ߆ࠇߡࠆߣߎࠈ߽ᐛᗐᗵࠍ⺃߁ޕඨߩ ࠃ߁ߦ߃ޔᄤᅚߩࡖࠪࠡߪࠆޔᅚߥߤࠍᕁࠊߖࠆޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫ߩߎޔᅚᕈ߇ࡁࠦࡒࠬߛ╙ޔߪߣࠬࡒࠦࡁޕਃߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟዋᐕᤨઍࠃߦޠ ࠆߣࠆޔ㆙ᤄߩޠᤨࠇ߇ߘߚޟ ޔḩ߆ࠄ⧎ޟḩ㐿ߩᄢ⨲ේߩ߳ߒ⟤ߚ߈ߡߜ⪭ޠᅚᕈߛߞߚޕ ߩߜߦᆷ࠙ࠖࡁ࠽ࠍ↥ߺߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂ߇࠽ࡁࠖ࠙ߩߎޔᲣߦߥࠆߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߪࠬࡒࠦࡁߜࠊߥߔޕ 29 Უߢߞߡᧄޔຠߪ╙ޔਃߩ౨㗡ࠍឬߚࠗࠬ࠻࡚ࠪࡦߣ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ㨫 ߥ߅ࡔ╩⥄ޔ ࡕߦߪ╙ޔਃߩߎߩ౨㗡ㇱಽߩᒁ↪ߪᒰߚࠄߥᦠࠍࡕࡔޕ ߚᤨὐߢߪߩߎޔㇱಽࠍឬߊ੍ቯߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇ߡߞߥߦߜߩޔ᭴ᗐ ߦട߃ࠄࠇߚຠߩࠃ߁ߛޕ ਃᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪޔㅀߒߚ࠾࠶ࠞ࠰ࡦ߇߆ߟߡឝタߒߚࡐޟ 30 ࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߩᱫ(ޠ1875)ߢࠆ(࿑3)㨫 ߎࠇߪ߈ࠊߡ ⊛ߥ⛗ߛ↹ޕ㕙߶߷ਛᄩߢߪ߹ߐ߆ߐߞ߹߇ࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޔ ߊ߁ ߦ⪭ਅਛߢࠆޕᓐࠍㅊ߁߆ߩࠃ߁ߦੑߟߩᏂ⍹߽ⓨ ࠍ⥰ߞߡࠆޕ ߘߩਅߦߪḓ᳓߇⊕ᵄࠍ┙ߡߡ⨹ࠇ⁅ߞߡࠆޕ ߐࠄߦ৻ᧄߩⒷᆄ߇ޔ ↹㕙Ꮐ┵߆ࠄฝ45ᐲߩⷺᐲߢ߭ࠄߊ⥰ޕบߪḓጯߛ߇ߪߎߘޔಾ ࠅߚߞߚጤጊߢߞߡߩߘޔጤጊߦߪᄢ߈ߥⓣ߇⽾ㅢߒߡࠆߩߘޕ ࿑ ࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߩᱫ ⓣߩะߎ߁ߦߪ㤥㔕߇ုࠇߎߚⓨߣ㆙ߊߩጤጊ߇߃ࠆ৻ޕ⍍ࠍಾ Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.903). 29 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 119. 30 Thomas Moran, “Death of the Pau-Puk-Keewis,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 43.2 x 32.7 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.904). ࠅߣߞߚࠗࠬ࠻ߢࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ྾⢇ࠍߨߓߞߡࠇ߽߇ߊࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߩᆫ߿߭ޔ ࠄߊⒷᆄޔḝ߈߅ߎࠆ⊕ᵄ߇ߪߍߒേ߈ࠍᗵߓߐߖࠆޔߊߥߪߢߌߛࠇߘޕඨಽࠍභࠆጤጊߩ⛘ ოߩ㤥ߣ⊕ᵄߩ⊕ߣߩኻᲧ߽ශ⽎⊛ߛޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕᄢ߈ߥⓣߩߚጤጊߩᄸ߽ⷰୟ⊛ߢࠆޕ ߎߩࠗࠬ࠻࡚ࠪࡦߦឬ߆ࠇߡࠆࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߣߪޔේߩ╙16࠶ࡄࡐޟ ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬ╙ߣޠ17ޔߚࠇࠊߚ߁ߦޠࠅ⁚ࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟඳᛂߣᖡᚨ߇ᅢ߈ߥ㝷ᴺߢ ࠆޕᓐߪ⇐ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔਛߩߘޔዊደ߳ᔋ߮ߎࠎߢࠇ࿁ࠅߊߤ߭ޟṌ⨥⧰⨥ߦޕߚߒޠᔶࠅᔃ 㗡ߦ⊒ߒߚࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ߇ㅊ߆ߌࠆߣ߿ࡃࡆߪࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޔ㤥㓵ߦᆫࠍᄌ߃ߥ߇ࠄㅏ ߍ߹ࠊࠆࡒࠟ࠴࠶ࠡޟߡߒߘޕ㧔㧩ࠬࡍࠝ࡞ḓ㧕ߩጯߦᴪߞߡ㧛ᄢᵗ᳓㧔㧩หߓߊࠬࡍࠝ࡞ ࡇࠢ࠴ࡖ࠼ࡠ࠶ࠢࠬ ḓ㧕ࠍ߳ࠅ㧛ጤጊߩጧߩ߳ߡ㧛ḓߣߚࠅࠍ߅ࠈߔ㧛⍾ጤߩ ᓀ ⦡ ጤ ߳⌕ߚޠ ޕጊߩ ߪࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬࠍߘߩᥧᵢ─߳߈ࠇࠆߜ┙ߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕᓔ↢ߔࠆ߇ޔⒷᆄߩߣ 㔗㡆ߩߩജࠍ୫ࠅߡጤጊࠍᛂߜ⎈ߊ⛘ߣࠆߔޕო߇፣ࠇ⪭ߜߩߘߪࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޔጤߦၒ 31 ߽ࠇߡᕷ⛘߃ࠆ㨫 ߔߥࠊߜ╙ߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩߎޔ17ߩࠢࠗࡑ࠶ࠢࠬࠍឬߚຠߣ߁ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߚޕ ߒ߆ߦޔේߢߪࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߪ⪭ਅߖߕޔጤߩਅߦၒ߽ࠇߡᱫߧޔߪࡦࡕߊࠄߘ߅ޕ Ꮒᄢߥ㤥㓵ߦൻߌߚࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬ߇ޔ㕙߳⪭ਅߒߚㇱಽߣ㊀ߨࠊߖߡࠆߩߛࠈ߁ߘޕ ߩߣ߈ߪ৻ࠍߣࠅߣߚߩߛ߇ߦ߆ߒߚߪߦࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޔ⪭ߣ߁ㅪᗐ߇ߟ߈߹ߣ߁ޕ ࡕࡦߪߘߩㅪᗐࠍ↪ߒߚߦߜ߇ߥޔߐߞߓޕጤߦၒ߽ࠇࠆࠃࠅ⪭ޔਅߩᣇ߇ߪࠆ߆ߦᄤ⟏ 32 ࠍฃߌߚߣᕁࠊߖࠆᱫߦᣇߛޔ߽ߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕ߅ߥޕේߩߎߩㇱಽ߇ᒁ߆ࠇߡࠆ㨫 ߎߎߢޔᓀ⦡ጤߦߟߡ⺰ߓߡ߅ߎ߁߇ࡦࡕߪࠇߘޔࠄߥߗߥޕ㐳ߛ⥝ࠍᛴߡ߈ߚ㘑 ࡇࠢ࠴ࡖ࠼ࡠ࠶ࠢࠬ ᥊ߛ߆ࠄߢࠆ ޕᓀ ⦡ ጤ ߣߪ࡞ࠝࡍࠬޔḓߩධጯߦ10ࠠࡠએߦᷰߞߡߟߠߊ⍾ጤਐ㒺ߩߎߣ ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡚ࠗࠢࠪࠕ ߢޔߢߪߘߩ৻Ꮺ߇࿖ ┙㙃 ḓጯ ߩ߭ߣߟߦᜰቯߐࠇߡࠆߩߎޕฬ⒓ߪ⍾ޔጤ߇㋕ಽࠍࠎߢ ࠆߩߢߩߘޔ㕙߇ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥỚ᷆ߩ⿒ߦႣࠄࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߥ⦡ࠍߒߡࠆߚߦฬߠߌࠄࠇߚޕḓ ᳓߆ࠄု⋥ߦ⡫߃ߚߟ㜞ߐ60ࡔ࠻࡞ߦ߽߅ࠃ߱ᢿፗ⛘ოߛߌߢߥߊޔᵄߦࠃߞߡᶐ㘩ᒻᚑߐࠇߚᵢ─ 33 ߿ࠕ࠴߽ฬߛߞߚ㨫 ߔߢߦㅀߴߚߏߣߊߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߪࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޔߦޢᵈࠍઃߒޔ ࡞ࠝࡍࠬޡḓၞߩ⾰ ႎ๔ᦠࠄ߆ޢᒁ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡߩߎޔᓀ⦡ጤࠍ⚫ߒߡߚޕ ߦࠞߥࠅࠃߚޟਸ਼ߞߡጤጊߩ ਅࠍߔߔᣏੱߦߣߞߡߩߎޔጤጊߪߟߨߦᕟᔺߩኻ⽎ߢߞߚޕ〡ߨ߆߃ࠆᄢᵄ߿ጤߛࠄߌߩጯߪޔ 31 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” pp. 151, 154. Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha.” 33 ᓀ⦡ጤߦߟߡߪޔᓟㅀߔࠆ⸥ߩޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡ㧔ၫ╩⠪ਇ㧕ࠍෳᾖߒߚ“ޕThe Pictured Rocks of Lake Superior,” The Aldine 6 (1873): 10, 14–15. 32 ࡑࠗ࡞ߦ߽ᷰߞߡోߥ⎶ᴱ႐ᚲࠍਈ߃ࠃ߁ߣߒߥ߆ߞߚޔߦࠄߐޕૐߊߚࠇㄟࠆⓨ߿ḝ߈߅ߎࠆ 㘑ߡߴߔ߇ࠄࠇߎޕᣏੱߩਇࠍ߅ࠅߩߎޔᕟࠈߒጤጊࠍㅢㆊߔࠆ߹ߢ ޔߦᰊࠍߎ߇ߖࠆߩߛ 34 ߞߚ㨫㨭 ߢߎߘⷰశߩ߮‛ߦߥߞߡࠆߎߩ᥊ⷰߪࠆߪߡߟ߆ޔ⠪ࠍᘋὼߣߐߖߚ㘑᥊ߛߞߚ ߩߢࠆߩߘ߇ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕశ᥊ߦߚߓࠈߋߎߣߥߊࡐࡄ࠶ࠠ࠙ࠖࠬࠍ⸛બߒߚߎߣߪޔᓐߩ ാᢓߐࠍ‛⺆ߞߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ ࡕࡦߪ⟤ⴚߦޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡᐲ߆ᧁ ↹ࠍነߖߡߚ߇ߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߩ2ᐕ೨ߩ1873ᐕ1 ภߦޔᓀ⦡ጤࠍឬߚਃᨎߩ ↹ࠍነߖߡࠆ⺑⸃ߩ↹ ߩߘޕᢥ㧔ၫ╩⠪ਇ㧕ߦߪޔᓀ⦡ጤߪޟข ࠅᙀ߆ࠇߚޔࠆߢޠ ޔߪߩ߁ߣޟ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ⥰ߩޢบ߇߅߆ࠇߚߩ߇ߘߎߛߞߚ߆ࠄߢޠ 35 ࠆߣߐࠇߩߘޔઍߣߒߡ╙17ߚߡࠇࠄߍ߇ޠࠅ⁚ࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟ㨫 ߔߢߦᓀ⦡ ጤߩ᥊ⷰ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡޢ ࠍޠࠅ⁚ࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟߩߘߦߊߣޔᕁߎߐߖࠆ߽ߩߢ ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠃߊࠊ߆ࠆߪࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕหߩ1872ᐕ6ภߦޟᒝ߈↵ࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼ࠬࠗ߁ߣޠ 36 ࠻߽ነߖߡࠆ㨫 ߎߩࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼߽ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩޢ㊀ⷐߥ⊓႐ੱ‛ߢߞߚߎޔߪࡦࡕޕ ߩߩޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡࠍㅢߒߡޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ↹ޢ㓸ߩࠍᕁߚߞߚߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ 37 ྾ᨎ⋡ߩ⛗ߪߩࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ޟᱫ(ޠ1875)ߢࠆ(࿑4)㨫 ߭ߣࠅߩࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦ߇ࠞߦਸ਼ߞߡḓጯ ߆ࠄᴒ߳ะ߆ߞߡࠆߪ✢ⷞߩߘޕᢳᓟࠈߦะߌࠄ ࠇߡࠆ߇߫߆ߥޔᄤࠍઔߢࠆࠃ߁ߦ߽߃ࠆޕ ㆙ߊߩጤጊߪ㤥ߣޘឬ߆ࠇޔ㤥ߊုࠇߎߚ㔕ߣߣ߽ ߦ߈ࠊߡਇศߥ㆙᥊ߛޕߦߪߜߚ߅ࠇߚฎᧁ߇ ᮮߚࠊࠆ↹ޕ㕙ߩᏀඨಽࠍභࠆ೨᥊ߣޔฝߦ㆙ߊ⛯ ߊᓟ᥊߇ⓨ㑆ߩ߇ࠅࠍᗵߓߐߖߡࠆޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߦࠆ࠴ࡆࠕࡏࠬߣߪࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩੱߩ ࿑ ࠴ࡆࠕࡏࠬߩᱫ ᭉᏧߢߩߘޔᱫߪ╙15ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟຟߦޠឬ߆ ࠇߡߚߪࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ޔ߫ࠇࠃߦࠇߘޕḓ㕙ߩ᳖ߩߢ㣮⁚ࠅࠍߒߡࠆߣޔᖡ㔤ߩᚻߦ߆߆ߞߡߒ߹ ޔᷓḓᐩ߳ᒁ߈ࠇࠄࠇṃᱫߔࠆߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕᖤགྷߦߊࠇߚ߇ߊ߿߁ࠃޔജࠍขࠅᚯߔߣޔḓᐩ ߆ࠄ࠴ࡆࠕࡏࠬߩ㔤ࠍ߮ነߖࠆޔߪࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ߚ߈ߡߞ߿ޕᱫ⠪ߚߜߩᣏ〝ࠍᾖࠄߔἫࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇޔ ߰ߚߚ߮㕒߆ߦᏫߞߡࠁߊޕ ޟᓐ߇ㅢߞߡ߽ᨑߪំࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㧛ᓐ߇〯ࠎߢ߽⨲ߪ᛬ࠇߥ߆ߞߚޠ ߒߘޕ 34 Quoted in Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 667. “The Pictured Rocks of Lake Superior,” p. 14. 36 Thomas Moran, “Kwasind—the Strong Man,” The Aldine 5 (1872): 109. 37 Thomas Moran, “The Death of Chibiabos,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 34.9 x 43.8 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.905). 35 38 ߡޟ⍹ߩࠞޟߡߞߩߦޠ⡛⠪ߩፉ߳ޠะ߆߁㨫 ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ࠍᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߡߺࠆߥࠄ߇ࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ߩߎޔߪ࠻ࠬࠗߩࡦࡕޔᱫ⠪ߩ࿖߳Ꮻߞߡࠁ ߊ႐㕙╙ߜࠊߥߔޔ15ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟຟᦨߩޠᓟࠍឬߚࠗࠬ࠻࡚ࠪࡦߢߞߚࡏࠕࡆ࠴ޕ ࠬ߇ࠞ߆ࠄߡࠆߩߪ㤛ᴰߩ࿖ߩᣇะߛߞߚߩߢࠆ߫߃߁ߘޕḓጯߪ⨲߿ૐᧁ߇❥ࠅࡆ࠴ޔ ࠕࡏࠬ߇ߚߤߞߡ߈ߚߪߕߩዊ߇ߺ߃ߥޕ߁ࠈߛߣߎߩߡ߃߹〯ࠍ࠻ࠬࠢ࠹߽ࠇߎޕ ߣߎࠈߢߪߦࡕࡔߩࡦࡕޔ8⇟⋡ߣߒߡޔ ޟᓐࠍᓙߞߡߦࠈߎߣߥ߃ޔ㓝ࠇ㧛ᓐߩ⿷ਅߩਇ 39 ቯߥ᳖ࠍഀߞߚࠆߣޠ㨫 ߎࠇߪޔหߓ╙15ߩ৻▵ߢࠆ߇ߩߘޔ౨㗡ߩ৻▵ޔߜࠊߥߔޔᖡ㔤ߚ ߜ߇࠴ࡆࠕࡏࠬࠍṃࠇߐߖࠆ႐㕙ߢࠆߪࡦࡕޕᒰೋߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔỗߒ႐㕙ࠍ╙15ߩࠗࠬ࠻ ߦߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡߚߩߛߞߚޕ ߩࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ޟᱫߩߘ߽࡞࠻ࠗ࠲߁ߣޠᖱࠍ‛⺆ߞߡࠆޕ ᰴߩຠߪޔㅀߩࠠࡦࠫ߇㑆㆑ߞߚ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߢឝタߒߡߚޟᥧ㤥ḓ( ޠ1875)ߣ߁ຠߢࠆ 40 (࿑5)㨫 ߓߟߦ⨹ᶭߣߒߚḓጯߩ㘑᥊ߛޕጯㄝߩᧁߒߣ⪭ࠍ⪲ߤࠎߣ߶ߪޘᨗࠇ߆ߌߡࠆޔᨑ߽ਲߒ ߊޔᐙߒ߆ᱷߒߡߥޕḓ㕙ߦߪ৻⦎ߩࠞߦࠗ ࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦ߇ੳ₺┙ߜߒߡࠆޕ ߘߩᚻߦߪᑿࠍ៤߃ޔ ₪‛ࠍតߒߡࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߛޕ㆙᥊ߪ㕄ߩࠃ߁ߦ߆ߔ ࠎߢࠃߊ߃ߥ߇ޔ߿ࠄᅯ᳇߇ṫߞߡࠆޕ㕒߆ ߥḓ㕙߽ਇ᳇ߦశߞߡࠆޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߩᥧ㤥ḓ㧔Black Pitch Lake㧕ߣ߁⸒⪲ߪේ ߦߪߺ߃ߥ╙ޔߊࠄߘ߅ޕ9ࡄߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ ࿑ ᥧ㤥ḓ ࡞ࡈࠚࠩࠆࠇߦޠBlack Pitch Waterࠍᜰߔߩߛࠈ ߁ޕ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩޢਛߢߪ࡞ࠝࡍࠬޔḓ㧔ࠡ࠶࠴ࠟࡒ㧕߇Big Sea Waterߣ߫ࠇߡߚࠃ ߁ߦޔlakeߣwaterߪߒ߫ߒ߫ห⟵⺆ߢߞߚޕ Უࡁࠦࡒࠬߪ㝷ⴚᏧࡔࠫ࠰ࠣࡢࡦ㧔ࡄ࡞ࡈࠚࠩ㧕ࠍ⸛બߔࠆࠃ߁ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߦ๔ߍࠆࠗࡂޕ ࠕࡢࠨߪᗲ↪ߩࠞࠍ㚟ߞߡ߳ㅴߣࠆߔޕἻߩᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢ߇ߣߋࠈࠍᏎ߈ޔἻߩ㔵ߣᾍࠍฯ ߡࠆߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ⍫ࠍߜߩࠄࠇߘޔᄢⰬࠍ⇐ࠆߚߒߣࠈߤࠈߤޔߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߡߌ⛯ޕᥧ 㤥ḓ߳ߣㅴࠎߢࠁߊߪߎߘޕ⣣ߞߚࠗࠣࠨ߇ࠃߤࠎߛޔ㒶᳇ߢਇ᳇ߥߣߎࠈߢࠆޟߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕᱫ ⠪ߚߜߩ㔤߇ߣ߽ߔ߆ࠅߦࠅࠃߚࠍޠㅴߺޔߣߊ⌕ࠅߤߚߦߣ߽ߩࡦࡢࠣ࠰ࠫࡔޔ ޟᣣߩ߆ࠄᣣߩ ࠅ߹ߢߊ⛯ޠᱫ㑵ࠍ➅ࠅ߭ࠈߍࠆߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ⍫ߪᱷࠅਃᧄߦߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ߇ߩࡦࡢࠣ࠰ࠫࡔޔ 38 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 149. Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha.” 40 Thomas Moran, “The Black Pitch Lake,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 35.6 x 44.5 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.906). 39 41 ᚱᲫߩᩮరߦ⍫ࠍࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᛂߜୟߔߎߣߦᚑഞߔࠆ㨫 ߔߥࠊߜߎߩຠߪޔ㝷ⴚᏧࡔࠫ࠰ࠣࡢࡦߩ߽ߣ߳ะ߆߁ߚޔᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢࠍୟߒߚߩߜޔᥧ㤥 ḓࠍᛮߌߡࠆߣ߈ߩ႐㕙ߢࠈ߁ޔߪࠇߘޕᄢⰬߣߩᚢ߿㝷ⴚᏧߣߩᱫ㑵ߣߪߜ߇ߞߡޔേ߈ߦߪ ਲߒߛࠎߤࠃߣࠅࠈߤߩߎޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ㤥᳓ߣߘࠇࠍขࠅᏎߊ㊀ߒޘⓨ᳇߇ޔᄢⰬߣߩᚢߣ ߁ᦨೋߩ㔍㑐ࠍ߃ߚߣߩਇ᳇ߥ㕒ߌߐߣࠄ߆ࠇߎޔ㝷ⴚᏧߣߩᚢߦะ߆߁ߣ߁಄ߚ✕ᒛᗵ ߣࠍ⽎ᓽߒߡࠆޕ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߦߟߓޔ߽ߢ߆ߥߩޢශ⽎⊛ߥࠪࡦߛޕ 42 ߥ߅ޔߢ߆ߥߩࡕࡔ╩⥄ߪࡦࡕޔ ޟᥧ㤥ḓߣᱫ⠪ߚߜߩἫ߁ߣޠ㗄⋡߇߃ࠆ㨫 ߘߎߦߪේ ߆ࠄߩᒁ↪߇␜ߐࠇߡߥߩߛ߇ߩߎޔ㗄⋡߇ߎߩࠗࠬ࠻ߦߥߞߚߣ⠨߃ߡߛࠈ߁ޕ 6ᨎ⋡ߪߒࠊߐ߰ߦࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߦߐ߹ޔຠߛޕ ߣޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂࠆߔࠍ⁚ޟ㗴ߐࠇߚ1875ᐕ 43 ߩනᓀ↹ߢࠆ(࿑6)㨫 శߩᒰߚߞߚࠆጤ⡼ߩߢ৻㗡ߩ㣮߇ߚࠅߩ᳇㈩ࠍតߞߡࠆ↹ޕ㕙ᚻ ೨ߩߢߪޔ߇ࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߩࠅߣ߭ޔᏂᄢߥฎᩣߩ߁ߒࠈߢᑿ⍫ ࠍ߆߹߃ߡ⁓ࠍቯߡࠆޕ ࠅߦߪᄥᐙߩ᮸ᧁ߇┙ߜߥࠄ߱ޕ ߜߡୟࠇߚᐙ߽ࠆޕᨑߦᐢ߇ࠆ⚦߆ߥ⪲ߩឬ౮߽✺ኒߛࠄߐޕ ߦ᮸⊹ߩ⾰ᗵ߿ߣࠇߘޔኻᾖ⊛ߥጤߩ⾰ᗵߡߒߘޔᣣߩᒰߚߞߚ ࠆㇱಽߣᧁߦ߅߅ࠊࠇߚᥧㇱಽߩࠄࠇߘޔኻᾖ߇ߓߟߦ㞲ὓߥ ශ⽎ࠍਈ߃ࠆޕ ߎߩ႐㕙ߪޔ ᐜࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ߇ߪߓߡ㣮ࠍߞߚ႐㕙ߢࠈ߁ޕ ߘࠇߪ╙3ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟዋᐕᤨઍߦޠឬ߆ࠇߡࠆޕᚑ㐳ߒߚࡂ ࠗࠕࡢࠨߪᑿ⍫ࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇ‖ޔ㣮ࠍ⸛ߟߚ߳ะ߆߁ޕ㠽߿ࠬ ࿑ ⁚ࠍߔࠆࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ ߚߜ߇ࠗࡂޕࠆߡߞߚ߁ߣޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔߢߥߚ⸛ࠍߜߚ⑳ޟ ࠕࡢࠨߪẑᧁߦ㓝ࠇߡ㣮ࠍ߹ߟޟߣࠆߔޕੑᧄߩⷺ߇ޠᜬߜߍࠄ ࠇࠆߩ߇߃ࠆޕ ޠ⌒ߩߟߚ߰ޟ ޔ ߩߟߚ߰ޟ㥦ሹ߇ޠേߊߩ߇߃ࠆ⁓ߡߟࠍ⤒ ߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ ࠍቯࠆޕ⍫ߪਛߒޔ㚂የࠃߊ㣮ࠍᢣߔ✕ߩߎޔߪ࠻ࠬࠗᧄޕᒛߔࠆೋߡߩ⁚ࠅߩ߁ߜߣߞ߽ޔ 44 ߽✕ᒛߔࠆ⊒ߩ⋥೨ࠍឬߡࠆߩߢࠆ㨫 ߽ߜࠈࠎࡕࡦߩ⥄╩ࡔࡕߦ߽ߩߎޔㇱಽߩฏ߇ᒁ↪ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ⍫ࠍ᭴߃ߚ㧛 45 ࠒޔ㡆ࠅ߭߮ߊቯ⊛ߥ৻⍫㧛ࠬ࠭ࡔࡃ࠴ߩߏߣߊࡉࡦߣ߁ߥߞߡ㣮ߦೝߐߞߚޠ㨫 ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ 41 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 133. Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha.” Thomas Moran, “Hiawatha Hunting,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 43.8 x 31.8 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.907). 44 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 121. 45 Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha.” 42 43 ࡕࡦ߇ᒁ↪ߒߡߚㇱಽߢߪޔᑿ⍫ࠍ᭴߃ߚᤨ㑆ߣ߁ࠃࠅ߽ߒࠈޔ⍫߇㖸ࠍ┙ߡߡ㘧߮ޔ ߦਛߒߚߎߣ߇߁ߚࠊࠇߡࠆߪࡦࡕߪߦߐߞߓޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ⍫߇⊒ߐࠇࠆ⋥೨ߩޔᚻߦ᳨ ߦ߉ࠆᤨ㑆ࠍㆬࠎߛߩߎޔ߅ߥޕຠߩ㋦╩࠺࠶ࠨࡦࠍࠡ࡞ࠢࠬඳ‛㙚ߩ⾗ᢱߩਛߦ⊒ߔࠆߎߣ 46 ߇ߢ߈ߚ߇ᤨޔ߇ࠆߢ࠴࠶ࠤࠬߥࡈߡࠊ߈ߪࠇߘޕᱛ߹ߞߚࠃ߁ߥ✕ᒛᗵߪߔߢߦࠇߡࠆ㨫 47 7⇟⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᄢⰬߣޠ㗴ߔࠆຠ(1875)ߢࠆ(࿑7)㨫 ߌᣇ߆ᄕࠇᤨߢࠆޕ ⓨߩ৻ㇱ߇ࠆ↹ޕ㕙೨᥊ࠍභࠆḓ㕙ߩ৻ㇱ߇ߘ ߩశࠍߒߡࠆޕㇱߩ㆙᥊ߦߪ⋥┙ߒߚ⛘ოߩ ጤጊ߇⡫߃┙ߟޔߚࠆ߃ߢࠎߔ߆ޕਇ᳇ߢߔࠄ ࠆ⭯ޕᥧⓨ߽ᅯ᳇ࠍߪࠄࠎߢߩߘޔᥧ߇߁ߏ ߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕᏀߩ৻⦎ߩࠞߩߢࡂࠗࠕࡢ ࠨ߇ਔ⣨ߦᑿ⍫ࠍ᭴߃ޔฝᚻߩᄢⰬߦ⁓ࠍቯߡ ࠆߦߐ߹ޕ⍫ࠍߣ߁ߣߒߡࠆ⍍㑆ߛޕᄢⰬߪ᳓ߒ ࿑ ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߣᄢⰬ ߱߈ࠍߍޔ᳓㕙ߦߘߩᆫߩ৻ㇱࠍߖߡࠆ߆ߒޕ ߽ߩߘޔ⢵ߩ߁ߜੑ▎ᚲ߇᳓㕙ߦࠇߡࠆߩߢޔ ᄢⰬߩ㐳㐳߇વࠊߞߡߊࠆޕฝߩጯࠍࠆߣߦࠄߐޔᢙߩⰬ߇ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩᣇࠍߡࠆޕᚢ ߦടࠊࠈ߁ߣߒߡࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߛޕ ߽ߪ߿ߎߩຠ߇ឬߚ႐㕙ߪࠄ߆ߢࠆ╙ޔߪࠇߘޕ5ߩනᓀ↹ޟᥧ㤥ḓ⋥ߩޠ೨ߩ႐㕙ߢߞ ߡ߇ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢߣᚢ߁ߣߎࠈߛ╙ޔߪࡦࡕޕ5ߩනᓀ↹ߦ⛯ߡ╙9ࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ ࠨߣࡄ࡞ࡈࠚࠩ৻ߩޠㇱࠍឬߚߩߢࠆޔߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕ7⇟⋡ߦޔ ࠞޟ 48 ߩㅴ〝ߢߣߋࠈࠍᏎߡߚ/⏉₹ߩ⍫ዥߩ⍫ࠍߟ߆ߺ/ᄢⰬߤ߽ߦߔ߫߿ߊߞߚࠆߣޠ㨫 ߓߟߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩߎޔߩ7ᐕ೨ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߪࡦࡕޔᄢⰬ(ޢ1868)ߣ߁ᴤ⛗ࠍ ឬߡߚߩߘޔߦࠄߐޕ೨ᐕߦߒߚ(ޢࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ1867)ߣ߁ᴤ⛗ߪޔޔᚲਇߢࠆ 49 ߇⥄ࡦࡕޔりߩࡔࡕߦࠃࠆߣߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬߚߞߥߣߣ߽ߩޢຠߢߞߚ㨫 ߕࠇ߽╙ޔ9 ޔߜ߁ߩޠࠩࠚࡈ࡞ࡄߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᄢⰬߣᚢ߁ㇱಽࠍឬߡߚຠߢࠆޕ⸥ߩනᓀ↹ 46 Thomas Moran, “The Forest,” n. d., pencil on paper, 25.1 x 17.8 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (1316.556). 47 Thomas Moran, “Hiawatha and the Serpent,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 33.7 x 46.4 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.908). 48 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” pp. 132–33. 49 ࡔࡕߣ߁ߩߪޔ೨ឝߩࠊࠁࠆޟຠࠬ࠻ޕࠆߢߣߎߩޠThomas Moran, “Old Book of Lists.” ߥ߅ޔ ࠕࠗࡂޡ ࡢࠨߣᄢⰬߪޢⴚ⟤ࠕࡕࠖ࠹࡞ࡏޔ㙚ߦᚲ⬿ߐࠇߡࠆ߇ޔ ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬࠠ࠽ࡆࠢߣޢ߫ࠇߡࠆޕ ᄸᅱߥߎߣߦ ߫ߒ߫ߒޔ1867 ᐕߣߐࠇࠆ߇ޟߩࡦࡕޔຠࠬ࠻ࠍޠ㐓ߺࠇ߫ ߪࠇߘޔ1868 ᐕߣߔߴ ߈ߢࠆޕ1867 ᐕߩຠߦߢߔޔߪޢࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦᚲਇޕ ࠍวࠊߖࠇ߫ޔหߓ႐㕙ࠍឬߚຠ߇ዋߥߊߣ߽ਃ⒳㘃ߐࠇߚߎߣߦߥࠆޕᄢⰬߣߩᚢߪࡂޡ ࠗࠕࡢࠨߩࠍޢઍߔࠆᵴߢࠆ߆ࠄ߫ߒ߫ߒ߇ࡦࡕޔឬߚߩ߽ᒰὼߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥߌޕ ࠇߤ߽ᥧ㤥ḓߩ႐㕙ߣߪ㆑ߞߡޔේߩਛߢߪߎߩᱫ㑵႐㕙ߩ⥄ὼ㘑᥊ߪౕ⊛ߦ߁ߚࠊࠇߡߥ߆ߞ ߚߩࡦࡕޔ߫߃ߣߚޕනᓀ↹ߢߪᦺߌ߆ᄕߌࠍ⢛᥊ߦߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߦߺ߃ࠆ߇ޔේߩਛߢߪ ᤨೞࠍ․ቯߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥ⸥ㅀߪߥࠈߒߪࡦࡕޕᥧ㤥ḓߩ㘑᥊ࠍߘߩ߹߹ᒁ߈⛮ߢޔᄢⰬߣߩ ᚢߩ႐㕙ߦ↪ߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߛᧄޕຠߪޔᥧ㤥ḓߩ㘑᥊ߩ㝯ജߣᚢ㑵ߩᵴߩ㝯ജߣ߇ੑ㊀ߦឬ߆ ࠇߚຠߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ࡊࡦ࠻ ߣߎࠈߢߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߦၮߠߊ ↹ ࠍ৻ὐޔߪࠇߘޕߚ߈ߢ߇ߣߎࠆߔ⊒ޔኅ↹ኅᄖቭߩ SGWࡌࡦࠫࡖࡒࡦ߇ⴚ⟤ޡ㔀ߦޢነߖߚ⸥ߩ࠻࠶ࡄޟ㐿ᜏ⠪(ޠࡦࡕࠬࡑ࠻ޔ1882) 50 ߩߥ߆ߦឝタߐࠇߡߚ࿑ ࠆߢޠࠄߋߨߩࠢࡆ࠽ࠠޟ㨫 ߌࠇߤ߽ߎߩ ↹߇ߩࡦࡕޔડ࿑ ߒߚࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ↹㓸ߦࠄࠇࠆ੍ቯߩ৻ᨎߢߞߚߣߪߣ߁ߡᕁࠊࠇߥߎޔߕ߹ޔ߫ࠄߥߗߥޕ ߩ࿑ ߇ዊߐ߆ࠄߢࠆߩߤ߇ࡦࡕޕ⒟ᐲߩᄢ߈ߐߩ↹㓸ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡߚ߆ਇߛ߇ᧄޔ㔀ߩ ࿑ ߪࠊߕ߆┱12♡ޔᮮ17♡߶ߤߢࠅ↹߇ ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ㓸ߦࠊࠇࠆߣߪ⠨߃ߦߊ╙ޕੑߦߎޔ ߩ ߪ߅ߘࠄߊశቇ⊛ߦਅ⛗ࠍ❗ዊォ౮ߒߡᓂࠄࠇߚᧁ ↹ߢߞߡ߇ࡦࡕޔડ࿑ߒߚࠛ࠶࠴ࡦࠣ 51 ߢߪߥ߆ࠄߢࠆ㨫 ߎߩ࿑ ᧄޔߪޠࠢࡆ࠽ࠠޟ㔀ߩߚߦᓂࠅ߅ߎߐࠇߚ࿑ ߢࠈ߁ޕ 8ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪ৻ォߒߡߩߤ߆ߥ㘑᥊ߛޕ ߩࠡࠨࠝࠕޟ㡆߈ჿߣޠ㗴ߐࠇߚ᳓ㄝߩ㘑᥊(1875)ߢࠆ 52 (࿑8)ᤨ ޕೞߪᦺߌ߆ᄕߌߩߎࠈߢࠈ߁ޕ᳓ᐔ✢ઃㄭ߇ࠆޕ᳓㕙߽ߘߩశߦࠃߞߡࠆߊノ ߡࠆޕⓨߦ⭯ߊߚߥ߮ߚ㔕߽ߥ߆߿ߛ߅ޔ㔓࿐᳇ ࠍࠅߒߡࠆޕ᳓ᐔ✢ߩฝߦߪ߱ࠄߥߩޘᧁޔ㒽 ߇ߺ߃ࠆޕᏀߩ೨᥊ߦߪޔ᳓⨲ߩߪ߃ߚጯㄝ߇ᐢ߇ ࠅޔੑ⠀ߩࠨࠡ߇ࠆޕᏀฝ㕖ኻ⒓ߩ᭴࿑߇ᄢ⢙ߛࠨޕ ࠡߩ৻⠀ߪ㘧߮┙ߞߚߣߎࠈߢࠆ߇৻߁߽ޔ⠀ߪᢳ ࠍߍߡߡ‛ޔᖤߒߐࠍߚߚ߃ߡࠆޕ ߎߩනᓀ↹߇ේߩߤߩㇱಽࠍࠄࠊߒߚ߽ߩ߆ޔ ࿑ ࠕࠝࠨࠡߩ㡆߈ჿ ᭂࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒࠝࠕ߁ߣࠟࡘࠪࡘࠪޕ 50 “The Haunt of the Kenabeek,” illustration to S. G. W. Benjamin, “A Pioneer of the Palette: Thomas Moran,” Magazine of Art 5 (February 1882): 93. ߎߩ⸥ߪࠗࠬ࠻ࡂࡦࡊ࠻ࡦ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩࠕࠞࠗࡧ⾗ᢱߩߥ߆ߦߛߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕ Thomas Moran Papers 1870–1940, Reel N-TM3, Smithsonian Archives of American Art. 51 ߎߩᧁ ↹ߪ߿ߪࠅᧁญᧁ ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆᤨޕઍ⊛ߦߪߜࠂ߁ߤᧁญᧁ ߆ࠄࠗࡦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩᤨઍߦ⒖ࠆߣߎ ࠈߛ߇ߦߚࠆߔⶄࠍ↹ࡦࡍߪࠢ࠶ࡠࡉࡦࠗޔଢߥᛛᴺߢߞߡޔනᓀ↹ߩਅ⛗ࠍⶄߔࠆߚߦߪᓥ᧪ߩ ᧁญᧁ ࠍ↪ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ 52 Thomas Moran, “Sound of the Heron,” 1875, wash drawing on paper, 32.1 x 45.1 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.909). ࠗࡦ࠻ࡠ࠳࡚ࠢࠪࡦ ࠨࠡߪޔ౨㗡ߩ ᐨ ࠍߪߓޔᐲ߽⊓႐ߔࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆߩߘޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ㡆߈ჿ߇߽ߞߣ߽ශ ⽎⊛ߥߩߪ╙ޔ5ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᢿ㘩ߩੱߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ߁ࠈߢޠ㘩♳ࠍᘷᘦߒߡᢿ㘩ࠍߪߓ ࠆޕᢿ㘩ࠍߒߥ߇ࠄޔ߇㘩♳ߦߥࠆߩ߆ᕁ᩺ߔࠆޕ྾ᣣ⋡߇ࡦࡒ࠳ࡦࡕޔ♖ߩࠪࠦࡠࡕ࠙࠻ޔ ࠇߊ⛯ޔ྾ᣣ㑆ޔᲤᣣᄕࠇ߹ߢߎߩࡕࡦ࠳ࡒࡦߣᩰ㑵ߔࠆᦨߡߒߘޕᓟߩᣣࠍࡦࡒ࠳ࡦࡕߊ߿߁ࠃޔ ߚ߅ ᢣ ߒޔၒ⫋ߔࠆߩߘޔߣࠆߔޕ႐ᚲ߆ࠄ࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪ߇⢒ߟޔ߁ߣࠪࠦࡠࡕ࠙࠻ޔߪߜߚࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ ᢥሼߤ߅ࠅࠅ߇ߚ㘩♳ࠍᓧߚߩߢࠆޕ ߎߩ╙5ߢߣࡦࡒ࠳ࡦࡕޔᚢ߁྾ᣣߩ㑆ߩߘޔᣣߩᚢߩ⚳ࠊࠅࠍ๔ߍࠆߩ߇ߩࠡࠨࠝࠕޔ㡆߈ჿ ߛߞߚߩߎޕනᓀ↹ߪࠍࠡࠨࠝࠕߩߘޔឬߚ߽ߩߢࠈ߁ߩࠡࠨࠝࠕޕჿߪޔⓨ⣻ߦ⧰ߒߺߥ߇ࠄᚢ ߁ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩ⧰ᖨߩჿߢࠅޔหᤨߦޔભᕷߩᤨࠍ๔ߍࠆ႑ߩჿߢ߽ߞߚࠬࡈ࠼ޔ߅ߥޕ ߩࠫࡔࠗ࡞ࡏࡦࠪޡౖ߁ߩߘޔ߇ࠆߡߞߣ߹߈ߟ߇ࠫࡔࠗߥ߹ߑ߹ߐߪߦࠡࠨޔ߫ࠇࠃߦޢ 53 ߜ↢ޔߩ⺀↢ౣ↢߿ޔෂ㒾ߩసߥߤ߇ޔේߩࠨࠡߩࠗࡔࠫߣ㊀ߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㨫 ࡕࡦߩ⥄╩ࡔࡕߢߪ╙ߩߘޔ4㗄ߦޔ ࠟࡘࠪࡘࠪߩࠡࠨࠝࠕߡߒߘޟ㧛㒶㝠ߥᴧ߆ࠄ 㧛⧰∩ߣ⧰ᖨߩ㡆߈ჿࠍߒߚߣޠᒁ↪ߐࠇߡࠆࠍࡦࡒ࠳ࡦࡕ߇ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔߪࠇߎޕᢣߒߡၒ⫋ߒ ߚߣ߈ߩ႐㕙ߛߩࡦࡒ࠳ࡦࡕߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔߪࡦࡕޕᚢࠍ⋥ធឬߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊߩࠡࠨޔ㡆ߊ ᆫߣߘࠇࠍߣࠅ߹ߊ᳓ㄝߩ㕒߆ߥᄕ᥊ࠍឬߊߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⧰ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔഭߣࡕࡦ࠳ࡒࡦߩ⽸₂ࠍឬ ߚߩߢࠆޕ ᐕޔᐕ߮ࠃ߅ޔᐕਇߩනᓀ↹ 54 9ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪߩ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޟᱫ(ޠ1876)ߣ㗴ߐࠇߚਇᕁ⼏ߥ⛗ߢࠆ(࿑9)㨫 ߩਛࠍᵹࠇࠆᎹߩ ᳓㕙ߦޔߚࠞ߇৻⦎ޔᶋ߆ࠎߢࠆࠅߪ߿ޔࠅߣ߭߇ࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߪߦࠇߘޕߡᐳߞߡ ࠆ߽ߦޕ᳓ਛߦ⪭ߜߘ߁ߛޕᎹߩਔጯߪᄢ߈ߥጤ߆ࠄߥࠅߩޘᧁޔᨑ⪲߇ߩߙߡࠆޕᎹߩᅏߦߪޔ ߐࠄߦᷓ߇߆ߔߺߥ߇ࠄ⛯ߡࠆޕ᳓㕙߽㕒߆ߢߞߡߥ߆߿ߛ߅ߣࠆߔ৻ޔ႐㕙ߢࠆ߇ޔ ↹㕙ㇱࠍᮮಾࠆᄥᨑߩߦޔዊߐߥੱᓇ߇ᢙฬߺ߃ࠆߩߘޕᄙߊ߇ ᚻࠍᝄࠅߍޔ߆ߒࠃ߁ߣߒ ߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕ 53 Ad de Vries, Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery, revised ed. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1976), p. 251. 54 Thomas Moran, “Death of Kwasind,” 1876, wash drawing on paper, 32.4 x 44.1 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma 0226.910). ߎߩනᓀ↹ߪࠄ߆࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ޔ⠨߃ࠆߣ╙ޔ18ࠢޟ ࡢࠪࡦ࠼ߩᱫࠍޠឬߚ߽ߩߛࠈ߁ޔߪߣ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޕ ᭉᏧ࠴ࡆࠕࡏࠬߣߣ߽ߦࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩⷫߢߋߩ߽ޔ ߏ߁ࠅ߈ ߐߛ߇ᒝജ ߩ↵ߢࠆޕ ੱߩߚߦߘߩജࠍ߁߇ޔ ሃᅺ߱߆ዊੱߩᅯ♖ࡄࠢࡢࠫ࠭ߚߜߪ⥄ޔಽߚ ߜ߇⬦ࠈߦߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍᗋࠇ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޔᲕኂࠍߚߊ ࠄߩ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޕᕆᚲߪߘߩ㗡㗂ㇱߢ═᧻ࠍߎߘޔ ࿑ ࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼ߩᱫ ߆ᮖ═ߢ᠄ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᓐࠍᢣߔ໑৻ߩᣇᴺߛߞߚޕ ዊੱߚߜߪ᧻═ߣᮖ═ࠍ㓸ޔᎹࠍਅࠆࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼ࠍᧁߩߢᓙߜ߱ߖࠆߩࠞޕߢ⌁ߞߡࠆࠢ ࡢࠪࡦ࠼߇ࡄࠢࡢࠫ࠭ߩᓙߜฃߌࠆᧁߩਅࠍㅢࠆ߿ޔዊੱߚߜߪ᧻═᠄ࠍⴕޟߪ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޔᮮ 55 ะ߈ߦᎹߩਛ߳⪭ߜߚޠ ߪࠞޕήੱߩ߹߹Ꮉࠍਅࠆ㨫 ᧄනᓀ↹ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ╙18ߣᾖࠄߒࠊߖࠇ߫ޔ ߓߟߦ⥝߱߆ຠߢࠆߣ߃ࠆޕ ߚߣ߃߫ޔ ᧁߩߩੱ߇ޘዊߐߊឬ߆ࠇߡࠆℂ↱߇ࠊ߆ࠆߩߘߦ߆ߒߚޔߣࠆߊࠃ߽߆ߒޕฝᚻߦ㍙⁁ߩ߽ ߩࠍᜬߞߡࠆ߇ࠄࠇߘޔߦࠄߐޕᛩߓࠄࠇߡⓨਛࠍ⥰ߞߡࠆߩ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޕ⣖ᄤߦߪߣࠅߊߞ߬ޔ ⵚߌ⋡߇ߺ߃ࠆߪ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢߣࠞޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕߡࠆ․ࠍ⺆‛ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕᓽߠߌߡࠆ⚦ㇱ ߇ߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߦឬ߆ࠇߡߚߦߟߓޕ㓶ᑯߥ⛗ߢࠆߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߥ߅╙ޔߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ9ߣߒߡޟᒝ߈↵ࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼ߩ ᱫࠇߘޕࠆ߃߇⪲⸒߁ߣޠએߩฏߪᒁ↪ߐࠇߡߥ߇ޔ ߎߩ႐㕙߇ᒰೋ߆ࠄ੍ቯߐࠇߡߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޔߚ߹ޕߢㅀߴ ߚࠃ߁ߦߦߢߔߪࡦࡕޔ4ᐕ೨ޔ㔀ᧁߦޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡญᧁ ↹ޟᒝ߈↵ࠢࡢࠪࡦ࠼ࠍޠነߖߡߚ╙ޔߪࠇߘޕ6ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ ߩߛߜޔ߇࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢߢ߆ߥߩޠጊࠍ߰ߐߢࠆୟࠇߚᏂᧁ 56 ࠍᛩߍ㘧߫ߘ߁ߣߔࠆ႐㕙ߛߞߚ㨫 57 ᰴߪ1876ᐕߦߐࠇߚޟኄߩᤊߩᕷሶ(ࠆߢޠ࿑10)㨫 ߎࠇ ߽߹ߚᄸᅱߥశ᥊ߛޕỗߒߊᵄ߇⨹ࠇࠆ᳓㕙ߦ㒾ߒጤጊ߇ጎ┙ߒ ߡࠆߩߘޕጤጊߩߢޔᢙੱ߇ࠍߊߨࠄߖߡ〭ࠅ⁅ߞߡࠆޕ ࿑ ኄߩᤊߩᕷሶ ߥ߆ߦߪቮࠅࠍߒߡࠆ⠪߽ࠆޕ೨᥊߆ࠄᓟ᥊ߦ⛯ߊᄢ߈ߥጤ 55 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 156. Thomas Moran, “Kwasind—the Strong Man,” p. 109; Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 128. 57 Thomas Moran, “Son of the Evening Star,” 1876, wash drawing on paper, 43.8 x 31.8 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.911). 56 ߿ߘࠇߦធߔࠆ⊕ᵄࠍ┙ߡߚ᳓㕙߇߽ߚࠄߔෂ㒾ߥ᳇㈩ߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦޔጤጊߩߢ㓁᳇ߥ⥰߇〭ࠄࠇߡ ࠆߩߢࠆޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ࠍࡅࡦ࠻ߦߔࠇ߫╙ߪࠇߎޔ12ޟኄߩᤊߩᕷሶࠍޠឬߚ߽ߩߢࠆ╙ߩߎޕ12ߪޔ ኄߩᤊߩᕷሶࠝ࠶ࠝߩ‛⺆ߛޕᐕ⠧ߡ㉛ࠝ࠶ࠝ߇⧯ߊߡ⟤ߒᆷࠝ࠙ࠖ࠾ߣ⚿ᇕߔࠆޕ ᓐᅚߩੱߩᆌᆂߚߜߪ⧯ߥߺޔᚢ჻ߦᇾߢߚࠆޕኄߩߎߣߪࠝ࠶ࠝޔᆌᆂᄦᇚߚߜߦམ╉ ߐࠇࠆ߇ޔⓨᵢߩᧁߩߥ߆߳ㅏߍߎߣߦ↵ߒ߹ߊߚߡߊ⧯ޔᄌりߔࠆ߽ߤࠇߌޕหᤨߦޔᆄࠝ࠙ࠖ ࠾ߪ⠧ᅚߦᄌりߒߡߒ߹߁ࠝ࠶ࠝޕᄦᆄߪ߰ߚߚ߮མ╉ߐࠇࠆ߇৻ߜ߹ߜߚޔᣖోຬ߇ਇᕁ⼏ߥ ജߦࠃߞߡኄߩᤊ߳ߣㅪࠇߡ߆ࠇߡߒ߹߁ߡߒߘޕᆄࠝ࠙ࠖ࠾ߪ⧯ߊ⟤ߒᅚᕈߦᚯࠅޔᆌᆂ ᄦᇚߚߜߪ㠽ߩᆫߦߐࠇࠆࠝ࠶ࠝޔߜߚ߇ᤨޕᄦᇚߩᕷሶ߇ߘߩ㠽ߩ৻⠀ߦ⍫ࠍߟߣࠃߦⴊߩߘޔ ߞߡ㝷ᴺ߇⸃ߌߥߺޔ߳ᚯࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ㠽ߚߜ߽ੱ㑆ߦᚯࠆ߇ੱߪࠇߘޔ㑆ߣߞߡ߽ዊੱߛ 58 ߞߚޕᓐࠄߪޔኄߩᤊ߇ノߊߎࠈޔጤ႐ߩጧߢޟᚻߦᚻࠍߣߞߡߞߒࠂߦ〭ߞߡࠆ㨭㨫 ߔߥࠊߜߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߪੱޔ㑆ߦᚯࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߚ߽ߩߩޔዊੱߩᆫߦߐࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚᆌᆂᄦᇚ߇ᄕ ᣇޔጤߩߢ〭ߞߡࠆ႐㕙ߥߩߢࠆޕᓐᅚߚߜߪᗱ߆ߥߚߦࠄ߆ߕߺޔਅߐࠇߚᄤ⟏ࠍℂ⸃ߒߡ ߥߚߢ߅ߩߘޕ㊰ߐ߇ޔዊੱߚߜࠍߣࠅ߹ߊᐢṼߚࠆ㘑᥊ߦࠃߞߡ⽎ᓽ⊛ߦឬ߆ࠇߡࠆᧄޕ ຠ߇ዊੱߚߜߘߩ߽ߩࠍ⋥ធឬߎ߁ߣߒߚຠߢߪߥߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߛࠈ߁╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕ 59 ࡔࡕߦ߽╙ޔ12ߩߎߩㇱಽߩฏ߇ᒁ↪ߐࠇߡࠆ㨫 60 11ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪޟシ߿߆ߦᐔේࠍᱠߡ(ޠ1876)ߢࠆ(࿑11)㨫 ߭ߣࠅߩᅚᕈ߇ ⢀ߦߏࠍਸ਼ߖߡ᳓ㄝߦߔࠊߞߡࠆޕᗵ்⊛ߥ ᕁߦ߰ߌߞߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕᅚᕈߩ⋡߿⋲ޔ㥦ޔໃ߽ߡߨߦឬ ߆ࠇߡࠆޕ㐳㜬ߩᲫ߆ⵍࠅ‛߇ޔ㗡߆ࠄ⢛ਛޔ⣶߹ߢုࠇߡ ࠆߩ⁁࠻ࠞࠬޕ㐳⓫߈߽ߩߩ߭ߛ߽⚦ኒߛߪߎߎޕߩਛࠍᵹ ࠇࠆዊᎹߩ߶ߣࠅߢࠈ߁߆ޕᅚᕈߩ⢛ᓟߦߪᧁޕࠆߡ⛯߇ޘ ߘࠇࠄߩᧁߩޘᥧ߇↹㕙ߩᅏⴕ߈ࠍࠅߛߔߎߣߦᚑഞߒߡࠆޕ ࠃߊߺࠆߣޔᅚᕈߩฝᢳᣇߦ߁ߞߔࠄߣੱᓇࠄߒ߈߽ߩ߇߃ ࠆޕᚻࠍᄢ߈ߊᝄࠅߍࠍ⿷ ޔᓟࠈߦ〡ߨߍߡࠆᆫߛޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߩޟシ߿߆ߦᐔේࠍᱠߡ߁ߣޠฏߪ╙ޔ3ࠗࡂޟ ࿑ シ߿߆ߦᐔේࠍᱠߡ ࠕࡢࠨߩዋᐕᤨઍࠆࠇߦޠฏߛ߇ࠬࡒࠦࡁߚ߈ߡߜ⪭ࠄ߆ޕᆷ 58 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 142. Ibid. 60 Thomas Moran, “Walking Lightly Over the Prairie,” 1876, wash drawing on paper, 43.8 x 31.8 cm Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.912). 59 ࠙ࠖࡁ࠽ࠍ↥ߪ࠽ࡁࠖ࠙ޕᚑ㐳ߒߡ⨲ޟේߩ࡙ޕࠆߥߊߒ⟤ߦ߁ࠃߩޠᲣߪޔ㘑ࡑࠫࡘࠠ࠙ࠖ ࠬߦᵈᗧߔࠆࠃ߁⼊߫ߒ߫ߒޔ๔ߒߚߒ߆ߒޕᆷߪ⡞߈ࠇߥࠆޕᄕᣇߞ߿߇ࠬࠖ࠙ࠠࡘࠫࡑޔ ߡߊࠆ⨲ޔේߩࠍシ߿߆ߦᱠߡߢߛߩ࡙ߡߒߘޕᮮߦߥߞߡࠆ࠙ࠖࡁ࠽ࠍߛߔߪ↵ޕ 61 ↞⸒⪲ߢ߆ߤࠊߒߒߐ߿ޔᗲߢߘߘߩ߆ߔࠆߢߩࠆߖࠄ߽ߏߺࠍࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߡߒߘޕ㨫 ߔߥࠊߜޔ ߎߩනᓀ↹ߪޔ ࠙ࠖࡁ࠽ߩߣߎࠈ߳ࡑࠫࡘࠠ࠙ࠖࠬ߇⢛ᓟ߆ࠄㄭነߞߡࠆ႐㕙ߢࠆޕ ⢛ᓟߦߺ߃ࠆੱᓇߪࡑࠫࡘࠠ࠙ࠖࠬߢߞߡޔ ޟシ߿߆ߦޠᱠߺࠃࠆߩߢޔ⣨߿⿷߇߇ߞߡࠆߩ ߛޕߥߪߢߛߩ࡙ޔߪߩࠆ߇࠽ࡁࠖ࠙ޔߦ߆ߒߚޕ 㧔ߚߛߒޔᚻ೨ߩጯㄝߦ࡙ࠄߒ߈⧎߇ ߺ߃ࠆޕ 㧕ߘߎߦኢߘߴߞߡࠆࠊߌߢ߽ߥޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕߩਛߢዊᎹߩߖߖࠄ߉ࠍߥ߇ࠄޔਸᅚ ࠄߒ‛ᕁߦ߰ߌߞߡࠆᆫߪޔචಽ㝯ജ⊛ߛޕ ᄙߊߩࡕࡦߩຠߣ㆑ߞߡߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߪᅚᕈ߇ਛᔃ⊛ਥ㗴ߦߥߞߡࠆߩߢߡࠊ߈ޔᄢⴐ⊛ ߦߺ߃ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ߫߃ߣߚޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ⢛ᓟߩߪߩߘޔᅏⴕ߈߇ߚߊߺߦឬ߆ࠇߡࠆ⚿ߩߘޕ ᨐ߳ߎߘޔㅢߓࠆዊ߇ޔ⠨߃ߏߣࠍߒߥ߇ࠄ࠙ࠖࡁ࠽߇ᱠߡ߈ߚ〒㔌ߣࠄ߆ࠇߎޔߡߒߘޔᆎ߹ࠆ ᣂߒ↢ᵴߩߩࠅߣࠍ⽎ᓽߒߡࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߛ〯߇࠻ࠬࠗߩߎޔߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕ ߹߃ߡࠆᒁ↪ฏ߇⸥ߐࠇߡߥࡕࡔޕၫ╩ᤨὐߢߪ߇੍ቯߐࠇߡߥ߆ߞߚࠃ߁ߛޕ 12ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪ1878ᐕߦߐࠇߚຠߢ⊕ޟޔ 62 㗻ߩ᧪ߣޠ㗴ߐࠇߡࠆ(࿑12)㨫 ㅀߒߚࠬ࠙ࠖ ࠾߇߆ߟߡ⚫ߒߚຠߛߥ߆ࠄߛߥޕᒐࠍឬ ߚḓߩጯㄝߢࠆޕ㆙ߊߦߪߌࠊߒጤጊ߇᳓ა↹ߩ ࠃ߁ߦ߆ߔࠎߢ߃ࠆޕᵢ─߇ࠆጤ߽ࠆߩߢߎޔ ߎߪᓀ⦡ጤߢߞߡޔᵢ─ߪࠊࠁࠆࠣࠗ࠻ࠤࠗ ࡧߢࠈ߁ޕጯߢߪᄙߊߩੱ߇ޘḓ㕙ࠍࠅߩߘޔ ࿑ ⊕㗻ߩ᧪ ᳓㓙ߢߪ߇ࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߩࠅߚ߰ޔᚻࠍߍߡࠆޕ ߘࠇࠄߩⷞ✢ߩవߦߪޔዊ⦁ߦਸ਼ߞߚ3ੱߩੱᓇ߇߃ ࠆᤨޕೞߪᄕᣇ߆ᣧᦺߢࠈ߁߆ޕૐⓨ߇ࠆ↹ޔ߅ߥޕ㕙ᚻ೨ߦߪጤߦ߽ߚࠇߡ┙ߞߡࠆ৻ੱ ߩ↵߇หߓߊḓ㕙ࠍߟߡࠆޕ ߽ߜࠈࠎߎߩຠߪ╙22ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᣏ┙ߜ╙ޕࠆߡߠߣ߽ߦޠ21߆ߥߩޠ〔⿷ߩੱ⊕ޟ ߢࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߪ⊕㗻ࠍߒߚੱޟ߇ޘ⠢ߩߟߚᄢ߈ߥࠞߦޠਸ਼ߞߡ߿ߞߡߊࠆߩࠍᐛߩਛߢߺߚ 61 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 119. Thomas Moran, “The Coming of Paleface,” 1878, wash drawing on paper, 43.2 x 56.2 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.913). 62 ߎߣ߇ࠅޔ ߫ࠄ߆ߒޟ᱑ㄫߒࠃ߁ߘࠃޔ⠪ࠍ㧛߿ఱᒉߣ߷߁ߘࠃޔ⠪ࠍߊߠߟޕߚߡ⺑ߣޠ ╙22ߦߥࠆߣޔᄐߩᦺ߇ߜߚࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߢࠅߣ߶ߩࡒࠟ࠴࠶ࠡޔᓐࠄࠍᓙߞߡࠆࡢࠕࠗࡂޕ ࠨߪޟ᱑ㄫߩߚߦ㧔ਔᚻࠍ㧕㜞ߊᜬߜߍߦࠞߡߒߘޕࠆޠਸ਼ߞߚ⊕ޟ㗻ࠍߒߚޔ㤥ߩ㚂㐳ޠ ࡇ ࠬ 63 ߦ߁ޔ ࠍߜߚߚߥߪߩߜߚ⑳ޟᔃࠄ߆ߦ߅ㄫ߃ߔࠆ㨭㨫 ߎߩනᓀ↹ߪޔ㒽ߔࠆ⊕ੱ⡛⡯⠪ࠍㄫ߃ࠆ႐㕙ߛޕ᳓㓙ߦ┙ߞߡࠆੑੱߩ߁ߜ߭ߣࠅ߇ࡂࠗࠕࡢ ࠨߢࠈ߁ߦ߆ߒߚޕᚻࠍߍߡࠆޕ᳓㕙߽㏜ߩࠃ߁ߦ㕒߆ߛޕਇศߦ߁ߏߊ㔕߽ߺ߃ߥޕේ ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦޔァੱ߿㐿ᜏ⠪ߢߪߥߊޔ⡛⡯⠪߇ዊߐߥ⦁ߢ⸰ࠇࠆߣߎࠈ߽ߚߒ߆ߦᐔ⊛ߛޕ ⥝߱߆ߩߪޔ೨᥊ߦ߭ߣࠅߚߚߕࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߢࠆߩੱ⊕ޕ᧪ࠍߎߎࠈࠃߊᕁࠊߥੱ ߥߩߛࠈ߁߆ޔߪࠆޕᒛࠅᓎߩᱠະߢࠈ߁߆ޕ᭶ࠍᜬߞߡࠆ߽ߩߩޔാ߹ߒᚢ㑵⊛ߥ᳇㈩ ߪߥߩߜߚੱ⊕ޔߪ✢ⷞߩߘޕዊ⦁ࠃࠅ߽ߐࠄߦᴒ߳ะߌࠄࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ߽߃ࠆࠠޔߪࠇߎޕ ࠬ࠻ᢎߩ᥉߿ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩ┙ߣ߁ޔᣂߒᤨઍߩ᧪ࠍ⋥ᗵߒߚੱ‛ߥߩߢߪࠆ߹߆ޕ ⡛⡯⠪ߩⷞὐߦ┙ߞߡߺࠇ߫ޔ ᓀ⦡ጤࠍߪߓߣߒߚߎߩၞߩ㘑᥊ࠍߪߓߡ⋡᠄ߒߚߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߚߜ߇ߚ߈ߢࠎߒⷫޔ㘑᥊߇߹⊕ੱߦߐࠇࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆߩߢࠆ߇ࡦࡕޕ㆙᥊ ߦᓀ⦡ጤࠍ㈩ߒߚߩߪߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ᥊߽ⷰ⊕ੱߦᒁ߈⛮߇ࠇࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕ 64 ߥ߅ߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ10⇟⋡ߩ㗄⋡ߣߒߡ⊕ޟ㗻ߩ᧪߁ߣޠฏ߇ߺ߃ࠆ㨫 ߹ߚޔ5ᐕ ೨ߩ1873ᐕߦ߳ޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡነߖߡߚᧁ ↹(ޠࡧࠗࠤ࠻ࠗࠣޟ1873)ߪޔℂߩ⚫ߩߚ ߩ࿑ ߢߞߡޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠍࠞޔߩߩ߽ߥߪߢ࠻ࠬࠗߩޢㄫ߃ࠇࠆጯㄝߩੱߺ߇ޘ ߃ࠆߩߢߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߣหߓ႐㕙ࠍឬߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩੱ⊕ߚ߹߽ߢߎߎࠅ߹ߟޕ᧪ߣࠣࠗ ࠻ࠤࠗࡧߣࠍ⚿߮ઃߌࠄࠇߡߚߩߢࠆޕේߦ ⸥ㅀߪߥ߇⊕ޟߪࡦࡕޔ㗻ࠤ࠻ࠗࠣ߇ޠ 65 ࠗࡧㄭㄝߦ㒽ߒߚߣ⠨߃ߡߚࠃ߁ߛ㨫 13ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹ߪޔ ޟᄤ߆ࠄࠍὶ߇ߒߡߣޠ㗴ߐࠇ 66 ߡࠆ1878ᐕߩຠߢࠆ(࿑13)㨫 㕖Ᏹߦಽ߆ࠅߦߊ ⛗ߛޕḓ㕙߇߆ߔࠎߢࠆޕ᳓ᐔ✢߽߷߿ߌߡߡ ⏕ߢ߈ߥ↹ޕ㕙ਛᄩߦ⚦㐳ᒻ⁁ߩ߽ߩ߇ࠅޔ ࿑ ᄤ߆ࠄࠍὶ߇ߒߡ ࠞߩࠃ߁ߦ߽ߺ߃ࠆ߇ߣࠆߦ⚦ޔጯߩ৻ㇱߩ 63 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” pp. 161, 162, 163. Moran, “Quotations for Illustrations of Hiawatha.” 65 Thomas Moran, “The Great Cave,” The Aldine 6 (1873): 15. 66 Thomas Moran, “Burned His Way along the Heavens,” 1878, wash drawing on paper, 33.7 x 45.7 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.914). 64 ߡ ࠃ߁ߛ↹ޕ㕙ฝߩⓨߪޔ㔕߇㊀ߥߞߡỚ᷆ࠍߖߡࠆޕฝਅߦߪ৻⠀ߩ᳓㠽߇㘧ࠎߢࠆޕ ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ࠍߚࠃࠅߦේߣᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߡߺࠆߣޔ ޟᄤߩࠍὶ߇ߒߡ߁ߣޠฏߪ╙ޔ9ࠕࠗࡂޟ ࡢࠨߣࡄ࡞ࡈࠚࠩߩޠ౨㗡ߦࠊࠇߡࠆޕᲣࡁࠦࡒࠬ߇ޔᣇߦ㝷ⴚᏧࡔࠫ࠰ࠣࡢࡦ㧔ࡄ ࡞ࡈࠚࠩ㧕ࠍ⸛બߔࠆࠃ߁ࠍޔᜰߐߒߡࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ߳๔ߍࠆ႐㕙ߛߩࡒࠟ࠴࠶ࠡ߹ޕ ⓨߪᄕߌߢΆ߃ߡࠆޕ ⿒ߊߒޘ⨹ޟᄥ㓁߇ᴉࠎߢߚ㧛ᄤߩࠍὶ߇ߒߡ㧛⢛ᓟߩⓨߦἫࠍ ޕ㝷ⴚᏧࡔࠫ࠰ࠣࡢࡦߪߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔᣇߢޔἫࠍฯߊᄢⰬߣᥧ㤥ߩḓߦࠄࠇߡࠎߢ ߞߡߚޠ ߚߪࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕᑿ⍫ࠍߣࠅࠍࠞޔ㚟ࠆߩߎޔࠅ߹ߟޕᄕߌߪޔᖡߩᮭൻߘߩ߽ߩߩ⽎ᓽߣߒߡ 67 ߩᄕߌߛߞߚ㨫 ߌࠇߤ߽ߩߎޔනᓀ↹ߢߪޕߥ߈ߢ⏕߇ࠞߩߘ߿ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߕ߹ޔⓨ߇ ࠆߊΆ߃ߡࠆߎߣߪࠄ߆ߛ߇ޔ ޟᄤߩޕߥߡࠇߐ␜߽ޠᵄ߽㕒߆ߢޔ₨⁴ߥ᳇㈩ߪߥޕන ᓀ↹ߢߪ⪭ᣣߩ⿒శࠍឬߊߎߣߪ㔍ߒߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ ߓߟߪࡕࡦߪޔหߓ႐㕙ࠍᴤ⛗ߦឬߡߚߩߎޔߪࠇߘޕ3ᐕ೨ߦߐࠇߚ⿒ߊߒޘ⨹ޡ 68 (1875)ߢࠆ㨫 ᄥ㓁߇ᴉࠎߢޢ ߔߥࠊߜޔ ߜࠂ߁ߤߎߩනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭ࠍᦠ߈ᆎߚߎࠈߩᴤ⛗ߢࠆޕ ୟ⊛ߥㄼജ߇ࠅߩࡦࡕޔઍߩ߭ߣߟߦᢙ߃ߡ߽↹ޕ㕙ߩߕ߱ࠎᏀ߷߶ޔᏀಽߩ ৻ߩ⟎ߦᄥ㓁߇ᴉ߽߁ߣߒߡࠆߩߘޕ᭴࿑߇߅߽ߒࠈ⪭ޕᣣ߇ឬߊ߽ශ⽎⊛ߛߪࠇߘޕᄥ㓁߆ ࠄ߹ߞߔߋⓨ߳િ߮ߚశߩᏪߢࠆ߇ޕߥߪߢߌߛࠇߘޔశߩᏪߪޔᄥ㓁߆ࠄḓ㕙ߦߒߡ߹ޔ ߞߔߋਅ߽߳㒠ࠅߡࠆ↹ߜࠊߥߔޕ㕙Ꮐಽߩ৻ߩ⟎ࠍశߩᏪ߇❑ᢿߒߡࠆߩߢࠆޔ߽߆ߒޕ ᄥ㓁ߦೝߐࠇߚ߆ߩࠃ߁ߦᵄ߇߁ߨߞߡࠆޔ߃߁ߩߘޕ㓉ߒߚᵄߩ㕙ߦశ߇ᒰߚߞߡノߡ ࠆޕⓨߢ⿒ߊᨴ߹ߞߚ㔕ߣޔ㤥㔕߇ߟߊࠆ߹ߛࠄᮨ᭽߽ㄼജ߇ࠆޕ㆙ߊߩጤጊ߽ਇ᳇ߛޕ หਥ㗴ࠍߔߢߦᴤ⛗ߢឬߡߚߩߛ߆ࠄߩߎޔਥ㗴ߪᚻߥࠇߚ߽ߩߩߪߕߛޕᴤ⛗ߩ᭴࿑ߥߤࠍߘߩ ߹߹නᓀ↹ߦ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߽น⢻ߛߞߚߦߜ߇ߥߪࡦࡕޕනᓀ↹ࠍឬ߈ߥ߇ࠄߊࠄߘ߅ޔᴤ⛗ߦ ᢜߔࠆࠍߢ߈ߥߣ∩ᗵߒߚߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ߩߎޔߚߩߘޕනᓀ↹ߪࠊ߆ࠅߦߊ⁁ᘒ ߩ߹߹᫈ߐࠇߚࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆߁ߘޕ⠨߃ࠇ߫ޔਥ㗴ߣ߰ߟࠅߥ߶ߤਇಽ ߥߎߩຠ߇ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆߩߎߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕຠߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⸒ߪߥޕ 14ᨎ⋡ߣ15ᨎ⋡ߩනᓀ↹߽ᧂቢᚑߩຠߦᕁࠊࠇࠆߦ߽ߣޕᐕઍ߇ਇߢࠅ⟑ߩࡦࡕޔฬ 69 ߽߃ߥޕ೨⠪ߪޟᣏ┙ߜޠ ޔᓟ⠪ߪߩࠄ߆⁚ޟᏫㆶߣޠ㗴ߐࠇߡࠆ(࿑14ޔ࿑15)㨫 67 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 132. ߎߩᴤ⛗ߪⴚ⟤࠽ࠗࡠࡖࠠࠬࡁޔ㙚ߦ⬿ߐࠇߡࠆ߇ޔ߫߃ߣߚޔNancy K. Anderson, ed., Thomas Moran (Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1997), p. 103 ߥߤߦⶄߐࠇߡࠆޕᄢ߈ߐߪ┱ 84.8 ♡ޔᮮ 127.2 ♡ߢࠆޕනᓀ ↹ࠃࠅ߽⚂ 7 ᄢ߈ޕ 69 Thomas Moran, “The Departure,” n. d., wash drawing on paper, 47.6 x 34.9 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.915); and Thomas Moran, “The Return from the Hunt,” n. d., wash drawing on paper, 49.5 x 34.3 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.916). 68 ࿑ ᣏ┙ߜ ࿑ ⁚߆ࠄߩᏫㆶ ೨⠪ߦߪᅏⴕ߈ߩࠆᧁ┙߇ឬ߆ࠇߡࠆޕᏀߩᧁߪޘỚ᷆ࠁߚ߆ߦᓀ⦡ߐࠇߡࠆ߇↹ޔ㕙ߩਅ ඨಽߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⊕ߊᱷߐࠇߡࠆ⊕ߩߘޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕㇱಽࠍࠃߊߺࠆߣޔࠄ߇ߥ߆ߔ߆ޔዊߐߊ⭯ߊ ឬ߆ࠇߚੱߩޘᆫࠍ⏕ߢ߈ࠆߣޘੱߩߘޔߡߒߘޕะ߈วߞߡࠆߩ߇ޔᣏ┙ߣ߁ߣߒߡࠆੱ‛ߢ ࠈ߁ޕ⊒ߩߐߟࠍߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕ ේߩਛߦ߁ߚࠊࠇߚޟᣏ┙ߜᦨߩ⺆‛ޔ߫߃ߣޠᓟߢࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ߇ੱࠍᱷߒߡ߳ߣᶖ߃ࠆ ႐㕙߇߽ߞߣ߽ශ⽎⊛ߛߦࠞߪࠇߘޕਸ਼ߞߡࠡ࠶࠴ࠟࡒߩ᳓ㄝࠍ⊒ߔࠆ႐㕙ߛߞߚߘޕ ߎߢߎߩࠗࠬ࠻ࠍࠃߊߺࠆߣޔᣏ┙ߟ↵ߩறࠄߦ߆ߔ߆ߥ߇ࠄࠞߩਅᦠ߈߇ߺ߃ࠆޔࠅߪ߿ޕ ߎࠇߪ╙ 22 ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᣏ┙ߜߩޠ႐㕙ࠍឬߚຠߛߞߚߩߢࠆޕ ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩᣏ┙ߜࠍឬߚ⛗↹ߣߒߡߪߩ࠻࠶࠲ࠬࠕࡆ࠻ࡃ࡞ࠕޔᴤ⛗(1868)߇ฬߛࠇߎޕ ߪ⥄ࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޔりߦ₂๒ߔࠆߚߦߐࠇߚຠߢޔᄕߌࠍᤋߒߚᐢḓ㕙ߦࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔ ߇ਸ਼ߞߚࠞ߇ዊߐߊឬ߆ࠇߡࠆޕᚻ೨ߩጯㄝߦߪᄙߊߩੱ߇ޘ㓸߹ࠅޔ㆙ߊߩࠞߦะ߆ߞߡ ᚻࠍᝄߞߡࠆ࠻࠶࠲ࠬࠕࡆߩߎޕຠߣᲧߴࠆߣߩࡦࡕޔනᓀ↹ߪޔḓ㕙߽ߖ߹ߊޔ㓸߹ߞߡ ࠆੱ߽ޘዋߥߩߘޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕಽⷫߩߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔㄭᗵ߿ߘߩㄭߒࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩ⊒ࠍᗂߒᖱ ᗵ߇ࠇߡࠆߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ߦࠄߐޕጯㄝߩߔߋߦ⢛ᓟߦ⛯ߊᷓ߇ੱ߿ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߢ߹ࠇߎޔ ߚߜࠍ⢒ࠎߢ߈ߚ⇇ࠍ⽎ᓽߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߛޕ 15ᨎ⋡ߩߩࠄ߆⁚ޟᏫㆶ↹ޔ߽ޠ㕙ฝඨಽߦ߁ߞߔࠄߣᧁ┙߇ឬ߆ࠇߡࠆߩߺߢᧂޔቢᚑߩຠߢ ࠈ߁⟑ޕฬ߽ߺ߃ߥࠄ߆࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ޕផℂߔࠆߣ╙ޔ19ޟ㔤ߩޠ౨㗡ߩ㘑᥊ߛޕ㔐ߦⷒࠊࠇߚ౻ޔ ᲣࡁࠦࡒࠬߣᆄࡒࡀࡂࡂߪࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩᏫࠅࠍᓙߞߡࠆߦߎߘޕੑੱߩᅚᕈ߇ࠇᐳࠅߎࠗࡂޕ ࠕࡢࠨ߇⁚߆ࠄᏫߞߡߊࠆߣޔቴߚߜߪᗵ⻢߽ߖߕߦ₪‛ߩ⡺ࠍ㘩ࠄ߁ߪߜߚࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕኡᄢߦ߹ ߽ࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕᣣ߇⛯ߊߣࠆޔᄛޔቴߚߜߪ⥄ޔಽߚߜ߇ᱫ⠪ߩ⇇߆ࠄ߈ߚ㔤ߢߞߡࠗࡂޔ ࠕࡢࠨࠍ⹜ߒߦ߈ߚߣ๔ߍࠆߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߡߒߘޕᔋ⠴ࠍ⒓߃ߡߞߡࠁߊߢߎߘޕౣ߮නᓀ↹ࠍߺࠆ ߣߩޘᧁࠄ߇ߥ߆ߔ߆ޔਅߦ㍙⁁ߩዊደ߇߃ࠆߦࠄߐޕᄢ߈ߥ₪‛ࠍ⢛⽶ߥ߇ࠄᏫߞߡߊࠆࡂࠗ ࠕࡢࠨߩᆫ߽߁ߞߔࠄឬ߆ࠇߡࠆߩߤࠎߣ߶ޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕㇱಽ߇߹ࠅߦ᷆ᓀ⦡ߢࠅޔቢᚑߦߪ ߶ߤ㆙ຠߣ߁ߴ߈ߢࠈ߁ߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ޔ߅ߥޕ14ᨎ⋡ߣ15ᨎ⋡ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆᒁ↪ߪ⸥ߐࠇߡߥ ࡕࡔޔ߽ࠇߎޕၫ╩ᓟߦ⊒᩺ߒߚ߽ߩߩࠃ߁ߛޕ 70 16ᨎ⋡ߩຠߪޔᐕઍਇߩߩࡂࡂࡀࡒޟᱫ߁ߣޠනᓀ↹ߢࠆ(࿑16)㨫 ↹㕙೨᥊߇ᧂቢᚑߢ ࠆ߇ޔਥ㗴ߪࠄ߆ߛ↹ޕ㕙ਛᄩߢᕷߚ߃ߡࠆߩ߇ᆄࡒࡀࡂࡂߩߘޕᏀߦߪޔᖤགྷߦߊࠇࠆࡂࠗࠕ ࡢࠨ߇ ⢀ߦߏࠍタߖߡࠆޕฝᚻ೨ߦߪޔᲣࡁ ࠦࡒࠬ߇߁ߟߡ⧰ᖨߒߡࠆ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ޔߪࠇߎޕ ࠍᓙߟ߹ߢ߽ߥߊ╙ޔ20ޟ㘫㙰ࡂࡂࡀࡒߢ߆ߥߩޠ ߇ᕷࠍᒁ߈ขࠆ႐㕙ߛޕᐕߦߥ߈߮ߒ౻ޔ₪‛ ߇ߚࠄߕߪߜߚࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޕߥ߈ߢ߽⁚ޔ㘫㙈 ߩᖡ㝷ߦߐߥ߹ࠇࠆޕᆄࡒࡀࡂࡂߪߐࠄߦᾲ∛ߩᖡ 㝷ߦ߽ⷅࠊࠇࠆޕߩਛߢࡒࡀࡂࡂߩ߁߈ჿࠍ⡞ ࿑ ࡒࡀࡂࡂߩᱫ ߚࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߪᕆߢᚯࠆ߇ߦߢߔޔᆄߪᕷࠍᒁ߈ߣ ߞߡߚޕᖤߒߺߦᴉࠎߛᄦߪޟਔᚻߢ㗻ࠍ߅߅ޔޠ 71 ৾ᣣ㑆ޔᆄߩ⿷రߦߒ߾߇ߺߎ㨫 ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߩᖱ߇⚦ኒߦឬ߆ࠇߡࠆ⨚ࠍࡂࡂࡀࡒߦߊߣޕὼߣߟࠆ߁ߟࠈߥ⋡߇ශ⽎⊛ߛޕ ࡒࡀࡂࡂߩ㜬ߩᲫ߽৻ᧄ৻ᧄߊ߆⚦ޔឬ߆ࠇߡߡ㛳߆ߐࠇࠆޕኢบߩ⣁ߦߪ⮌߇ߊߴࠄࠇߡߡߘޔ ߎ߆ࠄ┙ߜࠆᾍߪᅯ᳇ߣߥߞߡㇱደ৻ߦߚߛࠃߞߡࠆߩࡂࡂࡀࡒޕ߇ቮߦᶋߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ ߃ࠆߎߣ߽⥝߱߆ߩߎޕනᓀ↹߇ᧂቢᚑߢࠆߎߣ߇ᗂߒ߹ࠇࠆޔߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ߩࡦࡕޔ߅ߥޕ ߎߩㇱಽߩᒁ↪ߪߥޕ ߎߎߢࡈࡦࠬߩ↹ኅࠫࡠ࠺=࠻ࠝ࠱ࡦߩᴤ⛗ ߩ࠲ࠕޡၒ⫋(ޢ1808)ߣߩ㘃ૃᕈࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ߎ ߁ࡦࡑࡠߩࠬࡦࡈޔߪࠇߎޕਥ⟵ኅࠪࡖ࠻ࡉࠕࡦߦࠃࠆࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦᅚᕈߩᖤᕜߩ‛⺆࠲ࠕޡ (ޢ1801)ߦၮߠߊᴤ⛗ߢޔᲥࠍ߅ߞߡࠍ⪭ߣߒߚࠕ࠲ࠍၒ⫋ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆ႐㕙ࠍឬߡ 70 Thomas Moran, “Death of Minnehaha,” n. d., wash drawing on paper, 39.1 x 50.8 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.917). 71 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 159. 72 ࠆ㨫 ߎߩᴤ⛗ߣනᓀ↹ߩࡂࡂࡀࡒޟᱫߪߦޠㅢὐ ߇ᄙ⛘ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕߒߡᮮߚࠊࠆࠕ࠲ߪනᓀ↹ ߩࡒࡀࡂࡂࠆ߇ߔߦ⿷ߩ࠲ࠕޔᕜੱࠪࡖࠢ࠲ࠬߪࡒ ࡀࡂࡂߩ⿷రߢᛂߜᴉࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨࠍ࠲ࠕߡߒߘޔ ㆇ߷߁ߣߔࠆῳࠝࡉߪࡒࡀࡂࡂߩᨉరߢᖤགྷߦ ߊࠇࠆᲣࡁࠦࡒࠬࠇߙࠇߘߦޔኻᔕߒߡࠆߒߘޕ ߡ߁ߣ⺆‛ߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦ߽ࠗࠇߕࠎࠈߜ߽ޔㅢ ࿑ ࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߣߘߩኅ〝 ᕈ߇ࠆޕ 㧔ߚߛߒߪ࠲ࠕޔᷙⴊߢࠢࠬ࠴ࡖࡦޕ 㧕 ߌࠇߤ߽ߩ࠺ࡠࠫ߇ࡦࡕޔᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ߆ߤ߁߆ߪᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߢߪߥޕ㗴ߪߒࠈਔ⠪ߦߤ ߩࠃ߁ߥ⋧㆑߇ࠆ߆ߢࠈ߁ޕ ࠫࡠ࠺ߩᴤ⛗ߪޔ ᣂߒࡠࡑࡦਥ⟵⊛ߥᖤຟߩ⊒㔺߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩޔ หᤨߦޔ೨♿ߩᣂฎౖਥ⟵ࠍᕁࠊߖࠆ┵ᱜߢ♖ᖉߥੱ‛ߦߥߞߡߚޕ೨᥊ߩࠪࡖࡌ࡞߿ቶᄖߦ ߃ࠆჄ߽ߔߴߡ੍ቯ⺞⊛ߢࠆߩࡦࡕޔߦࠆ߆ߒޕනᓀ↹ߢߪޔᖤߒߺࠍ⽎ᓽߔࠆᅯ᳇߇ዊደ ߩౝㇱߦṫ߿ߪ߽ޔዊደߩਛߢߪߥߊ߽ࡂࡂࡀࡒޕߛ߁ࠃߩ߆ࠆߦ⇇⇣ޔᱫߩᐥ߆ࠄࠊߕ߆ߦᶋ߆ ߮߇ߞߡߡޔ ਇนᕁ⼏ߥജߦࠃߞߡߤߎ߆ߦㅪࠇࠄࠇࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆ߆ߦߺ߃ࠆޕ ߘߩᗧߢߪޔ ߩࡂࡂࡀࡒޟᱫߩޠᣇ߇ޔᗵᖱ߇⥄↱ߥᒻߢ߰ࠇߡߡࠆߣߎࠈߦ․ᓽ߇ࠆߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ 73 ᦨᓟߩනᓀ↹ߪޔ ߩߘߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟኅ〝ߣޠ㗴ߐࠇߚ1878ᐕߩຠߢࠆ(࿑17)㨫 ߎߩຠ߇ߤߩ ࠃ߁ߥ႐㕙ࠍឬߚ߽ߩߢࠆ߆ߪࠄ߆ߛ╙ޔߪࠇߎޕ10ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ᳞ᇕ࠲ࠦ࠳ޔߢ߆ߥߩޠᣖ ߩᆷࡒࡀࡂࡂߦ᳞ᇕߒߚࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨ߇⥄ޔಽߩࠝࠫࡉ࠙ࠚࠗᣖߩ߹ߢᓐᅚࠍㅪࠇᏫࠆߣߎࠈߢ 74 ࠆޕ ޟᚻߦᚻࠍߣߞߡੑੱߪㅴࠎߛ㧛ߩਛࠍ⨲ߩਛࠍ㧛……㧛ᭉߒ߆ࠅߒ߿ኅ〝ߩᣏߪ㨭㨫 ࠢࡠࡕ࠰ࠣࡈ ߎࠇߪ 75 ߔߢߦࠞࠕࠕࡦ࠼ࠕࠗࡧ࠭ߩᄙ⦡⍹ ↹ߦ߽ߥߞߡߡߚߡࠇ߹ߒⷫߦޘੱޔ႐㕙ߛߞߚ㨫 ߰߆ᅏⴕ߈ߣᒝࠦࡦ࠻ࠬ࠻߇ߑ߿߆ߥ┙ᗵࠍ↢ࠎߢࠆຠߛޕㄭ᥊ߩጤߩߏߟߏߟߣߒ ߚᒻߣߘߩ㕙ߩ಄ߚ⾰ᗵ߿↹ޔ㕙Ꮐᚻߩᧁߩޘ᮸⊹ߣߘߩ⚦߆ߥᨑ⪲߇ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔሽᗵࠍ⊒ើ ߒߡࠆ߇ࠄࠇߘޔߦࠄߐޕᥧߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡឬ߆ࠇߡࠆߩߦኻߒ↵ޔᅚ߇ᱠߡࠆዊߩⓨ㑆 ߪᣣశ߇ߒޔᾖࠅノߡࠆߢࠆ߹ޕᄥ㓁߇ੑੱߩ⚿ᇕࠍߒߡࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߛ⚿ߩߘޕᨐޔᚻ⸅ 72 ߩ࠲ࠕޡၒ⫋ߦޢ㑐ߒߡߪ ߫߃ߣߚޔDavid M. Lubin, Picturing a Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 31–32 ߥߤࠍෳᾖޕ 73 Thomas Moran, “Hiawatha and the Journey Homeward,” 1878, wash drawing on paper, 40.6 x 49.5 cm, Collection, Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma (0226.932).ߎߩຠߩࠞ࠲ࡠࠣ⇟ภߪߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔຠߣㅪ⇟ߦߥߞߡߥ߆ޕ ߟߡࠡ࡞ࠢࠬඳ‛㙚߇ࡕࡦຠࠍᢛℂߒߚߣ߈ᧄޔຠ߇ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠆߋࠍޢㅪߩ৻ᨎߢࠆߣ ᳇ߠ߆ߥ߆ߞߚࠃ߁ߛޕ 74 Longfellow, “The Song of Hiawatha,” p. 136. 75 Currier & Ives, “Hiawatha’s Wedding,” 1858, in The Great Book of Currier & Ives’ America, ed. Walton Rawls (New York: Abbeville Press, 1979), p. 210. ࠅ߇વࠊࠆࠃ߁ߥሽᗵߩ߰ࠇߚㄭ᥊ߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦޔੑੱߩⓨ㑆ߪ߅ߣ߉ߩ⇇ߩࠃ߁ߦឬ߆ࠇߡ ࠆޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ㗻ࠍነߖวߞߡᱠߊᆫ߽ߩ߉ߣ߅↞ޔ⇇ࠍᗐߐߖࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕੑߟߩኻᾖ ⊛ߥ⇇߇หᤨߦឬ߆ࠇߡߡޔ㘑᥊↹ኅߣߒߡߩജ߇⊒ើߐࠇߡࠆߛߌߢߥߊޔหᤨߦޔේߩ‛ ⺆⇇ࠍౣߔࠆߎߣߦ߽ᚑഞߒߡࠆߩߎߪߦࡕࡔ╩⥄ޔ߅ߥޕຠߩᒁ↪ߪࠄࠇߥޕ ߅ ࠊ ࠅ ߦ ߎߎߢ17ᨎߩනᓀ↹ࠍߩ࠻ࠬࠢ࠹ࠆ߃߹߰߇ࠇߘޔ㗅ߦਗߴ߆߃ߡᢛℂߒߡ߅ߎ߁ޕ ࠹ ࠢ ࠬ ࠻ ᐕ ࠞ࠲ࡠࠣ⇟ภ න ᓀ ↹ ⥄╩ ࡔࡕ 㑐 ㅪ ຠ ࿑1ޟߩਥޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޔ 1875 0226.902 ࿑2ޠࠬࡒࠦࡁࠆߜ⪭ࠄ߆ޟ 1875 0226.903 ╙3ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟዋᐕᤨઍ ޠ࿑11 ޟシ߿߆ߦᐔේࠍᱠߡޠ 1876 0226.912 ࿑㧢ޠࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂࠆߔࠍ⁚ޟ 1875 0226.907 2 ࿑8ߩࠡࠨࠝࠕޟ㡆߈ჿޠ 1875 0226.909 4 ࿑13ޟᄤ߆ࠄࠍὶ߇ߒߡޠ 1878 0226.914 ࿑7ߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᄢⰬޠ 1875 0226.908 7 ࿑5ޟᥧ㤥ḓޠ 1875 0226.906 11 ╙10ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ᳞ᇕޠ ࿑17 ߩߘߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟኅ〝ޠ 1878 0226.932 5 ╙12ޟኄߩᤊߩᕷሶޠ ࿑10ޟኄߩᤊߩᕷሶޠ 1876 0226.911 3 ╙15ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟຟޠ ࿑4ߩࠬࡏࠕࡆ࠴ޟᱫޠ 1875 0226.905 8 ╙17ࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟ ࠬ⁚ࠅޠ ࿑3ߩࠬࠖ࠙ࠠ࠶ࡄࡐޟᱫޠ 1875 0226.904 6 ޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡ (1873) ╙18ߩ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޟᱫޠ ࿑9ߩ࠼ࡦࠪࡢࠢޟᱫޠ 1876 0226.910 9 ޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡ (1872) ╙19ޟ㔤ޠ ࿑15ߩࠄ߆⁚ޟᏫㆶޠ n. d. 0226.916 ╙20ޟ㘫㙰ޠ ࿑16ߩࡂࡂࡀࡒޟᱫޠ n. d. 0226.917 ࿑12⊕ޟ㗻ߩ᧪ޠ 1878 0226.913 10 ޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡ (1873) ࿑14ޟᣏ┙ߜޠ n. d. 0226.915 ╙1ޟᐔߩࡄࠗࡊޠ ╙5ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᢿ㘩ޠ ╙9࡞ࡄߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟ ࡈࠚࠩޠ ╙22ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޟᣏ┙ߜޠ 1 ࠺࠶ࠨࡦ (n.d.) ᴤ⛗ (1875) ࠺࠶ࠨࡦ (n.d.) ᴤ⛗(1867; 1868)ޔ ⴚ⟤ޡ㔀(ޢ1882) ᴤ⛗ (1869) ߎࠇࠄߩࡕࡦߩㅪࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⹏ଔߔߴ߈ߛࠈ߁߆ࠎࠈߜ߽ޔߪࠄࠇߘޕዊߐຠߛޕߢ ⚫ߒߚޔㅪ㇌ᐭߦ⾈ߍࠄࠇߚੑຠߪ┱ߦ߽ߣޔ213.4♡ޔᮮ365.8♡ߣ߁ࡑࡁࡄߦߐ߹ޔ ⊛ᄢ↹㕙ߦߥߞߡߚߦࠄࠇߘޕᲧߴࠇ߫ޔߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩࠄࠇߎޔᢙචಽߩ৻⒟ᐲߩዊຠߢ ߞߡߩࠎ߶ޔᚻߔߐ߮ߩߦߺ߃ࠆޕᒰὼߥ߇ࠄޔ㊀ෘߢᄙᓀߥᴤ⛗ౕ߽ࠊࠇߡߥޔ߽߆ߒޕ ߘࠇࠄߪ ↹ߩਅ⛗ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߚ߽ߩߢߞߡޔ ߘࠇ⥄⁛┙ߒߚຠߣߪߺߥߖߥᲑ㓏߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ ⎇ⓥ⠪ߚߜ߇ߎࠇ߹ߢߒߊ⺰ߓࠆߎߣ߇ߥ߆ߞߚߩ߽ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔℂ↱߆ࠄߛࠈ߁ޕ ߌࠇߤ߽ޔᗧ⟵߱߆ὐࠍߊߟ߆ᜰ៰ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޔߕ߹ޕຠߘߩ߽ߩߩ㝯ജߛߦ߆ߒߚޕ ࡕࡁࠢࡠࡓߩ⛗↹ߣ߁ߩߪޔනᓀ↹ߦߒߡ߽┙ޔ߽ߡߒߦ࡙ࠗࠩࠣޔᗵࠍߒ߿ߔ↹ᴺߢ ࠆࡦࡕߩࠄࠇߎ߽ߢࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕຠߩ┙ᗵޔᅏⴕᗵ߇߈ࠊߛߞߡࠆߣࠊߑࠆࠍ߃ߥޕ ߩ8ภ (P8) ⒟ᐲߩᐔ㕙ߦޔㄭ᥊߆ࠄ㆙᥊߹ߢ⓭߈ߧߌࠆࠃ߁ߥ㆙ㄭᗵ߇ౣߐࠇߡࠆ┙ߩߘޕᗵ ߇ࠆ߆ࠄߎߘޔᐢᄢߥⓨ㑆߇ዊߐߥ⚕㕙ߦ❗ߐࠇߡ߽೨ᓟᏀฝߩᐢ߇ࠅࠍᗵߓߐߖࠆߩߛࠈ߁ޕ ߹ߚߩࠄࠇߎޔනᓀ↹ߪࡕࡦ߇㐳ߛߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߣޢ㑐ࠊߞߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ ߔߢߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦޔ1860ᐕߦࠬࡍࠝ࡞ḓධጯࠍᣏߒߚߣ߈߆ࠄޔᴤ⛗ߩߣࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡᄢⰬ(ޢ1868) ࠬࡇ࠶࠻ ߿ ߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޡᖡ 㝩 (ޢ1869)ࠍ߳ߡޔ1872ᐕ߆ࠄ⠉ᐕߦ߆ߌߡߩ⟤ⴚࠬࠗߩ߳ޢࡦࠗ࠳࡞ࠝޡ ࠻ߩነⓂᧄߦࠄߐޔⓂߢ⺰ߓߚනᓀ↹ࠪ࠭(1875–78)ᧄߡߒߘޔⓂߢߪ⚫ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ࠻ࠬࠗޡ ࡋࡦࡢ࠭ࡢࠬࡠࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠ㓸ߩޢᝌ⛗(1879)ߦߚࠆ߹ߢޔዋߥߊߣ߽29ᐕ㑆ޔ㑐ࠊ ߞߡ߈ߚߎߣߦߥࠆߩߘޔ߽߆ߒޕ㑆ޔ߁ߣࡦࠝ࠾ࡖࠠ࠼ࡦࠣ߿ࡦ࠻ࠬࡠࠛࠗߪࡦࡕޔ ⥄ઁߣ߽ߦࡕࡦߩઍߣࠄࠇࠆᄢ߈ߥਥ㗴ࠍ⊒ߒߡߚߩߢࠆࡕޔߕࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦࠇߘޕ ࡦߪࡂࠗࠕࡢࠨߦᐲ߽Ꮻߞߡ߈ߚ߇ࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߡߞߣߦࡦࡕޕᄢ߈ߥਥ㗴ߛߞߚߎߣߪ⇼ ߩ߇ߥޕ ߐࠄߦޔฬታߣ߽ߦᧄᩰ⊛↹ኅߣߒߡᚑഞߒߡߚࡕࡦ߇⥸৻ޔ߁ߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗޔะ 76 ߌߣߞߡߦ♖ࠍߒߚߎߣ߽⥝߱߆㨫 ߆ߟߡࡠࡦࠬࡧࠖࡦߪޔ19♿ਛᦼ߹ ߢࠕࡔࠞߦߪ⧓ⴚߣᄢⴐᢥൻߣߩᏅ⇣߇ߥߦ╬ߒ߆ߞߚߣ⺰ߓߚ߇ࡔࠕߥ߁ࠃߩߘߪࡦࡕޔ 77 ࠞߩᦨᓟߩઍߦᒰߚࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆㨫 ߿⥄ࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠ߽ߘ߽ߘޔり߇ᤨߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ ઍࠍߒߡߚੱߛߞߚ߽ࠅࠃੱߪࡦࡕޕ30ᱦࠊ߆ߤ߁ࠂߜޕઍ߇߭ߣߟ⇣ߥࠆࠇߌޕ ߤ߽ޔੑੱߦߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥㅢὐ߇ߞߚߩߢࠆޕ ㅢὐߣ߃߫⥸৻ߥ߁ࠃߩߎ߇ࡦࡕޔะߌ ߣ߁ᬺࠍડߡߚࡆࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦ⊛ᗵ߽ⷡࡠޔ ࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠߦㅢߔࠆᗵⷡߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ৻ὐߒ߆ሽߒߥ⛗↹ࠍᐭ߿ን⽕ߦᄁࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ 76 ߥ߅⥄ޡߩࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޔઁߩߘޔߪߦࡦࡕޔ㋭ࠍߟࠆߔ(ޢ1874)߿⸥ࡢ࠭ࡢࡦࡋ ࠻ࠬࠗޡ ࠬࡠࡦࠣࡈࠚࡠ㓸ߦߤߥޢነߖߚᧁޔญᧁ ߩࠗࠬ࠻߇ࠆޔߪߡߟߦࠄࠇߘޕߩᯏળߦ⺰ߓߚޕ 77 Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow (1988; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990). ↹㓸ߣ߁ᒻߢ߶߷หߓ߽ߩࠍᄙᢙᄁࠅߐ߫ߎ߁ߣߒߚߩߢࠆࡠࠚࡈࠣࡦࡠޔߤ߁ࠂߜߪࠇߘޕ ߇㜞ଔߢ⽕⪇ߥࠗࠬ࠻ 㓸߆ࠄޔଔߢዊߐߥ࡚ࠦࠢࠪࡦ߹ߢޔᄙ᭽ߥᒻߢ ߒߚߎߣߣ⋧ㅢ ߓࠆߣߎࠈ߇ࠆ╙߇ࡦࡕޕਃ⠪ߩ ␠ߦᆔߨߕࠄ߆ߕߺޔೀⴕߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߎߣ߽ࡈࠣࡦࡠޔ ࠚࡠ߇ᔅߕᵴ ࠍ⾈ߣࠅޔ ␠ߦߘࠇࠍ⾉ߔᒻߦߒߡߚߎߣߣૃߡࠆߣ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߘࠇߢߪࡕࡦߪߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩޢߦ߽ߞߣ߽ᗖ߆ࠇߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ߪࠇߘޕዋߥߊߣ߽ࠗࡦ ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߩ↢ᵴ߿ᢥൻߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࠻ࠬࠗߩࡦ࠻ࡦࡒࠢ࠶࠺ࡈޕኻᲧߐߖࠇ߫ ࠄ߆ߢࠆࠞࡔࠕߤߥࠗࡏ࠙ࠞޕㇱߩ↢ᵴ߿㘑‛ࠍឬߚߎߣߢ⍮ࠄࠇࠆ↹ኅᓂೞኅߩࡒ ࡦ࠻ࡦߪޔ1890 ᐕޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ ⸘ߦޢ387 ὐߩࠗࠬ࠻ࠍᷝ߃ߚ߇ߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߪࠄࠇߘޔ㗡 ࠕ࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠢ࠻ 㘼ࠅ߿ࡄࠗࡊߥߤੱߢࠆ߹ޔ㘃ቇߩ࿑㐓ࠍᕁࠊߖࠆࠃ߁ߥ ᢥ ‛ ߢߞߚޕਥⷐߥ႐㕙ࠍឬߚࠣ ࡧࠖࠕශߩ࿑ ߦ߽ޔ ߚߊ߹ߒ㊁↢⊛ߥࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࠕࡦߩᆫ߇ᄢ߈ߊឬ߆ࠇߡߚ㨫78 ࡒࡦ࠻ࡦߪޔ ޟᶖ߃ࠁߊ⒳ᣖ↢ߩߘߣࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߩߡߒߣޠᵴ߿ᢥൻߦ⥝ࠍᛴߚߩߢࠆޕ ߒ߆ࠆߦࡕࡦߪߜ߇߁↢߇ߜߚࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂߪࡦࡕޕᵴߔࠆࠡ࠶࠴ࠟࡒ㧔ࠬࡍࠝ࡞ḓ㧕 ߩጯㄝߩ㘑᥊߿ߘࠇࠍขࠅ߹ߊᷓߣ߁ޔຠߩ⥰บߦ⥝߇ߞߚ↢ߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗޕᵴᢥൻߥ ߤ⌒ߊߚߞ߹ޔਛߦߥ߆ߞߚޕᖡ㔤ߥߤߩ⥄ὼ⊛ߥ‛⺆ߦ߽ᗖ߆ࠇߡߚ߇ࠇߘޔએߦߩࠄࠇߘޔ ⥄ὼ⊛ሽ߇↢ᕷߔࠆ⥄ὼߩ᥊ⷰߦ㑐ᔃ߇ߞߚߩߢࠆ⥄ߩࠄࠇߘޕὼ⊛ሽ߇⥄ὼߩ᥊ⷰߣ ࠊ߫৻ߦߥߞߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ߡߚߩߢࠆߩࠞࡔࠕߦߎߘޔߡߒߘޕ㘑᥊ߩ․ᓽߩ߭ߣߟࠍ ߛߒߡߚߩߢࠆޕ ߆ߟߡ⺰ߓߚࠃ߁ߦޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡߩࡦࠕࠖ࠺ࡦࠗߪޢવ⺑ߣࠕࡔࠞ⊕ੱߩᱧผࠍㅪ⚿ߔࠆߎ ߣߦࠃߞߡࠞࡔࠕޔ࿖᳃ߩคߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡߚᦨߦߎߘޕᄢߩ․ᓽ߇ߞߚߒޕ ߆ߒߩࡦࡕޔ႐วޔ ߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡࠞࡔࠕߪޢ࿖᳃ߩคߣ߁ࠃࠅߩࠞࡔࠕޔ㘑᥊ߩค ߢߞߚࠃ߁ߛࠞࡔࠕޕ࿖᳃ߩḮߢߪߥߊ߁ߣࠞࡔࠕޔ࿖⥄ߩࠞࡔࠕޔὼߩḮߩ‛ ⺆ߢߞߚࠃ߁ߛߪࠇߘߦ߆ߒߚޕ㘑᥊↹ኅࡕࡦߛ߆ࠄߎߘน⢻ߛߞߚ⸃㉼ߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥߒޕ ߆ߒࠕࡔࠞᢥൻผߩߥ߆ߢߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߇ޢᨐߚߒߚᓎഀࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ߈ޔዋߥߊߣ߽ࡕࡦߦ ߣߞߡߩࠨࡢࠕࠗࡂޡ߇ޢ㘑᥊ߩคߦߥߞߡߚߣ߁ታߪޔ㊀ⷐߥ␜ໂߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ 78 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, illustrated by Frederick Remington (1890; New York: Bounty Books, 1968). (ઃ⸥)ᧄ⎇ⓥߪᐔᚑ 21 ᐕᐲ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄ߩេഥߦࠃߞߡታߒߚࡦࡕߚ߹ޕຠߪ☨࿖ࠝࠢࡎࡑᎺ࠲࡞ࠨ ߩࠡ࡞ࠢࠬඳ‛㙚߆ࠄⶄߩ⸵นࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߡߒ⸥ߦߎߎޕᗵ⻢ߔࠆޕ
