Fast Frame Decomposition and Sorting by Contour Tracing for

Fast Frame Decomposition and Sorting by Contour Tracing for

ᚑくᄢቇℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔
J. Fac. Sci. Tech., Seikei Univ.
Vol.47 No.1 (2010) pp.59-65
ベㇳ⿛ᩏߦࠃࠆ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ะߌࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߩ㜞ㅦࠦࡑಽഀߣᢛ೉ߩ⹏ଔ
࿃ 㓶੫㧖㧘㜞ᯅ ᷕผ㧖㧘ᄢኅ ᢘ჻㧖㧘ᐔ㊁ ⎇ੱ㧖㧘ᮘญ ᡽๺㧖
Ꮉፒ ⑲ੑ㧖㧘ዊᳰ ᷕ㧖㧘᧛਄ ੳᏆ㧖
Fast Frame Decomposition and Sorting by Contour Tracing for Mobile Phone Comic Images
Yusuke IN㧖1, Atushi TAKAHASHI㧖1, Takashi OIE㧖1, Kento HIRANO㧖2,
Masakazu HIGUCHI㧖3, Syuji KAWASAKI㧖4, Atushi KOIKE㧖5, Hitomi MURAKAMI㧖5
Abstract : As one as the mobile phone contents, electronic books and magazine, especially comics, are
expected to have potential possibility. In viewing comics on mobile phones, the resolution and the size of
screens must be inadequate. A comic then needs to be decomposed into frames and put them in order to
be read properly, whereas it is known that an accurate decomposition is not easy. In this paper, we
propose an accurate and fast clipping method using contour tracing and evaluate it comparing with a
commercial technology.
Keyword : Comic㧘mobile phone㧘image processing㧘layout analysis㧘hough transform
㧔Received March 25, 2010㧕
㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ
ㄭᐕߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߩ᥉෸ߦ઻޿㧘࿑ 1 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁
ߦ㧘㔚ሶᦠ☋Ꮢ႐߇ᕆᚑ㐳ࠍㆀߍߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᣣᧄߩᏒ႐ߪࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦᲧߴਃ୚⒟ᐲᄢ߈ߊ㧘ߐࠄߦ 7
ഀ߇៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ะߌࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ㔚ሶᦠ☋Ꮢ႐
ߪ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ะߌࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߦᡰ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿ߞߡ߽ㆊ
⸒ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬
៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩዊߐߥᶧ᥏↹㕙ߢߪ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߩ⚕㕙ో૕
ࠍ⴫␜ߒߚ⁁ᘒߢ⺒߻ߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿‫ߩࠢ࠶ࡒࠦߢߎߘޕ‬
⚕㕙਄ߦ޽ࠆฦࠦࡑࠍ㗅ߦ⴫␜ߒߡ⺒߹ߖࠆᚻᴺ߇ឭ᩺
ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[1]‫ߩߎޕ‬㓙㧘ฦࠦࡑߩ⴫␜㗅⇟ߣ㗔ၞᖱႎ߇
ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᖱႎࠍ⥄േᬌ಴ߔࠆᚻᴺߦߟ޿ߡߪ⃻
࿷ᢙᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ[2-5]㧘ᣢߦ໡↪ߩࠪࠬ࠹
ࡓߣߒߡታ↪ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡߪ㧘ࠬࡄࠗࠪ࡯࠰
ࡈ࠻␠ߩࡑࡦࠟ‫[࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬6]ߣ޿߁ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇޽ࠆ‫߆ߒޕ‬
ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߎࠇࠄᓥ᧪ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߪ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߢ⴫␜ߔ
࿑ 1 㔚ሶᦠ☋ߩᏒ႐ⷙᮨ
ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ᢙ‫ߩޘ‬໧㗴ὐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩ໧㗴ࠍ〯߹߃ᓥ᧪ߩᚻᴺࠃࠅ߽
ఝࠇߚᣂߚߥࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ᚻᴺࠍឭ᩺㧘⹏ଔߒ㧘ታ㓙
㧖
㧦ᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ቇㇱቇ↢
ߦ໡↪ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᚻᴺߣߩ․ᕈᲧセ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
㧖
㧦Ꮏቇ⎇ⓥ⑼㔚᳇㔚ሶᎿቇኾ᡹ୃ჻ቇ↢
㧖
㧦ᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ඳ჻⎇ⓥຬ
㧖
㧦ᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ
㧦ᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ᢎ᝼ (hi-murakami@st.seikei.ac.jp)
㧖
㧙㧙
㧞㧚ᣢሽߩࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ᚻᴺߣ໧㗴ὐ
ߎࠇ߹ߢߦ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚࠦࡑಽഀ㧘ᢛ
೉ᚻᴺߣߒߡ⍹੗᳁ࠄߦࠃࠆᚻᴺ[2-3]߿㧘↰ਛ᳁ࠄߦࠃ
ࠆᚻᴺ[4-5]߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘࿑ 2㧔a㧕ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ಽഀ✢ࠍ↪޿ߡࠦ
ࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ࠍౣᏫ⊛ߦੑಽഀߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅಣℂࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߪ‫߫߃ߣߚޔ‬࿑ 3 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥ
ࠦࡑᄖㇱߩ૛⊕ߩሽ࿷ߦࠃࠅ┵߹ߢᖱႎ߇ή޿႐ว߇޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩᚻᴺߢಽഀߒߚ႐ว㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ૛⊕ߪ⠨ᘦ
࿑ ࠦࡑᄖㇱߩ૛⊕߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ଀㧔಴ౖ㧦૞
ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ಽഀ㗔ၞߦή㚝ߥ૛⊕߇฽߹ࠇࠆߎ
ຠฬ /#,14㧘಴ ␠ዊቇ㙚㧘 Ꮞ R㧕
ߣ߇޽ࠆ‫↹␜⴫ޕ‬㕙ߩࠨࠗ࠭߇චಽߢߥ޿┵ᧃߢߪ૛⊕
ߩ⒟ᐲߦࠃࠅࠦࡑ߇ዊߐߊ⴫␜ߐࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚߣ߈ߦߪ
⺒ߺ㔍ߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬਄⸥ߩᚻᴺߢߪ㧘ᔅ
㧟㧚ឭ᩺ߔࠆࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ᚻᴺ
ߕߒ߽៤Ꮺ㔚⹤਄ߢߩ⴫␜ߦㆡߒߚಽഀ߇ᓧࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ⃻࿷㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߦࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ࠍⴕ޿
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ࠍ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩዊߐߥᶧ᥏ߢ⴫
┵ᧃߢ㑛ⷩߢ߈ࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍࡑࡦࠟ‫߇࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬ឭଏߒߡ
␜ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ࡑࡦࠟ‫ࡑࠦߩ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬㑆ߩ૛⊕ࠍ⠨ᘦߒ
޿ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘೑↪⠪ߪ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤↹㕙ߦ޽߁ࠃ߁ࠦࡑ
ߚࠦࡑಽഀߩ⠨߃ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬หࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪᚻ
Ფߦಾࠅߛߐࠇߚ↹௝ࠍᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡୃᱜߒ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡃߦ
ᴺߪ㕖౏㐿ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬⍹੗᳁ࠄߦࠃࠆᚻᴺ߿㧘
ࠕ࠶ࡊࡠ࡯࠼ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤਄ߢࠦࡒ࠶ࠢࠍ㑛ⷩ
↰ਛ᳁ࠄߦࠃࠆᚻᴺࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߣߒ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤਄ߢߩ⴫␜
ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ࠍࠫ࡯ࡔࠗߩߘޕ‬࿑ 2(b)ߦ␜ߔ‫ࡦࡑޕ‬
ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆߚ߼㧘૛⊕㗔ၞࠍૐᷫߔࠆߚ߼㧘ᖱႎߩሽ
ࠟ‫ߪߢ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬਄⸥ߩ૛⊕ߩ໧㗴ߪᡷༀߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇
࿷ߔࠆ㗔ၞߦ㊀ߺઃߌಣℂࠍട߃ߚᣂᚻᴺࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔ᛛⴚߪ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㧕㧘ࠦࡑ㗔ၞߣ⴫␜㗅⇟ࠍᱜ⏕
ߦขᓧߢ߈ߥ޿႐ว߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥߣ߈ߪ㧘⥄േᬌ
γ)ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߩᖱႎ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㗔ၞࠍベㇳ⿛ᩏߦࠃ
಴ᓟߦੱᚻߦࠃࠆୃᱜࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫⽶⊛ੱߩߎޕ‬ᜂ
ߞߡᬌ಴ߒ㧘ᓧࠄࠇߚ㐽ߓߚ㗔ၞߩベㇳ✢ࠍ᣿⏕ߦߔࠆ
ࠍૐᷫߔࠆߚ߼㧘㜞ㅦ߆ߟ㜞♖ᐲߩࠦࡑഀࠅ⸃ᨆᛛⴚ߇
ߚ߼ߦ㧘ᑼ㧔1㧕ࠍ↪޿ߡ㊀ߺߠߌࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
 a : ベㇳ↹⚛
C (x, y) =  0
 a 1 : ઁߩ↹⚛‫ޓ‬
ᔅⷐߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ࡑࡦࠟ‫ࡑࠦߩ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬㑆ߩ૛⊕ࠍ⠨ᘦ
(1 )
‫ޓ‬
ߒߚࠦࡑಽഀߩ⠨߃ߦ⌕⋡ߒ㧘ߘߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠃࠅ߽㜞♖
ᐲߥࠦࡑಽഀᚻᴺࠍឭ᩺ߒ᭴▽ࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
ߚߛߒ㧘(x, y) ߪ↹௝਄ߩ޽ࠆࡇࠢ࠮࡞ߩᐳᮡࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ‫⚻ޔ‬㛎⊛ߦ a0=1㧘a1=0.75 ࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘
ᓟߩࠦࡑಽഀ✢ᬌ಴ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᖱႎ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㗔ၞߣ૛
⊕㗔ၞࠍಽߌࠆ⋥✢߇ᬌ಴ߐࠇ߿ߔߊߥࠆ‫ᧄߚ߹ޕ‬Ⓜߢ
ߩベㇳ⿛ᩏߣߪ㧘࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ࠬࠠࡖࡦᓟߦ㧘ベㇳㅊ〔ಣℂ
ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍߐߔ‫ޕ‬
(a)ಽഀ✢ࠍ↪޿ߚᚻᴺ (b)ࡑࡦࠟࠥ࠶࠻ߩᚻᴺ
࿑ ᣢሽߩᚻᴺߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ࿑
㧙㧙
࿑ 4 ߦታ㓙ߦベㇳ⿛ᩏࠍⴕ޿㧘ᖱႎ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㗔ၞࠍ
ǰ㧕ߣߒ㧘M㧔ǹ,ǰ㧕ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ↹⚛ὐ(x,y)ߦ߅ߌࠆỚ
᳿ቯߒߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᐲ൨㈩ߩᑼ㧔3㧕ࠍ↪޿ߡ⸘▚ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
( 3)
g θ ( x , y ) = g x ( x , y ) cos θ + g y ( x , y ) sin θ ‫ޓޓ‬
gx(x,y):᳓ᐔᣇะߩỚᐲ൨㈩
gy(x,y):ု⋥ᣇะߩỚᐲ൨㈩
ࠦࡑߩᄖ஥ߩ૛⊕㗔ၞߦࠦࡑౝߩ⛗ᨩ߿࠮࡝ࡈߩ৻
ㇱ߇ߪߺ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߿ࠦࡑߩᒻ߇ᄙⷺᒻߢߥ޿႐ว㧘
ࠦࡑಽഀ✢߇߁߹ߊᬌ಴ߐࠇߥ޿‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻಣߔࠆߚ߼
ߦ L(ǹ,ǰ)ߩㄭற M(ǹ,ǰ)ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(a)౉ജ↹௝ ߹ߚ㧘⚻㛎਄㧘↹௝ߩਛᔃઃㄭߩ⋥✢ߪࠦࡑಽഀ✢ߦ
(b)಴ജ↹௝
ߥࠅ߿ߔ޿‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ࠟ࠙ࠬ㑐ᢙᑼ(4)ߦࠃࠅ㧘࿑ 6 ߦ
࿑ ᖱႎ߇޽ࠆ㗔ၞߩ᳿ቯ࿑㧔಴ౖ㧦૞ຠฬ
␜ߔߣ߅ࠅ㧘ᬌ಴ߐࠇߚ↹௝਄ߩ⋥✢ߦኻߒ㧘㊀ߺߠߌ
ࡢࡦࡇ࡯ࠬ㧘಴ ␠㓸⧷␠㧘 Ꮞ R㧕
ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬
G ( ρ ) = exp(
δ)ಽഀ✢ߦ߅ߌࠆ㗔ၞಽഀߩㆊ⒟ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ࠢ࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬
− ρ
σ 2
2
) ‫ ( ޓޓޓ‬4 )
σ:↹௝ߩ❑᏷ࠍ྾ಽഀߒߚ㐳ߐ
ߩ․ᕈ਄㧘ฦࠦࡑߪ✢ߦࠃߞߡ඙ಾࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߩߘޕ‬
߼㧘౉ജ↹௝߆ࠄ⋥✢ࠄߒ޿✢ࠍᬌ಴ߔࠆߚ߼
morphological operator[7]ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘⚦✢ൻࠍⴕ޿㧘ࡂࡈ
G㧔ρ㧕
ᄌ឵ [8]ࠍ↪޿ߡᬌ಴ߒߚ‫ࡈࡂޕ‬ᄌ឵ߢߪࡂࡈⓨ㑆਄ߩ
޽ࠆ৻ὐ(ǹ, ǰ)߇᳞߹ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߦኻᔕߔࠆ⋥✢ߪᑼ㧔2㧕
ࠍ↪޿ߡ⴫⃻ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(2)
ρ = x cos θ + y sin θ ‫ޓޓ‬
ߎߎߢǹߪේὐ߆ࠄ⋥✢ߦᒁ޿ߚု✢ߩ㐳ߐࠍ⴫ߒ㧘
Image(x,y㧕
ǰߪု✢ߣ Z ゲߣߩߥߔⷺࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
࿑ ㊀ߺߠߌߩߛ߼ߩࠟ࠙ࠬ㑐ᢙ
ߎߩ㊀ߺઃߌߦࠃࠅ↹௝ߩਛᔃઃㄭߩ⋥✢ߦߪᄢ߈
ߥ㊀ߺ߇ઃਈߐࠇ㧘ਛᔃ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߚ⋥✢ߦߪዊߐߥ㊀ߺ
߇ઃਈߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘⋥✢ L(ǹ,ǰ)ߦኻߔࠆಽ
ഀ✢್ቯ୯ A(ǹ,ǰ) ࠍᑼ㧔5㧕ߢ᳞߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
A( ρ ,θ ) = G ( ρ )
࿑ ࡂࡈᄌ឵ߢᓧࠄࠇߚ⋥✢ߩ࿑
∑ {g
θ
( x , y )∈ M ( ρ ,θ )
( x , y ) C ( x , y ) }‫ޓޓ‬
(5)
ᬌ಴ߐࠇߚ⋥✢ߦኻߒߡ㧘ⶄᢙߩ⋥✢ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߩǰ
߇ kqએౝ߆ߟ㧘ǹߩᏅ߇ m એౝ㧘ߩ߽ߩࠍห৻ߩ⋥✢
ߎߎߢ㧘ǰ߇ 45qએ਄߆ߟ 135qએਅߥࠄ߫ᮮಽഀ✢
ߣ⷗ߥߒ㧘⛔৻ߔࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘k=1㧘m=10 ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
ߩ୥⵬ߣߒ㧘᧦ઙࠍḩߚߐߥ޿ߥࠄ߫㧘❑ಽഀ✢ߩ୥⵬
ߎࠇߪࠦࡑ㑆ߩ૛⊕㗔ၞߢᭂ┵ߦ⁜޿߽ߩߪήⷞߔࠆߚ
ߣߔࠆ‫ߦࡑࠦߚ߹ޕ‬ᴪߞߚ⋥✢ߢߪ C(x,y)ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᄢ߈
߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ⋥✢ߩ↹⚛ὐߩ㓸วࠍ L(ǹ,ǰ)ߣߔ
ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘L(ǹ,ǰ)ߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㄭற↹⚛ࠍวࠊߖߡ M㧔ǹ,
ߥ㊀ߺ߇ട▚ߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧘↹௝ߩਛᔃઃㄭߢࠦࡑߦᴪߞ
ߚ⋥✢߇ࠦࡑಽഀ✢୥⵬ߣߒߡᬌ಴ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧙㧙
ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡ㧘ࠦࡑಽഀߩ㓙ߦ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ૛⊕㗔ၞ߽ࠦࡑ
ߣߒߡಽഀߐࠇࠆ߇㧘ࠦࡑᢛ೉ᤨߦߘߩࠃ߁ߥ૛⊕ࠦࡑ
ߪ೥㒰ߐࠇ㧘૛⊕ࠍ฽߼ߥ޿㜞♖ᐲߥࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ࠍ
ታ⃻ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ታ㓙ߩࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ಣℂߣߒߡߪ㧘߹ߕࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹
௝ో૕ࠍ౉ജߣߒ㧘਄⸥ߢᬌ಴ߐࠇߚಽഀ✢୥⵬ߩਛߢ
A(ǹ,ǰ)ߩ୯߇৻⇟ᄢ߈ߥ⋥✢ߢ↹௝ࠍಽഀߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬
㓙㧘ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆಽഀ✢߇㧘↹௝ో૕ࠍ྾ⷺᒻߢ࿐ࠎߛ㗔
ၞࠍㅢߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߢಽഀ߆㕖ಽഀ߆ࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᮮಽഀ✢ߥࠄ㧘㐳ᣇᒻ㗔ၞߩ਄┵ߣਅ┵㧘❑ಽഀߥࠄ㧘
(a)ᓥ᧪ᚻᴺ Ꮐ┵ߣฝ┵ߩ㑆ࠍㅢߞߡ޿ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘⌕⋡ߒߡ޿ࠆಽഀ
(b)ឭ᩺ᚻᴺ
࿑ ᓥ᧪ᚻᴺߣឭ᩺ᚻᴺߩᲧセ
✢ߢ↹௝ࠍੑಽഀߔࠆ‫߫ࠇߌߥߢ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ಽഀߖߕߦ⚳
ੌߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ಽഀߐࠇߚ㗔ၞߦኻߒߡ㧘ߘߩ㗔ၞࠍౣ߮྾
ⷺᒻߢ࿐ߺ㧘਄⸥ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍౣᏫ⊛ߦ↪޿ߡ㧘ಽഀ✢
ࠍ᳿ቯߒ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ࠍੑಽഀߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
ಽഀߔࠆ㓙㧘
್ቯߦ↪޿ߚ✢߇ᮮಽഀߥࠄ߫㧘਄ਅߦಽߌࠄࠇߚੑߟ
ߩ㗔ၞߦኻߒߡ਄㗔ၞ㧪ਅ㗔ၞߣ㗅⇟ߠߌࠍ߅ߎߥ߁‫ޕ‬
❑ಽഀ✢ߢ߽਄⸥ߣห᭽ߦᏀ㗔ၞ㧪ฝ㗔ၞߣ㗅⇟ߠߌࠍ
߅ߎߥ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬᭽ߦ㧘࠷࡝࡯᭴ㅧࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞ
ߡ㧘ࠦࡑᢛ೉߽ਗⴕߒߡⴕ߁‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߦᖱႎߩή޿㗔ၞ
ߪ೥㒰ࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬᭴▽ߒߚ࠷࡝࡯᭴ㅧߩ଀ࠍ㧘
࿑ 7 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
(a)ᓥ᧪ᚻᴺ (b)ឭ᩺ᚻᴺ
࿑ ᓥ᧪ᚻᴺߣឭ᩺ᚻᴺߩᲧセ 㧔಴ౖ㧦૞ຠฬ
ࠬ࡜ࡓ࠳ࡦࠢ㧘಴ ␠㓸⧷␠㧘 Ꮞ R㧕
㧠㧚ታ 㛎
ឭ᩺ߒߚ Comic-CFD ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߢ⴫␜ߔࠆ
㓙ߦᔅⷐߥฦࠦࡑ㗔ၞߣ㗅⇟ࠍ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬૞ᚑߒߚᱜ⸃࠺
࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬࠍ↪޿ߡ⹏ଔߒߚ‫ޕ‬
࿑ ࠦࡑᢛ೉ߩⴕࠊࠇߚ࠷࡝࡯ߩ᭴ᚑ࿑
ታ㛎᧦ઙ
ታ㛎ߦߪ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ 32 ⒳㘃 2037 ࡍ࡯ࠫࠍ↪޿ߚ‫↹ޕ‬
એᓟ㧘ベㇳ⿛ᩏߦࠃࠆࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߩࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉
ᣇᑼࠍ Comic-CFD (Fast Frame Decomposition and Sorting
by Contour tracing for Comic Image)ߣ⸥ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࠦࡒ࠶
ࠢ↹௝ࠍᓥ᧪ᚻᴺߣ Comic-CFD ߢಣℂߒߚ⚿ᨐࠍ࿑ 7
ߦ␜ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘࿑ 8 ߢߪ㧘ᓥ᧪ᴺߣߩ㆑޿߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߿
ߔ޿ઍ⴫⊛ߥ଀ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬࿑ 9 ߢߪ㧘ࠠࡖ࡜ࠢ࠲࡯ߩࠦࡑ
௝ߪශ೚ㇱᢙߩ౏⴫[9]ࠍరߦࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߩઍ⴫⊛ࠫࡖࡦ
࡞ߢ޽ࠆ㧘ዋᐕ㧘ዋᅚ࡮ᅚᕈ㧘㕍ᐕࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ߆ࠄㆬ಴ߒ
ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙㧘ᚑくᄢቇẂ↹⎇ⓥࡍ࡞ࠪࡖ₀ㇱຬߩදജߦ
ࠃࠅ㧘ᱜߒ޿ࠦࡑ㗔ၞ㧘㗅⇟ᖱႎࠍᜬߟ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬࠍ
᭴▽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ਅߩ⴫ 1 ߦᨎᢙ㧘ࠬࠠࡖࡦߔࠆ㓙ߦ↪޿ߚ⸃௝ᐲࠍ␜
߱ߜᛮ߈㧔ࠦࡑࠍߪߺ಴ߒߡឬ߆ࠇߚ⛗ߩ੐㧕ߦኻߒߡ
૛ಽߥᖱႎࠍ฽߼ߕ㧘⥄ὼߥࠦࡑಽഀ߇ߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⸘▚ᯏⅣႺߪ⴫ 2 ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ᧦ઙߦߡ㧘Comic-CFD ࠍታⴕߒߚ‫ޕ‬ਅ⸥ߩ⴫ 3
ߦ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߏߣߩᐔဋಣℂᤨ㑆ࠍ␜ߔ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩ㓙㧘ࡑ࡞࠴ࠬ࡟࠶࠼ಣℂ[10]ࠍⴕ޿㧘㜞ㅦൻࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧙㧙
⴫ ↹௝ᨎᢙߣ⸃௝ᐲ
Ẃ↹䉳䊞䊮䊦㩷
ᨎᢙ㩷
ዋᐕ㩷
961
ዋᅚ䊶ᅚᕈ㩷
512
㕍ᐕ㩷
564
⸃௝ᐲ㩷
144dpi
⴫ ⸘▚ᯏⅣႺ
CPU
Intel Core2Quad Q6600 2.4GHz
Main Memory
4GB
OS
Windows Vista
࿑ ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦࠃࠆࠦࡑ㗔ၞ⹺⼂⚿ᨐ
⴫ ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߏߣߩᐔဋಣℂㅦᐲ
ዋᐕ㧘㕍ᐕߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡߪ 8 ഀ⒟ᐲߩᱜߒ޿ᬌ
Ẃ↹䉳䊞䊮䊦㩷
ᐔဋಣℂㅦᐲ[ms/page]
಴ߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘ዋᅚ࡮ᅚᕈߦ߅޿ߡߪᱜ⸃ᐲ߇ᄢ߈ߊૐ
ዋᐕ㩷
44.45
ਅߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦࠃࠅࠦࡑഀ߇ᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆ
61.01
ዋᅚ䊶ᅚᕈ㩷
45.05
㕍ᐕ㩷
ߎߣ߇ේ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ⶄޕ‬㔀ߥࠦࡑഀߩ଀ࠍ࿑ 12(a)ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
ࠦࡑಽഀᚑഞ₸
ࠦࡑಽഀߩ♖ᐲࠍᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Comic-CFD ߦࠃࠅ↢ᚑߒ
ߚࠦࡑ㗔ၞᖱႎߣ㧘਄ߦ⸥ߒߚᚻേߢ↢ᚑߒߚᱜߒ޿ࠦ
ࡑ㗔ၞᖱႎࠍᲧセߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿑ 10 ߢ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ฦࠦࡑߩ㗂
ὐᐳᮡߩ〒㔌ߩᏅ߇ 4 ὐోߡ㨗↹⚛એౝߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘
ᱜߒ޿ࠦࡑࠍ⹺⼂ߢ߈ߚߣߔࠆ‫⚻ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㛎⊛ߦ k ߪ
30 ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
(a) (b)
࿑ ⶄ㔀ߥࠦࡑഀࠅߩࡑࡦࠟ଀
C㧔಴ౖ㧦૞
ຠฬߥ޿ߒࠂߩߟ߷ߺ㧘಴ ␠ዊቇ㙚㧘
Ꮞ Rⶄ㔀ߥࠦࡑഀࠅߩࡑࡦࠟ଀
D
㧔಴ౖ㧦૞ຠฬࡢࡦࡇ࡯ࠬ㧘಴ ␠
࿑ ࠦࡑ㗔ၞߩ〒㔌Ყセ
㓸⧷␠㧘 Ꮞ R
એਅ㧘࿑ 11 ߦࠦࡑಽഀᚑഞ₸ࠍ␜ߔ‫⹏ޕ‬ଔߦߪ㧘 ㆡว
₸ࠍ⴫ߔ Precision ᑼ(3)㧘ౣ⃻₸ࠍ⴫ߔ Recall ᑼ(4)㧘♖
ᐲࠍ⴫ߔ F-measure ᑼ(5)ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
P =
R
=
F =
S
N
S
C
‫ޓ‬
‫ޓ‬
‫ޓ‬
(6)
‫ޓ‬
(7 )
‫ޓ‬
(8 )
2 PR
‫ޓ‬
P+R
ዋᅚ࡮ᅚᕈߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ੱ‛߿࠮࡝ࡈ㧘ࠦ
ࡑ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ࡟ࠗࡗ࡯᭴ㅧߣߒߡ㊀ߥࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬࿑
13 ߦⶄ㔀ߥ࡟ࠗࡗ࡯᭴ㅧߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
S: ᬌ಴ߒߚᱜߒ޿ࠦࡑᢙ
N: ᬌ಴ߒߚࠦࡑᢙ
C: ᬌ಴ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ᱜߒ޿ࠦࡑ
ᢙ
࿑ ⶄ㔀ߥ࡟ࠗࡗ࡯᭴ㅧߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ
㧙㧙
࿑ ߟߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦࠃࠆࠦࡑᢛ೉⹏ଔ
࿑ %QOKE%(& ߩࠦࡑᢛ೉ߩᄬᢌ࿑
⚿ᨐߣߒߡⶄ㔀ߥࠦࡑഀࠅߣߥࠅ㧘ᚑഞ₸߇ૐਅߒߡ
ᧄⓂࠍၫ╩ߔࠆߦᒰߚߞߡ㧘᭽‫ߏߥޘ‬ᗧ⷗ࠍ㗂߈߹ߒ
ߒ߹߁‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ዋᐕ㧘㕍ᐕߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡ߽࡟ࠗࡗ
ߚ KDDI ⎇ⓥᚲᏔ⿷᭽ߥࠄ߮ߦ㧘ࡑࡦࠟ‫ࠍ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬ㆇ↪
࡯᭴ㅧ߇࿑ 12(b)ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥⶄ㔀ߥ႐ว㧘ࠦࡑ㗔ၞ
ߔࠆࠬࡄࠗࠪ࡯࠰ࡈ࠻(ᩣ)ጊ↰᭽㧘ᱞ਄᭽ߦᷓ⻢ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ߩಽഀᚑഞ₸ߪૐਅߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ᢥ⑼⋭ᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេ੐ᬺߦࠃߞ
ࠦࡑᢛ೉
ߡⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ߡߒ⸥ޕ‬㧘ᗵ⻢ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠦࡑಽഀ߇ᚑഞߒߚࡍ࡯ࠫߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ࠦࡑᢛ೉ߩ♖ᐲ
ࠍᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ყセᣇᑼߣߒߡࡑࡦࠟ‫ޕߚ޿↪ࠍ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ࠦࡑ㗅⇟ߦኻߒߡ㧘ࠦࡑห჻ࠍ੤឵ߒᱜߒ޿㗅⇟ߦߔࠆ
߹ߢߩ‫ࡊ࠶࠹ࠬޟ‬ᢙ‫⹏ࠍޠ‬ଔၮḰߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
1)
ጊ↰㓷ਯ㧘㋈ᧁ⨃᮸㧘࡜ࡈࡑ࠶࠻ ࡉ࠺ࠖࠕ࡞࠻㧘
଀㧦A,B,C ߩ㗅⇟ߢਗࠎߢ޿ࠆࠦࡑࠍᜬߟࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝
㆙⮮ ቞㧘ችፒᘕ਽㧘̌៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ࠍ೑↪ߒߚࠦࡒ࠶
ࠍ㧘A,C,B ߩ㗅⇟ߢಽഀࠍߒߚ႐วߪ㧘C ߣ B ࠍ੤឵ߔ
ࠢߩ㑛ⷩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߘߩ⹏ଔ̍, ⧓ⴚ⑼ቇቇળ⺰ᢥ
ࠇ߫ᱜߒ޿㗅⇟ߦߥࠆ‫ ࠍࠇߎޕ‬1 ࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒߚၮḰࠍరߦ⹏ଔߒߚ⚿ᨐࠍએ
ਅߩ࿑ 14 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
2)
ࠦࡑಽഀಣℂߦ߅ߌࠆ೙ᓮࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌ
⸛ ” , ା ቇ ᛛ ႎ , vol. 109, no. 63, IE2009-43, pp.
ᬌ⸽ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ࠦࡑᢛ೉ߩᚑഞ(0 ࠬ࠹࠶ࡊ)ߪ㧘ࡑࡦࠟ
‫ ߩ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬42㧑ߦኻߒ Comic-CFD ߪ 99㧑ߢ޽ࠅ㕖Ᏹߦ
㜞޿♖ᐲ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ߪ࠻࠶ࠥڏࠟࡦࡑޕ‬਄߆ࠄਅ߳ߩ❑
⹹, vol.3, no.2, pp.149̄158, June 2004.
⍹੗ᄢ␭㧘ᴡ᧛ ࿻㧘ᷰㄝ ⵨㧘“ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߩ
3)
187-192, May 2009.
⍹੗ᄢ␭㧘ᴡ᧛ ࿻㧘ᷰㄝ ⵨㧘“ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߦ
ߩࠦࡑᢛ೉ߩ㑆㆑޿ߪዋߥ޿߇㧘ฝ߆ࠄᏀ߳ߩᮮߩࠦࡑ
߅ߌࠆࠦࡑಽഀಣℂߩ㜞ㅦൻߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌ⸛”, ᖱಣ
ᢛ೉ߢ㑆㆑޿߇⋡┙ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Comic-CFD ߢߪ㧘ਅߩ
ోᄢ, 1P̄2, March 2007.
࿑ 15 ߦ␜ߔ႐วߩߺ㧘⺋ᢛ೉߇⊒↢ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎ ޕ‬㧘ࠦ
4)
ࡑ߇චሼߦ㓒ߡࠄࠇߚ႐วߦ㧘❑ಽഀߣᮮಽഀߩ㗅⇟ߦ
ࠃࠅ㧘ࠦࡑᢛ೉⚿ᨐߦ㆑޿߇↢ߓߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦ⿠࿃ߔ
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
5)
↰ਛቁ᣽㧘᧲ᶏᨋஜੑ㧘ᄖጊ ผ㧘“ࡑࡦࠟ↹௝ߩ
ࠦ ࡑ ഀ ࠅ ᭴ ㅧ ⸃ ᨆ ”, 2006 ା ቇ ✚ ᄢ , D ̄ 12 ̄ 89,
March 2006.
T. Tanaka, K. Shoji, F. Toyama, and J. Miyamichi,
“Layout Analysis of Tree-Structured Scene Frames in
Comic Images”, 20th International Joint Conference on
㧡㧚߹ߣ߼
Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI- 07), pp.2885–2890,
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߢ⴫␜ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ᖱႎ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ
㗔ၞߦ߅޿ߡࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉ߔࠆᚻᴺࠍឭ᩺࡮⹏ଔߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ࠦࡑಽഀߢߪ㧘ࠦࡒ࠶ࠢߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦࠃࠅ♖ᐲߦᏅ߇↢
6)
ࡑࡦࠟ‫ ࠻࠶ࠥڏ‬http://author.mang.jp/
7)
Burdick, HE “Digital Imaging theory and application”,
8)
Leandro A. F. Fernandes, Manuel M. Oliveira,
ߓ㧘ዋᅚ࡮ᅚᕈߢߪ♖ᐲ߇ૐਅߒߚ߇㧘ዋᐕ㧘㕍ᐕߩࠫ
ࡖࡦ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡߪ 8 ഀ⒟ᐲߩ㜞޿♖ᐲࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ࡑࠦޕ‬ᢛ
Hyderabad, India, Jan. 6 – 12, 2007.
೉ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘99%ߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦ㜞޿♖ᐲࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1997.
“Real-time line detection through an improved Hough
transform voting scheme”, Pattern Recognition (PR),
Elsevier, 41:1, 2008. pp. 299-314.
㧙㧙
9)
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄ㔀⹹දળ
http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/magdata/?module=list&acti
on=list
10) OpenMP http://openmp.org/
11)
࿃ 㓶੫㧘㜞ᯅᷕผ㧘ᄢኅᢘ჻㧘ᐔ㊁⎇ੱ㧘ᮘญ᡽
๺㧘Ꮉፒ⑲ੑ㧘ዊᳰ ᷕ㧘᧛਄ੳᏆ㧘“ベㇳ⿛ᩏߦ
ࠃࠆࠦࡒ࠶ࠢ↹௝ߩ㜞ㅦࠦࡑಽഀ࡮ᢛ೉”㧘ITE
Technical Report Vol.34㧘No.10㧘pp.73~76㧘2010 ᐕ
2᦬
㧙㧙