The Story of St. Joseph`s Hospital, Hamilton

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The
Canadian
Catholic Hospital History Project
Documenting the legacy and contribution of the
Congregations of Religious Women in Canada,
their mission in health care, and the founding and operation of Catholic hospitals.
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Gr
Projet de la
Histoire
des hôpitaux catholiques au Canada
Retracer l'héritage et la contribution des
congrégations de religieuses au Canada,
leur mission en matière de soins de santéainsi que la fondation et l'exploitation des hôpitaux catholiques.
To Serve with Honour
The Story of St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton
1890-1990
by
Peggy Savage
Source:
Courtesy of archives of the
Sisters of St. Joseph of Hamilton
Copyright: © Sisters of St. Joseph of Hamilton
Used with permission
Digitized:
October 2013
TO SERVE
VVITH
HONOUR
THESTORY
OF
HOSPITAL,
HAMITTON
ST.JOSEPH'S
1890-1990
SAYAGE
PEGGY
DL]NDURN PRESS
TORONTO & OXFORD
7990
Copyright @Sisters of StJoseph's of the Diocese of Harnilton
All rights reserved. No part of this Publication may be reproduce4 stored in a rehieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
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The publisher wishes to a&nowledge the ongoing generous assistanceand zupport of The Canada Council The Book
Publiehing Industry Development Programme of the Department of Communications, and The Ontario Arts Coqncil.
Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in the text (induding the illustrations). The author and
publisher welcome any information mabling them to rectify any reference or sedit in su@uent editions.
l. Kirk Hounrd, Publisher
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Savage,Peggy,1953To Serve with Honour : The Story of St. Joseph's Hospital, Flamilton, 189G1990
Indude index.
ISBN 1-55002-069-2
1. St.Joseph'sHospital (Hamilton, Ont.) -History.
RA9$.F45S231990
I. St. Jmeph's Hospital (Flamilton,Ont.). II. Title.
362.1'1'@773s2 C9G09337&X
Dundurn PressLimited
2181Queen Sheet East, Suite 301
Toronto
M4E 1E5
Canada
Dundurn Distribution
73 Lime Walk,
Headington, Oxford
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England
CONTENITS
Foreword
6
Preface
7
Chapter One
THE HEALING BEGINS
8
Chapter TWo
THE STSTERS
OF ST.IOSEPH
13
ChapterThree
EVERY WARD A CHAPEL
18
Chapter Four
A SOTJLAND A MIND
25
Chapter Five
IUBILEE-ANEWHOSPITAL
35
ChapterSix
PUBLIC APPEAL
45
Chapter Seven
A PERIOD OF GRACE
57
Chapter Eight
CHANGING OF THE GUARD
63
Chapter Nine
COMING OF AGE
Chapter Ten
LEADING THE WAY
Chapter Eleven
THE NURSES REMEMBER
Chapter TWelve
THE VOLUNTEERS
11,9
Chapter Thirteen
THE HEARTBEAT OF ST. IOSEPH'S
723
St. Joseph'sHospital Quarter Century Club
1,34
Members of the Lay Advisory Board and the Board of Tiustees
736
EmployeeListing, December,7989
138
St. joseph
155
Index
"t56
Foreword
r-,
\*ourage,
vision and caring are three great
virtues that the Sistersof St. Josephof Hamilton have for more than a century brought and continue to bring - to their mission and
work.
ln thelast century theSisterscourageously
offered care to those who had been passedby
- the olphans, the poor and the immigrants.
They helped them reach a level of human
dignity that is the goal of all true Christian
service.In the faceof personaldanger,aswhen
cholera and typhus broke out, the Sistersunselfishlycontinued their work without thought
of themselves.Their motto "It is an honour to
serve the sick" was never forgotten.
As the Hamilton area grew and society
required more and better health care,the courage of the Sisterswas combined with visioru
and in 1890they establishedSt. Joseph'sHospital. With the help of generationsof health
professionalsand lay people, the Sistersfashioned it into a benchmark health care facility.
To this day, that reputation is secure.
The Sistersof St.Josephhave always cared
for the whole person. They know well that
sicknesstouches the soul as well as the body.
Their pastoral care,directed toward kindness,
sensitivity, and prayer, is well-renowned and
greatly appreciated by all with whom they
comein contact.
Courage, vision and caring are qualities
neededin today's Churchand in today'shealth
care field. The example of the Sisters of St.
joseph of Hamilton gives glory to God, is a
credit to them, and a lesson for all of us. For
this, we thank them.
May Almighty God bless all those connected with St. Joseph'sHospital for their
Christian fidelity in their work of healing.
Yours sincerely,
)
f
.,'
A
a\
/
/
|
/et-=.-t-
Most ReverendA.F. Tonnos
Bishop of Hamilton
Most RmerendA. F. Tonnos,Bishop of Hamilton.
Preface
As ExecutiveDirector of St.Joseph'sHospital
trom1979 to 1988,SisterJoanO'Sullivan often
referred to the hospital as "the Sisters'family
business."It startedsmall, grew in responseto
thedemand for its servicesand overcamemany
obstacles.But it continued to succeedbecause
the standardsthe owners set were never compromised and their faith never wavered.
The Sisters of St. ]oseph are the first to
point out, that their family includes hundreds
of lay men and women who helped them to
push back the frontiers of health careand education in our community. Nevertheless/we are
deeply indebted to the Sistersfor lighting the
way.
It has been a privilege to chronicle the
accomplishmentsof the Sistersand I am glad
thatHughGreenwood, director of public relations, asked me to undertake the assignment.
DebbieLogel, fundraising campaign manager
for St.joseph's Community Health Centre,has
been a wonderful friend during the development of this book.
The storiesby and about people who have
beenassociatedwith St.]oseph'soverthe years
are what really breathe life into the bricks and
mortar of its buildings.
In the early 1980s,Joan Paterson,who
worked in the physiotherapy department for
30 years, began to interview many of those
people.Her researchforms a significantpart of
the hospital's archivesand provided much of
the material that becamethe basis of this history. Miss Paterson'sguidance and generous
assistancehave been invaluable.
To my friend PeterBailey,an editor atThc
TorontoStar,I owe enorrnousgratitude. On a
completely volunteer basis, he faithfully edited and improved the content of the manuscript. My warmest thanks to Peterforbeing a
demanding editor who delivers his criticism
with such a marvellous senseof humour.
Many namesof Sistersand lay staff will not
be found in this history. It was a thanklesstask
to sort out who would, and who would not, be
mentioned. The decision was certainlv not
based on merit alone.
My editorial advisors - Sisters Joan
C/Sullivan, Virginia Hanlon, Marina Flaherty
and StephanieVincec - all agreedthat every
individual who has worked to serve the patients of St. Joseph'sHospital for the last 100
years is deserving of credit.
By way of consolation we offer one of the
Sisters' guiding principles, a maxim which
states"Desire that othersthinklittle of you and
much of everyone else; be grieved that you
should be esteemedbut happy that others be
esteemed."
Thanksare due to the patientswho participated by sharing their experiences at St.
Joseph'sHospital. The late June Bomes candidly explained her struggle with kidney disMy
ease.Mrs. Bomesdied December31,1989.
sincere condolences to her husband Robert
and their family.
Many thanks to Peter Boyadjian for his
expert handling of the businessof producing
this book.
Finally, my husband's love and support is
an integral part of all my endeavours. His
unfailing enthusiasmover this book sustained
my spirits and my confidence.My deepestand
most affectionatethanks to you, Bob.
PeggySavage
December,1989
Hamilton, Ontario
Chapter One
THE HEALING BEGINS
Ot u cool Monday morning in Toronto on
April 19,1,852,four women in identical dress
- long black wool skirts, white linen headdress and black veils - bundled themselves
off to the Toronto docks. Ice had cleared the
harbour only two days before and they were
anxious to board one of the first available
steamerswhich could ferry them across[.ake
Ontario to Hamilton.
The women were Sistersof St.]oseph who
were guided by their faith in God, a love of His
people and a desire to serve where they were
needed. The Bishop's representative in the
Niagara region --Fathei Edward Gordon,
Vicar4eneral - had made an urgent plea to
them to establishanother branch of their order
in Hamilton. They had no way of knowing
they were about to change forever the course
of education,health careand socialservicesin
the community which so desperatelyneeded
them.
The eldet of the group was Sister Delphine Fontbonne, 39, accompanied by her
friend Sister Martha Bunning, 28, Sister
Aloysius Walker and SisterJosephMcDonnell
- two noviceswho had enteredthe conventin
Toronto. Standing on the ship's deck, with the
cold lake wind snapping theirwool skirts into
black balloons, the women caught glimpsesof
a shoreline unblemished by industry, buildings or other tracesof civilization.
Sister Delphine was accustomed to new
horizons. Helping to establisha Hamiltonbase
for the Sistersof St. joseph was her third assignmentsinceaniving in North Americafrom
France,where she was born in 1813.She was
the niece of Sister St. ]ohn Fonibonne (who
refounded the order in 1808in Franceafter the
French Revolution) and she fervently carried
on the ordels traditions. SisterDelphine was
22 when she volunteered to go to St. Louis,
Missouri, where she lived with six other Sisters in a cabin with a leaky roof. Her first job
was to care for orphans and teachthe deaf.
In 1850SisterDelphine moved to Philadelphia to take charge of an orphanage and a
novitiate. A year later she was again transferred, by request from Toronto's Bishop de
Charbonnel, to do more of the same work in
Canada.As the value of the Sisters'work gained recognition, eachyear brought more peti
tions for help. The fact that increasing numbers of young women were attracted to the
convent helped makeit possiblefor the Sisters
to carefor orphansand wagetheirwaragainst
diseaseand illiteracy.
Maria Bunning was born n 1824 in the
parish of Husen, Hanover, in what is now
West Germany. She emigrated with her parents,Wilzum and Ellen Bunning, to theUnited
States,where they settled in the St. Louis area
on the Mississippi River.
When she was 24 she professedthe religious vows of povertp chastity and obedience
and followed Sister Delphine to Toronto in
1851.Six months later the two were on their
way again, when Father Gordon appealed for
help in caring for Hamilton's orphaned children. Maria becameMother Martha, the first
superior of the Hamilton Sisters,and was relentlessin her efforts to carefor the city's poor,
to organize fund raising, to canvassfor food,
clothing and fuel, and to establish homes for
the elderly and schools.
Father Edutard Gordon, Vicst-General of Hamiltotr.
There was much hard and heart-breaking
work aheadfor thebrave little group of women
who arrived at the Hamilton dock that April
evening over a century ago.FatherGord on, 61,
the city's only priest, met them with his horse
and buggy. He had offered his home rent-free
to the Sisters but apologized that it wasn't
quite ready for them. The Sisters'annalsnote
that until their home was readp "Mrs. Tewkesbury placed rooms at their disposal and kind
gesfures from the new community were extended by Mrs. Murray, Mrs. Norton, Mrs.
Nelligan and Mrs. Devany."
FatherGordon appreciatedfrom fi rst-hand
experience many of the problems facing his
parishioners. Born ir:l Drblin,Ireland, he was
orphaned at an early age and raised by his
uncle. Although baptized into the Church of
Ireland, he converted to Catholicism in his
early twenties and becamea priest. In 1846he
took over St. Ma4/s parish and after trying to
meet the needs of the increasing number of
new Irish families he appealed to his bishop
in Toronto for help. The Sistersof St. Joseph
must have seemedHeaven-sent.
Hamilton had been incorporated as a city
only five years before the Sistersarrived. The
streets were laid out in a rough grid, bordered
by Emerald Street on the east,ParadiseRoad
on the west, Aberdeen Avenue on the south
and Burlington Bay and the marsh (Coote's
Paradise) on the north. Nehemiah Ford, an
Englishman and painter who lived on Catharine Street,was the city's sixth mayor. The Earl
of Elgin wasGovernor4eneral of British North
America. Pope Pius D( held office in Rome as
leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
Hamilton'spopulation of 10,000was employed
in textiles, breweries, food-processing flour
mills, tanneries, small foundries and carriage
works. The city had its own newspaper, Thc
pub
HamiltonSprctatorandI ourtul ofCommerce,
lished by Robert Smiley at an office on Court
House Square at the corner of Main and
Hughson Streets.Various editions included a
daily and semiweekly, with a weekly issuefor
country circulation. If Sister Delphine had
picked up a newspaper from the previous Saturday, she would have read a story bursting
with civic pride which said, in part:
The weather which ten days
ago was as wintry as possible,
withupwards of a foot of snow
on the ground, presents now
every appearance of summer,
and a corrunencementof businessfor the season.The snow
has disappeared entirelp the
frostis quite out of the ground,
the streets are actually dusty,
and the grass is beginning to
grow. The ice in the bay is rap
idly melting under the genial
influence of old SoL and the
steamers are ready for the
summer campaign.
In the city we notice preparations for building on every
street, and in some places op
erationsare fairly commenced.
. . . The seasonwill induce the
utmost energy, and from the
number of buildings which we
have already heard contracted
for and projected, we feel confident that there will be employment for more mechanicsthan
we have now at present. The
Globe wlll be pleased to learn
that the 'ambitious little city'
has taken a fresh start, and that
she calculates on being, very
shortlp the first city in Upper
Canada, in population and
wealth, asshehasbeenfor years
in enterprise.
On Sunday, April 25,for the first time since
theirarrival, the Sistersparticipated in lvlassat
St. Mary's Church. The front door facednorth
on what is now SheaffeStreet.In their annals
the Sisters describe the church, which was
built in 1838,as "an unpretentious wooden
structure." Originally, it was hmted by a woodburning stove.Lanterns and candlesprovided
lighting As promised, the Sisters' convent
home at the corner of Cannon and lvlacNab
Streets was ready for occupancy five days
later.
Satisfied that her charges would be well
cared for in their new home, Sister Delphine
returned to her work in Toronto. On February
'1.856,
7,
she died after losing a three-week
battle with typhoid fever. She was 43.
In 1857 a new convent, or Motherhouse,
was built at204 Park Street North where the
Sisterslived for 95 years.In'1,952,they moved
into their presentMotherhouse off Highway 5.
The former convent chapel and refectory are
now ocorpied by St. Cyril and Methodius
Slovak Roman Catholic Church and parish
hall. The rest of the building has been demolished.
The Sisters' original convent was close to
thepeoplewho neededthemmost-theworking classesclustered in north-end neighbour-
hoods. The more affluent citizens, whose
opposition the Sisterswould encounter later,
were comfortably nestled in the south-west
under the escalpment.
Following the tradition of their religious
order, the Sistersimmediately undertook the
care of society's outcasts.Two orphan grrls,
Margaret Brennanand SarahMclnerny, were
the first to benefit from their kindness.Visiting
the city's sick, poor and elderly in their homes
alsokept the Sistersbusy. In 1853,educationof
the poor became their next goal. The Sisters
opened a private school at the convent and
started Christian doctrine classesat St. Mary's
church. The classeswere well-attended, parents and guardians were happy and the priest
referred to the Sistersas "angels." With re5rlar penny collections as their sole source of
revenue/ the Sisterswere somehow managing
to perform miraclesof providenceforthe growing number of poor and hungry children.
But meeting the needsof so many took its
toll. Pushedto exhaustion,theSistersrequested
assistancefrom Toronto, and help arrived just
in time to cope with a devastating epidemic.
Waves of Europeanimmigrants seekingto improve their fortunes were arriving in North
America by the thousands. The ships which
transported them also carried the scourge of
the nineteenthcentury - cholera.The disease
struck in the hot, dry sununer of 1854.A headachesignalled its onset,followed by vomiting,
violent crampsandsymptoms associatedwith
dysentery - high fever and dehydration. In
the final stages,the victim's skin shrivelled
and turned black.Death often occurredwithin
36 hours.
To inhibit the spread of the epidemic,
newcomers who had contracted the disease
were not permitted past the harbour. Taking
pity on them, FatherGordon purchasedsheds
behind the Great Western Railway depot on
Stuart Street, where the Sisterscared for the
sick and dy-r.g around the clock. Thesecrude,
overcrowded shedsand the Sisters'kindness
would be the only experience many new
immigrantshad in thenew world. The disease
left many more orphansin its wake, which further taxed the Sisters'energy and resources.
The contemporary treatments for cholera
patients were ineffective becausethe causeof
the diseasewas not understood. One method,
for example,prescribedthe ingestionof a brew
of calomel (a purgative) mixed withhalf a pint
of hot ginger tea laced with brandp followed
by the drawing of blood. Another method of
treatmentwas to replacethe drawn blood with
intravenous injections of milk, while yet another recommended a mustard plaster over
the stomachand bowels.
For other ailments, people relied on the
patent medicinesand curesof the day. In 1852,
regular advertisementsappeared for such
potions as Hutchings Vegetable Dyspepsia
Bitters,"a family medicine used by physicians
of high standing." At 50 centsper large bottle,
itwasclaimedtobe of inestimablevalue,since
it "worked like a charm on a host of ailments
such as liver complaints,jaundice, heartburn,
faintness,and for females who suffer from a
morbid and unnatural condition."
An advertisement for Radway's Ready
Relief also stated: "Science,by subjecting the
laws of chemistry to the skill of man, has
contributed to his health and happiness by
stopping the most cruel and severepangs of
pain in an instant and curing the most obstinate and chronic complaints." Radway and
l0
Co., practical chemists,touted a product with
such properties that anyone suffering from a
host of agonies ranging from rheumatism,
lumbago and cholera morbus to dysentery,
heartburn and neuralgia, would find relief
within 15minutes. At 25 centsper bottle, it was
available at two shops in Hamilton and one in
Dundas. Radway also made a medicatedsoap
that "fastens hair upon the scalp and forcesit
to grow and imparts beauty to the skin. "
Mrs. Lewis of Ancasterwas the solerunufacturer of a homemade cough remedy. Her
advertisement was complete with endorsements from satisfied customers.And Judson's
chemical extract of cherryand lungwort was a
cure-all for coughs,colds, hoarseness,spitting
of blood, night sweats, asthma, liver complaints and consumption.
The Buffalo Cold Spring Water Cure was
offered in a "new and commodious building in
a pleasant location" in Buffalo, New York, for
patients seekingrelief through cold baths.The
rationale for the treatment was to improve the
blood by restoring the body's nervous fluids
or electricity, which were reduced when the
gastricjuiceswere unable to dissolve food. The
baths were supposed to provide relief from
ailments such as rheumatism and gout, aswell
as to treat liver infections and dyspepsia now corunonly known as indigestion. The
patients had to b.iog their own linen with
them, aswell as half a dozen towels, otherwise
an extra 50 cents per week would be charged.
In 1852, doctors in Hamilton advertised
theirservicesand areasof specialty.A Dr. Ross
"respectfully announced to the inhabitants of
Hamilton . . . that he had made himself thoroughly acquainted with the German method
of practice by which he arrives at a correct
diagnosisinallcases. . . he examinestheurine
to tell the disease.. . . Medicines principally
vegetable."
A.N. Woolverton, M.D., referred to himself asa Homeopathistand Hydropathist who,
after receiving a description of the disease,
would forward medicine and advice to the
patient by letter. His office was onJamesStreet
"next door below Knox's Church." Surgeon
Dentist J.L. Swift of Drblin and London, announced the opening of his office on King
Street "nearly opposite Montreal Bank"
This was the stateof medical sciencein the
mid-l800s.Bythe end of thecenturytheSisters
would play an official part in the community's
health care by opening their own hospital.
They would also witness many medical advancesand developments.
As is often the case,people who are destined to play an important role in a given event
are the most steadfastand unassuming.Sister
Philip Lenater! 26,hadcome to Hamilton to
help care for the orphans. Originally from
County Wexford in Ireland, her speech still
lilted with the music of an Irish accent.Working with her in thosedreary, drafty shedswas
another Irish girl, Annie Sheridan, who had
taken the name SisterMa.y Philomene when
shemade her religious vows. Shewas 17 years
old. Eachday the two Sisterswould maketheir
way through the dusty streets,bringing supplies, comfort and cheer to the sick in their
homes.
One summer day in 1854,a nun and his
wife called on SisterPhilip to say they had not
seen their neighbours, an elderly couple,
around their home in days. She and another
Sisterbroke the door down to the neighbour's
home. Inside, they found the people tn bed,
both dead of cholera. Iater that day coffins
were dumped off some distance from the
home, becauseno one wanted to be near the
foul stench of the dwelling. Undaunted, the
Sisters wrestled the coffins inside and pre'
pared the couple for a dignified burial. The
streetswere empty because,mistakenlp people
thought that if they did not go out they lessenedtheir chancesof getting sick. At that time
people did not know that the crowded conditions in which they lived - along with a lack
of garbage removal and proper drainage createdcesspoolsthat played hospitable host
to the disease.
In the quiet of that broiling hot day, the
Sisters waited a long time before two black
men arrived with a cart pulled by a bony old
nag. With help from the men, the Sisters
managed to heave the coffins onto the cart.
Many years later, when asked if she was ever
afraid, Sister Philip answered, 'nVe were too
busy to have fear."
The following year/ in 1855,typhus struck
claiming Sister Alphonsus Margerum as a
victim. Undeterred, the Sisters focused their
skill and energy on the sick and dyiog. Thirtyfive years before they officially opened St.
joseph's Hospital, the Sisterswere inextricably involved with health care.
The decadesbefore the hospital opened,
however, were not spent idly. On the first
Monday inSeptemberof1856,they openedSt.
Mary's school on what is now MacNab Street
and the first St. PatricKs school on the corner
of Ferguson and Hunter Streets.Today there
are just over 60 separateelementaryand high
rhools in Hamilton, Winona, Binbrook, Ancaster,Dundas,StoneyCreekandWaterdown.
They are administered by the Hamiltonll
Wentworth SeparateSchoolBoard - located,
appropriately enough,onMulberryStreet, half
a block from where the Sistersfirst lived and
worked in 1852.
On February 17,1856,Hamilton became
the centre of a new diocese.The first bishop
was Rt. Rev. |ohn Farrell. From this time the
Sisters living in Hamilton separated from
Toronto and had their own Motherhouse and
novitiate.
In their leisure time the Sisterswere welcome to wander on the pleasant landscaped
grounds of Sir Allan MacNab's estate,Drndurn Castle.For a brief period they held classes
there for the education of poor children in the
city's west end. Winter was especiallyrigourous when they had to slog through snowdrifts
in the walkfrom the convent and then teachin
damp, heavy clothing all day. MacNab's
daughter, Sophia,was keenly interestedin the
Sisters' work and was a generouscontributor
to their various causes.She donated to the
convent one of Dundurn Castle'sbells, which
was rung daily in thebelfry to announcereligious exercises.It gave Sophiaspecialpleasure
to hear it ring, because it reminded her of
happy times at Dundurn.
As theSisters'charitableworks grew, their
courageand constancywere alsorewardedby
increasedsupport from the averagecitizen. In
1858,the Sistersdecided that the daily walk
from the convent on ParkStreet to St.Patrick's
school was too long. They felt that if some of
them moved closerthey would alsohave more
time to visit the poor and sick in what was then
the eastend of the city. Much to the Sisters'surprise, a total stranger leasedto them a house
which had been vacant for years.Rent was set
at $1 per year.
Shortly after moving, a neighbour askedif
the Sisterscould hear "great, strangenoisesat
night." The Sisterssaid yes,but thought it was
from a nearby stable."No," replied the neighbour, "your houseis haunted."Aft er theBishop
blessed the house from garret to cellar the
noisesstopped.Unfortunatelp haunted or noL
thehouse had to beabandonedtwo yearslater
becausethe Sisterswere unable to meet the
expenses of maintaining an additional residence.
By 1859, seven Sisters and nine novices
sharedthe workload of teachingin the schools
and caring for 53 orphans. Along with financial hardship, they also encountered other
problems. On August 30 of that year a fire de'
stroyed their beloved St. Ma4/s Church. No
one was killed and the sacred vessels,along
with the BlessedSacrament,were saved. But
other valued church furnishings - vestments,
oil paintings, the Bishop's throne and a coloured stahre of the BlessedVirgin Mary were lost to the blaze.SisterVincent CIHagan,
26, the church sacristan,attempted to salvage
them in vain.
Whenever their fortunes threatened to ebb,
an appreciative community always rallied to
thechurctr's aid. FrederickKortum, a Germanborn architect, designed a new Gothic-style
church. It was built between 1859and 1850on
the site of the ruins by volunteer labour provided by parishioners.St. Mary's becamethe
seatof the Bishop of Hamilton until 1927.Itis
still a parish church.
Local farmers donated wood to warm the
convent during the bitter winter months. They
also provided horseand buggy transportation
when the Sisters made their regular visits to
the countryside to collect money for the orphanage.
Thecollectionswere alwayssuccessfuI and,
on occasion, humoutous. br one instance, a
Sisterwas welcomed into the home of a Protestant woman. Looking at the Sister's habit,
which had been modelled on widow's dress
with the addition of a veil and guimpe, the
woman asked the Sister in all sincerity, if she
had a headacheand, how long had her husband been dead? After the Sister explained
who she was and what she did, she received
the woman's generous,lifelong support.
Members of the medical profession, too,
were staunchadvocatesof the Sisters'endeavours and publicly encouraged support. In
'1.864,
Dr. Martin J. O'Dea, medical
February,
attendant at St. Mary's orphanage,reminded
readersof TheHamilton EaeningTimesthat the
time was drawing near to contribute to the
olphanage, "orte of the oldest and most de.
serving charities in the city." In a summary of
how the alms were used, he revealed that
increasedaccommodationwas neededfor the
growing number of homelesschildren and de'
rribed the institution as "a safe,seflrre refuge
for girls." He added, "it is sanitary and children who arrive suffering from scrofula (swelling of the lymph glands of the neck due to
poor ventilation and malnutrition) are always
restored to health by the Sisters."
Revenuescraped together through donations, fund-raising festivals, bequestsand collections allowed the Sisters of St. joseph to
advance their combined cause of education
and care of the sick, homelessand elderly.
Along with their own fmgal, communal
living, these contributions ensured the ful-
t2
fillment of one of their maxims, which states:
"Shrdy to exhibit kindness to all, and unkindnessto none."
By 1867,the Sistersof St. ]oseph were in a
position to help the Sisters of Loretto when
that teaching order arrived in the city. The
Loretto order had purchasedMr. JohnO. Hatt's
residence on King Street, between Ray and
Pearl Streets,in order to establisha boarding
school. Drring the month it was being pre'
pared, they received the gracious hospitality
of the Sistersof St. Joseph,who were elatedat
the growth of separateschool education.
The needfor expandedhealthcareservices
continued to gain recognition. In 1882,Father
]eremiah Ryan from St. Andrera/s Parish in
Oakville left a bequest in his will, the interest
on which was to be given for the support of the
poor patients in a ward of the hospital when it
was erected.The following year anotherbenefactor, a Mr. Duffy,left a bequestin his will for
the building of a new hospital.
Sevenyearswould passbeforetheirmoney
was used for its intended purpose. It was not
until 1889that the Sistersof St.Josephundertook plans for their hospital under the capable
direction of Sister Philip Lenaten, who had
honed her nursing skills during the city's cholera and typhus epidemics.
Initially, the hospital's opening was not
greeted with enthusiasm by everyone in the
community. The Sisters would have some
obstaclesto overcome which they viewed as
yet another stage in a continuing processof
facing difficulties with perserverance, determination and absolute faith in the purpose of
their mission.
Chapter Two
THE SISTERS
OF ST.IOSEPH
"Thisgroupwill becallcdtheCongregation
of St. Ioseph,a cherishednatnewhich will
remindthe Sistersto assistand serpetheir
dearneighbourwith tlu samecare,looing
attention,charity and corilialitythnt the
gloriousSaintJosephlwd
in snoingtheHoly
Virgrn,hismostpure
spouse,
andtheSaaiour,
lesus,hisfosterson."
- Father JeanPierre Medaille, S. j.
The tradition of dedication and service that
St. ]oseph's Hospital celebrateson its 100th
anniversaryis, in fact,overthreecenturiesold.
It is a tradition passedon like a torch from one
generation of gentle women to the next. This
flame was lit in France,where the Congregation of the Sisters of St. |oseph originated in
1650. Although threatened by resistance,
oppression and revolution, it has never been
extinguished.
The spiritual director of the Congregation
of the Sistersof St. joseph was a saintly missionary,JeanPierreMedaille, a jesuit priest (of
the Society of Jesus),who recognized a religious dedication to prayer and service in a
number of women who sought his guidance.
He drew up what he called "a little design" for
their institutioru a spiritual way of life that
allowed them to serve all types of people
through any suitable activity which a wonvrn
could do.
Reonend Mother St.f ohn Eontbonne,7759- 7843
13
hr their original constitution, Father Medaille touched on and guided every aspectof
the Sisters'lives - from how and where they
would live to codesof behaviourand religious
exercises.Above all, the plan bade women to
perform pious works of mercy:
Each day they shall visit the
sick poor. . . . From time to time
they will visit prisons.Let them
procure spirihral and temporal
assistancefor the imprisoned,
according to their ability. Let
them prepare broth and other
things prescribedby the physician in the treatment of the sick
. . . their careand concernshould
be thesameasthey would show
to the sacred person of Jesus
Christ. They will furnish a room
with thesupplies necessaryfor
tending to the poor, and keep a
sort of pharmacy with a variety
of drugs and medicinesfor the
sick. They will dispense these
remediesprudently and under
the docto/s prescription when
necessary... .
Among otherthings,they will
be watchful in providing for
young girls who are in danger
of losing their virtue because
they have no one to help or
direct them, or because thev
are in need of money. The Sisters will try to find a home and
work for such girls. . . .
The residence of the Sisters
will ordinarily be an apartment
in a hospital or orphanage.. . .
Aft er their novitiate, they will
make three simple vows of
poverty, chastity, and obedie n c e .. .
They are to live in perfect
interior peace,moderation,and
exterior modesty, virtues
founded on a generousmortificationof all their passions,petty
whims, and any inclinations
thatare evenslightlyvicious or
repugnant to grace.
FatherMedaille's highcalling with its stringent standards welcomed women from three
defined social categories.The first, he said,
willbe womenwho havesufficientincomefor
their own support and who can devote themselves completely to worla of charity. The
secondconsistedof women who would com-
The firct rcception ol the Sisterc of St.loseph on
October 15,7650in I* Puy, France.
t4
pensate for their lack of temporal goods by
earnestlabour. Finally, widows and women of
the poorer class would be accepted if they
agreedto "work more diligently and live more
fntgally." Eventuallp the class distinctions
within the sisterhood disappeared.Their special gift was to promote unity among all people
and with God.
At first, becausethe seventeenth-cenfury
Church in Francewas suspiciousof any religious women not living in a cloister,the association was a secret one. However, Henri de
Maupas, Bishop of Le Pup was one man with
an open attitude. Father Medaille presented
the Bishop with his simple yet comprehensive
plan, which placed the Sistersunder the protective care of St. Josephbut did not require
that they lead cloistered lives. Rather they
were called to imitate Christ's life on earth by
going out among the people to devote their
efforts to the work He cherished- to aid the
sick, visit the poor and teach the children.
As individuals, they were expectedto have
humility and reflect a passionatelove of God.
This was called the "active and contemplative
life." Medaille's design also erectedthe framework for a rich and enduring spiritual tradition with "100 Maxims of Perfection," fundamental principles to which the Sisters still
adhere. Theseare a collection of exhortations
basedon gospelvalueswhich areshort enough
to be memorized and which essentiallysummarize the Sisters'philosophy
The Bishop's approval was complete. He
gave official existenceto Les Filles de St. Joseph by accepting the vows of the first six
members on October 15, 1650, and putting
themin chargeofa houseof refugefororphans
and women left destituteby the wars in France.
Many of theseearly Sisterscould neither read
nor write. To support their endeavours they
made and sold lace. In order to safely pass
through the streets to visit the sick and the
Poor, they wore the black outfits common to
rnany widows of the city, which Father Medaille had suggestedas suitable attire:
Their habit will be modelled on
the dressof widows with a veil
covering the upper face a black
taffeta cap, and a linen band to
the middle of the forehead, a
white coif under the black and
a plain kerchief drawn quite
closeto the neck. After profession, a brass crucifix attached
to a black wooden crosswill be
worn soasto hangon thebreast.
A rosary of fivedecadeswillbe
attachedto the cincture.Alt wil
be appropriately poor, simple
and modest.
1n7674,King Louis XIV granted civil recognition to the congregation,which had rap
idly flourished all over the country. A century
later, however, all the foundations crumbled
under a deluge of blood and terror during the
French Revolution of 7789. Convents were
closedand properties confiscated,forcing the
Sistersto seek refuge in the homes of their
relatives.In the town of Bas,Sistersescapedto
a cave,carrying the BlessedSacramentin order
to preserve it from desecration. Drring the
Reign of Terror, those suspected of being
againstthe Revolution or who refused to prononncean oath of allegianceto the Revolutionary state (demanded by the government but
she was spared meant that the congregation
could survive and grow. With their convents
destroyed,the Sistersleft prison and rehrrned
to live with their families.
In 1802 at the requestof Napoleon'suncle,
the Bishop of Lyon, SisterSt. john established
a novitiate to receive a new generation of
women who were interestedin non-cloistered
religiow life. As JeanneFontbonne she had
entered the congregationin 1778at the age of
19 and in the course of her religious life had
already run a school and a hospital. With her
experienceand leadership skills she was the
Flight utith tle BlessedSactamefltdudng the French
Reoolution.
forbidden by the Pope)were often guillotined.
One nury Sister St. John Fontbonne, had
returned to her familybut elevenmonths later
was imprisoned and sentencedto death with
other Sistersat St.Didier. In what they thought
were their final hours on earth, the Sisters
happily prepared for death and even bribed
the jailer to procure some clean white linen so
that they might appear presentable to meet
their Lord.
The night before their executionRobespierre,the most infamous of the revolutionaries,
was himself imprisoned and prisonersall over
Francewere set free. When the revolutionary
government fell from power on July 27,1794,
its decrees were nullified, including Sister St.
]ohn's execution order.
Future generations of her order said that
although martyrdom escapedSister St. Johru
she sought no escapefrom martyrdom. She A Sistn of St,loseph pays the supremesarifice by
rvas prepared to die for her faith. The fact that dying f or her faith iluittg the French Reuolution,
t5
uOnercasonlchosetoilepictthe Sisterc'formerhabitisbecauseof its soft,classiclines.
It makcs e timcless staternent. Theseimages are a celebratiott of the Sistersat worh
They'rc fiecflt to be soft, to cotmey the Sistetsas looing and caingutomen,"
Theseillusttations demons*ate the Sisters' oiginal an* in Hamilton - caring
otphaned
chililret end the eliletly.
for
For self-teught Hamiltott afiist Gitto Ccoicchioli, the Sistets of St. loseph twioe
happy nemoties of Sistets he kneut cs sn altar boy in Rome. "The story of the Sisters'
ileilicction ifuing thc chobre anil typhus ryiilemics in Hamiltoa in the 7850sooer
uhclmeil me becat* they had only their teligious beliefs for protection," he seid.
Inhispencilihewitgs, Gino,whouto*sfulltime as eDofascoVipefittel seyshis
aim is to cspturc a ftesh ,nornerrtthat shouts the Sistersin a positioe, inspiing uay.
l6
ideal candidate to found a new Motherhouse
at Lyon which attracted former members and
novices alike. It is in SisterSt. John's memory
and honour that the name Fontbonne is so
often used to dedicate significant buildings
(such as a librarp nursing school or auditorium) built by the Sisters.
With the orde/s refounding the widow's
cap and shoulder kerchief were replaced by
the veil and a large white bib called a guimpe,
the habit worn well into the 1960sand which
can still be seen today on a few of the older
Sisters.More recently, after Vatican tr in 1965,
when Rome called for renewal in all religious
groups, causing the Sistersof St. ]oseph to reexamine their mission, ministry, lifestyle and
constitutions, the Sisters also reviewed their
habit.
Initially, the inconspicuous dress of bereaved women allowed the Sisters to mingle
unnoticed among the people. They found that
the change to modest everyday streetwear
would grant that same freedom in modern
society.Although lay people can still be found
who prefer the Siste/s black habit, the fact is,
she was never meant to be identified by her
mode of dress.
Through the centuries the Sisters of St.
Joseph have responded to every need they
were capable of firlfilling, whether it was the
care of orphans and the elderly, education or
health care.V/herever they worked the world
over, they laid the groundwork for lay professionals to take over in schools and hospitals.
Eventually, foster care replaced their orphanages and in 1973 community colleges took
over their nursing schools. Today there are
25,000Sistersof St.joseph working in Central
and South America, North America, Europe,
Africa and Asia.
Fewer geographicalfrontiers may beckon
for their help than in the 1850s.In some societies social assistance,universal education and
goverrrment health insurance have replaced
the need for the Sisters'efforts in theseareas.
But, unfortunately, our sophisticated society
has ushered in a whole new set of problems.
These are the people who live in society's
wasteland, devoid of spiritual and emotional
support. They may alsosuffer racial prejudice
or economichardship. The Sistersof St.Joseph
feel called by their original mission to promote
peace,unity, healing and reconciliationamong
such people.This is why, in the 1990s,they can
be found working in the pastoral service department of a hospital, in parish ministry or as
high school chaplains. They also administer
soup kitchens, food banks, detoxification
centres,homes for girls and women, and diocesancentresof spiritual renewal.
In St. Joseph'sHospital in Hamilton, the
Sisters'continued presenceis felt throughout
the building, notably in the Pastoral Service
departrnent and on the Board of Trustees.As
Father Medaille suggestedover three centuries ago, they live in small groups: in the hospital, in transition homesfor women, in inde
pendent dwellings and at the Motherhouse.
The city benefitsasmuch today asit did in 1852
from the Sisters'many charitableworks. During the influx of refugees in the late 1980s,
rooms were renovated at Mount St. Joseph,a
former orphanageon King StreetWestto house
refugee families. The families then received
assistancein locating a perrnanent home. As
theresult of a study,a programisnowin place
t7
to assistbereavedfamilies in the diocese.And,
after yearsof planning the Sisterswill enter the
next century offering health care services to
the growing population in the region's east
end through a new ambulatory care centre.
Much of what is accomplished is done
with the help of lay people,bringing to life one
of theCongregation'smaxims: "Advance good
worksuntil near theircompletion and then,if
it can be done unobservedly, let others perfect
them and gain all the credit." It is this philosophy that allows the Sisters to detach themselvesfrom one project in order to meet and
embracenew challenges.
Chapter Three
EVERYWARD A CHAPEL
T'l
Dy '1889,the Sisters of St. joseph were sufficiently encouragedby doctors and some citizens to continue their work in health care in a
more formal way by opening a hospital of their
own. Before it could be accomplished, however, they had to listen to vigourous, ill-informed arguments against it.
Where taxes were concerned,an old bias
prevailed: that the Roman Catholic element
would createa division in the community. Of
the city's 49,000inhabitants at the time, 7.5per
cent were affiliated with Jewish and other
religions while a full 75 per cent were either
Anglican, Baptist, Lutheran, Presbyterian or
Methodist. This majority felt threatenedby the
17.5 per cent of the population who were
Roman Catholic.
In 1890,Hamilton was the fourth-largest
city in Canada. Restrictedby the bay and the
mountain, the city had expanded eastward to
its new limit at Sherman Avenue. The Che
doke ravine represented the western border.
Electrified streetcars on 10 miles of double
track replacedhorse-or mule-drawn cars.The
east-westlimits were linked by a route along
Main Street. A second one on James Street
bridged the gap from the downtown core to
the bayfront.
To join the city with the escarpment, an
incline railway was perched on a 45degree
angle at the head of jarvis Street.By the turn of
the century there would be another at the head
of Wentworth Street.New enterprise thrived
The altar of the hospital chapelin7922.
t8
in the "ambitious city." Traditional industries
producing consumer goods had been joined
by large, more specializedenterprisessuch as
the Ontario Rolling Mills, an employer of 500,
which would eventuallyjointheCanadaScrew
Company and the Ontario Tack Company to
form the Steel Company of Canada. Sanford
Manufacturing Companp the country's largestclothing establishmentwith 3,000employees,waslocatedonthecornerof Kingandlohn
Streets.With the harbour and the GreatWestern Railway, shipping and transportationlinks
to points outside the city were well established.
The city was orderly and organized,boasting service such as a police force, water sup
plp street lighting and sewers.Opulent landmarks - both private and commercial - includedWhitehern,a GeorgianhouseonJackson
Street where foundryman Calvin McQuesten
lived; Inglewood, a Gothic revival mansion
built below the escarpmentby GeorgeHamilton; Sandyford Place,an Italianate stone terrace of row housing built by Scottishmasons;
the classic revival Central Public School on
Hunter Street, Gothic St. Paul's Church on
JamesStreet and, Sir Allan Napier MacNab's
baronialDrndurnCastleatthe westernend of
the bay.
Yet with all thesesymbols of progressand
a healthy economy,resistanceto the establishment of a new hospital to serve the ever-increasingpopulation was rigid. The most fierce
opposition was registeredby those who lived
in the comfortablesouthwest neighbourhood,
its proposed location.As one Sisterexplained,
"Hospitals in thosedays, like cemeteries,were
not welcome in urban living areas.They were
neededin the sameway that transition homes
are needed todap for example. It's human
nafure not to want these institutions in one's
midst."
The Sisters had no trouble in finding a
suitable building for their hospital. Bishop
Thomas joseph Dowling, then 50, had been
transferred from Peterborough in May, 1889,
to becomeBishop of the dioceseof Hamilton.
He was to have lived in Undermount, a residenceon John StreetSouth, between the present St. Joseph'sDrive and Charlton Avenue.
Bishop Dowling found the mansion too large,
too expensiveto maintain and too far from his
parish at St. Mar;/s on SheaffeStreet.On July
\9,'1,889,
he sold it for $10,000to the Sisters.In
later years,Undermount was simply referred
to as "the 1890buildingl' at the hospital. But
the neighbourhood was in a dispute over
whether it was an appropriate location for a
hospital at all.
In a story on September9, "1.889,Thc
Hamilton Spectatoraird, the objections.Residents
expressedconcernthat a hospital in their midst
would hurt the area'scharacter,make it unde-
Bishop Thomas f oseph Dotoling fourth Bishop of
Hamilton.
Bishop Douling's residetce,Undermount,openedes
St.f oseph'sHospital on fune 77,7890.TheUndermount name continued as part of the Sistus' trailition
uhen Uniletmount Nurses'School opeteil in 7922arul
the Undermount yeatbook was publisheil in 7934.
19
sirable and drive down property value. They hospital there, as the Roman Catholic authorifearedthe spreadof an epidemic or contagious ties own the property, unless they should ask
diseasessuch as diphtheria. Germs and bacte- some grants from the citp which is hardly
ria were still the unseen enemy. It was still likelp as they are a rich colporation." In addiconsidered much safer, in the publiCs mind, to tion, the story continued, the Hamilton Genhave tonsils and appendix removed on the eral Hospital had ample accommodation for
kitchen table. Treatment in a hospital meant public and private patients and therefore the
need for another hospital did not really exist.
certain death.
One man thought it a thoroughly disagreeThree days later the newspaper, in an atable scheme "against which some united ac- tempt to weigh facts from both sides, fanned
tion must be taken." Another said "I don't see the flames even more. By suggesting the cmx
how they can be prevented from locating the of the problem remained the Catholic element,
it revealed an abysmal lack of understanding
about the intentions of the charitable Sisters:
Our Roman Catholic friends
have a perfect right to establish
a separatehospital. They have
a right to take all RomanCatholic patients out of the city hospital, or to take only those who
pay and to leave the charity
patients. . . .
clf n76;,f;/fze,.r7
&/,toz
itry
-'"17'*'{
Thc bill of sab lot the purchase of Unilermount lrcm
Bishop Thomaslosqh Doulingby the Sistetsof St.
loseph
Vieu from Chailton Aoenue of the 7894aildition to St.f oseph'sHospital.
20
The only objection to the
separatehospital schemeis that
it promisesto increasethe taxes
of the general public for the
benefit of the Roman Catholic
church.
To support his position, the writer noted
that the property in questionwas worth $20,000
and (making the r.rsualallowance from actual
value and the fact that $2,000of a clergyman's
residence was exempt from taxation), he
concluded that taxes were paid on $14,000,
amounting to $256per year in revenue to the
city.
want, and which can onlyhave
the effect of reducing the city's
income without reducing its
expenditure?
The people of Hamilton have
already provided their hospital
and must pay for its maintenance. Why should they pay
anything more for the support
of a hospital which they do not
Furthermore, the argument continued, the
provincial government paid 30 centsa day toward the support of eachinmate of a hospital
and the Catholicswould takethat income from
thecity hospital for the patientsthey removed,
without reducing expenditurein a corresponding degree.
A final prediction was offered: "If one may
irdg" by the history of the past, they will ask
the city for a grant. In a word, they will remove
paying patients from the city hospital and reduce its revenue, thereby compelling the general public to pay more taxes than they now
pay, and, in addition, they will ask the Protestant portion of the community to pay for being
injured."
Thankfully, the gloomy Prognosis was
inaccurate. Sufficient community support
convinced the Sistersthat the time and oPPortunity were right to open a hospital. On June
11, 1890,they openedtheir arms and 25bedsto
the city's sick
The first of a long line of competent Sister
administrators was Mother Philip Lenaten,64
who ran the hospital from 1890to 1894.After
coming to Toronto in the 1840sfrom Wexford,
Ireland, ]ane Lenaten, daughter of John and
Ann, enteredthe convent. In 1853shereceived
herreligious habit, along with the name Sister
Philip, and with true missionary zealaccepted
herfirst assignmentto Hamiltonthe following
year. She also taught in the seParateschools
establishedbyherCongregation.Between1859
l r;.'.", " t, /,. -' rl/ - * /-' /, - "'"o v'2-' -'/'{''
L'/. +/
td6. r,
//o, .t1'
tLJ, tt
irt.tE
z, et.8 r'
3t.t/
qt. at
Eitst gooetnment rcport for the peioil of lune 27 to September30,7890-
2l
and 1911she chronicled the eventsof interest
within her religious community.
Although anecdotesinvolving other Sisters were frequently recorded, Mother Philip
seldom mentioned herself. ln '1862she was
elected Superior General of the Hamilton
Congregation,an officesheheld fornine years.
Through her efforts, the Congregation bf tne
Sistersof St. joseph was incorporated by the
provincial legislature on Decemberfi, \829.
By the time Mother Philip died in 1911,shehad
spent 58 yearsdedicatedto the serviceof others. Lessthan five months after her death the
hospital openedits own nursing schoolfor lay
students.
Under her administratiory the hospital's
original 1890 staff was comprised of Sisters
Antoinette Flahaven, 34, Camilla Carroll,38,
Marcelline McGinnis, 34, Herman Sourbier,
32, and Bride Cleary,28.
Father Jeremiah Ryan's last wishes were
respectedwhen a ward was named after him
and maintained for the benefit of poor patients. From the day it opened, St. Joseph's
acceptedall patients regardless of their race,
religion or ability to pay. An eyewitness account of the opening of the new hospital was
published the followingday june 12, 1890in
Tlu Hamilton EaeningTimes:
The building proper is a large,
solid, three-storey building,
finished in the most perfect
manner from cellar to garret.
'/,'"- '. 1,.-<,V.'- - /-'7:^./'u
"t
Arccord of the first operationperformed at St.
loseph's HosVital.
At the entrance is a massive
stone portico and balcony,and
on the first floor, the visitor is
struck with the wide halls and
high ceilings, the spacious reception rooms and beautiful
Chapel, which was previously
the drawing room. The beautiful crystal candelabrachandeliers, which had been part of
the former furnishing, added
dignity and beauty to the new
Chapel,in which thereis placed
an exquisite altar, the gift of
Contractor Pigott, father of
Josephand Roy Pigott, Contractors, Hamilton, Ontario.
/':--' 'i-'
Record of expendituresfrom fuae 7890to lune 7891.
Record of receiptsfrom fune 78%)to lune 7897,
22
The secondand third stories
are divided into wards and
private roomswhich areall well
lighted, well ventilated, and
also well heated.The walls and
all the surroundings are of the
most cheerful character,while
the bathrooms and all furnishings are of the most approved
styIe.
The magnificent grounds are
in keeping with the buildings.
They are separatedfrom john
Street by a solid stone fence,
with stone coping and fancy
iron finish, and a pair of huge
iron gates. Altogether, it is a
very beautiful spot, from which
the patients can oversee the
whole city and watch the boats
floating up and down the Bay
to the Beach. And on a clear
day, a large portion of I^ake
Ontario can be seen from the
upper windows.
Doctors Leslie, Stark, Wallace, Anderson,
Bingham, Gaviller, McCabe and Osborne.
Equipped with little more than Aspirin they
battled major diseasesfrom whooping cougtu
diphtheria and smallpox to measles and
mumPs.
The skill and compassionof the tiny band
of Sisters,assistedby the doctors, were all that
stood between life and death for many of the
hospital's original patients. After a day de
voted to the care of the sick, when the doctors
went home, the Sistersstill had much to do.
Laundry, food preparation, housework and
record-keeping, for example, were all done
without thebenefit of labour- and time-saving
machinesthat are so taken for granted today.
ln the first 12 months of operation, 163
patients made use of the 25-bedhospital. The
demand signalled a need for expansion and
plans were immediately underway. Onceagain
On june 20 Dr. W. Rosebrughperformed
the first operation in the new hospital. The
patient was a 23-year-old Protestant worun
named Mrs. Gilmour, a mother of three from
Toronto. Chloroform was used for an anesthetic and the instruments were sterilized in
boilingwateron an ordinarystove.The operation, to closea vesico-vaginalfistula, was successful and the wornn went home a month
later.
An attendingstaffof physicianswasformed
on December 10, 1890.The first doctors to
serve under its chairman, Dr. White, were Foreground,the oiginal hospital; centre,St,Ann's Wing, built in 78!X;far ight, 1916uing.
23
the Sisterswould be helped by the generosity
of citizens.
Bishop Dowling blessed
On May 1,,'1.894,
the site and turned the first sod for the new
wing. Plans for the extension that would be
erected at the western wall of the original
Undermount called for a building 50 feet long
by 30 wide and three stories high. The $12,000
cost was partially covered by a bequest from
Mrs. A. Dowling the Bishop's mother.
By December the St. Ann's Wing was
complete. Thirty more patients could be accommodated in private rooms and semi-private wards. The ground-floor operating room
had gaslight fixtures for operationsat night. A
third-floor operating room had a granolithic
floor (artificial stone of crushed granite and
cement) which was easy to keep clean, eight
windows anda skylight, as well as an adjacent
room for the administration of chloroform.
Also in 1894the first major gift was pre'
sented to the hospital by an Anglican gentleman, GeorgeE. Tuckett, the prosperousowner
of the Tuckett TobaccoCompany. Becausehe
felt it was too strmuous for the Sistersto assist
or carry patients up and down the stairs, he
presenteda $2000 electric elevator to the hospital. His home, Mfile Cottage,is now part of
the ScottishRite on Queen Street.
Staff doctors routinely provided for the
hospital's improvement at their own expense
as well. In7902, Dr. Ingersol Olmsted paid for
the instalment of electricwiring and fixtures in
the operating room while Dr. Thomas Balfe
furnished it with a complete set of surgical
instruments.
Soon the hospital was affectionately re'
ferred to as St.Joe's.As the new century began
the hospitalls artillery of weapons for disease
In 7902Dr. Ingetsol Olmsted peid fot thc instellet'lon
of elecffic aniing and firtures in thc opuetingrcom.
Dr.GenrtlQaiglq
managementor cure was almost non-existent.
Drugs such as insulin for the control of diabe
tes and the infection-fighters sulfanilamide
and penicillin had not entered the medical
arsenal.The therapeuticvalue of vitamins had
yet to be recognizedso long as doctorslooked
for the presenceofa genn - as opposedto the
absenceof something in the diet - in conditions such as rickets, for example. Surgical
techniques such as coronary bypass or the
transplantation of any body parts - kidnep
liver, heart, cornea - were simply unknown.
Baffled by many diseases,health careprofessionalscontinued to treat the sick with a
blend of the latest in medical knowledge,
common senseand extraordinary amounts of
devotion from the Sisterswho ran the hospital.
The late Dr. Gerry Quigley, an obstetrician at
St. ]oseph's, eloquently recalled his impression of the way the hospital was run: "Iay
people are dedicated to their profession. In a
Catholic hospital the nuru exemplified dedication to the gteater honour and glory of almighty God. They did it for God's sake,not for
glory. You absorbedsome of this atmosphere,
regardlessof your religion. Every ward was a
chapel."
24
Chapter Four
ASOULANDAMIND
Credit is due to the dedicatedpeople who ran
St. ]oseph's and to the community which supported it, financially or otherwise.But on more
than one occasion,the hospital's patron saint
was also commended for overseeing its success!
The late Dr. Herbert Sullivan, Sr., who
joined the staff after graduating from Queen's
University in 1910,usedto say that when there
were any worries about the hospital, the only
thing that kept it out of trouble was the Sisters'
devotion to St.joseph: 'The Sisterswere dedicated to serving others in need of health care,
regardless of ability to pay, but the hospital
always came up making its own way. What
would you expect with the Sisters working
from 5 a.m. to 9 p.*. every day?"
Everyone had ample warning of Dr.
Sullivan's arrival each day because he performed a brief, but unique, tap dance inside
the front door of the 1890building. Then he
and Dr. William P. Downes met in the cloak
room, where they changedinto their white lab
coats.Staff and Sistersalike were fond of the
two men, who made rounds with such proprietary enthusiasmthat the hospital could be
mistakenfor their own. later they would report
to the Sister Superior, who was the hospital
administrator of the time.
"He would come through that big front
door of the hospitaland everyone would stop
in awe of Dr. Downes. He was so splendid,"
one nurse recalled of the former chief of staff.
Not eoeryoneutme masksin the opetating roon of the 7930s.
25
"He was a small man but his word was the law.
The Sistersrelied on him."
One morning the two men came upon a
janitor washing the floor right outside a room
where a delivery was in progress. The door
was ajar and the janitor, quite unconcerned,
continued his mopping - not an acceptable
aseptic technique where mother and infant
were concerned.The man was admonished,
but not beforeDr. Downes reportedly nudged
Dr. Sullivan and pointed to the statue of St.
joseph at the end of the corridor, saying "I
guesswe owe him much more than we realize,
because this is a very safe place to have a
baby."
Dr. Sullivan passed his love of medicine
and of the hospital on to his son,who was also
Dt, Herbert Sullioary St.,joineil thc hospital staff in
7910.
named Herbert. The younger Dr. Sullivan
joined St.Joseph'sstaff in 1952.His memory is
rich with storiesand anecdotesabout the hospital over the years:
I assistedDr. F. Woodhall in an
operationto takeout a woman's
uterus; he told me he had
brought her into the world. The
woman was chasing50,so that
tells you how long he practiced
surgery. He was a great story
teller and must have had one
thousand of them about the
ear$ days.
One day he told me about a
young woman with an ectopic
Dt. William P. Doatnesbeccmethc hospital's first
internin7976.
26
pregnancy who was experienci.g a massive hemorrhage. It
happened in the time before
blood transfusions. Her abdomen was full of blood. He said
he never knew what made him
put his hand over to the other
side of her abdomen before he
sewed her up. He found that
she had an ectopic there, too.
It's so rare it would be like
having two moons in the sky,
but it shows you some of the
skills that the older surgeons
had. It was a senseof caution or
something.
Such faith, coupled with the fact that government controls and standardization had not
yet been imposed, made it a relatively innocent period in which to practise medicine. In
fact, a 1907report on St. joseph's by government inspector Dr. Bruce Smith said nothing
of the calibre and organization of its services.
Rather, it detailed the institution's size, facilities,visitin g hours, terms of paymentand noted
that an addition was needed. In light of later
developments, the report is more interesting
for what it does not say than for what it reveals.
When a new orbetter way to handle health
care was discovered, however, St. Joseph's
made every effort to incorporate it into its
patient services. In 1895,Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered a diagnostic tool which provided
the physician with a Perrnanentvisual image
of the patient's anatomy. Within a few years/
no hospital was consideredproperly equipped
without an X-ray department.
()N'I'ARIO.
OF
PI?OVINOB,
{}!'
I)E}IART}IN:{|I
Total '"'
*ell
fjome v*tds
c.ovded.
tto
ere altogsther
lxddi*g
were Betr
$PACIAL
ol {rc, on wh
gml
clean aad ia
dmr tlrere ia a*tand
stairwa;e,
There are ffve ittteriot
order.
Very
OBffEBYSI):
ITEATU&SS
exape in we
ald
fair
piPe vith
{,*ilitics
for
}toic attlrehed
{ire esealns or *ti.
lhIec
sirie of the building.
The dietary
The suppli*
The
rcords
Numlprof
ie suitable, and is propetly
are fsrnished
by contracl
are aea|ly &nd correcilt
dayrstay
for put
lear
rl,ll portt of the hospilal were lound
trut,sleen
&rd well lsked
bjeveral new bath-tulx
l';utory
*rll
Tbe
recoslr
30i
3{l
6-16
A nre&il erililg lrrs lxen cqnstructsl in ibe kitelxrr whicl i* improved
rhereby.
"'
..
341
305
6Jc
7. Aver@ dars stat 19.9.
Infants under I ve*r' 1s'
Adul* ls,?5i'
i. 6;i;;a;". At-;uv'
'J fnftot" and Adulm' L3'?44'
i'
9.
"
relief, etc' tho qere
t@toeni'
t6- $o. of pu*o" sho beve reived
uon inmtes, 630.
No' of Bedr mrde op 59'
IL Dorrnitorl opaeity of bedr, 60.
CLASSIFICATIONOF PATIENTS.
pctpo*l.
{or hoepii&l
furnirhed
lllrerc are mme repaii.s,printing ete- requiral in dillerent Farte o{ tLe
Luildini4.
f trlst thst an.increi* ond rvell ric*rrecl liberality towards t'his
[,rpit*l will aritl v]r;rt i* necessarytll ii s equipment,
l'hc fil:rncitl
rl:Ln:rg{ailent-
retums. of ile
hospitll indierte carclul atttl prudcli
lt, lY, SITUCN $MITE,
InsPeetor'
fh. BruceSmith's rqort ott St.loseph's in7907.
storey's and ItN'Ncut.
The builrling is brick. thre
thereto.
'l'
liet 9.
Nnruher ol fre
Eerls aoi
111, Chillrerr
96.
Total
!'airly
9, Feruoles
}laler
uidence,
il
of patienlr
l{unber
$ l0'3tl'0{
for p&st yetr
for mailtenmce
Erpe:rrlirure
'Iotal
F 10,5i;-r''Js
for p&st yeer' ".
reeiptr
!'irarcicl
Tod
')3
-14
:J18 'jl-}2
;?{
I90?.
12,
litcEMEtrIi
IlAMILTOlir,
Tlre hospital should Lc, enl;rrgcd,
ts.'t.L
:l
9E{
' ' - ' 968 306
di*beryul dariog ilre year'
-.;-;il;;"
1. -r*o.
r8 t+ 32
;.
sePt'3oth,leoi "-le
in thelrosPit$t,
;. " ;;;&
-l:
-i
}{Oi]PTTAL'
JOSNPII'S
$T.
lst' I906
'
" "
OT
INPSCTICN
OP
rMffi
Iai!.
oct
irt ll*pital,
No. of rarients reuiniug
admitted during the tear
' Ilirtbs
*
C}TAI{T'IIE!j
A}{D
HOSPITALfI
-10.-
Statistical Report t9o7
e{t€r bJ tle
prcpared
rld
nicely scrverl.
and open pureltost'.
kept.
19,890^
ia good ordrr,
Sirlere in clrargc
lhis h$pit&l
r-cr\
is drirrg r<xrd srrrk
\!!l.i\
327
3l{
i
. lO' lr1 li6
Tutsl ..
:]t? 1:5 1l:
lJ. iAtIONALTfES:-Ceoada. ' ..
3+
?0 lo1
Englcad..
-l:'
:3
:]:
.
Irelard. .
16
6
l0
Scotlod.
:,
11
6
unitcdsrate*...."-.....
12
23
16
Othe. Cooltries.
Total..,.
ever'.vthirrg ltilg
L*ve replaeed tlte old ones aud aru
iudicate lb.i
Total, 616'
Feuale 3'11.
1?. lJEt r*Mgle 305.
13. ITPLIOION :*Proteret6 of anv demoninetion. 155 li2
149 165
. .
Booaa Celholic
{
I
0ther rligiors.
f 5. FESIDEI{CE:-City
of Flarrilton.
Counry r:f \Venrvorth
OlherCountier..-...
l'nired$tet€s.
3'tl 616
'.3tt
:Ji
4:t
l:
I
?67
t i
:3
0
irl.l
96
it
1
arrl is
*ol<irr:trrl.
With the assistanceof Dr. ]ames Edgar, an
X-ray department was opend in 1912with the
latestequipment - an induction coil and glass
plates. Developing was done in a darkroom
acrossthe hall. Dr. Alec Unsworth, who had
studied at the Mayo Ctnic in Rochester,Minnesota, instructed the Sisters in laboratory
technique.While he was on staff at the hospi
tal, Unsworth also had a private lab at Bold
andlamesStreets,where outpatient specimens
could be taken.
Total . .
30ir 311 ij.16
Dr. Sullivan,Jr.,recalledthat Dr. Unsworth
had a bit of a knack for farming, too. "Drring
the First World War, Unsworth and the other
doctors who were left behind thought they
should do something about the food situation.
Manpower was short, so my father and other
volunteers would go to Unsworth's brother/s
farm out in Aldershot. He had a greenhouse
and on their Wednesdayafternoon off this is
where they would go to grow tomatoes.It was
the doctor's war eff.ort."
27
Equal measuresof zealand determination
on the doctors' part were irupired by the Sisters' maxim "Look upon yourself as the servant of all. SeeChrist in others, and you will
show them respectand reverence."
Dr. Sullivan, Sr., demonstrated this principle in the way he encourageddoctors who
were new to the city. Dr. Sullivan, Jr.,recalled:
My father was a great believer
in the open hospital. Anyone
who came to Hamilton and
wantd to start up a practice,he
would give a hospital appointment so they could send their
patients to St. Joseph's.This
made for better patient care
because then they would get
the benefit of the Sisters and
nursing care.
It was better to give these
doctors a chance.If the doctors
were concerned about another
doctor who was not quite up to
the mark in knowledge or was
doing some things (that they
thought perhaps it would be
better that he did not do,) there
would be a discussion about
expelling him or dropping him
from the staff.
My father was against this
becausehe thought that a doctor cominginto the hospitaland
being exposedto the otherdoctors talking about newerdrugs
or new and betterways of doing
things would, almost despite
himself, get educated and fall
in line more with the idea of
conformity. The doctor would
seewhatthe otherdoctorswere
doing and learn that what he
was doing was perhaps obsolete or outdated and pull his
socksup.
It was the idea of education
rather than saying 'you can not
be a member of the staff anymore.'My father felt thesefellows, if expelled, would still
carry on practice and their patients would suffer, so it would
be much better to keep them in
the fold.
It was often this simple humanitarian
approach that worked best in solving a problem. But Dr. Sullivaru Sr.,also took a practical
approach when the need arose, particularly
where it affectedthe hospital's operation and
the level of health care it offered. When the
American Collegeof Surgeons(acs)sought to
institute a standardizationprogram in 1918,he
was quick to appreciate its combined aim of
staff organization and more clinical controls,
which were designed to improve the operation of Canadian and American hospitals.
In a move that made his former approach
quite relaxedby comparison,he called a meeting of St. joseph's medical staff on April 3,
7922,at 8:45 p.m. in the nurses' residenceto
discuss the program and how it would be
implemented. Although the minutes of this
first meeting are limited to date, place, attendance and brief outline of its purpose, it is
likely he explained the objectives of the plan,
how they would bring about better medical
service and the manner in which a hospital
would acquire "approved" status.
Theacsprotocol insisted on a careful, fully
documented diagnosis prior to snrgery, re'
cording of detailsof eachoperationperformed,
improved qualificationsfor anesthetists,laboratory service run by a competentpathologist
and a radiology department supervised by a
qualified radiologist.
Clinical records of all patients were to be
completed. Doctors who failed to comply
would have their privileges suspended until
the requirement was met. Staff were to meet
oncea month to review all hospital deathsand
the number of autopsies in relation to the
number of deaths.
Standardswere also set for other hospital
services.Food services,for example,had to be
under the supervision of a trained dietitian.
Depending on the degreeto which a hospital
measuredup to this yardstick, approval was
provisional or withheld altogether.
It appearsfrom the records of subsequent
meetings that co-operation prevailed when
the staff saw the wisdom of conforming in
order to achieve accreditation.
Providing some of the impetus to the plan
was the Reverend Charles Moulinier, S.J.,
founder of the Catholic Hospital Association
of the United Statesand Canada. In a speech
'1922,he
sr;id
delivered at St. Joseph'sin
The plan of standardizing hospitals is a great international
Dr.famcs Eilgar assistedin openingthe X-ray dqartment ir7972.
movement,for if a hospital does
not rise for better serviceto the
sick,the peoplesuffer. The hospital is an institution with a soul
and a mind, not merely a beautiful building. The staff of the
hospital owesto its patients one
hundred per cent service. The
patient has a right to life. If
among any of the medical men
on the staff there is any knowledgethat would make a correct
diagnosis of a case,the patient
hasa rightto it. Wehavea right
to all they have got to give.
Only in recent years has the
medical profession been big
enough to realize that they are
public servantsand it is only in
the past few years that the
public realized that the hospital is theirs.
Father Moulinier's sentiments mirrored
those of the Sisters,who exerted their influenceon the medicalstaff to ensuretheir patient
qrre was notcompromised and that the hospital was sem to belong to the people.
Determined to preserve and continue their
fully accredited status, they. drew up the
bylaws, rules and regulatioru governing staff
and visiting physicianseffectiveJanuary,1924.
These reflected the ecs model to the letter,
from autopsy requiremenb and accuratecharting to educationand medical records.Of particular interest was bylaw number eight, which
stated: '"We the staff of St. Joseph'sHospital
are opposed to the division of fees,which we
understand means any procedure between
tion and, on occasion,unnecessarysurgery. It
was by no means a custom peculiar to or
limited to any one hospital, but it was particularly frowned upon by St. Joseph'sstaff.
As sincere as their intentions mav have
been,it was a difficult custom to moni[or and
not an easyone to stamp out. Decadeswould
pass before a particularly vigourous administrator would seethat this and similarpractices
were overcome.
Rules and Regulations'
aDllllsslot{
Appliua[ts crrli6ed trv phy:icim to be fitsulrjectr for hospitol iretrrrnt irc rdmitted iaeslreciiseof their cr*d or u*tionalily.
No inuae, ircunble, or ilfectiouc cM shall Ite ednilt d'
P6lienL5 heving Doley or valuables &bout them will, ot entering
tbe hospir*l vill not be
leare sme rvirh the llister f3ecmi*ry--otherwie
reslnlrsible fot loss or danage'
On Nooember 28, 7922,Rm. Chailes B. Mouliniet, 5.1.,
etteflfual the opedng of Undermount, the rcut nurcing
schooltnd Vromoted the standardization of horyital
setoices,Photo courtesy ol the Catholic Health Associetion of the Uniteil Stetzs.
FATIENTS
Paticais must be in iheir reImtiee plam *t, ueal tioe, and rvhert
the pbysician makes his vi6it"
Petieilts rust nol teaee tb€ premilas, or visii ;rny parNof ihe lrospit{l
vii,hout peruis$ioa from lhe $isier in charge.
The uso of tolwco ig strietly prolribited in llrs w*rds.
PaNientsin pd\.*te rsms must be ia bal by niae P.$. lights are
tunred oui aN 9.30 P. M-
vtstToFS
f isitnn *re:rCuitted to
to -1.s0 P. M.
doctors themselve or between doctors and
others, whereby practice is induced ordirected
to any doctor in any nunner other than by
merit, and especially are we opposed to the
practice of a reward or emolument, directly or
indirectly to those referring cases.We further
recommend that this policy should beextended
to all doctors practising in the hospital."
The bylaw forbade the custom where one
doctor referred a patient, often for surgery, to
another doctor who charged a certain fee and
then split it with the refer:ringdoctor. It was a
practice that left itself wide open to exploita-
fn case of d*lgeroug
rclatives to siJii parierts
tbe wards every rfuy in thc rveek {rour 2
illoess slreciol
ai otlrer times.
arraageuent$
can la made
P*tient-s ccupying p.ivate rmms, nat see iheir friends any li
frorn 10.30 A. )1. to 3 30 P. Y.
Yisitos must no, gite eatablegsr liquorl of any kind to l}rrlients ; i
soch ilrirrgs nre brooght they uusN be l€{t vilh the Sister in chargc, u'hr
*rll tlispease them acording t€ the direction o{ the physieianVisitors de-siring to make any complaiut ivill kintlly commuuica
*irlr the llother Suprior.
TEFIMS
Prtienlsshnll ln retluiredto pav in arlvanccSJ.i0 per rvccli in r
rvards,,llurgiorl .vards 8{.90 per wr*k,
?rivate rooms range lrcm 8il 00 to $15.00 per rveek rceording !o
and lccaiioa.
An arlditioual {re of 8'5-00 rvill l*o}rarged to surgical cue*, for
of operation roon and dressings.
I)octors fe*, services of a special rrune, and msliciler
are
included ir the abote charges.
lVards
free to those uot gl']e to
Hospital rules anil tegulations in the early yearc.
dietetic work, scrubbed and
cleaned.We did everything we
were told to do!
But I liked nursing and it
madeno differenceto me whateverI was askedto do. We had
nothing for the 1918 'flu epi
demic except Aspirin and we
were lucky to get that. Many a
time I worked 24 or 36 hours
without stopping.
While fortunes fluctuated for many segments of the city's economy, the 1920swere
truly vigourous years for St. Joseph's.The
Sister Superior who directed many of the
developmentswas Sister St. Basil M'Clarty, a
petite woman in her mid-fifties who, though
ladylike, was assertivein her pursuit of anything that would improve hospital servicesor
facilities.
-)
Thc 7Y22hospitcl chepel.
In a decadewhich would witness the be.
ginning and end of the First World War, St.
]oseph's leapt from one milestone to the next
in quick succession:in 1911 the nursing school
opened; 1912 saw the establishment of the
deparhnent of obstetrics;and a new surgical
wing opened on October 12,19'l,5.It featured
an X-ray department and laboratory space,a
new chapel and a third-floor operating suite
with the latest in sterilizing equipment.
An eight-bed ward with a sun porch was
added on eithersideof themain hall of the first
floor to meet the need for increasedacconuno-
*7"1 za,,:/
dation. Private rooms/ semi-private and fourbed wards were located on the second and
third floors. SisterLeonieMartin was 23 when
she came to work at the hospital in 1916.She
attendedthe openingof theaddition connected
to the west end of St. Ann's wing:
Bishop Dowling, the doctors
and the priest joined us for Mass
in the chapel and lunch afterward. We had a good time. I
trained under Drs. Downesand
Sullivan. I bathed patients,did
tr,u. 6.
"J,:{*,,4.-"
r'/!.
'
Apaticnt's inooice shozosthe cost of surgeryand a
hospital stay in 7922.
Within months of Sir Frederick Banting's
discovery of insulin as a control for diabetes,
she applied n 1923for its use at St. ]oseph's.
Connaught Iaboratories promptly responded.
Dr. Fred Bowman was trained to administer
the new therapy but, oddly enough,the excitement generatedby insulin is not reflected in
the minutes of the medical advisory meetings.
They merely state that on April 10,19?3, the
doctors "discussedinsulin cases".
Under Sister St. Basil's enterprising administration, St. joseph's expanded. Because
an increasing number of young women were
attracted to the nursing school, a new residence was built on the site of the old Undermount n 1922.Although roundly criticized
for some of the more opulent touches- such
as chandeliersin the common room and a sink
in each nurse's room - she managed to get
what she wanted.
The following year, the obstetricsdepartment got a home of its own. br May, 1923,the
Sisterspurchased the property owned by the
firm of Long and Bisby at 58 Charlton Avenue
East (formerly called Hannah Street) for
$30,000.Converting the colonial-style home
into a maternity hospital was a costly endeavour - an additional $42300 was lavished on
renovations and furnishings. A HamiltonSpectator story praised the Sisters, saying "The
Sistersof St. Josephare to be commended for
their faith in undertaking so great a project
when so much depression is clouding our
land."
The whole housewas renovated with steel
laths, plastered and painted a snowy white.
Amenities included showers on each ward,
white marble floors and an electric signal system so patients could summon nurses. Be-
anilelrit,
ot Co.olro
J@
f'
aih.,
1925.
gt.Ae811,
8r. {.
St.
Jo6o!firs
f,ospLtsl,
geiLto!,
Oatulo.
,ee
kae;loa
ead
se
dll
l4eEltn
rhesaler
you
allead.y
atisrdea
a
eiL
Eo6!1ts1,
Iie{lb
hsas
asrgers
ls
he
of
sd
uit.
ft
le"loa
oJ st
dll
h€F
least
6ih.,
Si,
tbe
s&e.
rlth
Las
do
las
the
ase
of
!to?e!
'b?o aort-hs.
l,
111e toroBto
at
ldBu1h.
lhe
st
ge w1lt
roor
tu
the
iiB
Ideqltu
cos'"
teEFrature
ne gl',a
eeneld
!ae,
contlol.
dd
he6
Ihe
tr1sa11D
1tB
dietsjt
sith
loM
at
r€g*din8
cortRllh8;lld;Lgs
seltsieJtoril5
?,
place
ts
ffohsa
r€ceivea,
EoEplial
}!.
ena€arolsa
se
be6E
itrst
tos?h'6
oJ:nstrEciloEs
f&il1s!
D€csssity
v:a]s
Js€
sqI}p1y
leqolt€
hete
tbo6e
tL€
b
to
coase
la
Coslitee
oaty
suFl11ed
,sih€r
of
letter
b€ rleased
to
i€
3l^pe!
:or
strnrf,t
e
4y
1do?n&tXo!,
aoEs
s{ceralt,
_
/.
,),,a-i)-.llrEcio!'
As6sciaie
CcdraNghi -qEiitotk'leb6re?oria6.
3t,. r.
A letter ftom ConnaughtLaborutorbs in responseto
Sister St. Basil McClatty's rcquestfor insulin in7923,
Dr. Frcd Boanmofl u)as tflifled
causethe building was separatefrom the rest
of the hospital, it had its own kitchen completely equipped with gasand electricranges,
a refrigerator and an ice box. Underground
pipes carried steamheat from a centralboiler.
Elsewherein thebuilding, theoriginal black
walnut and marble fireplaces had been re'
tained. An operating room, doctors' change
rooms and a room for sterilizing instruments
were located on the third floor. Mothers and
their babiesstayed on the floor below. Access
to all floors was gainedby an automaticelevator. An oil painting of theVirgin and Child pre'
sided over the entrance.CasaMaria, or House
of Mary, was ready for occupancyon April 8,
1924. At 3:45 a.m. the following day Mrs.
Bishop, the first patient, was admitted. With
the help of Dr. W.j. Brough, Mrs. Bishop delivered a girl and christened her with the name
C-asaMaria.
The hospital at this point now occupied
almost five acres.Lr an interesting about-face
from its original objections- that the neighbourhood was unsuitable for a hospital and St.
Joseph'swould increase taxes of the general
public for the benefit of the Roman Catholic
31
to administct
insulin.
church - the Spectatorreported the day Casa
Maria opened:"Its locationnearthesideof the
mountain, its peacefulquietness,and its beautiful surroundings make it especially desirable. St. joseph's is indeed fortunate, and
Hamilton is fortunate in having this restful,
bright place,so well managed,where her citizens may go when ill-health assails."
While statistics seldom make interesting
reading, it is noteworthy that the hospital's
1925financial report indicates that of the 1,421
patientstreatedat St.]oseph'sin 1925,iust over
1,000 were Protestants and that $600 of the
hospital's money was spent on the care of
indigents, proving once more that the institution existed for the benefit of the whole community.
A student wtse and Mr. E. K. Reiil, Phm.8., in the 1!30s phcffiac!.
..a""."r'/
a-.;-z---*
r*z',:- r2.4.r, C4";
*
/Z-
Minutes of the first Meilical Adoisory Committee
meetingheld on Apil 3,7922.
By the end of the decadea staff residence
had been built by Pigott Construction for
$88,000and furnished for$3368. Interns earned
$600per year while a registered nurse's salary
ranged from $1,000to $1,825per year. The
hospital engineer earned $1,560,the dietitian
$900 and maids were paid anywhere from
$216to $420per annum.
By'1929St. Joseph'shad a bed capacity of
185 and provided medical, surgical, obstetri-
32
cal and gynecological care, an eye, ear, nose
and throat clinic and urological, orthoPedic,
pediatric and dermatological departments.
The charge for a major operation ranged
from $8 to $12, a minor one from $g to $0. L
convalescingpatientpaidaslittle as$12.25Per
week for a bed in the public ward and as much
as $40per week for a private room.
Quality of care was the same for all. Quite
often it went beyond medical care.One Sister
The Sistersof St.losqh purchasedCasaMaria for $30,000in May, 7923anil hail it reaooatedfor thcit obstetricsand matetnity patients.
33
used to take it upon herself to borrow flowers
from thosewho had plenty and make up little
bouquets to give to patients who had not received any.
Prior to provincial health insurancecoverageand particularly during the 1930s,doctors
acceptedthat many patients were unable to
pay.Thegeographicalboundaries
of a doctor,s
practice often influenced his income, according to Dr. Sullivan, Jr.:
In the depressiondays, collection would havebeenminimal,
indeed.A doctor did not expect
anything different. He knew
when hewas workingfor them
theyhad no money to pay him,
but they still had to be looked
after.
Usually, enough could be
made from paying patients so
it was not any great hardship
for theaveragedoctor.I do think
that some people had a much
heavier burden to share than
others.For example,I know one
doctor had an office on Ottawa
Streetand his practice covered
a big areain the northeast end
of the city. He had to give a lot
of medical care to some very
sick people.On the other hand,
it made a big difference if a
practice were centred in the
southwest end. Collection
would be good.
when a new maternity building was under construction.
challenge of coping with Casa
Maria's shortcomings required maintaining a senseof humour at all times. "It was a
lovely place for patients becauseit did not
have a hospital atmosphere, but it was a
difficutt place to give nursing care," lv{ary
remembers:
Both nurseries w€re always
futl. Sometimes we had to
improvise and use hampers
as basinettes.
In the daytime, the temperature in the nursery could
reach102F becausewe were
so close to the maintenance
equipment in the basement.
This was iust around the time
34
In her typical New England
way she told me shedid not
care how fancy it was. She
was more interested in the
crucifix on the wall. That
settled that issue and thaHs
whereshehad our first child,
Maureen.
The Sistershave beendedicated to the family and family life, of which child-bearing is a part. It was a very
sacredthing.I worked with
some Sisters who were as
good obstetriciansas - or
better than - some of the
staff men.
Chapter Five
IUBILEE-ANEW
HOSPITAL
During the 1930sand 1940s,St.Joseph'smediBy 1938,under the administration of Sister
cal staff kept abreastof a growing number of Alphonsa Meegan, the hospital gained ap
developments in medicine, drugs and treat- proval from the Canadian Hospital Associaments.Thehospitalcontinuedto receiveGrade tion for the training of interns. In addition, St.
'A'status from the American
College of Sur- Joseph's organized a broader educational
geons.
curriculum in co-operation with other hospi-
tals. Interns studied diseases of the chest
through an affiliation with the Hamilton Sanatorium and nurses receivedpediatric training
at the Sick Children's Hospital in Detroit,
Michigan.
At the monthly meetingsdoctorsdiscussed
Th. sotl.t'/f,'ingctrt to,tylorthentwhoqitel.orplzt
d tn 1947,l2lt to tight: Dr.l.f.P,'ry, DLHl.Sr.luo.a SL Dr. W-P.D@Es,Ilr.E. Wootth.U'Bkhap lX.Rfea
Mothzr Antoin tE M.Bnt , Sist6 St. BesilMcdart!,l&cphPlgott, SisterSL EduardDtlfy, Sis'lr IEie B3t2r, si.rzr St.Bigid HalB' sist.r SyloiaSt.D6ie.
35
advancesin anesthetics,improved X-ray equipment, such diagnostic tools as electrocardiography, shock treatment for.schizophrenics
and pertussisvaccines.
'1.1,'1,938,
On October
Dr. Arthur Riley
Armstrong of the Mountain Sanatorium addressed the medical advisory committee on
sulphanilamide, a synthetic bacteria-inhibiting drug. Sulfa drugs, whose basic compound
was first produced in 1908,did not gain wide'
spread recognition until 1932,when they were
rediscoveredfor their infection-fighting properties. Their use increased in the mid- to late
1930s.Drring the SecondWorld War the use
of sulfa drugs fought off infection which, in the
past, might have become severe enough to
warrant amputation of a leg or arrn.
The large white pills were best swallowed
with a great deal of water, but they often left
the patient feeling nauseated.As well, one of
the side effects was that the body could build
up a tolerance and require higher dose to
ward off subsequent infection.
konically, an even more significant infection-fighting agenthad beenidentified in 1928
by Alexaruler Fleming, who reported in the
British |ournal of Experimental Pathology on
his accidental discovery of penicillin, which
rendered bacteria inactive. It took the carnage
of the SecondWorld War, along with awareness of the shortcomings of sulfa drugs, to
revive interest in Fleming's discovery.
Delay in recognizing its value meant that
when commercial production of penicillin
begaruthe war was in progress. Consequentlp
the drug was expensive to produce and difficult to obtain. As a result, penicillin was strictly
rationed to the armed services.
At St.]oseph's,penicillin was administered
for the first time in 1943.A Sisterrecalled:
We obtained it through the
Department of National Defence for a veteran of the Second World War. I rememberhe
was in room 1, bed three, of
what was then called C-Floor.
Penicillin looked like gold
dust powder and it came in a
little glass vial. The nurses
mixed it with water and drew it
up into a syringe. It had a terrible odour. Every three hours
it was administered intramuscularly in rotating site on the
patient's body.
Dr. Meyer Carr was head of the department of pediatrics in the 1940swhen the wonder drug became a major headline: '1 was
invited to comment on the radio about what a
great advance it was. It was tricky to administer becauseyou gave a shot to the buttocks,
which could be quite painful for the patient."
The development of an intensive careunit
0cu) at St. joseph's was still 15 years away.
Until then patients were sent back to their
roorns following surgery. When more than
general-duty nursing was indicated (and if a
patient could afford it) a private.duty nurse
functioned as the giver of intensivecare.'The
concept of rcu round-theclock nursing care is
safer, though, as Dr. Sullivan, |r., relates one
patienfs experience:
Aft er undergoing chestsurgery,
a young run was returned to
Dt. Meyer Catt anashead of pediatics uhed penicillin
mcde heedlines.
his room. Later that night, in a
stateof delirium, he ripped out
the drainage tubes which were
connectedto his chest.Oncehe
had freed himself, he iumped
out of bed and escapedfrom
the hospital.
ln a pouring rain storm, Sister Lioba O'Dwyer chasedafter
him along Charlton Avenue.
The patient, despite his condition, proved tobequite elusive.
When she realized she was not
gaining on him, Sister Lioba
comurandeerd a passing taxi
and togetherwith the bemusd
driver she caught the truant
patient and brought him back
to bed. Sister Lioba, who had
enteredthe convent in 1915,was
in her 50sat the time but it did
not prevent her from rounding
up a fellow half her age.
Beforethe introduction of automation and
labour-saving equipment to the hospital, the
Sisters had a crushing workload. Three meals
a day for an averageof 5,@0patients per year
were manually prepared in a basementkitchen
of the centre building. Dshes were washed by
hand. Meals were transported in bulk by carts
from the kitchen and served to the patients.
Unlike today, patients had no choice in
their mealsbecausemenus wereplanned well
in advance. To maintain a high standard of
hygiene, the kitchen walls were washed once a
week. Baked goods were all homemade. Sister
Mildred Szabo derribed the arangement of
the kitchen she supervised between 1927and
1937:
The kitchen had three refrigerators,one eachfor milk, vege
tables and meat. The ice, which
we made ourselves, went on
top. Meat and bacon were cut
by hand and wedid all ourown
canningand pickling. We had a
Chinesechef who was so protective of his lard supply that
once, when one of the Sisters
asked him for some, he brandished a knife at her!
Without exaggeration, each
$unmer we preserved 500twoquart size jars of strawberries
and the same number of
peachesand marmalade. The
electricoven had three shelves.
The bottom was for meat, the
middle for baking and the top
for toast or bacon. We could
put 36 pies in at once. By the
window we had a table with six
hot plates,where we cooked.
But they had fun, too. She laughingly recalled the time an excessof raisins was delivered by a grocery supplier:
SisterLioba ODwyn, utho ran out into a raitry night to catch s runautaypatimt, btought comfort and cheet
when oisiting p a tients.
They said they had too much in
their stockroom.I did not know
whattodo with them.Afterwe
had made raisin pie and raisin
pudding, we still had someleft
over, so we decided to make
some wine. The raisins were
mixed with brown sugarin four
crocks and when it settled we
put it in bottles. I said to Peter,
the man in charge of the men's
dining room (oneof severalstaff
dining rooms),'Take this jug of
apple juice in to the men and
see how they like it.' A little
while later he came back and
said'Sister,the men say ifs the
best apple juice they have ever
had and they would like some
more.'So,I gavethem more!
Sister Mildred ordered the hospital sup
plies on a contract basis - groceries from
BalfoursLimited (Distributors of Tartan Brand
Groceries),fmit and vegetablesfrom Rosart's
and meat from Reardon Brothers, who sold
beef,lamb or veal for 72.5cents per pound.
By 1940,the 200-bedhospital was filled to
In the early 7940sSister Rita Paul Fischer(left) and Sisterllrsula Barry attend to their patients,
38
capacity,asall availablespacewas turned over
to patient accommodation. ln'1,939,a total of
3,894patientswere treatedat St.]oseph's.The
following year,the number of patientsjumped
to 6,769.By now the Sisters' reputation for
dedicated service was well established and
demand continued to climb. Their 50th anniversary was celebratedwith plans for a major
expansion.In the sprin g of 1944,BishopJoseph
Ryan approved the building of a new 400-bed
hospital which, at a costof almost $1.5million,
promised to be "second to none in the Dominion." A grant for 9177,000was received from
the provincial government for construction.
Once more, a grateful community cameto
the rescue as a group of charitable women
formed the hospital's first auxiliary, the fore.
runner of today's Volunteer Association, to
help defray additional expenses.OnMay ?2,
1945,a meeting of representativesfrom parishes of the city and the surrounding districts
took place in the nurses' residence.Members
of the first executive elected that day were:
Mrs. S.H.O'Brien,PresidenUMrs.
H. McGuire
Mrs. B.V. Phoenix and Mrs. W.P. Downes,
First, Second and Third Vice-Presidentsre.
spectively;Mrs. D. Donahue,RecordingSecretary; Mrs. ].S.Pylypuik, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. W.H. Grover, Treasurer, and Mrs.
J.G. Smithbower/ Publicity.
Plans for fundraising activities began
immediately. The volunteers' philosophy was
modelled on the Sisters'own - to help where
the need was greatest. The results of their
efforts ranged from practical to life-saving
contributions to the hospital. Proceedsfrom
events such as teas, card parties, dances,bazaarsand tag days enabledthe audliary to buy
linen for the new hospital, purchase ecpiPment and make cashdonations.
In subsequentyears,an $1,800instrument
which automatically prepared tissue samples
for post-mortem examinationswas donated to
the pathology lab. Prior to this, the work had
been manual and timeconsuming. Through
theauxiliary's efforts, a central oxygen system
was installed, which delivered oxygen to the
patient's bedside and eliminated the need to
move heavy oxygencylinders from the central
storage room to wards and operating rooms.
Each year the associationawarded a scholarship to a deserving shrdent in the nursing
school and needy families received generous
gifu of ctothing.Overtheyears,asthehospital
grew and new needswere identified, the auxiliary always assisted.
Under the administration of Sister St.
Edward Drffy, then 56, the new hospital officially openedin May, 1.947,andthe public was
welcomed to tour "one of the most modern
hospital units on the continent." The crossshaped building was designed by William
Somerville of Toronto and built by Hamilton's
Pigott Construction Company. It embodied
the latestarchitectural,scientific and mechanical ideas in hospital construction.
Described in The Hamilton Spectatoras
" . . . strikingly modern, dignified and stately
in its distinctive beautf" , the building occtlpied most of the block from Charlton Avenue
to Mountain Boulevard, which was later renamed St. ]oseph's Drive. When using the
John Street entrance,visitors were greeted by
thecomforting sight of St.joseph'sstatueabove
the doorway. SisterSt.Edward's office was on
the ground floor of the north wing.
On either side of the impressive front hall
were two spaciousvisitors'roonu. With high
windows facing in all directions,they had the
appearance of sun roorns. Patients were accommodated in the four wings that radiated
from the central rotunda. A tower which
formed the hub of the wings housedthe elevators and nursing stations,kitchen, utility and
storage space, and permitted convalescing
patientsin the wings to restundisturbed by the
hospital activity.
Efficiency in locating hospital staff was
increasedwith the installation of a teleautograPh system,by which a messagewritten at
the switchboard was recorded at all nurses'
stations. These stations were decorated with
dark green trim, stainless steel and red furnishings. Serums and blood for transfusions
were stored in utility room refrigerators. The
new building evenincluded a specialroom for
flower arranging. Rooms for male patients
were painted a soft green and equipped with
wheat coloured furniture, while womens'
rooms were painted a peachcolour and furni-
In the pathology laboratory utith SistetAudry Schmidt are Dr. E.N, Ballantyne anil Ages Bruch.
39
ture had a limed oak finish.
The kitchen moved from the basementto
the main floor in the south wing and was
supervised by chief dietitian Sister St. ]ames
Culliton, then 48. She was a former nurse and
a graduate of MacDonald lnstitute in Home
Economicsin Guelph. Her new kitchen boasted many convenient appliances.Refrigerators
now had doors that opened in front on the
kitchen side and at the rear on to a conidor,
SisterSt.EdwardDuffu
where supplies were delivered and stocked.A
Mix-Master blender eliminated most of the
former manual labour in the bake shop and perhaps best of all - piping-hot food left the
kitchen on trays along an electricconveyor to
dumbwaiters which lifted them to the wards.
Although an emergencydepartment with
the level of sophistication l,arown today had
yet to be establishedasa distinct service,space
was dedicated to emergency medicine on the
northeastcorner of the first floor. This areahad
an emergency operating room and adjoining
recovery room, 10 beds, waiting and consulting roomsand offices.Treating emergenciesin
the late 1940swas still very much the family
doctor/s responsibility. Dr. Herbert Sullivan
remembershis father being called away from
the dinner table to attend a child who had been
hit bv a car:
At the opefing of the 794,7hospitel the School Sistss of Notte Dame (foreground) celebrute Mass utith the Sisters
of St. loseph.
N
He would not wait to finish his
dessert. He would be up and
out. One day we had chocolate
pudding, which was a great
favourite of mine. I could not
see how he could leave it to
dash off in such a great hurr)'.
But there is no doubt that the
parents of the child were de'
lighted to seetheir family doctor arrive and reassure them
that theirchild was all right.
His fathe/s dedication was typical, Dr.
Sullivan recalls. "All the doctors gave expert,
personal servicein an emergency."
Mother Philip Lenaten, administrator of
St. Joseph'swhen it opened in 1890,would
have marvelled at the sophisticatedtransformation of her 25-H hospital. An X-ray suite
locatednear the operatingroornson the fourth
floor had mobile units which could be taken to
patients.The hrberculosisprevention division
of the Ontario Department of Health installed
X-ray equipment for the detectionof chestdiseases.The new building had sevenair<onditioned operating rooms equipped with shockand explosion-proof multibeam lights over
the operating table. Two rooms were used
exclusively for tonsillectomies, four for major
and onefor minor surgicalprocedures.Nearby
was a six-bed recovery unit where patients
could regain consciousnessfollowing anesthesia. Instruments were sterilized in a highpressureautoclaveand, following orthopedic
surgery, a department of physiotherapy assisted in patient rehabilitation.
SisterAncilla Fagan,Phm.B.,managedthe
With thc assistanceof Mary Eitzgaeld (meried name
Marin) Bishop losqh F. Ryan officiclly opets the
7!A7 hospital uhib Dr. Willicm P. Dounes (fat left,
front roan) Iooks on,
efficient new pharmacy, which consisted. of
two sections.Dispensing and workrooru were
on the ground floor,thepharmacyand chemical rooms were in the basement. As chief
pharmacist, Sister Ancilla was the first Canadian to win the American Catholic Hospital
Association pharmacist's award for her outstanding contribution to hospital pharmacy.A
first-hand witness to the vast expansion of
drug treatmentsand pharmacyin the'40sand
'50s,she insisted on reading about everything
she handled and felt it was her responsibility
to tell the doctors what she read and heard
about new drugs.
From the windows of private and semiprivate rooms on the top floor patients could
look out to the Hamilton mountain or the bay.
ln order to maintain sanitaryconditions,roonu
were furnished with metal furnihrre which
4l
could be easily cleaned. Care and consideration were given to the decor of patient roonrs
on thewards. Walls werepainted with restful,
pleasing colours - pale peach, warm buff,
cool green or blue. D.apery in each room coordinated with the wall colour. Night lights in
rooms and corridors allowed nurses to supervise patients without disturbing their sleep.
Nursing and housekeeping staff welcomed
the installation of two ground floor dumbwaiters in the new building. One sent fresh
supplies - linen, instruments or medications
- up to all floors while the other brought used
articles down from all floors, thus eliminating
the need to carry supplies.
Two yearsafter the hospital's completion,
St.]oseph'sspent $132,0@on the construction
of a laundry building which was linked by a
hrnnel to the hospital. It was opened on December 13, 1949.The equipment alone cost
$34,000.A Cascadewashing machine, the first
of its kind in Canada, featured automatic
controls. The Sisters were proud of their air
conditioned laundry facility with its terrazzo
floors, buff-coloured tile walls and pale green
woodwork It was efficient,sanitary, practical
and altogether up-todate.
Drring 1949, St. Josephls had admitted
17919 patients and performd.9,822 operations, compared to 163patients and 24 operations in 1890.Staffdoctorstookoverthecareof
patients who were unable to pay for health
care. The various services were organized
under Dr. William Downes, chief of staff. The
hospital was accredited in the following services with department heads: Surgery, Dr.
Kenneth Murray; Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Dr. A. Hollinrake; Medicine, Dr. C.K. StuarU
Anesthetics, Dr. R.J. Fraser; and Children's
Diseases,Dr. Meyer Carr.
The post-war baby boom placed tremendous demands on the hospital's maternity
department. As Sister Geraldine Campbell,
Superior of the hospital at the time, explained:
"!Ve are regularly turning away scores of
mothers.Our capacityis not nearly adequate."
At the close of the decade plans were well
underway to build a new wing four times the
size of the deterioratedCasaMaria. Provincial
and federalgovemment approval was granted
in November,1949,to the extent of 9290,0fi),
although the total cost would reach $500,000.
A sod-turning ceremonytook placeon December 8, 1949.Completion of the new building
was expectedto take 16 months. Built in an Lshape around CasaMaria, which was still in
use during construction, the new wing contained 80 beds and 93 basinettes,bringing the
hospital total close to 500. The overall design
echoed the master plan, with services efficiently located in a central tower.
Grant Avenue,
]ames Sutherland, of "1.48
receiveda paid-in-full bill for the distinction of
being the father of the first baby to be born in
the new wing when it opened in ]une of 1951.
Despite the building's numerous modern
SisterM. Victor SchaeferandDr. O.R, Greenin the
7950sX-tay suite.
Apaticnt in the X-ray rcom of the 7930sanil'40s.
42
amenities,nurseMary lv{arrinrecalleda couple
of early problems. "Hot water filled the bowls
the first time the toilets were flushed, causing
them to crack.It took six months for telephone
lines to be installed. SisterMarv RosePautler
(who also nursed on the maiernity ward)
worked so hard and we all pitched in."
Nursesin the maternity ward worked nonstop throughout their shift. Infants were constantly under their care becauseat that time
babiesdid not room in with mothers.Mothers
were still staying from seven to nine days.
Babieswho were waiting to be adopted stayed
anywhere from six weeks to six months.
patient. Shewas a very formal,
very proper woman and although she was supervisor,
they were short-staffed,so she
helped.
At the end of the night she
looked so hot and tired, I suggestedsheneededa good, cold
bottle of beer. She answered,
(left) Marygrooe nurses'resideace,(cenfie)the new
launilry building opmeil in 7919,(ight background)
partial oicut of the staff residmce.
Dr. Gerry Quigteyhad colourfulrecollectionsof the busv ward:
Within a few years we were
delivering closeto 6,000babies
a year.The placewould go mad
most of the time. I remember
one unbelievably hot Sunday
that I had spent most of the day
lying on top of the bed with the
fan on, iust trying to keep cool.
That night I went down for a
delivery wearing slacks, a
sports shirt and bedroom slip
pers. Patients were on stretchers with no beds to put them in
after delivery.
I sawSisterSt.Edmund Dales,
in her habit, with sweat literally running off her as she ran
with bedpans from patient to
Sister Mery Austia Reding in thc busy t urcery.
43
'Don't mention it.' I went home,
found a shoe box in the basement, took two bottles of beer
from the icebox,wrapped them
in paper, put them in the box
and returned to the hospital. I
asked the receptionist to call
Sister to pick up the parcel before she went off duty.
The next morning, as always,
she was in the rotunda to greet
every doctor. When I camein I
asked her how stse was that
morning. In her formal wap
she answered,'I'm fine doctor.
I had a wonderful sleep last
night.' She never thanked me
or acknowledged that she got
the beer, except for that referenceto sleep.
'?hysicians were made
to feel it was as
much their hospital asthe Sisters'," Dr. Quigley
added, "so if a Sisteraskedyou to do thus and
so, you would do whatever it was she asked."
He assisted Dr. Hollinrake, the chief of
obstetrics, at the first operation in the new
gynecological wing. "Sister Eileen McKenna
and severalotherswere in the operatingroom.
She was poised with her camera. Dr. Hollinrake, the son of a Baptist minister, was a
devout, wonderful man. Before proceeding
with the operation he looked at the cmcifix on
the wall and said, ,\rVewill iust say a little
prayer that almighty God will protect the
patients, the Sisterswho run this hospital and
the doctors who work in it. Lefs go!"'
Dr. Quigley remembers that those present
in the room were deeply moved by his
colleague'swords.
"Sister Eileen was crying so hard shecould
not take the picture."
Sieter Eiber McKenna (bft) and Sister Eoelyn Riotdan assist Dr. Herbert Sullioary It. (l$t), Dt. Karl Kraft
(background)and Dt. Frark Woodhall (ight backgrounil)in the 7!E0soperuting rcom.
44
Chapter Six
PUBLICAPPEAL
Dhortly after opening its 1947 building the
hospital could barely keep pace with the
demand for its services. Between 1941 and
1951, the city population had increased by
almost 47,W to 180,000.Inthe winter of 1952,
14 patients crowded into wards designed for
12,forcing the Sistersto use corridors for bed
sPace.
By the following summer the bed shortage
becamecritical when St. Joseph'sexperienced
the busiest seasonin its entire history, caring
for a daily average of 430 patients. In 1953,
't'8,689.
Many paannual admissions rose to
tients could not afford to pay the per diem cost
of $11.15.Thehospital's financial report for the
year revealsthat it managedto render $20,000
worth of free health care to city and county
indigents.
The bed shortagewas the topic of discussion at the November 9,1953, Medical AdvisoryCommitteemeeting.Onedoctorsuggested
that perhaps patients were being kept in hospital too long at the expense of those who
needed beds. "Discharge the ambulatory patients to an outpatient basisand make room for
the ill," he requested.Iater, with the situation
even more acute,came the plea "Keep minor
ailments at home. If ifs a real emergencywe'll
find room but be fair to your colleaguesin the
diagnosis of an emergency. Discharge your
patients as soon as possible."
The opening of a new chapelin 1955alleviatedsomeof thecrowdingbecausethe old one Thc Fiesen concept at utork: Sistet Mary Ro* Pautler pushes the button for the floor ilesignated to rcceioe items
was converted into a department for physio- ftom the trayoeyor.
45
realizethat simple economicscompelled them
to do so much of the workthat formerly placed
them in the public eye.The maxim "Seekneither praise nor recompense for your good
works in this life, that you may receivemore
enduring reward in eternity'' reinforced the
Sisters' efforts to provide health care to all
citizens.
SisterAnn Marshall took on the responsibilities of a night supervisor at the ageof 24.
Nursing Sisters, she explained, were put in
supervisory positions for financial reasons:
Itft to ight:Dr.Williamlamieson,
and Dr. Frank Woodhall.
Sistet Geruldine Cempbell,Dr.William P.Dozoaes,Dr.Herbert Sullioan,fr.,
therapy. Enhancingthe chapel's simple, modern style were mosaic stations of the cross
made in France and a larger-than-life-size
crucifix handcarved by ]oseph A. Gause of
Hamilton which formed the focal point of the
main altar. At the chapeldedication, Hamilton
Bishop JosephF. Ryan said, "In a Sisters'hospital, the chapel is the most important unit of
that building. All other parts have a specific
purpose and promote certain good ends, but
for the Sisters,the chapel is the all-important
place."
Despite the cramped conditions, the Sisters were loath to refuse treatment to those
without means. Sister Geraldine Campbell
rigidly insisted that "no matter how crowded
the hospital is, indigent patients will never be
refused admission." In 1954pay increasesto
existing staff and the hiring of additional personnel to cope with the workload drove up
room rates by one dollar per day. The ward
ratewas$7perday; three.andfour-bedrooms
were $8; semi-private $9 and private ranged
from $9.50to $14.
A decision made by Hamilton's Board of
Control in 1956helped easethe burden of debt
created by unpaid medical bills. Controllers
agreed that the city would pay $10,000to St.
Joseph'sfor the care of indigent patients during the first six months of that year.It was also
decided that, commencingjuly 1,the county of
Wentworth and the city of Hamilton would
pay the actual costs incurred for the care of
indigents. The Sistersappreciated the financial boost,although it by no meanssolvedall of
their problems.
The Sisters were reconciled to working
harder and longer in order to make endsmeet.
People who regret that the Sistersare not as
much in evidencewithin the hospital may not
Therewas no government fu nding at that time. A Sisterwould
work from 7p.m. to 7 a.m.,with
a registerednursecoming on at
11p.m. to help carefor the 400
patients. Student nurses also
staffed the floors at night.
After finishing a six-month
stint of nights I was put in
chargeof pediatrics,becausewe
could not afford to pay anyone
else.Titles were not important
to Sisters. A Sister would do
one job, be transferred or assigned elsewhere. It did not
bother us, but it would not be
fair to do that to a lay nurse.
After the Sisters finished a
shift, they did any work necessary to keep the hospital going.
A lot of patients were cared for
who could not afford it, which
is why we went into the busi
ness.Thereare still people who
can not afford it. That is what
we are all about.
In the late 1950s,when the provincial
government introduced a hospital insurance
program, the number of patients who sought
treatment at St. Joseph's multiplied again.
Often, in the X-ray department as many as 80
patients- somein wheelchairs,othersin beds,
many with arms or legsin casts- spilled from
waiting rooms into corridors while they waited
to seethe radiologist.
Laboratory staff took blood samples at
makeshift tables when the small consulting
rooms were full. The labs carried out half-amillion services each year. On the pediatric
floor asmany as 70children were wedged into
a ward originallydesignedfor35.Dining roorns
and playareasweresacrificedto provide extra
accommodation.Emergencycasestook priority over children whose elective surgery had
Gooernor Gencral GeorgesP. Vanier and Madame Vanicr (centre)on an tnofficial oisit to St.loseph's duing
construction of the new surgical buililing,
11
sometimesbeen deferred for months.
A backlog of 2,000 patients waited for
surgeryin the operatingrooms,which handled
50 operations daily. After delivery of their
babies, many women rested on stretchers in
the hallway (where privacy was non-existent)
until a room becameavailablein the maternity
ward. Doctorswere forced to ask mothers who
had been in St. Joseph'scare for four or five
days to leave as soon as possible.
The discomfort and inconvenience for
patients and staff dishrrbed SisterMary Grace
Stevens,who becamethe hospital administrator in 1954.Shestarted making plans for a new
SisterAnn Marshall
hospital and knew exactly who she wanted to
design it.In the early 1940sshe had met Gordon Friesen, a hospital consultant, whose
design principles were considered quite radical at the time. He stressedautomation and a
streamlined flow of goods andservices within
the hospital. It was a concept already familiar
to industry, where, for the sake of efficiency,
labourers on the production line have the
materials brought to them. When applied to
the operation of a hospital, however, this
approach had the added advantage of allowing staff to maximize the quality of care rendered to the patient.
Sister Mary Grace was enthusiastic about
Mr. Friesen'sideas and determined to hire him
to design the new hospital. To demonstratethe
need for expansionto Mother PaschalCollins
(Superior Generalof the Hamilton Congregation at the time) SisterMary Graceinvited her
to tour St. ]oseph's.
But Mr. Friesen'sinvolvement in the proi
ect was almost curtailed when Sister lv{ary
Grace mistook the Superior/s silence for consent:
When we had a desperateneed
for more spaceI asked Mother
Parhal to come and tour the
crowded hospital.
I took her around and even
showed her the packed store'
rooms. We needed someone
like lvtr. Friesen because of his
experience.Well, Mother Paschalwas a woman of few words
-but she gave me the impression that she agreed that I
should hire him, so I did.
When she found out what I
had done, she told me that no
one had given me permission
to hire him and that I had no
business doing it. I really got
the dickens for that! You see,
initially my advisory council
did not agree that we needed
his services.SoI called Mr. Frie.
sen and told him the job was
off. Obviously, he could have
charged us for half of his re.
tainer fee,which was $150,000.
But hedidn't. A little while later,
I did get approval.
amounted to a substantial sum, which they
applied to enlarging and improving the hospital whenever necessary.
Local taxpayershad relied on the hospital
for sevendecadeswithout ever being askedto
contribute to its financial well-being. But the
scopeof the building program the Sisterswere
about to undertake was the most daunting
sincethe hospital opened.
In November,1960, William Scully, president of the SteelCompany of CanadaLtd. and
generalchairman of the hospital building fu nd,
stressedthat St. ]oseph's request for community assistancewas a reasonableone. "St. Joe's
hasservedus faithfully for over 70 yearswithout ever knocking on our doors for help," he
In the late 1950s,if the city had endeav- said. "I am confident that, with realistic supoured to replace the hospital altogether, an port from all segmentsof the community, we
estimated$14million would havebeenneeded. will reach our objective. After all, it is really
The cost to build, furnish and equip the new St. our own health we are being askedto protect."
Almost 700fundraising volunteers,organ]oseph's,on the otherhand, totalled $8,450,000.
Grants from the federal and provincial gov- ized in teams,launched an intense campaign
ernments, along with a $1 million commit- in February,'1.9
6'1..
They called on corporations
ment from the Sisters,made a construction and small businesses,merchants,private indi
start possibleon May 4,79ffi. As well, the city viduals, health care professionals and the
of Hamilton made its first capital grant, in the general public. Donations soared to $1.6 by
amount of $2 millioru to St. |oseph's.
April. To raise the balance,30,000employees
Buta shortfallof $2,49p,000
erdsted.Forthe in major industries each received requests for
first time in the hospital's history, the Sisters a $3 gift commitment - at a time when the
were forced to turn to the community in a average weekly earning in Hamilton was
major public appeal for a specifiedamount of $85.84.Less than two years later Mr. S"rlly
financial assistance.
proudly announced that the responseto the
Over the decades,St. Joseph'shad been appealhad beenoutstanding and that the fund
able to expand through the Sisters' sound had reachedits objective.
management, tireless efforts and the donation
Mr. I. Pigott, chairman of the hospital
of their own services. Rather than receive fi- advisory board, praised the community for
nancialreward fortheir work, they setasidean the successof the fundraising campaign. "The
amount equivalent to their combined salaries broad scaleof giving is both a testimony to the
from the hospital's income each year. This generosity of Hamilton people and colpora-
tions and a grand tribute to the very high
esteemthat everyoneholdsforthe Sistersof St.
]oseph. I know that many gifts were made in
respect and honour to the dedicated lives of
the Sisters,"he said.
After operating the hospital from 1954to
1960, Sister Mary Grace was transferred to
anotherjob at St.MaI/s Hospital in Kitchener.
Although she left St.joseph's before constmction began, her dream of an ultra-modern
hospital became a reality. The new building
was officially openedby Premier JohnRobarb
on October 77,1962,under the administration
of SisterSt. Paul Iardie.
Working with architects Prack and Prack
of Hamilton and hospital consultantsGordon
A. FriesenAssociatesInc. of Washington,D.C.,
Pigott Construction completed thebuilding in
18 months. Built in the shapeof a rectangleon
an east-west axis, the new hospital was finished in light greybricksharply contrastedby
blue glazed panels. It occupied most of the
block between james and John Streets. Although its basic location remained the same,
St. Joseph'saddresschanged from John Street
to 50 Charlton Avenue East becausethe new
main entrance was situated off the Charlton
Avenue parking lot. The emergencyentrance
faced ]ames Street.
The exterior of the eight-storey building
was architecturally simple, but housed within
it were innovative ideas in hospital planning
which blended fonn with function to serveone
essentialaim - to increase attention on Patient needs.
Diagnostic and clinical services,as well as
administrative offices, were located on the
first floor. Dietary facilities - the kitchen and
staff cafeteria- were on the secondfloor. The
third to the seventh floors were deigned for
patientcare.Thebed totalhaddoubled to 800.
A pediatric ward on the third floor had 96beds
and on each of the other floors there were 75
beds for patients undergoing general surgery,
thoracic and plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery as well as gynecological, genito-urinary
and ear, nose and throat care, plus ophthal-
mology, and neurosurgery. The Sisters who
worked in the hospital lived on the eighth
floor.
Rooms on the south side faced the tree'
covered escarpment, which presented an attractive vista in any season.On the north side,
the patientscould gazeout from their rooms at
thelovely old homesin a neighbourhood which
The Sistcts host e rcception fot men anhodesigneil anil built the 1962 sutgical buililing, *afud left to ight : Sbtet
Audry Schmidt, f osephPigott, Sistet St,lcmes Culliton, Ludaig Giadl, Sistet St. Paul Lardie, Staniling left to
ight: Emile Dubois, Alvin Pnck, nnidentifieil man, foseph Pigott' fr,
49
had onceresistedthe hospital's establishment.
Bright, spacious corridors running the
length of the building provided accessfor staff
and visitors to the patients' rooms.Paralleling
the outercorridors was an inner one,to which
only hospital personnelcould gain entry.
This inner corridor contained the heart of
the Friesen concept.Located within it was a
retrievalsystemforthe exchangeofclean and
soiled supplies. This system eliminated the
possibility of patient exposureto infection and
to noisy, routine hospital activity. Becausethe
exchangeoperatedon a 24-hourbasis,it saved
the staff from unnecessaryjourneys to obtain
supplies.
The retrieval system's master dispatch
centre was located in the basement.Arranged
around this centre were the sourcesof supply
- fresh linen, medical supplies, medications,
instruments - which were distributed to the
floors in a number of ways.
Small items such as records, emergency
orders for supplies, X-rays and prescriptions
were quickly transmitted betweendeparbnents
along a pneumatic tube.
Automatic trayveyors with a 40-pound
capacity expedited supplies through two vertical stainlesssteelshaftswhich kept cleanand
soiled articles separatefrom each other. One
carried clean supplies to the selected floor
Sistet St. Paul Lardie uith Mr. Abin Prack of prack
and Prack, Architects.
W?:l oPellr'Sotry'ryqLcelbuiltirg on odoba78,7962.Izlt to ttgtt:Plen'tcrlohnx','.ane, Moth.r Atd.oq/. H,yes, Sbtcr SL PcirlLArdi., M.fot Llofdle*'oa
v,tilliaw Scl/.tt!,Postmrcta-cene/{,l EuznEetrctotglt
50
Theswgte.t}44',?.i,'gon a'rlton
i,t7!X2:
Ao.'u., co6?A.d
while the other returned used items to a decontamination centreand the centralsterileareain
the basement.
To selectthe floor for which the supplies
were destined, an attendant simply pushed a
button in the dispatch centre. Becausethis
trayveyor had an automatic ejector device,
staff did not have to be present at the designateddepot to unload it at the time of delivery.
A generalservice elevator for items too large
for the trayveyor also served all floors. Another elevator served the kitchen.
A pharmacist prcpsles a prescriptiott fot its jouney
along the pneumatic tube.
Anur* retrieoesftesh suppliesfrom the nursenter
without leaoingthe patienf s room.
A core ettefldant rc-stocks thc nurxntet with fresh
strypliesfrom the halluay outsiile a patient's room.
A holdingarea forsoiled items in the centre
conidor containeda trash chute to an incinerator in the basementand a chute for dirty linen
which linked to the laundry room. The system
ensured a constant rotation of new and used
goods.
Individual supplies, according to the
patient's needs,were picked up from the depot
on each floor and distributed via mobile carts
to a specialcabinetcalleda'nurserve/, located
at the entrance of the patient's room. This
cabinet,situated in the wall between the corridor and a serviceareain the room, had a door
on each side which allowed for an efficient
exchangeof new and used items. It had three
advantages: the patient was undisturbed by
constant traffic in and out of the room; the
nurse spent lesstime running to fetch or requisition supplies needed from a store room and
- the most significant - the nursespentmore
time with her patient.
Sister Mary RosePautler was responsible
for overseeing that this Supplp Processing
and Distribution (sno)system got a smooth
start in the new hospital. "Mr. Friesensent me
to observein a hospital in SanFernando,Cali-
51
fornia, where they had a system similar to the
Friesenconcept.It was foreign to me and I had
to get an idea of how it worked. When I re.
turned to Hamiltoru I worked closelywith Mr.
Friesen," she recalls. "The attendants who re.
stocked supplies in the nurserver becamevery
knowledgeableand it got so they could anticipate needs. It made a big difference because
before that the nurses used to have to run back
and forth to get things themselves."
Today this spp system remains the most
efficient method of distributing supplies
throughout the hospital.
The concept affected the location of other
deparhnents as well. Sister Gerald (Beatrice
Schnarr) worked in the pharmacy when the
new hospital was in the planning stages:
Becauseof the Friesen concept
we had to be in the basement,
close to the dispatch department. Sister lvlary Grace was
very kind and trusted us with
the planning of our own de.
partment.
In the pharmacy we had a
tremendous team of enthusiastic peoplewho did a lot of innovative things and this enabled
us to give better service to the
patient. It was a time when the
pharmacy became more specialized. Unit dosage was introduced. We had a sterile room
where we made a lot of our
own iniectibles.
In the 1960s, clinical pharmacy was introduced. The
medical professionincreasingly
depended on pharmacists.
Confidencedevelopedbecause
the pharmacists knew a great
deal and could give accurate
information that the doctor did
not get through other sources.
We checkedto seeif drugs were
compatible or if they would
cause an allergic reaction. Pre
scription orders were carefully
edited.
Audio communication was another feature of the new building that helped the nurse
attendto herpatient'sneeds.A two-wayintercom at the patient's bedside was connectedto
the nurses'station. Without leaving her desk
the nurse could find out what the patient
needed and get it there twice as fast. Also at
the patient's bedside were push-button controls for radio, television, or recorded music
and stories.
Elsewherein the building, most notably on
the first floor, facilities and departments with
Sister Eibm McKenae talks to c grudtate nw* uthile e studett nutse usesthe neut audio communication system
at the nutses' ststion.
52
related functions were grouped together to
optimize efficient patient care.The 12 operating rooms, the most modern in Canadawhen
thebuilding opened,were set in two banks of
six with a sterile corridor running between
them. To avoid any form of contaminationthat
might endanger the patient in the operating
room, sterilized instruments and equipment
were brought through this cleancorridor. The
oR personnel, after scrubbing to ensure they
were as germ-free as possible,used the same
entrance.
Becausecombustible gasesare used during surgery, a machine was installed at the
doorway to detect on the surgeon any static
electricity which might spark and cause an
explosion. For the same reason/ oR nurses
were not allowed to wear any nylon articlesof
clothing. All operating room staff wore cloth
overshoes with a metal strap in the sole to
ensure that they were prop€rly grounded.
New equipment was introduced into surgical procedures.Two of the operating roorns
had overhead X-ray units built-in. During
surgery, the surgeon could seea continuous,
amplified X-ray of the patient on a closedcircuit television screen.The anesthetistcould
also monitor the patient's heartbeat, which
was representedasa pulsing line on thescreen
of a machine called an oscilloscope.
In the eventof a power failure, thehospitalls
dieselauxiliary powerplant madesucha rapid
changeoverthat there was no intemrption to
surgery in progress.
Sister Mary Daniel Weadick had worked
in the operating room since 1950 and witnessed the doctors' transition into areas of
specialization in surgery.
She was eager to ensure the on nurses
would develop skills to a corresPonding degree.Beforemoving into the new building she
approached Sister Virginia Hanlon, Director
of Nursing, about havinga chargenurse in the
on for each specialty:
I told Sister Virginia that I
would like to see the nurses
receive some special training.
As a result, onewent to Toronto
to an orthopedic hospital and
another went to Boston to an
eye clinic.
By the time we moved into
the operatingrooms,eachnurse
took over her specialtyand she
could then teach the others.
When the surgeon came in, he
knew exactly who he should
speakto when he neededsomething. This gave the nurses a
greatdeal of satisfaction.I could
not possibly be responsiblefor
the thousands of dollars worth
of instruments.
I blessed Sister Virginia be
cause if she had not agreed I
would havehada much harder
time. I remember being told
when I was in training that
when you are in charge of an
operating room and you go on
vacation, it should run iust as
smoothly aswhen you arethere.
If it doesnot, thereis something
wrong with your supervision.
You are not delegating,you are
holding on.
Ao tfr" hospital turns into its secondcentury of seryice, a new team works in the
phalnacy - 17 staff pharmacists, three
supervisors,three administrative staff and
assistantswho perform techt? p$t**y
nical functions.
By consolidating pharmacy resources
and drug inventory, this systemeliminates
a u*oc6*uming ctroreior n.usiogstari.
Ratherttrar spenf,hourseachdayJbrti"g
patient medications into containers for
reqrisition from the
hi"trilt uor,, n*o,
pharmacy drugs which are needed for a
24hou1 period. The required medications
are-paCkagedin single unijs.by phar.macy
technicians and dispensed in a ready-to-administer form.
distribution has numerTil;;h;J;
ousadvantages.The most noteworthy improvements are that it reduces the incidence of medication etror, makes more
efficient use of nursing and pharmacy
personnel and reduces the size of drug
inventory in patient care areas.
Through the establishment of clinical
pharrracy, patient care improves because
pharmacists are involved in the education
of thosewho consume,prescribe,dispense
or administer drugs.
The unit dose system is appropriate for
about 85 per cent of drug distribution in
the hospital. The remaining.lS per cent are
prescriptions made in the pharmacy
'kitchen' or in a room that provides a sterile environment where intravenous inlections - nutrition solutions, for example,
for patients who are unable to feed themt
selveslnr€prepared.
Once out of surgery each patient was
wheeled across the hall to the new 33-bed
recovery and intensivecare unit. The proximity of this department was planned to minimize patient travel at the critical post-operative stage. Until patients were ready to be
transferred to a nursingfloor, they wereunder
the constant vigilance of specially trained
nursing staff who used sophisticated equipment to monitor vital sigru and progress.The
addition of an intensive care unit was also
beneficialto patientswho wereadmitted to the
hospital in a critical condition - severeburn
or accident victims or those suffering from
cardiac arrest.
Dr. Herbert Sullivan, lr., explained the
advantage of having patients in critical condition under closeobservationin oneplace."The
nurses in intensive carewere specially trained
and would be doing the same thing over and
over again. As a result, they could give the
patient better carethan if the patient were sent
back to a floor where perhaps the nurse had
not caredfor a patient with a lung re.sectionin
six months, for example."
Patients who required treatment on an
outpatient basis or those arriving for scheduled admission to the hospital had easyaccess
to the building from a front entrance off
Charlton Avenue. Emergency cases were
brought through an entrancelocatedon ]ames
Street. Diagnostic services - radiology and
clinical laboratories - were strategicallysihrated near outpatient and emergencydepartments as well as the operating rooms to facilitate speedy, convenient service. The major
benefit of this arrangementwas that it caused
the least amount of inconvenienceto patients
becausethey didnothave to travel throughout
the hospital for X-rays and blood tests.
By the early'60s,emergencymedicine had
evolved into a distinct department of its own.
The fact that 50 to 50 caseswere handled each
day meant that separatequarters were warranted for the busy department.Patientswere
brought through a sheltered ambulance entrance to an emergencytreatment area on the
left that consisted of four examining rooms,
four operating rooms and four observation
rooms. To the right of the entrance was a
waiting room where friends and relativeswere
kept clear of the patient<are activity.
The department, with sophisticatedtechnology and highly trained personnel dedicatedto emergenry medicine,signalled a dramatic departure from the days when the individual physician hurried in to carefor his own
patient. Dr. Herbert Sullivan, Jr., explains the
different strategiestried over the years:
Initially, the family physician
handled his own emergency
cases.The secondstage in de.
velopment of an emergency
departrnent was when interns
arrived at the hospital. It was
thought to be a good thing to
have interns look after these
patients. They were called to
deal with the most life-threatening situations and they did
very well consideringtheywere
the least experienced staff
members.
Conscriptionof generalpractitioners was the next stage.If
you were going to be on staff at
the hospital,you were expected
to take your turn in the emergency room. This meant physicians took an eight- or a 12hour shift every six weeks or
three months to see that the
hospital was protected by having a competent emergency
doctoravailable.Theadvantage
to a young doctor with this
systemwas that he might build
up a practice through the patients he met.
For a more experienced,mature doctor, the snrotation was
more of a drawback, particularly if he were on the midnight
to 8 a.m. shift and had a busy
day planned at the office.Quite
rightlp he would want to give
priority to his own patients.
Evenhrally it was recognized
that with specialization developing in other departments,the
samewas neededin emergency.
You had to have someonevery
skilful in handling, for example,
a cardiac arrest with all the
complicated new equipment
and drugs. You needed a specialist in emergencywork who
could master the latest intricaciesof handling a personwhose
heart has stopped for two-anda-half minutes.
New equipment also helped improve the
handling of emergencypatients.For example,
in the caseof an accident victim with a back
iojury, St. joseph's introduced the use of a
stretcherupon which a patient could undergo
X-rays, treatments and surgery. This type of
stretchereliminated the need for the patient to
be moved more than once,which might aggravate the injury.
Still standing over the former emergency
entranceis a 12-foot statue of St. ]oseph with
the infant Jesus.The statue,sculptedby Joseph
A. Gausewas made from fired clay and done
in green,beigeand white with a ceramicfinish.
It took Pigott Construction 10days to erectthe
1,800-poundwork, which was an anonymous
gift to the hospital. Although it is slightly
eclipsed by the west wing built in 1987,the
statue of St. Josephis still visible as one ap
proachesthe hospital from Herkimer Street.
Administration and businessoffices were
logically grouped together on the north-east
corner of the ground floor, away from treatment and patient-careareas.
A bright, blue-and-white tiled kitchen on
thesecond floor of the newbuilding was ready
for occupancy in November, 1962. After'15
years as dietitian in a small, cramped kitchen,
SisterSt.JamesCulliton, then 63,marvelled at
her expansive new quarters. The petite Sister
with twinkling eyes feared she would need
roller skatesto makeher way around its 13,000square-foot area.
Atl equipment was made of stainlesssteel
and work spacewas dedicatedto the appliances'various functions - four 60-gallonelectric soup pots, electric and gas ovens, and a
heat-controlled cabinet for raising yeast rolls.
Other state-of-the-art equipment included a
$15,000automatic dishwasher,a $12,000automatic pot washer,a cancrusherand a garburator. An elevator to the basement linked the
kitchen with its two walk-in refrigerators and
transferred from the trayveyor to the
attendant's cart to be delivered to patients in
the wards.
JoyceGilmour worked with SisterSt.]ames
for a year before the new kitchen opened.She
was very fond of the Sister who, in 1963,decreed that Joyce would be head dietitian. '1
rememberSistersaying to me 'Thejob is yours.
I hope you want it becauseit's yours anyway.'
That was just shortly before she died." Mrs.
Gilmour recalled:
Sistet St.Pad Lardie and losqh Pigott of Pigott
Construction Company.
walk-in deep-freeze.
Each dap Sister St. ]ames and her staff
prepared 3,CI0 meals. The new cafeteria accommodated280patrons,who couldbeserved
at a rate of 20 per minute. The enlargeddining
area,with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking St. ]oseph's Drive, meant that hospital
personnel no longer had to eat in shifts. An
automated trayveyor that lifted food from the
kitchen enabled 800 hot meals to be distrib-'
uted to patients throughout the hospital in 90
minutes. Three minutes elapsedbetween the
time food left the kitchen and when it was
Apart from the routine meal
preparation, the therapeutic
diets required at the time were
of a generaltype and comprised
about 30 per cent of our workload. What we did would be
considered run-of-the mill by
today's standards.We took care
of reduction diets for
orthopedic or cardiology patients and had the occasional
malabsorption case. Diabetic
diets were always challenging
because the diabetic is very
much an individual.
When the kitchen was
planned, no one realized how
the clinical aspect of nutrition
would take off. We did not have
McMaster Medical Centre, a
dialysis department or the
sophisticateddemandsthat are
made on our profession today.
It was not asscientifically structured. We have grown and done
well.
A population more knowledgeable about nutrition is
placing more demands on the
dietetic profession. They are
better educatedand informed.
They want to know what the
end or hoped-for result (of following a particular dietary
regime) witl be.
With increased knowledge and researchn
nutrition developed areas of specialization,
too. Today clinical nutritionists are an integral
part of all facetsof health careprovided by the
hospital, from pediatrics, maternity and the
intensive care unit to outpatient counselling,
medicine and psychiatry. They work as part of
the medical team, attend rounds and conduct
detailed nutritional assessmentson patients.
Sister Norinc Mooney, head of the ailmitting ilepsrtmeflt in t E 7!X0s.
56
Whm nutrition problems are identified,
clinical nutritionists plan, teach and monitor
individualized diets. In order to give directions for therapeutic dietary treatment, they
are required to have a good background knowledge of diseasestatesand physiology and be
able to interpret bloodwork
In those early days, Mrs. Gilmour realized
things were moving so fast that there was no
way they could keep up on everything. "I decided we needed areas of specialization. Dialysis proceduresprecipitated this need more
than anything else.You could not go on with
sying to the dietitian, This is your floor and
everything on it is yours.'"
The design and plan of the new St.Joseph's
perfectly coincided with the era of specialization in health care.SisterMary Grace,who had
returned as administrator ir:r1963,had taken
the necessary steps to guarantee that the
hospital's reputation and calibre of service
were above reproach. In her view, the best
possible facilities warranted the best possible
rnanagementand operation and she saw to it
that St. joseph's offered the citizens of Hamilton-Wentworth a healthy return on their investment.
Chapter Seven
A PERIODOFGI{ACE
Y\
lJespite the budget and spaceconstraintsthat dominated the 1950s,St.Joseph's
made tremendous advances on many fronts. The efforts of a medical staff
dedicatedto improving patientcarecomplementedtheSisters'devotion.Thelate
Dr. Charles Jaimet is a good example. He revealed his findings on the clinical use
of radioactiveisotopesata Medical AdvisoryCommitteemeeting onlday8,1950,
two years after the Canadian government released radio-isotopes for medical
research.
The radio-isotope, an atom which grvesoff radiation, could be administered
to a patient either orally or by injection.The radiation given off, while lessthan that
of an ordinary dental X-ray, was enough to be tracked by a highly sensitive
measuring device called a scintillation detector. This instrument detected where
the isotopes ended up and whether they concentrated in one particular spot.
Internal bleeding or kidney diseasecould more easily be diagnosed this way.
Because certain isotopes concentrated in certain areas of the body, this was a
method of treatment, for example, of an over-active thyroid gland. Iodine also
concentratesin the thyroid. A precisedose of radio-isotopes of iodine could be
gtven to the patient. They would go straight to the gland, bombard it with
radiation, kill off some of its cells and thereby reduce its activity.
Dr. ]aimet's years of researchinto this valuable diagnostic tool resulted in a
uniqtre link with McMaster University. In 1958,Dr. ]aimet and Dr' H. Thode (director of the medical research department at the university and international
authority on nuclear physics and atomic energy) establishedthe most modern
isotope laboratory in Canadaat St. Joseph's.The lab functioned as a department,
with the official approval of Atomic Energy of Canada.Dr. ]aimet, one of the first
physicians in Canada certified to administer radioactive materials to patients,
heiped forge a link between fundamental reearch being carried out a-t the
university and its practical application of testsand treatmentsat the hospital ft"
result was that two labs were working on individual medical cases.Other
hospitals had set up similar clinics but St.Josepn"shad the distinction of being the
first to engagein research.
The hospital made medical history when it named to its medical staff three
nuclear scientists from the university who were on equal footing with members
holding medical degrees.They were physicist Dr. M. Johns;biologist Dr. P. Nace
57
SisterMery Grcce Staens sercedas hospital aatminisfiator from 7W
to 7960end from 7!N3 to 7970.
Sisterloan O'Sullioanbids farcutell to Dr. Robert
Hagga4 atho retbed as Aief of Pathology on f anuary
78, 7985.Dr. Haggar uorkcd at the hospital lor almost
28 years.
and chemist Dr. R. Tomlinson. These men
joined Dr. Jaimetand Dr. RobertHaggar, chief
of pathology at St. ]oseph's on an advisory
board governing the new department.
Commenting on this dramatic departure
from medical traditions, Dr. Jaimet said, '1
considerit of tremendousimportance.The fate
of medicineis intimately bound up with people
who are not MDs."ln emphasizing the significanceof bringing together scientistsof differing backgrounds, Dr. Tomlinson added, "I do
not appreciate the problems of the medical
professionand they do not appreciatethe tools
available to them. Through mutual co-opera-
tion, the bringing together of different disciplines, problems that lookcomplicated to one
seemquite simple to another."
A Hamilton Spectatorreporter made an
interesting prediction in 196,3on the McMaster-St. Joseph's relationship when he said:
"Such recognition was a notable achievement
in a city which,lacking a medical school,does
not qualify in the strictest senseas a medical
researchcentreat all. In fact, if Hamilton ever
does become one, the link between hospital
and university for radio-isotoperesearchmay
prove to be a vital factor in its creation."
In themidst of thesedevelopmentsa change
of administration took place at St. Joseph's.
The reins of administration were handed over
without fanfare and if the Sistersare said to
have a managementpolicy at all, it would be
the maxim "Desire that others think little of
you and much of everyoneelse;be grieved that
youshould be esteemedbut happy that others
be esteemed."
Sister Mury Grace Stevensfirst assumed
theroleof administratorin 1954.Twentyyears
earlier she had graduated from the troipitat's
schoolof nursing. At graduation, shereceived
the prize for preventive medicine. If ever a
personfound the limelight a penance,it is this
woman with the genteel demeanour. Behind
an expressionthat is by turns wry or mirthful,
she has a mind that worked on some of the
most advancedideas ever introduced to hospital management.Mention her name to those
who worked with her and the responsegiven
in reverentialtonesrangesfrom "fair-minded"
to "a visiotrrd\", "a brilliant administrator/'
and "a woman aheadof her time". Long after
her retirement, she could attend a hospital
58
function and receive a standing ovation just
for entering the room. '?.eallp why all the
fuss?" she might ask in her warm voice.
Sister Mury Grace always achieved her
goals, often taking the staff by surprise as she
did so.
One afternoon in 1952 Sister Cleophas
Fischerstepped out to a dentist appointment.
In that brief absence, she was appointed
Ontario's first hospital press officer by Sister
Mary Grace.In those days reporters were not
satisfied with the way they were receiving
news, recalls Sister Cleophas:
They would get one personand
the next time they called, they
would get another. There was
no continuity. That day, Sister
Mury Grace chaired a meeting
and when I refurned, she said
to me You have to look after
the press.'Thatmeantall radio,
television, and newspaper
people. If I had been present I
never would have approved it.
Anyway,I had extension307
in the business office and that
becamethe pressnumber. If we
had a feature we would call all
of them and give them a deadline date when they could release. Seven days a week, we
covered the press desk from 8
a.m.to 10p.m. I rememberone
night when I was ready for bed
and an emergency came in. I
went down in my black housecoat and bare feet, carrying my
This chapel openeilin7955.The formet chapelutas conoertedinto the departmentof physiotherapy.
shoes.I figured they would not
know the difference (between
the black habit and the black
housecoat).
Sister Cleophas, awarded an honourary
life membership in the C-anadianfiress Club,
set the standards for successful media relations. Essentially they are the same ones followed today by the hospital's public relations
Having enteredthe convent rn 1922,Sister department.
Cleophashad long honoured her vow of obeThe Sisters were also frequently blessed
dience. In her newly prescribed role, she went with lay staff whose dedication to the hospital
about setting up the media deskbased on the paralleled their own. Dr. Stan Hudecki repre
principle that honestp kindness and consid- sentedthat breed.Shortly after his arrival at St.
erationinher dealingswouldmean the hospi- foseph's,his name cropped up at the April 11,
tal neednot fear inadequateor adversepublic- 1950,Medical Advisory Committee meeting.
ity. She also credited her successto divine It did not take long for hirn to distinguish
inspiration:
himself among his colleagues. From then on
his attendance was regular and his concern
I had two brothers in the newspersistenton a far-ranging number of issues.
paper business in New York.
The minutes show that nothing escapedthe
One worked for the Nao York
scopeof his interest - from carcinomaof the
Posf,but that did not help me.
breastto intravenous use and abuseof saline.
So I phoned Mr. Smitb busiAs early as 1952he suggestedthat resuscitaness editor at The Spectatorto
tion traysbemaintained in the operatingrooms
ask him how to start. He told
at all times,and that provisions be put in place
me to draw up a form, so I did.
so that the hospital could meet a wide'scale
Then I wrote to the Chicago
disaster if necessary.It was almost 10 years,
ReferenceLibrary. I guessthe
however, before theseideas were instituted.
Lord inspired me becausethey
Eventuallp he becamechief of orthopedic
told me they had a literature kit
surgery and assistanthead of surgery.In 1980,
on hospital pressrelations that
putting medicine on hold, he entered politics
I could borrow for 30 days. I
and served four years as Liberal Member of
took notes from this and sent
Parliament for Hamilton-West. As a member
them backfor constructivecritiof various committees he delved into issues
cism. They made two or three
from health, welfare and social affairs to nalittle changesand asked me if
tional defenceand veterans'affairs.ln hishome
they could publish my article in
communitp Dr. Hudecki displayed the same
Hospital Progress(which was
commitment to the Hamilton Medical Legal
published in St. Louis, MisSociety, Physicians for Life and the Rygiel
souri), for circulation in CanHome, an institution for the mentally handiada and the U.S.I did not object
capped. Many such men and women, both
becauseI appreciatedtheir help.
insideandoutsidethe medicalprofession,have
aided the goals of the Sistersof St. joseph.
By the end of the 1950s,alarmed at the
critical, city-wide shortage of patient accommodation, St.joseph's and other city hospitals
prepared to increase the number of beds in
each institution. Throughout the decade the
hospital managed to maintain its fullyaccredited status. In1952, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeonsapproved St.Joseph'sfor
post-graduate study in pathology and anesthesia.Three years later the joint Commission
on Accreditation of Hospitals* granted St.
Joseph'sthe standing of full accreditation.An
all{anadian program of accreditationbegan
in 1959under the direction of Dr. E. Kirk Lyon
of Leamington, Ontario.
The structure, organization and facilitie
of a hospital determine its acceptability for
accreditation;the degreeto which thesethree
factors have been developed in hospitals is
consideredto be an index to theimprovement
in medical care. Dr. Lyoru chairman of the
CanadianCommission on Hospital Accreditation, stated:"It is the belief of the joint commission that this improvement in the quality of
medicalcarecanbestbebrought aboutthrough
self-government and self-evaluation of the
medical staff of each hospital. Accreditation
then stands between the hospital and its
medical staff and the public; and vouchesthat
its staff, havingvoluntarilyasked for a survep
a third party has found that quality of medical
care meets adequatestandards." None of this
came as a surprise to Dr. Herbert Sullivan, Sr.,
+The
Joint Commission on Accreditation was comprised of the
American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgeons,the American Hospital Associatiorl theAmerican Medical Association and the Canadian Medical Association.
Joan Paterson arrived at St. Joseph's from
Scotland in 1950.She worked in the physiotherapy department for 30 years before retiring. She remembers Sister Mu.y Grace with
esteemand affection:
One winter Sister Mary Grace
went on a sleigh ride with some
of the other Sisters.Sheaccidentally fell and iniured her lnee
which reqqired a cast. After it
was put on, she summoned me
to the nunnery, asIcalledit,and
asked me to bring a heat lu*p.
I knew she wanted the lamp
to dry thecast.Whenl told herl
would not do it becausethe cast
would crack if it dried too
quickly, she was very co-operative. Within a few days, she
suffered a strain to the leg in the
castand neededphysiotherapy.
She arranged to do her physio
exercisesat 7:30a.m. and was an
excellent,conscientiouspatient.
After she finished her exercises
she would tidy the bed.
A few weeksbeforeEasterthe
castcameoff and she told me I
had to gether kneelingby Easter.
That was her goal.
I consultedSisterMary Grace
on all the big decisions in my
life. You alwaysknew whereyou
stood with her.When my family
cameto visit I always took them
to meet her.
Marguerite Reding graduated from St.josep-h's
nursing school in fgAg. After graduation she
supervisedthe pediatric wardanddid private
duty nursing for a time. On ]anuary 13,19t49
she entered the Congregation of the Sistersof
St. Joseph and took the name Sister Ma+
Austin. Her friends fromnursingschool wCre
amazedat herdecision:
People asked me how I could
enter the convent with Sister
Mary Grace. They wanted to
lnow whatl would do if I had to
live in the same house with her.
You see,Sister Mary Grace was
one of our instnrctore in nursing
schooland I did not like her very
much. I thought she was too
strict. I resentedauthority.
One day, I wrote a letter of
complaintabouther and showed
it to my mother, who promptly
tore it up.
Sister Mary Austin, who laughs now at her
youthful stubbornness,said that shortly afterward, her opinion of Sister Mary Grace tumed
to admiration:
She has been a tremendous
friend of mine. She would help
you and stand up for you without any fanfare about it. As an
administrator, she was very
forward-thinking. There's no
doubt in my mind that Sister
Mary Grace has to be the most
6l
Today Sistcr Mary Austin Reding uo*s
information ilesk at the hospital.
on tle
fantastic person in our corrununity in the field of health care.
In the early '60s, Sister Mary Austin attended a meeting with Sisterlvlary Graceand
Mr. Pigott, to discuss plans for the new
Fontbonne nurses/ residence. Mr. Pigott explained that the Sisterscould save money by
not putting a sink in each student's room. '1
remember Sister lvlary Grace pounded her fist
on the table and said, Mr. Pigott, we are not
going backward. We are going forward. We
have had sinks in the nurses' rooms since
Undennount was buitt in 19221'u
Theresidencewas laterbuilt with a sinkin
everyrooilL
+
who in 1923had recognizedthe importance of
that third-party evaluation.
But despite the endorsementof the lofty
college, something troubled members of the
medical staff throughout the 1950s.Some of
the cardinal rules of accreditationwere being
violated, including the protocol outlined to
staff decadesearlier which statedthat all doctors were to carefully document diagnoses
prior to surgery, record details of eachoperation performed and complete clinical records
of all patients.
In 1953,at the January 12 meeting, it was
brought to the staff's attention that a patient
had beenin the hospital for two monthsand no
history had been written. In additiory only
sketchy notes had been made on patients'
progress/which prompted one doctor to caution that "a dim view would be taken of this
delinquency'' by the college.
Again in 1954,doctors were urged to keep
hospital recordsup to date and make sure old
charts were completed. Twice more in 1955
came reminders that unsatisfactory charting
methods were not only unacceptable,but
damaged the quality of patient care.Progress
in solving this dilemma was minimal due
perhaps to the fact that it was almost impossible to monitor the many doctors who had
admitting privileges at St. ]oseph'sas well as
cross-appointmentswith other city hospitals.
Doctors in generalstill lacked an appreciation
of their accountability to the public.
By 1958,however,asthe hospitalwas about
to enter the most robust phaseof growth in its
70-year history, it again received approved
status. In fact, the Joint Commission recommended that an expansionprogram should be
expedited to relieve the overcrowded hospital. The Commission conunendedSt. ]oseph's
in its report, "for maintaining standards de.
serving of accreditation and for its constant
effort to improve the quality of patient care."
But the report also contained a significant
reproach - patients' current records mwt be
completedwithin 24to48 hours of admission.
Admonishment aside, a hospital spokesperson likened the approval to a "sterling mark on
silver;" a guaranteethat the hospital measured
up to high standards of operation in every
major respect.
At this stage of development the question
of qualitycontrolas it pertained to patient care
becamecrucial. Beforethe new surgical building opened in1962, asystemof checksand balanceshad to be firmly in place that required all
physicians to be fully accountable for every
procedure a patient underwent. Without exception work-ups, histories, physical examinations and consultatioru had to be properly
charted. By 1959,St. Joseph'sstood poised to
forever rid itself of any hint of an image as a
mediocre, unsophisticated bread-and-butter
hospital.
In her typically direct style, Sister Mary
Grace took an unprecedentedstep in the history of Canadian Catholic hospitals when she
detectedthat the "sterling silver" showedsigns
of tarnishing. Feeling that the order to shape
up must be issued by someone other than a
Sister- preferably by a strong medical person
- she simply advertised that the position of
medical director was open at St. Joseph's.The
successfulapplicant would be the first medical
director in any of the 285Catholic hospitals in
Canada at the time. "We were progressing.
62
With this beautiful new hospital planned, I
wanted everything about it, including its
nunagement, to be perfmt," she recalls.
The 1950swere literally, and figurativelp
a period of grace for those medical staff
members who filed incomplete patient records. The man Sister Mary Grace hired to
lower the boom on slackadherenceto protocol
would propel St. joseph's from its uncoordinated adolescent stage to full-fledged adult
status.He would also restorethe real meaning
of accreditation.
Chapter Eight
CHANGING OFTHE GUARD
Dr. Kenneth J. Williams, a risk-taker who
refused to run from controversy, answered
SisterMary Grace'sad (and her prayers,more
than likely) for a medical director. He also
a crusader'szealthat complemented
possessed
her agenda for change.
At the time, he was restlessin his iob as
associateexecutivedirector at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, and
ready to embracea new challenge.He vividly
remembershis first visit to St.Joseph'son a late
spring day in 1960.The minutes recorded his
brief introduction to a meeting of the Medical
Advisory Committee on June 7 as ".. . Dr.
Williams from Edmonton who is here for the
purpose of consideringthe position of Medical
Director.Dr. Williamsholds a Master'sdegree
in hospital administration and public health
from Yale University."
If thatfirst meetinghad to bethedetermining factor in taking the job, he says it would
have turned him against the hospital. "The
group was affable but they were not charged
up with balls of fire. In those days, meetings
were short.Coffeeand finger sandwicheswere
served, a few appointments were announced
and then they went home," recalls Dr. Williams. The businessdiscussedat that meeting
covered three scant pages and did liftle to
'T.eview, analysis and evaluimpress him.
ation of clinical work, be it good, bad or indifferent, never entered the conversation."
Left to ight: Dr. William Goldberg Dn Kenteth l. Williams, Dr. Gordon Cameron
63
Dr. Williams saw an opportunity for reform and acceptedthe job. One of his initial
tasks,he knew, would be to explain how and
why a medical director/s efforts could bring
about significant improvements in the hospital. The medical director, he told them, treads
a fine line:
axe, taking care that the fallen
part did not take you with it.
You also had to be certain you
did not chop your rope. There
were no secondchances.
Thechancesof making it were
not always in your favour. It
was a rough, tough, hard-fighting life with a lot of risk to it.
Accident compensationwas not
good in those days. Pensions
were unheard of in the woods.
While not a member of the
medical staff, he mwt be active
in the affairs of the staff. Although he himself is not a practising physiciarUhe must know
how physicians are practising.
Without telling physicians
how to practise medicine he
must tell them how medicine is
practised in that particular
hospital. In essence,the role of
medical director is that of coordinator, catalyst,liaison officer, and not infrequently the
conscienceof the medical staff.
His multi-faceted role is
probably best summed up in a
tenn used by the behavioural
scientists - that of change
agent.
a supportive crew working with him and accept the hazards the pb entailed:
As one of the Sisters' maxims states, Dr.
Willias6 was, in effect, asking the medical
staff to, "Rrt off entirely the old spirit and put
on the new." In making this request, he was
prepared to stand alone in the face of criticism.
He discovered that a job he once had in a
r.c. logging camp and the task of medical
director shared common requirements - he
had to know exactly what he was doing, have
I have always mjoyed high-risk
endeavours.As a high-rigger,l
had to climb up a 150-to 200foot tree with belt and spurs,
taking off the limbs as I went.
Between 20and 30feet from the
top, where the diameter measured about 20 inches, you
chopped off the tree with an
Dr. Kmneth l. Williams, MedicalDirector, August 15,
7%i0to Mctch20,7965,
&
Dr. Williams had just begun to considerhis
job in the woods as one with a bleak future
when he suffered a serious head injury. 'The
i"j"ty gave me quite of bit of time to think.
Thenfour very closebuddies put up the money
for me to get started in medicine- rather, first
I had to go back to high school.They continued
to support me after I was married, which was
just when I got acceptedinto medical school."
He received his u.p. degreefrom the University of Manitoba. After eight years of private practice in his native British Columbia,
Dr. Williams entered the maste/s program in
hospital administration and public health at
Yale University and graduated in 1959.His
ambitious personalagendasynchronizedwell
with eventsat St. joseph's.
SisterMary Gracewanted a hospital committed to quality patient care and that is exactly what he promised to deliver. The old
guard of faithful doctors would have to yield
to a phalanx of men with a different strategy
for negotiating the hospital's future. In keeping with previous battles from which the hospital had emergedtriumphant, there would be
some resistance, a prospect which had the
effect of stimulating rather than overwhelming the leader whom Sister Mary Gracehfued
to champion her cause.She also, as it turned
out, had a surprise in store for him.
Dr. Williams and his wife Joy bought a
house on Aberdeen Avenue in the cit/s southwest end and moved in with their five children. His appointment was announced on
August 15,19ffi. Less than two weeks later,
SisterMary Gracepausedbriefly at the door of
his office and told him she was leaving.
"I thought she was going out for the day.
Shebarely stopped in the processas she sai4
'Im leaving. I'm going to Kitchener. Everything will be okay.' I felt the rug had been
pulled out from under me. Suddenly, my patron saint was no longer the queen bee. My
power basehad dissolved overnight. I subsequently learned that she knew of her posting
when she interviewed me, yet said nothing.
Somemonths later when we met again I asked
her about it and she said the transfer was
providentialand shedid not want to loseme."
In fact, Sister Mary Grace had been appointed clinical instructor and supervisor of
pediatrics at St. Mar/s in Kitchener and had
no choicein the matter. Sheknew what needed
to be done in Hamilton and simply did what
was necessarybefore her departure.
Dr. Williams'initial concernwas to ensure
that the hospital's almost tt00physicians were
accountablefor their actions and that controls
were consistently applied.
The Medical Advisory Committee (ruec)
met on October 4, six weeks after his arrival.
The minutes of that meeting reveal complete
details of businessrecorded on five pages of
single-spacedtype.
Committees were formed - for credentials, anesthesia,interns, medical records, tissue, patient admission and discharge- which
would emanate from and report back to the
monthly Medical Advisory Committee meetings. That day in October, with Dr. Williams
presiding, committee members took their first
steps in assessingdata on the activities of each
hospital department.
Some problems arose. For example, the
medical records committee'viewed $rith dismay and shock the number of incomplete
charts." The admission and discharge committee emphasized the failure of physicians to
write progressnotes on patients'records and
pointed out that this hamperedthecommittee's
efforts. Dr. Williams listened.He did not like
everything he heard. He waited until the end
of the meeting to voice his displeasure.
He re-emphasizedsimple basicsof patient
safety - the writing of medical records, preoperative work-ups, pre'surgical diagnoses,
completely documented histories and physical examinationsof all patientsin the hospital.
He warned the physicians that failure to fulfil
theseobligations could result in the hospital's
loss of accreditation.He reminded them that
the Medical Advisory Committee could not
adequately review the clinical work of the
hospital if it did not receivemonthly reports
from eachdeparhnent.
Finally, he suggestedthat one way to accomplish their goal was to defer surgery on
any patient, emergenciesexcluded, until the
physician had written the necessaryrecords.
Some doctors resented the new process
becausethey felt it amounted to peering over
their colleagues' shoulders. "Those who re
sisted did not canseme to lose sleep.I knew
Dr. S. E. (ted) O'Bdcn uitncs*d
of ageuniletDr. Williams.
the hospital's comitg
what had to be done and that was it,' Dr.
Williams says."I cameunder criticism for this
approach,but I never socializedwith the staff.
I refused to belong to the medical society."
He spent long hours pursuing any hint of
on a case'by-casebasis."I did not
carelessness
work alone," Dr. Williams notes."I had the unfailing support of sometop-calibre physicians.
Thoseindividuals included Gordon Cameron,
Bilt Goldberg, Stan Hudecki, Ken Ingham, Al
Johnson,Ted C/Brien, Iim Osbaldeston,Iack
Walker and Bill Walsh, among others. They
never doubted their ethical obligations and
their collective social responsibilities to the
public. They knew the scoreand did not mind
being in the vanguard of social action."
Even in retirement, Dr. Williams' voice is
gruff with the authority he wielded throughout his career.The years have not diminished
his enthusiasm for the topic of physicians'
accountability to the public:
I did not invent thesestandards.
These were time-honoured,
nationally recognized minimal
standards initiated by the
medical profession.They were
long acceptedboth in theUnited
Statesand Canadaasnecessary
for the furtherance of patient
safety. If you do not maintain
proper and complete records
then you cannot begin to carry
out a retrospective review of
the medicalcarebeing rendered
by physicians.
If a surgeon fails to commit a
pre-operative diagnosis for
opening up a patient's abdomen, for example, then there
can be no post-operative diagnosis or appraisal of the
surgeon's diagnostic acumen.
Tremendous advancesin the
technologyof medicinebrought
parallel and exactingdemands
on the structure, organization
and function of all hospitals.
The scienceof managementin
hospitals, to say nothing of the
medical staI f or ganization,was
accessoryto any activity that would mar its
reputation or erode the public's trust. "Proper
medical recordsconstitute the essenceof quality control of medical care in the hospital setting. Not just for surgery, but for the whole
field of medical care," Dr. Williams maintains.
Dr. jim Osbaldestonviewed the hiring of a
medical director as St. ]oseph's turning point.
"It wasa strokeof geniw on SisterMary Grace's
part. He was the first medical director in any
Canadian Catholic hospital - that is, medical
director in the modern senseof the term."
Dr. Ted O'Brien, who joined the department of surgery in 1954,witnessedSt.Joseph's
coming of age under Dr. Williams. "Our hospitalwasno worsethan any othersatthattime,
but we did not have the committee structure
and organization. Ken stood the place on end,
making a few enemies in the process,but he
did a much-needed job. As a result he impactedon Hamiltonls medical community. We
grew up."
Dr. Williams recognizedthat the improvements would not happen overnight. But when
it became obvious that some doctors continued to file incomplete charts, he exercisedthe
unpleasant option of cancelling surgery. One
morning he issued the order "no physical
examination on the charts, no operation" to
the offending snrgeons.Scalpelswere replaced
by pens as physicians returned to their offices
Stringent controls and staff organization to complete the paperwork.
Dr. Alan Lane,chief of surgery at the time,
would also prevent suchproblemsasunnecessary surgery or fee'splitting - a situation in recalls the controversy when Dr. Witliams
whicha patient is referredto thespecialistwho loomed in the operating room door to prove he
meant business:
gives the largest kick-back
Monitoring the detailed recordsprovided
When Kencamealonghejolted
the bestsafeguardagainstSt.Joseph'sbeing an
everything up. He opened my
conspicuousby its absence.But
the pressureswere building up
on hospitalsand medicalstaffs.
The American Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (which included Canadian
hospitals), the American College of Swgeons and later on
the Canadian Council on Hospital Accreditation were demanding formal staff organization with objective'oriented
committee structure alongside
in-depth critical analysis of
hospital medical practice.Concommitantly, the demands for
public accountability were
building up on hospitals.
Coping with all thesemoving
social forces bearing down on
you was not easy,particularly
for the religious women. Lefs
face it, they did not enter the
convent to becomeengagedin
conflict. It is to Sister Mary
Grace'scredit that shewas able
to seethe big picture and realize that a really major re-organization had to occur at St.
joseph's.
66
eyes to the imPortance of the
administrative side.He insisted
that a pre-operativePhYsicalbe
written on a Patient bY the
operating surgeon.Someof the
surgeons were slow about
coming around, so one morning he simply cancelled every
operation that did not have
notes written out.
Of course,this causeda great
furor.In the middle of it all he
came up to the surgeon's
lounge,satdownandhad a cuP
of coffee. Everyone was complaining but he just took it all
in. He did not try to hide. He
had given them amPlewarning
and they had not comPlied.The
next day, pre-oPerative histories were written.
Soft-spoken Sister Mary Daniel Weadick
an operating room nurse, also found herself
caughtin thecross-firethat morning. The infuriated doctors formed one side of the battle
line. Dr. Williams formed the other side. She
worried about the impact of the chaoson her
patients and could seethat Dr. Williams was
not prepared to back down:
Wewerehaving a Problemwith
incomplete historiesand it was
always the same offenders.
When Dr. Williams lowered the
boom, it meant the Patients
were penalized in a sense
because their surgery was
Dt. A, Lane rcmembersthe struggle to get prc-opetatioe
historics utrittet.
cancelled and it was not their
fault. I did not seeit at the time
asbeing a safeguardfor the Patients. I was in turmoil because
I had the doctors on one side
and Dr. Williams on the other.
He would not relax at all. He
wassteadfastand firm. He came
on very strongbut he was right.
He did a great deal for Patient
safetv.
67
Dr. Williams considered a system of accountability within the hospital as the crucial
first item on his agenda. Once this groundwork had been successfully established St.
Joseph'sstood poised to enterphasetwo the
ProfessionalActivity Study, which measured
the hospital's willingness and ability to compare its performance with that of other hospiials participating in the study. Valuable information on the hospitalls practicesand procedures was gained by the reams of data compiled from the existing medical recordsby the
medical record librarian.
Dr. Williams was not satisfied with the
hospital simply asserting that it gave good
care; he wanted to be able to measure it. pes,
conductedby the Commission on Professional
and Hospital Activities in Ann Arbor, Michigan, provided the yardstick The commission,
a non-profit medical researchorganization
sponsored by the American College of Surgeons,American Collegeof Physicians,AmeriianHospitalAssociation andthe Southwestern
Michigan Hospital Council, was developed
with grants from the Kellogg Foundation.
At the same time, the staff was also installing a data storageandretrievalsystemknown
as the Medical Audit Plan (uar). This was a
sophisticated,computerized American medicai information system which stored data and
furnished monthly read-outs by internist,
surgeon,department and diagnosticcategory.
At i glance,they gave the hospital a profile of
a physician's patterns of practice and highlighted any deviations from what was considered standard Procedure.
This orderly presentation of variations
stimulatedthe medical staffto investigatethem,
discussthem and judge them with the goal of
continual self-improvement. It allowed the
medical recordsdepartment to maintain comprehensiveclinical data on diseaseand operation records that were not possibleunder former reporting procedures.
Accessto that information had to be easv.
'T..lotonly did we have
that cadreof physicians
who saw all this as a vital tool for continuing
medical education, but we were blessed with
SisterAngela Busch,one of the bestregistered
medical record librarians I have ever worked
with anywhere," Dr. Williams recalls. "br effect,shewasoneof the ownersof thathospital.
Sheknew its objectiveswould be erodedwithout proper controls and the critical review,
analysisand evaluationof clinical work, which
was the raisond'etre of a medical staff organization. She was indispensable."
Preparing the data for analysiswas a time.
consuming manual irb, according to Dr. Iim
Osbaldeston.'The way we used to do it in the
early days was amusing. Ken and I would sit
for hours, drawing up patient profiles so that
they could be worked on the computer. They
were very rudimentary audits which we would
laugh at today," he said.
Dr. Williams alsocalledon two friends, Dr.
Iaurie Chute and John T. Law from The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, to help him
to explain the importance of the professional
activity study to staff:
]ohn was the head man in
administration. Laurie was a
professor of @iatrics at the
University of Toronto and chief
of pediatrics at SickChildrens'.
I asked them to come to St.
]oseph's to an introductory
sessionwhen Dr. Vergil N. Slee,
director of the Commission on
Professionaland Hospital Activities, met with our staff.
Laurie was a short, slim,
freckle-faced man. I can still
hear him telling the staff in his
low-key but impressive voice,
that physicians had to be prepared to have their work come
under public scrutiny and that
it was the governing board of
the hospital who was in charge.
that it had to be anonymous. We managed to
adhere to that request and he supported that
program to the fune of severalthousand more
dollars."
Next, with the simplification of data retrieval from medical records,facetsof practice
within the hospital - the utilization of blood
transfusionsor antibiotics,for example- could
be quickly and easily audited by a committee.
The committee could then decide on standards to apply, or determine the activities in
need of attention and recommend educational
programs. The benefitsof Dr. Williams' efforts
carried positive long-term consequences,not
just for St. joseph's, but for the community it
Becausethe cost of PAS was not reim- served.
bursed or shared under any of the provincial
Once his goals had been successfullyathospital serviceplans at the time, other hospi- tained, Dr. Williams, as usual, decided the
tals were slower to join. Dr. Williams, with his time had come to move on to new challenges.
eye trained on excellence,saw to it that St. On ]anuary 5,"1.965,
he informed the Medical
overcame
question
the
funding.
of
Advisory
Committee
that he was resigning to
]oseph's
Dr. Williams organized a committee to accepta position at a Detroit hospital.
examineand report on every medical activity
Dr. jim Osbaldeston, MAc chairman, exthat took place in the hospital. "lJnderstand- pressed sincere appreciation to Dr. Williams
ablp there was resistanceand I was told there for his "expert professionalguidance,untiring
could be no funds for suchprograms," he said. efforts and personal integrity" during his five
His determination was rewarded. The years as medical director.
women's auxiliary deservescredit for contribMinutes of that meeting record that Dr.
uting funds that enabled the hospital to par- William Goldberg commented, "Dr. Williams
ticipate in the professional activity study. "I hasdone more than any other man to raisethe
rememberSisterAngela eying it wasn't luck, level of medicalcarein the history of medicine
it was Providence," Williams said.
in Hamilton."
Encouragementalsocamein the form of an
The committee asked Dr. Williams to preunexpectedvisit one day from Bishop Joseph pare a critical appraisal of the hospital's mediRyan."He had droppd in to let me know that cal affairs and to make recommendationsfor
if I neededany help to be sure to call on him," improvements as well as a plan for continued
Dr. Williams said. "So I told him about my progressive development.
problem regarding funding and before he left
Dr. I^aurie Chute and Mr. ]ohn Law were
I had a chequefor $5,000with the only caveat invited to Dr. Williams' farewell dinner. Al-
thoughmany yearshave passed,Dr. Williams
still recalls with pride the most memorable
accolade bestowed that evening: "After the
dinner, john said to the assembledgroup that
he had never seena group ofdoctors as el(pe.
rienced, (vis-i-vis hospital affairs) and as
knowledgeable about their collective responsibility to the public. ]ohn was never known to
waste words."
St. loseph's 'change agenf agreed with
him.
Dr. Williams had arrived at St. Joseph's
witha blueprint forrevision and he feltcertain
that, if the necessarychanges
couldbe madein
joseph's
time, St.
would shed its status as a
rather ordinary community hospital providing general services and become a sophisticated teaching hospital with specialtiesof its
own.
The accomplishments of this five-year
period representedSt.]osepn"sfi nal coming of
age. To this day Dr. Witlla6s gives all the
credit to the staff, both lay and religious, who
hadthe courageto set an exampleof how firstrate health care could be delivered to a community.
69
Chapter Nine
COMINGOFAGE
If pr. Williams seemed impatient to execute
his program of improvement, he had a good
reason.His aggressivestyle was labelled "too
swift and too brutal" by those who initially
opposed him, but he felt no guilt and offered
no apologies.St. Joseph'sfuture development
was at stake.Dr. Williams recalled:
In the late 1940sor early'50s I
knew a prominent pediatrician,
Dr. Jack McCreary at the Hospital for Sick Children in
Toronto, who went on to be
come one of Canada's outstanding medical statesmen
and administrators.
In 1960,shortly after I arrived
in Hamilton from Edmonton,
]ack called and told me he had
iust been engaged by the Ontario government as a consultant to build and organizea new
medical school in Hamilton. It
had been rumoured for years
but was never more than that.
The school had not yet been publicly announced. Dr. Williams learned that a university hospital was also planned, but that it
would be another three or four years before
building commenced:
Basically, Jack told me that I
had a beautiful opportunity to
proceed to re-organize St.
Joseph's,preparatory to it taking its placeas the number-one
teaching hospital in Hamilton.
He kept me abreastof the progress and some of his ideas. I
served as a critic from time to
time for him. I did tell Bishop
Ryan, who was very supportive. Eventually, I shared our
target with the staff, but at the
start I could not do so.
A happy tio at the opening of the rcgional hemodielysis unit in 7967.Dr. Galloutay, medical ditector, utith
nutsesPlryllis Morelli (left) anil Loflq Mattheu)s.
70
Once this objectivewas revealed,an eager
medical staff embracedthe opportunity to set
a standard of upgraded health care for the
community through the steps taken at St.
Joseph's.Dr. Williams continued:
Without worrying about modesty, I would say that there is
no question that St. Joe's assumed a leadershiprole. There
is just one qualification - it
was not my doing. It was
strictly a joint effort with a
group of physicians who understood their collective social
responsibility to the public.
I stress that becausenot too
often in a long careerdid I come
across such a group of physicians who reflectedthat public
trust.
A significant development due to St.
]oseph'sreorganization- regionalizedhealthcareservices- resulted from a Medical Advi
sory Committee meeting in January, 1965.
Near the close of the meeting, discussion
centred on the fact that, while St.Joseph'swas
proposing expansion of its own maternity
wing, one of the other city hospitals was also
set to open a maternity service.The committee expressedconcern about maintaining the
quality of obstetricalservicein the city.
Dr. Iim Osbaldeston recalled that in this
discussion Dr. Ken Ingham posd the question: "Isn't it too bad that we do not have
some kind of co-ordination among the hospi
tab?" On a motion made and seconded,they
Mothet Alacoque Hayes initiateil discttssion on
regionalizcd *nice s amoagho spitals.
Dt. lames D. Galloutay, Medical Directot 7965- 7970,
Exeattioe Dbector 7970- 7979
voted to "recommend to the administration
and governing board the need for a master
plan both with respect to programming and
facilities." This would be particularly important when the medical school arrived because
its academic programs would improve patient servicesin every hospital in the city.
Dr. Osbaldestonpresentedthe suggestion
to establisha hospitalcouncil to Mother Alacoque, who readily acceptedit. Lessthan three
weekslater she and SisterMary Graceinvited
representativesfrom the other city hospitals
to a meeting in St. joseph's board room at 4
p.m. on February 1,1965.
Presentat this meeting were Rev. Mother
Alacoque, chairperson;SisterMary Grace;Dr.
Kenneth Williams; Dr. H.E. Appleyard from
the Hamilton GeneralHospitaL Dr. H.T. Ewart,
Medical Superintendent of the Hamilton
Health Association;Mr. A.B. McFarlane,Chairman of the Board of Governors, Hamilton
Civic Hospitals; Mr. W. O'Neill, Administra-
'll
tor of JosephBrant Hospital, Burlington; and
Mr. T.A. Rice, President of the Hamilton
Health Association.
Dr. Williams explained that, although a
university medical rhool/hospital complex
was on the horizon, there were other reasons
for Hamilton hospitals to get together. They
all needed joint programming for bed distribution and to avoid duplication in use of
medical and technological skills, medical
equipment and function. They also needed to
reduce the financial burdens resulting from
such duplication.
He emphasizedthat hospitals must view
themselves as public utilities, offering Hamilton citizensflexible and comprehensivemedical service.He believed it would be unnecessarily expensiveand impractical for eachhospital in the community to try to give this kind
of service on a separatebasis.
While it was understandable that each
hospital would want to improve and expand
its services with the advent of a university
medical complex, he noted, unless there were
co-operation and planning on an area basis
they would find themselvesbeing organized
by another, perhaps higher, authority altogether.
At the conclusionof the meeting, all were
in agreementthat the hospitals should work
closely together to organize their specialties.
The group continued to hold regular meetings to determine eachhospital's servicesand
areas of expertise which could complement
the new medical rhool's educationalcurriculum. Their aim was to provide the optimum
in health care, health education and health
researchat a reasonablecost.The community
of Hamilton-Wentworth stood to be the main
beneficiary of this co-ordination of health care
services.
Thus, from a comment of concern by one
physician at St. Joseph's and the enthusiastic
co-operation of many others, the seed was
planted for what became officiatly known as
the Hamilton-Wentworth District Health
Council.
Dr. Williams was pleased with the great
strides made by St. |oseph's. "Although I was
leaving,I knew St. ]oe's had the horsesto pull
the load. I well remember how proud our
Medical Advisory Committee was to be leading the way."
The reforms brought about by Dr. Williams would be further strengthened by his
successor,Dr. ]ames D. Gallowap who would
introduce many changesof his own.
In September,1965,Dr. Galloway left his
position as comnurnding officer of the t25bed Canadhn ForcesHospital in Kingston to
become the new medical director at St.
Joseph's.Three years earlier he had earned a
diploma in hospital administration at the
'Ioronto.
ln 7970,Dr. Galloway
University of
becamethe hospitals first lay executivedirector.
He emphasizeda team approach to hospital management. Although he is still more
comfortable giving rather than taking credit,
the fact remains that the role he played 25
years ago is central to the hospital's status
today.
Dr. Galloway strengthened the hospital
organization and management by recmiting
skilled executives in such areas as finance,
administration and business. He thought it
was important that employees felt they were
an integral part of the organization. He intro-
duced ideas that are still active today such as
the Quarter Century Club, a social club and
recognition for years of service. "I wanted all
staff to feel part of a team - that it was our
hospital," Dr. Galloway said.
Under Dr. Gallowa/s direction, the hospital gained regional distinction and assumed
responsibility for a chest and allergy unit,
kidney transplants and nephrology, toxicology, emergency psychiatry, head and neck
surgery as well as a psychiatric liaison unit.
"\rVedeveloped rational health care programs
through the health council so that hospitals
were no longerin competitionwith eachother.
Mother Alacoque really deserves the credit
for that " said Dr. Galloway.
EXCEPTTONALCARE AT ST.IOSEPH'S
It is, of course, the patients who benefit
from the regional programs at St. ]oseph's as the following stories illustrate:
Eight-month-old ]amie Weber pulls himself up onto the living room sofa in a struggle
to stand on his chubby little legs.When he has
accomplishedhis purpose, a merrysmile lights
up his face.The look in his wide blue eyesis a
mixture of wonder and pride, as if to say "See
how cleverI am."
Exceptfor a slight cough, he is the picture
of health and alert intelligence.But this goodnatured little boy who was born on january
23,1989,to Gord and ]udy Weber of Oakville,
suffers from asthma.
Iudy, 33, said the family had started to
adjust to the routine care of their new baby
when ]amie came down with what appeared
to be a sudden chest cold. '1 went back to
work in mid-May. Jamie and his sister, Stacy,
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were in day care. Everything was going well
until one Wednesday night, when jamie de'
veloped a fever and a cough. On Thursdap he
was worse and by 1 p.m. on Friday, June 23,
he had been admitted to the hospital in
Oakville."
When Gord,33, arrived at 5 p.m. that dap
his infant son was in an oxygen tent. "He was
hooked up to intravenous feeding and antibiotics. The only time he did not cough was
when he was sleeping but a noisy room-mate
kept jamie awake. He could not get any relief."
On July 4, Jamiewas discharged from the
hospital with four prescriptions for medications to help his breathing and clear up his
cough. He had lost one pound. His skin was
pale and he had dark circles under his eyes
from lack of rest. His parents were disturbed
becausehis condition did not appear to have
improved.
Gord and judy were both exhaustedfrom
late nights spent at the hospital with their
baby.Their daughter Stacyfelt neglected.judy
had lost time from work. Their nerves were
frayed and the frustration mounted that not
enough was being done for their son. In a
three-week period they had spent $500 on
drugs that appeared to have little, if anp
effect on his condition.
Jamiecould not return to daycarebecause
no one there could administer his medication.
To make matters worse/ the daycare centre
still had to be paid the $400monthly fee even
though he did not attend. Fortunately judy's
sister in Burlington, a registered nursing assistant, volunteered to care for Jamieuntil he
could return to daycare. Iudy did not feel
right unless she paid her sister too. "It was a
no-win situation," says ]udy, who kept detailed notes on everything that happened
throughout the family's ordeal.
"On ]uly 20 Jamie had what I call an attack. He turned blue and could not breathe.
We rushed him to the family doctor, who sent
him home and told us to stop some of the
medication. The next day I took jamie to the
pediatrician. By that time I had lost any sense
of diplomacy. We were angry that we had to
take the initiative and demand an immediate
referral to a specialisti Iudy recalls.
The Webers were grven a choice - an
eight-week wait for a Toronto specialist or a
five-week wait for one in Flamilton. They chose
the waiting list at the Firestone Chest and
The opentngof the regioncl hemodialysisrrtt ir 7%7 - W to right: Bishop loseph F. Ryan' Mothet Alacoque
Hayes, SisterMary GraceSteoens,Mattheut Dymond, Ontaio health ministct, and Dr. lanes Osbaldeston.
'75
Allergy Unit at St. Joseph's.
Within a week of the first visit, ]amie's evictedthe family cat and smoking is no longer
On Monday, July Z4,ludy dropped ]amie cough was gone. Throughout the autumn he permitted in the house. "\Ne even had all the
off at daycare and made the 75-minute drive had regular appointments and his improve- ducts cleaned," Gord laughs, as he bounces
to her office in Brampton. '1 walked in the ment was steady. The Webers were advised his son on his knee. "jamie could not tell us
door and the phone rang. The daycare called not to treat him as a sickly child. They are now how he felt but it must have been awful. But
to say that he was far too sick to be there. I hopeful that asthma is a condition he may you know, he smiled through it all."
turned around and went to pick him up," she well outgrow.
Life has returned to normal in the Weber
says. "When we got home I called Dr.
As a precaution, they have temporarily household.Gord and Judy are grateful for the
Newhouse, head of the Firestone Chest and
AllergyUnit, and told him wecould not wait.
Three days later we had an appointment."
A resident physician examined jamie's
ears/ nose and throat, listened to his lungs,
recordedhis completehistory and relayed the
information to Dr. Newhouse.
'nVhen Dr. Newhouse
examined jamie,
he told us right away that our son had asthma
and it was out of control. We also found out
that jamie had bronchitis, which had not
clearedup from his stay in the hospital," Judy
sys.
"Dr. Newhouse increasedthe medication
to four times as much as originally prescribed
by the pediatrician and asked to seethe aerochamber we had beenusing to administer the
medication."
The Weberslearned that the aerochamber
had been designed for an older child with
stronger lungs. "Dr. Newhouse said that not
only was it almost suffocating ]amie, but he
basically was not getting any of the medication." judy recalls."Dr. Newhouse explained
everything in terms we could understand and
gave us a new aerochamber especially designed for infants under age one.
'tle was
the first doctor I had talked to
who was human with children. He was not so
At the 1979opeaing of the Firestone Regional Chest anil Allergy Uait, Sister Marina Flaherty prqates to cat the
reserved that he stayed behind his desk. He ribbon helil by Dr. Michael Newhouse as Bishop Paul Reiling (directly
behind Dr. Neuhouse)anil SisterAnn
played with Jamieand talked to him."
Marchall (ilirectly behinil SisterMarina) look on.
Dt. Michael Ne@house(ceatte), heail of the Firestone Regionel Chest cnd Alleryy Unit .
'nVe really feel that
expertise at St. JosePh's.
Jamiewas given exceptionalcare,"judy says.
Dr. Michael Newhouse explains that
asthma is an inflammatory condition of the
airways that causesswelling, excessivesecretions and spasm of the smooth muscle in the
airways. "This leads to symptoms such as a
cough or wheeze, phlegm production, shortness of breath and chest tightness," he says'
"Becauseof the inflammation, the airways are
hyper-reactive or twitchy, so that almost anything will trigger a reaction- exercise,strong
fumes such as paint, car exhaust or perfume,
exposure to cold air or cigarette smoke."
For some asthmatics, treatment begins
with the removal of any identifiable underly-
ing causessuch as things to which the child is
allergic. If the source that initiates the asthma
cannot be removed, the inflammation and
'Bronattackscanbe treatedwith medication.
cho-dilators, administered by aerosol will
open the airways by relieving the spasm,but
it is even more important to get rid of the
underlying inflammation that causesthe bronchospasm(narrowing of the air passagesdue
to contraction of the musclelayer in the walls
of the air passages),"Dr. Newhouse says."To
control the inflammation, two groups of
medication are used. Cromolyn may be glven
by inhalation in mild asthma and corticosteroids may be given by injection, ingestion or
inhalation in more severeasthma.The inhaled
medication is directed straight to the air passage by means of an aerosol or fine spray of
medication. This relieves the inflammation and
keepsthe asthma under control as long as the
medication continues to be taken. Becauseso
little of the medication is needed and very
little is absorbed, it has virtually no systemic
effects on the body and side effects are minor
if present at all. This is particularly important
to someoneof ]amie's age."
"Over the last 15 years at St. Joseph's,we
have developed a better inhalation therapy
system called an Aero Chamber inhaler. This
device consists of an aerosol-holding chamber with a valve at one end and a soft rubber
opening at the other, into which any medication puffer can be inserted," Dr. Newhouse
sys.
The pediatric aerochamber used on Jamie
has a soft silicone mask which is applied gently, but firmly, to his face so that when he
breathesthe medication that hasbeensprayed
into the holding chamber it is automatically
delivered to his air passages.
Dr. Newhouse notes that as well as making it possible to easily give aerosol medication to infants and small children, this system
has another mapr advantage."It removesthe
large aerosol particles that are not useful for
treatment, which would otherwise accumulate in ]amie's throat and be absorbedto cause
possible side effects."
judy is pleased with this approach to her
son's therapy not only becauseit is extremely
effective but also because - unlike a nebuhzer - the aerosol puffer and aerochamberis
easily carried, can be used anywhere and needs
no power supply.
A COURAGEOUS ADAPTATION TO
KIDNEY FAILURE
chronicled the eventsthat led to their need for came bloated. Becauseof congestion in her
hemodialysisthreetimesa week at St.]oseph's. lungs she needed a tracheotomy to help her
lune,62, describedthe time nine yearsago breathe- an experiencewhich convincedJune
An exampleof the work done by the neph- when she required surgery on her Fallopian to give up cigarettes.
rology and kidneyunit is found in thestoryof tubes. The operation took place on a Friday.
Junerememberedlittle of the time that she
Robert and ]une Bomes.
During swgery/ the doctor noticed that the teeteredbetween life and death. "In rcu I was
It is hardly surprising that a couple would opening of her kidneys had started to close. dialyzed for the first time but I didn't know it.
have a great deal in common after 38 years of Robert remembershow the doctor explained I was quite dopey but I remember coming to
marriage. But Robert and June Bomes are that the tubes in his wife's kidneys were "like consciousnessonceand I saw Robert standing
unusual in that they both experiencedcom- rusty old pipes."
there," ]une said.
plete kidney failure within the last 10 years.
By the next day both kidneys failed to
Above the drone and beep of monitoring
On October7,7989, they sat acrossfrom function at all and ]une's condition becameso equipment around herbed, one nurse made a
each other in matching easy chairs in their critical she was moved to the intensive care lasting impression on june. "I will never forcomfortable two-bedroom apartment and unit. Due to the retention of water Tunebe' get the nurse who sang hymos as she worked
in the unit. I would be half-awake and could
hear her singing. I did not know her name but
tTl
it was so peaceful to listen to her," she said.
I he FirestoneRegional Chest and Allergy are from the Hamilton-Wentworth region,
When June's condition stabilized she
Unit is an example of the benefits a medical the total population from which patients are
moved from rcu to a hospital room. Initially,
school has had on the hospital. ]amie Weber drawn is closer to one million. The region is
the staff wheeled her bed to the dialysis unit.
is one of the 16p00 patients who are keated bordered by Oakville Niagara Falls, Simcoe,
'llater I graduated to a wheelchair. For
the
each year at the unit, which is located on Drnnville and communities to the east of
first week or so/ it didn't click. I looked at my
Charlton Avenue West.
London and south of Georgian Bay.
arm and saw the machine.I couldn't feel anyThe unit, which opened on December 5,
The ambulatory care provided by the
thing even though the blood was going in and
1979,evolved as the result of an initiative by unit provides investigation and treatment
out of my bodyi' June recalled. "Then I realthe respirology service at St. ]oseph's and for a range of respiratory ailments related to
ized that I would depend on this machine for
McMasterUniversity Medical School.At that seriotrs pulmonary diseasessuch asbronchithe rest of my life. It took almost a year to
time the land,buildingand equipment rep
tis, emphysema,asthma,lung cancerand tureally accept it. I learned to watch everything
resented a milliondollar investment. The berculosis. Treatment is available for adI eat and drink."
Firestone Foundation contributed almost verse drug, food or bee venom reactions as
June refused to view dialysis as a life sen$500,0ffi to get the unit started. Its successor, well as occupational health problems.
tence or a causefor self-pity. "One day, while
the Firan Foundation, continues to provide
The Firestone Chest and Allergy Unit is
I waited for my ride home from the hospital,I
assistance. The provincial government committed to research as well as the educasaw some patients who seemedto be in worse
funded construction costs and continues to tion of medical shrdents and residents.There
conditiory" she said. "They were people who
provide major funding through the hospitafs is also a major commitment to patient inwere confined to a hospital bed. They could
global budget.
struction in self-care by physicians, techninot go home, but I could. From then on, I acAlthoughthe majority of patients served cians and nwses.
cepted that I had to live with dialysis."
+
The couple lived in Stoney Creek when
june was discharged from the hospital. Each
78
week she spent almost $60 on cab fare to get
back and forth for treatment.Eventually, they
moved to an apartrnent just two blocks from
St.Joseph's.
Roberf s introduction to kidney failure was
more gradual but he, too, ended up on a dialysis machinethree times a week. Nine years
ago one of his kidneys had beendamaged in a
driving accident and it was removed. A person can survive with surprisingly little kidney function - as little as one third of one
kidney - so Robert consideredhimself forhrnate.
Three years later he suffered a severesetback when a tumor in his bladder pennanently affected the function of his remaining
healthy kidney. For the last four years his
survival has also depended on the artificial
kidney. He requires regular surgery to remove the recurring tumors.
Their lives revolved around dialysis. ]une
went on Monday, Wednesday and Friday
morningsfrom 8 a.m.to 1 p.m.Robertgoeson
the samedays from 3 p.- to7:30 p.m. Robert
'nVhen
says the last haU hour is the longest.
you're finished you feel weak and tired. It
takesa couple of hours to feel better."
On the dining room table is a box crammed
with eleven medications he must take every
day. Each prescription is designed to assist
the body in some function which is normally
controlled by what amounts to the kidney's
'chemistry lab'. Robert must be vigilant with
every bite of food and sip of fluids. Salted
foods, for example, are taboo because they
help the body to retain too much water.
He has to be careful with fmit - oranges,
bananas, tomatoes - because they contain
potassium.
At first it was a difficult diet to follow, but
Robert has found that some of the things he
thought he would miss don't bother him any
more. "For example, if I wanted to, I could
drink three bottles of beer a week " Robert
explains. "The funny thing is,I used to really
enjoy a bottle of beer and now I cannot even
tolerate the smell of it. One thing I miss, however, is Chinese food, but I am not allowed to
eat it becauseof its high potassium content."
Becausethey spent so much time at St.
June felt quite close to
Joseph's,Robert and
'Dialysis patients depend
the nursing staff.
on the nurses and they really go out of their
way to help. We get caught up in their lives
and when they get engaged,married or have
children, we're happy too."
Each week 85 patients receive dialysis at
St. Joseph's.Robert has a graft in the upper
left arm which allows accessto the bloodstream for hook-up to the artificial kidney.
The kidney is a cylindrical shapethat contains
a bundle of hollow fibres. Blood Passes
through these fibres and the rinsing fluid
passesaround them, Purifylng the blood be'
fore it is returned to the bodY.
Dr. E. KinseyM. Smith,headof St.Joseph's
nephrology department, says Mr. and Mrs.
Bomes' made "a courageous adaptation" to
their lifestyle change and dependenceon he
modialysis.
Juneand Robert felt they were luckier than
other people becausethey could leave the city
for at leasttwo days at a time. "In the suruner
we scheduledour treatment for the sametime
and then we took off to Iake Erie. I can't hunt
now but I get out in the boat and go fishing,"
Robert says.
79
CO.OPERATION BETWEENHOSPITAL
AND MEDICAL SCHOOL
The prediction made by a newspaper reporter in February, \963, - that the link between St. Joseph'sand McMaster University
for radio-isotope research would be a vital
factor in the creation of a medical school was on the brink of becoming a reality.
After the death of Dr. Charles ]aimet in
the auhrmn of 1962,Dr. Kenneth Ingham was
appointed as head of St. Joseph'sradioisotope department in 1963.Drring that period Dr. H. G. Thode, president of McMaster
University, announcedDr. Ingharnlsappointment as medical consultant to the McMaster
nuclear reactor project.
At the time, Dr. Thode said that Dr.
Ingham's dual appointment followed the
precedentof co-operationestablishedbetween
the two institutions in 1958(when the university and the hospital set up a radio-isotope
laboratory at St. ]oseph's).Dr. Ingham recalls
when the medical school was on the horizon.
"h1963Iwas the onemedicalmanatMclvlaster. I remember talking to Dr. Thode,when he
was considering candidates for Dean in the
Faculty of Medicine. He was keen on having
Dr. John R. Evans becausehe felt he would
have the energy to be able to do all the necessary, hectic things."
Evenhrally, Dr. Thode did selectDr. Evans
as dean for the new school.
As chairman of the liaison committee be'
tween university and hospital, Dr. Ingham
was sensitiveto the requirementsof making a
medical school fit into the medical community at the time. "It was inevitable that we
would get a medical school.We neededit and
Healthy kidneys carry out
their sophisticatedfunction 24
hours a day. Most people are
reminded of this only when the
bladder exerts pressure to be
emptiedseveraltimes eachday.
The industrious kidneys are
taken for granted as they purify the body's blood and-remove its wastes, but they do
much more.
A normally functioning pair
of kidneys constantly do the
following:
1. Regulatethe amount of water the body should keep or
excrete from sources such as
ddnks and food;
2. Maintain a balance of the
body's potassium,sod,iumand
calcium, for example,which are
derived from the food we eat
3. Regulateblood pressure;
4. Help produce red blood cells;
5. Help the body use the calcium it takes iry
6. Provide the best environmmt
for cells to grow and live by
hetping with the acid/base
balanceofthe body; and
7.Play a role in thdproduction
of various horrnones.
Dr. Smith explains that initially the artificial kidney was developed at the end of the
SacondWorld War to treat acute kidney failure which had resulted from battle trauma.
The original artificial kidney was cnrde and
cumbersomecompared to the equipment used
today:
The original artificial kidney
was made of wood, was about
the size of a small desk and
looked like the paddle wheel
of a river boat, with tubing
wound around the the wheel.
The dialysis fluid was mixed
by hand and stirred with a
paddle.
There has been great progressin the careof thesepatimts.
Today the artificial kidney buys
time for those suffering from
chronic kidney failure. iod we
transplantup to 4Opatientsper
year.
Regional dialysis unit
At a medical advisory meeting on April6,
1965,Dr. William Goldberg ask& the Medical Advisory Committee for support for the
general idea of instituting a chionic dialysis
unit in St. Joseph'sHospital. He said he had
For patients with acute failwe, the artifi- made informal contacts with people on the
cial kidney h"lped deanse the blood until
departmental level of other hospitits and felt
kidney fu nction could be restored. Subsequent that it would be reasonablefor the unit to be
refinements made it an appropriate method
1lt rp at St. ]oseph'sto serve the whole city.
of keatment for patients who suffered the de. The question of space and the expenseof a
bilitating effects of chronic kidney failure. Dr. director for the unit were his main concerns.
Smith continued:
Three months later, on July 5, Dr. Goldberg announced that in January, 7967,Dr.
In the mid-to-late 1950schronic
Arthur Shimizu would head the renal unit.
kidney failure was a complex
The delay was due to the fact that Dr. Shimiuu
diseasethat affected the whole
was in Cleveland, gaining experiencein renal
body. The only way out was
transplants.
death or transplantation. Until
Matthew Dymond, Ontario health minis1967, those with chronic kidter at the time, officially opened the $100,000
ney failure had to die an unfive-H unit in September,'1967.lnemphacomfortable death.
sizing the unit's role in regional provision of
With their kidneys not workhealth serviceshe said, "The complexities of
ing patients would be swolhealth careare zuch that there can be no room
len, weak, pale, nauseatedand
for any competition. It may have beenall right
breathless. They would bleed
75 or 30 years ago, although sometimes this
into the bowel and skin. The
competition was motivated by a desireor mad
build-up of toxins in the body
rush for status."
would cause great distress,
Dr. Goldberg added, 'The fact that a
confusion and convulsioru.
medical schoolwas developing at McMas-
80
ter,Univ it){:-rrlade,,it
possible,to,,getthe
to
set
up :the:unit",:You
$l.lppqrt:n
Coul${t. ha+e,a unit:,of,!!tib.:caiibre,other:,.,.,to*ay,thAregionat.Aialtsis s€roesa
population baseof 1.9million who live in
the area bordered by Tobermory to the
north, London to the-wesLSt. Catharines
to the south and Toronto to the east. A
total of 200 patients receive treatment
through one of several programs develop at$1.Ias's;herno{ialysis,peritonealdialysis, self-caredialysis and home
hemodialysis.
, Dr.,Smith saysthat although the unit resulted from the efforts gf science,the hospital and the university, it is, above all, a
tribute to team work "It is the people who
matter - those who sweep the floors and
maintain the rnachines, the dietitians all the staff who work for the patients'
welfare," he said.
Over the years/ the unit has received
generous assistance from area organizations. The Sertoma CIub, for example,
donated a van n 1976to service artificial
kidneys in patients' homes. In 1978,
through the fundraising efforts of the
Hamilton East Lions Club, Camp Dorset
was officially opened in the Muskoka re$on.It is set up so that dialysis patients
may receive treatment while they enioy a
$ummer vacation with their families. As
well, contributions from the Kidney Foundation make the purchase of equipment
'
and furyiqhings possible.
,
SisterMary lane Ryai oi c
oisit to Gilda Cino, a
dialysis fatiint for elmost
2Q;yeari. Mri. Cino iliid on
Septentbet25,7986,of renal
failure causedby
c91tp licatiotrs fr oim a
ktdtuy transplait
,gpet ttioti.,,,Gil44'.,is,|cidty,,,.,
remembetetles ai aciioe
anil etthuisiai tic i o luate et
futnryaeroushospiial
fuabaising eoetrts.
Thc oVefingof Cenp
D or*t, e summcr sccstiort
eanp fot di ely sis p atients
end thek femilies.
8l
everyonefelt that Hamilton was the right size,"
he says.
"But we wanted to avoid the 'town and
gown' problem. The school had to serve the
medical needs of the community as well as
the overall needsof training new people."
Doctors were asked to contribute to the
new school's curriculum. They gave a great
deal of thought to what was wrong with their
own medical training and how that could be
correctedfor future students.lnterestingly, in
an new age of specialization,one area which
theyagreed was lacking was family medicine.
"At that time there were few, if any, faculty membersteachingfamily medicinein any
North American schools.We had great input
from family doctors on that aspect," D.. Lgham recalls:
There were two currents of interest.One was to make family
medicine obsolete by having
interns and pediatriciansdo all
of the primary care. The other
said that a strong need existed
for family practitionersto serve
as the first-line, personal approach to the families and coordinate the other specialties.
There was enough strength
in this second idea that it be'
came accepted.Almost all faculties of medicine now have
family medicine and firll faculty members with the necessary authority. Everyone recognized that in a traditional
medical school there was no
course of study in general
practice.The usual referenceto
it was a rather derogatory 'look
what he orshe hasmissed.'Not
enough role models existed.
So there was not much doubt
that generalpracticewould fall
by the wayside and disappear
if there were not an academic
situation where studentscould
see someone whom they admired and would like to emulate doing that kind of work.
St. Joseph'shad an impact on the medical
school's curriculum by establishing clinical
'"We had a
teaching units in family practice.
full department of family practice long before
the other hospitals in town," said Dr. lngham.
On December?3,1969, after listening to
Dr. Evans outline all the pros and cons concerning an affiliation with McMaster Universitp Sister Mary Grace took her pen in hand.
Although she was apprehensiveabout guiding St. Josephs in its venture to become a
teaching hospital, her doubts were easedby
the knowledge that staff and patients would
benefit. Before signing the agreement, she
recallsslnng to God: "You signit."
"The decision to become involved with
McMaster and the development of clinical
teaching units meant that St. Joseph'sdeveloped its own specialties,"said Dr. Galloway.
'nVhen I came,in 1965,researchat the hospital was minimal. Today it is a very significant
aspectof St. ]oseph's."
St.Joseph'sbecamethe first hospital in the
city to establish a formal accord with the
medicalschool.The schooland hospital shared
a common goal - to teachgraduateand un-
dergraduate students in medicine and nursing.
As medical director, Dr. Galloway ensured
that the university and hospital responsibilities were welldefined in theagreement."Ifelt
the agreementshould recognizethe hospital's
responsibility for quality patient care while
the university was responsible for tmching
and.research,"he said. "I did the legwork on
the affiliation agreementwith Mclv{aster,but
it was the result of tremendous co-operation
between the Sisters, the board of trustees,
administration, physicians,the medical advisory committee and many staff members."
On May 1.6,1972,Dr. Galloway addressed
the first class to graduate from McMaster
University Medical School and received an
honorary Doctor of I^awsdegree.
A later affiliation with Mohawk College
permitted students to gain practical and clinical experiencein physiotherapy, nursing, occupational therapy, radiology and medical
technology.
Dr. Galloway added that the medical
school acted as a catalyst for another important event at St. josepfi's - the transition to a
board of trusteesfrom the lay advisory board
which had beenin placesince1952."The board
of trustee with representativesfrom the Sisters and the community brought expertiseto
develop and manage the hospital," he said.
Under the Public Hospitals Act, it had
always been necessaryto have a governing
board. St. Joseph'sgoverning body was comprisd of a council of five Sistersand a group
of lay persons who served as their advisors.
This original advisory group/ however, did
not have delegated authority.
At this point in the history of St. Joseph's,
Superior General Mother Alacoque and the
Congregation's Council changed from the
advisory board concept to the board of trustees.They delegatedto the board the responsibility for operating St. ]oseph's according to
establishedbylaws within the philosophy of
the Sistersof St. Joseph.
Mother Alacoque imposed only one condition in the selectionof the board of trustees:
she asked that Dr. Jim Osbaldeston be the
chairman of the firstboard formed on June19,
1968.'I do not know why this was and I do
not take any credit for it. Ifs unwual for a
doctor who is a member of the staff to serveas
chairmaru becauseit could be seen as a conflict of interest," Dr. Osbaldestonrecalled.
William Scullp general chairman of the
hospital's first public fundraising campaign
rn'1,961,
and Dr. Osbaldestonbegan the selection of board members.'nVe drew up a list of
names," Dr. Osbadestonsaid. 'The require.
ments were that eachmember had to be board
calibre,a person who knew how to operateon
a board, and each one had to bring a particular skill and areaof knowledge to the hospital
- law, finance or public relations, for example. Then Bill and I went to visit eachprospective member."
The term'trustees'was adopted,the board
was incorporated and given its mandate. It
still setsthe rules, regulations and bylaws by
which the hospital operatesand is answerable
to the Sisters.As owners, the Sisters determine policy and a Mission statement that
governs how the hospital should be run.
Sister Ann Marshall explained that the
board's function has altered little since 1968:
The Corporation of the Sisters
of St. ]oseph owns and operates the hospital, but we have
given certain authority to the
board. For example, the running and upgrading of the
hospital is the board's responsibility. The board invests
money, appoints heads of departments and the executive
director. They cannot, however, incur debt without our
authority, and they cannot buy
or sell land. Appointments to
the board must be ratified by
the corporation, but other than
that they really do have the
major functioning of the hospital.
After some intense growing pains, St.
]oseph's emerged with the confidence to direct the future of many of the community's
health-careissues.It is now a tradition at the
hospital to identify and solve new problems.
Part of its mission statement reads: "For the
future, St.Joseph'sHospital plans to continue
to provide exemplary health care with an
emphasis on spiritual and emotional needs,
as well as physical care,to all in need."
Two departments which have been established within the past 20 ymrs - Pastoral
Service and Palliative Care - demonstrate
the hospital's successin caring for the nonmedical needsof patients and their families.
To use the analogy of building construction - the Sisters'philosophy is both cornerstoneand foundation of St. Joseph's;the serv-
83
ices provided by the hospital - from diagnostic and medical to surgical- are thebuilding materials; Pastoral Serviceand Palliative
Care form a special adhesive which bonds
them altogether.
These departments were developed
through the compassion and efforts of the
Sistersworking in co-operationwith dedicated
staff members from many disciplines. They
add substance to the comments "there is
something different about St. ]oe's" and "I'll
only come to St. Joe's," made by so many
patients when they're trying to explain why
they feel so seflrre in the Sisters'hospital.
Chapter Ten
LEADINGTHEWAY
Wid.-r"r,ging discussions in the mid-1950s,
when planning of health care servicesfor the
entire region began in earnest, revealed that
services were lacking in Stoney Creek and
Hamilton's growing east end. Although it
took 25 yearsto develop by the end of 1990St.
joseph's Hospital will open an ambulatory
care centre to meet the needs of that population. Once again the Sistersof St. Josephwill
demonstrate their commitment to the wellbeing of the community.
Area health representatives met at St.
]oseph's on February 1,, 1965 to discuss regional needs.At a secondmeeting on February
In Apil7985 Sistetloqn O'Sullioan celcbretesprooincial gooernmentapprooal of St.loseph's Community
Health Centreaith Frank Millel utho utes PrcgressioeConsentqtioePremier of Ontario at the time.
84
'1,5,1965,1v{r.
T.A. Rice,president of the Hamilton Health Associatioru said:
Regional planning should indicate where further hospital de'
velopment should occur. Expansion cannot be determined only
in terms of hospital units now in
existence. Should there be an
additional unit? Where is the
growth coming?
Current expansion at the
General,Henderson,St.]oseph's
and Chedoke hospitals and the
proposeduniversity hospital will
be sufficient to service certain
areasof the community for some
time, although the patterns of
areas so served may alter with
the pending changes in main
traffic routes.
Currently, overcrowding at
the Joseph Brant hospital indicates need for expansion there.
However, regional planning
might reveal that since 20 per
cent of thejoseph Brant'spatients
comefrom the StoneyCreekarea,
and sinceHamilton is expanding
farther into Stoney Creek, an
entirely new hospital unit might
be required in that area.
The discussionon regional planning of the
area's health care facilities eventually led to
the formation of theHamilton-Wentworth District Health Council n 1976.The following
year, the council pwsued Mr. Rice's concern
voiced in 1965 that the health needs of the
region's population to the eastand thoseliving
in Stoney Creek be adequately met. Subsequent developmentsrevealthat while Mr. Rice
was a man of vision, the Sistersof St. Joseph
!\rerewomen of action.
A thumbnail sketch of events shows how
St. JosepKs Community Health Centre be'
came a reality and provides yet another example of how the Sisters'mission continuesto
be carried out.
1977 - A steering committee of the health
council studied the accessibilityof health services by residentsliving eastof Parkdale Ave'
nue and identified services needed for this
area. At this time the population of the area
totalled 72,5n.
January, 1979- The health council commissioned management consultants Peat, Marwick and Partnersto do a costbudget analysis
of the site redevelopment for the Hamilton
General hospital. In August of the sameyear
the council recommendedthat the Hamilton
General be rebuilt on the present site and a
communitv health servicesfacilitv be built in
the east end of Hamilton-Wentworth.
The ambulatorycare unit resulted from the
efforts of countless concerned citizens. Dr.
Robert Kemp 77, is one of many who de'
serve mention.
Dr. Kemp recognized the need for a hospital in the eastend asearly as 1960."IrVhenthe
]oseph Brant hospital was built in Burlington in 1960,I found it was quicker to get there
from the east end (than to drive downtown
to a Hamilton hospital). It had beds and
parking available," he said. "Also, it made
more sense to send my patients there as
opposed to a hospital in the city becausethe
consultants I used had moved to joseph
Brant."
rate proposal on the scoPe,nature and costsof
a conununity health service facility to serve
the east end as soon as possible so that its
development would take place concurrently
with the rebuilding of the Hamilton General.
The community health service facility was to
be managedby one of the Hamilton hospitals;
the servicesoffered to be integrated with the
existing network of servicesand programs in
the district.
March, 1980- An east end community task
force was setup in conjunction with the health
council. Members met regularly for the next
advi
December,1979 Mr. Dennis Timbrell, then year and had input from a professional
to
forums
open
and
citizers
committee,
sory
minister of health for Ontario, acceptedthe
Hamilton
Both
the
services.
needed
identifv
recommendation of the health council to re'
an interest
build the Hamilton Generalon its presentsite. Generaland St.]oseph's expressed
He requestedthat the council develop a sepa- in managing the facilitY.
85
A group of concernedcitizens formed the
East Hamilton-Stoney Creek Health Association in the 1970s."INe lobbied every government and made noise to get our own
hospital," Dr. Kemp said.
"Since then there have been so many
changesin medicine and health care that the
need for hospital bedshasbeenreduced.The
ambulatory care facility, and the home care
provided in conjunction with it, is a shining
example of how to care for people on an
outpatient basis."
The $5,S0 proceeds from a testimonial
dinner held in honour of Dr. Kemp in 1986
were donated to support the construction of
the centre.
t
October, 1,982- The health council recommended to the ministry of health that St.
Joseph'soperatethe proposedsatellitefacility.
January, 1983- Following approval by the
ministry of health, St. joseph's commissioned
Peat, Marwick and Partners to do a master
program/master plan. The services needed
were reaffirmed and meetingswere held with
hospital staff, physicians at the hospital and
those located in the east end, multiple health
and social servicesagencies,as well as representativesfrom the faculty of health sciencesat
McMaster University to ensure that planned
serviceswere well integrated.
September, 1984 - The Corporation of the
Sistersof St.]osephpurchased26acresof land
at King Streetand Nash Road.Ten acreswere
designated for the ambulatory care centre.
May, 1989- Construction started on a building designed by Trevor Garwood-jones and
erectedby Pigott Construction.
December,1990- projectedcompletion date.
St. ]oseph's Community Health Centre at
King Street East and Nash Road is located
exactly 10kilometresfrom the Sisters'original
2Fbed hospital on john Street.The centre has
a view of the escarpmentto the south and St.
David's Schoolto the north. On the west side is
St.NicholasSerbianfthodox Church with its
domed roof supporting a cross.
The centreis a two-level building with an
exterior cladding of prefinished aluminum
on the second level and split-face concrete
block finish on the first level. br time, the oak
and maple treesplanted around it will further
soften the exterior and bring the building into
greater harmony with its environment. The
judicious placementof evergreenshasalready
begun to fonn a privacy barrier for the residential neighbourhood to the west.
C-anopiesprovide shelter to three entrance
points - the main door, the entrance to the
geriatric day centreand the accessfor patients
who arrive in need of urgent medical attention.
Designing the centre took almost 18
months. Architect Trevor Garwood-]one said
the greatestchallengewas to createa technologically sophisticatedenvironment that would
be warm and welcoming at the sametime. He
is pleasedwith the results:
St.]oseph'sCommunity Health
Centre is at the forefront of
health care design. It offers a
new type of care designed for
clients rather than patients.
Because ambulatory care is
meant to keep patients out of
institutions, it alters the philosophy and approach to de'
sign.
This centre portrays the fact
that it is technically advanced
and on the leading edge. Hospital design in the pasthasbeen
cold and institutional. This had
to changebecausethe weak and
the sick have a right to a beautiful environment.
Inside, several light wells with skylights
allow natural light to penetrateboth levels.A
bright, cheerful environment is enhancedby
the use of colours such as terracottaand warm
shadesof blue and green.
To create a welcoming environment, he
used warm pastel colours for the interior. A
skylit atrium brightens the main entrance.For
the comfort of the many elderly citizens who
willuse thebuilding, corridors havebeenkept
as short as possible arrd are bathed in natural
light at regularintervals. Carpeting rather than
sheet vinyl flooring has been installed wherever suitable to createa homey atmosphere.
The centre will provide a unique mix of
services.The west side of the lower level is a
centrefor thosein needof urgent care- babie
with croup and patients who arrive with fractures, or cuts. Although minor surgery will be
available at this centre,it will not be called an
emergencydepartment becauseit will not have
86
theback-up of hospitaladmission. Thegoal is
to stabilize patients who require transfer to
another hospital for admission.
Other service on the centre's first floor
include radiologp laboratories, occupational
therapy and physiotherapy. A geriatric day
hospital on the east side will assessand treat
seniors who do not reqtrire hospitalization for
their medical problems.
The second floor will deal with diabetic
education,speechpathologp audiology, psychologp social work" pastoral serviceand St.
Joseph'sEast Region Mental Health Services.
The centre, built at a cost of $18.9million,
will employ approximately 150 staff. It will
cost almost $6 million per year to operate.By
the end of the 1990s,the population it serves
will have gtown to 109,000.
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As executive director of St, Joseph'ssince
June 1989,Allan Greve is interested in preserving thosefeaturesof St.Joseph'swhich
distinguish it from other hosprtals:
We often hear the rerrrarkmade
by patients, former patients and
members of their families, that
'different'
there is something
about St, Joseph'sHospital. It is
the presence of the Sisters, the
adherence to the Christian values of the Roman Catholic
church, the commitment to care
of the total patient and the family, the high morale of our staff
members, and their dedication
to the patients and to their jobs
that make that difference.These
values and the pride associated
with being a part of St. ]oseph's
Hospital do edst and are encouraged.
As it has always done, St. Joseph'spreparesfor the future by embracingthe most
current medical and technologicalchanges
and passing on the benefits to its patients.
One of those benefits is ambulatory care.
"There is an increasedfocus on diagnosis
and treahnent on an out-patient basis," Mr.
Greve says. "At present, 40 percent of all
surgical proceduresare done through day
surgery But with advances in technology
- from fibre-optics and new instruments
to laser and comput€rc: as well as suF
port for patients at horne,this will move to
the 60 percent range."
In the nextdecade,hepredicts St.Joseph's
wilt participate in further regionalization
of clinical programs:
With additional information
and specialization, the cost,
medical skill and specialized
nursing and support staff re'
quired to support a quality
program willrequire a centralized and regional approach to
tertiary programs. We will need
enhancedmanagerial skills and
a medical/hospital staff working in harmony in order to meet
the demand to operatea caring,
labour intensive and highly
technological health care system'
t
89
Allan Greoe ssswned thc position of Facctrtioe
Dhector st St.loseph's in fune,1989,
Chapter Eleven
THE NURSESREMEMBER
rrt
I he hospital's history would noJbe complete
without a look at the nursing staff who helped
the Sistersof St.Josephcarry on the work they
started in the cholera sheds in the 1850s.St
Joseph'sSchool of Nursing attracted generations of young women, and evenhrally some
men, who felt called to a demanding and re.
warding career in the care of the sick. They
were disciplined, hard-working and self-sacrificing individuals who brought honour to
their schooland to St.]oseph'sHospital.
When the hospital opened in 1890,the labour-saving devicesthat are taken for granted
today had not yet beeninvented. After a day of
caring for their patients, the Sistersdid all the
manual labour required to maintain safe and
pleasant conditions.
Except for the volume of laundry, wash
day at the hospital was not much different
from any other household in the city. To keep
the white bed linen and towels at their brightest, they were boiled in homemade soap in a
large copper pot on the stove.The rest of the
wash would be done in a tub and scrubbed
clean over a board.
Before tackling the housework, a Sister
pinned up her skirt and sleeves,fastenedher
veil back and donned an apron to protect her
starched, white guimpe. The Sister responsible for the hospital paperwork recorded
charts, accountsand businesstransactionsin
meticulous long-hand writing. In the kitchen,
all the food wasmanually preparedand served. SisterVirginia
Hanlon tailght ifl the school of nursing from 7957to 7964.
90
The Sistersdid their own bakinp preserving
and canning to keep the larder well stocked.
By 1911,the hospital had grown to twice its
original 25-bed capacity. The Sisters recognized a pressing need for additional trained
nursing staff if St.Joseph'swere to continue to
provide for the community's healthcareneeds.
The opening of a training schoolfor lay nurses
in 1911was made iust in time for the hospital's
next growth spurt. Five years later, the addition of a new surgical wing increased accommodation by 100more beds.
The hospital was staffed in 1911by nurses
who had beentrained by SisterMartina Long
aged 51, and SisterLeo Cass,52. Both women
had received their nursing education in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
On September8 of that year, the first students were poised to begin their training. At
the age of 29,SisterGerard Moran was the first
Sister to enroll. In 1950she was still on the
hospital staff at age 68.To house the students
and provide classroom space/ the Sisters
bought Adam Brown's residenceat the corner
of St.joseph's Drive and Mountwood Avenue,
then known as Alma Avenue.
Each girl wore a crisp, blue and white
cotton uniform made at home according to
strict specifications.On laundry day the garments were starchedto perfection.Apart from
some minor changes,the same uniform was
worn until 1965 by generations of students
who remember them as uncomfortable to
wrestle into, with long sleeveseven in summer, stiff collars and cuffs. How thesewomen
would have rejoiced at today's dripdry fabrics!
A shrdent knew shehad clearedthe initial
hurdles in her training when shewas awarded
the hospital was the student's first priority;
formal educationcamesecond.Shemust have
had impressive stamina, since classestook
place in the evening when doctors and nurses
were free for lectures.Four doctors are credited with laying the foundation of the nursing
school ThomasHugh BaUe,IngersolOlmsted,
james Edgar and Herbert Sullivan, Sr. Some
students admit they viewed their teachersas
gods to be feared and yet admired - such as
Dr. Ingersol Olmsted - or loved, such as
gentle, portly Dr. Thomas Balfe.
On January 22,191.5,with their three'year
course of shrdy completed, the first classwas
ready to graduate. They were Ada Egan,
Dunnville; Ella Kelly, Mount Forest;Margaret
Hamilton, Guelph; Angela Halloran, Butte,
Montana; Helen Carroll, St. Catharines;Clara
Grant, Toronto; Anne Maloney, Lillian Furrey
and jean Morin all of Hamilton. The graduation ceremonytookplace in thelecture hall of
the nurses' residence at 8 p.m. Prominent
members of the city's clerg!,lay and medical
professions,joined family and friends as the
nurses were presentedwith huge bouquets of
pink roses and heard addresses by Mayor
Mother Martinc Long, 7860- 19.8, Supeintcnilent of
Chester Walters and Dr. Balfe. When asked
tlw hospital in 7934.
about their plans for a private celebrationfolthe school cap, which was withheld until she lowing the event,Ada Eganand Anne Maloney
was considered worthy of it. Many were so replied,'nVe'll return to duty and to our Pakeen they earned the privilege in a mere six tients."
Dr. W.P. Downes, the hospital's first inweeks. Their day started at 6 a.m. with uniform inspection, Mass and breakfast before tern in 1916, was a popular teacher in the
going on 12-hourduty at 7 a.m.Their arduous school of nursing. Known affectionately as
days were relieved by a one'and-a-halfor two- nVilie P. Downes', he loved education and
hour break. Eachweek all students had a haU- anything related to it. He had been a teacher
before entering medicine and when he joined
day off which began at noon.
Mostof a nurse'strainingwasof thehands- the staff at St.Joseph'she took over much of the
on variety - she learnedby doing. Service to nurses' instruction. Having taught schoolfor a
number of years,he may havebeenolder than
today's intern perhaps,but his enthusiamwas
ideal for a young and growing hospital.
Ln7920,plans were begun by the Ontario
government, as with other provincial legislatures, to enact a registration law which required all nursing students to write departmentalexamson thecompletionof their course.
This was the signal for extensive improve.
ments in all schools of nursing seekingprovincial approval.
To meetthe new requirements,Dr. Downes
gavean intensive review courseto the classof
'1,926,
which was the first to write the n.r.r.
exams. All the students passed. For years it
was a proud boast that not one of St. Joseph's
nurseshad everfailed the examination.At the
end of every review, Dr. Downes gave the
sameadvice: "The night beforethe exam,have
fun.It's time to relax.By now the die is cast."
St.|oseph's Schoolof Nursing made a special effort to prepare its students for advanced
Dr. Thomas Hugh Ba$e with studetts itr 7977.
92
work and, in choosing candidates for the
course, preference was given to those with
superior qualifications. The Sistersand staff
insisted on a very high standard in those who
took the course.Applicants were not formally
admitted until they had demonstrated their
fitnessduring the four months' term of probation.
By 1921,the hospital had grown to accommodate more patients,which createdthe need
for more nurses.An increasein student enrolment promised to burden the alreadycrowded
residence.As a result, the Sistersfaceda fresh
bout of opposition reminiscent of their
hospital's opening. This time it concernedthe
need for a new nurses' residence.
In the fall of l92l,thefoundation for a new
residence and classroom was started on the
site of the original building. When construction got underway nurses were displaced in
scattered living arrangements - 35 in one
house on John Street,27 in another and 23 in
the hospital itself.
Both St. Joseph'sand the Hamilton General had approached the city at the sametime
forassistancein financing new homesfor their
nurses.St.Joseph'sneeded$50,000.
Onceagain,
religion played a part in the debate.Because
the loyalty of the taxpaying citizens was divided between the two institutions, envy,
suspicion and resentment pitted one side
againstthe other.
TheHamiltonSpectatorrelievedsomeof the
tension when it assessedthe factsand pointed
out that of the 2,7'1.0patients treated at St.
Joseph'srn1920,just over 1,800patients were
non-Catholic. Furthermore, indigent patients
of all religions were routinely admitted and
treated for free. hr a plea for co-operation,the
paper reasoned:
It is a public institution,largely
availed of by Protestants,who
areby no meansconfined to the
wealthiest classesin the community. The needfor the home
is urgent and many Protestant
nurses are in training at the
institution. Let the question be
consideredwith an open mind,
free from bitternessand, above
all, free from religious prejudice.
A great public work is being
done by both hospitals for the
general good of the community. The merits of the appeal
should be considered on that
basis alone. It should not be
forgotten that Roman Catholics have to contribute to the
upkeep of the city hospital and
will have to pay their share of
the proposed nurses' home in
connectionwith it.
Eventually, the amount requested was
promised by the city, to be paid in two instalments.In true bureaucraticform, however,the
wrangle carried over to the spring of the following year, when a new city council took
office and threatenedto renegeon the second
instalment pledged by its predecessor.
The contentious issue was evenhrally resolved in favour of St. joseph's receiving the
full amount. W.H. Yates Construction Company of Hamilton completed the new Undermount residencein one year and on Tuesdap
November 28,'1922,it was officially opened.
llndermount, School of Nwsing openeil on Nooembet 28' 7922.
Citizens who supported the Hamilton General
were also satisfied when that hospital opened
its new nurses' residencethe same year.
Forhrnately,the funding debateat city hall
causedno bitternessbetween the two institutions. ln fact, four years later, when a scarlet
fever epidemic closed St. ]oseph's to visitors
and struck a number of its nurses,the board of
governors at the General decided that St.
Joseph'snurseswouldbe treated at no charge.
Undermount had as much style as sub'
stance.Studentswere attractedto the schoolas
much for the new residenceas the curriculum.
Outside it had terracedlawns and landscaped
93
plots of shrubs and flowers and a tennis court
for the students.The Sistersenteredthrough a
large door facing north, while studentsused a
door facing east. Toronto architects Stevens
and Lee planned the interior.
TheSpectatorgavethis detailed accountof
the "rich yet tasteful" surroundings:
just inside the door is a small
officeand telephonebooth, and
to the left is the living-room.
Like therest of the rooms in the
building, the living-room is
furnished with polished oak
grandfather clock. A mohair
chesterfield suite, a walnut
piano, walnut tables and several other choice pieces of furniture complete the room.
The library, which opened from the living
room by sliding doors,tradwalnut bookshelves
set in the walls. On either side of the walnut
and white marble fireplace were French windows that led out to the sunkengardens.Above
the fireplace was a scarletpanel, with the rest
of the room a cream shade,a carry-over of the
living room colour scheme.
Opening off the main corridor on the first
floor were a kitchenette,cloak room and sewing room. At the end of the hall was a bright,
airy lecture hall with 12 windows, a blackboard, charts and equipment for chemistry
instruction. Shrdents sat in oak chairs with
arms wide enough for note-taking.
Ninety-three nurses lived on the the second and third floors. Most had single roors
measuring 108square feet, with identical furA close-upoiew of Undernount, St.loseph's School of Nursing uhich stood at the cornerof St.f o*ph's Drioe
and Mountuood Aoenue.
floors. The walls are tinted a
light cream.Three French windows lead out on to a balconv
along the front of the roo-. At
one end of the room/ in a little
arched alcove, is a large open
coal fireplace of red tile and
walnut. The wall panel in the
alcove is of scarlet, lending a
warrn glow to the place.
Hangings of striped pqple
velour, trimmed withdull gold
are over the windows and in
the panels on the wall are two
long mirrors in bronze frames.
Three large crystal chandeliers
furnish the lighting for the
room. The floors are covered
with Wilton rugs, and in one
corner of the room is a walnut
94
The stately lioing room of the Unilermount nurses'
residence.
nishings,thedetails of which arerecalledtoday
by some of the earlier grads. Walls were gray
with buff trim, polished oak floors were scattered with Wilton rugs, curtains and bedspreadswere either rose or blue. At the end of
a long day, nurses slept on new Marshall
mattressesplacedonSimmons metalbeds of a
dull walnut color.
RoseSchmalz(later RoseDiemert), a nurse
who graduated in 1925, was particularly impatient for the new residence to open. As a
student she lived in an old house on Charlton
Avenue,oneof the temporary homesfor nurses
while Undermount was under construction.
"It was my first time away from home and I
was homesick It took a long time to adjust.
Eight of us slept on old hospital beds in one
large room.ln 19?3we moved into the new
residence."
For many it may havebeenthe most luxury
and privacy they had ever experienced.Each
room was equipped with solid, black walnut
furniture - a fivedrawer chiffonnier with a
plate glasstop, a night table,a tapestry-upholstered arm chair, writing desk and a small
chair. A spacious closet was outfitted with
shelvesand hooks. The porcelain wash basin
had hot and cold running water.
Thedoorwas madeof BritishColumbia fir
finished in mahogany. On the door was the
room number and student's name printed in
Old English lettering. A quick uniform check
could be made in the ft.rll-length mirror. Fully
equipped bathrooms on each floor had terrazzo tiles and marble partitions.
To get to the hospital from their residence,
nurseswalked through a 175-footunderground
tunnel. In fact, after a snowfall, its outline can
be determined as the warm air in the funnel
melts the snow directly above it. Its location
roughly correspondsto the present overhead
walkway built in 1980that crossesSt.joseph's
Drive.
As the hospital and its schoolachievedthe
high standards set by the government, civic
pride swelled. Ceremonies and accolades
became more lavish with each year's graduation. On |anuary 25,1922 hundreds of citizensgatheredin the Hamilton CollegiateInstitute to honour the 15 young graduates,each
carrying a bouquet of red roses.Adding to the
excitement of the occasionwas the presentation of diplomas by Sir JohnHendrie, who had
been knighted during his term of office
(1914-791,9)as Lieutenant-Governor of
Ontario. Thc Spectatorreported:
The large hall was gaily decorated for the occasion with
garlands and sheafsof flowers
and the artistically arranged
stage made a charming background for the pretty girls in
their crisp white uniforms and
becoming caps.
In his address to the graduates Sir John
Hendriesaid: "No vocationsowellfitsa woman
for the highest development of her sex as
nursing, for it brings out the best characteristics and servesto eliminate the less desirable
ones."
Dr. Downes reminded the nurses that it
was imperative to study their patients if they
were to be successfulin their profession,adding that asgraduatesof St.Joseph'sthey would
95
Right:Rose Schmalz (maffied nameDiemert) on a
breakfrom the operating rcom uith het friend Eilith
Digby (married nameMaj eske)in 7923,
either be an honour or a scarupon their school.
At the June, 1926, gtaduation the Hon.
Lincoln Goldie, provincial secretary of Ontario, lamentedthe number of Canadiannurses
who were being claimed by the u.s.eachyear.
Again in May of 7929,D.. La..l' Playfair of St.
]oseph's expressedconcernthat nursing ranks
in Canadawere being depleted by emigration
to the u.s.,where the large cities offered great
inducementsin the way of handsomesalaries.
"Matrimony too, took its toll," he added.
In 1915,the year the first nursing classgraduated, the nurses formed an alumnae that re'
mains active to this dav with a current membership that is 600strong.Under the convenorship of graduatesAda Egan and ]ean Moriru
members assembledto formulate a constitution and bylaws. Another graduate,Etla Kelly,
became the first president. Once organized,
they immediately undertook fund-raising
activities for the benefit of the hospital and
their alma mater.
Through private donations of up to $20
and a dance held at the Royal Connaught
Hotel, they raised enough to help furnish the
living room of the new Undermount residence
n7922. When linen was neededthe following
year, again they responded with individual
donations of $5 to $10.
In1925, they presenteda chalice to a mission in WesternCanadaand bought linens for
the Sistersto embroider for the mission's altar.
Such generosity was remarkable considering
the rate of pay for 12-hourduty at the time was
$3.50.
Over the years the alumnae continued to
further the interests of students and the hospital with prizes to graduating nurses for general proficiency, cash donations on the opening of new wings and gifts of money to the
school library.
Dt. In ry Playfair taught physiology in thc tursing
school.
In a speechgiven at heralma mater on October
8,1969,SisterVirginia Hanlon traced the evolution of nursing educationin Canada.In part,
this is what she had to say about how those
developments affected St. joseph's training
school:
Eachnew definition of "nurse"
reflects advances in the medical and social sciences.The
result has been nursing functions that are increasingly ex-
96
acting and diversified.
But, there was a time when
service to the hospital took
precedence over the educational requirements. This was
the case in the early 1900sin
Canada. From the outset the
aims of the hospitals were in
conflict with the aims of the
schoolsof nursing. The nature
of the development of the
schools - and the learning
experiences offered - indicatedthat their purpose was to
provide charitable services
ratherthan education.Students
wereadmitted to the schooland
immediately assigned to the
wards asworkers; teachingwas
incidental.
Vast strides were made in the
scienceand practice of medicine dating from the latter part
of the 19th century. With this
renaissanceof medicine, the
whole conceptionof the careof
thesickchanged.No longer was
a hospitalseenasaplacewhere
one goesto die, but rather as a
placeto go to regain health and
return to the community.
With wide hospitalization
camean increasingdemand for
nursing seryice, and as hospitals evolved to meet the needs
of the community so the character of nursing service developed and changed, often ac-
cording to the individual needs
of the hospital.
Prior to and during the 1920s,
students who enrolled in our
school were assigned to duty
on the wards the day after registration. The school cap was
merited three months from the
beginning date of the course.
After the nurse was 'capped'
she could be assignedto night
duty. Besidesthe prime responsibility of patient care,the student was responsible for the
housekeepi.g io each clinical
areato which shewas assigned.
The shrdent replacedthe maid
on the maid's halfday off. Her
duties then consistedof brioging the food to the wards from
the main kitchen, serving the
food on the trays and carrying
it to the patient, following which
the trays were washed and set
up for the following day.
A senior nurse (a third-year
student) did all the incidental
teaching on the wards. During
theday therewasa SisterSupervisor on eachward, but a head
nurse or graduate staff nurse
was an unknown quantity.
Ninety per cent of the nurses
who graduated did private duty
nursing. Dr.iog the night the
hospital was staffed solely by
students, with one Sister Supervisor.
Thefirct classof graduates on fanuary 22,7975.
9't
By the 1930sand'40s,classes
were glowing in size and as a
result, the number of nursing
lechrres increased and classes
were no longer included in offduty time. But conflict often
arose when a student wanted
to leave the ward for classbe.
causeservicetook precedence.
In the mid40s, however, more
lectureswere given by doctors,
emphasisincreasedon curriculum planning and a Sister instructor was appointed to assist the director in teaching.
This Sister teachertaught 90
per cent of the content in the
areaof nursing and an increasing number of doctorslectured,
too. The first clinical instructor
at St. Joseph's,Miss Sylvia
Hallman, was appointed in
1944.Her function was to assist
the studentsin the clinical situation.
As in all areasof education,
St. joseph's School of Nursing
was affected by the Second
World War. Classeswere increasing rapidly in size, more
residenceaccommodationhad
to be obtained and additional
graduate staff nurses were
employed, thereby removing
some of the service responsibilities from the students.
Clinical instructors,clinics on
the wards and casestudieswere
Marygrooe utas built in 7869at the cotner of f ames Stteet South anil St.loseph's Dioe. The hospital purchased
Marygrooe on Septembet75, 7917,for u* as a nurses' regidetce.Ia 79(i0it utas demolishedanhenconstruction of
the neutsurgical building began.
introduced. Ea.ly in 1950,the
block system of teaching was
initiated. Studentswere on the
wards from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m.
From 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. was set
asidefor classroominstruction.
The final block of time from 4
p.m. to 7 p.^. foundthemback
on the wards. Resistanceon the
part of nursing serviceperson-
98
nel to this new philosophy of
teachinggradually gaveway to
acceptance.
We advanied to a system
whereby the pre-clinicalperiod
(not probationary) was extended, with lessand lessserviceand more and more emphasis on education. Second-year
shrdents were off the nursing
units for longer periods, with
no commitment to service,and
all the formal classes were
completd in the first two years.
The third year was one essentially of service, but as more
qualified teachersbecameavailable for clinical teaching, a gr eat
deal of teaching took place in
the hospital setting.
With increasd concentration on education rather than service, new facilities were
provided for students- an expandedlibrary,
emphasis on research, more audio/visual
equipment. "As the service and educational
responsibilities grew, there was a separation
betweenserviceand education,with a director
for each area."
Oakbank rnttaes'rcsidetce, built fot lohn Stinsonin the miil-7850s,utas locateil at 307f amesSfueetSouth,
Eiluail, the Pince of Wales,stayed et Oakbaak in 7860zohenhe attendedthe opedng cercmoniesof the city's
watenoorks system.
99
Irene Murray was 18 when she entered training, only five years after the school opened.
Much later, at age 92, she recalled the experiencethat shaped her desire to be a nurse:
My mother, a widow with six
children, was operated on by
dear old Dr. Balfe. I remember
how good all the Sisterswere to
her. I was so grateful that I
decided that I'd go into training so that I could look after
someoneelse'smother.
ln"l.9'1.6,I moved into the
nurses' residence - the old
Adam Brown home - on the
corner of Alma Avenue and
Mountain Drive. It was a lovely
big housewhere I shareda room
with three other girls. My family lived on John Street,across
from the Church of The Ascension.
The laundry ironed our uniforms and I remember those
big, full aprons and great stiff
bibs were sostarchedyou could
hear them rustling down the
corridors. Our instructors were
the doctors and we stood up
when they entered the room.
It was different then, it was
the Old School.At age 17 or 1,8
we looked on them asgods.We
were scared stiff of Dr. Olmsted and Mother St. Basil. She
was very particular. The Sisters
knew more about us than we
did about ourselves.They were
like our mothers.
I was brassy and spontaneous a couple of times, though.
One time Dr. H.j. Sullivan, Sr.
said 'what the hell!' and I asked
him if he belonged to the Holy
Name society. Another time,
one of the Sistersasked me to
take on the job of floorsupervisor. She said I had a couple of
weeks to think it over. When
the time was up sheaskedagain
and I told her I wouldn't do it
becauseI didn't want to be tied
down. I don't how I had the
nerve to do that.
As a student I didn't like
maternity or the operatingroom
but I really enjoyed surgical
nursing. For pain we had morphine and pneumonia was
treated with a mwtard plaster.
We didn't have the antibiotics
that are available todav. Our
classof sevengraduatd in the
chapelthat was at the front door
of the john Street entrance to
the 1890buitding. Sincethe patientsupstairshad to goto sleep,
we had no dance or party. It
was all over by 11 p.m.
After that, I was always a
private duty nurse becauseI
didn't like the routine of staff
nursing. One job took me to
Scotland,Ontario.A farmermet
Irene Munay on her graduation ilay February 23,7919.
100
me at the train station in his
horseand buggy and we drove
about seven miles out into the
country to his home where I
caredfor his wife, who had the
'flu. That was 24hourdutvand
I had to sleep on a scratchyold
horsehair couch.
My patients were always interesting.I nursed many clergy
members.If I had a private case
at St. Joe's, I'd walk from my
home on Gladstone Avenue,
over to Delaware Avenue and
StinsonStreetand on up the hill
to the hospital. After changing
in the locker room I'd go up to
the cafeteria and have breakfast,all beforereporting to duty
at 7a.m.Pay was $3for l2-hour
dutv.
In September,1924,
studentFlossGoetz(later
Floss Smith) took a seat at her first lecture in
the nurses'residence.Apart from desks,chairs
and a blackboard,the classroomcontainedthe
few learning materials of the day: a skeleton
and hospital beds containing training models
of an adult female and a baby.
In the months aheadFlosswould learn the
art and scienceof nursing: how to give alcohol
rubs and needles and - by practising on a
fellow student - how to take a patient's blood
pressure,temperature and pulse.
SisterAssumption Kehoe,44,director and
supervisor of nurses,stood at the front as she
welcomed the eager class of 20 girls in their
Stuilcnt ntrses in the Unilermowrt classtoom.
probationers' uniforms - a white aPron with
a three'inch waistband buttoned at the back
worn over a long-sleeved blue dress which
was accentedby a starched white collar and
cuffs, high-cut, laced black shoes and black
stockings.
On that first day Sister Assumption conveyed little of the military-style discipline for
which she was feared and revered by her students. She was also a dedicated woman who
had her students' successin mind at all times'
Her opening words at Floss' first lecture were:
'1(our first duty is the careand comfort of your
patient."
To Floss,a girl with dark, wavy hair and a
shrdious demeanour, those words becamethe
motto of a career she had planned at an early
age:"I enjoyedvisiting sick relativesor friends
and wanted to do something for them. My
mother was always behind me with a jar of
homemadesoup or a bag of cookies."
St. Joseph'sin Hamilton appealed to her
becauseit offered modern, new facilities, a
new nurses' residence and affiliation with a
FlossGoetz (matieilname Smith) grailuateil in1927.
101
Thefifth classto graduate - Irene Muray (standing far left).
t02
fuberculosis sanatorium and psychiatric hospital:
We lived in Undermount where
we had our own rooms, tastefully furnished with a single
bed and bedside table. There
was a desk with a gooseneck
lamp and chair,blue bedspread
and curtains,a chestof drawers
and a clothes closet as well as
our own sink and mirror.
Toilets and bath tubs were
located on each floor. just insidethe front doorwas themail
room and to the right of the
entrancehall was a large,nicely
furnished living room with a
piano. To the left was Sister
Assumption's office and two
bedrooms. The classroomwas
located at the end of this hall.
At 6 a.m. a merciless bell,
which was rungby hand,could
be heard ringing up and down
the halls. There was uniform
inspection and attendance
takenat 6:30a.m.,breakfastand
on duty by 7 a.m. During our
12-hourshift we had two hours
off, but thesewere often given
up forlectures from Monday to
Friday.
Eachweek we had half a day
off, giving us enough time to
take in a show at the old Pantages Theatre on King Street,
but if therewas a lechrreduring
that time, we had to attend it.
The Pantages,which later becamethe PalaceTheatre,headlined vaudeville actsand entertainers such as George Burns
and Gracie Allen, the Marx
Brothers, Bing Crosby, Bob
Hope, Red Skelton and Edgar
Bergenwith Charlie McCarthy.
We had three hours off on
Sunday. On night duty there
were no spare nurses, so if a
nursebecameill, one of the day
nurses would remain on for 24hour duty.
When the day shift ended at 7 p.m., students often ran down to a favourite Chinese
restaurant on John Street where the bill for
breadedveal cutletsand vegetablesorchicken
with rice,and a pieceof bananacreampie, was
25 cents - ideal for the first-year student
whose income was $5 per month.
While it wasn't exactlygourmet fare it was
an escapefrom the hospital kitchen. "Cafeteria
meals were nourishing but plain, starchy and
monotonous. I gained 25 pounds in three
months and took immediate steps to reduce
when I could hardly fit into my uniform."
Curfew was set for 10 p.m., at which time
all students had to be in their bedrooms.One
night a month there was a late leave of 11:30
p.m. It was compulsory for nursesto sign in at
the hospital office and return to residencevia
the underground hrnnel, a dreaded walk at
that hour becausethey passedthe morgue en
route!
Taboos governing behaviour were abundant, but in the spirit of the young and resourceful they were overcome. 'tsoyfriends
were hard to come by and fraternizing with
nurses from other yearswasn't allowed. But it
was fun to have the occasionalnight out with
an intern or single doctor - strictly agairut the
rules, but worth the chance!"
Sandwichedbetweenthe demandsof duty
and discipline was the nurses' formal education. Medicine was taughtby Dr. W.P.Downes,
anatomy by Dr. H.]. Sullivan, Sr.,and physiology by Dr. L.L. Playfair. 'l remember Dr. J.K.
McGregor, who was then the recognized authority on thyroid surgery, his brother Dr.
Douglas McGregor and Dr. IngersolOlmsted."
After the four-month probation in the first
year, the "probie" got her bib and cap. It was a
proud day in her third year when the black
band was added to the nurses'cap, signifying
that she was a senior. Along with the black
band came the privilege of wearing white
Oxfords and white stockings in the summer
months. She also moved to bed-side nursing,
which was taught in Iecturesand demonstrations bv the Sisters.Floss recalled:
Ourinstructor for nursing procedure was Sister Mary Assumption, for medication Sister Loretto Gainor and for obstetrical nursing and careof the
newborn, Sister MercedesGallagher, who was supervisor of
CasaMaria. We learnedhow to
change surgical dressings and
carefor diabetics sufferin g from
gangreneor the amputation of
a foot or leg. Sterile procedures
in the operating room were
taught and we had to know the
contents of a sterile tray re-
quired for the doctor to remove
drainage tubes or stitches.
end first and coaxed down by sips of water.) "My prettiest red rosescamewith a card signed:
Protesting that it was an impossible feat, the 'From Madge, with love."'
patient cried 'all right, nurse/ you swallow it
Resporuibilities increasedwith each year and then I'11try'. With a Sisterat her side, Floss
in training. A third-year nurse learned how to gavea reluctant but successfuldemonstration. JeanetteEaglesham,(later JeanetteSimpson)a
catheterizea patient under strict asepis,to do The patient, who struggled for over an hour, nurse who graduated in 1925, has a vivid
a sponge count after surgical proceduresand eventually managed to get the string started memory of the day she applied to the school:
to chart patient care at the end of a 12-hour and her throat was cleared.
shift. She also served for three months in the
One of Floss' happiest experienceswas a
On a lovely summer day n1922,
operating room, where Sister Gerard Moran voluntary arm-to-arm blood transfusion given
my Uncle |ohn and my grandwas supervisor and instructor of on technique: to an ll-year-old girl named Madge, who was
parents brought me to St.
brought in bleeding profusely through the
]oseph's to be interviewed by
Patients with a simple appennose:
Sister St. Basil McClarty in her
dix or hernia and maternity
office just inside the huge front
patients were kept in bed for 10
She was transfused a number
door of the building on |ohn
days.Abdomina I incision-swere
Street. The following Septemof times during the first three
supported by a scultetusbinder.
days but she kept on bleeding.
ber I was brought over again to
Patientswith maior surgery I was on night duty and it was
start my training.
such as malignancies, bowel
evidentthat Madge was indire
SisterAssumption wasSuperobstruction,amputations,perineed of blood, but there were
intendent of nurses then and
tonitis, or mastoid - remained
no more donors available.I told
she ruled us like the American
in bed much longer. Nursing at
the doctor that I would gladly
army, with which she had
the time was made all the more
give blood.
served in the first World War in
challengingby the fact that there
France,attached to the AmeriFollowing the transfusion, her
were no antibiotics, no insulin,
bleeding stopped. Madge was
can Nursing Service.Our varino Salk vaccine and no serun
taken back to her room and
ous classeswere attended on
for diphtheria,typhoid, whoophandled with care.When I went
schedule. Dr. W.P. Downes
ing cough, measlesor fubercuinstructed in maternity and Dr.
on duty the next night, there
losis.
was still no bleeding and she
Woodhall in surgery. Dr. Olmwas in great spirits. She went
sted booked classesfor 7 a.m.
At times,training alsosummonedstudents
home on the tenth day.
so that he would not be held up
beyond the call of duty. In the absence of
later in the day. Our gradusophisticatedequipment or a battery of theraFlosswas named valedictorian in her 1927
ation took place in the auditopeutic drugs, some innovative nursing tech- graduating class and many years later she
rium of Undermount on a warm
niques were often employed.
worked at the Red Cross, organizing mobile
day in 1925.Everyone looked
On one occasion,Flosswas challengedby donor clinics, when new procedures such as
lovely in the new white unia patient suffering from a stricture of the eso- heart surgery createda demand for blood .
forms.
phagus.The prescribedtreatment was to have
Successand accoladesaside,Flosssaid her
I still have a pichrre of Sister
thewomanswallowa string of beads,(knotted fondest memory of graduation day was that
Loretto teaching me the differ104
ent instruments to use in the
lower on for tonsillectomy.
When we finished our training
we earnd $5 for 12-hourduty.
When I retired in 1965 it was
$33 for eight-hour duty. \AIhen
there was a shortageof private
duty nurses,I joined the nurses'
registry.
By her own admission, Dorothy Williams
entered training, in january 1935,just to escape the chronic unemployment of the 1930s.
When her training was over,however, shewas
committed to a careerin nursing. Graduation
exercisestook placeat 3 p.m. on June8, 1938.
Dorothy had a job within the month.
Years later, in 1985, she wrote to Sister
Mary Grace, who had retired as hospital
administrator, and in the letter explained her
initial reluctanceto being a nurse:
feanette Eaglesham(mefiied tcme Simpson)rcceioesinstruction on insfuumentsh the operatit g room ftom
Sistet Loretto Gainot.
105
At one time, in my teens,I said
I would never, never/ never be
a nurse. But workwas scarcein
the 1930s,so I went in training.
I am sure had we had a yearbook,I would have beenvoted
the one most likely not to succeed.I was a mouseand not too
bright. Sister Monica Smythe
knew that!
I also said I would never,
never work in a psvchiatric
hospital. But on Irny i, 1938,I
started to work at the Ontario
Hospital and gave myself two
weeks' trial. I staved vearsand
Dorothy Williams (beck rou, eight in from the left) utith her clqssmateson graduatiott ilay lune 8,7938,
106
loved it! Now it is onemonth to
our next reunion and I am sorrv
I will not be ableto attend. Iast
year's reunion was absolutely
thrilling and I was so proud of
my school. I want somone to
know I did a-or by *y Alma
Mater.
Leona]ohnson (LeonaHudecki) applied to St.
joseph's nursing school and paid the $35 tuition feewithout telling her family. Sheentered
on September4,1938,the day she turned 18.
'tIntil then I had beenundecided about what
to do with my life. At one point, I seriously
considered entering the St. Joseph'sCongregation," she recalled.
For all the rigors of training, the student
pay remained the sameas a decadeearlier. ln
her first year, a student received$6per month,
with a onedollar increaseeachyear:
The wageswere more a kind of
allowance.If you broke a glass
syringe, it had to be reported
and it was deducted from your
pay. It was the samewith anything that was damaged.
Uniforms were difficult to get
into becauseof the long skirts
and celluloid belts, cuffs and
collars.You could loseyour cap
and bib or your black band for
misdemeanours, so you were
constantly trying to do your
best.
There was a strong senseof
seniority among the students.
Graduation ilay May 22,7!N,1l"eft to ight: Itona
lohnson (married netneHudecki), Dt, Iolm Tilden and
FrancesO'Brbn
We even had to open doors for
the seniors.If you happenedto
be visiting with a senior when
Sister Monica made one of her
routine inspections in residence,you had plenty of warning becauseher beadsrattled as
shecamealong the corridor. To
avoid being penalized you
would hide in the closet or
under a bed.
Lipstick, nailpolish and rouge
were not permitted. Hair had
to be worn up off the collar.
After four months' probation
and if we passedthe exams,we
went right on to 12-how duty.
107
Two nurses would be responsible on a ward of 30 to 35 patients. On nights, at around 2
a.m. we would go into a little
room off the main lobby of the
old building, take off our shoes
and capsand nap on one of the
couchesfor about an hour.
There was no emergency
department. Badly injured patients were admitted right to
100Surgical.Every floor had a
Sistersupervisor.On third-fl oor
Surgical, SisterVincent Bergin
ran a tight ship. Shewas a real
little pepper pot! Shewas short
and chubby,but ascuteascould
be. At night she would come
down for her 's{ - spiritusfrumenti - and put it in her milk
and sugar. She said it helped
her sleep. (Doctors ordered a
half-ounceof spiritus fmmenti,
a distilled product with a sedative property, to be administered to patients who had
trouble sleeping.)
SisterVincent also had great
sympathy for the post-operative patient who had lost interest in eating. To revive a
patient's appetite she would
cook up a filet mignon to perfection, surround it with a ring
of peas and deliver it personally to the patient. Without fail,
the patient responded,asmuch
to the geshrreof extra kindness
as to the food.
Nursesalsoused to prepare the occasional
meal to tempt a patient's appetite:
We had one nurse who wed to
like to practise her shot by
throwing the egg shells across
the room and into the garbage.
One morning Sister Monica
enteredthe kitchen at the same
time this nurse had taken aim
and she accidently hit Sister in
the eye with the egg shell!
I marvel now at some of our
responsibilities. To prepare a
hypodermic needle we would
light the bunsen burner, put
water in a spoon to dissolve the
tablet of molphine and pull the
solution up into the syringe.
We did this after four months'
probation. For high fevers we
gavealcoholspongebaths,liquids and aspirin. Gigantic pads
were taped with three-inch
adhesivefor surgical dressings.
Sutures were big and black.
When we changed a patient's
dressing and sponged the
wound we used to say, nVe're
going to take this bandage off
in one short shriek.'
The Second World War de.
pleted the hospital staff of interns which left nursing supervisors responsible for many
decisionsaffecting patient care.
ln those days, all we had for
cardiac arrest was oxygen. We
did a lot of on-the-jobtraining.
If an rv or blood transfusion
was needed we did it. I don't
even remember being shown
how, but I lnow I did it. I re.
member preparing a man for
surgery and I didn't know
where to start the rv - he had
no anns.
Somany times we threatened
to quit, but of course we never
would. We had hard work,
sorrows and resentments.I'm
still close with my classmates.
We get together at reunions.
Nothing in my life comparesto
those three years we trained
together.
When she graduated on May 22, 1941,
Leona recalled: "Our brothers and boyfriends
were gone.The usual music played for graduation was Pomp and Circamstance.Our class
had been anticipating this beautiful march in.
InsteadThere'll Alwrys beanEnglandwasplayed
becauseby that time we were consciousofthe
horror of the war."
As cloistered as the religious life might
have beenin the 7940s,it did not meana Sister
had no interest in affairs of the heart. Leona's
favourite story is about the night one of the
Sistersplayed match-maker for her:
It happenedon New Year'sEve,
1942.The students were having a dance.SisterMary Grace
found me moping io *y room
and asked why I was not going
to the party.
108
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g;ll J,,,1**', C,,/,,,"r,,, 5",- rl,r;*1
sr.zsi",,,/,
Ticket to the ilance ht honow ol the 7W graduaiing
class.
Then sheled me to thedoor of
the party and said 'Look at the
big tall Captain in here. Now
put on your dress and go!'
Well, I had this white silk
moire dresswith a big bow and
beautiful, billowing skirt. It had
cost me almost a year/swages!
So I put it on and in I went.
Student and graduate nurses
didn't fraternize at that time so
therewas quite an uproar when
I arrived.
Anyway, then the students
asked the band to call a dance
named the Paul Jones,but the
band didn't know how. I did
becausemy father was an oldtime fiddler a.rd he taught me
to call square dances.I volunteeredto call the danceand after
that I was welcome to stay.
The handsome Captain objected to the
energeticstepsand shook his fist at her every
time he reeled by. Later in the evening he was
introduced to the pretty, vivacious nurse. His
name was Stan Hudecki. He was bright, inquisitive and had already spent a year's fellowship in pathology at the Banting Institute
in Toronto.
He had even greater plans for the future
and St.Joseph'sHospital itself cameto benefit
from many of them. Dr. Hudecki and nurse
johnson married in 1945.They had nine children and 42 happy yearstogetheruntil he died
in his sleep on June26,1988.
As a result of the war, nurses were needed
around the country and overseas.St. Joseph's
respons€ was to admit three classes,rather
than the usual two, in 1944.
Mary Fitzgerald (later Mary Marrin) entered that year.Accommodation was stretched
to the limit by the 53 students enrolled, Mary
recalls:
The July classwas made up of
older women with work experience. At the end of my first
year I had to move home becauseof a lack of accommodation. But we still had to be at the
hospital for Rosaryat 6:45p.m.
if we were onnights and report
for duty between 6:30and 6:45
a.m. with the rest of the classif
we were on days. SoI made the
20-minute walk back and forth
from my homeon HunterStreet
West.
Mary spent her entire nursing careerat St.
joseph's, the hospital in which she was born.
All schoolshave their traditions. One tradition
atSt.Joseph'swas that the Septemberclassdid
not like the intrusion of students who arrived
in February. A cool reception, strict teachers
and the demands of training were disheartening to newcomers. kene Maclnnes (married
name DeCoste)was a spunky girl with a ready
laugh thenightshearrivedin 1953from Prince
Edward Island:
Iwas metbya seniorwhotook
my suitcaseand said that if I
weresmart,Id turn around and
go right back home. I had been
apprehensive,to put it mildly,
and her commentsdid nothing
for my confidence.
The nextda/, in a small classroom in the basement of Undermount, we struggled into
our blue and white uniforms
while Sister Virginia read us a
kind of 'riot act.' She went
through all thethingswe should
and shouldn't do.
SisterBonaventureFagan,the
Director, told us what the pen.altieswould be if we disobeyed
any of the rules. We were told
what time to be in, what we
were to do and to have respect
for everyone. I remember my
first week on the first floor of
the Medical building, where
the headnurseran a pretty tight
ship. We bathed and fed patients, got them out of bed and
made the beds, all within the
first week on the wards.
109
Ircne Maclnnes (married name DeCoste)grailuated in
79ffi
It gives me chills now to think of the responsibility we had. We did the bestwe could,
using little measures,to make the patient comfortable.We worked from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m.,
when we broke for classuntil2 p.m. Then it
was back on the wards until5 p.m., although
it was seldomthat we got off at that time. It was
the sameroutine the next day. Education was
secondary. We had to learn on the job and
there was really nothing wrong with that.
I learned a lot about humility in that first
year. If we were sitting in the lounge, we had
to stand and acknowledge any senior who
entered and get her coffee if she wanted it. If
you sat down and another one entered, you
did the samething again. I often thought that
therehad to be better days aheador I wouldr/t
be a nurse for very long!
Irene did stay to graduate in 1956and was
happily working as head nurse on 2 Private
when Sister Virginia cropped up again in her
life.
I was called to an important
meeting in the linen cupboard
-because officespacewasnonexistent.Sisterwas planning to
start an innovative health programfor the staff and askedif I
was interested in it. I told her
definitely not, becauseI really
liked working with the patients.
Nothing more was said until
two days later when she told
me she was going to advertise
the position and that I should
apply. Again I said no, but then
shedecidednot to advertiseand
the job was mine.
It was different then. You did
as you were told. At first it was
primarily a student health service.Bit bybit we expandedand
started things such as immunization programs.By about 1968
we zeroed in on all employees,
doing pre-employment and
routine physicals.It grew from
there.Hospitals wereone of the
last groups to get in on what
industry had been doing for
years.At the start,I reported to
Sister Virginia and later, came
directly under the personnel
department. Today it is called
the PersonnelHealth Unit. Sis-
ter Virginia really knew what
she was talking about.
In 1959,the employee health service also
hired a medical director of the service, Dr.
Robert McHarg, who continuesto work in that
capacity today.
"I applied to St. Joseph'sSchool of Nursing
becauseit really was considered to be one of
the best nursing schools in the area," said
Margaret O'Donnell (married name Obermeyer ), who graduatedin \972andrxalls the
two yearsshespentintraining as"A greatpart
of my life. I also had worked as a candystriper
at St. Joe'sand have an aunt who nursed, so I
leaned toward the profession."
Her room, 407- on the fourth floor of the
Fontbonne residence- facedthe hospital. By
the time she enteredtraining, the student lifestyle contrasted dramatically to the rigid "old
days." Boyfriends could be entertained in
Fontbonne'scommunallounge.Greenculottes
were the uniform when students went out to
do community work at St.Pete/s Hospital or
the RygielHome forthe mentallyhandicapped.
When the legal age for drinking was lowered
to 18 there was even the occasionalpub night:
Residence life was great. We
would study late at night and
run down for chocolate bars,
soft drinks and potato chips
from the tuck shop, which was
located where the spinal centre
is now in Fontbonneon the first
floor. Sometimeswe made our
110
own meals of mushrooms and
hotdogs, which we bought at
the rca on JamesStreet.
By the late 1960s,a nurse's education reflected and responded to the many new specialties that had developed in medicine. Initially, a student spent more time in the classroom. But with so much more to learn, the
emphasis shifted to acquiring theory before
undertaking practicaltraining. A sophisticated
curriculum was divided into neurological,
cardiovascular, respiratory, gastro-intestinal
and genito-urinary training as well as sociologp pyschology, language and communications. Margaret remembers:
A typical school day meant we
were up at 8 a.m.- unlessyou
were in clinical - then it was
6:45a.m.Classeswere held from
9 a.m. to noon and from 1 p.m.
to 3 or 4 p.m. It was a big treatto
run backoverto residenceafter
classto watchGeneralHospital
on television. Practical experience was usually two mornings a week. It started with a
pre-conference about our assignments and ended with a
post-conferenceabout what
occurred and a discussion of
problems. In the afternoon we
were back in the classroom.
Sister Mary David Wiggins
was the onlySister instruitor I
had and she was a sweetheart.
Virginia Frereis anotherteacher
still have the friends I made in
nursing school.We learnedhow
to live in a group and share
everyone'sexperiences- both
good and bad.
Fontbonnenurses'residenceopenedin 7962just 77 years beforethe school of nursing closed-Today it is usedlot
doctors' anil administration offi ces.
I remember. When she came
down the hall, we hid. She
would drill us on our patients,
check the beds and Lord help
you if you weren't prepared!
My graduation day, June 16,
was warrn and sunny - but
my aunt wore her mink stole
anyway. The exercisestook
place at Mohawk College with
BishopRyanand Mayor Copps
as guest speakers.We entered
the hall to the music of Pomp
and Circumstancewearing
white, long-sleeveduniforms. I
made my first formal dressfor
our graduation dance held in
the Fontbonne auditorium. I
llt
In preceding generations, when a young
woman announcd her engagement it was
understoodthat, oncemarried, shewould leave
nursing. By the time Margaret graduated
marriage presentd no such obstacle.She got
married after graduation and was employd
by St. Joseph'sto work as a staff nurse in the
intensive care unit, where she enjoyed the
patient care and the drama and excitement.
From there she transferred to the operating
room and, after upgrading her education, she
applied for her presentposition as head nurse
in the emergency department. Emergency
work, shesays,is "exciting, becauseyou never
know what is going to comethrough the door."
Margaret regrets the shift from hospitalaffiliated schools to community college nursing programs. "I don't think nurses graduating from a corrununity college can have the
sameloyalty or senseof belonging to a hospital. I have such a strong feeling for St.Joe'sand
they've beenvery good to me here."
Pat Yip ChucKs (married name Wright) intimate bond with St. Joseph'sgoesback to her
high schooldays,when shewas a candystriper.
As a young volunteer she worked in the renal
transplant unit. The exposure to hospital life
and observing the way nurses handled their
patientsappealedto her.Working at St.]oseph's
was also a family affair: her father worked asa
budget officerfor the hospital and her mother
was a supply core technician in the supply
department.
After graduating from St. Mary's High
Schoolin Hamilton, Pat enrolled in St.]oseph's
nursing school in1971and moved into room
5l0atFontbonne residence.Althougha nurse's
training was no less rigorous, her curriculum
and method of learning differed significantly
from that of the first class of young women
who entered the school.
The courseof study was condensedto two
yearsinsteadof three.Self-directedlearning in
groups of no more than eight students replaced the former lecture.styleteachingto 100
students at a time. Pat recalls:
My first year was an experimental year with self-teaching
modulesabout the nervousand
gastric systems, reproduction
and maternity, pediatrics and
orthopedics.We had an instructor but the shrdents did their
own research.It was difficult at
first because in high school
everything was given to you.
Our day started at 9 a.m. On
Monday morning we had a
general assembly session.The
instructor would outline the
course of study for that week
and explainwhat they expected
us to learn from the module.
Then we would work in groups
of five or six students, sharing
with the otherswhat we leamed
from our research.
In small assemblysessionswe
would discuss problems in a
tutorial style. The philosoPhy
behind selfdirected learning
was to gain confidence and
maturity. It taught us how to
function as a team and how to
tackle problems.
Ratherthan watch a classroomdemonstration of basic nursing skills such as how to
changedressings,give injections, remove sutures or take blood pressure, students were
expected to schedule their own time and view
tapes on these procedures in the library. By
following personalized timetable, students
were permitted to progress at their own rate.
When they felt prepared, they booked a Practical test which had to be passedbefore they
could practise the procedure on the wards.
From Monday to Fridap the learning re'
sourcecentrein Fontbonnewas open between
8 a.m. and 10 p.m. to accommodatethe individual study habits of students.With the shift
in emphasisfrom teachingto learning, the staff
hoped that nurses would retain the skills to
teachthemselvesand continue their education
after graduation. Sister Ann Marshall, who
directed the rhool of nursing in 197'1.,said,
'nVe found that most of the students,by working at their own speed,learnedfasterthan ever
before."
Blue and white were still the colours of the
student nurse's uniform, but it had significantly altered in style from when the school
opened in 1911.Gone were the traditional
starchedbib and apron,long sleevesand deep
cuffs. The'70s shrdent wore a blue and white
tt2
pin-striped, shirtwaist-style cotton dresswhich
buttoned down the front. It had short sleeve
and two side slashpockets.A small concession
to the old uniform could be seenin the modified whitebib inset at the neck. As dictated by
fashion at the time, most studentshemmed the
skirt to slightly above the knee. White stockings and white duty shoeswere still part of the
dresscode.Hair still had to be worn up, off the
collar. Facial make'up was acceptable,but nail
polish or pwellery were not. Nails had to be
well-kept.
Room, board, tuition, meals and books
were provided by the school.Student life had
relaxed considerably compared to the early
days. "Curfew was 11 p.m. We had to sign in
and out when we left residence. But sometimes,if we were late,the security guard would
let us in and not say anything. On Sundays,we
were allowed to have visitors in our roors, as
long as the door was left open. On occasion,
some girls successfuIlysmuggled visitors into
residence via the tunnel that led from the
hospital," Pat remembers.
'nVehad a refrigeratoroneachfloorwhere
we could keep food. But the food was often
stolen, so I used to keep mine in my room, on
the windowsill. SisterJoanC/Sullivan was the
director of nursing in my secondyear and she
lived on the fourth floor of Fontbonne. The
girls got along well with her. My best friend in
nursing school was Sister BarbaraGraf, a fellow student. We still keep in touch."
At the end of her first year, the student
nurse added a blue band to her cap. Before
graduation the black band replaced the blue
band.
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At 2 p.m. on July 20,1973,Pat's
classof 130
students (including three male graduates)
assembledin the theatre at Mohawk College
on Fennel Avenue East.They were participating in anhistoric eventin the life of St.Joseph's
- it was the 60th and final classto graduate
from the school of nursing. In Septemberof
that year, nwsing education transferred to
community colleges.Although St. Joseph's
continued to operate as a campus for the
Mohawk College nursing program, its era as
an independent school had ended.
The school's closure deeply saddenedthe
students, Pat said:
iA"
oo/ tfr" Qta/uottng
5o8""[
5t. t"*pf''"
Q.ol"otion
ot't".ooor,
tuty
ninzteen fru,rLt/
on/
Jzt/ag
txzzcite*
tX" LwzntbtL,
sr"nty-tLta
at two o'ohoL
Colt.g.
J4oBo*E
t3s Jrr"r[[
Pat's ties to St. ]oseph's,however, continued to be strengthenedas she worked on the
pediatric ward for 11 years after graduation.
Shemet her husband,Dave,through oneof her
little patients. All three of her children were
born at the hospital. Today she works as a
labour and delivery nurse - a job she loves.
"There is no place in the world I would rather
work. I meeta variety of peopleof all ages.It's
a happy place!"
The final graduation ceremonywas all the
more poignant for the list of dignitaries who
attended. It was an historic occasionfor both
the hospital and the city. The city's seventh
bishop, PaulF. Reding, (who was delivered on
Feb. 14, '1924,bythe hospital's first intern, Dr.
W.P. Downes) brought greetings from the
rgzs
"t'
of JVuzdng
Ctooo
inoltz you to Le pzztenL at
oo"/a[y
Jfr"
We belongedto thehospitaland
its traditions. We identified
with St. Joe'sand had a sentimental feeling for the hospital
that today's nursing graduates
can't have.
of bu.otore
B"o./
o4orru.
ifr'ot
"
(W.st
JJamilton
also born at St.Joseph's- 6n \fgw Year's Day
in 1952.The speaker, Sean O'Sullivan,* had
made Canadian history when he became
Canada's youngest member of parliament.
Although the sun shone for an hour and
temperatures hoverd around 80F, the day
was mostly cloudy with light showers. Nature, too, seemd to mourn the closeof an era.
Also suited to the times and the mood was the
selectionof music that day. The musical background to the presentationof classpins, Simon
and Garfunkel's Bridge oaer Troubled Water,
touchedthe graduateswith its lyrics and words
of despair mixed with optimism.
The 60th graduatingclassstarted theirday
with the celebrationof Massfollowed by breakfast in the cafeteria.The day concluded with a
dance at the Royal Connaught Hotel. But the
joy of the occasion and the pride of having
their achievementrecognizedby "their school
and hospital" was tinged with the sad knowledge that such camaraderieand spirit would
be denied to future generationsof nurses.
e$J.mirtion [y tt"fi.t onty
lmtitation to the grailuation exerciseswhich took
place on luly 20,1973.
diocese to the graduates.Board of control
memberRobertM. Morrow, who later became
mayor of Hamilton, extendedcongratulations
from the city.
SisterJoanO'Sullivan was the last director
of the school of nursing to present the graduation pins. Finally, Dr. James Osbaldeston
introducedthespeaker,a yonng man who was
115
tAfter a fiveyearpoliticalcareerSeanPahickC/Sullivan entered
the seminary and was ordained to the priesthood in 1981.Father
OSullivan diedin theearlymorninghours of March 9, 1989after
a five-year battle with leukemia. Sister Joan's nephew was
always affectionatelyreferred to as "Father Sean".
ggv-t*
-
*PROCESSIONAL
-
PRIZE
Land of HoPe ond Glory
-Edzt'ord Elgar
f or Outstanding Perf ornnnce
Given in Memorv of the late Dr. I{enneth Murray
by the Department of Surgerl', St. Joseph's Hospital
Presented bY Mrs. S. l{. Hudecki
S. E. O'Brien, Chairman, Board, of Dircctors,
St. Josefh's School of Nursing
CHAIRMAN-Dr.
NANCY
*O CANADA
*OPENING
VALEDiCTION
GREETINGS
-
Rercrend. Matthczv Crogan
-
-
-
IfrsNancyMannincn
-
-
-
Hk Ercellenct' Paul F' Reding'
A d m i n i st r o t o r ,
Diocese of Haniltort
Controller Robert M. LIorrou,
City of Hatrilton
Dr. Jancs B. Osbaldestott,
Chairman, Board of Trustees,
St. loscph's Hosl,ital, Hamiltott
PRAYER
TO THE
GRADUATES
-
PRESENTATION OF DIPLOMAS
OIr GIiADUATION
PRESENTATION
Pi)IS
-
PRIZE
Given by the Alunnae, St. Joseph's School of Nursing
Presented by Mrs. S. Richards, President
JUDITH
,\DDRf1SS
TO TI{E
I'RES}INT..\TION
RECESSIO\AI,
Given b1' the faculty of St. Joseph'sSchoolof Nursing
PresentedbY X{iss P. Gilbert
Sislrr Ann llarslnll,
fortncr Dirrclor,
S t . - / o s c p l r ' sS r l n o l o f N u r s i t r g
FRANK ZUPCIC
Srtrr Ioail O'Sulliz'ttn,
I)i'cctor, Scltool of Nirrsirrg
l I r s . P a t r i c i t O s t af c l n h '
-lssocistc DD'tctor,
S clrc ol of -\'itr.rtrt.r7
B L ' R S A R Y A r I / A R D f o r P o s tG r a d u o t cS l r r d l i n \ - u r s i n g
Hospital Auxiliarl'
Given b1-St. -JosePh's
Presentedb1' llrs. H. Patzalek
Sislcr 'l1arl Clarc, C S I
f , l i ' s sA n t o i n t t l c J l a n c i t t i
BL'RSIR]'
SPF1AKER -
UR:\DU-\'I.ES
-
SIIIRI,EY
ll P '
r'l1r' "!r'rur O'Sulliat'
Hamiltou If cntzLortlt
A CK A' O'T/L E D GEJI'1EN7..'
*GOD S-\VD THtr QUEEN
-
-
, l L f A R D f t t r P o s t - G r L r d u a l cS t r r d - r 'i n N t r s i n g
Cliven bl the fleclical Staif. St. -foscph's Hospital
I'resentcd bi llrs. J. J. Carroll
I)r. JutncsD [io/lor''ar"
[: -t'cc rttiz'c D ir(r t or'
Sl. -/osc1/i s IIosPital
OF .\\\'ARDS
-
\{ATTHEWS
MERIT A'YARD
Slcflrctr Srln,urts
Oli IIUEST
for Genaral Proficicnrt
NANCY X{ANNINEN
Bridqa oz'cr Trotrblcd LI-ater
Stiirrorr 6 Garfunkcl
All Good (|tfts
I\TRODUCI'fION
IVIANNINEN
Organist
I'anrl of Hoft and Clory
-L,dtard
Elgar
Sistcr l[uriot
Sistcr IIart' Clarc, C.S.I.
lliss Antoincttc \Iancitti
+Stand i,,lrcre indicatcd bt, aslcri.rF
Program lor the 50th and final graduation exercisesof the school of nursing.
116
Dot.'ncr, C SJ-
ANDERSON
tr\{isr M*tgaret Feart graduated from St
ioseph'CSchool of,Nursing irr 1944.'After
she :tornplslgd post: graduate studies in
nursir,lg,education at the University of
Toronto in 1946,,Miss,Peartrehrrned to her
alma maierto teachfor two )tears. :
Between1948and,197S,sheheld a series
of administrative positions with the Canadian Red:Cross$qgiety, the school of nursHospital in
ing,in Bellbvitle, the htot's
Toronto and the RegisteredNursing Association of Ontario.
In 1970,sheagain returned to St. Josephs
and served as Assistant Director of Nursing, Associate Director of Nursing and
Director of Nursing. Miss Pearthasbeenan
eyewitnessto the evolution of the nursing
profession throughout her distinguished
career.Nursing has evolved, she says,into
a credible profession.
"Since my time as a student in Undermount, I have sem St.]oseph's-Hospitalexpand and growinto the marvellous facility
we have today. Changesin rurrsing service
and education have kept pace with the
changes in the health care delivery system
'Today we have
and technoLogyi'she said.
a greater emphasis on the psycho-social Miss Metgeret L. Pest
aspectof care.The patient and the patient's
family are much more involved in the
patien(s care now."
ln September, 1989,Miss Peart retired
from St. ]oseph's as Assistant Executive
Director, Nursing, a position she held for
three years. f
Miss Mery R:ita Leplnskie
Mary Lepinskie worked at St.
Mis
]oseph's after her graduation from the
school of nursing in 19,18and taught in the
school as well. OnSepternber 30, 1956,she
made history at St. Josepltlswhen she was
the first lay person to be appointed Director of Nursing Serviceat the hospital. Three
years later, on January, 27, 7969, Miss
i.epinskie died suddenly of staphylococcal
pneumonia that followed the Asiatic'fhr.
She was 41. In her memory, the Mary
Lepinskie Library was established in the
department of nursing. t
tt'l
RESTDENCES
:rE
I he St. losephls nursing residencesover
the yea* were Undermount, Marygrove,
thC staff residence, Oakbank, Farham
fffi,andFontbo*n .,..
-,Thelkst nurses,,
,Uldelg ggqtRCsidence
:f,ormer:
r,esidinae,.was:,the,
hornC,of,Adam
BrowrL merchant and politician, at the
.cort$1..of..St.. ]oaeph's,&,ive and Mountwood Ave. (thenknown asAlma Ave. and
Mountain Drive). To accommodatemore
students, the residence was built on the
samesiten9n.It hassincebeenreplaced
sarase
::"r:--":"Ts
. :.
Oakbank - The fonner home of Williarn
PattersonMclarm, prosperouswholesale
grocer from Scotland,on ]amesStreetSouth,
built by ]ohn Stinsonin the mid 1850s.
Marygrove - Was built in 1869 at the
cornerof JamesStreetand St.Joseph'sDrive
facing southwest.It was the home of Senator Andrew T. Wood. St.Josept/spurchased
Marygrove on September 15,1947,andused
it as a residencefor nursing students. In
1960it was demolishedwhen construction
of the new surgical building began.
Fontbonne - This residence,completedin
December, 1952,ts now used for doctors,
offices,hospital administration, human re-
soutrce$'
andthe4gp1ii:1.j oI fi*ance.
Drnrcrons oF Sr. Josumr'sScnoor oF NuRSrNcANDNunsrrucSrnvrcr
SisterEoaristaBaine
MissMnrgaretPeart
SisterUrsulaBarry
SisterXarier Reding
Miss GenwianeBoyes
SisterMonica Smythe
SisterAugustineCampbell
SisterMary GraceStenens
Sister Aloysia D earling
Sister D ositheusTracat
SisterBonaaenture
Fagan
MissMae Gibson
Sistn Virginia Hanlon
Sister AssumptionKehoe
Miss Mary Lepinskie
SisterMartinn Long
SisterBernnrdineMadden
SisterAnn Marshall (Maris Stella)
SisterSt. BasilMcClarty
SisterGerardMoran
SisterJoanO' Sulliaan(Celestine)
*
Sister Monica Smythe,Supeintendent of Nursesin
19U.
118
Chapter Twelve
THE VOLUNTEERS
On May 22,1945,women from Hamilton and
areaparishesmet at Undermount, the nursing
students'residence,to form the first auxiliary
at St. ]oseph's Hospital. Becauseplans for a
new hospital were well underway at that time,
the women felt that an auxiliary could help
meet the expenseof equipment and furnishings. Dances, teas, card parties and bazaars
comprised some of their first successfulfundraising events.
In subsequent years, auxiliary members
setup a patients' library and made substantial
donations for the purchase of equipment. br
1957they paid for the installation of a system
that provided an immediateand unintemrpted
flow of oxygento the patients'bedsides.
A volunteer organizationbegan in 1961
and latermerged with the auxiliary to become
the Auxiliary Volunteer Association.Its enterprises grew to include a successfulgift shop,
family fun days, fashion shows and publishing a cookbook.
When the new surgical wing opened in
19625t. ]osephs becamethe first hospital in
patientsjammeil any oacant spacearouad the hospital as the steff scarried to bing morc patients ftom the
the city to introduce teenagedvolunteers.Mrs.
smoke-fill ed buil ding.
ConstanceMclean, director of volunteers at
the time, approachedprincipals of high schools
in
in the hospital's vicinity for co-operation in phone line installed in her home for the exclu- pers.Onceit caught on, the idea of teenagers
the hospital was well received," recalled Mrs.
sive use of volunteer business.
encouragingteenagersto volunteer.
'They
Mclean. "I resigned as volunteer director in
enthusiastic.
and
wonderful
were
Mrs. Mclean organized most of the re1964 but I have never had that phone line
and
cruitment and schedulingfrom her own home. Some girls worked in the emergency
The response from 500 teens was so over- admitting departments. Others directed visi- removed."
In 1966,443 senior and teen volunteers
whelming that she paid to have a secondtele- tors around the new building or folded diall9
donated 30,000 hours. The eve contributed
$50,000toward furnishing the hospital's new
intensive careunit and increaseda scholarship
to $1,000,which the schoolawarded to a graduating nurse for post-graduatestudies .
As teachingand training programs broadened, patient care changed dramatically from
the early years. Volunteer efforts frequently
assistedwith the purchase of life-saving machinery and equipment as the hospital im' oved its serviceto the community. When the
AvAwas not busy raising funds, it devised new
servicesfor the well-being of patientsand their
families.
For example,inl970, the group initiated a
hostessservice for the benefit of friends and
relatives who waited for information on patients in the intensive careunit or surgery. The
volunteer hostessesactedasa linkbetween the
doctor and the familp helping to allay the
family's concerns.Two years later a similar
liaison service was established in the emergency department.
Mrs. Thelma Maskell beganas a volunteer
at St. joseph's in 1970.Today she is director of
the men, women and teenagerswho so generously give of their time and talents eachweek
fortheimprovement of theservice rendered to
St. ]oseph'spatients.
Possibly the biggest challenge the volunteers ever faced came in 1980when the hospital closed for two weeks becauseof a fire.
At 9:17a.m.on May 1, 1980,smokefrom an
electricalfire in the basementboiler room at St.
Joseph'striggered a two-alarm fire at the fire
department. When firefighters reached the
hospital eight minutes later they found smoke
billowing from behind a wall and a false ceiling. They hackedat the ceilingbut were unable
The Eire Depart nertt had a man posted to uatch the building all that night.
to contain the fue, which sent up toxic fumes
from burning plastic and electricalwires.
All surgical procedureswere cancelledat
9:35a.m. exceptfor two operationsalreadyin
progress- onewasa radicalprocedure scheduled for four hours and the other was a total
knee prothesesfor almost five hours. Nurses
in theseoperatingroomsput wet towelsaround
doors to keep out fumes. Forty-five minutes
after the fire started, Donald Scott,acting executive director, ordered a complete evacuation of the hospital to begin with the intensive
care unit, heart and respiratory patients.
120
In lessthan 90 minutes hundreds of rescue
workers had removed the 600patients.Hospi
tal staff, policemen and firefighters assisted
the patients to parking lots. Forhrnately, although the skieswere overcastthat day, it was
mild and dry.
Somepatientstook the chaosin stride.One
man quipped that "this must be a group excursion" while another thought it was marvellous
that the hospital had arranged a sightseeing
tour for patients. Others were not quite so
philosophical.If she was going to be evicted,
one woman wanted to know, why had shenot
ing and my office was in a shambles.My main
concern,of course,was that the patients were
out," she said.
Sister Joan took the first possible flight
home and arrived at7:30 p.m. at the hospital.
At 11 a.m. the first operation was complete, the patient was wheeled out and the on
staff evacuated.Half an hour later the second
surgeonfinished his operation. When this staff
vacatd the entire hospital was empty. The
incident promptd one doctor to comment:
"This is the first time I have seenpatients put
to sleepin onehospitalforan operationonly to
wake up in another hospital."
Exactly three hours after it started firefighters reported the fire was out and smoke
diminished. Five firefighters suffered smoke
inhalation but not one patient was injured. As
construction workers boarded up windows,
Mr. Scott announced that the hospital was
closed until further notice. Switchboard operators were allowed back into the building
and patientchartsweresentto the otherhospitals. Maternity patients returned to the first
floor of the maternity ward which had not
Afleet of T7Toronto ambulaflcesircluding Metto Toronto's ambulancebus,utas ilispetchedto Hamilton to help
eoacaste St.loseph's.
been affected by smoke.
It took two weeks to put the hospital back
been given two days' notice? Although the truck or fire units. As the result of tremendous in order. By May 14the hospital openedagain,
hospital's food servicesdepartmentand neigh- co-operation,St. Joseph'snurses, nursing as- patients were welcomed back and elective
bouring residents provided beveragesand sistants and other staff members from St. surgery resumed the following day.
of all
Struck by the complete selflessness
sandwiches,one cranky patient demandedhis Joseph'swere allowed to continue caring for
involved in the clean-up Sister Joan comusual noon-day hot meal.
their patients at theseother hospitals.
'That includes relatives of patienb
As many patients as possible were transBy 10:30a.m.Mr. ScottphonedSisterJoan mented,
ferred indoors - to the Church of the Ascen- O'Sullivan, executive director, who was at- who were sent home and who were returning
sion and St. ElizabethNursing Home (both on tending a meeting in Calgary. Fifteen minutes hospital dressing gowns in perfect condition
John Street),to the FontbonneBuilding and to into the meeting, Sister Joan received a mes- - washed and ironed."
On that May day in 1980,Mrs. Maskell had
a nearby residenceowned by the Sistersof St. sagethat a long distancecall was waiting. "I
joseph. City hospitals prepared to receive rememberMr. Scott telling me that the hospi- reasonto be especiallyproud of the volunteers
patients who arrived by ambulance,bus, mail tal had beenevacuated,the fire was still burn- who worked closely with the staff - helping
t2l
to removepatientsfrom the smoke'filled building assistingpatients on to busesfor transfer
to other hospitals and distributing blankets
and refreshmentsto those who waited in the
parking lot.
"The day after the fire, I received a call
from McMaster University Medical Centre's
director of volunteers. The pediatric patients
who had been transferred there were anxious
and I was askedto send our volunteers to help
allay the childrens'fears. I called the women
who usually work in the pediatric unit and
without hesitation they agreed to go," said
Mrs. Maskell.
Two weekslater,asthefirst patients began
to return to St.Joseph's,SisterJoanO'Sullivan
called on the volunteers to arrange a bud vase
for each bedside table as a way to welcome
eachof the patients back.
[:l 1983, the Volunteer Association presented the hospital with a cheque for $75,000
for the purchaseof equipment,as well asa van
to transport equipment to dialysis patients.
Thelma Maskell is proud of the successof
the diversefundraising activities that the asso-
ciation undertakes. "Although fundraising is
a primary focus of the association,volunteers
are an important part of the hospital's public
relations too. For example,we participate in an
evaluation program that helps the hospital
assessthe quality of care the patient receives.
We also assistin palliative careby visiting and
listening to patients," she said. "Apart from
the gift shop, the associationhas developed
new ideas such as gift carts, a Spectatornewspaper delivery service, floral delivery and
cradle pictures."
Some services started as the result of a
simple suggestion. 'nVhen Dr. Galloway was
executivedirector, he asked me one day what
a gentleman could bring when visiting a
woman in the hospital," Mrs. Maskell said.
"Toiletries and chocolatedidn't seem appropriate. He suggested a small floral arrangment.Sothe volunteersmadeupabout75bud
vaseswith fresh flowers. They were so popular that they sold out within the first hour."
The tradition of volunteering has continued to be a successful and vital part of St.
Joseph'spatient careprogram. In 1989a total
of 435adult and teenvoiunteersdonatedalmost
45"500hours to the hospital.
SisterLoretto Ford comforts an at*ious patient,
t22
Chapter Thirteen
THE HEARTBEATOFST.IOSEPH'S
ttT
I always count every blessing," says Sister
Mary Daniel Weadick. "I had the privilege of
being able to work at St.]oseph'sfor so many
years. I worked with wonderful staff, nurses
and people who did all the humble work. They
were magnificent, dedicatedlay people.Every
day,I gather them all io -y prayers.
"I know that even to scrub the floors in the
hospital is special.They're not just any floors.
What are we doing all this for? We're doing
this becauseof the sick."
Sister Mary Daniel, who workd, for 22
years as a nurse in the operating room, offers
her own tribute to all St. Joseph'semployees,
past and present. It also servesas a reminder
that eachemployeemust approachhis or her
job in the spirit of the hospital's mission statement - to guarantee quality of care for all
patients. The messagehas never been more
important than it is today, as an increasing
number of lay people carry on the Sisters'
work.
Apart from offering health services,the
hospital is called by its mission to participate
in educational programs for all health care
staff, the general public, the patients and their
families. Clinical, scientificand administrative
health researchdesigned to enhancethe quality of health care are included in its educational focus.
As part of a system of health caredelivery
St. Joseph'sworks in co-operationwith other
The chapel openeilon December14,7987usasdesignedby Klaus Design Inc. It emphasizcsa peacefulatmosphere
agenciesto meet the needsof the community. and is located near thc
front entranceof the surgical building completeil in 7962.
r23
The hospital promisesto provide leadershipin
health care and to develop innovative programs - such as Pastoral Serviceand Palliative Care.
Although SisterJoanO'Sullivan, immediate past executive director at St. joseph's, describes the hospital as the Sisters' "family
business,"the concept of a small organization
no longer exists.In the past the Sistersinstilled
the mission and philosophy of St. joseph's in
the staff and nursing school students. Now
every staff member is responsibleto know and
passon mission values.
The Sisterscontinue to ensuretheir "business" keeps pace with the philosophy of
modern rnnagement. In 1983, the hospital
published an official mission statementwhich
explains its general servicesand areasof spe'
cialtp affiliations and its hopes for the fuhrre.
The statementalso clearly articulates that "as
a Catholic Health Care hnstitution, such servicesare provided within the moral and ethical
framework of the Catholic Church for persors
of all creedsand cultures."
BecauseSt.]oseph'sis not contentto merely
preservethe status quo, in 1986it established
a mission renewal committee representedby
individuals from a cross-section of departments which include, among others, house.
keeping, nursing, social work and the Sisters'
colporation. The committee examined ways
that all current and future employees could
take ownership of the mission's philosophy
and demonstrateits meaning in the work that
they do. Always, the goal is to betterservethe
patient.
One way this philosophy is expressedis in
the developmentof a pastoral sevicedepartment.
This need becameapparent as fewer Sisters worked in the hospital and there were not
enough people to hear the patients stories.In
'1,971,,
a piest and two Sisterssetupa chaplaincy
deparhnent. At that time, they focusedmainly
on the patient's spiritual and emotional wellbeing.
The department has since grown to include 14 futl-time staff who provide 24-hour
coveragethroughout the hospital.Today their
services have expanded to help not just the
patient, but the patient's family and also the
hospital staff who work with them.
Sister Kathleen O Neill, 38, is director of
the department of PastoralService.In a quiet
voice and with carefully chosen words she
explains that her staff handlesas many as 600
referrals each month. Her serenity permeates
the whole pastoral service department. "As
full membersof the health-careteam we focus
on the patient's spiritual and emotional wellbeing. Being hospitalized is a time of crisis for
the patient becauseof the lossof independence
and control over one's own life," she says.
"The patient and the patient's family must
cope with fears, confusion and often, ethical
concerns."
"Patientsexperiencea greatdeal of tension
beforesurgery, which they can releaseby talking to one of us. It's very hard on famites and
friends from out of town when their loved one
is a long-stay or terminally ill patient. This is
made even worse when family relationships
are strained. They need to unite and reconcile
themselvesto the sihration," saysSisterKathleen. "We never tell people what they should
do but we can help by actively listening,advising and helping them communicatewith each
otherand with thedoctorsandnurses.Through
r24
our care and concern, we really can enhance
the hospital's mission."
The pastoral service staff works in every
unit in the hospital. 'nVe are present when a
patient gets bad news. We help the patients
express their questions and fears. Anxious
families waiting for a patient to come out of
surgery or thosewaiting outside the intensive
care unit are never alone," says Sister Kathleen.
David Jewell,a socialworkeratSt. |oseph's,
says the pastoral service staff contributes a
specialvibrance to the hospital:
They bring a spirihral concern
to the crisis of being admitted
to the hospital and they know
who is being discharged.They
really are the heartbeat of St.
joseph's.
Dr. Ken Ingham, chief of the department of
nuclear medicine in the late 1970s,stimulated
interest in palliative care at St. Joseph's:
I saw people dyiog in great
distress.It was a subjectI was in
contact with quite a bit of the
time and I realized there were a
lot of things that needed to be
Iearned about how to handle
the dying. Like most other
medical people I was ill at ease
with a dying patient and knew
nothing whatsoever about bereavement,becauseit was not
something that doctors had
much to do with.
somnia, and confusion over complicated
medications.
Although nurses said they could hrrn to
eachother for support to discussthe problems
of caring for the terminally ill, they felt a lack of
preparationfor palliative nursing.Becausethey
spentmore time with a patient, nurseswanted
support from physiciansand more time to deal
with the problems that arose.Above a[ they
expresseda wish to be with their patient at the
time of death but were frustrated that other
duties often interfered.
Physicians revealed feelings of failure to
properly diagnose or treat the patient. Their
At that point, the best way St. ]oseph's
training, they said, focusedon how to treat the
could honour its commitment to quality papatient in a medical or surgical - but not in a
tient care for the dying was to hold weekly
palliative- way. When a patient died, doctors
sessionsto discussthe establishmentof a proreported feelings of depression and anxiety.
gram of palliative care. "A grouP of people
Some experienced nightmares. Others lavoluntarily met oncea week for two years.We
mented they did not have enough time to
learned and exchanged ideasi' Dr. Ingham
spend with their dyi.g patients.
said. "It was a type of consciousness-raising
As a result of the investigation, a palliative
that attracted a number of people. We went to
care
consultation team was officially initiated
knowledgeable.
quite
conferencesand became
in October, 1981.The team is comprised of a
Administration got involved becauseDr. Jame
part-time physician, a nurse and a social
Galloway, our executive director at the time,
worker, both full-time, and a liaison person
was anactivesupporter of what wewere trying
from pastoralcare.When cure or prolongation
point
where
we
got
to
the
to do. When things
interest
it
palliatioe
Ingham
stimulated
Dt.
Kmneth
of life are no longer possible, this team makes
needed to do more than just talk about it, we
cqte,
every effort to improve the quality of time that
hired consultant Dr. Donna Mitchell to do a
does remain for the patient.
survey for us."
jane Anderson has been a social worker in
The St. Joseph's Hospital Foundation their families and health careworkers all expe'
funded the study. "The Foundation was very rienced confusion, misunderstanding, lack of palliative care for almost six years.Caring for
much involved. In fact, palliative care would communication and feelingsof failure in deal- the terminally ill, she explains,is an interdisci
plinary effort at St.Joseph's."Our department
not have gone far in this hospital without its ing with terminal illness.
works with all the others. We receivereferrals
had
not
informed
the
Patientswho
been
of
support. Becauseof its help, we were aheadof
other hospitals.And we had people who were seriousnessof their condition were more fear- from nwses, physicians and the pastoral care
awareof what was possible,"Dr.Ingham said. ful than thosewho had. Family memberswho staff, among others," shesaid. "But the quality
The results of the study - published De- caredfor a patient at homereported feelingsof of carewe try to achieveis for all patients,not
cember 20, 1979,- revealed that patients, disorganization, fatigue, lack of appetite, in- onlv the terminallv ill."
When a patient died, the relatives went away. My interest
was sparked when I attended a
meeting at which a paPer entitled nVhat to do when there's
nothing else to do' was presented. I learned that doctors
had misunderstandings about
analgesics,communication and
the business of symptom control.
r25
('r
Mr* leawtte Gilkes, Exeettipe Director of St.loseph's
Hospital Foandaf,isn since 7987.
Dt. Joseph'sHospital Foundation had an
inauspiciousstart in the mid-1960swhen an
astuteSisterput $15of her own money into
a fund and simply started talking about 'the
Foundation'.Sheencouragedthe establishment of a trustfundas thesolutiontoproviding money for research programs at the
hospital.
"I put the money away without telling
anyone and kept talking about it," recalls
Sister Mary Crace Stevens."Eventually it
started and now it's a big affair."
In 1966the medical director, Dr. james
Callowap stimulatedfurtherinterest in what
was then known as St. Joseph's Hospital
Hamilton ResearchTrust Fund.
At that time, he says, a study had just
been introduced on aspectsof brain function. Elsewherein thehospital,researchareas
included hemophilia, pulmonary function
and the relationship of diabetes to heart
disease, and the need for funding was be'
coming increasingly apparent.
A donation from the FirestoneFoundation helped to officially set up the hospital's
Foundation in 1969.By April of the following year it had receivedits charter and was
incolporated as a charitabie organization.
Most of the Foundation's original objectives have not changed:To provide broad,
specialized services not already available
and to cover programs of health, education
and research.The Foundation is managed
by a board of directorsand provides money
to the hospitalfor needsnot funded by government grants.
Mrs. ]"eanetteGilkes, Executive Director
of the Foundation since 1987,says that initially the Foundation'sprimary role was to
receiveand maintain money for the benefit
of the services provided by the facilities
owned and operated by the Sistersof St.
joseph.
fhe Foundation's role has grown to include active fund-raising campaigns and
events as well. Recentcampaigns have assistedin offsetting the cost of the 1984building expansionat the hospital and the 1988
purchase of new equipment. A current
campaignisunderwayto helpmeetthecosts
of the new ambulatory care centre. Mrs,
Gilkes says"Fundraising has grown to meet
these needs - all for the benefit of the patients at St. Joseph's.We have a dedicated
group of enthusiasticcampaignerswho come
from all areasof the community."
Apart from individual donations made
by patientsand former patients,the Foundation also receives money from community
groups/ religious organizations, employee
groups in locai industries, service groups
and schools.
t
126
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The example set at St.J.rseph'swas instrumental in the development,in November 1983,
of a regional palliative care program, which
reports to the Hamilton-Wentworth District
Health Council.
Also in 1983,through the combined efforts
of pastoral and palliative care, the hospital
began to hold a service in memory of those
patients who died at St. joseph's in the previous month. '"We try to help the bereaveddeal
with their grief and let them know that they
have not beenforgotten," SisterKathleensays.
"Each month there are about 60 deaths at St.
Joseph's,so that leavesmany grieving family
members and friends. The staff grieves too
when a patient dies."
On the first Thursday of each month an
ecumenicalserviceis held at noon in Fontbonne
Hall. Family and friends of the deceasedare
invited. Somehave found the service so comforting they continue to attend for several
months. As part of the healing process,guests
are encouragedto stay after the service,have
coffeeand talk with pastoral or palliative care
'nVe can't always cure but
department staff.
we can show we care," says JaneAnderson.
The degree to which the palliative and
pastoral care departnents are successful in
fulfilling their mission - and the hospital's can be measured by the dozens of letters of
appreciation which are received each month.
One letter reads:
Wewish to expressour heartfeltthnnla and
appreciationfor the loaing careand attention
shousnto the lnteEric Vardy,our husbandand
father,during his stayat St. loseph'shospital.
Eric's initial staywasjust oaertwo months
Iong.lt u)asnecessary
for him to return twice
Houaser,
cnre.
dueto hisexpeience
for further
thefirst time it was not the druded ordealit
couldhaaebeen.
Thenursesin thelwadand neckunit on the
fifthfloor aretobehighlycommended
for their
chee(ul,compassionate
tratmcnt whichrnnde
histraumnticillnesssomucheasierto bear.It is
lnr df or ustoput intowordshoutmuchit meant
to lnae Eric surroundedby frimds during his
last fats doys. Thesefriends were the caing
nurses!
Eaerything pusiblewa"sdonefor him duin g
hisfinal drys to helpus througha aerytryng
peiod. Weapprecinteso muchtlw fact tlat ute
utereableto bewithhim at all timre.
We can't beginto named)eryoneinaolaed
because
thereweresomnnyandwe would not
want to miss onepersoflwho contibuted to
Eric's ure. Hmtset)er,
tltereare somespecinl
peoplewe haveto mention.
NurseMaiettaPupowasatouterof straryth
to us. Wealwayslomntwe couldcaIIon her at
any time.Sheperformed
senicesfor Eic during hisfinal stry in thehospitalwhbhwerewer
andabouethe line of duty. ShetruIy caredand
useloolced
on herasafriend. Her constantuisits
and thoughtful deedswill alwrys be remembered.
SisterKathleenO'Neill's aisitst o Eic meant
somuchto him because
theymadehisdaya little
bighter. He found it soeasyto talkto her. We
had thc pleasureof getting to bwut and enjoy
her maruellouspusonality.
SandyPilatzkcand thc othernursesin tlte
unit were cheerfuland friendly at all times.
They usentout of tlwir wny to makehim as
t3l
as possible.
comfortable
Dr.l. Young,the surgeonwha operatedon
Eric did nterything possibleand tied eaery
treatmentaaailable.Wewill be eternallygrateful to him for not giaing up on Eric. He is a
superband dedbateddoctorand we feel aery
fortunatetlwt Erichadthebestsurgeonlooking
afterhim.
Weareoamllulmed with gratitudeandwant
thelnspitalfor lnaing suchan outto commend
standingstaffto lookafter thepatients.
Again,tlankyou,
MerleandRobertVardy
The following story from the May,7989,
issue of Focttson Nursing, published by the
hospital's nursing staff explains how the terminally ill patient is cared for at St. Joseph's:
The importance of familycentred nursing care is a concept familiar to all nurses.
However, the benefits of family involvement in planning
care for the terminally ill patient became all the more apparent for us on 5 Surgical East
while caring for Mrs. P.
Mrs. P.,a 51-year-oldwoman
of Chinese background, was
admitted to St. Joseptrjsfor the
first time in October 1987.She
was in and out of the hospital
eight times and had two sur-
geries for cancer of the colon.
Her final admission was to our
unit in September,1988.Mrs. P.
was admitted for palliative care
and spent her last days before
her death (about six weeks) on
5 Surgical East.
Mrs. P. and her husband, a
minister, have a son and a
daughter, both in their twenties. The family had been in
Canada for about six yearsand
maintained strong cultural ties
to their heritage.They were also
very religious.
The family lived in Mississauga which necessitatedconsiderabledriving and bus rides
throughout Mrs. P.'s stay. We
encouraged their involvement
in both the planning and implementation of her care.Mrs. P.
had decided she did not want
to be resuscitatedif shestopped
breathing.The family members
were open with their questions
and we tried to ensure all
questions were discussedand
answered.
A palliative care referral was
made to assistin caring for Mrs.
P. The palliative care team
provided emotional support to
the family and served as an
invaluable resourceto the nursing staff regarding pain control.
Drring the month beforeher
death, Mrs. P. becameunable
to verbalize her wishes so her
husband and children became
involved in decisions regarding her pain control. At least
one family member was with
her throughout the 24 hours of
a day. They informed us when
they felt she needed analgesia
and suggestedwhen a stronger
analgesiawas warranted.
They assistedwith her personal careand were frequently
seen reading the Bible to her.
The daughter often sang
hymns. Nursing staff encouraged and respected these actions becausethey seemed to
bring Mrs. P. much peaceand
comfort.
As she deteriorated and became less responsive,nursing
staff provided for Mrs. P.'s increasing physical demands
while her family required increasing emotional support.
When she died, Mrs. P. had
her wish to be surrounded by
her family. A month after her
death, we received this letter
from her familv:
While sheusasin the hospital,the lwe and
kindnessshousnto her and our family by the
doctors,nurses,palliatiuecareteam,pastoral
sentice,cleaningand cafeteriastaffall drrply
r32
touchedus. You hnaea lwing workteamin the
hospitalanduterythingthat thry haaedonefor
us will betreasuredin our hearts.
Wewouldliketo thankthenurseson thefifth
floor. Not only did thry talccgoodcareof our
wife and mother,but their supportsustained
andencouraged
usthroughthelast40 daystlut
shewasin the hospital.
Thephrasein theLord'sprayer'Thykingdom
come,Thy wiII be done on earth as it is in
heauen'lns certainlycometrue in your lrtptal.
TheP. fo*rly
From the day St.]oseph's openedits doors
in june, 1890, it has had a mission with a
guiding philosophy and objectives. Because
the Sistersof St. Josephbelieve that all people
are made in the image and likeness of God,
they strive to maintain and enhancethe dignity of all with whom they come in contact.
Hence their motto: "It is an honour to servethe
sick"
Levels two and three are devoted to the
maternity deparhnent. One floor is painted a
periwinkle blue and the other is dusty rose.On
In 190, the $5Tmillionbuilding expansionat level two are located beds for pre'partum paSt. Joseph'swill be completed. The staff who tients,an operating room for ceasarian-section
have been working from various temporary births, a suite of birthing rooms and a recovery
and inadequate quarters around the hospital room.
will move into the eastwingatlohn Streetand
Bedsfor post-parhrm patients are on level
Charlton Avenue.
three along with the infant nurseries.Several
The physiotherapy department which was are private rooms and all are furnished with
locatedin the Fontbonnebuilding auditorium oak veneertablesand cabinets.The maternity
is on the ground floor level of the eastwing. A floor has its own gift shop and fresh flower
pool, office space and an unprecedented service.
amount of room for patient exerciseareamong
The clinical teaching unit and beds for
its amenities.Occupationaltherapy and the of- medical patients are on the fourth level.
ficesfor communication disordersare sihrated
nearby.
On level one are the endoscopyunit, a 15bed intensive care unit, office space,day surgery, pastoral services,maintenanceand the
department moved into the
rc; stepdown unit. The noisp disturbing en- Th.
"*"rgency
vironment of the old lcu no longer exists. first level of the new west wing in 1989.Patient
Congestion of aisles with supply carts and bedswere doubled to 30and there is a spacious
equipment has been eliminated. Private pa- private waiting room. Servicessuch as fractient rooms, decoratedin warrn pink and buff hrre and X-ray are now located in close Prox'racetrack' design imity to emergency which helps to minimize
tones, are arranged in a
the transfer of patients for examination or treataround the nurses' station.
The rooms are large enough to accommo- ment.
Levels two through four house the
date the numerous piecesof monitoring equipment that relay essentialpatient information hospital's various laboratories and research
to the central monitor in the nurses' station. space.Windows from the labs look out on to
Windows look outside to landscaped lawns the slate roofs of cenhrry-old homes along
and shrubbery and help to orient patients to ]amesStreetand Charlton Avenue.
Prior to constnrction of the west wing the
the time of day and the seasotts.Ai*ell, win- clinical chemistry, microbiollaboratories
to
dows face into the room and allow staff
check on patients without disturbing them. ogy, parasitology, virology and pathology,
Self-flushing toilets fold out of the wall for the among others - were scatteredin crowded,
makeshift locationsaround the hospital.
convenienceof ambulatory patients.
EASTWING
WESTWING
r33
Sister loan O'Sulliuan (cmtre) puts c finishing touch
sn the west wing corstructioa atith lohn Shea(ig!tt)'
Chairtnqry Bo*ril of Trustees.
Their consolidation under one roof allows
thelabsto servethe hospitalin generalandthe
emergency department in particular, with
increased efficiency. The new wing also includes administra tive off ices,a library, lecture
theatre and conference rooms for laboratory
personnel.
ST.JOSEPH'SHOSPITAL
QUARTERCENTURYCLUB
NAME
DEPARTMENT
YEARS OF
SERVICE
Miss Helen Hammond
Miss MarySullivan
Miss Helen Liota
Mrs. Helena Palynchuk
Mr. Edward Vertaschitsch
Miss Agnes Bruch
Mr. Robert Eusani
Mr. FrankGiammaria
Miss Kathleen Gibbons
Mr. fohn Hochbaum
Miss Geraldine LaBelle
Mrs. Elizabeth Moskovskv
Mrs. Beverly Kennedy
Mrs. Anna Kowalenko
Mrs. DorothyRowe
Miss Wanda Rychlicki
Miss Diane Sullivan
Miss Dora Klassen
Miss Monica Hogan
Miss C-arolKarsten
Miss Marlene Keon
Mrs. Anne Kilfoyle
Mrs. Edith Nehre
Mr. Dominic Passa
Mrs. Anna Skruzmanis
Mr. JackVanDerVeen
Mrs. Vivian Cassar
SisterMary Daniel
Mrs. Irene Hoste
Mr. Paul Dimtses
Mrs. Ona Dramantas
Mrs. Olimpia Eusani
Laboratory
Nursing
Laboratory Getired)
PatientsAccounts (Retired)
Operating Room
Laboratory
Food Service
AudioVisual
Nursing (Retired)
Maintenance(Retired)
Medical Records
S.P. D.
Admitting
Food Service (Retired)
Nursing (Retired)
Nursing
Nursing
Laboratory (Retired)
PostAnaestheticRoom
Out-Patients
Accounting
Nursing
Operating Room
Food Service
Operating Room (Retired)
Operating Room
Radiology
Pastoral Service
EmployeeHealth
Maintenance
Nursing
Food Service
4',1
r10
39
37
37
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
J5
35
J5
J5
35
341/z
JJ
33
JJ
33
CJ
JJ
JJ
32
J2
J1
51
32
Mrs. Fernanda Ferro
Mr. Reginaldfarvie
Mrs. Renilda MacNeil
Mrs. Lorna Matthews
Mr. Martin Nehre
Mrs. ReneValvasori
Mrs. Irmgard Fichtner
Mrs. Margaret Curgnale
Mrs. BarbaraGreenlaw
Mr. Louis Kormendy
Mrs. Astra Milne
Mrs. Franca Pietrorazio
Mr. FernandoVacca
Mr. Arthur Walker
Sister Rita Marie Wiggins
Miss joan Paterson
Miss Aldona Adakauskaite
Mrs. Mikalina Aleksa
Mr. StasysAleksa
Mrs. Birute Antanavicius
Miss SarahFleming
SisterGiovanni Finoro
Miss JoyceHeddon
Mr. Herbert Holland
Mrs. ElizabethJustus
Miss Mary Kelly
Dr. RobertMcHarg
Mrs. EileenMcHugh
Mrs. Marion Purdy
Mrs. Margherita Ricci
Mrs. Livia Scapinello
Mrs. StephanieSkorykStrunkelnberg
Mr. EugeneStanczyk
Mr. Anthony Spaziani
Mr. fames Smith
Mr. WallaceBaker
Mrs. Fulvia Costanzi
Miss Marpret Dooley
Mr. Raymond Dunmore
Miss Dorothy Forbes
Mrs. Juliana Kalmar
134
Food Service(Retired)
Maintenance
Nursing
RenalTransplant Unit
Pharmacy (Retired)
Pharmacy
Nursing (Retired)
Food Service
Nursing
Maintenance
Nursing
Operating Room
Emergency(Retired)
Maintenance(Retired)'
Pastoral Services
Physiotherapy (Retired)
Delivery Getired)
Housekeeping(Retired)
Physiotherapy (Retired)
Food Service
Nursing
PatientsAccounts
Admitting
Maintenance(Retired)
Food Service (Retired)
Out Patient Surgery
Employee Health
Nursing (Retired)
Nursing
Food Service
Laboratory
S. P. D. (Retired)
Switchboard (Retired)
Housekeeping(Retired)
Maintenance (Retired)
Operating Room
Food Service
Delivery
Laboratory
Nursing
Food Service
32
32
32
7'.)
32
32
31.3/ t
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
3 0 1 /t
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
291/z
291/t
29
29
29
29
1>
29
Mrs. Lillian McCabe
Miss Phyllis Morelli
Mrs. Gerda Ortel
Mr. Otto Schweinbenz
Mrs. Maria Suffole*a
Mr. JamesMiller
Mrs. Catherine Agresta
Mrs. foyce Gilmour
Mrs. Magdalena Lackner
Mrs. Aloisia Leitgeb
Mrs. Faye MacKenzie
Mrs. Gertrude Martin
Mrs. JoanPhillips
Mrs. Jannadiny Reitsma
Mrq. FrancesStaples
Mrs. Doris Thompson
Dr. Robert Haggar
Mrs. Audriss Gull
Mrs. Margaret Baldwin
Mrs. Guiliana Bisutti
Mrs. Irene Desjardins
Mrs. Mary Geoghegan
SisterMary Grace
Mr. Lloyd Kendall
Mrs. Joan Knox
Miss Maria Kojzek
Mr. JamesLeBeau
Mrs. Mary Louttit
Mrs. Giovina Mancini
Mr. Michael Newynnyj
Mrs. Gerarda Rock
Mrs. MaryStallard
Miss Winnifred Walker
Mrs. Ona Petrunas
Mrs. CatherineRoss
Mr. Alexander Cybalski
Mr. Victor Gurwin
Mrs. Marie Antonelli
Mrs. Doris Berry
Mrs. Mary Blanchard
Mrs. CatherineCampbell
Mr. RonaldChapman
Otrt Patient Dep.
Operating Room
Nursing
Food Service (Retired)
Housekeeping(Retired)
Maintenance
Linen Service
Food Service
Food Service (Retired)
Operating Room (Retired)
Nursing
Operating Room
Nursing
Nursing
Nursing
Pharmacy
Laboratory (Retired)
Mail Room (Retired)
Radiology
Food Service
Maintenance
Physiotherapy(Retired)
Administration (Retired)
Maintenance
Nursing
Linen Service
Housekeeping
Radiology
Housekeeping
Food Service (Retired)
Nursing (Retired)
Nursing
Operating Room (Retired)
Food Service(Retired)
Mail Room (Retired)
Food Service(Retired)
Maintenance(Retired)
Linen Service
Operating Room
Operating Room
Nursery
Maintenance
29
29
29
29
29
283/t
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
271lz
271/t
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
Miss Linda Elliott
Mrs. Ida Faccenda
Mr. Eric Flowers
Mrs. Luise Garczynski
Mrs. Emilia Gudowski
Mrs. Marlene Hoover
Mrs. Florence Iacoboni
Mr. Russellfennings
Mrs. ElizabethKovacs
Mrs. Anna Lupinos
Mrs. Anna McConnell
Mrs. fean Ostaszewicz
Mrs. Donna Pierroz
Mrs. Elizabeth Raab
Mrs. Venus Stanovich
Mrs. SophiaSzomszed
Mrs. Filomena Trombetta
Mrs. JolanViczian
Mrs. Ann Walsh
Mrs. MargaretannHanlon
Mr. ArthurJohnson
Mr. Vytautas Miskinis
Mrs. Maria Miszuk
Mrs. Martina Mueller
Mrs. BeatriceSwiston
Mr. ThomasVainauskas
Mrs. Anna Vanderheiden
Mr. Frank Vert
Operating Room
Food Service
S.P. D.
S. P. D. (Retired)
Housekeeping
Out Patient Surgery
Food Service
Nursing
Housekeeping
Food Service (Retired)
Nursing
Radiology
Nursing
MailRoom
Operating Room
Linen Service (Retired)
Food Service
Food Service
Nursing (Retired)
Audio Visual (Retired)
Maintenance(Retired)
Patient Assistance
Service(Retired)
Food Service (Retired)
Food Service (Retired)
Patient Assistance
Service (Retired)
Housekeeping(Retired)
Nursing (Retired)
Stores(Resigned)
The following Club member passedaway in 1989:
Mr. GeorgeRendell
Maintenance(Retired)
263/+
263/t
251/s
261/+
26
26
26
25
135
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
z5
31
NEW MEMBERSIN 1989
Valerie Bagi
TheresaBarlow
Ann Blawatt
Julita Boyce
Mary Branigan
Margaret Brown
Marie Cmrlec
Nina Contestabile
Jennifer Hines
DerkJansen
Diane Kirshenblat
fenny Kulaga
Patricia McAvella
feannette McQuarrie
Judith Partington
Shirley ftott
Camillo Silvestri
Therese Tamborine
WilliamVann
Housekeeping
Operating Room
Nursing
Nursing
Out-Patient Surgical
Radiology
Food Services
Food Services
Laboratory
Maintenance
Laboratory
Nursing
Nursing
Pharmacy
Nursing
Food Services
Emergency
Pharmacy
Respiratory Therapy
Members of St. |oseph's Lay
Advisory Board formed in
1.952were:
25
25
z5
z5
25
25
z5
25
25
25
25
25
E
25
25
25
25
26
25
JosephM. Pigott
Rev.JamesB. Ryan
D.C.Gaskin
Frank j. Keen
E.B.Eastburn
CharlesLevinson
Emil Dubois
J.V.Young
Howard Moreau
GordonSullivan
Dr. W.P.Downes
ProfessorH. Thode
136
In 1968,the Board of Trustees
replaced the Lay Advisory
Board. The trustees who have
served on the Board since
that time are:
Dr. M.A.M. Ali
J. Nelson Allan
Dr. A.RC. Butson
Denton j. Butler
Bruno W. Bragoh
Dr. G.S.Cameron
Sharon Campbell
Dr. ]oseph J. Carroll
Dorothy Cauley
Patricia DeGroote
Louise Demers
Frank P. DeNardis
Robert F. Dilworth
N.V. Finnie
D. Morgan Firestone
A.D. Fisher
Dr.J.D.Galloway
SisterKatherine Godfrev
(Benedict)
William Hall
Dr. A.G. Hart
Dr. D.A. Hitch
Dr. B.G. Hutchison
Dr. G.K. Ingham
Anne H. jones
Dr. Gordon A. judge
Rev. Kyran Kennedy *
Dr. Peter Ifuight
Dr. L.E. Kobetz
Dr. D.I. Kraftcheck
Dr. G.A.Iane
Dr. D. Leak
jordan Livingston
Dr. L. Lorenzi
Sister Ann Marshall (Maris
Stella)
Dr. Robert F. Martin
Dr. W.R.P.Matthews
Angus McDonald
SisterMaura McHugh
SisterEileen McKenna
Dr. C.A. McKinley
Dr. D.W. Mclean
SisterRegis Mcl^aughlin
Sister|oan Mcloughlin
Sister Norine Moonev
J. Doran Moore
*
John H. Moore
Dr. Garth Noad
AlU. Oakie*
Robert J. C/Brien *
Dr. S. Edward C/Brien
Alfred R. Oliver
Kenneth W. O'Neal
Geo)'O'Reilly
Dr.I.B.Osbaldeston*
Sisterjoan CXSullivan(Celestine)
lawrence Paikin
Robert Pogue
E.B. (Ted) Priestner
Dr. S.O.Pugsley
Dr. N.A. Rizzo
Sister Alphonsine Rosenblatt
Dr. D. Rosenthal
V. JamesSardo
Sister BeatriceSchnarr (Gerald)
Dr.Ignatius A. Scime
]ohn Shea"
Dr.l.I.Shekter
james Sherlock
Rev. John Sherlock
Robert J. Smith
Halliwell Soule Q.C.
Sister Mary Grace Stevens
Allan F. Stewart
Judge Gordon ]. Sullivan
Michael W. Taylor
Vincenza Travale
Paul M. Wendling
Dr. S.P.Zamora
Dr. Angelo Zizzo
* served as chairperson
r37
ENaproysEsoF
Sr. JosEPH'sHosprrnr
ASoF DEcEvrsrn31,
1989
ADAMS,ELIZABETH
ADAMS,LUCY
ADAMS,SUSANNE
ADDIS LINDA
ADDO,WENDY
ADILI, LUCY
ADLAM, SANDRA
AGBOKA,LORNA
AGNELLO,VERINA
AGRESTA,
CATHERINE
AGRESTA,LUCIA
AGRq AIDA
AGRq ALIE
AGRq ANGELO
AJANDI,ROSEMARY
ALAIMO, LYNDA
ALBANESI,VINCENZA
ALBANO,COSIMA
ALBAY,BEATRIZ
ALBAY,WILLIAM
ALDRIDGE,SHARLENE
ALEXANDE&SHIRLEY
ALEXANDRE,NANCY
ALEXOPOULOU,IAKOVINA
ALFORDSANDRA
ALGURE,CHRISTINE
ALI,EMAN
ALI, MAHMOUD
ALKENACHIM
ALLANBRENDA
ALLAN, LATIRIE
ALLAN MIRIAM
ALLAN RACHEL
ALLEN, PHYLLIS
ALLEN, RONALD
ALLERTON,DONNA
ALMEIDA. ALISON
AMORE, CARMELLA
AMOS, DOROTHY
ANASTASIqNORMA
ANDAYA,ERLINDA
ANDAYA,LEILA
ANDERER, FELITA
ANDERSENSANDRA
ANDERSON,HELEN
ANDERSON,IANE
ANDERSON,IOAN
ANDERSON,JLINE
ANDERSON, MARILYNI
ANDERSON,NORMA
ANDERSON, PAUL
ANDERSON,WAYNE
ANDREW,KALINA
ANDREWS,DONNA
ANDREYCHUK, BARBARA
ANDREYCHUK, CAROL
ANDRIKOPOULOS,SUSAN
ANDRU' DELISA
ANGELONE, SILVANA
ANGELONI, FRANCA
ANONECH, PATRICIA
ANTANAVICIUS, BIRUTE
ANTOINE,SYBIL
ANTONELLI, CINZIA
ANTONELLI, MARIE
ANTONIADIS, KATHLEEN
ANTONILIK, KAREN
ANTONUCCI,ANNE
ANZIT, MARY
AQT.nNqPATRTCIA
ARCHBELL,IANE
ARMSTRONG,BONNIE
ARMSTRONG,JENNIFER
ARNOTT, LOREIN
ARP. NOREEN
ARSENAULI KATARINA
ASHENHURST,FRANCES
ASHTON,MONIKA
ATKINSON,SANDRA
AUGE&IULIE
AUGUSTYNIAK, DARLENE
AUSTIN-MELLON, MARY-LOUISE
AUSTIN,VERA
AVERYJULIE
AWDE,CAROL
AXISA, ELIZABETH
AXISA,IUDY
BABOTH, GEORGE
BACI{, LINDA
BACHE& MONIQI.JE
BACIK,'ANICE
BADGEROW,CHERYL
BADZIOCH, RICK
BAESSO,BARBARA
BAFTI, SOPHIA
BAGI, VALERIE
BAGLEY, ANN
BAHADUR, TRAVIKRAMA
BAILEY, ANGELA
BAILEY, ANNETTE
BAILEY, HARRY
BAILEY,JACQLIELINE
BAILLIE, BONNIE
BAIN DONNA
BAINBRIDGE, PATRICIA
BAKER, BEVERLEY
BAKE& HELEN
BAKE& LINDA
BAKER, LINDA
BAKE& RITA
BAKER,VALERIE
BAKER, WALLACE
BALDASSI, ROSALIE
BALDIN, LUCY
BALDWIN,GAIL
138
BALDWIN,MARGARET
BALESTRA,
DORINA
BALIAT,RACHEL
BALKWILL,TAMMY
BALL,THELMA
BALLOCH,LESLEY
BALMADRES,
DULCE
BALOGFIIACQUELINE
BALTZER,BARBARA
BAMFORDSHAUNA
BANKOVY,MAGDA
BANNON,STEVE
BANTING,LINDA
BARANOWSKI,
DIANA
BARBADORO,
SANDRA
BARBER,
CLARE
BARCLAY,KAREN
BARD EILEEN
BARDOSSYCATHY
BARLOW,PENNY
BARLOW,SANDRA
BARLOW THERESA
BARNES,DARLENE
BARRETT,
AVRIL
BARRETT,
THOMAS
BARRON,WETTE
BARRTSUSAN
BART,LINDA
BARTENS,
MARIA
BARTLETT,ANN
BARTOLIN,HANNELORE
BARTOLOZZI,PATRICIA
BARZSO,ILONA
BASWICK,STEPHEN
BATTY,DEBORAH
BAUER,DEBRA
BAUER,IRENE
BAUTISTA,ARACELI
BAYTON{LARK, FRANCES
BAZINET,LISA
BEALE,ARNOLD
BEALE' FRANK
BEARDWOOD,
MICHAEL
BEASLE' PETER
BEATTIE,DENISE
BEBBINGTON,
ANNE
BEDARDJANE
BEEDIE,ALICE
BEEMER,
DOUGLAS
BEEVERS,
DIACQUELINE
BEGLEY,
DORIS
BEH&FTONA
BELITA,LYDIA
BELL,AGNES
BELL,JANET
BELLINGHAM,CATHERINE
BENNER,PATRICIA
BENNETT,BECKYANN
BENNETT,MARIA
BENNIE,HELEN
BENSON,ROGER
BERENYI,JANINA
BERESH,TWILA
BERGMANN,DIANNE
BERGSMA,
ERICK
BERKELEY,
OsWALD
BERNARDWONNE
BERNIER,ANITA
BERRIGAN,
ELIZABETH
BERRY,
DORIS
BERRYMAN,
SHANA
BERTIN-MCDONALD,
MARGLIERITE
BERVOET'LEONNA
BESPOLKO,
KAREN
BETHEL,EVA
BETHUNE,JANICE
BETZ RITA
BEVINGTON,
DOROTHY
BHANDARI,SEEMA
BIANCO,MARIA
BIARD MARC
BIER,ROSEMARIE
BILLECI,GLORIA
BINKLEYTILL
BIRCTILAURIE
BIRD,DANIEL
BIRRELL,JOHN
BIRRELL,MARIA
BIRRELL,
PATRICIA
BISKUP,ANGELA
BISUTII,GUILIANA
BITTNE&MAUREEN
BIZIO&RICHARD
BLACK,ELIZABETH
BLACK,HERBERT
BLACKJANICE
BLACK PAT
BLACKBURN,LYNNE
BLACKBURN,
PATRICIA
BLACKWOODAI.JDREY
BLACKWOODBRENDA
BLACKWOOqJ.PATRTCTA
BLAIR,THELMA
BLAIS,DENISE
BLAKENEY,ELIZABE-TH
BLANCHARD,MARY
BLANKSTEIN,
GWENDOLYN
BLAWATT,ANN
BLEAKNEI DEBRA
BLI.JHM,DONNA
BLI.JNT,KERRY
BLYTH,RAY
BLYTHE,LUANNE
BLYTHE,MLLIAM
BOAG,GAIL
BOATENG,ANNE.MARIE
BOATENG,CECILIA
BOATENG,JAMES
BOBZENER,
FRANCIS
BOCHSLER,
COLLEEN
BODENHAM,JOHN
BOECKELIZA
BOEHLING,DIANE
BOEHMFELDBARBARA
BOLES,
MICHELLE
BOND,MEREDITH
BONELLA,CHRISTINE
BONIN,JANET
BONKDARLENE
BONNALLIE,JANICE
BONTJE,MARILYN
BONTJE,TAMARA
BOOKLESS,JOHN
BOOTH,MARRIE
BORG,DIANA
BORISUKANNE
FRANK
BORREGGINE,
FRANCES
BORSELLINO,
BOS,CHRISTINA
BOTTOS,ALBERTA
BOUCHARD,BERNICE
BOUCHER,PATRICIA
BOURDONLEEANN
BOVAIRDLINDA
BOWDIDGE,JO-ANNE
BOWEN,ANTHONY
BOWEN BERNADETTE
BOWEN,IAMES
BOWERMAN,
MIENNIFER
BOWKE&IANET
BOWLEY,PATRICIA
BOWLEY,VIRGINIA
BOWMAN,MICHELLE
BOYADJIAN,PETER
BOYADJIAN,SUSAN
BOYCE,IULITA
BOYCE,MARIL\AI
BOYD,I.RANKIN
BOYD,LOIS
BOYD,LINDA
BOYE' PENELOPE
BOZICK RUBY
BOZZELLI,ELISA
BRACCIqMARY
BRANCH,ANNEMARIE
BRANIGAN,MARY
BRANTON,RUTHANN
BRAZUS,INGA
r39
BRCIC,CHRISTINE
BREEN,DONNA
BREINGAM,MARY
BRENNAN, HELEN
BRENNAN, KATHLEEN
BRENNAN,MARY
BRETT, SHIRLEY
BREUKELMAN, MARLENE
BREWE&THOMAS
BREWSTER,HAZEL
BREWSTE& WAYNE
BRIDGES, SHELLY
BRILLINGER, RALPH
BRODERICK CHRISTINA
BRODIE, PATRICIA
BRONOWICKI,IULIE
BROSSEAU,LYNN
BROUILLETTE,MICHEL
BROWN, ANNE
BROWN,CARL
BROWN, DAVID
BROWN, GISELE
BROWN,ISABEL
BROWN,I. SHERYL
BROWN, LOUISE
BROWN, LANIS
BROWN, LESLIE
BROWN, MARGARET
BROWN,MARGARET
BROWN,PAMELA
BROWN,PATRICIA
BROWN,ROsEMARY
BROWN. TRACEY
BROWNE, LEANNE
BROWNE,SONIA
BROWNRIDGE,NOREEN
BRUCH,AGNES
BRTIMWELL,SHIRLEY
BRUSH,SHEILA
BRLIYNS,PATRICIA
BRYANE, CATHERINA
BRYANT-LUKOSIUS,DENISE
BRYANT,LEONA
BRYSON,WENDY
BUCALqBRANKA
BUCH,MAUREEN
BUCHALTE&DAVIDA
BUCHANAN,LEANORA
BUCKLES,
LINDA
BULL,DENYSE
BULLEN,DEBORAH
BUNDY,LARRY
BUNKIEWICZSOLIDEA
BI.JNVILLE,
DANIEL
BI.'RKE,GAIL
BURKE,KAREN
BURLOCKSUSAN
BURNETT,DONNA
BURN' CAROLINE
BURNS,LORI
BLIRNSTHOMAS
BURNSIDE,BRIAN
BURR,VIOLA
BURSEY,PATRICIA
BUTCHART,IUDITH
BUTION,RICHARD
BUYS,TOAN
CAGAMPAN,FIORELLA
CAIRNS,ELIZABETH
CALBICK INA
CALCONI,CAMILLA
CALDER,MARILYN
CALDWELL,BEATRICE
CALLON,SUSAN
CALVERIMARYBETH
CALZONETTI,LAURIE
CAMERACCI,DIANA
CAMERON,ARLENE
CAMERON,EILEEN
CAMERONROSE
CAMILLERI,CARMEN
CAMILLERI,JANE
CAMPANELLA,LAURA
CAMPBELL, CATHERINE
CAMPBELL, CHARMAINE
CAMPBELL,DONNA
CAMPBELL, SHIRLEY
CAMPOVARI, SANDRA
CANNING, PAUL
CAPOBIANCO, ANTONIO
CAPRETTA, CAROLYN
CARDWELL, STEPHEN
CARESTIA,MADDALENA
CARINqSAMTIEL
CARLTON, CLATJDIA
CARPENTER,FLORENCE
CARRICK, CHRISTINE
CARRIGAN, MICHELLE
CARRI..NHER9ELLIOTT, SUSAN
CARRUTHERS, GORDON
CARVALHqOCTAVIO
CARVIEL, ERVINA
CASAGRANDE, SYLVIA
CASE,STEVE
CASEY-FITZGERALD GAYLE
CASEY,THOMAS
CASPERSON,DEBBIE
CASSA&VIVIAN
CASSELL' DAWN
CASSIANI, FILIBERTO
CASSIDY,LINDA
CASSIDY,PATRICK
CASTALDI, PATRICIA
CASTELLO,ARLENE
CASTLEHANO, MARIE
CASTRICIANq SANTINA
CASTRq LUNINGNING
CASTRONOVq ANTONIETTA
CASUCCIO,THOMAS
CATTAPAN, LINDA
CAVALERI, CARMELO
CAVASIN LAURIE
CERAVOLqNICOLE
CERCONE,EVANA
CERNIUKIOHN
CHABOT,MICHAEL
CHAISSON, ELEANOR
CHAPMAN,BARBARA
CHAPMAN, DOROTHY
CHAPMAN, LORRAINE
CHAPMAN,NANCY
CHAPMAN,RONALD
CHAPMANTREVOR
CHARLE'GLORIA
CHARLES,NATASHA
CHARTER' KRYSTYNIA
CHENVICKY
CHENG,'ANE
CHERNESKY,MAX
CHIARELLI, ELAINE
CHIASSON, CHARLENE
CHINAMBU, ROXANNE
CHOI, KYUNG SOON
CHOU, ALICE
CHOVAZ CHRISTOPHER
cHow DoRoTHY
CHRISTIANSEN, EUSE
CHLING, SHIRLIE
CHURCH, BARBARA
CIALINI, ROsINA
CIANCONE,LISA
CICHY, MARIA
CIMINO,LEONORA
CIPRIANI, ROBERTA
CLAI& PEARL
CLAIRMONT, COLLEEN
CLARK, DEBORAH
CLARK,IANEI
CLARK, LYNNE
CLARK, PAI.JLINE
CLARK, WENDY
CLARK, MLFORD
CLARKE, ENID
CLARKE, GEOFFREY
CLARKSON, MARION
CLARKSON TERRI
CLAUS, GRACE
140
CLAYTON, ROSALIND
CLEGG, PATRICIA
CLELLAND LYNDA
CLINE, KATHRYN
CMRLEC,MARIE
COCHRANE, ELLEN
COCKSHOTT,COLINA
coLE HEATHER
COLETTq FERNANDA
COLLIER, CAROL
COLLINGS, ANNE
COLLINGS, LEE
COLLTNGWOOD KATHERTNE
COLTART, NANCY
COLTERMAN,INGRID
COLTON,PATRICIA
COLUMBUS,MICHELE
COLWELL, PATRICIA
COMERTON,JOHN
COMPACNA, HERMANCE
CONCORDIA, ELZABETH
CONLON,IRENE
CONNELL, BARBARA
coNNoLLl
HELEN
CONNOLLY,TAMES
coNNoLLY,IOHN
CONNOR, EDWARD
CONNOR,SARAH
coNRoYPATRICIA
CONTESTABILE,NINA
COOK, DONNA
COOKE, RUTH
COONS, ANNE MARIE
COOPER,BRAD
cooPE& rRENE
cooPE& SHERRI
COPLAND,ALISTAIR
CORBETT,
CAROLINE
CORDEAU,ELSIE
coRDNE&ANDREW
coRMrE& ANTONIETTA
CORRIGAN,PENELOPE
CORSINI,ANNA-MARIE
CORSINI,LMICHELE
CORTINA,MARGARET
COSENTINO,
LISE
COSGROVE
DIANNE
COSTANZ,FULVIA
COsTANZO,ED
COSTIE,ANN
COUGHLIN MICHAEL
COI,JLOMBE,
PATRICIA
COUTURE,ELIZABETH
COUTI.JRIER,
BRIAN
COVER,MELROSE
COVERLY,CHRISTINA
COVINGTON,VICTORIA
COWAN,BERTA
COWAN,WILLIAM
COWDEN,NOREEN
COWDEN,SHEILA
COWLEY,STEPHEN
COX MARYIO
CRAN,STEPHANIE
cRANtLTSA
CRAWFORDCAROL
CRAWFORqIEFFREY
CRAWFORD,LOUISE
CRAWFORD,SANDRA
CREA,VINCENT
CRE4ELAINE
CREWSON,DONNA
CRLIENGAIL
CROFT,EVA
CROFT,LESLEY
CROFT,VICKI
CRONE,KATHERINE
CRUGNALE,MARCARET
CRI.JMP,SHARON
CRUSTOLqANNE MARIE
CIJFFARqJEAN
CIjLLEN,LILLIAN
CULLEN,RACHEL
CULLEY,JEAN
DAVI'BARBARA
DAVI'GAIL
DAVIS,MARILYN
DAVISON,PHYLLF
DAWSON,HILTRI.JD
DAWSON,MARIE
DAWSON MARILYN
DAWSON,RUTH
DAWSON,SUSAN
DE BLY,ADITZA
DE MERCHANT,IVY
DE SANN' LISA
DE'FRIAS,
LUCIA
DEANCIINITHIA
DEAN,PATRICIA
DEAN,PATRICK
DECO6TE,ANNETTE
DECOSTEIRENE
DECOSTE,PAUL
DEFEO,MICHELE
DEHGHANI,IULIA
DEIONG,KRUTH
RALPH
DEKETELE,
DELBELLO,MARIA
DELEEUW,ANDREW
DELFINE,ADELINA
DELIIA,RUDI
DELLAVENTURA,ANNA.MARIE
DELLIO,LOUISE
DELLOSO,ROSEANN
DELMORE.BETTY
DELOTNNVILLE,CARL
ELENA
DELROSSO,
DEMASCIO,TANE-T
DEMATTEO,SUSAN
DENARDIS,BARBARA
DENARDIS,RONALD
DENAL]LT,SHEILA
SUSAN
DENBURG,
DENNENY,HELEN
DENOMMECATHY
DENSMORE,
CATHERINE
CULLEY,KEITH
CI.JLLIgNLYNN
CULNANE,IOAN
CLIMMING-BRADT,KRYSTYNA
CUMMING'JUNE
CUMMING' MARY
CUMMING' SANDRA
CURNEW,WENDY
CURRIE,IOANNA
CI.JRRIEMARY
CTIRRIEMONA
CURRY,GRACE
CURTg FRANCES
CVETAgSHEILA
CZACH,CHRISTINE
CZUM,WINNIFRED
YADDARIO, DEBBIE
YAGOsTIN,PATRICIA
DAGOSTINO,THERESA
DAMICq GIOANNE
T/AMORE,GIOVANNA
DANGELO,SUSAN
DTIPPOLITO,
LUCIE
DA SILVA.MARGARET
DACOSTA,IOHN
DADA,JODY
DAGENAIS,LOIS
DALIPE,LILIAN
DALLAIRE,LATIRETTE
DALPETZ-MONTAGLiE,
BARBARA
DALY,THOMAS
DAMORE,IANE
DAMSMA,ANNITA
DANEKZULMIRA
DAOUST,CLAUDETTE
DARLINGTONLYNIN
DASILVA"KATHERINE
DASTOUS,LORRAINE
DAVIES,IOANNA
DAVIES,IEANNETTE
DAVIES,LINDA
t4l
DEPAUL,VINCENT
DEROCHE-BORIN,
LINDA
DERUSHIE,
MARYELLEN
DESANTIS,
DORIS
DESANTIS,ITALIA
DESANTIgLYNNE
DESFORGE'MONIQUE
DESJARDINS,IRENE
DEVAY,CAROL
DEVEAq JGANN
DEVLINEDWARD
DEVLIN,JOHN
DEVUYSINANCY
DEWIT,ANGELA
DI CIENZO,VTTTORIA
DI LABIO,ELDA
DI PASQUALE,
DOMINIC
DIAMONDGI.IY
DIBATTISTA,
LIVIA
DIBATTISTA,
LORRAINE
DICAMPLI,CONCETTA
DICENZq PASQUA
DICIOMMO,PATRICIA
DICKENS,LOUISE
DICKIE,KATHERINE
DICKINSON,HILDA
DICKINSON,MARLA
DICKSON,DEBBIE
DICKSON,RUBY
DIDEMUS,CATHERINE
DILLON,PAULINE
DILWORTH,GREGORY
DIMTSES,
PAUL
DINARDO,LISA
DINELLqJOSEPHINE
DINGLEDINE,SANDRA
DrNrcoLANTONrg JOHN
DTNTCoLANTONIqPTA
DIPAOLqJANET
DIPASQUALE,
TERESA
DIPIETRO,
LINA
DISANZA,CARMELA
DIXON,BARBARA
DIXONCAROLYN
DIXONGILLIAN
DIXON MARY
DOAN JUDITH
DOANE,RANDALL
DOBBIE,RI..TTH
DOBBINEILEEN
DOBSON,CAROL
DODDS,VERA
DOGANPAMELA
DOHANIK LISA
DOHERTY,CATHERINE
DOHERTY,MICHAEL
DOLCH,DOROTHY
DOMLADOVAC,BARKA
DONISON,DOROTHY
DOODY,CARMEL
DOOLEY,MARGARET
DORAZIO,CATERINA
DORICKI,MARIJA
DOSLEA,BRENDA
DOUCETT,FRANCES
DOUGHERTY,LYNN
DOUGLAS,KAREN
DOUGLA'LINDA
DOVE,LALIRALEE
DOWELL,JOYCE
DOWNEY,SUSAN
DOWNIE,BONNIE
DOYLE,WINIFRED
DRAMANTAS,ONA
DRAZENOVICH,ZORA
DRISCOLL,
DAWN
DROTA&DEBORAH
DRUMM,PATRICIA
DUARTE,MARIA
DLJFFY-KARIAIVI,
KELLY
DUFRESNE,
HELEN
DUMAIS,MARIE-LOUISE
DI.'NBA& ADRIENNE
DUNBA&BRIAN
DUNFIELDLOIS
DUNFORD,CATHERINE
DUNMORE,RAYMOND
DUNN, BEVERLEY
DUNN, MARY
DUNNE,BERNADETTE
DLINNINK,GRIETA
DURANDELLEN
DURCAKOLGA
DUREAULI MEUSSA
DURKACZ,ALICIA
DVALI,IRENE
DWORSCHAK,
R.ANNE
DWYE&BARBARA
DWYE&]ANET
DWYE& PHYLLIS
DYE& MARTHA
DYETT,MARJORIE
DYMOND LESLIE
DZIKIC, KELLY
DZIVRA, DANI"]-TA
EACOTT,SUZANNE
EAGER,PATRICIA
EAGER,THOMAS
EARL,DEBRA
EATON,HELEN
ECCLES,
TERESA
ECHLIN,KATHERINE
EDDENDEN,ELIZABETH
EDWARDS,ALBERT
EDWORTHY,DAN
EISMONT,CARL
ErsMoNlJoYcE
ELBE,SHELLY
ELCOCK,AMBER
ELKAMI,BERNARDITA
ELLIOT.DENISE
ELLIOTT,KAREN
ELLIOTT,LINDA
ELLISDOPKq SUZANNE
ELLIS-MORRTSON,IOAN
ELLIS,DEBORAH
ELLIS, DIANA
ELLUL, BIRUTE
ELMS, SHIRLEY
EMBREE,KENNETH
EMBREUS,SABINA
EMERY, COLLEEN
EMERY, DEBORAH
ENG, DORIS
ENG,FRANCIS
ENGLISH,IOAN
ENRIGHT-MAILING, SANDRA
ENTWISLE,IACQLIELINE
ERDEG,MIHALY
ERN]AKOVIC, NANCY
ERSKINE,IULIA
ESCARRILLA, LETICIA
ETHERINGTON-IRWIN, CAROL
EUSANI, OLIMPIA
EUSANI, ROBERT
EVANGELISTA, DOMENICO
EVANOFF, GREG
EVAN' CATHERINE
EVANS, VALERIE
EVOY, MARGARET
EWAN,LORI
EW]NGER, MARIA
EYLES,PAULA
FABIANI,MARIA
FACCENDA,IDA
FADE& KATHERINE
FAHRE& LESLIE
FAIR, BRENDA
FAIRMAN, MARGARET
FALASCA, LUCIO
FALCONE, COLLEEN
FALCONE, ROSE
FARACI, CATERINA
FARKAS, MARY
FARKAS, WENDY
FARRAUTO, DONNA
FARRELL, LYNDA
142
FARRELL, PAUL
FARRELLY,BRIAN
FARRONATg LINDA
FASCHING, LINDA
FATHERT HOLYGHOST
FAUBERT,PATRICIA
FALnEUX,JOSEPH
FAWELLE, COLLEEN
FEAVE& SUSAN
FEDUSZCZAK, TERESA
FELX ANA
FERGUSON,DIANA
FERRARO,BARBARA
FERRE& ZENAIDA
FERRETTI,ALEXANDRA
FERRI,LINDA
FERRIS,MICHELLE
FIELD. ELIZABETH
FIELDING,JAMES
FILICE, PATRIZIA
FILIPOVIC,IVAN
FILLMORE, DEBBIE
FINLAY,DONNA
FINLAYJEFF
FINORO, LAURA
FIORASO,VICKY
FIORINO, LINA
FIORINO, NORMA
FISCHER,IVY
FISCHL, MELITTA
FISH, PAUL
FISHER,MARGARET
HTZELL, VALERIE
FITZGERALD, BERNADETTE
FITZPATRICK CAROL
FITZPATRICK, TERESA
FLAHERTY, MARINA
FLEMING, ELLEN
FLEMING,SARAH
FLETCHE& GILLIAN
FLOWERS,ERIC
FLOYD, ANDREA
FODO&SUSAN
FONTAINE, MARCELLA
FORANI, CATHERINE
FORBES,DOROTHY
FORD, PATRICIA
FORD SHARI
FORGIE,NORMAN
FORSYTH,SHELLEY
FOSTE&IOSEPHINE
FOSTE& RACHEL
FOX, RUTH
FRACCARO, MARIA
FRANCE,LIONEL
FRANCIS,MELTON
FRANCIS,NANCY
FRANCO,EMMA
FRASE&HEATHER
FRASE&KATHLEEN
FRASE& ROBERT
FREDLANDER, ROBERT
FREDLANDER,SHIRLEY
FREEMAN, KATHERINE
FREI,JESSIE
FRENCH, PATRICIA
FRIESZ,ERIKA
FRISINA, D DEE
FRITCFI,ANNE
FROKLAGE,MONICA
FROM, CATHERINE
FROMBERGER,ANNE-MARIE
FROSI RUTH
FRYDRYCH, CAROLYN
zuCIARELLI, DORA
FI.JRLANETTO,CLAM
FUSARq LEONA
FYFE,FRr{NCIS
GAASENBEEK,BARBARA
GAASENBEEK,FRANK
GABRIELE,LUCY
GAGNE LISA
GAGNON,ROBIN
GAINFORT,ISABELLE
GAINFORT, SHIRLEY
GAL, LISA
GALLACHER,IOHN
GALLANT, LISA
GALLEN,GLORIA
GANANN, SHIRLEY
GANDY,LINDA
GARCIA, ELENA
GARDINER, DIANE
GARNHAM,IULIE
GARSIDE,DONALD
GARSTIN, MARTHA
GARSTKA, RUTH
GARVEY-WILLIAMS,IUDY
GASPARRONI,IGEA
GATE&PATRICIA
GATIO7ZL CONNIE
GAUTHIER"DONNA
GAUTHIER, MARY LOUISE
GAYED, DEBRA
GAYLARD, MARNIE
GEDRIS,AMALIA
GEIER,DEBORAH
GEIGE&JUDITH
GENESIEE,MARY
GENOVESE,ANTONIETTA
GENOVESE,BRUNO
GERMAN, BRENDA
GERYK, MARY
GHOSH, MAUNI
GIACOMELLI, RO6E
GIAMMARIA, FRANK
GIAMMARIA, PINA
GIANNETTI,]OHN
GIARDINO, SONYA
GIBSON,DEBORAH
GIBSON, ERNIE
GIBSON,LORETTA
GIGNAC, SHIRLEY
GILBERT,MARGUERITE
GILBY, THOMAS
GILFORD, EDNA
GILKES,IEANNETTE
GILL, CAROLINE
GILL, DONNA
GILL,MARY-ANN
GILLEM, LORNA
GILLESPIE,CATHERINE
GILLON, MELISSA
GILLON,WILLIAM
GILMOU&DAVID
GILMOUR,IOYCE
GILMOUR, PETER
GINESI,LTIIGIA
GINGRA' LUCIE
GIOVANNI, MARY
GIOVINAZZO, NANCY
GIRARD ANTOINETTE
GIRGENTI,TERESA
GIRONELLA{AMIS,IULIE
GIROI-IX,IANINE
GISBORN,MARY
GISBORN,SUZANNE
GITILIETTI,FRANCESCA
GLASGOW, ANNA
GLASCOW, CLAUDETTE
GNATUK,JAMES
GOFFREDO,DIANA
GOIT, LEANNE
GOLD, MAGDA
GOLDBERG,RUTH
GOLDRICK, MARGARET
GOLDSON, CITA
GOLINSKI, TED
GOLLAN, MARTIN
GOLLAN, VERONICA
GOODACRE,MARY
GOODALE, CAROLINE
GORDON,JEWELL
GORDON,MARILYN
GORING,PHILIP
GORMLEY,MAUREEN
GOTTLIEB,DEBRA
t43
GOW,SHIRLEY
GOWE&DAVE
GOWER9 LAURA
GRAHAM,MAUREEN
GRANDIN, DOROTHY
GRATTON, LYNN
GRAVIS, DONNA
GRAY,LYNDA
GREENE,TIM
GREENING,JENNIFER
GREENLAW, BARBARA
GREENWOOD,BEVERLY
GREENWOOD HUGH
GREGORY,IOAN
GREGOTSKI,GLORIA
GREITER,ANGELA
GREMMEN, PAULA
GREVE,ALLAN
GRIGHTMIRE, KELLY
GRILC,VERA
GROEN, ELIZABETH
GROEN, LISA
GROEN, LINDA
GROHMANN, OLGA
GROLEAU, ANNA
GROLEAU,JANE
GROTH, ELISE
GROI.IX-DIRKS,KELLY DEE
GROWCOTT,MURIEL
GRUENWALD,NANCY
GRLIMBACH,IANICE
GLIDELIS,SUSAN
GL]DOWSKI,EMILIA
GL]ENTHE& ELLEN
GLIEST,BRIAN
GUEST,FAYE
GUESI WENDY
GUGLIELMI, ELISA
GLTIDOLIN,IUDY
GUITA&EDNA
GL]ITE,TERRY
GL]NBY,SUZANNE
GI.JPTA,RAMNATH
GUTCHE&PAMELA
GUTHRq ANNA
GUTHRqLOUISE
HACHEY,PATRICIA
HACKETT,DESMOND
HACKETT,JEFFERSON
HACKETT,MARGARET
HACKING,HELEN
HADALL,SHAWNA
HAGANIANNY
HAGEN,FRANCINA
HAINING,SUSEN
HALCHUK,LINDA
HALL, DAVID
HALMAN,CAROL
HAMANN DEBORAH
HAMILTON,ESTHER
HAMILTON,TRACY
HAMMILL, VIRGINIA
HAMMOND HELEN
HAMMOND,LURLIE
HAMOUDA,EVA
HAND RUTH
HANDLEY,MARIORIE
HANDLIN, NETTIE
HANDLIN, PETER
HANGYASI,IVANKA
HANION PATRICIA
HANNA, COLLEEN
HANNAH,IEAN
HANNAH,IOANETTE
HANNAH,JLINE
HANNAH,MARGARET
HANNAI' ROBERT
HANNIS,DALTON
HARBURY,CLAIRE
HARDING,BEVERLY
HARE,CATHERINE
HARKNESS,DEBORAH
HARKNES' PATRICIA
HARKNESS,WENDY
HARRINGTON,CAROLE
HARRIS,EVELYN
HARRI' PATRICIA
HARRIS,RUTH
HARRISON,BRENDA
HARRISON,IOAN
HARRISON,IOHN
HARRISONPAULINE
HARVEY,KIMBERLEY
HARVEY,NANCY
HASICKIRENE
HASLAMSTROUD,LINDA
HATCHER,MARIE
HAUPERILINDA
HAWKIN'ESTHER
HAWORTH,ANGELA
HAWTHORNE,IUDITH
HAY RUTH
HAYLETT,EVA
HAYNIES,
MERIDENE
HAYNES,MOIRA
HEARNS,IUNE
HEDDON,IOYCE
HEDGES,CONNIE
HELD,ARLENE
HELDEN,G ELIZABETH
HEMRICA,IAMES
HENDERSHOT,LENA
HENDRY MARY
HENRY,BARBARA
HENRY,IOYCE
HENRY,RICHARD
HERBERICHRISTOPHER
HERBERT,PERRY
HERDANNE
HERECHUK,CHRISTINE
HERMOSURA,ELMA
HEST,SANDRA
HETHERINGTON,
ANGELA
HICKEY,WENDY
HILDEBRANDT,IRENE
HILDEBRANDT, MARGRIT
HILDRETFL KELLY
HILL,SANDRA
HILLE&ERWIN
HILLIER, BRENDA
HILLME& RAE
HTLLTJOSEPH
HIMMEN, MARIE
HINE'IENNIFER
HINRICHS, THERESIA
HINZMANN, KATHERINE
HIRSCHMANN, GERTRAUD
HLACAR, MILKA
HOAG,CARRIE
HOCKING,MARY
HODA, PAVEL
HODDE&GERALDINE
HODGE, TERRY-LYNN
HODGES,ANNEMARIE
HODGSON,SARAH
HOGAN, MONICA
HOGETERP,CORNELIA
HOLDENPAMELA
HOLKJENNIFER
HOLLINJOANNE
HOLLINGHAM, LINDA
HOLMES, BRENDA
HOLMES,DEBRA
HOLMES,HEATHER
HOLMES, LESLEY
HOLUBESHEN,EVELYN
HOLWERDA, ANNE
HOOVE&MARLENE
HOPE,WILMA
HOPKINS,JOHN
HOPKINS,IUDY
HOPKINS, ROBERT
HOPMAN SCHUTTEN,ALLISON
HORACHEK DENISE
HORAKMIROSLAV
HOUGH,DIANE
HOWARqPEGGY
t44
HOWARTH,LANNE
HOWE,ANNE
HOWELL,CATHY
HOMTT,VALERIE
HRYCIW, HELEN
HTiBER, CAROLYN
HUCSKq BETTY
HUDAK CINDY
HUD6ON, CHRISTINA
HUDSON, LISA
HUDSPITH, KATHRYN
HUGHES, GAYLIA
HUGHES,JOHN
HUGONINC, ROBERT
HUMMELL,SANDRA
HUNTE& AGNES
HUNTER, MAUREEN
HLINTER, SHARON
HLINTER, TAMMY
HUNTE& TRACEY
HUOT,GLORIA
HURAIT,MARJORIE
HUREAU,KIMBERLY
HUREAU, PAUL
HUREAqVALERIE
HUSS,SHANNON
HLTXLEY,SUSAN
IACOBONI, FLORENCE
IALENTI, ANTOINETTE
IAVARONE, MADELINE
IBRAHIM, FRANCINE
IGNESKI, BOSKO
ILLES, ETHEL
ILTON, CORRINE
IMOLA,PETER
INCRETOLLI, ALBERT
INCRETOLLI, VANDA
INRIG, PAULA
IPPOLITO,CALOGERA
IRELANDJUDITH
IRELAND SHELLEY
IRONSIDE,KELLY
IRVINE BARBARA
IRVINE,IAYNE
IRVINE MARYELLEN
IRVIN4SHARON
IRWINANTOINETTE
IRWIN,BARBARA
IRWIN,VICTORIA
ISLIP,LYNDA
IUSO,CESIRA
ruSO,LUCIA
TINA
JACKSON-BEEME&
KATHERINE
TACKSON,
CHRISTOPHER
JAKABFFY,
JAKABFFY,SANDRA
'AKOBSON,SUSAN
IAMES,CAROLYN
IAMES,JUDITH
IAME'PATRICIA
IAMESON,ELAINE
IAN, HELEN
JANACEK,FRANK
IANACEK,MARY
IANCA,CECELIA
IANE,JACQUELINE
IANKOWSKI,BARBARA
MARY
JANOSEVIC,
JANSEN,DERK
JANSEN,HELEN
JANSEN,MELODIE
JANUS,PALILETTE
,ARUSAUSKA'JACQUELINE
IARVIE,REGINALD
IARVIS,LORENA
IASKIEWICZRAYMOND
IASKOLKA,IOHN
IASKOLKA,IOANN
DIANE
JEFFERIES,
NORMAN
]EFFERIES,
DOUGLAS
]EFFREY,
IEFFRE'IOAN
IEFFREY,RENA
IEFFREY,VALERIE
IENKINS,IEFFERY
IENKINS,MARY
IENKINS,PATRICIA
IENNINGS,M KATHY
IENNINGS,RUSSELL
IENSEN,DONNA
TMICHELE
JEROME,
IESS,KAREN
IEWELL,DAVID
IOBB,MARY
JOHN,ELAINE
]OHNS,CHRISTINE
IOHNSON,DONNA
JOHNSON,EVELYN
JOHNSON,MARY
JOHNSON,MICHELE
JOHNSTON,IASON
JOHNSTON,KATHLEEN
JOHNSTON,MARGARET
JOHNSTON,SANDRA
ALEXANDRA
JOHNSTONE,
JOKHU,PAUL
JONAS,SHELLEY
JONErcTTAWAY, MEGAN
JONES,ANGELA
JONES,BARBARA
JONES,IRENE
IONES,NANCY
}ONES,RICHARD
toNES,SHARRON
IOOSSE,MARIAN
IORDAN,LORI
IOVICH,VINCE
IUDGE,GORDON
IUNEJA,VEENA
IUNIPE& FRANCES
KACE& BESSIE
KACLIR,NANCY
KAFKA,CAROL
KAIRY'DANUTE
KAIAH, PEGGY
KALLIOKOSKI,BRENDA
KALMA&ILILIANA
KALMAR,MARTHA
KALMATAVICIUS,JOHN
KAMADA,DENNIS
KAMBIC,MILKA
KAPRON,IANICE
KARL,LISA
KARMAN, PIERRETTE
KARNE&HELEN
KARSTEN,CARROL
KASSAM-KHOIA,RI.]MINA
KATZ,]ANET
KATZLEAH
KAVANAUGH,PATRICIA
KAWAMOTq THOMAS
KATIOHN
KAY,IANICE
KEAY,DEBRA
KEITH,IANET
KELBA,LAI.JRRIE
KELLETT,RHONDA
KELLI IRENE
KELLY,MARY
KELLI MAUREEN
KELLY,THOMAS
KENDALL,LLOYD
KENESKY,
CAROLYN
KENNEDY,ALISON
KENNEDY,BEVERLY
KENNEDY,DARLENE
KENNEDTEVELINE
KENNEDY,GERARD
KENNEDY,LINDA
KENNEDY,MARGARET
KENNEDY,MARY
KENNEDY,ROMESSA
KENNEDI TERENCE
KENNY,KATHLEEN
KEON,MARLENE
t45
KERR,ALICE
KERR,SHIRLEY
KIDD MARY
KILEY,BEVERLY
KILFOYLE,ANNE
KILLIN,IOYCE
KILLINS,BARBARA
KIMPTON,CHERI
KING,ELAINE
KING,IOYCE
KING,PALIL
KINNON,KRYSTYNA
KIRK,RONALD
KIRMAN,DONNA
KIRSHENBLAT,
DIANE
KISH,MARIE
KISS,EVA
KIT, ANGELA
KITNEY,STEVE
KLANISCEKIRMA
KLEIN,RO6E
KLEIN,SONIA
KLUNDE& MARYANN
KNIAZ, KAREN
KNIGHT,CATHLEEN
KNOFLOOKCINDY
KNOWLES,GLENNA
KNOX,JOAN
KOBUS,CARRIE
KOCHUK,LORI.ANNE
KOCSIS,KELLY
KOCZKA,LAURA
KOEPPL,THOMAS
KOIZEK,MARrA
KOKE-HAALSTRA,
CINDY
KOLISNIYK,LUBA
KONDO,ELIZABETH
KOOL,MARGARET
KOOL,PATRICIA
KOOYMAN,LOUISA
KOPATCH,SUSAN
KOPYSMEDEIROS,
ANNE
KORCZYNISKI,IANINA
KORMENDY,LOUIS
KORMOS,LATJRA
KORNELUK,VIRGINIA
KOSTILOFF,SHARON
KOSTYK,NATALIE
KOVACS,ELIZABE"TH
KOVACS,LINDA
KOVLIENIC,VICKY
KOZA&DEBORAH
KOZEL,PALILETTE
KRAKAUE& KURT
KRAME& PHYLLIS
KRA&CAROLYN
KRASULIA,SAVA
KRAUSE,KAREN
KRICK,RUTH
KRIKORIAN,SARAH
KROESBERGEN,
CATHARINE
KROEZEN,DENISE
KRLIMINS,ANNE
KRUZYK,DAINA
KULAGA,DEBBIE
KTILAGA,JENNY
KUREI IRENE
KUSI<E,LIZZI
KUSTO&ROSEANN
KUZOFF,PATRICIA
KUM<,BEVERLEY
LA PENTA,MAFALDA
LABBE,LUCIENNE
LABELLE,DANIEL
LABELLE,GERALDINE
LABELLE,VICTOR
LABONTE,RANDY
LACHANCE,CLAUDETIE
LAFFERTY,JOHN
LAFFERTY,KATHRYN
LAFFORD,MARYLOU
LAFOND,MARK
LAFORCE,MARY
LAFORME,JANET
LAIT, KAREN
LAKE,JEFFREY
LAKHIAN, AMARJEET
LAMBERT,JOHN
LAMBERTUS, LYNNE
LAMBERTUS, MARILYN
LAMONT, DAVID
LAMONT,SYLVIA
LAMOURE, DIANE
LAMOI.JRE, LORELEI
LAMPARSKI, TEODOZA
LANDRY,SHANNON
LANE,JANICE
LANGILLE, LYNN
LANGLEY, BETTY LOU
LANGLET LOREN
LANGLEY,NANCI
LANIGAN,KAREN
LAPITAN, MILAGROS
LAPOINTE,JAMIE
LARIVIERE, SHERRY.LEE
LARWOOD,DIANE
LASHMA& COLLEEN
LAST, BETTINA
LAUGHLIN, SHARON
LALIRENTI, DELIA
LAVECCHIA, NICOLE
LAVIN,CAROLYN
LAVIN, DENNIS
LAVIOLETTE, ANNE
LAW,HELENE
LAW,SANDRA
LAWLO& ELIZABETH
LAWLOR, MARY
LAWRENCE, MICHELE
LAWRENCE,MITN
LAZARZ, THERESA
LE,KHAMH
LEBEAU,IAMES
LEBEDYK, BETH
LEBLANC, PAMELA
LECLAI&TACQUELINE
LEE.ANNIE
LEE, ELIZABETH
LEGATqVERONICA
LEGER,KATHLEEN
LEGERE,DONNA
LEGERE,IACQI.JELINE
LEGERE,SHARON
LEGGETT,KIM
LEISHMAN, PAMELA
LEITE, CYNTHIA
LENNIE,BRENDA
LEONARD, BRENDA
LEONI, LEONTINA
LEPINE, MELANIE
LEPRIEUR,SANDRA
LEROUX,JOSEE
LEVESQTIE,CLAUDE
LEMS, SUZANNE
LIANG, DAVID
LICATA, HELEN
LICO, LINDA
LIDSTE& LOIS
LINDE, MARIE
LIND6AY,DEBBIE
LINDSAY, MARIORIE
LINOK NADIA
LIISITT, LINDA
LISZEK, ARTUR
LITTLE, AGNES
LITTLE. CHERYL
LITTLE. ROSALIE
LIqELEANOR
LIU,SUSAN
LIVINGSTONE, N COLLEEN
LLEWELLYN, HELEN
LLEWELLYN, KENNETH
LLOYD,JOANNE
LLOYD, MICHELLE
LqKINGLAM
LOBO,IENNIFER
LOCIS,RUTH
146
LOGAN,FRANCES
LOGEL.DEBBIE
LOGGIE,ELIZABETH
LONCKE,JANE
LONG,KARENMARGARET
LONGMIRE,SUSAN
LOOYENGA,SYLVIA
LOPRESTI,JOSEPH
LOPRESTI,
MARIANNA
LORQUE,PAZ
LORRAINE,LOIS
LOUTTIT,MARY
LOVE,INGRID
LOVE,REBECCA
LOVE,TERRI
LOWE,DAVID
LOWRY,EDITH
LOWTHE&WILLIAM
LUANG-ASA,XAY
LUBERA,KATHERINE
LUCARELLLANNE
LUCIANO,IOEL
LUDLOWPATRICIA
LUINSTRA,KATHLEEN
LUM,RUBY
LLIMSDEN,
JLIDITH
LLXON,WENDY
LI-IXTON,GILLIAN
LYALL,BRADLEY
LYALL,WILLIAM
LYMAN,IOANNE
LYMBURNE&JEANNE
LYNCH,MMARIE
MAC DOUGALL,LINDA
MAC ISAAC,IESSIE
MAC KENZIE,FAY
MAC NAUGHTON,KARIN
MAC PHAIL,MARY
MACAULAY,KAREN
MACCORMACKCOLLEEN
MACCORMACK,DARLENE
MACDONALD]ULIE
MACDONALD,LOIS
MACDONALD,MARIE
MACDONALD,MICHAEL
MACDONALDSUSAN
MACFARLANE,REBECCA
MACINTYRE,IOYCE
MACISAAC,APRIL
MACISAAC,BARBARA
MACISAAC,SALLY
MACKINNON,ALICE
MACKINNON,IOHN
MACLENNAN,MARGARET
MACLEODM KATHLEEN
MACNAUGHTON,TRACEY
MACNEIL,CAROL
MACNEIL,DAREN
MACNEIL,KEVIN
MACNEIL,RENILDA
MACORITTI,VITA
MACPHERSONMARTIN
MACQTIEENROSE
MACQTIEENWENDY
MADDEN,VAUGHN
MADIGAN,CLARA
MADILL,GLENN
MAGEE,LEE
MAH, ZELA
MAHAN, LEIGH
MAHON,HELEN
MAHONY,JAMES
MAIRINGE&KATHERINE
MAIERCZAKANNA
MAITIRY,]UDITH
MAKUZ, DIANNE
MALCOLM,IUDITH
MALDONADO,BONNIE
MALETTE,BEVERLY
MALLARD HOWARD
MALLORY,SHIRLEY
MALONE,SUSAN
MALSTROM,NANCY
MANCINI, GIOVINA
MANDENO, SHELLEY
MANGAT,RAMESH
MANICCIA-MACALUSO, SANDRA
MANNETHU. ABRAHAM
MANNING, LIZ
MANTECON,MARIAN
MANUEL,CORAZON
MANZANO,GENOVEVA
MARAGNq IEAN
MARCK,ELIZABETH
MARCKPATRICIA
MARCO,RENATA
MARCOGLIESE,GINA
MARCONI,PATRICA
MARFISI,LYNDA
MARIK, MARIA
MARINELLI, FLORA
MARINI, MORENA
MARINI, NADA
MARINI, TERESA
MARINI, VONDELLE
MARINI,YOLANDA
MARKWICK GAIL
MARLIN,RICHARD
MARR,ANNE
MARRANCA,JANICE
MARRANCA, KATHERINE
MARRIN,MARY
MARSHAI.L, DANIEL
MARSHALL,JUDITH
MARSHALL,TOAN
MARSHALL, PATRICIA
MARSHALL,SARAH
MARTIN, DOUGLAS
MARTIN, D MICHELLE
MARTIN, GERTRUDE
MARTIN,IOANNE
MARTIN,MEREDITH
MARTIN, MARIA
MARTIN,MARY
MARTIN, SHEILA
MARTIN,TODD
MARTINEK,LAURA
MARTINO, MARYANN
MARTIRE,IENNY
MARZOLI,YOLANDA
MARZUCCqMARIA
MASCOLA,SUSAN
MASECA& EILEEN
MASECAR,ROBERT
MASKELL,THELMA
MASLOWSKI, ZGML]ND
MASTROIANNI, LORRAINE
MASYS,DONNA
MATHER, MICHELINE
MATKO, ANICA
MATOSA, TERESA
MATTALIANq CHARLIE
MATTELIANq]OSIE
MATTELIANO, NICOLO
MATTHErc}UDITH
MATTHEWS, LORNA
MATTHEWS, PATRICIA
MATNNA,EDWARD
MATUSZA, RENATE
MAY,CAROLE
MAY, DONNA
MAZZEI, C WONNE
MC AVELLA, PATRICIA
MCCONNELL,ANNA
MCHARG,KEVIN
MCALEESE,BRENDA
MCALPINE, LINDA
MCAMMOND BRENDA
MCAI.JLEY, AI.JDREY
MCAVELLA, SEAN
MCCABE,LILLIAN
MCCAUGHEY, CATHERINE
MCCAW,CATHERINE
MCCLURE,GENET
MCCLURE,MICHAEL
MCCORMACK,DONALD
MCCOWELL, RAFFAELA
147
MCCRUDDENSHARON
MCDERMIDJUDITH
MCDERMOTT, JANINA
MCDONALD DONNA
MCDONALD LORI
MCDONALD,PAULA
MCEACHEN, NANCY
MCFARLANE, ANDREW
MCFARLANE, KATHERINE
MCGEACHIE, ELAINE
MCGEE,LESLIE
MCGHIE, MARY
MCGILVERY, CRAIG
MCGRATH,HALEN
MCGRATH,LINDA
MCGREGOR,SANDRA
MCGUIGAN,ANNIE
MCGUIGAN,VIRGINIA
MCHARG, DEBRA
MCHARG,JUDITH
MCHARG, ROBERT
MCHUGH,CAROL
MCINERNEY, REGINA
MCINNES,SANDRA
MCINNE'SHARON
MCINTOSH, MOLLY
MCINTYRE, MARCELLA
MCINTYRE, SUSAN
MCISAAC, LATIRA
MCIVOR, ELIZABETH
MCIVOR, SHONA
MCKELLA& BMATIREEN
MCKILLORJOSEPH
MCKINLAY, SUSAN
MCKITTERICK TRACY
MCKNIGHT, LINDA
MCLAREN, MARILYN
MCLAUGHLIN, CLETHA
MCLAUGHLIN, VERONA
MCLELLANNANCY
MCMAHON,LORI
MCMEEKING, FRANCES
MCMEEKING,NEIL
MCMORROW,HELEN
MCNALLY,CHERYL
MCNAUGHT,DOROTHY
MCNEIL,BERNADETTE
MCNEILL,COLLEEN
MCNULTY,ANGELINE
MCPHEE,SHELAGH
MCQUARRIE,JEANNETTE
MCQI'IEEN BARBARA
MCQUEEN,ROSE
MCQUILKIE,SHIRLEY
MCQUILLENCATHERINE
MCROBERT,
VANESSA
MEDEIROS,
CATHERINE
MEGO,LORETTA
MEHLENBACHE&MARILYN
MEIKLEIOHNLOUISE
MELANEY.VERONIKA
MELANSONCHRISTINA
MELANSON,MARK
MELANSON,NORINE
MELCE&TERESA
MELHADO,TACQUELINE
MELI\M(, NANCY
MENDM,JEAN
MENDOLIA,ROSE
MENDOLIA,SAM
MENDOZA,CARLITO
MENDOZA,ELVA
MENS,MARY
MENZIES,DONALD
MERINCHUK,BETTY
MERKLEY,VALERIE
MERRIOTT,
DENISE
MERWALDREGINA
METCALFE,CAROL
METCALFE,GLENNA
METZGE&VICTORIA
MEUCCI,RAFFAELA
MEVILLECRYE&SHARON
MEYE&ANIA
MEYE&DONNA
MEYRINK SHEILA
MICHAEL'RAE
MICKELOFF, ANNA
MICLILAN,IANICE
MIDGLEIMATIREEN
MIKE, DONNA
MIKICH, NANCY
MIKULA,GRETHA
MILANI,CHERYL
MILANOVIC,IRENE
MILCZAREKEWA
MILERIS,RAMONA
MILLA& DIANNE
MILLE&JI.JLIA
MILLER, MELVA
MILLS, LINDA
MILLSP, TERRI
MILNE, ASTRA
MILNE, MARY
MINARD, ELIZABETH
MINGq HORACE
MINICUCCI, RAFFAELA
MIRANDA,KAREN
MIRRA, ANGELA
MISCIONE, LAURA
MISENE&JOAN
MISENER,TRICIA
MITCHELL,GRACE
MITCHELL,HELMA
MITCHELL,JOAN
MITCHELL, MARGARET
MITRA, BHAVANIAMMA
MITTONMAUREEN
MOCIAK, ELIZABETH
MOGAN, KATHLEEN
MOGAVERO, HEATHER
MOHORUK, LAWRIE
MOHORUK, MARGARET
MOLINE,IANET
MONACHELLqMARIE
MONAS,IRENE
MONETTE, DEBORAH
MONKHOUSE, ELLEN
MONKLEY, DEBRA
MONKMAN, LORI
MONTAZERI,MITRA
MONTEIRqKAREN
MONTEMURO, MAUREEN
MOODYKIMBERLY
MOORE, MAIJREEN
MOORE,MICHELE
MORDEN,IACQTJELINE
MORELLI,PHYLLIS
MORES,MAI.JREEN
MORGAN, FRANCES
MORIMOTqCOLLEEN
MORLEY, CONSTANCE
MORREALE,NINA
MORRIS, CAROL
MORRIS,MONICA
MORRTSON PETER
MORRISSEY,MARY
MORROW,SHARON DIANE
MORROW SHARON
MOSKOVSKY,ELIZABETH
MOWBRA'HELEN
MOWBRAY, HEATHER
MRMAKCATHY
MUCCINI, FILOMENA
MUEHLGASSNE& HERTA
MUEHLGASSNER"HORST
MUI&IRENE
MUI&SCOTT
MULDOON,VELDA
MULHOLLAND,MARY
MULHOLLAND MARY
MULHOLLAND STEVE
MULLIGAN-PARKER, SUZANNE
MULLINANGELA
MUMMERY,DEBORA
MUNRO,KATHERINE
MURETIC, ANNIE
MURPHY,BRENDA
148
MURPHYGEORGIA
MURPHY,JOSEPH
MURPHY,KEVIN
MURPHY,MARY
MURPHY,TAMARA
MURRAY-SMITH, PATRICIA
MURRAY-WOODJOAN
MURRAY, BETH
MURRAY, MARIE
MURRAY, PETRONELLA
MURRAY, WILLIAM
MURTAGH,MARY
MUSGRAVE, PATRICIA
MUSICKPATRICIA
MUSI ENDLA
MUTTON, SHERRI
MTryS, SARAH
MYSZKOWSKI, GREGORY
NAGY,ANGELE
NAHAL,KALWANT
NALASCO, SHIRLEY
NATES, ELISABETH
NAVES, CAROLYN
NAYLOR.TIMOTHY
NEALE,JACK
NEHRE, EDITH
NELSON,TOSEPH
NELSON PAUL
NELSON, PAL'LINE
NELSON, SYLVIDORA
NEMETH, SR ETHEL
NEUMAYE&TAMMY
NEWMAN-MOLLOY, GAIL
NEWPORT, MARGARET
NEWTON, LYNDA
NEWTON, NANCY
NICHOLSON, BAERBEL
NICHOLSON, WILLIAM
NICOLETTI, ROSE
NIEDERE& LOUISE
NIELSEN GISELE
NIEMEYE&TRIENEKE
NIEWIADOMSKA,JANINA
NIEMADOMSKI,ZOFIA
NIRO,IODI
NOFTLE,DEBORAH
NOGAS,DEBRA
NOONAN,ANN
NORDSTROM,MARY
NOTq AGNES
NOTT,IRIS
NOTT,STEVE
NOVAKOVIC,JOVANKA
NOWICKI,MARY
NOWOSIELSKI,T'RSZTILA
CTBOYLE,
ELIZABETH
C/BRIEN,BONNIE
CTBRIEN,
PAULA
C/CALLAGHAN KELLY
C/CONNOR"BARRY
C/CONNO&CATHERINE
c/coNNo&IANE
C/CONNOR,MAUREEN
O/CONNOR,NANCY
C/HARA,PATRICIA
C/HARE,GEORGE
C/NEILL,JOHN
C/NEILL,KATHLEEN
CTNEILL,LORETTA
C/SI.JLLIVAN,
ANNE
C/SULLIVAN,ELIZABETH
O/SULLIVAN,MIMMA
C/SULLIVAN,MARY
OAKLEYMYRNA
OBERMEYE&
MARGARET
ODDI,ANNA
ODDI,GAETANA
OELKUCH,IACQUELINE
OLAVESONCANDICE
OLEJA&ANNA
OLIVE& GAIL
oLIVE& LORRAINE
OLIVIERI,NADIA
OLLINGE&DIANE
ONISHI,CATHERINE
ONKEN.BEVERLEY
oRESCANTNDONNA
oRESCANINKAREN
ORESCANIN,MIMI
OROVAN,SHARRON
oR&BERNTCE
ORTEL,GERDA
OSBORNE-MAY,
EDITH
OSTASZEWICZIEAN
OSTOFI,CAROLYN
OTTAWAYBRYAN PATRICIA
OTTE&NOREEN
OUIMETTE,ELIZABETH
OVERHOLT,MICHELLE
OXFORDMARION
PAATCANDI
PAASLANE,MARLENE
PACE,IOSEPHINE
PACIFICI,ANTONIETTA
PAGE,BONNIE
PAGE,BARBARA
PAGE,JOAN
PAGEIWILLIAM
PALAZZINI,NELLA
PALAZZO,MARIA
PALMIERI,BETTY
PALMIERI,GUILIANA
PALUMBI,KIMBERLY
PALYNCHLIK,HELENA
PANAGAKOS,DIANE
PANAGIOTOU,ANITA
PANAGIOTOU,GEORGE
PANOVSKI,DRAGAN
PAPARqANGELA
PARKE&KATHY
PARKINSON,MLLIAM
PARKS,JANET
PARMA& RAKHSHINDER
PARRIS,TOANNE
PARRY,CHRISTOPHER
PARSNIAKNORMA
PARTINGTON,JI.]DITH
PASSA,DOMINICO
PASSMORE,
DIANE
PASSMORE,
ELIZABETH
PASZTO&SUSAN
PATEL.SUSHMA
PATERSON,CRAIG
PATMORE,ROBERT
PATNELLA,KAREN
PATTERSON,
ELAINE
PATTERSON,
RUTH
PATTI,ANNE
PATTONANN
PAI.]L,VALERIE
PAVONE,ADRIAN
PAYK,IRENE
PEACHEY,ROSANNE
PEARCE,DEBORAH
PEARSONDORIS
PEARSON,
WILLIAM
PEE-[,THERESA
PELLETIER,
DOROTHY
PELTZLORI
PENFOLD,LAURIE
PEPPIN,SHIRLEY
PEROCESCHI,
CAROLYN
PERPETUqGLIISEPPE
PERRY,
DAVID
PERRY,SANDRA
PERSAUDBARBARA
PERSINELKA
PERSKI,IRMA
PERSKI,
MARLIE-IO
PETERS,
CHRISTINE
PETERS,JOANNE
PETI,MARSHA
PETRELLA,AGATHA
PETZ,PAMELA
PEVATq DINA
149
PFILF,KYM
PHILLIPS,IOAN
PHILLIPS,SHELLY
PIASCIK,BERNICE
PICHE,GAIL
PICKERSGILL,ROBIN
PICKLES,DONNA
PIDSADNY,TINA
PIEDIMONTE,ANNINA
PIERCE,MARY
PIERROZ,DONNA
PIETRORAZO,FRANCA
PIETRUSZKIEWICZ,
ANNA
PIETT,MICHELLE
PIKOLON,RENATA
PILATZKE,SANDRA
PILGRIM,ANA
PILLAI,CARMELAL
PILON,ANNE MARIE
PILON SUZIE
PINE,IUANITEA
PINEDA,ORFA
PINI,MARA
PIRES,ELROY
PIRES,JOSEPH
PIRIANO,LEAH
PITKEATHLY,BRENDA
PITTS,ANITA
PIVA,KATHLEEN
PLACH,NICOLE
PLAYFAI&CATHERINE
DIANE
PODEDWORNY,
PODGERS,
KELLY
PODOLSKI,STANLEY
POIRIE&JANINE
POIRIER,M LEONA
POKOLIC,DOROTEA
POLAWSKI,BRETT
POLAWSKI,MARY
POLGA&KATHY
POLLITT,SOPHIE
POLLOCKCAROL
POMFRET,
MARY
POOLEBRIAN
POOLE,BARBARA
POOL4IANET
POOLTON,SHIRLEY
POPADITIK,
HILARY
PORCELLI,DALE
PORTEOU'ELIZABETH
PORTE&CHERYL
PORTE&DEBBORRAH
PORTE&DIANNE
PORTE&}AMES
PORTERFIELD
PATRICIA
POSMITUCK,
GARY
POTHIE&CAROLINE
POTTE&ROGER
POWELL,GILLIAN
POWELL,IOANNE
POWE&DARLENE
POZZOBON MELODY
PRACSOVICS,
CATHERINE
PRAWDZIK FAYE
PRESCOTT,
NANCY
PREVOST,JANIS
PRICE,B MARIE
PRINCE,SHARON
PRINCE,SANDRA
PRINCIPATqIOHN
PRINGLE,RHONDA
PRIN'PENNY
PRINSTHAL,MICHAEL
PRITCHARD,BARBARA
PRITCHARD,GREGORY
PRODANILIK,LAURA
PROST,IOHN
PROWSE,
CONSTANCE
PRYDE,LOUISE
PRYMAK,MARIA
PRYOR,THOMAS
PRYTULA,OLGA
PRZYBYLSKA,BARBARA
PUGH,PATRICIA
PUHAKKA,LAURA
PLIHRINGE&MARIA
PUMA, GIUSEPPA
PUPO, MARIETTA
PURDY,MARION
PURINS,LINDA
PUST,STEPHANIE
PYLYPIUK, TARAS
QUANVALERIE
QUESNELLEDONNA
QUINN,JOYCE
RAAB, COLLEEN
RAAB, ELIZABETH
RAAB,TOSEPH
RABLEY, KAREN
RABY RICHARD
RACHqILDIKO
RADICS,ZSUZSANNA
RADTKE, MONICA
RAIIC,IOHN
RAKOCZY, BRIAN
RAKOCZY, KAY
RAMBARRAN, GHURUDEO
RAMSAY, KIMBERLY
RAMSDEN, LYNDA
RANALLI, CHRISTOPHER
RANDALL, LINDA
RANDAZZO, BRENDA
RANDAZZO,CARLA
RANDAZZqVINCENT
RANDLES, ROSE
RANGER, MARGARET
RASZEWSKI,IRENE
RAUNER, ALPHONSE
RAVIDA, ANNA
RAY, ELIZABE"IH
RAZEK PATRICIA
REAUME, BRENDA
REAUME,MMELINDA
REAY, MAUREEN
RECZYNSKI, TINA
REDMONDBARBARA
REES,CYRIL
REES,DIANA
REEVE,BRENDA
REEVE,KATHLEEN
REEVE,SANDRA
REEVES,BONNIE
REEVES,SANDY
REIDCHRISTINE
REID LILLETHE
REIDLORI
REID,WILLIAM
REITSMA,IANNA
REMY,MARY
REVILL RICHARD
REVILL, SANDRA
REVILL, SHERRY
REYNOLDS, DOROTHY
RHODES,DEENA
RHODES, LAWRENCE
RICCI, MARGHERITA
RICE,RUTH
RICHARD,RUTH
RICHARDS,ESTELLE
RICHARDs, KEN
RICHARDS,LORI
RICHARDS,NELLIE
RICHARDS,ROBERT
RICHARDSON,CHERYL
RICHARDSON,MARION
RIDDIOUGH, DEBORAH
RIDDLE,SHEILA
RIDEOUT,MARIE
RIDGE,FRANCES
RIEDEL,MARGARET
RILEY KELLY
RTNCOVE&ARNOLD
RIOIIX, BARBARA
RISELAY, WENDY
RISIDORE,SHARON
RIVERS,GERALDINE
t50
RIVERg MARY
RIZZO,LISA
RIZZO, MARYANN
RIZZO,PAUL
RIZZO, ROSANNE
ROACH, PATRICIA
ROBB,MARGARET
ROBERTS,ALISON
ROBERTS,LOTIISE
ROBERTS,LINDA
ROBERTS,SUSAN
ROBERTSHAWKAREN
ROBERTSON COLLEEN
ROBERTSON,KIMBERLY
ROBERTSON,LALIRENE
ROBERTSON,TERESA
ROBICHAUD,IDA
ROBINS, DIANE
ROBINSON, KATHRYN
ROBINSON,LINDA
ROBINSON, MARGARET
ROBINSON,SANDRA
ROBINSON,SHARON
ROBINSON,SHARON
ROBITAILLE,ANNE
ROBSON,CATHERINE
ROCCHI,CANNE
ROCKSARAH
RODGERS,DORRETTE
RODGERS,KEVIN
RODNEY, BERNICE
RODRIGUES,ANTHONY
RODRIGUES,LORRAINE
ROE, LORRAINE
ROGANO, LEE
ROGERS,JOSEPHINE
ROINIC, DONNA
ROMAN,GAYE
ROMANIWKATHLEEN
ROMANO, KATHERINE
ROOPNARINE, SLIRUJDAI
RO' FADIA
ROSALES,
AIDA
ROSART,LINDA
ROSATI,ANGELA
ROSATI,MARILYN
ROSCOVICH,IANET
ROSE,TANICE
ROSEN,BARRY
ROSENBLUM,
MELANIE
ROSIANA,MARIA
ROSS,CAROLE
ROSS,IANE
ROSSI,MARIA
ROSZEL,BARBARA
ROTHY,ELIZABETH
ROUGHLEY,BEVERLY
ROUKEMA,RUBY
ROWAT,IUDY
ROWE,DOROTHY
ROWE,SHARON
ROXBURGH,
ELIZABETH
ROZICH,MARY
RUDD DENNIS
RLIPIKCATHY
RUSHBROOKJAMrE-LYNN
RUSKAI,EUFEMIIA
RUSSELL,
ANITA
RUSSELL,
DOREEN
RUSSELL,
KATALIN
RUSSELL,
NANCY
RUSSELL,WAYNE
RUST,IANET
RLTTHERFORq
CHERYL
RUTTAN-SIMS,
NICOLE
RUTTEN,VERONICA
RYAN.HACKETT,MALVERN
RYANCOLLEEN
RYAN IUDY
RYCHLICKI,WANDA
RYCKMAN,WENDY
RYDE&LINDA
RYPMA,WILMA
SA,MARIA
SABADOS,ALIDREY
SACCHINI,ANNA
SAUA,SUSAN
SAKALAUSKAS,
FRANCINE
SALAMA,SAMIH
SALASTOWITZ,
LUCILLE
SALINAS,ELISE
SALMON,IEANETTE
SAMPL,MONICA
SAMI'SON DOUGLAS
SAMU,MARGARITA
SAMU,MARGARTTA
SANDERSON,
GAIL
SANDILANDS,CHARLENE
SANDO&GAIL
SANDOWSTEVEN
SANFORDIULIE
SANTARELLI,
MIRIAM
SANTONE,JLIDITH
SANTOS,ESTER
SANTOS,LORRAINE
SANTOS,ZENAIDA
SANTUCCI,EMILY
SARTO&GRACE
SAUNDERS,
COLLEEN
SAWE,BRENDA
SAVAGE,ANGELA
SAVAGE,DAVID
SAVEI.LI,JO
SAVILLE,KATHY
SAWATSKY,
DEBBIE
SBRISSA,
MARIA
SCAPINELLqLTVIA
SCARROW,
LARRY
SCATTOLONMARTA
SCHEMMER,JEAN
SCHILTE,CAROLYN
SCHIRRIPA,PAULA
SCHLETT,
LEAH
SCHMIDT,CATHY
SCHMITZ,EILEEN
SCHNEIDE&JOHN
SCHOENFELDT,DARRYL
SCHOLES,CAROL
SCHOLES,CORY
SCHROEDER"ELIZABETH
SCHWEINBENZ CAROL
SCHWEITZE&JOY
SCIASCETTI, SUSAN
SCIME,LILIAN
SCIME,PATRICIA
SCIULLqMARIA
SCOBIE,SUSAN
SCOLLARD DEBORAH
SCORDINO,KATHERINE
SCOTT,DIANNE
SCOTI,DONNA
SCOTT,HELEN
SCOTT,MARY
SCOTT,MARILYNN
SCOTT,SHIRLEY
SCOTT,SHARON
s(.OZz.AR[,IOSEPH
SEAGER,ELAINE
SEAGER,SUSAN
SEARS,ROSEMARIE
SELKIRK,PINA
SELZLER,BRENDA
SEMINERIO,IOSEPH
SERBULA,ERIKA
SERGI,CATHARINE
SERTIC,MILAN
SERVEDIO,DOMINIC
SEVERIN,DEENA
SFERRAZZA,MARIA
SFERRAZZA,SALVATORE
SFORZA,BARBARA
SHAND, ANGELA
SHARP,PATRICIA
SHARPE,ANNMARIE
SHARPE,BARBARA
SHAWJANET
SHEA.DAVID
l5r
SHEA, RICHARD
SHEPHARD, ZELDA
SHEPPARD,JTIDITH
SHERRIFF,BEVERLEY
SHILTONCAROLYN
SHIMMIN,GAIL
SHOLDRA,TRISH
SHORE,CYNTHIA
SHORE,JUDITH
SHORTALL, BARBARA
SHUEL, OLIVIA
SHUHAIBA& HAFEZ
SICOLI, HELEN
SIDE, LORRAINE
SIDORKEW ICZ, ELIZ ABETH
SIHNGALA, MANUELITA
SIKKEMA, CHRISTINE
SILVESTRI,CAMILLO
SIMATIC,MARYANN
SIMON, CAROLYN
SIMON,JANE
SIMONCIC, ETHEL
SIMPSON-IACOCCA, GAIL
SIMPSON,]GANNE
SIMTSON, KAREN
SIMTSON, MARY
SIMTSON, PATRICIA
SINCLAIR, SHELLEY
SINGH, RAYMOND
SINKEVICIUS, KAREN
SISAKANN
SISON,WINIFRED
SKARICA,SIMA
SKELLY,IENNIFER
SLOMAN, HEATHER
SLOTHOUBE& SHARON
SMIBERT,BARBARA
SMITH, ABBY
SMITH, BRENDA
SMITH, CATHERINE
SMITH, CHERYL
SMITH, DOLORES
SMITH, DIANE
SMITH, EARLA
SMITH, EARLA
SMITH, E DAVID
SMITH,IEAN
SMITH,IANE
SMITH,JOYCE
SMITH, KAREN
SMITH, KRISTEN
SMITH,LYNN
SMITH, MARY
SMITH, MARIA
SMITH, PATRICIA
SMITH, ROSELEE
SMITH, ROBERT
SMITH, THERESA
SMUK, SHIRLEY
SMYTH,IOAN
SMYTHE, DIANE
SNIDERMAN, PAMELA
SOAMBOONSRUP,SIRIWAN
SOLIVERE,IRENE
SOLOW, MARYLOU
SOMERSETT,ARTHURLYN
SOMMER' LOIS
SOMMERVILLE, KATHLEEN
SOOLUM,YENHING
SOROKOWSKY, LOUISE
SOUTHON, ANNA MARIE
SOWDENSHARON
SPADAFORA, ANNA
SPADAFORA, NATALE
SPADAFORA, SYLVIA
SPADANqANNA
SPADEMAN,JILL
SPARK' LESLIE
SPEARS,CONNIE
SPEIGHT,LYNNE
SPELLER,SUSAN
SPENCE,ADORACION
SPENCE,SUSAN
SPENCE&VERNA
SPENSER,ANITA
SPICER,CINDY
SPICER,LORETTA
SPILE& ANGELA
SPILOTRO,MARIA
SPINA, CAROLINE
SPINA, DOLORES
SPIRKA,IUSTINA
SPRAG,IEFFREY
SPRAGGONNOREEN
SQTIIRE,EUFEMIA
STJAMES,HELEN
ST LAI.JRENT, LUCIEN
STPIERRE,ANNETTE
STPIERRE,MICHAEL
ST.JEAN,ELAINE
STABILE,ANNA
STACH,NANCY
STAFFORD, ROYDEN
STAIR9 MARILYN
STALEY DIANA
STALLARD, MARY
STALLARD, MICHAEL
STANEFF,EVA
STANISZ LYNDA
STANKUS, VIDA
STANOVICFI,VENUS
STANWICK LESLIE
STAPLES,FRANCES
STARESINIC,VIKTORIA
STAUBE& MARY
STEC,HELEN
STEELE,BRENDA
STEELE,MICHELE
STEELE,PAUL
STEELE,PAMELA
STEELE,TERENCE
STEEVES,CHRISTINE
STEEVE' DARLENE
STEEVES,JOANNE
STEFANEC,MARIA
STEINE&JUWAL
STEKMARY
MARIANNE
STEPANEK,
STEPHAN,SHARON
HELI
STEPHENSON,
STEPHENSON
KATHERINE
BONITA
STEVENS,
DONALD
STEVENS,
LORRAINE
STEVENS,
STEWART,JOYCE
STEWART,LARRY
SUSAN
STILES,
STIT'SIT'IENNIFER
STIRLING,BARBARA
GEORGINA
STOGIOS,
STOLWORTHY,WONNE
STONEHOUSE,IEFFREY
STOPYN,IACQUELINE
STRAUGHAN,NANCY
STRAUGHAN,VULLIAM
STRECZEKCHRISTINE
STROUD,KATHLEEN
DIANE
STURROCK,
STYAN.VIRGINIA
DIANE
SULLTVAN,
SULLryAN,MARY
SULLryAN,NANCY
SUSZEK,IRENE
BARBARAANN
SUTHERLAND,
SUTHERLAND,
CHRISTINE
SLNLICH,MILLIE
SUVA,NIEVES
SWEENEY,
FLORA
HELEN
SWEENEY,
SWEENEY,
ROBERT
SMCK,GRACE
SMERENGA,TWYLA
SYKULA,JADMGA
SZABO,BRENDA
SZABO,HELEN
SZAB0,SANDRA
SZALAY,MARY
SZALAY,NANCY
r52
SZANTO,IOHN
SZPAKOWSKI, ELIZABE"TH
SZPIRGLAS,GINA
TABONE,WILLIAM
TAI, DAVID
TAI, FLORENCIA
TAKAOKA,JOANNE
TALACH, RENATA
TALBOI LISA
TAM,CARMELA
TAMBORINE, THERESA
TAPUSKA, BETTY
TARBUTT, MARY
TARPOS, RITA
TARSWELL, NEIL
TAYLO& CAROLE
TAYLOR, KATHERINE
TAYLO&NADINE
TAYLO&SANDRA
TAYLOR,SUSAN
TAYLOR,VALERIE
TEGZE,ILONA
TEGZE,IULIUS
TEMPEST,LARRY
TEMPLETON, KAREN
TERHLJAN, STEPHEN
TERRANA,OLDYNA
THAN,SHIRLEY
THEAL, KENNETH
THERRIEN, LAUREL
THOMAS, DEBORAH
THOMAS,DOROTHY
THOMAS, HELEN
THOMAS, SARAMMA
THOMAS, WILLIAM
THOMPSON,CHAI
THOMPSON,DORIS
THOMPSON, JEANETTE
THOMPSON,JOYCE
THOMPSON,MARY
THOMPSON,VICKY
THOMSON,CATHERINE
THOMSON,DORIS
THOMSONDOROTHY
THOMSON,KIMBERLEY
THOMSON,LISA
THORNHTLL,IOYCE
THORPE,ENA
THORPE,ROSEMARY
THI.JRSBY,
DENIS
TIERS,KATHLEEN
TIMOFEIEW,
CAROL
TIMSON COLLEEN
TITCHNER,MICHAEL
TKACZYK,ANDREA
TOBIAS,LINDA
TOKE,ELIZABETH
TOLHOEK,CATHERINE
TOLL,SUSIE
TOMASIN,MARY
TOMLINSONELLEN
TOMLINSON,IANICE
TOPALOVIC,LUCY
TORRISSE,
FREDA
TORRISSE,
MICHAEL
TOTH,MICHAEL
TOWNSENDSHIRLEY
TRACEY,MICHAEL
TRACEY,MARGARET
TRAFFORDDIANE
TRELEAVEN,
SHARLEEN
TREMBLA' GERALD
TREVASKIS,
TERRY
TREVISAN,
GIROLAMO
TREVISANLPATRICIA
TRICKETT,
DEBRA
TRIEMSTRA,
CAROLYN
TROIAN WANDA
TROMBETTA,
ANTONINA
TROMBETTA.
FILOMENA
TROMBETTA,
PETER
TRI.]ESDALE,
VTVIAN
TSIANOU,AFRODITE
TLTNG,
GURCHARAN
TLINIIC,VESNA
TUOMALA,KATRI
TUOMALA,RIIKKA
TUPHOLME,MARIA
TUPPE&KAREN
TURNBULL,DOROTHY
TI.]RNBULL,
DIANE
TL]RNE&AUDREY
TURNER,FRANCES
TI.JRNER,
LEONA
TI.JRNER,
PATRICIA
TURNE&STEPHAN
TURNEWITSCH,
VERONICA
TURPIE,FIONA
TI.JRZAN,LIVIA
TWEEDIE,HELEN
TWTLHAA&]OANNE
TYGHE,EVELYN
TYLE&LOLnSE
TYMCHLIK,JENNIE
TYRRELL,ORETHA
UGCENTI,LINDA
TILLAH,BETTY
UMETSU,CHERYL
UNGARO,SUSAN
UNIYAL.BACHCHI
UNRUH,NANCY
UPSON,SHARON
UPTON,PATRICIA
VACCA,DEBBIE
VACOVSKY,MILUSKA
VADAS,CARLA
VAGO,NANCY
VALVASORI,PAUL
VALVASORI,RENE
VAN ASCH,HENDRIKA
VAN DEMARK,HELEN
VANDERVEENIACK
VAN GEMERT,CATHERINE
VAN GRONINGEN,ILDI
VAN HOEK, WILLIAM
VAN KLEEF,D ROBYN
VAN LEELIWEN,MARTHA
VANDENBOS,LINDA
VANDENBURG, MARTINA
VANDERBENT, SUSAN
VANDERKOOY, CAROL
VANDERKOOY, CHRISTINA
VANDERLINDEN, BRENDA
VANDERWAL, ANDREA
VANDERWAL, SHELLEY
VANHOEKDANIEL
VANHOEK,TOM
VANN,WILLIAM
VARCA.IOANNA
VARRASSO, ALFREDO
VARRASSO, SARAH
VASSALLq IDA
VAUGHAN,DANIEL
VAUGHAN,MARY
VECCHI, ANTONETTA
VEDELAGO, ANNETTE
VEENSTRA,BARBARA
VEITCH, HERMINE
VELLA, LUCY
VENERUS,EGLIS
VERARDO, ANNE-MARIE
VERMEER.MIREILLE
VERMETTE,SUSAN
VERMEULEN, LISA
VERNONITILIE
VERSACE,IANIECE
VERSTEEG,MARY
VERTASCHITSCH,EDWARD
VERTATSCHITSCH,JOSEPH
VERTICCHIO, WENDY
VESPRINI,DONNA
VICZIAN,IOLAN
VILLABROZA, ARACELI
VILLANI, RITA
VILLEMLIRE, LILIE
VILLENEWE, CHRISTINE
r53
VIRK,BALLVIRO
VOLKERS,]AN
VOLTERMAN,TERESA
VOON,VIOLET
VOS,CATHERINE
VOWLES,BRENDA
VOWLES,KEITH
VUDRAG,IVA
WAGSTAT', ROBERT
WAITE,GUY
WALCZAK,NANCY
WALIHURA,MARY
WALKE& HUGH
WALKE&MARY
WALKER,MELANIE
WALKER,TAMMY
WALL,MARGARET
WALLACE,EDNA
WALLACE,ELIZABETH
WALLACE,JEANNY
WALLE&JOHN
WALLS,LYNN
WALMSLEY,THERESA
WARD ELIZABETH
WARREN,JOSEPH
WARREN,KAREN
WARTENBERG,
EILA
WASSER,
BRENDA
WASSER,
GERALDINE
WASYLYSHEN,
AMELIA
WATSON,KENNETH
WATSON,LESLIE
WATSON,SANDIE
WAUGH,LILY
WEATHERLEY,
LUCIA
WEBB,MICHELE
WEBBER-CALLAGHAN,
PATRICIA
WEBBER,
CINDY
WEBER,MARNIE
WEGENE&PETER
WEINHOFE&JOHANNA
WELCH,SUSAN
WELLSTOODHEATHER
WELSH,AGNES
WELSH,IANICE
WENSLAWEKGERTRUDE
WERBOWSKY,IOAN
WERESCH,
RUBY
WERNE&MARJORTE
WEST,GAIL
WESTCARR,
DAPHNE
WESTCOTT,
DEBRA
WESTENBERG,
DIANE
WHALEY,MARGUERITE
WHNE,ANN
WHITE,ANTONIETTA
WHITE,CAROL
WHITEHOUSE,
BRUCE
WHITEHOUSE,IUNE
WHITEHOUSE,
KEVIN
WHITEHURST,
PATRICK
WHITFORD,TAMMI
WHITING,KATHLEEN
WHITTAKER,DOROTHY
WHITTAKE&IULIE
WHITWELL,DIANA
WHITWORTH,RUSSELL
WHYTE,IUDITH
WICKEN'PAUL
MELGUS,PATRICIA
WIGHARDT,ZOLTAN
MLDE, SHARON
WILHELM,MARY
VVILKCINDY
WILK MARYANN
WILKIN}DUFFIE,TERESA
MLKIN' ANNETTE
WILLASCHEKLOLITA
WILLIAMS,BARBARA
WILLIAM' DEBORAH
WILLIAMS,KATHLEEN
MLLIAMS, LORRAINE
MLLIAM'SONIA
WILLIAM' TERRI-ANNE
WILLIAMS, VERA
WILLIARD MARGARET
WILLIARD WAYNE
WILLOUGHBY, CLIFFORD
WILSON,COLIN
WILSON DIANNA
WILSON,GERALD
WILSON,IEFFREY
WILSON, LORETTA
WILSON,MARYANN
WILSON, PATRICIA
MLSON,THOMAS
WINARSKY, STEPHEN
MNDELER PATRICIA
WINN, NANCY
WINSTANLEI CAROLYN
MNTER,ARTHUR
WINTE&MARGARET
WOEHL,DIANE
WOLF,ANN
WOLPERT-ZUR,ADELE
WOLSLEI CATHERINE
WONG, BETTY
WONG, BENEDICTA
WONG,CASSANDRA
WOOD, DONNA
wooDCRoFT,JGANNE
WOODHALL, FRANCIS
WOODS,KATHLEEN
WOODS,MARIE
WOODS,SHARON
WOZNY, MARIE
WRIGHT,GRACE
WRIGHT, KIMBERLY
WRIGHT,MALCOLM
WRIGHT, PATRICIA
WLI,ANITA
WU, DONNA
YARGIELLO,TADEUSZA
YATES,CHRISTINE
YEAMAN LINDA
YELL,HAYDEE
YIP-CHOYSANDY
YORKSTON,LYNDA
YOUNG,GERALDINE
YOUNG,WANDA
ZACH,HELEN
ZADRAVEC,MARY
ZAITZ, FRANCES
ZAKRZEWSKI,BRENDA
ZAVARELLA,ROSI
ZECCA,LYNIN
ZELEZNAK KATHY
ZELINSKTJOYCE
ZEMAITIS,AUDREY
ZENGE&PETER
ZIGON,HILDA
ZIPETO,LINA
ZIVOLAK,DENISE
zoccol[Lo, ]rrDrTH
ZOLDAK RYSZARDA
ZCF,I<E\,ELAINE
ZRINSCAKMARY
ZSIROS,
AGATHA
ZSIROS,
BRENDA
ZLILYNIAK,SANDRA
ZWICKE&SUZANNE
ZYCHOWICZ,BEN
YAMASHITA, THOMAS
YANKOU, DAWN
154
sT.losEPH
Who was St.]oseph?Scripturetells us simply that he was a carpenter,the husband of Mary, and
the man ]esus called "Father". His name evokes images of stability, silent strength, loving
gentlenessand deep faith.
He was a man of vision - a dreamer. It was in dreams that |oseph was invited to open his
armsand his heart to Mary and to jesus,to flee with them to Egypt, to lovingly guard and protect
themfromall harm.Thuslosephbecamepartof theMission of theSonhesharedwithGod, and
part of our salvation history.
Josephwas not afraid to follow a dream, to take risks and radically changeeven his best-laid
plans. For dreams that are of God inspire and call for action.
The Sistersof St.Josephwho establishedSt. joseph's Hospital in Hamilton a hundred years
ago also had a dream - to continue the healing mission of Jesusby caring for suffering people
with the gentle and loving compassionexemplified by their patron.
As St. foseph's Hospital enters its second century, may the "people of St. Joe's" continue
courageouslyto follow this dream, to chart new visions, to be creative and responsive to the
needsof oui rapidly changing times. lv{ay they be faithful as Josephwas.
SisterMary Ambrose,C.S.J.
155
INDEX
Illustrations are indicated in
boldface
A
Anderson, Jane 125,131
Ambrose, Sister Mary, 155
Auxiliary, first formed in 19,15,38,5&
119
B
Bailey, Peter,T
Balfe, Dr. Thomas H, 24, 9'I..,92"99
Ballantyne,Dr. E.N., 39
Barry, SisterUrsula,38
Bergin, SisterVincent, 107
Bester,Sisterlrene, 35
Bomes,Robert and fune, 74,7V79
BowmarL Dr. Fred,31
Bruch, Agnes,39
Bunning, Maria (SisterMartha),8
Burh, SisterAngela,58
c
Cameron,Dr. Gordon,63, (5
Campbell, Sister Gerald ine, 42,,!16
Carr, Dr. Meyer,36,42
Carroll, Sister Camilla, 22
Casa Maria, 31, 33, U, 42
Cass,SisterL@,97
Cavicchioli, Gino, Hamilton artist, 15
Chapels,1922-30,1955- 59,7987-lZ3
Chute, Dr. laurie The Hospital for Sick
ChildrerUToronto, 58
Cino, Gilda,8l
Cleary, SisterBride,22
Collins, Mother Paschal,48
Congregation of the Sistersof St.Joseph,
history, 13-15,17
Culliton, SisterSt. fames, 40,49,55
de Charbonnel, Bishop of Toronto, 8
D
Dales,SisterSt. Edmund,43
DeCoste,Mrs. Irene, 109-110,
Diemert, Rose,95
Dowling, Bishop Thomasfoseph, fourth
Bishop of Hamilton, 19,24,30
Dowling, Mrs. A.,24
Downes, Dr. William P., hospital's first
intern, 25-26,30,35, 41,!16,91-92"95,
10$104 115
Dubois, Emil, chairman of the Lay
Advisory Board,49
Duffn SisterEdward,35, 39,40
Dundurn Castle,11,19
Dymond, Matthew, Ontario health
minister,75,80
France,origins of the Sistersof St.
foseph, 13
Fraser,h.R.|.,42
Friesen"Gordon A., hospital consultant,
4U9,51-52
G
Gainor, SisterLoretto, 103-104,10S
Gallagher,SisterMercedes,34, 103
Galloway, Dr. JamesD., 70, 71,72"82,
722121726
Garwood-Jones,Trevor, architect, 85
Gilkes, Mrs. Jeanette,executive director
of St.Joseph'sHospital Foundatiory
126
Gilmour, joyce 55-55
Goldbeqg,Dr. William, 63, 65, 68,U
Gordon, Father Edward, Vicar General
of Hamiltory 8,9-10
Graf, Sister hrbar a, 172
Green,Dr. O.R.,42
Greenwood,Hugh,7
Greve, Allan, executive director, 89
E
East wing, t27,733
Edgar,Dr. |ames,27,28,91
Evans,Dr. John R., dean, Faculty of
Medicine, McMaster University
Medical School,79,82
F
Fagan,SisterAnciila, 41
Fagan, Sister Bonaventure, 109
Fairclough, Ellen, PostmasterGeneral,
50
Fartell, Rt. Reverend Johry first Bishop
of Hamilton, 11
Fire, May 1, 79n, 179,720,727,!22,
Firestone Regional Chest and Allergy
unit,7178
Fischer, Sister Cleophas, 5&59
Fischer,SisterRita Paul,38
Flahaven,SisterAntoin elte,22
Flaherty, Sister Marin4 Z 76
Fontbonne,feanne (SisterSt.Iohn), & 13,
75,77
Fontbonne, Sister Delphine, S, 9
Ford, Nehemiah, mayor of Hamiltory 9
Ford, Sister Loretto, 122
H
Haggar, Dr. Robert, SA
HallmarL Miss Sylvia, first clinical
instructor,98
Hamilton GeneralHospital, 20, 92-93
Hanlon, SisterViqginia, 7, 53, 90,96-99,
109-110
Hayes,Mother Alacoqug 50,71-72,75,
83
Hayes,SisterSt. Brigid,35
HendersonHospital,34
Hollinrake, Dt. A., 47,44
Hudecki, Dr. Stan,ffi,65,709
Hudecki, Leona, 1V7,10A709
I
Ingham, Dr. Kenneth, 65,77,79, U, 124t2s
156
J
|ackson, Mayor Lloyd D., 50
Iaimet, Dr. Charles,57-58,79
JamiesoryDr. William, rt6
Jewell, David, social worker, L24
Johns,Dr. M.,57
Johnson,Dr. A.,65
K
Kehoe,SisterAssumpion, 100-101,10&
704
Kemp, Dr. Robert,85
Kortum, Frederick 12
Kraft, Dr. Kafl,44
L
Lane,Dr. Alan,66,67
Lardie SisterSt. Paul,49,5Q 55
[aw, John T., The Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, 6&59
Le Puy, Francg Sisters of St. Joseph
history, 14
Lenaten,Jane,(Mother Philip), 17-72,2L22,41,
Lepinskie, Miss Mary Rit4 117
Logel, Debbie, T
Long, Mother Martina, 91
Lyon, Dr. E. Kirk, chairman of the
Canadian Commission on Hospital
Accreditatiory 50
M
Majeske,Edith,95
Margerum, Sister Alphonsus, 11
Marrin, Mary, 34, 41, 42,709
Marshall, SisterAnn, 46, 47,76, 83, 112
Martin, Sister Leonie,30
Maskell, Mrs. Thelma, director of
volunteers, 120-722
Matthews,Lorna,70
Maxims, Sistersof St. foseph, philosophy,74
McBridg Sister Antoinette, 35
McClarty, Sister St. Basil,30-31,35, 99,
704
McCreary, Dr. Iack, The Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, 70
McDonnell, SisterJoseph,8
McGinnis, Sister Marcelline, 22
McHarg Dr. Robert, 110
McKenna, Sister Eileen,rM, 52
Mc[.ean, Mrs. Constance, director of
volunteers, 119
McMaster University, 57 -58,7832, 722
McNab, Sir Allan, 11
McNab, Sophia, 11
Medaille, |ean Pierre, Jesuit priest and
spiritual director of the Congregation
of the Sistersof St.Joseph,13-14,77
Meegan,Sister Alphonsa, 35
Miller, Franlg premier of Ontario, S4
Mitchell, Dr. Donna, 125
Mohawk College, 82, 111,115
Mooney, Sister Norine, 56
Morary SisterGerard, 97, 704
Morelli, Phyllis, T0
Motherhouse,the Sisters'convent,9
Moulinier, Reverend Charles,SJ.,
founder of the Catholic Hospital
Association of the United Statesand
Canada,2&29
Mount St.Ios€ptt orphanage,17
Mulholland, Mary, 130
Murray, Dr. Kennettr, 41
Murray, Miss lrene, 99-1N, tOz
N
Nace,Dr. P.,57
Nephrology, Regional Dalysis Unit, 7&
81
Newhouse,Dr.Michael,76,77
Nurses'residences:Undermount,93,94,
Marygrove,9g Oakbank,99,
Fontbonne,111,118
o
C/Brien, Dr. S.E.(Ted),65{5,
C/Brien, Frances,107
OrDwyer, Sister Lioba, 3G37
C/Hagan, SisterVincent, 12
O/Neill, Sister Kathleen,124, lT), 137
C/Sullivan, Father SeanP.,115
C/Sullivan, SisterJoan,7, 58,84,112,
715,727-122,124,13s
Obermeyer,Mrs. Margaret, 110-111,113
Olmsted, Dr. Ingersol, 24,9'1.,99, 103-104
Osbaldeston,Dr. Jim, 65-56,68,77, 75,
83,115
P
Parry, Dr. J.R.,35
Paterson,Joan,7,61
Pautler, SisterMary Rosr',42,45,51-52
Peart,Miss Margaret L.,177
Pigott Construction,32"39, 49,55,f36
Pigott, foseph, 35, 48,49, 55,67
Pigott, foseph, lr., 49
Playfair, D.. Iatry L.,96,703
Prack, AlvirU Prack and Prack,
Architects,49,50
a
Quigley, Dr. Gerard J., 24,34,43,44
R
Reding,Bishop Paul, 76, 175
Reding, SisterMary Austin,43, 61
Reid, Mr. E.K., pharmacist,32
Rice,Mr. T.A., president of the Hamilton Health Associatiory72,8445
Riordan, SisterEvelyn, tl4,
Robarts,Premier|ohn,49,50
Rosebrugh,Dr.W., performed first
operation at St.]oseph's,23
Ryan, Bishop JosephF., 35, 38, 41,46,68,
70,7s,771
Ryan, Father ] eremiah, 12, 22
Ryan, Sister Mary |ane, 81
s
Schaefur,SisterM. Victor,42
Schmidt,SisterAudry, 39,49
Schnarr, Sister Gerald (Beatrice),52
Scott,Donald,720-727
Scully, William, chairman of first
fundraising campaign,48, 50,83
Sheridan,Annie (SisterPhilomene),11
Shimizu, Dr. Arthur,80
Simpso+ Ieanette, 104-105
Smiley, Robert, publisher, The Hamilton
Spectator,9
Smitb Dr. E. KinseyM.,79{1
SmitlUMrs. Floss,10G104,101
Smythe,SisterMonica, 10t 107-108,118
Sourbier, Sister Herman, 22
'1.89,4,23,24,30
St. Ann:s Wing, built in
St. Denis,SisterSylvia,3S
St. |oseph's Community Health Centre,
u&,87,88
St.foseph'sfthool of Nursing and
Nursing Service,directors, 118
St.Iosepb 26,155
St. Ma4/s Church,9, 12
St. Ma4/s Orphanage,12
St. Ma4/s School,11
St. Patrick'sSchool,11
Stevens,SisterMary Grace,4749, 52, 56,
57,8, 6146, 77, 75, U,'1,05,1.09,126
Stuart,Dr. C.K.,41
Sullivan, Dr. Herbert, |r., 26-27,34,N47,U,M,9
Sullivan, Dr. Herbert, Sr., 25-28,26, 30,
35,ffi,91.,100,103
Sullivary SisterNancy, 130
Szabo,Sister Mildred, 37-38
157
T
Thode Dr.H,57,79
Tilden, Dr. fohn, 107
TomlinsorL Dr. R.,58
Tonnos, Most ReverendA.F., Bishop of
Hamilton,6
Toronto, the Sisters set out from, $ 10
Tuckett, George E., presented an electric
elevator to hospital, 24
U
Undermount, the original hospital, 19,
bill of sale 20
Unsworth, Dr. Aler',27
v
Vanier, Governor GeneralGeorgesP.,47
Vincec, Sister Stephanie,7
Volunteers, 179-120,722
w
Walker, Dr. Iack, 65
Walker, SisterAloysius, 8
Walsh, Dr. Bill,55
Weadick, Sister Mary Daniel, 53, 67, 723
Weber,Jamie,72, 73, 7177
West wing, 128,L33
White, Dr., first chairman of attending
staff of physicians,23
Wiggins, Sister Mary David, 110
Williams, Dorothy, 105,106.,1,07
Williams, Dr. KennethJ.,63-72,64
Woodhall, Dr. Frank, 26, 35,M, 46,104
Wright, Mrs. Pat, 117-112,174,775